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This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Jennifer Ludden.
Now, the Opinion Page. It's a no-brainer, that's how secretary - former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich described President Obama's recent proposal to raise the federal minimum wage. The plan would boost minimum pay from 7.25 an hour to $9. In a syndicated column, Reich wrote, a mere $9 an hour translates into about $18,000 a year, still under the poverty line.
We'd like to hear from business owners today. What would a $9 minimum wage meant for your company? We're at 800-989-8255. Our email address is email@example.com. And you can join the conversation at our website. Go to npr.org and click on TALK OF THE NATION. Robert Reich served as labor secretary under President Bill Clinton. He's now professor of public policy at the University of California Berkeley and joins us from a studio there. Welcome back to the program.
ROBERT REICH: Hi, Jennifer. How are you?
LUDDEN: Good. So as you - you'll not be surprise to know not everyone agrees with you on the minimum wage. It's often called a job killer if it were to be increased to $9 an hour. What do you say to that?
REICH: Well, I know that's how a lot of people view it and particularly business people. And that's been their argument every time the minimum wage has been raised. It has been raised consistently, and it has never actually killed jobs. In fact, there has been no relationship between raising the minimum wage and losing jobs.
I remember in 1996, when I was Bill Clinton's secretary of labor, we raised it over the objections of the business community. They said it would be a job killer. We - and instead of killing jobs, actually, we saw a huge increase in the number of jobs. I'm not saying the minimum wage will increase jobs. It's just that, particularly in this environment where you've got so many people who are scraping by, barely able to make it, it is not only economically appropriate but is - it is morally just to do it. We shouldn't have a lot of people who are working below the poverty level full time.
LUDDEN: But '96, you know, that was a different economy than we have today. I mean, some small employers say they are scraping by. You know, there's high unemployment, low inflation. Some people say, well, it might be a good idea, but this just isn't the right time. Couldn't some employers be hurt more now if this were to happen than any other...
REICH: Well, at least - I've heard that too. The answer to them is that when we're talking about very low-wage workers, we're talking about people who are working in restaurants, hotels, hospitals, low-wage jobs that basically are not competing directly with international competitions. Certainly, these jobs are not going to be offshore, the outsourced. They're not even going to be replaced by machines or automated equipment because they have to involve - they involve personal service. And what we see whether the economy is good or bad and - again, we're talking about a very long history, lot of research since the minimum wage was initiated in the 1930s, good economies and bad. What we see is that, basically, small businesses and all businesses tend to simply pass on the wage increase to consumers in the form of very, very small increases, penny increases in prices.
What's good for the economy, though, is that more people will have a chance because they are earning a little bit more to turn around and buy things. And one of the problems the economy now has, particularly now and in every instance where you have a kind of economic downturn, you don't have enough purchasing power. People simply don't have enough money in their pockets. And so the minimum wage increase would put a little bit more money into the pockets of about 15 million Americans who now work between - who are working now at $7 and $25, 25 - $7.25 an hour. And they would see a raise.
LUDDEN: All right. Well, let's bring a business person into the conversation. Colleen in Stamford, Connecticut. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.
COLLEEN: Hi. How are you?
LUDDEN: Good.
COLLEEN: I own a small business, and my problem with raising of the minimum wage, I'm going to have to pass that cost onto my clients. I'm a one-person business with a couple of high school kids, and the second I have to pay them more money, I have to get that from somewhere. So I'm going to have to pass that onto the client. But the cost of living being what it is, it's only going to increase.
LUDDEN: Can I ask what your product is?
COLLEEN: I'm a dog groomer.
LUDDEN: Oh, a dog groomer. So how much then would people have to pay for - would it be the whole - what is it, a $1.30? See, I'm not good at math. About a dollar - a buck and a half an hour or would you only pass on part of that? What do you think?
COLLEEN: The way that I do my sales tax, I build it into the price. So for me, sales tax is already going up, but now we're going to have that on top of it, so it would probably add another two to four dollars.
LUDDEN: Do you think you'd lose customers?
COLLEEN: When I went up a few dollars when we first started getting services that never had a sales tax before, when I first started applying sales tax to services, I lost a few customers then, and people are just having such a hard time that they're not grooming as frequently.
LUDDEN: What about the idea, Colleen, that if people got paid more, they could pay more for other goods and put it back into the economy?
COLLEEN: That would be lovely. But my fear is that it's going to make the cost of everything go up, so people are going to be in the same boat.
LUDDEN: All right. Colleen, thanks so much for the call.
COLLEEN: Thank you.
LUDDEN: Robert Reich, what about, you know, the workers who have minimum wage jobs? We're assuming they don't have a lot of education, probably not a lot of skills. I mean, would they become less competitive for these jobs? Would we see, you know, if you have to pay more for minimum wage, maybe someone else is going to get that job.
REICH: Well, theoretically that certainly is possible, Jennifer. But we know that states that have a minimum wage closer to $9 an hour right now don't have higher rates of unemployment. They don't have more joblessness. They, in some instances, have a lower rate of unemployment than do states and municipalities that are at the federal level of just $7.25. The other thing to keep in mind is the actual value of the minimum wage has been eroding for years, adjusted for inflation. If it had stayed even with inflation since 1968, it would now be $10.56 an hour. So it's not as if we're cranking up the minimum wage higher than it ought to be or it has been in the past. Adjusted for inflation, it actually is lower than it was in the late '60s.
LUDDEN: Thirty percent lower, I think, is what I read somewhere, less buying power.
REICH: Yeah. And that less buying power, again, as with Colleen, it feels initially as if consumers might recoil, but actually consumers need more money. And if you have 15 million people who have more money in their pockets, they can become consumers as well.
LUDDEN: Well, you mentioned if it had been keeping steady with inflation it'd be 10.50 an hour. In USA Today today, Senator Tom Harkin has an op-ed saying that he will soon propose raising it to $10 an hour. He doesn't think the $9 put out there by the president is enough.
REICH: Well, he may be right. I, you know, my personal both assessment of where the economy is and what the wage should be is that we could easily go to $10 an hour without having negative employment effects. You know, Jennifer, some opponents say that the minimum wage recipients are mostly high school kids working for extra money. That's not true. Nearly 90 percent, and this is a study that the Economic Policy Institute did last summer, showing that nearly 90 percent of the recipients of that minimum wage increase are at least 20 years old, more than half work full time, more than a quarter are parents. I mean these are working people not unlike every other working person, and they do need to - it seems to me and I think it is not just economic issue, it is a moral issue. If they're working full time, they should not be in poverty.
LUDDEN: All right. Let's take another phone call. Ryan is in Geneva, New York. Hi there, Ryan.
RYAN: Good afternoon. Thanks for having me. I'm a small business owner. It's my wife, myself, my mother and my brother, and so we're not a huge company. But I'm strongly in favor of having a strong living wage because I feel that if you're so focused on your bottom line, you will negatively impact your - the whole community that you're in. If you're employees can't afford your own product, if you're not going to generate that recurring business and the whole community suffers if everyone is looking at the bottom line; if we're willing embrace, you know, paying people a fair wage for even basic labor, there's an opportunity there.
I mean, for my guys, I would love my guys who are working, you know, $10 an hour jobs, $12 an hour jobs, to one day be able to afford my product. And I believe they can if we focus on building up the community economically, not just one(ph) little section of it.
LUDDEN: So did you just say you pay your workers 10, 12 dollars an hour, along that?
RYAN: Yeah. I won't pay any of my workers less than $12 an hour. I do have seasonal employees and (unintelligible) largely just general labor. But I can't - I want people who can think for themselves. But it's still not rocket science what they do, but I find that if I pay them $12 an hour, even guys who never worked for that wage before take on (unintelligible) responsibility.
LUDDEN: So if you're already going above and beyond the minimum wage, what difference would this make? Would it impact you at all, do you think?
RYAN: I think it actually would positively impact me because I run into a lot of struggling families who - we do energy improvements to homes. And most of the time these families can't qualify for the very small loans that enable our improvements because they just don't have the income. They're struggling in service jobs and they just - they can't get a $3,000 loan to make their home more comfortable and more warm in winter.
LUDDEN: All right. Ryan, thanks for the call.
RYAN: Thank you.
LUDDEN: And let's go now to Phoenix, Arizona. Zoya(ph) in Phoenix, welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.
ZOYA: Hello.
LUDDEN: Go right ahead.
ZOYA: I wanted to talk about the minimum wage because right now it's 7.80, a dollar in Arizona, just raised. And giving minimum wage, $9, it would be really difficult. I have a really small restaurant. I feel that I won't be able to compete with chains because being small, I can't buy anything in bulk. And then if I start paying my dishwasher $9 an hour, that means I'm going to have raise prices on all my food items. And I really don't think I can compete after that.
LUDDEN: So even if you're paying the same to your workers as they are, there's other things at play and you just - it would be tough.
ZOYA: Yeah. Because chains can pay extra while they can save from, you know, buying big, by, you know, offsetting it in other ways versus a small restaurant. I can't offset that because I don't have storage and other things and whatsoever. So that's my problem, that I wouldn't mind it, but I really wouldn't know how I would go about basing(ph) prices - 50 cents or a dollar an item. They will definitely notice.
LUDDEN: OK. Zoya, thanks for the phone call.
ZOYA: Thanks.
LUDDEN: You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
Robert Reich, what would you say to Zoya?
REICH: Well, I've heard that claim from small businesses competing with chains a lot, and we heard it in the 1990s when we were pushing for a minimum wage increase even then. One thing we discovered, and it's interesting, is that small businesses competing with chains, when they raised their wages, even are forced to raise their wages because of minimum wage increase, they are also very often, if they can't pass those costs onto consumers, they have to become more efficient. They are pushed to improve productivity, to give their workers more training, to streamline their operations, something that perhaps they should've done all along.
But this kind of makes it - it pushes them to become better. And that productivity improvement spread over the entire economy, because you've got a lot of small business that can become more productive and can train their workers better, is actually a big plus for the economy that's often not talked about when we talk about raising the minimum wage.
LUDDEN: All right. Let's squeeze in one more caller here. Kirk in Tulsa, Oklahoma, how are you?
KIRK: I'm very well. Thanks for taking my call. One industry that's being left out here are service providers who provide home and community-based services to the elderly and to people with disabilities. We have 1,200 employees. And my average employee makes 8.50 an hour. And everything we earn is paid for through Medicaid, to the state legislators(ph). And so one of the things that happens is this increase in minimum wage to 9.50, coupled with the 96 cents(ph) an hour that's come in with the Affordable Care Act, basically means my minimum cost for employee now exceeds what I'm allowed to charge for my services. And because our rates are set through Medicaid, there's no mechanism for me to raise my rates of reimbursed, and so if both of these things happen at the same time, unless the state that we're in decides to raise rates, a whole industry gets just lasered out and disappears.
LUDDEN: Thank you so much. And Robert Reich, that is one of the fastest growing industries in the country. And we all know about budget cutting at the federal level. So it's - wouldn't that be tough...
REICH: Yes, undoubtedly it's hard. And some of those businesses that are involved in health care are getting hit with a double whammy. But by the same token, I think it's important to consider that if people are not being paid a living wage, or they're being paid under the poverty line, we all end up subsidizing them indirectly through welfare payments, through more Medicaid payments, through housing assistance. In other words, there is a public subsidy that is invisible that subsidizes the small businesses and other businesses that are paying people a wage that really keeps them in poverty.
LUDDEN: You know, you said earlier that you don't think that raising the minimum wage to $9 will lead to more people being displaced by technology. But it's amazing the things that we hear technology may be able to do. I mean, you look at the self-pay machines (unintelligible) pharmacist. And I know all kinds of things are in the works for things maybe we can't imagine. You don't think that this would hasten that process?
REICH: I don't think it'll hasten the process because most of the incentives for employers to bring in machinery - automated machinery or digital machinery to replace workers, that only make sense economically if you're paying workers something in the order of 20, 25, $30 an hour or more. At the range of $7.25 to $9 an hour, if it goes up to $9 an hour, the minimum wage, that's not going to be enough economic incentive to pay for the cost of all that new machinery. It just doesn't make that much sense. And again, studies show that the net economic effect on the country, on the economy, of a modest increase in the minimum wage has tended to be positive because more people have more money in their pockets and they can turn around and buy.
LUDDEN: All right. Robert Reich is professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkley. His latest book, "Beyond Outrage," is out now in paperback. He joined us today from a studio in Berkley. Thank you so much.
REICH: Well, thank you, Jennifer.
LUDDEN: Tomorrow, Dexter Filkins joins us to talk about Hezbollah in Syria's civil war. Join us for that. This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm Jennifer Ludden in Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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There's a war on! The town's truck line is in trouble, "little" Pearl is leaving town to become a nurse, and the boys' secret recipe for making synthetic rubber is lost. Can the Golden Era Discussion Club study up a way to get things back to normal?
Here are 36 serialized episodes from the winter of 1943!
Episodes Include: Citizens Leaving Pine Ridge 01-21-43; Can Lum and Abner Save Town 01-25-43; Club Meets at Ulysses' Home 01-26-43; Grandpap's Chemistry Set 01-27-43; How to Make Invisible Ink 01-28-43; Ink Into Synthetic Rubber 02-01-43; Club Doesn't Discuss Rubber 02-02-43; Rubber Company Elects Officers 02-03-43; Practicing Red Tape 02-04-43; Keep Secret Formula in Head 02-08-43; Fall Gives Grandpap Amnesia 02-09-43; Grandpap's Someone Else 02-10-43; Grandpap Buster, Salesman 02-11-43; Amnesia is Causing Trouble 02-15-43; Club Tries to Cure Grandpap 02-16-43; Trying to Recall Formula 02-17-43; Playing Checkers 02-18-43; Pine Ridge Saved From Ruin 02-22-43; Club Present to Grandpap 02-23-43; Throwing Grandpap a Coming Out Party 02-24-43; Pine Ridge Social Leader 02-25-43; Lum Reads Etiquette Book 03-01-43; Grandpap Is Debutante 03-02-43; Adopting Grandpap Buster 03-03-43; Lum May Adopt Grandpap 03-04-43; Dress For Big Society Party 03-04-43; Club Learns About Etiquette 03-09-43; Cedric Is Promoted at Job 03-10-43; Coming Out Party Monday 03-11-43; Grandpap Doesn't Show Up 03-15-43; Grandpap Leaves for Toledo 03-16-43; Pine Ridge Needs a Dentist 03-17-43; Dentist From County Seat 03-18-43; Dr. Snide Arrives 03-22-43; Club Meets Dr. Snide 03-23-43; Office In the Feed Room 03-24-43
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« All Events
This group is for children ages 12 months to 4 years.
Enjoy singing songs, puppetry, rhymes and stories.
We are now doing Storytime in person outside the library rain or shine! On dry days we will meet on the story time blanket outside near the water park. On rainy days we will adapt story time so grab your rainboots and umbrellas for a moving story walk. We will meet in the same spot near the water park. Dress accordingly.


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I am a tea enthusiast who is always looking to try a new tea, but my all time favorite is jasmine pearls…or anything with jasmine in it really. I also am a sushi fanatic and simply can't live without it. Outside of my fanatasy world of all things tea and sushi I am an executive assistant, mother of 2 and personal taxi/maid and chef service for my little family.
But back to the tea!
I love Jasmine Pearls, just about any White Tea and then we have Pu-erh coming in last as my top three.
However, I still enjoy a good Earl Grey tea, the more bergamot the better! I have a fond place in my heart for Matcha, especially iced Matcha Lattes. Flavored green teas are always fun, but I tend to stay away from the overly grassy tasting ones… they always remind me of a wheatgrass shot!
It takes a special black tea to really win me over, for me I find that they all taste too much alike or tend to be too bitter at times; I think I am more so bored with them.
Oolongs are fairly new to me and I am finding that these are really good and they will probably end up making it as one of my top contenders!
Pu-erh I have yet to try; I am very curious, but a bit scared to try it… something about being aged in a cave just frightens me a bit, but I would like to try one in the very near future :-) Update – I have tried a few pu-erhs and I can't get enough of them! While they are definitely an acquired taste they are lovely! This has now taken over rooibos in my top 3 teas of choice!


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Lord, make me an instrument of your peace.
Where there is hatred, let me sow love;
where there is injury, pardon;
where there is doubt, faith;
where there is despair, hope;
where there is darkness, light;
and where there is sadness, joy.
O Divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek
to be consoled as to console;
to be understood as to understand;
to be loved as to love.
For it is in giving that we receive;
it is in pardoning that we are pardoned;
and it is in dying that we are born to eternal life.


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Personally identifiable information is not collected unless specifically submitted via an online registration function or registration form (volunteer inquiries and surveys for example), an electronic mail message, a phone call or postal mail. All information is kept confidential – this is subject to any legal requirements to disclose. BBBS will not maintain records on individuals without permission. All information is protected by BBBS's physical, electronic and managerial security methods, which are updated as necessary.
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If you have any questions or concerns, please contact our management team.


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Waterford Kamhlaba UWC of Southern Africa
Mbabane, Eswatini
600 Students
Aged 11 to 20 years
Waterford Kamhlaba UWC of Southern Africa was founded in 1963 as a response to the separate and unequal educational systems in South Africa. The property on which the School is situated was originally a farm called "Waterford Park Estate". When His Majesty King Sobhuza II, the former Ngwenyama of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), visited the school in 1967, he gave it the name "Kamhlaba", by which he meant both "of the world", a world in miniature, and also that we are "of the earth" and therefore without distinctions such as race or religion. Differently to all the other UWC schools and colleges, the academic year at Waterford Kamhlaba runs from January to November.
Three Unique Features
- Strong Relationships with Local Change-Makers - The School, through community service, has strong relations with local organizations such as the refugee camp and neighborhood care points (children welfare centres).
- Waterford Kamhlaba is the only UWC school on the South hemisphere calendar - While other UWC schools' academic years usually run between September and May, Waterford's follows the South hemisphere norm starting in January.
- First Multiracial school in SA - Waterford Kamhlaba was the first multiracial school in Southern Africa; founded as a direct response to South Africa's system of apartheid, which had racial segregation as a policy did not allow multiracial school. Its history of embracing and celebrating diversity from across Africa and beyond is something deeply ingrained into Waterford Kamhlaba's nature and continues to be at the core of its values today.
In the Classroom
Waterford Kamhlaba offers three educational programmes: the Waterford curriculum in the junior school, consisting of Forms 1 to 3 (11-14 year-olds); the University of Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) program in the middle school, consisting of Forms 4 and 5 (14-16 year-olds); and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IBDP) curriculum in the senior school (16-20 year-olds).
Students in Form 5 do not gain automatic admission to the IBDP but need to go through an application process.
For the IBDP curriculum, the school offers alongside standard courses SiSwati, French, Spanish, Anthropology, Psychology, Business Management, Music, Theatre.
Outside the Classroom
Waterford Kamhlaba offers a wide variety of sporting activities, including athletics, badminton, basketball, cricket, hockey, netball, rugby, soccer, softball, squash, swimming, volleyball and tennis. Other recreational activities include camping, climbing, horse riding, kayaking and road as well as cross-country running. A variety of art clubs (including drama and music) and societies are run by both staff and students. Since 1979, a commitment to community service has also been formally recognized as an essential part of the school's policy, organisation and life. A regular commitment of two hours a week to a service project is required of IBDP and Form 5 students, and projects usually vary from involvement at the local hospital, work for the disabled, at local schools and preschools, and environmental awareness activities such as a recycling program.
Campus and Facilities
Ekukhuleni (the place of growing) residence accommodates up to 80 Form 1, 2 and 3 students. Esiveni (the place of the people of the nation) accommodates up to 110 Form 4 and 5 students. Emhlabeni (the place of the people of the world) and Elangeni (the place of the rising sun) accommodate, respectively, up to 130 and 68 IBDP students, in either single rooms or shared rooms; they consist of separate wings for males and females, a common room, computer centre, library, TV room and kitchen. Each day there is one male and one female residence tutor on duty in each residence. The campus also has exceptional sports, arts and learning facilities.
Geographic Setting
Waterford Kamhlaba is perched on a mountain-top in Sidwashini, about a 10-15 minute drive from Eswatini's capital of Mbabane. The campus is home to an incredible blend of indigenous flora and fauna. Hiking trails up the school's peak provide an incredible view of Eswatini's picturesque landscape.
Students apply through their UWC national committee or through the UWC Global Selection Programme. Direct applications are also possible. For more information about Waterford Kamhlaba UWC of Southern Africa, visit the website.
Contact Details
Waterford Kamhlaba UWCSA
P.O. Box 52
Mbabane H100, Eswatini


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SWIFT Code | SGMBMAMCCMI |
Bank | SOCIETE GENERALE MAROCAINE DE BANQUES |
Address | |
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Colored Astronaut
Cutlassfish springfish spinefoot beardfish bocaccio Pacific albacore queen danio common carp, lined sole ghost fish burrowing goby, pelagic cod.
Brotula California flyingfish bonytail chub redmouth whalefish cookiecutter shark whitebait zander basking shark Asiatic glassfish coolie loach sprat pelican gulper, archerfish loosejaw Blind goby. Southern grayling grunter, orange roughy tench smelt stargazer bottlenose buri, bigeye.


text:
Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
Apache HTTPD supports content negotiation as described in the HTTP/1.1 specification. It can choose the best representation of a resource based on the browser-supplied preferences for media type, languages, character set and encoding. It also implements a couple of features to give more intelligent handling of requests from browsers that send incomplete negotiation information.
Content negotiation is provided by the
module, which is compiled in
by default.
A resource may be available in several different representations. For example, it might be available in different languages or different media types, or a combination. One way of selecting the most appropriate choice is to give the user an index page, and let them select. However it is often possible for the server to choose automatically. This works because browsers can send, as part of each request, information about what representations they prefer. For example, a browser could indicate that it would like to see information in French, if possible, else English will do. Browsers indicate their preferences by headers in the request. To request only French representations, the browser would send
Accept-Language: fr
Note that this preference will only be applied when there is a choice of representations and they vary by language.
As an example of a more complex request, this browser has been configured to accept French and English, but prefer French, and to accept various media types, preferring HTML over plain text or other text types, and preferring GIF or JPEG over other media types, but also allowing any other media type as a last resort:
Accept-Language: fr; q=1.0, en; q=0.5
Accept: text/html; q=1.0, text/*; q=0.8, image/gif; q=0.6, image/jpeg; q=0.6, image/*; q=0.5, */*; q=0.1
httpd supports 'server driven' content negotiation, as
defined in the HTTP/1.1 specification. It fully supports the
, Accept-Language
and Accept-Encoding
request headers. httpd also supports 'transparent'
content negotiation, which is an experimental negotiation
protocol defined in RFC 2295 and RFC 2296. It does not offer
support for 'feature negotiation' as defined in these RFCs.
A resource is a conceptual entity identified by a URI (RFC 2396). An HTTP server like Apache HTTP Server provides access to representations of the resource(s) within its namespace, with each representation in the form of a sequence of bytes with a defined media type, character set, encoding, etc. Each resource may be associated with zero, one, or more than one representation at any given time. If multiple representations are available, the resource is referred to as negotiable and each of its representations is termed a variant. The ways in which the variants for a negotiable resource vary are called the dimensions of negotiation.
In order to negotiate a resource, the server needs to be given information about each of the variants. This is done in one of two ways:
file) which names the files containing the variants
explicitly, orA type map is a document which is associated with the handler
named type-map
(or, for backwards-compatibility with
older httpd configurations, the MIME-type
). Note that to use this
feature, you must have a handler set in the configuration that
defines a file suffix as type-map
; this is best done
AddHandler type-map .var
in the server configuration file.
Type map files should have the same name as the resource
which they are describing, followed by the extension
. In the examples shown below, the resource is
named foo
, so the type map file is named
This file should have an entry for each available variant; these entries consist of contiguous HTTP-format header lines. Entries for different variants are separated by blank lines. Blank lines are illegal within an entry. It is conventional to begin a map file with an entry for the combined entity as a whole (although this is not required, and if present will be ignored). An example map file is shown below.
URIs in this file are relative to the location of the type map file. Usually, these files will be located in the same directory as the type map file, but this is not required. You may provide absolute or relative URIs for any file located on the same server as the map file.
URI: foo
URI: foo.en.html
Content-type: text/html
Content-language: en
URI: foo.fr.de.html
Content-type: text/html;charset=iso-8859-2
Content-language: fr, de
Note also that a typemap file will take precedence over the filename's extension, even when Multiviews is on. If the variants have different source qualities, that may be indicated by the "qs" parameter to the media type, as in this picture (available as JPEG, GIF, or ASCII-art):
URI: foo
URI: foo.jpeg
Content-type: image/jpeg; qs=0.8
URI: foo.gif
Content-type: image/gif; qs=0.5
URI: foo.txt
Content-type: text/plain; qs=0.01
qs values can vary in the range 0.000 to 1.000. Note that any variant with a qs value of 0.000 will never be chosen. Variants with no 'qs' parameter value are given a qs factor of 1.0. The qs parameter indicates the relative 'quality' of this variant compared to the other available variants, independent of the client's capabilities. For example, a JPEG file is usually of higher source quality than an ASCII file if it is attempting to represent a photograph. However, if the resource being represented is an original ASCII art, then an ASCII representation would have a higher source quality than a JPEG representation. A qs value is therefore specific to a given variant depending on the nature of the resource it represents.
The full list of headers recognized is available in the mod_negotiation typemap documentation.
is a per-directory option, meaning it
can be set with an Options
directive within a <Directory>
, <Location>
or <Files>
section in
, or (if AllowOverride
is properly set) in
files. Note that Options All
does not set MultiViews
; you have to ask for it by
The effect of MultiViews
is as follows: if the
server receives a request for /some/dir/foo
, if
has MultiViews
enabled, and
does not exist, then the
server reads the directory looking for files named foo.*, and
effectively fakes up a type map which names all those files,
assigning them the same media types and content-encodings it
would have if the client had asked for one of them by name. It
then chooses the best match to the client's requirements.
may also apply to searches for the file
named by the DirectoryIndex
directive, if the
server is trying to index a directory. If the configuration files
DirectoryIndex index
then the server will arbitrate between index.html
and index.html3
if both are present. If neither
are present, and index.cgi
is there, the server
will run it.
If one of the files found when reading the directory does not
have an extension recognized by mod_mime
to designate
its Charset, Content-Type, Language, or Encoding, then the result
depends on the setting of the MultiViewsMatch
directive. This
directive determines whether handlers, filters, and other
extension types can participate in MultiViews negotiation.
After httpd has obtained a list of the variants for a given resource, either from a type-map file or from the filenames in the directory, it invokes one of two methods to decide on the 'best' variant to return, if any. It is not necessary to know any of the details of how negotiation actually takes place in order to use httpd's content negotiation features. However the rest of this document explains the methods used for those interested.
There are two negotiation methods:
Dimension | Notes |
Media Type | Browser indicates preferences with the Accept
header field. Each item can have an associated quality factor.
Variant description can also have a quality factor (the "qs"
parameter). |
Language | Browser indicates preferences with the
Accept-Language header field. Each item can have
a quality factor. Variants can be associated with none, one or
more than one language. |
Encoding | Browser indicates preference with the
Accept-Encoding header field. Each item can have
a quality factor. |
Charset | Browser indicates preference with the
Accept-Charset header field. Each item can have a
quality factor. Variants can indicate a charset as a parameter
of the media type. |
httpd can use the following algorithm to select the 'best' variant (if any) to return to the browser. This algorithm is not further configurable. It operates as follows:
header with the quality-of-source factor for this variants
media type, and select the variants with the highest
header (if present), or else
the order of languages in the LanguagePriority
directive (if present).Accept-Charset
header line. Charset ISO-8859-1 is acceptable unless
explicitly excluded. Variants with a text/*
media type but not explicitly associated with a particular
charset are assumed to be in ISO-8859-1.Vary
is set to indicate the dimensions of
negotiation (browsers and caches can use this information when
caching the resource). End.Vary
header to
indicate the dimensions of variance.httpd sometimes changes the quality values from what would
be expected by a strict interpretation of the httpd
negotiation algorithm above. This is to get a better result
from the algorithm for browsers which do not send full or
accurate information. Some of the most popular browsers send
header information which would otherwise
result in the selection of the wrong variant in many cases. If a
browser sends full and correct information these fiddles will not
be applied.
The Accept:
request header indicates preferences
for media types. It can also include 'wildcard' media types, such
as "image/*" or "*/*" where the * matches any string. So a request
Accept: image/*, */*
would indicate that any type starting "image/" is acceptable, as is any other type. Some browsers routinely send wildcards in addition to explicit types they can handle. For example:
Accept: text/html, text/plain, image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
The intention of this is to indicate that the explicitly listed types are preferred, but if a different representation is available, that is ok too. Using explicit quality values, what the browser really wants is something like:
Accept: text/html, text/plain, image/gif, image/jpeg, */*; q=0.01
The explicit types have no quality factor, so they default to a preference of 1.0 (the highest). The wildcard */* is given a low preference of 0.01, so other types will only be returned if no variant matches an explicitly listed type.
If the Accept:
header contains no q
factors at all, httpd sets the q value of "*/*", if present, to
0.01 to emulate the desired behavior. It also sets the q value of
wildcards of the format "type/*" to 0.02 (so these are preferred
over matches against "*/*". If any media type on the
header contains a q factor, these special
values are not applied, so requests from browsers which
send the explicit information to start with work as expected.
New in httpd 2.0, some exceptions have been added to the negotiation algorithm to allow graceful fallback when language negotiation fails to find a match.
When a client requests a page on your server, but the server
cannot find a single page that matches the
sent by
the browser, the server will return either a "No Acceptable
Variant" or "Multiple Choices" response to the client. To avoid
these error messages, it is possible to configure httpd to ignore
the Accept-language
in these cases and provide a
document that does not explicitly match the client's request. The
directive can be used to override one or both of these error
messages and substitute the servers judgement in the form of the
The server will also attempt to match language-subsets when no
other match can be found. For example, if a client requests
documents with the language en-GB
for British
English, the server is not normally allowed by the HTTP/1.1
standard to match that against a document that is marked as simply
. (Note that it is almost surely a configuration
error to include en-GB
and not en
in the
header, since it is very unlikely
that a reader understands British English, but doesn't understand
English in general. Unfortunately, many current clients have
default configurations that resemble this.) However, if no other
language match is possible and the server is about to return a "No
Acceptable Variants" error or fallback to the LanguagePriority
, the server
will ignore the subset specification and match en-GB
against en
documents. Implicitly, httpd will add
the parent language to the client's acceptable language list with
a very low quality value. But note that if the client requests
"en-GB; q=0.9, fr; q=0.8", and the server has documents
designated "en" and "fr", then the "fr" document will be returned.
This is necessary to maintain compliance with the HTTP/1.1
specification and to work effectively with properly configured
In order to support advanced techniques (such as cookies or
special URL-paths) to determine the user's preferred language,
since httpd 2.0.47 mod_negotiation
the environment variable
. If it exists and contains an
appropriate language tag, mod_negotiation
try to select a matching variant. If there's no such variant,
the normal negotiation process applies.
SetEnvIf Cookie "language=(.+)" prefer-language=$1 Header append Vary cookie
httpd extends the transparent content negotiation protocol (RFC
2295) as follows. A new {encoding ..}
element is used in
variant lists to label variants which are available with a specific
content-encoding only. The implementation of the RVSA/1.0 algorithm
(RFC 2296) is extended to recognize encoded variants in the list, and
to use them as candidate variants whenever their encodings are
acceptable according to the Accept-Encoding
header. The RVSA/1.0 implementation does not round computed quality
factors to 5 decimal places before choosing the best variant.
If you are using language negotiation you can choose between different naming conventions, because files can have more than one extension, and the order of the extensions is normally irrelevant (see the mod_mime documentation for details).
A typical file has a MIME-type extension (e.g.,
), maybe an encoding extension (e.g.,
), and of course a language extension
(e.g., en
) when we have different
language variants of this file.
Here some more examples of filenames together with valid and invalid hyperlinks:
Filename | Valid hyperlink | Invalid hyperlink |
foo.html.en | foo foo.html |
- |
foo.en.html | foo | foo.html |
foo.html.en.gz | foo foo.html |
foo.gz foo.html.gz |
foo.en.html.gz | foo | foo.html foo.html.gz foo.gz |
foo.gz.html.en | foo foo.gz foo.gz.html |
foo.html |
foo.html.gz.en | foo foo.html foo.html.gz |
foo.gz |
Looking at the table above, you will notice that it is always
possible to use the name without any extensions in a hyperlink
(e.g., foo
). The advantage is that you
can hide the actual type of a document rsp. file and can change
it later, e.g., from html
or cgi
without changing any
hyperlink references.
If you want to continue to use a MIME-type in your
hyperlinks (e.g. foo.html
) the language
extension (including an encoding extension if there is one)
must be on the right hand side of the MIME-type extension
(e.g., foo.html.en
When a cache stores a representation, it associates it with the request URL. The next time that URL is requested, the cache can use the stored representation. But, if the resource is negotiable at the server, this might result in only the first requested variant being cached and subsequent cache hits might return the wrong response. To prevent this, httpd normally marks all responses that are returned after content negotiation as non-cacheable by HTTP/1.0 clients. httpd also supports the HTTP/1.1 protocol features to allow caching of negotiated responses.
For requests which come from a HTTP/1.0 compliant client
(either a browser or a cache), the directive CacheNegotiatedDocs
can be
used to allow caching of responses which were subject to
negotiation. This directive can be given in the server config or
virtual host, and takes no arguments. It has no effect on requests
from HTTP/1.1 clients.
For HTTP/1.1 clients, httpd sends a Vary
response header to indicate the negotiation dimensions for the
response. Caches can use this information to determine whether a
subsequent request can be served from the local copy. To
encourage a cache to use the local copy regardless of the
negotiation dimensions, set the force-no-vary
environment variable.


text:
Jade Face Rollers
- Free shipping for orders over 250 AED
- In stock, ready to ship
- Inventory on the way
- Balances the skin and relaxes the muscles
- Tightens pores and reduces wrinkles
- Cools the skin
The Jade Face rollers are exceptional tools to boost blood circulation, reduce inflammation and aids in product absorption. They help to promote collagen production thus helping the skin to heal from within.
The Jade Face Roller is the perfect fix for dark and puffy under-eye and eliminates the toxins from the skin.
Bring the bliss of timeless glow and radiance!
Crystals & Gemstones for Healing:
The use of crystals & gemstones in healing dates way back to the ancient Sumerians and ancient Chinese medicine.
Since crystals come from within the earth, they possess high amounts of earthly vibrations to cleanse, heal balance and protect the energy within and around us
This energy helps you to feel grounded by realigning the energy that flows through your body, so as to cleanse any negativity.
Shipping Policy
The following terms apply to purchase of Product(s) from www.Illuminationsessentials.ae. The agreement parties are: (a) individuals submitting purchase requests going forward referred as "you" or "your", and (b) Illuminations Well Being Center DMCC, 409 Fortune Tower, Cluster T,Jumeirah Lake Towers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates is referred to in this Agreement as the "Company", "we", and "us".
Illuminations Well Being Center reserves the right to change the terms and conditions for purchase at any point in time.Should new T&C changes be enacted, we will update this page accordingly resulting in immediate effect after publication.
When reading this agreement, the following words have specific meanings:
- 'Product' relates to any retail item on sale through www.Illuminationsessentials.ae
- 'Website' means www.Illuminationsessentials.ae
Any order submission is subject to availability. Illuminations Well Being Center MCC will send through an email confirming the availability status and the date on which the product is dispatched.
Should we for any reason not be able to fulfil the order, this will also be advised via email as soon as possible including refund timelines.
Retail products are continuously updated and we endeavour to have the latest correct details available at all times. On the rare occasion of any error in the product information, price or availability, you will be given the option to re-confirm or cancel the order based on changes update.
Kindly note that we cannot hold liability for any incorrect or outdated information should they result in changes to terms of purchase.
Please always double-check the order summary prior to submitting the order. This page can also be printed or saved for future reference.
We accept payment via the major Credit cards and Debit cards. All retail products for sale on the Website are inclusive of VAT and delivery fees within the UAE unless otherwise specified.
We will endeavour to deliver the Product(s) as soon as possible after confirmation of your order. However, we cannot accept responsibility for loss or damage caused by any delay in delivering the Product(s). We will try to keep you informed in the event of any delay.
Delivery will be to the address specified by you when ordering. If you are ordering goods for delivery outside of the UAE, please check what taxes or duties may apply, as you will have to pay these yourself. We do not know and cannot control what charges you may have to pay once the Product(s) reach the destination country.
Additional delivery charges will apply for products shipped outside the UAE based on standard international shipping rates.
As soon as the Product(s) are delivered to you, you become the owner of those Product(s) and the risk will passed to you. This means that you will be liable for any subsequent damage, loss or destruction to the Product(s).
Please note that we are unable to influence the delivery of any parcels once they have left our warehouse. Please ensure you have entered the correct delivery details prior to confirming your order. If we are unable to deliver due to wrong information being input at the order stage you will still be charged for all original and additional re delivery costs.
Should you feel that your order has become lost or was unable to be delivered to you please contact us after 5 days. Please note that we will try our best to resolve this issue but we may feel it is appropriate to refund your order after a second delivery attempt.
If you are shipping an item over AED 100, you should consider using a trackable shipping service or purchasing shipping insurance. We don't guarantee that we will receive your returned item.
NON DELIVERY AREAS & ZONES Western Region:
Habshan - Remote (Military area), Al taff, Bid Khabbab, Etihad rail, Umm Al
Ashtan, Moreeb Hills, Zarrarah, Delma Islad, Ashoosh Ghantoot truck Road
Saif Zone SHJ, Zirkūh Island Abu Dhabi, Das Island Abu Dhabi, Bu Ghar,
Qareen Al Aish, Arada, Al Hilew, mukhayriz, Al birer.
REMOTE DELIVERY AREAS Dubai Far area - Every Thursday:
Hatta, Madham, Masfooth, Fili, Munai, Lahabab, Nazwa, Al Khore, Al
Wiyath, Muzairah, Shawkha Alain Far area - Every Wednesday: Al Wagon,
Al Sahra, Al Bhuqriya, Al Qua, Truck Road, Nael cement factory Every
Thursday: Nahel, Swaihan, Al Saad, Abu Shamrah / Abu samra, Al Rama /
Ramha, Al Khasna / Al khazna, Al Hair, Al Shuaib, Al faqa, Swaihaan
Abu Dhabi Far area (Western Region) Area and Zone - Sunday:
Salam City Workers Area, Hamim, Liwa,Mezaira'a,Khannur, Kayyam,Umm
hosn, Qasar Al Sarab. Monday: Ghayathi, Bainuna, BIDA AL Mutawa.
Tuesday: Ruwais, Jebel Dhanna, Sri Baniyas. Wednesday: Madinat Zayed
- Gharbia - Beda zayed, Bu hasa - Remote. Thursday: Tarif, Al Mirfa, Al
Dabiya , Al Marfa, Saih Sheib - Al Fayah Truck Rd. Saturday: Gheweifat
Remote, Sila.
International Orders
For overseas orders, delivery charges will apply and vary from country to country depending on the size and weight of items ordered.
Should you wish to order items to be sent outside of the UAE, please contact: email@example.com indicating the items you wish to purchase and the destination address. We will work out the total delivery cost and on acceptance issue a payment code for order processing.
International orders are sent via courier service. You will receive tracking information on dispatch by email.
Please note that the receiving customer is liable for all customs tax and
duty payable in the delivery country.


text:
March is Save Your Vision Month, a time to raise public awareness about how to protect your eyes and your vision. Most people aren't aware that 75% of potential vision loss can be prevented or treated. This largely depends on patients being proactive and educated about their eye health.
Here are 10 important steps to protect and preserve your precious eyesight:
- Regularly have your eyes checked: For a number of eye diseases, early detection and treatment is critical to success in saving your vision. Many conditions - such as diabetic eye disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma - have minimal or no symptoms, particularly in the early stages. A comprehensive dilated eye exam is sometimes the only way to detect eye disease early enough to save your sight and prevent vision loss.
- Know your family history: A number of eye diseases involve genetic risk factors, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Be aware of the incidence of eye disease in your family and if you do have a family history make sure to be monitored regularly by a trusted eye doctor.
- Wear sunglasses: Exposure to UVA and UVB rays from sunlight is associated with a higher risk of AMD and cataracts. Wear sunglasses with 100% UV protection year round, any time you are outdoors. It's worthwhile to invest in a pair of quality sunglasses which will have UV protection that lasts, as well as better glare protection and optics.
- Eat healthy: Diet plays a large role in eye health, especially certain nutrients such as antioxidants, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins and minerals found in leafy green and orange vegetables. Keep your diet low in fat and sugar and high in nutrients and you can reduce your risk of developing AMD or diabetes, two of the leading causes of blindness.
- Stop smoking: Smokers are four times more likely to develop AMD.
- Wear eye protection: If you play sports, use power tools or work with dangerous equipment or chemicals, make sure to wear proper safety glasses or goggles to protect your eyes from injury. Never take risks as many permanent eye injuries happen within seconds.
- Manage diabetes: If you have diabetes or hyperglycemia, manage your blood sugar levels to reduce the risks of diabetic retinopathy.
- Limit alcohol intake: Heavy drinking is associated with higher risks of developing cataracts and AMD.
- Exercise: Yet another benefit of regular physical activity is eye health including reduced risk of AMD.
- Educate yourself: Below is some basic information about four of the most common vision impairing eye conditions.
4 Most Common Eye Conditions:
- Cataracts
Typically an age-related disease, cataracts cause a clouding of the lens of the eye which impairs vision. You can't completely prevent this condition as more than half of individuals will develop a cataract by the time they are 70-80 years old. Cataract treatment involves a common surgical procedure that is one of the safest and most commonly performed medical procedures with a 98% success rate.
- AMD (age-related macular degeneration)
A progressive condition that attacks central vision, AMD usually affects individuals 50 and older. Disease progression may be slow and early symptoms minimal, making an eye exam critical in early detection. Risk factors include race (more common in Caucasians), family history, age, UV exposure, lack of exercise, smoking and poor diet and nutrition. AMD can cause irreversible vision loss. While there is no cure, the progression of the vision loss can be slowed or halted when caught early. Individuals often develop a condition called low-vision which is not complete blindness but does require a change in lifestyle to deal with limited eye sight.
- Glaucoma
Glaucoma is the 2nd leading cause of blindness worldwide, resulting from damage to the optic nerve most often caused by pressure build up in the eye. Vision loss is progressive and irreversible. Studies show that 50% of people with the disease don't know they have it. While there is no cure, early detection and treatment can protect your eyes against serious vision loss and if caught early enough vision impairment could be close to zero. Risk factors include old age, diabetes, family history, ethnic groups (African Americans and Mexican Americans have higher risk factors), and previous eye injury.
- Diabetic retinopathy
The most common diabetic eye disease, this is a leading cause of blindness in adults which is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. All people with diabetes both type 1 and type 2 are at risk, and the disease can often progress without symptoms, so regular eye exams are essential to prevent permanent vision loss. Regular eye exams and maintaining normal blood sugar levels are the best ways to protect vision.
The best way to protect your vision is to be informed, develop healthy habits and to get your eyes checked regularly. See you soon!


text:
See Photo Guide
is backordered. We will ship it separately in 10 to 15 days.
New: Preview your portrait before printing. Request unlimited edits and approve once you're happy!
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text:
Woman charged in New York firefighter slayings
Published 12:00 am Saturday, December 29, 2012
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) — William Spengler raised no alarms in prison for 17 years and for more than a decade afterward. Well-spoken, well-behaved and intelligent, his demeanor was praised by four straight parole boards that nevertheless denied him parole, worried that bludgeoning his 92-year-old grandmother with a hammer showed a violent streak that could explode again.
After his sentence was up in 1996, he stayed out of trouble until 2010, police said Friday. That's when Spengler went to a sporting goods store with a neighbor's daughter, picked out a Bushmaster semiautomatic rifle and a shotgun and had her buy the guns that the convicted felon couldn't legally possess. On Monday, he used the weapons to ambush firefighters lured to a blaze he set at his house in upstate Webster, killing two people and wounding three others before killing himself.
On Friday, state and federal authorities charged the woman who bought the guns, 24-year-old Dawn Nguyen, with lying on a form that said she would be the owner of the guns she bought for Spengler.
The charges involve the semiautomatic rifle and the 12-gauge shotgun that Spengler had with him Monday when volunteer firefighters Michael Chiapperini and Tomasz Kaczowka were gunned down. Three other people, including two other firefighters, were wounded before the 62-year-old Spengler killed himself. He also had a .38-caliber revolver, but Nguyen is not connected to that gun, police said.
Investigators were still working Friday to confirm their belief that a body found in Spengler's burned home was that of the sister he lived with, Cheryl Spengler, 67.
U.S. Attorney William Hochul said Nguyen bought the two guns on June 6, 2010, on behalf of Spengler. Police used the serial numbers on the guns to trace them to Nguyen.
"She told the seller of these guns, Gander Mountain in Henrietta, N.Y., that she was to be the true owner and buyer of the guns instead of William Spengler," Hochul said. "It is absolutely against federal law to provide any materially false information related to the acquisition of firearms."
During an interview late on Christmas Eve, she told police she had bought the guns for personal protection and that they were stolen from her vehicle, though she never reported the guns stolen. The day after the shootings, Nguyen texted an off-duty Monroe County Sheriff's deputy with references to the killings. She later called the deputy and admitted she bought the guns for Spengler, police said Friday.
That information was consistent with a suicide note found near Spengler's body after he killed himself. The rambling, typed letter spelled out Spengler's intention to destroy his neighborhood and "do what I like doing best, killing people."
Nguyen is scheduled to return to court on Jan. 8. She declined comment Friday, and a working phone number for her lawyer could not be found.
The .223-caliber Bushmaster rifle, which had a combat-style flash suppressor, is similar to the one used by the gunman who massacred 20 children and six women in a Newtown, Conn., elementary school earlier this month.
As police announced the charges against Nguyen, a clearer portrait of Spengler began to emerge, in the words of wary parole commissioners who kept him locked up until the law said they had to let him go.
At his final parole hearing in 1995, the then-45-year-old Spengler repeated his desire to get out of prison while he still had time to rebuild his life. He also took issue with a previous decision not to release him because the board believed he remained a danger to society.
"You know, the only area of confusion, the last Board, they said that I might be a danger to the community at that time," he said. "I can't figure out where in my record it shows that."
"Well, 13 shots to the head. The grandmother. You killed a 92-year-old woman. We are worried about that," a board member replied. "There might be another occasion where you lose your temper and you might repeat that behavior. That is what frightens us. That frightens us."
During four hearings between 1989 and 1995, Spengler quarreled with parole board members over details of his grandmother's killing, insisting each time he'd only hit her three times on the head with a hammer while evidence pointed to 13 blows, and initially saying he couldn't explain why the attack happened.
He told the commissioners he took care of his father's mother in her home next to his because others in the family had difficulty dealing with her, in part because she could be violent. He denied insinuations he was taking financial advantage of Rose Spengler.
The transcripts reveal a well-spoken man, proud to be staying out of trouble in prison and earning positions of trust and responsibility, even time out of prison with a work crew that did renovation work in places including a century-old chapel. The board members mention Spengler testing high for intelligence and noted he came to prison with no other crimes on his record, had only dabbled in drug use and had a spotty work history, mostly as a house painter.
On the day of the killing, he said, he planned to nail shut a basement door to prevent his grandmother from going down and endangering herself. But he said she attacked him, inadvertently kneed him in the groin, and he hit her with the hammer.
"So why do you think you killed her?" Spengler was asked in 1989.
"I still haven't figured that out. It was matter of just wanting to get out. She was between me and the door," he replied.
"She was just a little, bitty old lady," a board member commented.
"I realize that. That's why I still can't explain it," Spengler said.


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Global Journal of Geosciences and Geotinformatics (GJGG) welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published about one month after approval. Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word file (preferably in Arial font).
Submissions should be done electronically via e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at: email@example.com with the following information:
A manuscript number will be mailed to the corresponding author same day or within 72 hours.
Authors are expected to write out their personal information in a cover letter that should include the corresponding author's full address and telephone/fax numbers and should be in an e-mail message sent to the Editor, with the file, whose name should begin with the first author's surname, as an attachment. The journal does not accept number citations in the body of the manuscript. All citations must be in-text citation or in-body citation, that is, cite the author's name and the year of publication. Note that Global Journal of Geosciences and Geotinformatics will only accept manuscripts submitted as e-mail attachments.
Article Processing Charges (APC) :
Average Article prorcessing time (APT) is 55 days
Fast Editorial Execution and Review Process (FEE-Review Process):
Global Journal of Geosciences and Geoinformatics is participating in the Fast Editorial Execution and Review Process (FEE-Review Process) with an additional prepayment of $99 apart from the regular article processing fee. Fast Editorial Execution and Review Process is a special service for the article that enables it to get a faster response in the pre-review stage from the handling editor as well as a review from the reviewer. An author can get a faster response of pre-review maximum in 3 days since submission, and a review process by the reviewer maximum in 5 days, followed by revision/publication in 2 days. If the article gets notified for revision by the handling editor, then it will take another 5 days for external review by the previous reviewer or alternative reviewer.
Acceptance of manuscripts is driven entirely by handling editorial team considerations and independent peer-review, ensuring the highest standards are maintained no matter the route to regular peer-reviewed publication or a fast editorial review process. The handling editor and the article contributor are responsible for adhering to scientific standards. The article FEE-Review process of $99 will not be refunded even if the article is rejected or withdrawn for publication.
The corresponding author or institution/organization is responsible for making the manuscript FEE-Review Process payment. The additional FEE-Review Process payment covers the fast review processing and quick editorial decisions, and regular article publication covers the preparation in various formats for online publication, securing full-text inclusion in a number of permanent archives like HTML, XML, and PDF, and feeding to different indexing agencies.
Publication of an article in Gloal Journal of Geosciences and Geotinformatics is not contingent upon the author's ability to pay the charges. Neither is acceptance to pay the handling fee a guarantee that the manuscript will be accepted for publication. Authors may still request (in advance) that the editorial office waive some of the processing fee under special circumstances. However, there are no submission charges. Authors are required to make payment ONLY after their manuscript has been accepted for publication.
Types of Articles Accepted by GJGG
Three types of manuscripts may be submitted:
Short Communications:
A Short Communication is suitable for recording the results of complete small investigations or giving details of new models or hypotheses, innovative methods, techniques or apparatus. The style of main sections need not conform to that of full-length papers. Short communications are 2 to 4 printed pages (about 6 to 12 manuscript pages) in length.
Regular articles:
These should describe original and carefully confirmed findings, and experimental procedures should be given in ample detail for others to verify the work. The length of a full paper should be the minimum required to describe and interpret the work clearly. The use of subheadings in the main body of the text is highly recommended.
Review articles:
Submissions of reviews and perspectives covering topics of current interest are welcome and encouraged. Reviews should be concise and no longer than 4-6 printed pages (about 12 to 18 manuscript pages). Reviews are also peer-reviewed.
Review procedure
All articles are reviewed by an editor and members of the Editorial Board or capable external reviewers. Decisions will be made as quickly as possible, and the journal tries hard to return reviewers' evaluations/comments to authors within 2 weeks. GJGG publishes accepted manuscripts within one month after submission.
Regular articles
All portions of the manuscript must be typed double-spaced and all pages numbered starting from the title page.
The Title should be a brief phrase describing the contents of the paper. The Title Page should include the authors' full names and affiliations, the name of the corresponding author along with phone, fax and E-mail information. Present addresses of authors should appear as a footnote.
The Abstract or summary should be exciting, revealing and abundantly clear. It should briefly describe the topic, convey the scope of the research, specify significant data, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. Well constructed sentences, active verbs, and the third person should be used, and the abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard names should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No work should be cited.
Under the abstract, about 5 to 10 key words that will provide indexing references should be listed.
A list of non-standard Abbreviations should be added. In general, non-standard abbreviations should be used only when the full term is very long and used often. Each abbreviation should be spelt out and introduced in parentheses the first time it is used in the text. Only recommended SI units should be used.
The Introduction should provide a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the proposed approach or solution in such a manner that should be intelligible to scholars and researchers from a broad range of scientific disciplines.
Materials and Methods should be complete enough to allow experiments to be reproduced. However, only truly novel procedures should be described in detail; earlier published procedures should be cited, and significant changes of published procedures should be mentioned briefly. Capitalize trade names and include the manufacturer's name and address. Subheadings should be used. Methods in general use need not be described in detail.
Results should be presented with simplicity, clarity and precision. The results should be written in the past tense when describing findings in the authors' experiments. Previously published findings should be written in the present tense. Results should be explained, but basically without referring to the literature. Discussion, speculation and detailed interpretation of data should not be included in the Results but should be put into the Discussion section.
The Discussion should interpret the findings in view of the results obtained in this and in past studies on this topic. State the conclusions in a few sentences at the end of the paper. The Results and Discussion sections can include subheadings, and when appropriate, both sections can be combined.
The Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc should be brief and concise.
Tables should be kept to a minimum and be designed to be as uncomplicated as possible. Tables are to be typed double-spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. Each table should be on a separate page, numbered one after the other in Arabic numerals and supplied with a heading and a legend. Tables should be self-explanatory and easy to comprehend without reference to the text. The details of the methods used in the experiments should preferably be described in the legend instead of in the text. The same data should not be presented in both table and graph form or repeated in the text.
Figure legends should be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet. Graphics should be prepared using applications capable of generating high resolution GIF, TIFF, JPEG or PowerPoint before pasting in the Microsoft Word manuscript file. Tables should be prepared in Microsoft Word. Use Arabic numerals to designate figures and upper case letters for their parts (Figure 1). Begin each legend with a title and include sufficient description so that the figure is understandable without reading the text of the manuscript. Information given in legends should not be repeated in the text.
References, Footnotes and Endnotes: In the text, a reference identified by means of an author's name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses. When there are more than two authors, only the first author's name should be mentioned, followed by 'et al'. In the event that an author cited has had two or more works published during the same year, the reference, both in the text and in the reference list, should be identified by a lower case letter like 'a' and 'b' after the date to distinguish the works. Footnotes and Endnotes should be properly numbered to ensure uniformity and should be listed after the references.
In-text Reference citations
Shakespeare (1999), Gordimer et al. (2001), (Colsby, 1995), (Soyinka and Achebe, 2002), (Morrison, 1996; , 1987a,b; Obama, 1994, 1995), (Okigbo et al., 2001)
Several studies (Soenaryo, 2004; Lemeshow and Levy, 1999) showed that a minimum of two 24-hour recalls ….. in underfives.
Lemeshow and Levy (1999) revealed that…….
Nazni et al. (2009) or (Nazni et al., 2009: 98-100)
References should be listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order. Articles in preparation or articles submitted for publication, unpublished observations, individual communications, etc. should not be included in the reference list but should only be mentioned in the article text (e.g., C.k. Palmer, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, individual communication). Journal names are abbreviated according to Chemical Abstracts. Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of the references.
Reference Section
Wrong Format
Adams K.M., Kate Pedro D.K., and Dunca L.F. (2012). Perception and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), J. Libr. Sci. Res. 9, 165-174.
Correct Format
Adams KM, Kate Pedro DK, Dunca LF (2012). Perception and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). J. Libr. Sci. Res. 9: 165-174.
Gordons SK, Kampas FG, Gigs HD (2009). Impact of Language in Human Society. Am. J. Lang. Ling. 896(3): 449-563.
Wrong Format
Soenaryo, E. (2004). Food product development to optimize children growth and development: indofood Perspective. Proceeding on food and nutrition innovation for Optimizing Children Growth and Development. American Soybean Association, Jakarta.
Correct Format
Soenaryo E (2004). Food product development to optimize children growth and development: Indofood Perspective. Proceeding on Food and Nutrition Innovation for Optimizing Children Growth and Development. American Soybean Association, Jakarta.
Wrong Format
Lemeshow S., and Levy P. S. (1999). Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications. 3rd edn. New York, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc, P. 18-19.
Correct Format
Lemeshow S, Levy PS (1999). Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications. 3rd edn. New York, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc, pp. 18-19.
Wrong Format
Maleta K., Kuittinen J., Duggan M.B., Briend A., Manary M., Wales J., Kulmala T., and Ashorn P. (2004). Supplementary feeding of underweight, stunted Malawian children with a ready-to-use food. Journal of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 38, 152-158.
Correct Format
Maleta K, Kuittinen J, Duggan MB, Briend A, Manary M, Wales J, Kulmala T, Ashorn P. (2004). Supplementary feeding of underweight, stunted Malawian children with a ready-to-use food. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 38: 152-158.
Wrong Format
Nazni P, et al., (2009). Comparative study on supplementation of potato flour biscuits on the nutritional and cognitive profile of the selected children. Iran Journal of Pediatrics, volume 19, pages 285-292.
Correct Format
Nazni P, Subramania A, Subramaniam P (2009). Comparative study on supplementation of potato flour biscuits on the nutritional and cognitive profile of the selected children. Iran J. Pediatr. 19: 285-292.
Short Communications
Short Communications are limited to a maximum of two figures and one table. They should present a complete study that is more limited in scope than is found in full-length papers. The items of manuscript preparation listed above apply to Short Communications with the following differences: (1) Abstracts are limited to 100 words; (2) instead of a separate Materials and Methods section, experimental procedures may be incorporated into Figure Legends and Table footnotes; (3) Results and Discussion should be combined into a single section.
Proofs and Reprints: Electronic proofs will be sent (e-mail attachment) to the corresponding author as a PDF file. Page proofs are considered to be the final version of the article. With the exception of typographical errors, no changes will be made in the manuscript at the proof stage. Since GJGG articles will be published liberally online to attract a wide audience), authors will have free electronic access to the full text (in both HTML and PDF) of the article. Authors can freely download the PDF file from which they can print unlimited copies of their articles.
Copyright: Submission of an article is done with the understanding that the article has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis) that it is not under consideration for publication somewhere else; that if and when the article is accepted for publication, the authors consent to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.


text:
Maris A. Vinovskis
Imprint: Yale University Press
352 Pages, 155.00 x 234.00 mm
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text:
Social Media Archiving for Compliance
Accurate and dependable archiving solutions for Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram and more.
Going a Step Beyond Your Organization's Email Communication
The social media landscape is quickly becoming one of the most popular ways employees in private business and government agencies converse with one another. Intradyn's new Social Media Archiving solution allows you to capture and store all of these modern era conversations – no matter if it's Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter or another popular channels.
Transaction Level Archiving
Social media archivers are a dime a dozen — after all, regardless which product you choose, they store the same information. However, what sets Intradyn's Social Media Archiver apart is how it stores that information and makes it searchable.
Unlike our competitors' products, our social media archiving solution records social media interactions as they occur in real time. Each post or update is stored separately and made independently searchable, thereby enabling you to perform more granular searches and find the specific information relevant to your query.
We aren't reinventing the wheel — we're just making it more efficient.
Intradyn's Social Media Archiving solution includes capabilities that far surpass many of today's traditional social media platforms — all of which severely lack sophisticated archiving capabilities. Instead of having to search each social media account or platform individually, Intradyn's solution captures data in a fully-automated fashion, never missing a Tweet, Mention or Direct Message. It can also capture both personal and corporate LinkedIn pages to comply with industry compliance regulations. Capturing this digital content ensures compliance with regulators and enables usability through the eDiscovery process.
Intradyn's Social Media Archiver captures all of your social media content in evidentiary quality, retaining the content and keeping it suitable for compliance and litigation preparedness purposes.
All content is digitally signed (256-bit) and time-stamped which satisfies legal requirements for submitting digital content as evidence according to the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Even if some content is taken down or deleted, companies can rest assured knowing they have an automatic unalterable record of it.
Most social media platforms do not have the feature set to capture and preserve the content for retention and compliance purposes.
An original message can be lost forever if it is deleted, text edited or image altered in any form.
Intradyn Social Media Archiver gives you the ability to search on one social media account or across all your social media accounts from single interface. You can search on the full content of the message –including comments.
In case of eDiscovery you can search and place legal hold on the content. You can export the social media content in RAW or PDF format.
Most social media platforms lack the archiving capabilities needed to seamlessly search for digital content.
Get a complete record of your social media communications. Intradyn's Social Media Archiver uses the social media platform's APIs to gather data in near real-time, providing the most comprehensive capture of social media content in the industry.
Each social media account can have a different owners. It does not matter for Intradyn archiver who is the owner of the social medial account
Most social media platforms' storage and access capabilities are either severely limited and/or nonexistent.
Our service crawls, captures and archives all messages for a social media account(s) in near real time. Any changes, edits, updates, deletions to text, images or videos are also captured and archived.
All content is digitally signed (256-bit) and time-stamped which satisfies legal requirements
Our crawler are built and is continuously updated based on the social media platform developer APIs.
Simple Set Up
Setup is simple and easy to use. However, assistance is available from an Intradyn Sales Engineer if needed.
Access to archiving certain forms of data requires authorization by the social media account owner/administrator – e.g. non-public fields/messaging, and so this must be granted prior to crawling an account.
The messages, tweets, comments, etc. on social media accounts are captured completely and archived. All images and videos (including outside linked content) is downloaded and archived.
Intradyn Social Media Archiver implements strict access control mechanism for social media content. Only authorized individual are able to access and search on the social media content.
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You will have access to all your social media content on a purpose build solution.
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Dodd-Frank, FINRA, EC 17a-4 and more — financial institutions have a significant amount of laws and regulations to stay on top of, and Intradyn's Social Media Archiver has the capabilities to help them do it.
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Social Media Archiving for Enterprises:
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Technical Specs
- To capture the social media content a crawler is developed based on the guidelines provided in developer APIs. The crawler capture all social media content including all images, videos and meta-data. Images or videos which are hyperlinked to other sites are also captured and preserved to minimize the risk of broken link as time passes.
- All social media content is time-stamped and digitally signed (256-bit) to ensure tamper-proofing.
- Role based authentication and authorization mechanism is implemented for granting access and permission for accessing the social media content on the Intradyn Archiver.
- Fuzzy search, Boolean search, proximity search, wild card search is available in over 100 languages. All actions on the Intradyn Archiver are audited and detail log is maintained to ensure company policies and compliance requirements.
- All social media content is indexed, including tweet, mentions, direct messages, and other content using inverted index technology.


text:
Urban population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population) - Mauritania
Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research - CIDR - City University of New York. 2021. Low Elevation Coastal Zone ( LECZ ) Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, Version 3. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center ( SEDAC ). doi.org/10.7927/d1x1-d702.


text:
(Please enter your own subject line.)
Dear ICANN, I support Option #3 of the March 26, 2010 process options submitted by ICANN for public comment. ICANN should vote to adopt the dissenting opinion of the Panel's Declaration on the basis that the Board thinks that the Panel's majority opinion was wrong and that the Board's conduct was consistent with ICANN's Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation. Sincerely, Frances Gauthier bobfran2@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 33793911 |