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NOTE: ANY RACE DATES POSTED ON THIS PROFILE ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE BASED ON WEATHER, TRACK CONDITIONS, AND MANY OTHER THINGS. Due to this variability, ALWAYS check with the tracks DIRECTLY via their individual websites to confirm actual racing before you travel!
Location: Chandler, IN
Track Address: Chandler, IN 47610
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Official Track Website: http://www.racecmp.com
Description: 1/8 mi Concrete Drag Strip
Built In:
Track Length: 1/8 mi
Surface: Concrete
Shape: Drag Strip
Seating Capacity: ATTENTION TRACK OWNER/PROMOTER: CLICK HERE to take control of this profile and complete the contact information for your track
Racing Season:
Classes Raced: LIKE THIS TRACK? Use this button to share this track profile!
Our Claim To Fame:
Parking Capacity:
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The presence of a track does not guarantee weekly racing. Always call ahead to confirm this track's schedule.
Chandler, IN 47610
No race schedule entered yet.
None available at this time.
BRINKMANN RECORDS BEST BMARA FINISH OF SEASON by KyleBrinkmannRacing in KyleBrinkmanRacing, a racer from Elkhorn, WI
BMARA RACERS HELP EACH OTHER by KyleBrinkmannRacing in KyleBrinkmanRacing, a racer from Elkhorn, WI
What a year as we transition onto dirt racing! by KyleBrinkmannRacing in KyleBrinkmanRacing, a racer from Elkhorn, WI
Top Tips For Online Race Track Promotion by ScottKo in Profile Tips For Users
SRW Winternationals Weekend now a Qualifying race for ALL Classes! by ScottKo in RacingIn News
Bay Area Modifieds bringing IMCA Racing back to Emerald Coast by ScottKo in RacingIn News
Rivalry Renewed: Lanigan & Richards Set To Face Off In 2015 As Richards Returns To Full-Time World of Outlaws Competition by ScottKo in RacingIn News
Track Promoters Get FREE Promotion with RacingIn.com's Track Directory and Race Dates Page by ScottKo in Profile Tips For Users
Interest in Grassroots Racing Grows 40% in 2014 With Great Opportunities Ahead in 2015 by ScottKo in RacingIn News
Fans of Fast Name Their Favorite Track of 2014 by ScottKo in RacingIn News


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Cecil Asset Division
Getting a divorce does not only end a husband and wife's relationship but many other things as well. When spouses part ways, everything that they once shared will be separated as well. One of the most important aspects of divorce is the asset division.
In Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, it is stated in Title 23, Section 3502 that the court shall fairly assign, divide, or distribute the marital assets between the two parties upon the request of a whoever spouse.
Should there be any marital misconduct during the marriage, the court will disregard it in dividing the marital property. Moreover, the court may assign a different percentage to each marital asset or group of assets after the consideration of relevant factors.
If you fail to make a formal written request for asset division, you may not be able to have the right to obtain your portion. To effectively file for an asset division in divorce, you should consult with a property distribution lawyer. He will help you to rightfully claim what is yours from your marriage that is about to end.
Call Best Divorce Lawyers PA West LLC at (412) 693-6655 to get a free consultation with us!
Marital Assets and Debts
Yes, debts are also included in the distribution. If you made a loan or if you took money as debt during the marriage, the court shall decide who will pay for it. What are considered marital assets?
A marital asset or group of assets is any property acquired during the marriage. It does not need to be bought by the couple. Even if only one spouse is involved in the purchase, it is still considered marital property.
Personal Property
Personal property refers to items, jewelry, savings, vehicles, etc. owned by an individual. In a marriage, you have personal needs; thus, you have personal property that you bought yourself, for your use. Yet, if you are a married person, all your personal property becomes a marital property as well. You don't own it alone, you and your spouse own it.
Real Estate Property
Real estate is not limited to house and lot or the primary home. It also includes vacation houses, house rental units, commercial properties, and others that may be classified as real estate.
Retirement Accounts
A retirement account involves retirement benefits. If a spouse retires, the many ways it may affect the other spouse should be considered. It responds to whether there is a need for alimony or an estate plan. These are all examples of marital property.
Pension is a significant marital asset. Despite the permanent separation, pension companies can still impartially distribute payments to the employee and his or her spouse who are getting divorced.
Factors to Consider in Asset Division
The decision of the court on how to distribute marital property equitably depends on some factors about the marriage. Here are the following:
- Lifespan of marriage
- Any previous marriage of either spouse
- Age and health of each spouse
- Sources of income (retirement, medical, insurance, etc.), employability, liabilities, and needs of each party
- One party's contribution to the education or increased earning capacity of the other party
- Each party's opportunity to acquire future income and capital assets
- Each party's preservation or depreciation of the marital property
- The value of the separate property of both parties
- The standard way of living of the married couple
- The child custody of dependent children
Equitable Distribution of Marital Property in Cecil
The equitable distribution of marital property in Cecil,PA does not mean both parties will receive 50/50 of the assets. Some states like California distribute marital property equally into a fifty-fifty share, but in Pennsylvania, equitable distribution of marital property is observed according to its statutes.
Equitable distribution pertains to the fair division of assets. Even if the percentage assigned to one party is not the same as that of the other, as long as it is deemed fair and impartial, it will be the court's discretion. The decision of the court will mainly be relying on the analysis conducted on the factors that need to be considered.
Consult with a Property Distribution Lawyer in Cecil
The law can be confusing, especially since it varies from state to state. If you are in the middle of processing your divorce, it will be best that you seek help from a property distribution attorney when filing a request for a division of marital assets. When the divorce gets finalized, and you haven't submitted a formal request, which should give enough time for the court to respond, you will lose your opportunity to take what is yours.
Our asset division lawyers from Best Divorce Lawyers PA West LLC are committed to turning a difficult situation in favor of you. Your interests will be protected with the legal assistance of our attorneys. We will thoroughly examine and assess your marital property to ensure that they will be fairly allocated.
Call Best Divorce Lawyers PA West LLC at (412) 693-6655 and book a free consultation today!

subset: commoncrawl


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Browsing the Online Collection
There are a few ways to browse the Online Collection:
On the homepage, you can browse curated selections from our collection, such as Highlights.
Categories Page
On the categories page, you can view objects by the type of object, like Painting or Sculpture.
Exhibitions Page
On the exhibitions page, you can browse current, past and upcoming exhibitions, as well as the artworks from each exhibition.
Artists Page
On the artists page, you can browse artists, makers and cultures associated with objects in the collection, along with relevant biographies and objects.
Public Collections
On the public collections page, you can browse user-created collections. You can add your own collections to community collections by registering on the site and creating collections that are marked "public".
Thesaurus and Terms
On the thesaurus page, you can browse structured vocabularies to find objects with specific keywords. You can also see these terms when viewing a search result in detail. Click on these terms to browse other objects linked to this term.
Searching the Online Collection
Quick Search
Using the search box available on every page (quick search) you can enter terms that will search through different information in the collection (e.g. if you search for "portrait", this can return results that have "portrait" in the title or description).
Advanced Search
To search on specific criteria, you can use the advanced search to search within certain data fields. You can search using multiple criteria, such as the term "portrait" in the title + a date range of "1800-1900". If you are not getting any results with advanced search, try broadening your search by removing criteria.
Search Tips
- You can use an * (asterisk) as a wildcard in searches, to match partial terms (e.g. draw* will return results for draw, drawn, drawings, etc.)
- Use quotation marks to get more exact results - e.g. John Doe will return any results with John or Doe, but "John Doe" will return results with this exact phrase.
Viewing Search Results
Types of Results
There are different types of search results, such as object records and people records. When there is more than one type of result, you can click on these different tabs to view different types of records.
Filter Panel
You can refine a result set by opening the filter panel and using filters to narrow down results. For example, you can filter to see only works that have images, or that are currently on view, within any result set. You can also clear each filter to revert to a larger result set, or clear all filters to get to your original result set.
Collect Panel
Once you've registered an account on the site, you can create your own collection sets and add artworks to them. You can multi-select artworks on each page by clicking the symbol, and this will open the collect panel so that you can add the objects to the collection set of your choice. You can also drag images into each collection set to add artworks.
Info Panel
The info panel, when available, contains additional information related to a search or set of objects.
Why is an Image Not Available
An image may be shown as not available if it is not yet available in our database, or if it cannot be displayed for copyright reasons.
What is the Thesaurus Section
The Thesaurus page allows you to browse the online collection through linked thesaurus terms. Objects in the collection are linked to terms from The Getty Vocabularies and other authorities, which contain structured terminology for art and archival collections.
How Do I Browse Using the Thesaurus?
To select a thesaurus, click the dropdown for more options. In the thesaurus tree view, you can expand or collapse levels by clicking the triangle symbol. Clicking on any term in the tree will show a preview of objects in the collection which are associated with the term. To view all objects with this term as a search result, click the "View all" button in the right panel.
You can also click on terms in the detail view, which will jump to the associated branch in the thesaurus and show you other objects with this term.
My Collections
What Are My Collections?
My Collections allows you to create your own collections from the artworks available on this site. You can share your collections with others, or create groups of artworks for your own viewing (My Collections are private by default).
You can optionally add a description for each collection set, or add notes to individual artworks.
How Do I Use My Collections?
To use My Collections, you must first register an account. Once you have registered, you can start creating collection sets and adding artworks to them. You can add artworks to your collection set by clicking on the symbol while viewing objects, and selecting which collection set to add the artwork(s). You can also open the Collect Panel and drag images into the collections you've created.
How Do I Share a Collection With Someone Else?
If you mark your collection set public, this collection will be visible to others in the "Community Collections" section. The option to mark a collection as public is available when you edit your collection.
You can also view your collection set and copy the url link to share these objects with others. You can view your collection sets by logging in and going to the "My Collections" page or by opening the Collect panel.


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Beaumont Note Buyers
Alamo Note Buyers is a company from Texas, for Texas. If you are interested in selling a note secured by real estate anywhere in the state of Texas then we are here to help you. Don't let delinquent payments delay you from calling, our services are personalized for each buyer because we know that each situation is different. We work hard to make sure you get the cash you deserve fast!
Best of all, we do all the work!


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Thursday, April 23, 2015
EveryTime! - A blog about fun, humor, and entertainment: EveryTime!
A Blog About Fun and Entertainment Articles around the World.Any complaints and suggestion ,Please contact Us.
Abuse policy
Every PutIdea.info customer agrees to comply with our all the terms and conditions listed on our terms and conditions of www.putidea.info .
We take the enforcement of all terms and conditions seriously, and we aim to run a clean network which operates on fair principles. We also investigate all reports of abuse.
If you encounter something you think might constitute abuse (for example, spam or inappropriate content) which you believe has come from our network or systems, please read through the information on this page carefully. It explains how you can report it.
What is abuse?
This policy covers the following types of abuse on the internet:
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We work to minimise the amount of abuse that is generated on our servers. You can help us by reporting any abuse you spot which you believe has come from the PutIdea network.
Please report all abuse by emailing us at firstname.lastname@example.com Please include as much information as you can about the type of abuse you've encountered. Please also provide log files (if applicable), URLs for site abuse and email headers for spamming.
Once we've received your email, we'll investigate the issue thoroughly, contact any relevant customers and work to resolve the issue as quickly as possible.


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Another holiday dish that I came across recently was the green bean casserole where the green beans are in a cream of mushroom sauce and topped with a french fried onion topping. I had really enjoyed it the first time that I had made it and I was looking forward to making it again. Since I had started the "switching it up" theme with the pumpkin sweet potato casserole I thought that I would try a broccoli green bean casserole. The cream of mushroom sauce is my favorite part of this recipe and this time I thought that I would try adding a bit of extra flavour to it with some fresh thyme and a splash of sherry.
The last time that I made the green bean casserole I made everything from scratch but this time I decided to save time and use the canned french fried onions. The broccoli casserole tasted great! It did however seem a bit dry… Even looking at the picture it looks too dry for supposedly being in a cream of mushroom sauce. I realize now that I accidentally only used half of the stock and cream that the recipe called for. Given that I did not realize my error until now and that I really enjoyed both the casserole and its leftovers it turned out pretty good anyways. I will definitely be making this again and I will be playing around with the amount of liquid in the cream of mushroom sauce. (Isn't it fun testing different versions of your favorite recipes trying to get them just right?)
Broccoli Casserole
- 1 pound broccoli (trimmed and cut into bite sized pieces)
- 1 tablespoon butter
- 1 8 ounce package crimini mushrooms (quartered)
- 2 cloves garlic (grated)
- 1 teaspoon thyme (chopped)
- salt and pepper to taste
- 2 tablespoons flour
- 1 tablespoon dry sherry
- 1/2 cup chicken stock
- 1/2 cup heavy cream
- 1 slice whole grain bread
- 1 tablespoon butter
- salt and pepper to taste
- 1 handful french fried onions
- 1 handful almond slivers (toasted)
- Steam the broccoli until just tender.
- Chill the broccoli in ice water to stop the cooking process.
- Melt the butter in a pan.
- Add the mushrooms, garlic, thyme, salt and pepper and saute until the mushrooms start to release their moisture, about 5 minutes.
- Stir in the flour and cook for a minute.
- Add the chicken stock and heavy cream and simmer until it thickens, about 10-15 minutes.
- Stir in the broccoli.
- Pour the mixture into an 8×8 inch baking dish.
- Pulse the bread, butter, salt and pepper in a food processor to combine.
- Stir in the onions and almonds.
- Pour the onion and almond mixture over the broccoli mixture.
- Bake in a preheated 400F/200C oven for 15 minutes.


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Images are of exact item |
Home shirt as worn when Los Blancos could only manage a third-placed finish in La Liga, although the side did win their 9th Champions League beating Bayer Leverkusen 2-1 in the Final at Hampden Park with Zizou scoring one of the greatest goals of all time
Out of stock
Order now and receive: 26th Jul - 30th Jul
Since 2006, football shirts have been our obsession.
What's my size?
🌍 Worldwide shipping is available!
For EU purchases exceeding €150, a duty charge will be applied at checkout. After completing payment, customers in the EU will receive no further charges on their purchases.
Learn about how we launder vintage shirts here
- Cool wash
- Do not tumble dry
- Do not bleach
- Do not use fabric softener
- Wash inside out
- Use a cool iron
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A Waste Company You Can Trust
We believe in providing the best service for the lowest price.
The Right Dumpster
At Hello Dumpster, we will help you pick out the right dumpster for your needs. Our dumpster specialists can help you every step of the way.
The Lowest Price Possible
We work hard to get you the best rate possible for your roll off dumpster rental. It doesn't have to cost an arm and a leg!
Expert Help
We have been doing this for years, and can help answer any questions you may have. Our staff is the best in the business! Give us a call!
Don't delay, call us today for a free quote!
(402) 260-2425Nebraska City Roll Off Dumpster Rental to Get Excited About!
We have been renting dumpsters since 2010, and are here to help you every step of the way.
Multiple Sizes
We can provide you with just about any size dumpster you may need. From 10 Yard to 40 Yard, we have you covered!
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We do our best to bring you the best prices available. Give us a call and see what we can do for you.
Helpful Staff
Our highly trained staff are experts in the art of renting a dumpster. We aim to have the best customer service in the industry.
7+ Day Rentals
Standard dumpster rentals are 7 to 10 days, but more time can always be added for a small fee.
Speedy Pickup & Delivery
We often can get you a dumpster within one to two days of ordering from us. Once you are done, we will promptly pick it up.
No Hidden Fees
Dumpster Rental Nebraska City NE: What you see is what you get. Don't get fooled by our competitors' hidden fees. We will give you a flat rate right up front.
Operators are standing by! Get a quote now!
(402) 260-2425Dumpster Rental Prices - A Quick Guide.
Dumpster rental prices vary from area to area, based on many factors. Have a look below at approximate costs you can expect when renting a dumpster.
10 Yard Dumpster
starting at
- Great For Smaller Projects
- 12 Foot Long
- 8 Foot Wide
- 4 Foot Tall
Prices & sizes are approximate. Call for a custom quote.
20 Yard Dumpster
starting at
- Excellent Mid Sized Dumpster
- 22 Foot Long
- 8 Foot Wide
- 4.5 Foot Tall
Prices & sizes are approximate. Call for a custom quote.
30 Yard Dumpster
starting at
- For Big Projects & Demo
- 22 Foot Long
- 8 Foot Wide
- 6 Foot Tall
Prices & sizes are approximate. Call for a custom quote.
Service Areas Near Nebraska City:
Questions on dumpster sizes or pricing? Call now!
Get started nowHow It Works
The dumpster rental timeline from start to finish.
Research & Preparation
Call around to get the best price on your dumpster. Our representatives will help you figure out exactly what size you will need for your project.
Make sure you have ample space for the dumpster at your house or job site before delivery. Your dumpster gets dropped off today!
Fill 'Er Up
Take all the time you need to load your dumpster up with allowed materials such as trash & construction debris.
Project complete! Simply give us a call and We will come and haul away your roll off dumpster.
Servicing Nebraska City
Rent a 10, 20, 30, or 40 yard dumpster in Nebraska City, NE Today!
Get Started in Nebraska City.
We service all of Nebraska City. Give us a call today to get the dumpster rental process started!
Click to CallCall us now for a free quote!
(402) 260-2425Other Dumpster Companies Nearby
It pays to shop around. Feel free to check out some other dumpster rental companies in the area.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Size Dumpster Should I Get for a Residential Clean Out in Nebraska City?
Residential clean outs usually don't require large dumpsters. The size that you need, though, will be contingent on the size of the project.
Should you plan to clean out the entire home, then you likely need a 20-yard roll off dumpster. You could likewise use this size for a big basement or loft clean out.
Should you just need to clean out a room or two, then you definitely might want to select a 10-yard dumpster.
When choosing a dumpster, though, it's often wise to ask for a size larger than that which you think you will need. Unless you are a professional, it's difficult to gauge the exact size needed for your project. By getting a slightly larger size, you spend a little more cash, but you also avoid the possibility you will run out of room. Renting a larger dumpster is nearly always cheaper than renting two little ones.
Receiving the Best Price on Your Dumpster Rental in Nebraska City
Dumpster leases are one of the most affordable ways to remove waste and debris from a dwelling or commercial property. Still, it's important that you contemplate your options to ensure you get the very best price possible on your rolloff dumpster rental in Nebraska City.
Requesting businesses for price quotes is among the easiest methods to ensure you get a good deal. After speaking to a number of waste companies, you can compare the quotes to determine which one matches your needs at the bottom price. When getting quotes, make sure that the businesses include all the services that you will desire. Some companies charge extra for services like drop off and pick up. They might also charge higher rates for removing certain types of materials. By having them include all the fees in your estimate, you can compare the prices accurately instead of becoming mislead by a rental business that conceals extra costs.
What Size Dumpster Do I Want for a Roofing Project?
Picking a dumpster size demands some educated guesswork. It is often problematic for people to gauge the dumpster rental sizes that they need for roofing jobs because, realistically, they don't know just how much stuff their roofs feature.
There are, however, some basic guidelines you can follow to make a superb alternative. If you're removing a commercial roof, then you will likely need a dumpster that gives you at least 40 cubic yards.
If you're working on residential roofing project, then you can ordinarily rely on a smaller size. You can generally expect a 1,500 square foot roof to fill a 10-yard dumpster. Single shingle roof debris from a 2,500-3,000 square foot roof will probably need a 20 yard roll off dumpster.
Many people order one size bigger than they think their jobs will take since they wish to prevent the extra expense and hassle of replacing full dumpsters that were not big enough. Just make sure your delivery area is large enough and your city permits such a container.
Don't delay, call us today for a free quote!
(402) 260-2425


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Please call ahead or check our Facebook for daily hours!
Call ahead on weekends to check for private parties!
"Finally a Place Where You Never Have to Say I'm Sorry"™
Welcome to Universal City
We Rock the Spectrum Kid's Gym
About Us
We Rock the Spectrum Universal City is committed to providing a safe, nurturing, and fun environment to foster learning, exploration and safe sensory experiences. Through our nonprofit My Brother Rocks The Spectrum Foundation, we provide social skills groups and activities for children across the spectrum.
We Rock the Spectrum Universal City provides children with a fun and motivational environment to help them in the areas of strength, movement, sensory processing, communication, positive behavior modification, social interactions, and self-care skills. Our unique equipment assists all children in their neurological growth and development.
Our activities, programs and retail location "The Rock Shop" make it possible for us to provide social and physical opportunities through state funded programs. As a result WRTS is an amazing example of how we can help all children grow and develop by providing an all inclusive environment.


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Situbondo is become one of the interesting tourism purpose for visit because its beautiful of mountain, hill, and forest. Those beautiful have attracted the tourists to visit Situbondo. There are a lot of tourists visit this regency, both domestics and foreign tourists.
There are currently 27 users browsing this forum. (0 members & 27 guests)


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Beautiful piece! Exactly as pictured and perfect for use as a cravat pin, tie tack or lapel pin.
I bought these as a gift for a friend. My friend loved them. The seller was very accommodating with requests I made around delivery dates. Highly recommended!
Great product! Excellent service and speedy delivery in robust packaging. Will definitely be purchasing from this seller again.
Great quality and I love the box they came in!
I received the tie within a couple of days of ordering online. The tie is beautiful, great quality and provides a an old world look in a modern way. Many good comments even from a Minister that I had to meet. Really unique look and I would highly recommended Jay Bird and the Blue Floral Skinny Tie when you require something a little different but very professional.
Brought them for my partner, who's from South Africa to wear to our wedding! Absolutely in love with them.
Absolutely Beautiful Tie! Colour is Amazing! Quality is Fantastic! Easy to order! Great customer service! Received my order fast! Absolutely LOVE the product! I highly recommend Jay Kirby!
Very good. Thank you very much!
Gold Paisley Bow Tie & Pocket Square
Lovely anniversary gift!
So gratifying to get exactly what I expected from my order
fast and easy
Thanls guys for your amazing service, the lapel pin arrived on time, it was amazing , good quality product and my son like it so much thanks again we appreciate


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$ 15.00
Returns are accepted within 20 days of shipped date. Return shipping is nonrefundable. Once the item(s) are received store credit will be given. If you would like to exchange your item for a different size, simply leave a note in the package clearly stating the size you would like to exchange it for.
We prefer that you send us an email letting us know that you are planning on exchanging something, due to the nature of boutiques we only carry a limited number of each unique piece, please let us know as soon as you receive the item if you need to exchange it.
Unworn and undamaged
If we receive an item and it is a sale item/has make up on it/ appears to have been worn, we will send the item back to you and you will not receive an exchange/store credit. We carefully inspect each piece to ensure it is leaving our warehouse in new and undamaged conditions.
You MAY NOT return or exchange:Final Sale/clearance items, Jewelry, Belts, Lingerie, and Gift Certificates.
We like to offer you safe and fast shipping for the items you purchased here at Zelle Boutique, we always ship through USPS Priority Mail, with Tracking number. We want to give you a peace of mind when ordering with us knowing you know exactly where your package is.
Please allow at least 2-3 business days for your order to be processed before shipment, thank you for your patience! US Orders:Once shipped, domestic orders will take 2-5 business days to arrive. All US orders include USPS tracking, you will receive the tracking number via email once your package has been shipped. Please note that we have no control over the postal service and their systems. We will not be held responsible for any lost, stolen or delayed packages that may happen during shipment. Keep in mind that once a package leaves our premises it is no longer under our control.
Items do not ship out on weekends or Holidays.Thank you!
If you have any question about our shipping policy, please contact us at email@example.com
1. Where do the item(s) ship from?
All items are shipped from San Antonio, Texas via USPS.
2. How long will it take to receive my order?
Once shipped most domestic orders take anywhere from 2 to 10 days to arrive depending on the efficiency of your local postal service.
3. Do you have a sizing chart?
We don't provide a sizing chart because each item is unique. We order from a variety of different vendors and each item runs differently.
We do our best to indicate whether a specific item runs big/small/true to size in the description section of each item.
For any specific questions please feel free to email us at email@example.com and we will do our best to help you out.
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Sheer chiffon top features a button up closure, pointed collar and 3/4 sleeves.
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Funny 3D logo
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The Best Out There I was looking for a good reliable clock, I bought the TA200 my employees loved it, the clock was just great. Easy to setup, easy to use, and the tec... Best Time clock Bought this time clock about a month ago & never had such a good experience like this , Very simple Software & easy to use .I highly recommend it for... Very Impressed FingerTec was a pleasure to work with. The pricing was great and they took the time to help explain and set the system up. Customer Service spent... Reliability! If you are looking for hassle free biometric machine, the Face ID 2 is it! We could not be happier with the units that we purchased from Fingertec... Great Product Bought last month the first Q2i was extremely happy with the product and with the service, got 2 more last week and using it for attendance and for... |
- About FingerTec
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Effective Biometric Fingerprint Technology for Less Than You Think
Founded in 2000, FingerTecUSA's goal has been to enhance security and efficiency for businesses using ultra-modern Biometric Fingerprint technology. The science of biometrics has advanced considerably in recent years, and this progress has helped make these technologies more affordable than ever before. What was once the domain of government agencies and large companies is now accessible by small and medium-sized businesses who want to buttress their safety and productivity with quality products from FingerTecUSA.
Why Biometric Security Is the Best Identity Access Solution
Most identity access systems are based on one of three principles - What Do You Have, What Do You Know, and Who Are You. "What Do You Have" refers to something a person carries, like a card or key. "What Do You Know" involves a passcode or PIN, while "Who Are You" requires some sort of physical evidence. Of these three, "Who Are You" is the most secure, and is what FingerTecUSA is all about. Face recognition and related systems all point to the same immutable truth - it's impossible for you to become someone else! And unlike cards or keys, you can never lose your fingerprints, irises or voice.
Use Identity Access, Time Clock Systems, and More to Help Your Business
Protect access to your business as never before with the incredible FingerTec M2 Access Control Model. This amazing device incorporates biometric finger and RFID/MIFARE card systems for verification, is equipped with USB for easy data transfer, can be programmed to trigger alarm systems, and is virtually weatherproof. Stop depending on outdated time card machines and streamline your workforce productivity with the FingerTec TimeLine 100. Whether you have 10 employees or 10,000, this machine can store your employees' information and is an indispensible tool for attendance tracking and monitoring. Shop with confidence at FingerTecUSA knowing that we stand behind our products with a one-year warranty and world class service. Our mission is to help our customers realize the full potential of face recognition and biometric fingerprint technology, keeping your company safe and running smoothly.
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There is no evidence to support that fingerprinting technology can impose a negative effect to your health. The methods of capturing fingerprint templates are safe, and non-intrusive to the users.
2. Does fingerprinting technology secure your privacy?
Yes, in fact it enhances your privacy by providing a combination of encryption and biometrics functionality. Fingerprinting technology works by YOU ARE YOU concept, thus requiring your presence in every transaction involving yourself. Not like token such as cards and keys, fingerprint cannot be duplicated, lend, or stolen.
3. Would I be able to log on with an injured finger?
As long as the epidermic layer (the outer layer) is not badly damaged, the wound will return to its original shape once the wound recovers. If otherwise, the left scar will be treated as unique characteristic of your finger.
4. Can fingerprint image be duplicated?
No. The fingerprint image is not stored using the graphic format, instead the minutiea is captured and calculated using the algorithm concept before the mathematical data is stored as uniquely yours. The fingerprint obtained from other source will not be recognized as life finger is needed for verification.
5. What is 1:1 (one-to-one) and 1:N (one-to-many) verification?
1:1 is verification with PIN where users need to key-in their PIN before placing their finger on the device. The device compares the call-up template with the live finger to verify. 1:N is identification without PIN which means that the device will search among the database to find the template which suits the live finger being presented.
6. Which is the most popular biometrics?
According to the biometric market research, the most popular biometrics is fingerprint. This is due to the fact that the methods of fingerprint verification is less intrusive, less complicated, the device is smaller, and users have more choices of fingers.
7. DNA is known as the most accurate form of biometrics, why is it not widely used for security?
It is true that DNA can produce the most accurate form of biometrics. Nevertheless, the source of DNA is easily acquired, making DNA the most unsafe type of biometrics for security.
8. Can a detached finger be used in FingerTec USA?
No! FingerTec only detects live finger, as the sensor detects the moisture and the temperature from a live finger for verification. Chopped or detached finger loses its heat and moist in a very short period of time, therefore cannot be used in FingerTec USA.
9. Which is the recommended finger to be used in FingerTec?
A user can use any of the ten fingers in FingerTec. Nevertheless, we recommend index and thumb as minutiae from these finger are easily captured as compared to the other fingers.
10. Why is it that I:N users be limited to certain number of users?
This is to avoid long verification time for users. For 1:N, the template is not call-up prior to the comparison with the live finger. The live finger will be compared to all the database until the matching template is found. Therefore, should the number of template increases, the searching time increases and this would lengthen the verification time.
11. What if FingerTec cannot verify my finger at all?
That is not a problem. FingerTec is designed to suit different level of user's flexibility and requirements. If verification is a problem for you, we have already prepared other features such as ID pass through where you need to key in your ID only, or ID plus password, or we could lower the threshold settings.
12. In case of a power failure, what happen to FingerTec?
Don't worry. FingerTec is equipped with back-up battery to prepare for any power failure case. Nevertheless, this back-up battery can last only for a few hours and steps need to be taken to ensure safety of your premises within these few hours should the power supply does not resume.
13. Can FingerTec integrate with other security systems?
Yes, as long as the other security system is using Wiegand 26-bits language. Therefore, FingerTec can be used as a complimentary system on top of being the main security system for a place.
14. Can I adjust the level of security using FingerTec?
Yes you can by adjusting security threshold, and multi-verification features. FingerTec offers security threshold from 0 (the lowest) to 10 (the highest), while multi-verification needs two templates for verification instead of one. For places requiring tighter security, you may increase the security threshold or using the multi-verification feature.
15. Where is the fingerprint templates stored if the registration done using FingerTec?
The registered templates are stored in the respective readers. Nevertheless, these templates can be downloaded and compiled in the central monitoring system using FingerTec Management System Software. The data also can be uploaded to other required readers when needed to avoid work duplication.
16. Can the registered fingerprint templates be easily deleted from FingerTec?
The fingerprint templates in FingerTec can only be deleted by Administrator and Enroller. If the template is removed from any one of FingerTec readers, the stored templates in the FingerTec Management System will not be deleted. To delete all templates, you need to delete it from the FMS.
17. Is FingerTec expensive as compared to the card system?
Not at all. FingerTec is a standalone unit which can also work in a network environment. Thus, it does not need the installation of a separate controller. FingerTec also does not cards or keys to operate and this lessen the hidden cost and maintenance of FingerTec. In the long run, FingerTec saves money in many ways.
The image may not always be verified or identified in facial recognition alone. Identix® has created a new product to help with precision. The development of FaceIt®Argus uses skin biometrics, the uniqueness of skin texture, to yield even more accurate results.
Surface Texture Analysis
The surface texture analysis (STA) algorithm operates on the top percentage of results as determined by the local feature analysis. STA creates a skinprint and performs either a 1:1 or 1:N match depending on whether you're looking for verification or identification.
The process, called Surface Texture Analysis, works much the same way facial recognition does. A picture is taken of a patch of skin, called a skinprint. That patch is then broken up into smaller blocks. Using algorithms to turn the patch into a mathematical, measurable space, the system will then distinguish any lines, pores and the actual skin texture. It can identify differences between identical twins, which is not yet possible using facial recognition software alone. According to FingerTecUSA, by combining facial recognition with surface texture analysis, accurate identification can increase by 20 to 25 percent.
FaceIt currently uses three different templates to confirm or identify the subject: vector, local feature analysis and surface texture analysis.
* The vector template is very small and is used for rapid searching over the entire database primarily for one-to-many searching.
* The local feature analysis (LFA) template performs a secondary search of ordered matches following the vector template.
* The surface texture analysis (STA) is the largest of the three. It performs a final pass after the LFA template search, relying on the skin features in the image, which contains the most detailed information.
By combining all three templates, FaceIt® has an advantage over other systems. It is relatively insensitive to changes in expression, including blinking, frowning or smiling and has the ability to compensate for mustache or beard growth and the appearance of eyeglasses. The system is also uniform with respect to race and gender.
Poor lighting can make it more difficult for facial recognition software to verify or identify someone.
However, it is not a perfect system. There are some factors that could get in the way of recognition, including:
* Significant glare on eyeglasses or wearing sunglasses
* Long hair obscuring the central part of the face
* Poor lighting that would cause the face to be over- or under-exposed
* Lack of resolution (image was taken too far away)
FingerTecUSA is the #1 facial recognition systems company. While most work the same way FaceIt does, there are some variations. For example, a company called Animetrix, Inc. has a product called FACEngine ID® SetLight that can correct lighting conditions that cannot normally be used, reducing the risk of false matches. Sensible Vision, Inc. has a product that can secure a computer using facial recognition. The computer will only power on and stay accessible as long as the correct user is in front of the screen. Once the user moves out of the line of sight, the computer is automatically secured from other users.
Due to these strides in technology, facial and skin recognition systems are more widely used than just a few years ago. In the next section, we'll look at where and how they are being used and what's in store for the future.
Physical access
Underground entrance to the New York City Subway system Physical access by a person may be allowed depending on payment, authorization, etc. Also there may be one-way traffic of people. These can be enforced by personnel such as a border guard, a doorman, a ticket checker, etc., or with a device such as a turnstile. There may be fences to avoid circumventing this access control. An alternative of access control in the strict sense (physically controlling access itself) is a system of checking authorized presence, see e.g. Ticket controller (transportation). A variant is exit control, e.g. of a shop (checkout) or a country. In physical security, the term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a building, or a room to authorized persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a human (a guard, bouncer, or receptionist), through mechanical means such as locks and keys, or through technological means such as access control systems like the Access control vestibule. Within these environments, physical key management may also be employed as a means of further managing and monitoring access to mechanically keyed areas or access to certain small assets.
Physical access control is a matter of who, where, and when. An access control system determines who is allowed to enter or exit, where they are allowed to exit or enter, and when they are allowed to enter or exit. Historically this was partially accomplished through keys and locks. When a door is locked only someone with a key can enter through the door depending on how the lock is configured. Mechanical locks and keys do not allow restriction of the key holder to specific times or dates. Mechanical locks and keys do not provide records of the key used on any specific door and the keys can be easily copied or transferred to an unauthorized person. When a mechanical key is lost or the key holder is no longer authorized to use the protected area, the locks must be re-keyed. Electronic access control uses computers to solve the limitations of mechanical locks and keys. A wide range of credentials can be used to replace mechanical keys. The electronic access control system grants access based on the credential presented. When access is granted, the door is unlocked for a predetermined time and the transaction is recorded. When access is refused, the door remains locked and the attempted access is recorded. The system will also monitor the door and alarm if the door is forced open or held open too long after being unlocked. Access control system operation
When a credential is presented to a reader, the reader sends the credential's information, usually a number, to a control panel, a highly reliable processor. The control panel compares the credential's number to an access control list, grants or denies the presented request, and sends a transaction log to a database. When access is denied based on the access control list, the door remains locked. If there is a match between the credential and the access control list, the control panel operates a relay that in turn unlocks the door. The control panel also ignores a door open signal to prevent an alarm. Often the reader provides feedback, such as a flashing red LED for an access denied and a flashing green LED for an access granted. The above description illustrates a single factor transaction. Credentials can be passed around, thus subverting the access control list. For example, Alice has access rights to the server room but Bob does not. Alice either gives Bob her credential or Bob takes it; he now has access to the server room. To prevent this, two-factor authentication can be used. In a two factor transaction, the presented credential and a second factor are needed for access to be granted; another factor can be a PIN, a second credential, operator intervention, or a biometric input. There are three types (factors) of authenticating information:
something the user knows, eg a password, pass-phrase or PIN
something the user has, such as smart card
something the user is, such as fingerprint, verified by biometric measurement
Passwords are a common means of verifying a user's identity before access is given to information systems. In addition, a fourth factor of authentication is now recognized: someone you know, where another person who knows you can provide a human element of authentication in situations where systems have been set up to allow for such scenarios. For example, a user may have their password, but have forgotten their smart card. In such a scenario, if the user is known to designated cohorts, the cohorts may provide their smart card and password in combination with the extant factor of the user in question and thus provide two factors for the user with missing credential, and three factors overall to allow access. Credential
A credential is a physical/tangible object, a piece of knowledge, or a facet of a person's physical being, that enables an individual access to a given physical facility or computer-based information system. Typically, credentials can be something you know (such as number or PIN), something you have (such as an access badge), something you are (such as a biometric feature) or some combination of these items. The typical credential is an access card, key fob, or other key. There are many card technologies including magnetic stripe, bar code, Wiegand, 125 kHz proximity, 26 bit card-swipe, contact smart cards, and contactless smart cards. Also available are key-fobs which are more compact than ID cards and attach to a key ring. Typical biometric technologies include fingerprint, facial recognition, iris recognition, retinal scan, voice, and hand geometry. Access control system components
An access control point, which can be a door, turnstile, parking gate, elevator, or other physical barrier where granting access can be electronically controlled. Typically the access point is a door. An electronic access control door can contain several elements. At its most basic there is a stand-alone electric lock. The lock is unlocked by an operator with a switch. To automate this, operator intervention is replaced by a reader. The reader could be a keypad where a code is entered, it could be a card reader, or it could be a biometric reader. Readers do not usually make an access decision but send a card number to an access control panel that verifies the number against an access list. To monitor the door position a magnetic door switch is used. In concept the door switch is not unlike those on refrigerators or car doors. Generally only entry is controlled and exit is uncontrolled. In cases where exit is also controlled a second reader is used on the opposite side of the door. In cases where exit is not controlled, free exit, a device called a request-to-exit (RTE) is used. Request-to-exit devices can be a pushbutton or a motion detector. When the button is pushed or the motion detector detects motion at the door, the door alarm is temporarily ignored while the door is opened. Exiting a door without having to electrically unlock the door is called mechanical free egress. This is an important safety feature. In cases where the lock must be electrically unlocked on exit, the request-to-exit device also unlocks the door.
Access control topology
Typical access control door wiring
Access control door wiring when using intelligent readers
Access control decisions are made by comparing the credential to an access control list. This lookup can be done by a host or server, by an access control panel, or by a reader. The development of access control systems has seen a steady push of the lookup out from a central host to the edge of the system, or the reader. The predominate topology circa 2009 is hub and spoke with a control panel as the hub and the readers as the spokes. The lookup and control functions are by the control panel. The spokes communicate through a serial connection; usually RS485. Some manufactures are pushing the decision making to the edge by placing a controller at the door. The controllers are IP enabled and connect to a host and database using standard networks.
Types of readers Access control readers may be classified by functions they are able to perform:
Basic (non-intelligent) readers: simply read card number or PIN and forward it to a control panel. In case of biometric identification, such readers output ID number of a user. Typically Wiegand protocol is used for transmitting data to the control panel, but other options such as RS-232, RS-485 and Clock/Data are not uncommon. This is the most popular type of access control readers. Examples of such readers are RF Tiny by RFLOGICS, ProxPoint by HID, and P300 by Farpointe Data. Semi-intelligent readers: have all inputs and outputs necessary to control door hardware (lock, door contact, exit button), but do not make any access decisions. When a user presents a card or enters PIN, the reader sends information to the main controller and waits for its response. If the connection to the main controller is interrupted, such readers stop working or function in a degraded mode. Usually semi-intelligent readers are connected to a control panel via an RS-485 bus. Examples of such readers are InfoProx Lite IPL200 by CEM Systems and AP-510 by Apollo. Intelligent readers: have all inputs and outputs necessary to control door hardware, they also have memory and processing power necessary to make access decisions independently. Same as semi-intelligent readers they are connected to a control panel via an RS-485 bus. The control panel sends configuration updates and retrieves events from the readers. Examples of such readers could be InfoProx IPO200 by CEM Systems and AP-500 by Apollo. There is also a new generation of intelligent readers referred to as "IP readers". Systems with IP readers usually do not have traditional control panels and readers communicate directly to PC that acts as a host. Examples of such readers are PowerNet IP Reader by Isonas Security Systems, ID08 by Solus has the built in webservice to make it user friendly, Edge ER40 reader by HID Global, LogLock and UNiLOCK by ASPiSYS Ltd, and BioEntry Plus reader by Suprema Inc. Some readers may have additional features such as LCD and function buttons for data collection purposes (i.e. clock-in/clock-out events for attendance reports), camera/speaker/microphone for intercom, and smart card read/write support. Access control readers may also be classified by the type of identification technology.
Access control system topologies
Access control system using serial controllers
1. Serial controllers. Controllers are connected to a host PC via a serial RS-485 communication line (or via 20mA current loop in some older systems). External RS-232/485 converters or internal RS-485 cards have to be installed as standard PCs do not have RS-485 communication ports. In larger systems multi-port serial IO boards are used, Digi International being one of most popular options. Advantages: RS-485 standard allows long cable runs, up to 4000 feet (1200 m) Relatively short response time. The maximum number of devices on an RS-485 line is limited to 32, which means that the host can frequently request status updates from each device and display events almost in real time. High reliability and security as the communication line is not shared with any other systems.
RS-485 does not allows Star-type wiring unless splitters are used RS-485 is not well suited for transferring large amounts of data (i.e. configuration and users). The highest possible throughput is 115.2 kbit/s, but in most system it is downgraded to 56.2 kbit/s or less to increase reliability. RS-485 does not allow host PC to communicate with several controllers connected to the same port simultaneously. Therefore in large systems transfers of configuration and users to controllers may take a very long time and interfere with normal operations. Controllers cannot initiate communication in case of an alarm. The host PC acts as a master on the RS-485 communication line and controllers have to wait till they are polled. Special serial switches are required in order to build a redundant host PC setup. Separate RS-485 lines have to be installed instead of using an already existing network infrastructure. Cable that meets RS-485 standards is significantly more expensive than the regular Category 5 UTP network cable. Operation of the system is highly dependent on the host PC. In case the host PC fails, events from controllers are not retrieved and functions that required interaction between controllers (i.e. anti-passback) stop working.
Access control system using serial main and sub-controllers
2. Serial main and sub-controllers. All door hardware is connected to sub-controllers (a.k.a. door controllers or door interfaces). Sub-controllers usually do not make access decisions, and forward all requests to the main controllers. Main controllers usually support from 16 to 32 sub-controllers. Advantages: Work load on the host PC is significantly reduced, because it only needs to communicate with a few main controllers. The overall cost of the system is lower, as sub-controllers are usually simple and inexpensive devices. All other advantages listed in the first paragraph apply.
Access control system using serial main controller and intelligent readers
3. Serial main controllers & intelligent readers. All door hardware is connected directly to intelligent or semi-intelligent readers. Readers usually do not make access decisions, and forward all requests to the main controller. Only if the connection to the main controller is unavailable, the readers use their internal database to make access decisions and record events. Semi-intelligent reader that have no database and cannot function without the main controller should be used only in areas that do not require high security. Main controllers usually support from 16 to 64 readers. All advantages and disadvantages are the same as the ones listed in the second paragraph. Access control systems using serial controllers and terminal servers
4. Serial controllers with terminal servers. In spite of the rapid development and increasing use of computer networks, access control manufacturers remained conservative and did not rush to introduce network-enabled products. When pressed for solutions with network connectivity, many chose the option requiring less efforts: addition of a terminal server, a device that converts serial data for transmission via LAN or WAN. Terminal servers manufactured by Lantronix and Tibbo Technology are popular in the security industry. Advantages: Allows utilizing existing network infrastructure for connecting separate segments of the system.
Provides convenient solution in cases when installation of an RS-485 line would be difficult or impossible.
Increases complexity of the system.
Creates additional work for installers: usually terminal servers have to be configured independently, not through the interface of the access control software. Serial communication link between the controller and the terminal server acts as a bottleneck: even though the data between the host PC and the terminal server travels at the 10/100/1000Mbit/s network speed it then slows down to the serial speed of 112.5 kbit/s or less. There are also additional delays introduced in the process of conversion between serial and network data. All RS-485-related advantages and disadvantages also apply.
Access control system using network-enabled main controllers
5. Network-enabled main controllers. The topology is nearly the same as described in the second and third paragraphs. The same advantages and disadvantages apply, but the on-board network interface offers a couple valuable improvements. Transmission of configuration and users to the main controllers is faster and may be done in parallel. This makes the system more responsive and does not interrupt normal operations. No special hardware is required in order to achieve redundant host PC setup: in case the primary host PC fails, the secondary host PC may start polling network controllers. The disadvantages introduced by terminal servers (listed in the fourth paragraph) are also eliminated.
Access control system using IP controllers
6. IP controllers. Controllers are connected to a host PC via Ethernet LAN or WAN. Advantages: An existing network infrastructure is fully utilized, there is no need to install new communication lines. There are no limitations regarding the number of controllers (32 per line in case of RS-485).
Special RS-485 installation, termination, grounding and troubleshooting knowledge is not required.
Communication with controllers may be done at the full network speed, which is important if transferring a lot of data (databases with thousands of users, possibly including biometric records). In case of an alarm controllers may initiate connection to the host PC. This ability is important in large systems because it allows to reduce network traffic caused by unnecessary polling. Simplifies installation of systems consisting of multiple sites separated by large distances. Basic Internet link is sufficient to establish connections to remote locations. Wide selection of standard network equipment is available to provide connectivity in different situations (fiber, wireless, VPN, dual path, PoE)
Access control system using IP readers
7. IP readers. Readers are connected to a host PC via Ethernet LAN or WAN.
Most IP readers are PoE capable. This feature makes it very easy to provide battery backed power to the entire system, including the locks and various types of detectors (if used). IP readers eliminate the need for controller enclosures. There is no wasted capacity when using IP readers (i.e. a 4-door controller would have 25% unused capacity if it was controlling only 3 doors). IP reader systems scale easily: there is no need to install new main or sub-controllers. Failure of one IP reader does not affect any other readers in the system.
Security risks
Access control door wiring when using intelligent readers and IO module
The most common security risk of intrusion of an access control system is simply following a legitimate user through a door. Often the legitimate user will hold the door for the intruder. This risk can be minimized through security awareness training of the user population or more active means such as turnstiles. In very high security applications this risk is minimized by using a sally port, sometimes called a security vestibule or mantrap where operator intervention is required presumably to assure valid identification. The second most common risk is from levering the door open. This is surprisingly simple and effective on most doors. The lever could be as small as a screw driver or big as a crow bar. Fully implemented access control systems include forced door monitoring alarms. These vary in effectiveness usually failing from high false positive alarms, poor database configuration, or lack of active intrusion monitoring. Similar to levering is crashing through cheap partition walls. In shared tenant spaces the demisal wall is a vulnerability. Along the same lines is breaking sidelights. Spoofing locking hardware is fairly simple and more elegant than levering. A strong magnet can operate the solenoid controlling bolts in electric locking hardware. Motor locks, more prevalent in Europe than in the US, are also susceptible to this attack using a donut shaped magnet. It is also possible to manipulate the power to the lock either by removing or adding current. Access cards themselves have proven vulnerable to sophisticated attacks. Enterprising hackers have built portable readers that capture the card number from a user's proximity card. The hacker simply walks by the user, reads the card, and then presents the number to a reader securing the door. This is possible because card numbers are sent in the clear, no encryption being used. Finally, most electric locking hardware still have mechanical keys as a failover. Mechanical key locks are vulnerable to bumping.
The need-to-know principle
The need to know principle can be enforced with user access controls and authorization procedures and its objective is to ensure that only authorized individuals gain access to information or systems necessary to undertake their duties. See Principle_of_least_privilege.
Computer security
In computer security, access control includes authentication, authorization and audit. It also includes measures such as physical devices, including biometric scans and metal locks, hidden paths, digital signatures, encryption, social barriers, and monitoring by humans and automated systems. In any access control model, the entities that can perform actions in the system are called subjects, and the entities representing resources to which access may need to be controlled are called objects (see also Access Control Matrix). Subjects and objects should both be considered as software entities and as human users[1]. Although some systems equate subjects with user IDs, so that all processes started by a user by default have the same authority, this level of control is not fine-grained enough to satisfy the Principle of least privilege, and arguably is responsible for the prevalence of malware in such systems (see computer insecurity). In some models, for example the object-capability model, any software entity can potentially act as both a subject and object.
Access control models used by current systems tend to fall into one of two classes: those based on capabilities and those based on access control lists (ACLs). In a capability-based model, holding an unforgeable reference or capability to an object provides access to the object (roughly analogous to how possession of your house key grants you access to your house); access is conveyed to another party by transmitting such a capability over a secure channel. In an ACL-based model, a subject's access to an object depends on whether its identity is on a list associated with the object (roughly analogous to how a bouncer at a private party would check your ID to see if your name is on the guest list); access is conveyed by editing the list. (Different ACL systems have a variety of different conventions regarding who or what is responsible for editing the list and how it is edited.) Both capability-based and ACL-based models have mechanisms to allow access rights to be granted to all members of a group of subjects (often the group is itself modeled as a subject). Access control systems provide the essential services of identification and authentication (I&A), authorization, and accountability where: identification and authentication determine who can log on to a system, and the association of users with the software subjects that they are able to control as a result of logging in; authorization determines what a subject can do; accountability identifies what a subject (or all subjects associated with a user) did. [edit]Identification and authentication (I&A) Identification and authentication (I&A) is the process of verifying that an identity is bound to the entity that makes an assertion or claim of identity. The I&A process assumes that there was an initial validation of the identity, commonly called identity proofing. Various methods of identity proofing are available ranging from in person validation using government issued identification to anonymous methods that allow the claimant to remain anonymous, but known to the system if they return. The method used for identity proofing and validation should provide an assurance level commensurate with the intended use of the identity within the system. Subsequently, the entity asserts an identity together with an authenticator as a means for validation. The only requirements for the identifier is that it must be unique within its security domain. Authenticators are commonly based on at least one of the following four factors: Something you know, such as a password or a personal identification number (PIN). This assumes that only the owner of the account knows the password or PIN needed to access the account. Something you have, such as a smart card or security token. This assumes that only the owner of the account has the necessary smart card or token needed to unlock the account. Something you are, such as fingerprint, voice, retina, or iris characteristics. Where you are, for example inside or outside a company firewall, or proximity of login location to a personal GPS device.
Authorization applies to subjects. Authorization determines what a subject can do on the system. Most modern operating systems define sets of permissions that are variations or extensions of three basic types of access:
List directory contents
The subject can change the contents of a file or directory with the following tasks:
Execute (X): If the file is a program, the subject can cause the program to be run. (In Unix systems, the 'execute' permission doubles as a 'traverse directory' permission when granted for a directory.) These rights and permissions are implemented differently in systems based on discretionary access control (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC). [edit]Accountability Accountability uses such system components as audit trails (records) and logs to associate a subject with its actions. The information recorded should be sufficient to map the subject to a controlling user. Audit trails and logs are important for Detecting security violations Re-creating security incidents If no one is regularly reviewing your logs and they are not maintained in a secure and consistent manner, they may not be admissible as evidence. Many systems can generate automated reports based on certain predefined criteria or thresholds, known as clipping levels. For example, a clipping level may be set to generate a report for the following: More than three failed logon attempts in a given period Any attempt to use a disabled user account These reports help a system administrator or security administrator to more easily identify possible break-in attempts.
Access control techniques
Access control techniques are sometimes categorized as either discretionary or non-discretionary. The three most widely recognized models are Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Role Based Access Control (RBAC). MAC and RBAC are both non-discretionary. [edit]Attribute-based access control In attribute-based access control (ABAC), access is granted not based on the rights of the subject associated with a user after authentication, but based on attributes of the user. The user has to prove so called claims about his attributes to the access control engine. An attribute-based access control policy specifies which claims need to satisfied in order to grant access to an object. For instance the claim could be "older than 18" . Any user that can prove this claim is granted access. Users can be anonymous as authentication and identification are not strictly required. One does however require means for proving claims anonymously. This can for instance be achieved using anonymous credentials or XACML (extensible access control markup language). [edit]Discretionary access control Discretionary access control (DAC) is an access policy determined by the owner of an object. The owner decides who is allowed to access the object and what privileges they have. Two important concepts in DAC are File and data ownership: Every object in the system has an owner. In most DAC systems, each object's initial owner is the subject that caused it to be created. The access policy for an object is determined by its owner. Access rights and permissions: These are the controls that an owner can assign to other subjects for specific resources. Access controls may be discretionary in ACL-based or capability-based access control systems. (In capability-based systems, there is usually no explicit concept of 'owner', but the creator of an object has a similar degree of control over its access policy.) [edit]Mandatory access control Mandatory access control (MAC) is an access policy determined by the system, not the owner. MAC is used in multilevel systems that process highly sensitive data, such as classified government and military information. A multilevel system is a single computer system that handles multiple classification levels between subjects and objects. Sensitivity labels: In a MAC-based system, all subjects and objects must have labels assigned to them. A subject's sensitivity label specifies its level of trust. An object's sensitivity label specifies the level of trust required for access. In order to access a given object, the subject must have a sensitivity level equal to or higher than the requested object. Data import and export: Controlling the import of information from other systems and export to other systems (including printers) is a critical function of MAC-based systems, which must ensure that sensitivity labels are properly maintained and implemented so that sensitive information is appropriately protected at all times. Two methods are commonly used for applying mandatory access control: Rule-based (or label-based) access control: This type of control further defines specific conditions for access to a requested object. All MAC-based systems implement a simple form of rule-based access control to determine whether access should be granted or denied by matching: An object's sensitivity label A subject's sensitivity label Lattice-based access control: These can be used for complex access control decisions involving multiple objects and/or subjects. A lattice model is a mathematical structure that defines greatest lower-bound and least upper-bound values for a pair of elements, such as a subject and an object. Few systems implement MAC; XTS-400 is an example of one that does. The computer system at the company in the movie Tron is an example of MAC in popular culture. [edit]Role-based access control Role-based access control (RBAC) is an access policy determined by the system, not the owner. RBAC is used in commercial applications and also in military systems, where multi-level security requirements may also exist. RBAC differs from DAC in that DAC allows users to control access to their resources, while in RBAC, access is controlled at the system level, outside of the user's control. Although RBAC is non-discretionary, it can be distinguished from MAC primarily in the way permissions are handled. MAC controls read and write permissions based on a user's clearance level and additional labels. RBAC controls collections of permissions that may include complex operations such as an e-commerce transaction, or may be as simple as read or write. A role in RBAC can be viewed as a set of permissions. Three primary rules are defined for RBAC:
Role assignment: A subject can execute a transaction only if the subject has selected or been assigned a role. Role authorization: A subject's active role must be authorized for the subject. With rule 1 above, this rule ensures that users can take on only roles for which they are authorized. Transaction authorization: A subject can execute a transaction only if the transaction is authorized for the subject's active role. With rules 1 and 2, this rule ensures that users can execute only transactions for which they are authorized. Additional constraints may be applied as well, and roles can be combined in a hierarchy where higher-level roles subsume permissions owned by sub-roles. Most IT vendors offer RBAC in one or more products.
Software to manage or monitor the time worked by employees for the purpose of efficiently processing payroll. These systems may be integrated with existing payroll processing software. Also, these systems may track labor distribution, building security, and personnel scheduling. These systems usually are able to give reports of overtime/docking of non-exempt employees.
What are advantages of time and attendance systems?
An automated time and attendance sysem can reduce the time needed to enter 'hours worked' data into payroll system. A time and attendance system can reduce errors in enforcement of company attendance policies. Types of Vendors?
Vendors can be categorized into three types:
Manufacturers - companies that manufacture timeclocks and sell time and attendance software to complement the hardware. Resellers - companies that sell the timeclocks and software developed by manufacturers and software vendors. The focus of these companies is in providing customized solutions and support that may not be available from the manufacuters. Specialized Software vendors - these companies focus on developing time and attendance software solutions. Enterprise Software vendors - these companies develop general HRIS applications that include time and attendance modules. In some coses the time and attendance software will be sold separately from the HRIS.
In the meantime please read our Biometric News Blog
Biometric-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security. Trust in these electronic transactions is essential to the healthy growth of the global economy. Utilized alone or integrated with other technologies such as smart cards, encryption keys and digital signatures, biometrics are set to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our daily lives. Utilizing biometrics for personal authentication is becoming convenient and considerably more accurate than current methods (such as the utilization of passwords or PINs). This is because biometrics links the event to a particular individual (a password or token may be used by someone other than the authorized user), is convenient (nothing to carry or remember), accurate (it provides for positive authentication), can provide an audit trail and is becoming socially acceptable and cost effective. More information about biometrics, standards activities, government and industry organizations and research initiatives on biometrics can be found through out this website.
Introduction to How Fingerprint Scanners Work
In this article, we'll examine the secrets behind this exciting development in law enforcement and identity security. We'll also see how fingerprint scanner security systems stack up to conventional password and identity card systems, and find out how they can fail.
Fingerprint Basics
Fingerprints are one of those bizarre twists of nature. Human beings happen to have built-in, easily accessible identity cards. You have a unique design, which represents you alone, literally at your fingertips. How did this happen?People have tiny ridges of skin on their fingers because this particular adaptation was extremely advantageous to the ancestors of the human species. The pattern of ridges and "valleys" on fingers make it easier for the hands to grip things, in the same way a rubber tread pattern helps a tire grip the road.
The other function of fingerprints is a total coincidence. Like everything in the human body, these ridges form through a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The genetic code in DNA gives general orders on the way skin should form in a developing fetus, but the specific way it forms is a result of random events. The exact position of the fetus in the womb at a particular moment and the exact composition and density of surrounding amniotic fluid decides how every individual ridge will form.
So, in addition to the countless things that go into deciding your genetic make-up in the first place, there are innumerable environmental factors influencing the formation of the fingers. Just like the weather conditions that form clouds or the coastline of a beach, the entire development process is so chaotic that, in the entire course of human history, there is virtually no chance of the same exact pattern forming twice.
Consequently, fingerprints are a unique marker for a person, even an identical twin. And while two prints may look basically the same at a glance, a trained investigator or an advanced piece of software can pick out clear, defined differences.
This is the basic idea of fingerprint analysis, in both crime investigation and security. A fingerprint scanner's job is to take the place of a human analyst by collecting a print sample and comparing it to other samples on record. In the next few sections, we'll find out how scanners do this.
Optical Scanner
A fingerprint scanner system has two basic jobs -- it needs to get an image of your finger, and it needs to determine whether the pattern of ridges and valleys in this image matches the pattern of ridges and valleys in pre-scanned images.There are a number of different ways to get an image of somebody's finger. The most common methods today are optical scanning and capacitance scanning. Both types come up with the same sort of image, but they go about it in completely different ways.
The heart of an optical scanner is a charge coupled device (CCD), the same light sensor system used in digital cameras and camcorders. A CCD is simply an array of light-sensitive diodes called photosites, which generate an electrical signal in response to light photons. Each photosite records a pixel, a tiny dot representing the light that hit that spot. Collectively, the light and dark pixels form an image of the scanned scene (a finger, for example). Typically, an analog-to-digital converter in the scanner system processes the analog electrical signal to generate a digital representation of this image. See How Digital Cameras Work for details on CCDs and digital conversion.
The scanning process starts when you place your finger on a glass plate, and a CCD camera takes a picture. The scanner has its own light source, typically an array of light-emitting diodes, to illuminate the ridges of the finger. The CCD system actually generates an inverted image of the finger, with darker areas representing more reflected light (the ridges of the finger) and lighter areas representing less reflected light (the valleys between the ridges).
Before comparing the print to stored data, the scanner processor makes sure the CCD has captured a clear image. It checks the average pixel darkness, or the overall values in a small sample, and rejects the scan if the overall image is too dark or too light. If the image is rejected, the scanner adjusts the exposure time to let in more or less light, and then tries the scan again.
If the darkness level is adequate, the scanner system goes on to check the image definition (how sharp the fingerprint scan is). The processor looks at several straight lines moving horizontally and vertically across the image. If the fingerprint image has good definition, a line running perpendicular to the ridges will be made up of alternating sections of very dark pixels and very light pixels.
If the processor finds that the image is crisp and properly exposed, it proceeds to comparing the captured fingerprint with fingerprints on file. We'll look at this process in a minute, but first we'll examine the other major scanning technology, the capacitive scanner.
Advantages of Fingerrint Scanning
There are several ways a security system can verify that somebody is an authorized user. Most systems are looking for one or more of the following:- What you have
- What you know
- Who you are
To get past a "what you have" system, you need some sort of "token," such as an identity card with a magnetic strip. A "what you know" system requires you to enter a password or PIN number. A "who you are" system is actually looking for physical evidence that you are who you say you are -- a specific fingerprint, voice or iris pattern.
"Who you are" systems like fingerprint scanners have a number of advantages over other systems. To name few:
- Physical attributes are much harder to fake than identity cards.
- You can't guess a fingerprint pattern like you can guess a password.
- You can't misplace your fingerprints, irises or voice like you can misplace an access card.
- You can't forget your fingerprints like you can forget a password.


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Mistletoe & Hot Cocoa FC - PNG
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The Dawning of Divine Glory for Zion
1* Arise! Shine, for your light has come,
the glory of the LORD has dawned upon you.a
2Though darkness covers the earth,
and thick clouds, the peoples,
Upon you the LORD will dawn,
and over you his glory will be seen.
3Nations shall walk by your light,
kings by the radiance of your dawning.b
The Nations Come to Zion
4Raise your eyes and look about;
they all gather and come to you—
Your sons from afar,
your daughters in the arms of their nurses.c
5Then you shall see and be radiant,
your heart shall throb and overflow.
For the riches of the sea shall be poured out before you,
the wealth of nations shall come to you.
6Caravans of camels shall cover you,
dromedaries of Midian and Ephah;
All from Sheba shall come
bearing gold and frankincense,
and heralding the praises of the LORD.
7All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered for you,
the rams of Nebaioth shall serve your needs;
They will be acceptable offerings on my altar,
and I will glorify my glorious house.
8Who are these that fly along like a cloud,
like doves to their cotes?
9The vessels of the coastlands are gathering,
with the ships of Tarshish in the lead,
To bring your children from afar,
their silver and gold with them—
For the name of the LORD, your God,
for the Holy One of Israel who has glorified you.
Honor and Service for Zion*
10Foreigners shall rebuild your walls,
their kings shall minister to you;
Though in my wrath I struck you,
yet in my good will I have shown you mercy.d
11Your gates shall stand open constantly;
day and night they shall not be closed
So that they may bring you the wealth of nations,
with their kings in the vanguard.e
12For the nation or kingdom that will not serve you shall perish;
such nations shall be utterly destroyed!f
13The glory of Lebanon shall come to you—
the juniper, the fir, and the cypress all together—
To bring beauty to my sanctuary,
and glory to the place where I stand.g
14The children of your oppressors shall come,
bowing before you;
All those who despised you,
shall bow low at your feet.
They shall call you "City of the LORD,"
"Zion of the Holy One of Israel."
15No longer forsaken and hated,
with no one passing through,
Now I will make you the pride of the ages,
a joy from generation to generation.
16You shall suck the milk of nations,
and be nursed at royal breasts;
And you shall know that I, the LORD, am your savior,
your redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.
17Instead of bronze I will bring gold,
instead of iron I will bring silver;
Instead of wood, bronze;
instead of stones, iron.
I will appoint peace your governor,
and justice your ruler.h
18No longer shall violence be heard of in your land,
or plunder and ruin within your borders.
You shall call your walls "Salvation"
and your gates "Praise."
Eternal Light for Zion
19* No longer shall the sun
be your light by day,
Nor shall the brightness of the moon
give you light by night;
Rather, the LORD will be your light forever,
your God will be your glory.i
20No longer will your sun set,
or your moon wane;
For the LORD will be your light forever,
and the days of your grieving will be over.
21Your people will all be just;
for all time they will possess the land;
They are the shoot that I planted,
the work of my hands, that I might be glorified.j
22The least one shall become a clan,
the smallest, a mighty nation;
I, the LORD, will swiftly accomplish
these things when the time comes.k
* [60:1–9] The light the prophet proclaims to Zion symbolizes the blessing to come to her: the glory of the Lord, the return of her children, the wealth of nations who themselves will walk by her light. The passage is famous from its use in the Latin liturgy for the feast of Epiphany.
* [60:10–18] The glorious promises for the future continue: the wealth of the nations (vv. 5, 10), tribute from kings, glorification of the Temple, peace and justice (cf. Ps 85:11).
* [60:19–20] The theme of light is taken up again, but in an apocalyptic vein: the Lord's radiant presence replaces physical light.
a. [60:1] Is 40:5; 49:14–26; 51:17–23.
b. [60:3] Is 42:6; 45:14; 49:6.
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