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Equally flawed is the inference that R1b1b2 is clinal (Figure 2A). Microsatellite variance is not significantly higher in Turkey than in Europe -- even if one makes the questionable questionable assumption that modern Anatolian Turks are patrilineal descendants of Neolithic Anatolians. The significance of the regression line disappears if 1 or 2 data points are excluded, and the plot has a quite visible "gap" between Turkey and Italy corresponding to the entirety of eastern Europe and the Balkans, i.e. the routes that any putative Neolithic lineages would have entered Europe.The current paper does not sample the gap I noted in my earlier post, but it looks at Sardinian Y chromosomes, casting doubt on the alleged reduction of diversity from West Asia to Western Europe.
The new paper however has flaws of its own. Its most significant error is its use of the infamous "evolutionary" mutation rate.
Second, Balaresque et al. [17] used a STR specific germ-line mutation rate that placed the TMRCA in the Neolithic age. In contrast we used a unique prior for the microsatellite mutation rate estimates as 6.9×10−4 as recommended by Zhivotovsky and co-workers [24]–[26], see also [27]–[31], that, as reported above, placed the haplogroups TMRCA values in pre-Neolithic times. The difference between the former, evolutionarily effective, and the latter, germ line mutation rates is critical. In fact the haplogroups that survive the stochastic processes of drift and extinction accumulate STR variation at a lower rate than predicted from corresponding pedigree estimates. In particular, under constant population size, the accumulated variance is on average 3–4 times smaller [26]. Hence germ line mutation rates provide evolutionary estimates for haplogroups biased toward much younger age [26].
- Modern populations are not good representatives of ancient, Neolithic, let alone pre-Neolithic populations from the same vicinities as ancient mtDNA studies have repeatedly shown. Y-chromosome studies are more scant, but there is no reason to think that Y-chromosome distributions are more geographically stable; if anything, strong regional differentiation, and greater historical male mobility may suggest that the opposite is the case.
- Inferences of diversity clines are based on a patchy collection of convenience samples where most of Europe (let alone West Asia) is underrepresented or sampled non-systematically and at a very small number of markers.
- Indeed, confidence intervals of Y-STR based age estimates are so wide, that small differences in Y-STR diversity are almost never sufficient to infer greater or lesser antiquity of a population: in short, the odds that a population exhibiting lower Y-STR variance may be older than one exhibiting higher variance are too high to ignore, even with many Y-STR markers, let alone the 10 or so of most scientific studies.
A Comparison of Y-Chromosome Variation in Sardinia and Anatolia Is More Consistent with Cultural Rather than Demic Diffusion of Agriculture
Laura Morelli et al.
Two alternative models have been proposed to explain the spread of agriculture in Europe during the Neolithic period. The demic diffusion model postulates the spreading of farmers from the Middle East along a Southeast to Northeast axis. Conversely, the cultural diffusion model assumes transmission of agricultural techniques without substantial movements of people. Support for the demic model derives largely from the observation of frequency gradients among some genetic variants, in particular haplogroups defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Y-chromosome. A recent network analysis of the R-M269 Y chromosome lineage has purportedly corroborated Neolithic expansion from Anatolia, the site of diffusion of agriculture. However, the data are still controversial and the analyses so far performed are prone to a number of biases. In the present study we show that the addition of a single marker, DYSA7.2, dramatically changes the shape of the R-M269 network into a topology showing a clear Western-Eastern dichotomy not consistent with a radial diffusion of people from the Middle East. We have also assessed other Y-chromosome haplogroups proposed to be markers of the Neolithic diffusion of farmers and compared their intra-lineage variation—defined by short tandem repeats (STRs)—in Anatolia and in Sardinia, the only Western population where these lineages are present at appreciable frequencies and where there is substantial archaeological and genetic evidence of pre-Neolithic human occupation. The data indicate that Sardinia does not contain a subset of the variability present in Anatolia and that the shared variability between these populations is best explained by an earlier, pre-Neolithic dispersal of haplogroups from a common ancestral gene pool. Overall, these results are consistent with the cultural diffusion and do not support the demic model of agriculture diffusion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Get ready for changes to your Sunday Mass.
When Father Jeff Keyes arrived at St. Edward's Parish in the summer of 2004, he found a thriving, multiethnic parish of 5,400 families on the eastern side of the San Francisco Bay. Keyes' religious order, the Missionaries of the Precious Blood, had sent him to become pastor of one of the order's two remaining parishes in California.
While pleased with many aspects of his new assignment, there were certain things that bothered him. Passionate about the liturgy, Keyes felt that the parish's approach to the celebration of the Eucharist conveyed a somewhat casual attitude toward this central mystery of the Christian faith.
It was an accumulation of small things, notes Keyes, who recalls, for example, that the parish was using a loose-leaf lectionary rather than a bound copy. Keyes was troubled by the idea of having a "throwaway Word of God," as he puts it.
A trained musician with a number of published compositions to his credit, Keyes was particularly disturbed by the parish's musical repertoire. At his first Mass, for example, the choir sang "Gather Us In," whose third verse begins, "Not in the dark of buildings confining, not in some heaven light years away." Keyes was frustrated that a Catholic hymn would appear to dismiss our desire for heaven. "I said to people at the parish, 'That's not what we believe!' " says Keyes.
In the months after he became pastor, Keyes set about making changes. Many were small, such as the decision to purchase real candles for Advent rather than the plastic oil lamp candles that had been used previously. "The point of an Advent wreath is to mark the passage of time," says Keyes. "You need real candles to do that." Keyes also found craftsmen within the parish who refurbished the ambo, baptismal font, and tabernacle.
It was Keyes' decision to radically reshape the parish's music program, however, that generated the most controversy. Keyes essentially banned the use of a number of popular contemporary hymns, particularly "praise and worship" songs with lyrics that sometimes reflect a Protestant theology. "They are not appropriate for a Catholic Mass," says Keyes.
His most striking innovation was to transform the parish's 10 a.m. service into a "sung Mass," with many parts being sung in Latin using Gregorian chant. Keyes favors using the chants from the Graduale Romanum and the Graduale Simplex-the two official chant books for the Mass-even though few parishes make use of them because of the complexity of the music.
The first few months were difficult. The original choir of almost 30 voices dwindled to a small handful. A number of families left the parish. Some parishioners accused him of wanting to return to a pre-Vatican II liturgy. The charge is ironic, says Keyes, because the Second Vatican Council's Sancrosanctum Concilium (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy) specifically envisioned Catholics learning to sing the key parts of the Mass in Latin.
Not everyone was displeased with the new direction, however. After his first Christmas Mass at St. Edward's, one older parishioner came up and said, "Thank you for giving us our church back." A woman who now drives 20 miles to attend the 10 a.m. Mass every Sunday wrote Keyes a three-page letter thanking him for providing a "dignified, prayerful, and truly artistic celebration" of the Mass.
A visitor to St. Edward's 10 a.m. Mass finds an intriguing mix of old and new. Much of the "ordinary" of the Mass-the parts that recur from week to week, including the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei-is chanted in Latin, as are the "propers," that is, the antiphons that are used for a particular Mass at the entrance, offertory, and Communion processions. The readings and homily and most (but not all) of the congregational responses are in English, as is the Eucharistic Prayer, which Keyes chants from beginning to end. Although Keyes has worked to teach parishioners the basics of chant, the congregation still tends to drop out on some of the more complex pieces.
Donalyn Deeds has been a parishioner at St. Edward's for more than 30 years and currently serves as the parish's director of religious education. She considers Keyes a friend as well as a boss and has not hesitated to challenge him on some of his changes. "I think we moved too abruptly," she says. "This parish had been doing contemporary music for such a long time. It's what people were used to."
Deeds concedes, though, that Keyes may have brought a much-needed sense of reverence back into the liturgy. "There is a lack of formality that is pervasive throughout our entire culture. People show up for Mass late and they leave early. They come in T-shirts and jeans. I think Father Jeff may have brought some needed discipline."
Although some of his parishioners see him as a conservative, Keyes resists the label. "When I preach about immigration, people think I'm a liberal. When I seek to do what the church asks when we celebrate the liturgy, people think I'm a conservative. All I seek to be is Roman Catholic," he says.
A reform of the reform?
While few parishes have gone as far as St. Edward's, the movement to recover a more traditional approach to liturgy appears to be gaining ground. Some advocates of this approach are radicals who reject the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council and prefer to celebrate the Mass according to the pre-reform liturgical books. Others accept the reforms of the council but criticize the way they have been implemented.
One of the most prominent advocates of a "reform of the reform" is Pope Benedict XVI. Prior to his election, his book The Spirit of the Liturgy (Ignatius) compared the liturgy prior to Vatican II to a beautiful fresco that had been whitewashed. The council had removed the whitewash and allowed the colors to be seen. Since then, however, "the fresco has been endangered by climatic conditions as well as by various restorations and reconstructions. In fact, it is threatened with destruction."
There are also those at the grassroots of the church who share Benedict's concerns. One organization that embraces the pope's views is Adoremus, which has raised concerns about contemporary liturgical texts, music, and architecture.
"Our aim is to rediscover and restore the beauty of the liturgy," says Helen Hull Hitchcock, a member of the group's executive committee and editor of its newsletter, the Adoremus Bulletin. "We've lost a sense of sacredness and solemnity," says Hitchcock, who believes that modern liturgical language and music are often not elevated enough to inspire feelings of worship.
John Baldovin, a Jesuit priest and professor of liturgy at Boston College, questions whether those seeking a "reform of the reform" are representative of the majority of Catholics. "I don't think there are a large number of people who are dissatisfied with the reform. I think it's a small minority."
Whether their numbers are large or small, though, Baldovin believes that defenders of the reformed liturgy need to take the "reform of the reform" movement seriously. Baldovin recently published Reforming the Liturgy: A Response to the Critics (Liturgical Press), in which he evaluates a number of critics of the post-Vatican II liturgy, including Pope Benedict, the liturgical historian Klaus Gamber, and the philosopher Catherine Pickstock.
Many of these thinkers would like to see significant changes made to the way the Eucharist is currently celebrated, including more use of Latin (including Gregorian chant), greater or even exclusive use of Eucharistic Prayer I (the Roman Canon), and a return to the practice of kneeling while receiving Communion. They also argue that the priest and the people should face the same direction during prayer rather than having the priest face the assembly.
While Baldovin agrees that more reverence in the celebration of the liturgy is needed, he thinks that implementing these changes would be a mistake. "I call it 'Amish Catholicism.' It's nice, quaint, traditional, and even commendable in some ways. But it's not real," he says. "The world that supported that understanding of the liturgy has passed away."
Sister Joyce Ann Zimmerman, a former seminary professor and director of the Institute for Liturgical Ministry in Dayton, Ohio, worries that these changes would make it harder for the assembly to participate actively in the liturgy. "There is a risk of returning to a very privatized religion with a large rift between the ordained minister and the people, where the priest is celebrating for us rather than with us. That's not what Vatican II was about."
Some liturgists, though, question whether the concept of "active participation" in the liturgy is adequately understood. "It is sometimes treated as a slogan," says Father Douglas Martis, who directs the Liturgical Institute at Mundelein Seminary near Chicago. "We tend to say people are 'participating actively' if they sing and say the responses. But participation is more complex than that."
The key issue, suggests Martis, is not the degree of external participation but whether the faithful have a deep understanding of what is going on in the liturgy. "Participation flows," says Martis, "from what is happening inside a person."
"And with your spirit."
One area where a "reform of the reform" will likely be noticed is in the prayers used during the celebration of the Eucharist. The United States Catholic bishops plan to roll out a new translation of the Roman Missal-the official prayer book of the Mass-in late 2011.
The new translation is the fruit of a long and sometimes bitter debate over the proper way to translate Latin prayers into English. The translation currently in use in the United States was first issued in 1973 by the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL), an international body established by the English-language bishops conferences.
Following the 1969 translation guidelines issued by the Vatican in the document Comme le prévoit, the ICEL translators tried to render the key ideas of the prayers in simple, straightforward English rather than trying to translate the Latin word for word.
Critics of the ICEL charged that the organization's approach to translation rendered the prayers banal. ICEL tried to address these concerns when it began a revision of its missal translation in the late 1980s. By that time, though, ICEL's opponents had identified other issues of concern, such as ICEL's efforts to use inclusive language (using human beings rather than men).
Hitchcock's organization played an important role in organizing opposition to ICEL's translation among the U.S. bishops. "We would attend the conference meetings, talk to bishops, and send them dossiers on certain issues," says Hitchcock.
Despite their efforts, however, ICEL's translations continued to receive the support of a large majority of bishops, albeit by progressively narrower margins.
ICEL's critics had also gained the ear of the Vatican. In 2001 the Congregation for Divine Worship issued Liturgiam Authenticam, which requires that translations adhere much more closely to the Latin text. Based on these new norms, the Congregation rejected ICEL's revised translation of the Roman Missal, despite the fact that it had been approved by a two-thirds majority of every English-language bishops' conference in the world.
The ensuing crisis led to a restructuring of ICEL and the replacement of its senior staff. ICEL's new leaders immediately began work on yet another translation of the missal, which is currently in the process of being approved by the national bishops' conferences.
The new translation takes a more literal approach to translating the Latin text. Instead of responding "And also with you" when the priest says "The Lord be with you," the congregation will now respond, "And with your spirit."
Prior to Communion, the congregation will pray, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof" rather than "Lord, I am not worthy to receive you." Some of the words of the Gloria and the Nicene Creed have also been changed.
In addition to striving for greater fidelity to the Latin, the translators also sought a more elevated tone, one less like ordinary speech. The Opening Prayer for the 11th Sunday in Ordinary Time, for example, currently reads:
Almighty God, our hope and our strength, without you we falter. Help us to follow Christ and live according to your will.
The prayer in the new translation, by contrast, has a more traditional sound:
O God, the strength of those who hope in you, graciously hear our pleas, and since without you mortal frailty can do nothing, grant us always the help of your grace, that in following your commands we may please you in purpose and action.
"I think the ordinary person in the pew will hardly notice the change," says Hitchcock, who believes the new translations are both more accurate and more reverent.
Martis believes the reception of the new texts will depend greatly on how they are presented by priests and liturgists. "To say 'here's what we have to do,' " he notes, "is a very different approach than 'look what this new translation opens up for us.' "
Recent experience suggests that Hitchcock and Martis may be too hopeful. In South Africa the recent decision of the nation's Catholic bishops to implement the new English translation has produced a significant backlash. The letters page of the Southern Cross-South Africa's national Catholic newspaper-is regularly filled with letters complaining that the new texts are difficult to say and understand. One correspondent went so far as to write, "I hate you, hierarchy."
Father Russell Pollitt, pastor of Holy Trinity Church in downtown Johannesburg, is frustrated at both the new translation and the way it has been implemented. "The whole thing is a mess," he says.
Amanda Jones, a parishioner at Holy Trinity for more than two decades, has similar feelings. "I think our bishops approved this without taking into consideration the feelings of the laity." Jones is particularly frustrated that the new translation does not reflect the widespread use of inclusive language in contemporary culture.
With respect to the Creed, for example, Jones asks, "Do I serve God better by saying 'for us men and for our salvation,' or 'for all of us' or 'for all people?' "
Sing an old song
New prayer texts aren't the only area where advocates of a "reform of the reform" are trying to make an impact on Catholic worship. As the experience of St. Edward's parish shows, music is another area where traditionalists hope to have an influence.
Few people are as passionate about recovering the church's musical heritage as Jeff Tucker, the managing editor of Sacred Music, the quarterly publication of the Church Music Association of America. Tucker, the author of Sing Like a Catholic (CMAA), also directs a chant choir at his parish in Alabama and regularly travels around the country giving workshops on Gregorian chant.
"There can be no reform of the liturgy without addressing the stagnation of liturgical music," says Tucker. "We're missing the best of the Catholic musical tradition."
Like many of those involved in the "reform of the reform" movement, Tucker is critical of contemporary Catholic hymnody, which he feels is too tied to popular musical forms. "You can hear this same kind of music outside the church," he says. "As a result, the music ties you to the earth rather than lifting your mind and heart to God."
Tucker, though, does not believe that the answer is replacing contemporary hymns with traditional ones. Parishes, he says, should move beyond the "four-hymn sandwich" approach to choosing music for the Mass. Tucker laments that hymns have come to replace the entrance, offertory, and communion antiphons for every Mass that are specified in the church's liturgical books.
"These texts are part of the Mass in a way that hymns are not," says Tucker, who believes that chanting the parts of the Mass should be an ideal toward which parishes should always strive.
Zimmerman of the Institute for Liturgical Ministry believes Tucker's vision is unrealistic. "It reflects the spirituality of a monastery rather than a parish. The average congregation is not going to learn new antiphons and psalms every single week. You'd end up with only the choir singing. If people don't participate, what have you gained?"
Zimmerman also questions the criticisms aimed at contemporary hymns. "Some of those hymns from the '70s were truly god-awful, and I have no problem saying that," she says. "But we also have some truly excellent hymns. I think 'Gift of Finest Wheat,' for example, will stand the test of time as well as any of John Wesley's hymns."
The Catholic bishops of the United States appear to be taking a middle path on these questions. In a 2007 revision of their national guidelines on liturgical music, the bishops significantly strengthened the language encouraging the use of Gregorian chant while retaining the option of vernacular hymns.
Back to the future?
The wider use of traditional prayers and music may lead some to wonder whether the liturgical reforms of Vatican II are at risk. Could the church ever return to the "old" Mass?
The answer is almost certainly no. It's true that in 2007 Pope Benedict liberalized the rules governing the celebration of the older rite-now dubbed the "extraordinary form" of the Roman Rite-and encouraged its wider use.
While the pope was partially motivated by a desire to achieve reconciliation with schismatic groups attached to the older Mass, he also expressed a hope that its wider celebration would encourage those praying the reformed rite to do so with greater reverence.
"If that is his objective, then he's going about it the wrong way," says Baldovin of Boston College, who believes that efforts to improve the church's celebration of the liturgy should look forward rather than backward. "The problem with the reformed liturgy is not that it has been tried and found wanting, but that it has not been tried," he says.
Many of those who disagree with Baldovin on specific issues share his conviction that the focus of the discussion should be the rites as they were reformed by Vatican II.
"The post-conciliar liturgy is the one that we have received," says Martis of Mundelein Seminary. "Our responsibility is not to wish we had another but to celebrate it as authentically as we are able. My desire is that people understand it better and recognize how it can be a genuine expression of our deep faith in God."
St. Edwards' Keyes does not plan to offer the extraordinary form at his parish anytime soon, citing both scheduling challenges-his parish already offers six crowded Masses every weekend-and a lack of time to learn the prayers and rubrics of the old rite. More fundamentally, Keyes continues to hold the liturgical reforms of Vatican II in high regard. "People who don't think that the reform was necessary are misinformed," he says.
It may be too much to expect that a consensus on this point might lead to a truce in the church's "liturgy wars." Nevertheless advocates on both sides of the current debate may agree on more than they realize.
Hitchcock concedes that the time before Vatican II was hardly a golden age. "Prior to the council, seminaries didn't really teach liturgy. They taught rubrics, how to work your way through the books," she says.
Baldovin, for his part, agrees that those seeking a "reform of the reform" are on to something when they complain about a loss of reverence. "We've said that liturgy is the 'work of the people,' which is true. But it's God's work first."


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THE WORST PART ABOUT THE SHOP: Because every shirt we sell is made to order, we *cannot* offer free exchanges for size issues (we don't have a huge warehouse to store the exchanged shirts in). So, before you order, PLEASE make sure you have the right size and if you're unsure, just message us, we'll try to find the absolute BEST fit.
We ship our shirts FAST. Processing time is 1-4 days and shipping time 2-3 days after that.
TLDR: If you don't have your shirt after 7 business days, LET US KNOW. We will make it right, we promise.
Return policy
Return policy
Alright, FINE - this is the worst part about our shop. Why are our prices lower than everyone else, you ask?? Because we don't have a big warehouse we stash your shirts in. We make these babies PER ORDER which allows us to keep shipping FAST and prices LOW. The downside - you guessed it - is we can't take returns/exchanges. However what we can do (and absolutely will) is make it right. Period. Message us and let us know your story. We will do what we can to offer you a super discounted next shirt or maybe just a full refund if we can swing it. <3


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3 Tips from a Vernon Hills Chiropractor
Since chiropractors see the results of poor lifestyle choices on a daily basis, it's only natural to formulate opinions and offer tips to patients so they can help themselves. From sore backs, necks, shoulders, irregular sleeping patterns to back pain, we provide help in a wide range of areas. Here are 3 tips from a Vernon Hills chiropractor that will help keep your body operating efficiently.
1) Try Not to Sit so Much
Sitting seems like a relatively innocent activity, but the negative effects that prolonged sitting creates are numerous. Extensive sitting has always been associated with back pain and spinal issues, but recent research also suggests a link between too much sitting and heart disease. If you have a sedentary job like so many people do, make a point of getting up and moving around at least once per hour. You can take phone calls standing up, buy an adjustable standing desk, do deep knee bends, jumping jacks or just go for a quick walk. The key is to stand up and move around to relieve pressure and stay healthy.
2) Get Injuries Treated Promptly
Another important tip from a Vernon Hills chiropractic team is to get quick treatment if you've suffered an injury. A little twist or tweak now can lead to years of discomfort and improper muscle function if you just leave it alone. It's always wise to apply ice to injuries to help reduce swelling, but visiting a chiropractor as soon as possible will help with the healing process and keep your muscles and joints functioning at full capacity.
Leaving minor injuries may not cause a great deal of pain, but the effects will be felt in the future. Many people end up using various pain medications or having reduced mobility as they get older because they chose to leave an injury alone.
3) Incorporate Stretching Into Your Day
Treating injuries promptly is a good idea, but preventing them altogether is even better. Keeping your muscles, tendons, and ligaments flexible with daily stretching will help you avoid many common injuries. You can incorporate the stretches into your morning routine or as part of your daily workout regimen. As you age, those muscles will become tighter and tighter leaving you prone to injury. Working for long hours hunched over a desk also shortens muscles and opens the door to injury. Stretching tips from a Vernon Hills chiropractor include your hamstrings, quadriceps, calves, chest, hips, and back. It only takes a few minutes a day, but you'll notice the results for the rest of your life.
If you have any further questions don't hesitate to contact our Vernon Hills team at Integral Medical and Rehabilitation today.
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 5:00pm
9:00am - 12:00pm
Integral Medical and Rehabilitation
3 West Hawthorn Parkway #280
Vernon Hills, IL 60061
(224) 424-3147


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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
Many retailers in Gloucestershire use point of sale (POS) systems for their businesses and this makes work easier. However, retailers using traditional POS systems will need to upgrade their systems in order to benefit themselves and their customers. As technology improves, many consumers are turning to the digital platform to do their day-to-day transactions. In order to capture the attention of millions who use the digital platform, retailers will be required to upgrade their systems. Some of the ways retail POS / EPOS systems can be beneficial include:
An efficient retail POS system in Gloucestershire enables you to produce reports that will help you analyze various aspects of the business such as usage of stock, profits made within a certain period of time and how potential customers are responding to some of the marketing strategies put in place. All this information is also beneficial when it comes to filing in tax since almost everything is calculated for you.
A POS system enables you to easily price your items based on various factors including products on offer, old stock among many others through our POS solutions in Gloucestershire. If no changes are required, then the system is able to keep the price consistent. The system also prevents staff errors when it comes to counting sales that were made in a certain period of time. This feature promotes a good relationship between customers and retailers since there will be no complaints about changes in pricing without a valid reason.
If retails want to communicate about any offers, changes in pricing, introduction of new products or any other relevant information, they can easily do so through the POS. They can send emails or SMS to their clients through the system. The system enables you to send such emails or SMS to multiple customers at once in order to save time. Retailers are thus able to build good and lasting relationships with their customers.
Retailers are able to know through the system how much stock they have after sales, such as beers using our EPOS/POS Systems for Bars in Gloucestershire. They can also monitor customer behaviour by monitoring which products are moving faster than others and use this information to maximize on profits. Theft of products can easily be noticed since retailers can compare how much stock they have and how much stock they should have. If the system is linked with the supply chain, you can set the system to automatically order for stock once it is almost replenished. This system saves a lot of time for employees in charge of stock and enables them to spend this time doing more productive things that will benefit the business.
Retailers can easily manage their employers in Gloucestershire using the POS system. A schedule can easily be created which shows which employees will work on certain days and substitute employees in case one of the employees is not able to make it for work. Doing this saves time and enables the business to run smoothly since no time will be wasted trying to find a replacement.
Since the system shows who was working and at what time, it can be easy to deal with customers in case a problem arises. You can know who served the customer and follow up the issue with the employee. If the employees are assigned specific cash drawers, you can know if they are working honestly or not. This makes employees accountable for their actions and are less likely to steal from you.
Additionally, the system creates a healthy environment for competition at the workplace especially if there are awards for top employee or employee of the month. Your employees will be motivated to do their best and earn their reward.
It provides customers with the option of paying for goods and services using various methods. This eliminates the need for customers to carry around cash all the time and they will feel comfortable using their credit cards provided you safeguard their credit card information. The retailer should have a payment card industry (PCI) agreement to ensure customer information is safeguarded.
There are many more benefits of using POS systems for your retail business apart from the ones mentioned above but you can be guaranteed your business will run more smoothly if you upgrade your system. There are many types to choose from so you can analyze the characteristics of the systems available and choose the one suitable for your business.


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- Regular Price
- $716.00
- Sale Price
- $716.00
- Regular Price
- $895.00
- Unit Price
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Powered by Bulova's proprietary Precisionist three-hand calendar movement with a 262kHz vibrational frequency—eight times greater than standard timepieces—for unparalleled accuracy. Gold-tone stainless steel case with black dial featuring 11 hand set diamonds, curved mineral crystal, gold-tone stainless steel bracelet with sport fold over buckle. 300-meter water resistance.
Technical Specs
Case Material: Stainless Steel
Case Diameter: 46.5
Case Thickness: 14.3
Functions: 3 Hand, High Performance Quartz, Calendar
Crystal: Curved Mineral Crystal
Dial Feature: Luminous Hands
Water Resistance: 300M
Movement: NM50
Gender: Men's
Case Color: Two-Tone
Dial Color: Black
Strap: Gold-Tone
*This item is BRAND NEW and will come with the original box and papers. We are authorized BULOVA dealers, which means you will receive the manufacturer's warranty with your purchase.
Estimated Delivery Time and Price
All purchases, unless customized and personalized or special shipping time, provided ships within 24 hours.
Fedex Express Saver3 business day $14.25
Fedex Second Day Air2 business day$26.85
Fedex Overnight1 business day $37.50
Some carriers have limitations around shipping to P.O. Boxes. If one of your carriers falls into this group, you should look up their policy and communicate it to your customers here.
If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you may exchange or return items that are not personalized for a refund (excluding shipping and handling charges) within 30 days from
shipping from our warehouse (14 days from delivery for pre-owned items. The cost of shipping will be deducted from your total refund.
All purchases, accessories, serial numbered security tags (if provided), and packing materials, original sales receipt, must be in new condition to avoid refusal of the returned merchandise or restocking fees. All returned or exchanged items must be in new condition, in their original packaging, and must include all packing material, blank warranty cards, manuals, and accessories.
Please see our Shipping Policy for more information.
Eli Adams Jewelers are authorized retailers for many brands, thus items that we are authorized for will come with manufacturers warranty. If the item is marked preowned, these items will come with a limited warranty from Eli Adams Jewelers.
Please see our Warranty Policy page to see more information.


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The Olympic Games are now just over three weeks away. NPR's Philip Reeves is tracking preparations. He brings us his latest letter from London.
PHILIP REEVES, BYLINE: So it's true then. Surface-to-air missiles really will be stationed on London's rooftops during the Olympic Games.
Officials have been chewing over this idea for months. Yesterday, Britain's Defense Ministry announced the government's finally made up its mind. Batteries of Rapier and Starstreak missiles will be ready to repel attacks against the Olympic Park. They'll stand guard at six sites.
UNIDENTIFIED PEOPLE: What do we want? Missiles out. When do we want it? Now. What do we want?
REEVES: Some London residents aren't at all happy. Over recent weeks they've signed petitions and paraded through the streets, singing their own protest song.
UNIDENTIFIED PEOPLE: (Singing) Join us in protest against the missile threat. We'll fight for people's freedom till their needs are met.
REEVES: Chris Nineham, a leading protestor, says he's disappointed and angered by the government's decision.
CHRIS NINEHAM: We've been completely ignored and I think that's what' people feel. And I think people feel very, very nervous about it as well, because it is genuinely frightening.
REEVES: Next week, a group of Londoners is going to court to try to stop missiles being placed on top of their apartment block.
This is hard to visualize, isn't it. Missile batteries in a crowded modern city, in peacetime. They're just one element in an elaborate plan to protect the Olympics, says Tobias Feakin of the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies.
TOBIAS FEAKIN: This is the largest single security operation that the U.K. has undertaken since World War II.
REEVES: The British government says there's no actual reported threat against the games. Some of its critics suspect it's exploiting the Olympics to advertise its military wares.
But everyone knows Olympics Games have been attacked before. You just can't be too careful, say officials. So fighter jets will be on stand-by. There'll be tens of thousands of police, soldiers and private security guards, a vast array of closed circuit TV cameras, and in the River Thames a big warship.
FEAKIN: You will see HMS Ocean, which is currently the Navy's largest vessel. It will be moored just off of Greenwich. It offers a particular capability, a large number of helicopters to be able to distribute troops as required. It will also be the base for the Marines whilst they are deployed for the games.
REEVES: If you're coming to London and find all this a little worrying, it's worth bearing a couple of things in mind. Average out the number of deaths caused annually by what might be described as terrorism in England this century and you arrive at the figure five. That's the same as the number killed here each year by wasps, hornets and bees.
Also, says Feakin, the biggest security threat to the games is not terrorism but street crime.
FEAKIN: Pick-pocketing, muggings, theft, that kind of thing, and that's been proven through research into previous games. It's always come out as the number one threat and risk.
REEVES: There's another lethal weapon that'll be out there patrolling the Olympics. His name is Rufus.
IMOGEN DAVIS: Rufus is an American Harris Hawk.
REEVES: That's Rufus, the Hawk's owner, Imogen Davis.
DAVIS: He'll be at the tennis event of the Olympics. And he will be there, present, scaring the pigeons.
REEVES: The Olympic tennis will be at Wimbledon, where the world-famous championship is going on right now.
London has a vast number of pigeons. Hawks are often used to stop them messing up the city. Rufus is working at Wimbledon at the moment, making sure pigeons don't get in the way of play. The other day, while he was in a car, he was stolen. Several days later, after police made a public appeal, he was returned.
DAVIS: Oh, when we managed to get him back, we were just completely overjoyed and so happy and relieved.
REEVES: Let's hope the same fate doesn't befall those rooftop missiles.
Philip Reeves, NPR News, London.
WERTHEIMER: This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Linda Wertheimer.
And I'm Renee Montagne. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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Cracked teeth demonstrate many types of symptoms, including pain when chewing, temperature sensitivities, or even the release of biting pressure. It is also common for tooth pain to come and go, making it difficult to diagnose the cause of discomfort.
Chewing can cause movement of the cracked pieces of your tooth, and the pulp within the tooth becomes irritated. At the same time, when biting pressure is released, the crack can close quickly, resulting in sharp pain. Eventually, the pulp will become damaged and tooth will consistently hurt, even when you are not chewing. It is possible that cracks can lead to infection of the pulp tissue, which can spread to the bone and gum surrounding the problematic tooth.
Craze Lines
These are tiny cracks that only affect the outer enamel of the tooth. These cracks are more common in adults. These types of cracks are superficial and are usually of no concern.
Fractured Cusp
When a cusp becomes weakened, a fracture may result. The cusp may break off or be removed by a dentist. A fractured cusp usually does not damage the pulp, so root canal treatment may not be necessary. Your dentist will usually restore the tooth with a full crown. If the fractured cusp approximates the nerve in the tooth, then root canal treatment may be needed.
Treatable Cracked Tooth
This type of crack extends from the chewing surface of the tooth and vertically migrates towards the root. In some cases, the crack may extend below the gum line. It is possible for the crack to extend further into the root. Damage to the pulp is commonplace. In this case, root canal treatment is usually necessary. A cracked tooth that is not treated will worsen, resulting in the loss of the tooth. Therefore, early detection is essential.
Split Tooth
A split tooth is usually the result of an untreated cracked tooth. It can be identified by a crack with distinct segments. This type of tooth can never be saved intact. Yet, the position and extent of the problem will dictate whether any portion of the tooth can be saved. Sometimes, endodontic treatment by the doctors and restoration by your dentist can be used to save a portion of the tooth.
Vertical Root Fracture
A vertical root fracture begins at the root and extends towards the chewing surface of the tooth. Unfortunately, they show minimal symptoms and may go unnoticed. In most cases the tooth will have to be extracted.


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La Kueva: AirPods® Case Cover
Get a two-in-one deal with these Rubber Case for AirPods®: an impact-absorbing protector for your earbuds and a stylish accessory you can attach to your clothes and bags with a metal carabiner. This case is made from a durable TPU material and works with both wireless and regular AirPod® chargers.
- Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material
- Impact-absorbing
- Protects AirPods® from bumps, drops, and scratches
- Comes with a metal carabiner for easy carrying
- Compatible with both wireless and a regular charger
- Available for AirPods® and AirPods® Pro
This product is made especially for you as soon as you place an order, which is why it takes us a bit longer to deliver it to you. Making products on demand instead of in bulk helps reduce overproduction, so thank you for making thoughtful purchasing decisions!
Disclaimer: The product doesn't include AirPods® or AirPods® charger.
The AirPods® Case is compatible with the 1st and 2nd generation AirPods®. AirPods® Pro Case is only compatible with AirPods® Pro.
AirPods® is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the US and other countries and regions.
Effective Date: November 8, 2023
We currently ship only within the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and APO, FPO, DPO.
Shipping will be calculated at checkout based on your selected shipping method.
- Standard shipping (does not include delivery on weekends or holidays); or
- Expedited Shipping
Shipping and handling charges are not refundable; charges include order processing, item selection, packaging and transportation of items.
When you place an order, shipping costs and estimated delivery dates are displayed prior to final confirmation of your order. Shipping dates and shipping costs will depend upon a variety of factors, including the particular product(s) ordered, the availability of the product(s), and the shipping options you choose. Estimated delivery time does not account for processing times. Please allow additional time for order processing. You will receive a shipment notification e-mail for each order with tracking information, if available. We are not responsible for delivery failures, or any losses incurred as a result of your failure to provide an accurate address. Items that are personalized, made on-demand, or bulk orders and may take longer to ship. Shipments to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, APO, FPO, DPO addresses require additional processing, please allow 4 weeks deliver. Please note, delivery to a PO Box may not be available if you select expedited shipping.
Actual delivery dates are not guaranteed and are subject to factors beyond our control, including, delays by the carrier or delivery company, shortage or materials, labor strikes, transportation failures, pandemics, traffic or acts of nature.
We may on occasion offer free or discounted shipping codes. Those codes expire and cannot be exchanged or redeemed for cash or credit. Limit one code per person / per order.
Once your shipment has reached the shipping carrier, it is out of our control and we are not responsible for lost, damage or delay. We cannot guarantee replacement of lost packages by the carrier.
Multiple Shipments
- Occasionally, we need to send your order in two or more shipments. Our shipping charge applies only to the first package shipped. There are no additional shipping charges for subsequent shipments for the same order.
- If you want to ship various items to several addresses, you must place a separate order for each address. A single order cannot be shipped to multiple addresses. Applicable shipping fees apply to each order placed.
We may contact you via email and ask you to confirm your identity and information pertaining to your order if we suspect fraud or unauthorized use of your information/account.
Advanced pre-release ordering may be available for select products. These products have a "Pre-Sale" notification or are otherwise identified as products available for pre-release ordering. These products will not be delivered before the release date specified. Advance order release dates are subject to change without notice. Occasionally, certain products offered on a pre-order basis may not be available before or after you place your order due to unforeseen circumstances. In such event, you will be given a full refund for any such pre-ordered product charge.
Order Cancellation
You can cancel your order if the order has not entered production. Cancellation is not guaranteed. Our customer care will request a cancellation of your order at our warehouse. If successful, we will send you an email and the cancellation will be free of charge. If cancellation is not possible, the product(s) will be delivered to you and may be returned in accordance with our Return Policy.


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Boston Vinyl Lettering
VIEW GALLERYAre you looking for an attractive, efficient way to inform your customers about your business? Boston Sign Company has the solutions you need!
Every customer expects to find specific information when they approach the front door of any shop, or when they see vehicles pass by advertising their products or services.
If a customer is unable to find your hours of operations, contact information, or even your company's name, it's unlikely that they will search for that information and move on to a company that provides that information more readily, and that means lost revenue. Providing the information your customers want and need can be easily accomplished with cut vinyl lettering.
These attractive vinyl products are individually cut and can be placed on just about any surface you can think of from walls to windows, trucks to boats, anywhere your name needs to be, Boston Sign Company can create the right vinyl lettering to get the job done.
Call Boston Sign Company today at (781) 590-3373 for a Free Consultation with Vinyl Lettering Expert!
Vinyl Lettering For All Business Needs
While many businesses have similar hours of operations, not every company operates on the same schedule. Many businesses are opened only during specific hours, days or dates. Some even operate on reduced hours or are closed on certain days. How you get that information to your customers can vary greatly, some options provide the information, yet lack the professionalism to entice customers to return when the business is operating.
Hand-written signs do very little to entice potential customers to return when you are open, making how you provide your customers with that information a crucial aspect of the continued growth of your business.
Boston Sign Company has worked with every industry from retail to manufacturing, logistics to boat rental companies, and everything in between. This gives us the insight that you need to identify the information your customers want with to the solution you need to get the job done quickly and efficiently.
We customize all of our signage solutions to fit with your brand and business personality, ensuring that you receive the best solution to suit your business rather than the cookie cutter results offered by other companies.
When you need a solution that informs your customers about your business, Boston Sign Company has the resources, tools, and experience you can depend on.
Door and Window Lettering
Vinyl lettering is a fantastic way to personalize the doors and windows of your office or building, with the versatility offered by cut individual letters and graphics you can change the size, font, and color of your lettering to give your doors or windows that funky or elegant look you've always wanted.
Vinyl lettering is ideal for any business wanting to inform their customers about products and services, seasonal promotions, hours of operations, even the name of the owners or doctors located within their facility.
While vinyl lettering assists all businesses, these solutions are essential to companies located in malls, shared office space or complexes, or any business that needs to display their information when storefront signage isn't an option such as locksmiths, food trucks, or other mobile businesses.
Commercial and Personal Vehicles
Boston Sign Company crafts attractive full and partial vinyl wraps, graphics and logos to promote your brand and business on any vehicle from a car to a boat. While these options will work for every company, sometimes you may want a more minimalistic approach to advertising your brand. Vinyl lettering will do just that.
All of our vinyl letters are cut individually giving you the freedom to select the size, color and font that you want for your vehicle. They can be placed on almost any surface, to give you that professional look you want and need for your vehicle. Some information is also required on a vehicle used for business practice, such as state licenses or DOT information.
Full-Service Vinyl Sign & Graphic Company
Boston Sign Company is your local full-service signage company. We use our state-of-the-art equipment and superior materials to fabricate the signage you want and need to continue growing your business. We want your sign to fit you, and we do that by including you in every aspect of the signage process.
We start with a free consultation where our designers will discuss with you your ideas, goals, and business personality in order to provide recommendations tailored to your needs. Once we have a firm understanding of your needs, our designers will create a "mock-up" of what your project would look like with all of the elements in place. This is a perfect opportunity to alter the look or feel of your design.
Once you have approved your project, our expert manufacturing team will turn your project into a reality. We take every opportunity to use environmentally and budget-friendly materials, to provide you with superior signage that everyone can be proud of. Having our shop right here, allows us to quickly and efficiently fabricate all of your signage needs.
When your project is complete, we start the installation phase. Many of our vinyl projects can be self-installed; however, our highly-talented installation team is here to ensure that your project is aligned correctly and is free of any bubbles, warps or rips.
Free Vinyl Lettering Consultation
When you want impactful, attractive signage solutions, choosing the right sign company is crucial to the development of your business. At Boston Sign Company, our mission is to provide you with the superior customer support and service you can depend on for all of your business needs and goals. If you aren't delighted with the results of your project, then your signage partner shouldn't be either. Our skilled and knowledgeable staff is dedicated to getting the job done right, the first time, every time.
Call Boston Sign Company today at (781) 590-3373 for a Free Consultation with Vinyl Lettering Expert!


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Spray First Pressure Washing & Cleaning
We pride ourselves on delighting clients with an excellent customer experience each time our pressure washing/power cleaning services are contracted in Granite Hills, California. Ours is a company operated by enthusiastic, passionate, and hardworking people to help both residential and commercial clients keep their property squeaky clean with our professional expertise.
Let's face it: as much as you want your property to be the cynosure of all eyes, and a beautiful haven for every visitor, it may be difficult to keep it that way if there are difficult stains splattered on your premises. This type of stain can only be removed with the help of pressure washers/power cleaners like us at Spray First pressure washing/power washing contractors.
PRESSURE WASHING Granite Hills California
Here at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning contractors, our professionals would help restore your building to its brand new look. Therefore, making the perceived value of your property increase and as well as making your heart swell with the pride of someone who maintains things in great shape even after long-time ownership. Our service is available for homeowners, commercial clients, as well as industrial clients.
Every area of your property contributes a quota to its perceived value. Therefore, our expertise is suitable for cleaning everything worth cleaning. From the fence, patio, and driveway, to the retail shops, industrial facilities, and the decks. Our team of pressure washing/power cleaning technicians is available to help you get rid of all specks of dirt at all times wherever you are in the city of Granite Hills, California.
Our goal is to ensure you enjoy prompt and effective results whenever you hire our expertise in restoring the beauty of your property by leveraging our multiple expertise and technical know-how of advanced technologies to keep your property free of mud, dirt, and mold in ways you can never dream or think possible with manual labor.
Power Washing Granite Hills Ca - Best Contractors
We attach importance to the safety of our clients. Here at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning we avoid using harsh chemicals for any of the cleaning services we are paid to provide. These chemicals contribute to health complications, such as respiratory diseases, headaches, as well as intense allergic reactions. We have established a safe and harmless process for cleaning your property without exposing you to dangers of any degree.
Our crew members at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning contractors are trained on how to use eco-friendly and modern machines to clean the surfaces on your property. With the use of modern machines, our team is better enabled in helping you restore your home to a new condition after our power cleaning exercises. Before commencing your project, our technician provides you with a strip test to show you what you can expect at the end of the cleaning exercise. At Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning, Granite Hills, California, we understand the path to a long-term relationship with our pool of clients is to delight them with wonderful experiences each time our services are hired. Hence, we do things the right way and at the right time with each unique project we work on — yours inclusive.
Our professionals at the best pressure washing/power cleaning service contractors in Granite Hills, California are well trained in delivering excellent customer experience. This means we conform to Industry's best practices with each task they have been assigned. Our culture does not condone any form of shortcut. Ours is a culture that prioritizes your best interest over every other thing. If you desire to restore your property to a new look, leave it to us.
Our Services
RESIDENTIAL POWER WASHING IN Granite Hills California
When you need effective, diligent, and professional service providers to overhaul the look of your residential property into a new one, count on us at Spray First power cleaning/pressure washing service provider. We trained our technicians to work conscientiously to safeguard the environment while keeping unsightly stains off your properties. Here at Spray First, we are able to pressure clean dirt, molds, oils, and other stains in your home to enhance its attractiveness and also increase its value significantly should you want to seel it.
The appearance of your office building plays a role in the success of your business. If your office looks unsightly because of stains, dirt, and moss outgrowth, among others you may be causing your business more damage than you could ever imagine if you don't take action to power clean them now. Hire our expertise to keep your building and its surroundings sparkling clean with our professional cleaning skills. We design and use the most appropriate cleaning procedure best suited for each area of your commercial property. So, give us a call today, and let's take care of your commercial property.
CONCRETE WASH & SEAL IN Granite Hills Ca
Take advantage of our professional pressure washing/power cleaning service in Granite Hills, California to clean off all stains, dirt, and other debris build-ups on the surface or in the crevices of your concrete walkway, driveway, or sidewalk. We offer affordable prices and guarantee an excellent customer experience when you choose us to power wash your clean. Depending on the type of concrete structure we are cleaning for you, our expert technicians would first determine the appropriate pressure suitable for cleaning the grimes of the surface or crevices before they set to work.
ROOF & GUTTER WASHING IN Granite Hills California
The roof of your house, office building, or industrial property makes a statement about your property. The failure to clean your roof on a regular basis exposes you to the expensive cost of replacing or repairing your roof. Molds grime, or debris would damage your roof if they are not excavated on a periodic basis. While we understand that roof climbing is not everyone's cup of tea, our expert technicians are professionally trained to clean your roof to do that for you. The benefits of a clean roof is not limited to a long-lasting roof and a beautiful property alone. It also makes your property a safe abode for you and the inhabitants.
SIDING, BRICK, DECK, & PAVEMENT WASHING IN Granite Hills Ca
Keep your sidewalk, deck, brick, and pavement bright and sparkling clean with our exceptional pressure washing/power cleaning service. We guarantee you a hassle-free service at very affordable pricing. We take a comprehensive approach towards cleaning these parts of your building. We take a look at the material, the surrounding plant growth, foot traffic, and more to determine the washing procedure for the best results.
DECK & PATIO POWER WASHING IN Granite Hills California
Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning services can keep any deck or patio clean. Trust us to deliver a deck or patio with an all-new look with our expertise in power cleaning. We examine the decks carefully before settling for a cleaning procedure that is most efficient for erasing the prints of soil, weather, dirt, grease, and oil spills. Whether you need deck or patio cleaning, our expertly trained technicians have you covered! Prior to cleaning, we first inspect the patio or deck to enable us to design the most effective cleaning plan for you.
GARAGE & PARKING LOT POWER WASHING IN Granite Hills Ca
We are cleaning the entire Granite Hills, California, and its environs and that includes your parking lot or garage area. Just how difficult are the stains smearing your parking lot? Our expert technicians determine this before they proceed to determine the pressure needed to get rid of it without causing the slightest of damage to your garage or parking area.
We regularly provide cleaning services for all types of fences but some of the common ones are post and rail fence cleaning, panel fence washing, vinyl fence cleaning, and chain link fence cleaning, among many others. Think about it; each unique fence requires a unique method for helping to keep it clean and that's what we are all about at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning Granite Hills, California. We understand that a sparkling clean fence contributes to the perceived value of your property and we can help you keep it that way through our professional washing expertise.
Quickly reach out to us at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning for other restoration services, such as window cleaning and home exterior cleaning. Our workers are trained to be able to thoroughly clean all types of surfaces without causing any damage.
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EMERGENCY PRESSURE CLEANING Granite Hills California
Our team is equipped with the skills and equipment necessary for getting the work done, each time we are hired for a pressure washing or cleaning service. Have you experienced instances where the machine and other resources brought by your attending power cleaners failed to work? This isn't the case with us at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning. Our machines are commercial grade types with powerful features for getting the work done at all times.
Are you sure you need pressure cleaning or soft cleaning? Maybe you don't understand the difference between the two. Not to worry, our team members look for your best interest. So, just before we take up your job, we would seek to understand your situation and, based on the information provided and our years of experience, we will be able to advise you on the best choice for you even if it means you have to walk to a competitor to get it done as we don't provide soft cleaning services.
BEST PRESSURE WASHING/POWER CLEANING CONTRACTORS IN Granite Hills California
Here at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning, we strive to help our clients restore their properties to a brand new look even though the property is seemingly not new. We do this by using modern machines, safe washing agents, and conforming to safety and best practices that meet your unique cleaning needs. With the aid of our power cleaning/pressure washing expertise, we can get even get rid of microorganisms, such as moss or molds sullying the beauty of your property.
In our effort to restore the beauty of your home, office building or industrial property, we consider the suitable cleaning choice for the surface to be cleaned. Power washing and pressure cleaning both do the same thing — keep your stuff clean! However, power cleaning makes use of hot water. This makes it less ideal for household features, as it would be harsh on the surfaces of the patio, bricks, and fences, among others. The ideal mechanism for cleaning commercial properties is power cleaning as it's larger sized and the stains would be more difficult to clean because of the work going on. These are important factors and we give them serious consideration before we get started on your project.
We are driven by diligence, efficiency, and professionalism, and we will never gamble with the safety of your property by taking shortcuts or using dangerous materials or withholding important pieces of advice on cleaning-related matters as it concerns our clients. This is why we are placed as the best pressure washing/power cleaning in Granite Hills, California, and beyond.
We go the extra mile to fulfill our promise of ensuring customer satisfaction with each project we work on whether it is roof and gutter cleaning, deck & patio power washing, garage & parking lot power washing, pavement & sidewalk power washing, fence power washing, and other property restoration services.
Are you looking for a pressure washing/power cleaning company dedicated to giving you the best value for money in a prompt and effective manner and in compliance with industry best practices? Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning in Granite Hills, California stands out among others. Reach out to us today to begin a rewarding journey towards reclaiming the beauty of your property.
It is important to clean your building regularly, the more effort a professional cleaning service has to expend in order to do your job, the higher your fee.
Power cleaning is significantly more expensive than pressure washing. This is so because power washing makes use of a machine that heats the water and power cleaning essentially requires greater skill if you want a safe job with no hazards.
Unprofessional pressure/power washers are not going to do a great job. Oftentimes, they may even damage your property as these cleaning activities require a high level of expertise in order to remove the stains and difficult grimes from tough spots.
Top of the risks to hiring shoddy people to clean your property includes loss of money. Another is some of the surfaces in your home could be damaged due to poor workmanship. Finally, it is not impossible for accidents to happen during the process of power washing your property.
Unprofessional pressure/power washers are not going to do a great job. Oftentimes, they may even damage your property as these cleaning activities require a high level of expertise in order to remove the stains and difficult grimes from tough spots.
Top of the risks to hiring shoddy people to clean your property includes loss of money. Another is some of the surfaces in your home could be damaged due to poor workmanship. Finally, it is not impossible for accidents to happen during the process of power washing your property.
Time and time again, we have helped our clients to enjoy the massive benefits in hiring professional cleaning service providers for their cleaning needs. As the best pressure washing/power cleaning in Granite Hills, California we can confidently say that no one can offer you the same level of results professional cleaners will provide after cleaning your project.
Professional cleaners make use of advanced technology to clean even the most difficult type of grime or stain, leaving the surface sparkling clean and bright. Another benefit is in how expert power washers can confidently use these advanced machines to clean your surfaces without damaging the surface.
Time is money, right? Good news! Professional pressure washers/power cleaners would save you both by working on your project so you have the time to do other things that matter to you.
Our pressure washing/power cleaning services are available near you. We are in every state of the United States. Therefore, don't hesitate to reach out to us whenever you have a cleaning problem. Adamsville and York are our service pages to two other California cities that are close to Granite Hills.
AVAILABLE FOR 24/7 EMERGENCY PRESSURE WASHING/POWER CLEANING CONTRACTORS IN Granite Hills California
Residential Pressure Cleaning
Our pressure cleaning service is available to keep your residential structures spotless. Our trained technicians conform to best practices that are both environmentally safe and are in consonant with your unique needs. With our expertise, your residence would be healthy and attractive. We will get rid of all specks of dirt sullying your surroundings and in turn, this will enhance the value of your home.
Commercial Power Washing
Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning Granite Hills, California, are the best service providers for taking care of your commercial site. Using unique techniques, environmentally friendly machines, and safe washing agents, we can conveniently help you get rid of the accumulated build-up of dirt, stain, and other particles sullying the appearance of your business place.
Roof & Gutter Washing
Loose debris, grime, and mildew would always find a supportive environment on your roof because of the impact of moisture. Leaving them to thrive without control poses a big risk to your roof and in a split second, your roof is damaged. We understand roof climbing is not as easy as it sounds and as you know, roof replacement or repair is also expensive. We will save you from both by cleaning your roof effectively.
Siding, Brick, Deck Washing
End up with a clean and spotless siding, brick, or deck along your driveway or around your property by calling the premier pressure washing/power cleaning service provider in Granite Hills, California to professionally clean them today.
Other Building Restoration
Our technicians are available for other building restoration services, such as window cleaning, or vinyl, aluminum, stucco, wood, steel, iron, glass and any type of painted surface, both inside and outside
Concrete Wash & Seal
Our knowledge of concrete washing is unmatched in the industry, we have been in this business long enough to understand the best washing technique forgetting concrete materials spotless without causing damage to the surface.
Garage & Parking Lot Power Washing
The garage area or parking lot is most susceptible to stains and dirt because of activities that could potentially happen in these structures. From oil leakages to other leakages that could smear your parking or garage area. Rely on our capable team at Spray First pressure washing/power cleaning service provider to help reclaim the neatness.


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Modern Mom Proverb #179
PLEASE! Can't we all go nude and give moms a break?! Please!!!!
[Modern Mom Proverb Disclaimer: While this mom strives to make the information on this post as timely and accurate as possible, this mom makes no claims, promises, or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of this post, and expressly disclaims liability for errors and omissions in the contents of this post. No warranty of any kind, implied, or expressed is given with respect to the contents of this post. All names have been changed to protect the innocent and/or guilty parties. This mom hopes you enjoy your Modern Mom Proverb, and remember "behind every great person, there's a great mother…or you're grounded."]


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Rabbits at Dawn Kit
This design incorporates essential historic crewel work stitches and techniques in a lighthearted scene. Perfect for a beginner stitcher or even a child advancing to a larger kit. Progress quickly across this design with three interesting variations of Laid & Couched work as well as other core crewel techniques.
Suitable for: Beginner embroiderers
Kit Includes: Pure linen twill, 8 Appletons crewel wools, 5 x needles (for double and single thread, plus beading needle), beads for the eye, a 24-page stitch instruction booklet, an A4 stitch chart, an A4 colour poster, and our 'Essential Guide to Crewel Work' booklet
Design size: 10 x 22 cm (4 x 9 in)
Linen size: 25 x 37 cm (10 x 14½ in)
Stitches: Crewel Stem, Satin, Laid & Couched Work, Long & Short as 'soft shading', Seeding, Raised Satin, Spider's Web, and French Knots
All of our Crewel Work kits feature the highest quality materials that authentically replicate those found in 16th and 17th century embroideries.
These include:
Specialist 'S' Twist Linen Twill Ground Fabric
- made to historic specifications
- minimum of 10 cm (3 inches) space on either side of the design
Depending on the kit, we use either Appletons Wools from England or hand-dyed Renaissance Wools from France
- full skeins or hanks, not strands!
- 2-ply
Printed material
- Full, bespoke instructions created by Phillipa Turnbull and carefully illustrated by our in-house artist Georgie. We take extra care to make sure we're by your side for each step of the process
- Stitch & Colour Chart to make sure you are in no doubt about where each colour and stitch type goes
- Essential Guide to Crewel Work Booklet - a specially created foundation guide for those who want to go over the basics from threading a needle to blocking your finished work.
Needles & beads
- Specialist for Crewel embroidery
- Gold-plated for single thread
- Polished nickle for double thread
- Beads (if your design has eyes!)
Frames, scissors and finishing materials are not included in your kit. To stitch your design, you will therefore also need:
1. An embroidery frame of your choice (such as a Seat, Floor or Slate Frame)
2. A pair of embroidery scissors
We recommend the Elbesee Seat Frame, which we sell in our store with three different sized hoops. You can buy the Seat Frame here or as part of our Starter Sets, which you can combined with your kit purchase and receive 10% off.
We are passionate about keeping embroidery alive, a living art form which new generations are inspired to try.
The countless benefits of practicing embroidery include lowering blood pressure, regulating breath, calming the nervous system, and providing an excellent excuse to form deep social bonds with friends, family and your local community.
If you want to experience some of the same benefits of practicing embroidery and think this might be the kit for you, please reach out to us and let us know how it helped you!
We are passionate about keeping embroidery alive for future generations. Our way of doing this is to follow a thread to the past, finding a link with embroiderers who throughout history have found inspiration, solace, meaning and connection through embroidery.
As such, almost all of our kits are inspired by historic embroideries. We research embroideries in public and private collections in the UK and bring them back to life by spending countless hours producing a faithful replica - in choice of materials, colour and of course design line.
We are on a mission to keep these embroideries alive and to allow more people to access them - whether through our historically-accurate kits, our online courses, or our life-changing in-person retreats. We go to the source and we hope to take you with us.
Where possible and appropriate we donate a percentage of the proceeds of the sale of a kit to the castle, country house, or institution that the original embroidery belongs to.
With this, we specifically support the care, safe-housing and understanding (both among caretaking teams and visitors) of the historic embroidery in question and its companions.
To date we have donated over £20,000 to the care of historic embroideries and have supported the businesses charged with their care. As such, needlework which was stored away and under-appreciated, is now understood, valued and cared for.
With this we have helped to improve understanding of and appreciation for some of the rarest and most culturally significant embroideries and textile collections in the UK.
We offer complimentary Standard Delivery on all UK Orders over £100 and all International orders over £200.
Complimentary Standard Delivery ~ 2-3 Working Days (Orders over £100) - FREE
Standard Shipping ~ 2-3 Working Days - (Orders under £200) - £5
Complimentary Standard Delivery ~ 3-17 Working Days (Orders over £100) - FREE
Standard Shipping ~ 3-17 Working Days - (Orders under £200) - £8-£10 (depending on the weight of your order)
Express Shipping - 2-11 Working Days - £7-£35 (depending on the weight of your order)
DHL - Live rates calculated at check out
Complimentary Standard Delivery ~ 3-17 Working Days (Orders over £100) - FREE
Standard Shipping ~ 3-17 Working Days - (Orders under £200) - £7-£10 (depending on the weight of your order)
Express Shipping - 2-11 Working Days - £9-£40 (depending on the weight of your order)
DHL - Live rates calculated at check out
If you shop at our online store, your order is handled by our dispatch team managed by Georgie and Frankie in our Appleby office.
Georgie personally selects your kit and checks its contents before passing it to Frankie to wrap in tissue paper and seal it with our signature logo sticker before it is prepared for shipping.
All with care and sincere thanks for your support. Each owner of a Crewel Work Company Kit is part of our wider family so please keep in touch as we love to hear about your progress, the ups and downs of creating your piece, and how it ended up!
We are committed to bringing you high quality needlework experiences, which is reflected in the choice of materials included in our kits. If, however, you are unsatisfied for any reason, we are happy to refund the whole amount to you on receipt of the product you have purchased. Refunds will be accepted within a 30 day period of when you receive the product.
All items should be returned new, unused and in original Crewel Work Company packaging.
All successfully returned items will be credited to the card used when placing the order, less any shipping costs, international taxes or import duties incurred. For payments made by PayPal, refunds will be credited to your PayPal account and will be visible immediately. Reimbursement time to the credit card associated with your PayPal account depends on the company that issued the card.
Parcels are returned at your own cost, and it is advised that you obtain a free certificate of postage from the Post Office or any courier company of your choice, as we can only be responsible for your parcel once it has been received into our offices. We can also arrange for our courier company to collect the parcel. You will need to be at the provided address to hand over the parcel, and there is a charge for this service.
As the responsibility for international customs duties and local VAT/GST (outside of the EU) lie with the customer, The Crewel Work Company are unable to refund any charges incurred upon delivery of the order. However, you may be able to recover these by contacting your local customs bureau directly.
Please note, items should not be returned to us without prior notice.
Shipping costs will be refunded for items that are incidentally delivered in a damaged or in a faulty condition and for orders cancelled before dispatch under the Distance Selling Regulations (DSRs).
All orders should be returned to The Crewel Work Company, 1 Old Spooners Yard, The Sands, Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, CA16 6XN, United Kingdom. You will be notified by email once your return has been received and processed by a member of our team.
For additional help or queries regarding the returns process, simply contact us.
Depending on which country we are sending your goods to you may incur import duties.