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Label: RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE tablet, film coated
Contains inactivated NDC Code(s)
NDC Code(s): 68387-310-30, 68387-310-60 - Packager: Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- This is a repackaged label.
- Source NDC Code(s): 0781-1883
- Category: HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL
- DEA Schedule: None
- Marketing Status: Abbreviated New Drug Application
Drug Label Information
Updated June 3, 2010
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Ranitidine hydrochloride (HCl), is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Chemically it is N-[2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]-N'-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine, HCl.
It has the following structure:
The empirical formula is C13H22N4O3S • HCl, representing a molecular weight of 350.87.
Ranitidine HCl is a white to pale yellow, granular substance that is soluble in water. It has a slightly bitter taste and sulfur like odor.
Each tablet, for oral administration contains 168 mg or 336 mg of ranitidine hydrochloride equivalent to 150 mg and 300 mg of ranitidine, respectively. Inactive ingredients: D & C Red #30 Aluminum Lake, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, triethyl citrate, sodium starch glycolate, titanium dioxide and flavoring. The 300 mg also contains: D & C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake.
Each capsule, for oral administration contains 168 mg or 336 mg of ranitidine hydrochloride equivalent to 150 mg and 300 mg of ranitidine, respectively. Inactive ingredients: Ammonium hydroxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, FD & C Blue #1, FD & C Red #40, FD & C Yellow #6, gelatin, magnesium stearate, pharmaceutical glaze, propylene glycol, silicon dioxide, simethicone, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
Ranitidine is a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the action of histamine at the histamine H2-receptors, including receptors on the gastric cells. Ranitidine does not lower serum Ca++ in hypercalcemic states. Ranitidine is not a anticholinergic agent.
Ranitidine tablets and ranitidine capsules are 50% absorbed after oral administration, compared to an intravenous (IV) injection with mean peak levels of 440 to 545 ng/mL occurring 2 to 3 hours after a 150 mg dose. Absorption is not significantly impaired by the administration of food or antacids. Propantheline slightly delays and increases peak blood levels of ranitidine, probably by delaying gastric emptying and transit time. In one study, simultaneous administration of high-potency antacid (150 mmol) in fasting subjects has been reported to decrease the absorption of ranitidine.
In humans, the N-oxide is the principal metabolite in the urine; however, this amounts to <4% of the dose. Other metabolites are the S-oxide (1%) and the desmethyl ranitidine (1%). The remainder of the administered dose is found in the stool. Studies in patients with hepatic dysfunction (compensated cirrhosis) indicate that there are minor, but clinically insignificant, alterations in ranitidine half-life, distribution, clearance, and bioavailability.
The principal route of excretion is the urine, with approximately 30% of the orally administered dose collected in the urine as unchanged drug in 24 hours. Renal clearance is about 410 mL/min, indicating active tubular excretion. The elimination half-life is 2.5 to 3 hours. Four patients with clinically significant renal function impairment (creatinine clearance 25 to 35 mL/min) administered 50 mg of ranitidine intravenously had an average plasma half-life of 4.8 hours, a ranitidine clearance of 29 mL/min, and a volume of distribution of 1.76 L/kg. In general, these parameters appear to be altered in proportion to creatinine clearance (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
The plasma half-life is prolonged and total clearance is reduced in the elderly population due to a decrease in renal function. The elimination half-life is 3 to 4 hours. Peak levels average 526 ng/mL following a 150 mg twice daily dose and occur in about 3 hours (see PRECAUTIONS: Geriatric Use and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Dosage Adjustment for Patients with Impaired Renal Function).
There are no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameter values for ranitidine in pediatric patients (from 1 month up to 16 years of age) and healthy adults when correction is made for body weight. The average bioavailability of ranitidine given orally to pediatric patients is 48% which is comparable to the bioavailability of ranitidine in the adult population. All other pharmacokinetic parameter values (t1/2, Vd, and CL) are similar to those observed with intravenous ranitidine use in pediatric patients. Estimates of Cmax and Tmax are displayed in Table 1.
Table 1. Ranitidine Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients Following Oral Dosing Population(age) n Dosage
(hours)Gastric or
duodenal ulcer
(3.5 to 16 years)12 Tablets
(1 to 2 mg/kg)54 to 492 2.0 Otherwise healthy
requiring Ranitidine
(0.7 to 14 years,
Single dose)10 Syrup
(2 mg/kg)244 1.61 Otherwise healthy
requiring Ranitidine
(0.7 to 14 years,
Multiple dose)10 Syrup
(2 mg/kg)320 1.66 Plasma clearance measured in two neonatal patients (less than 1 month of age) was considerably lower (3 mL/min/kg) than children or adults and is likely due to reduced renal function observed in this population (see PRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Useand DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Pediatric Use).
Serum concentrations necessary to inhibit 50% of stimulated gastric acid secretion are estimated to be 36 to 94 ng/mL. Following a single oral dose of 150 mg, serum concentrations of ranitidine are in this range up to 12 hours. However, blood levels bear no consistent relationship to dose or degree of acid inhibition.
1. Effects on Acid Secretion
Ranitidine inhibits both daytime and nocturnal basal gastric acid secretions as well as gastric acid secretion stimulated by food, betazole, and pentagastrin, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Effect of Oral Ranitidine on Gastric Acid Secretion Time after
Dose, h% Inhibition of Gastric Acid
Output by Dose, mg75-80 100 150 200 Basal Up to 4 99 95 Nocturnal Up to 13 95 96 92 Betazole Up to 3 97 99 Pentagastrin Up to 5 58 72 72 80 Meal Up to 3 73 79 95 It appears that basal-, nocturnal-, and betazole-stimulated secretions are most sensitive to inhibition by ranitidine, responding almost completely to doses of 100 mg or less, while pentagastrin- and food-stimulated secretions are more difficult to suppress.
Ranitidine does not affect pepsin secretion. Total pepsin output is reduced in proportion to the decrease in volume of gastric juice.
Intrinsic Factor
Ranitidine has no significant effect on pentagastrin-stimulated intrinsic factor secretion.
Other Pharmacologic Actions
a. Gastric bacterial flora – increase in nitrate-reducing organisms, significance not known.
b. Prolactin levels – no effect in recommended dosage.
c. Other pituitary hormones – no effect on serum gonadotropins, TSH, or GH. Possible impairment of vasopressin release.
d. No change in cortisol, aldosterone, androgen, or estrogen levels.
e. No antiandrogenic action.
f. No effect on count, motility, or morphology of sperm.
Oral doses of 6 to 10 mg/kg per day in two or three divided doses maintain gastric pH>4 throughout most of the dosing interval.
Active Duodenal Ulcer
In a multicenter, double-blind, controlled, US study of endoscopically diagnosed duodenal ulcers, earlier healing was seen in the patients treated with ranitidine as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Duodenal Ulcer Patient Healing Rates Ranitidine* Placebo* Number
Week 269/182 31/164 (38%)† (19%) 195 188 Week 4 137/187 76/168 (73%)† (45%) In these studies, patients treated with ranitidine reported a reduction in both daytime and nocturnal pain, and they also consumed less antacid than the placebo-treated patients.
Table 4. Mean Daily Doses of Antacid Ulcer Healed Ulcer Not Healed Ranitidine 0.06 0.71 Placebo 0.71 1.43 Foreign studies have shown that patients heal equally well with 150 mg two times a day and 300 mg at bedtime (85% versus 84%, respectively) during a usual 4-week course of therapy. If patients require extended therapy of 8 weeks, the healing rate may be higher for 150 mg two times a day as compared to 300 mg at bedtime (92% versus 87%, respectively).
Studies have been limited to short-term treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. Patients whose ulcers healed during therapy had recurrences of ulcers at the usual rates.
Maintenance Therapy in Duodenal Ulcer
Ranitidine has been found to be effective as maintenance therapy for patients following healing of acute duodenal ulcers. In two independent, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trials, the number of duodenal ulcers observed was significantly less in patients treated with ranitidine (150 mg at bedtime) than in patients treated with placebo over a 12-month period.
Table 5. Duodenal Ulcer Prevalence Double-blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trials Multicenter
TrialDrug Duodenal Ulcer Prevalence No. of
MonthsRAN* 20%†‡ 24%†‡ 35%†‡ 138 USA PLC§ 44%† 54%† 59%† 139 RAN* 12%†‡ 21%†‡ 28%†‡ 174 Foreign PLC§ 56%† 64%† 68%† 165 As with other H2-antagonists, the factors responsible for the significant reduction in the prevalence of duodenal ulcers include prevention of recurrence of ulcers, more rapid healing of ulcers that may occur during maintenance therapy, or both.
Gastric Ulcer
In a multicenter, double-blind, controlled, US study of endoscopically diagnosed gastric ulcers, earlier healing was seen in the patients treated with ranitidine as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Gastric Ulcer Patient Healing Rates Ranitidine* Placebo* Number
Week 292 16/83
(19%)94 10/83
(12%)Week 6 50/73
(51%)In this multicenter trial, significantly more patients treated with ranitidine became pain free during therapy.
Maintenance of Healing of Gastric Ulcers
In two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 12-month trials conducted in patients whose gastric ulcers had been previously healed, ranitidine tablets or ranitidine capsules 150 mg at bedtime were significantly more effective than placebo in maintaining healing of gastric ulcers.
Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions (such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
Ranitidine inhibits gastric acid secretion and reduces occurrence of diarrhea, anorexia, and pain in patients with pathological hypersecretion associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, and other pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., postoperative, "short-gut" syndrome, idiopathic). Use of ranitidine was followed by healing of ulcers in 8 of 19 (42%) patients who were intractable to previous therapy.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
In two multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week trials performed in the United States and Europe, ranitidine 150 mg two times a day was more effective than placebo for the relief of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD. Ranitidine-treated patients consumed significantly less antacid than did placebo-treated patients.
The US trial indicated that ranitidine 150 mg two times a day significantly reduced the frequency of heartburn attacks and severity of heartburn pain within 1 to 2 weeks after starting therapy. The improvement was maintained throughout the 6-week trial period. Moreover, patient response rates demonstrated that the effect on heartburn extends through both the day and night time periods.
In two additional US multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-week trials, ranitidine 150 mg two times a day was shown to provide relief of heartburn pain within 24 hours of initiating therapy and a reduction in the frequency and severity of heartburn.
Erosive Esophagitis
In two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 12-week trials performed in the United States, ranitidine 150 mg 4 times daily was significantly more effective than placebo in healing endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis and in relieving associated heartburn. The erosive esophagitis healing rates were as follows:
Table 7. Erosive Esophagitis Patient Healing Rates Healed/Evaluable Placebo*
(n = 229)Ranitidine
150 mg 4 times daily*
(n = 215)Week 4 43/198 (22%) 96/206 (47%)† Week 8 63/176 (36%) 142/200 (71%)† Week 12 92/159 (58%) 162/192 (84%)† No additional benefit in healing of esophagitis or in relief of heartburn was seen with a ranitidine dose of 300 mg 4 times daily.
Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
In two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 48-week trials conducted in patients whose erosive esophagitis had been previously healed, ranitidine 150 mg two times a day was significantly more effective than placebo in maintaining healing of erosive esophagitis.
Ranitidine is indicated in:
- Short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Most patients heal within 4 weeks. Studies available to date have not assessed the safety of ranitidine in uncomplicated duodenal ulcer for periods of more than 8 weeks.
- Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers. No placebo-controlled comparative studies have been carried out for periods of longer than 1 year.
- The treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis).
- Short-term treatment of active, benign gastric ulcer. Most patients heal within 6 weeks and the usefulness of further treatment has not been demonstrated. Studies available to date have not assessed the safety of ranitidine in uncomplicated, benign gastric ulcer for periods of more than 6 weeks.
- Maintenance therapy for gastric ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers. Placebo-controlled studies have been carried out for 1 year.
- Treatment of GERD. Symptomatic relief commonly occurs within 24 hours after starting therapy with ranitidine 150 mg two times a day.
- Treatment of endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis. Symptomatic relief of heartburn commonly occurs within 24 hours of therapy initiation with ranitidine 150 mg 4 times daily.
- Maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis. Placebo-controlled trials have been carried out for 48 weeks.
Concomitant antacids should be given as needed for pain relief to patients with active duodenal ulcer; active, benign gastric ulcer; hypersecretory states; GERD; and erosive esophagitis.
Ranitidine is contraindicated in patients known to have hypersensitivity to the drug or any of the ingredients (see PRECAUTIONS).
- Symptomatic response to therapy with ranitidine does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy.
- Since ranitidine is excreted primarily by the kidney, dosage should be adjusted in patients with impaired renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Caution should be observed in patients with hepatic dysfunction since ranitidine is metabolized in the liver.
- Rare reports suggest that ranitidine may precipitate acute porphyric attacks in patients with acute porphyria. Ranitidine should therefore be avoided in patients with a history of acute porphyria.
Laboratory Tests
False-positive tests for urine protein with Multistix® may occur during ranitidine therapy, and therefore testing with sulfosalicylic acid is recommended.
Drug Interactions
Ranitidine has been reported to affect the bioavailability of other drugs through several different mechanisms such as competition for renal tubular secretion, alteration of gastric pH, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Procainamide: Ranitidine, a substrate of the renal organic cation transport system, may affect the clearance of other drugs eliminated by this route. High doses of ranitidine (e.g., such as those used in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) have been shown to reduce the renal excretion of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide resulting in increased plasma levels of these drugs. Although this interaction is unlikely to be clinically relevant at usual ranitidine doses, it may be prudent to monitor for procainamide toxicity when administered with oral ranitidine at a dose exceeding 300 mg per day.
Warfarin: There have been reports of altered prothrombin time among patients on concomitant warfarin and ranitidine therapy. Due to the narrow therapeutic index, close monitoring of increased or decreased prothrombin time is recommended during concurrent treatment with ranitidine.
Ranitidine may alter the absorption of drugs in which gastric pH is an important determinant of bioavailability. This can result in either an increase in absorption (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, glipizide) or a decrease in absorption (e.g., ketoconazole, atazanavir, delavirdine, gefitinib). Appropriate clinical monitoring is recommended.
Atazanavir: Atazanavir absorption may be impaired based on known interactions with other agents that increase gastric pH. Use with caution. See atazanavir label for specific recommendations.
Delavirdine: Delavirdine absorption may be impaired based on known interactions with other agents that increase gastric pH. Chronic use of H2-receptor antagonists with delavirdine is not recommended.
Gefitinib: Gefitinib exposure was reduced by 44% with the coadministration of ranitidine and sodium bicarbonate (dosed to maintain gastric pH above 5.0). Use with caution.
Glipizide: In diabetic patients, glipizide exposure was increased by 34% following a single 150-mg dose of oral ranitidine. Use appropriate clinical monitoring when initiating or discontinuing ranitidine.
Ketoconazole: Oral ketoconazole exposure was reduced by up to 95% when oral ranitidine was coadministered in a regimen to maintain a gastric pH of 6 or above. The degree of interaction with usual dose of ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) is unknown.
Midazolam: Oral midazolam exposure in 5 healthy volunteers was increased by up to 65% when administered with oral ranitidine at a dose of 150 mg twice daily. However, in another interaction study in 8 volunteers receiving IV midazolam, a 300 mg oral dose of ranitidine increased midazolam exposure by about 9%. Monitor patients for excessive or prolonged sedation when ranitidine is coadministered with oral midazolam.
Triazolam: Triazolam exposure in healthy volunteers was increased by approximately 30% when administered with oral ranitidine at a dose of 150 mg twice daily. Monitor patients for excessive or prolonged sedation.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
There was no indication of tumorigenic or carcinogenic effects in life-span studies in mice and rats at dosages up to 2,000 mg/kg per day.
Ranitidine was not mutagenic in standard bacterial tests (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) for mutagenicity at concentrations up to the maximum recommended for these assays.
In a dominant lethal assay, a single oral dose of 1,000 mg/kg to male rats was without effect on the outcome of two matings per week for the next 9 weeks.
Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 160 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to ranitidine. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
Ranitidine is secreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when ranitidine is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of ranitidine has been established in the age-group of 1 month to 16 years for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis, and the maintenance of healed duodenal and gastric ulcer. Use of ranitidine in this age-group is supported by adequate and well-controlled studies in adults, as well as additional pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients and an analysis of the published literature (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pediatrics and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Pediatric Use).
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions or the maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis have not been established.
Safety and effectiveness in neonates (less than one month of age) have not been established (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pediatrics).
Geriatric Use
Of the total number of subjects enrolled in US and foreign controlled clinical trials of oral formulations of ranitidine, for which there were subgroup analyses, 4,197 were 65 and over, while 899 were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, caution should be exercised in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Geriatrics and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Dosage Adjustment for Patients with Impaired Renal Function).
The following have been reported as events in clinical trials or in the routine management of patients treated with ranitidine. The relationship to therapy with ranitidine has been unclear in many cases. Headache, sometimes severe, seems to be related to administration of ranitidine.
Central Nervous System
Rarely, malaise, dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, and vertigo. Rare cases of reversible mental confusion, agitation, depression, and hallucinations have been reported, predominantly in severely ill elderly patients. Rare cases of reversible blurred vision suggestive of a change in accommodation have been reported. Rare reports of reversible involuntary motor disturbances have been received.
As with other H2-blockers, rare reports of arrhythmias such as tachycardia, bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and premature ventricular beats.
Constipation, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal discomfort/pain, and rare reports of pancreatitis.
There have been occasional reports of hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed hepatitis, with or without jaundice. In such circumstances, ranitidine should be immediately discontinued. These events are usually reversible, but in rare circumstances death has occurred. Rare cases of hepatic failure have also been reported. In normal volunteers, SGPT values were increased to at least twice the pretreatment levels in 6 of 12 subjects receiving 100 mg 4 times daily intravenously for 7 days, and in 4 of 24 subjects receiving 50 mg 4 times daily intravenously for 5 days.
Blood count changes (leukopenia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia) have occurred in a few patients. These were usually reversible. Rare cases of agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, sometimes with marrow hypoplasia, and aplastic anemia and exceedingly rare cases of acquired immune hemolytic anemia have been reported.
Controlled studies in animals and man have shown no stimulation of any pituitary hormone by ranitidine and no antiandrogenic activity, and cimetidine-induced gynecomastia and impotence in hypersecretory patients have resolved when ranitidine has been substituted. However, occasional cases of gynecomastia, impotence, and loss of libido have been reported in male patients receiving ranitidine, but the incidence did not differ from that in the general population.
Rash, including rare cases of erythema multiforme. Rare cases of alopecia and vasculitis.
A large epidemiological study suggested an increased risk of developing pneumonia in current users of histamine-2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) compared to patients who had stopped H2RA treatment, with an observed adjusted relative risk of 1.63 (95% CI, 1.07-2.48). However, a causal relationship between use of H2RAs and pneumonia has not been established.
There has been limited experience with overdosage. Reported acute ingestions of up to 18 g orally have been associated with transient adverse effects similar to those encountered in normal clinical experience (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). In addition, abnormalities of gait and hypotension have been reported.
When overdosage occurs, the usual measures to remove unabsorbed material from the gastrointestinal tract, clinical monitoring, and supportive therapy should be employed.
Studies in dogs receiving dosages of ranitidine in excess of 225 mg/kg per day have shown muscular tremors, vomiting, and rapid respiration. Single oral doses of 1,000 mg/kg in mice and rats were not lethal. Intravenous LD50 values in mice and rats were 77 and 83 mg/kg, respectively.
Active Duodenal Ulcer
The current recommended adult oral dosage of ranitidine for duodenal ulcer is 150 mg twice daily. An alternative dosage of 300 mg once daily after the evening meal or at bedtime can be used for patients in whom dosing convenience is important. The advantages of one treatment regimen compared to the other in a particular patient population have yet to be demonstrated (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Clinical Trials: Active Duodenal Ulcer). Smaller doses have been shown to be equally effective in inhibiting gastric acid secretion in US studies, and several foreign trials have shown that 100 mg twice daily is as effective as the 150 mg dose.
Antacid should be given as needed for relief of pain (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics).
Maintenance of Healing of Duodenal Ulcers
The current recommended adult oral dosage is 150 mg at bedtime.
Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions (such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
The current recommended adult oral dosage is 150 mg twice a day. In some patients it may be necessary to administer ranitidine 150 mg doses more frequently. Dosages should be adjusted to individual patient needs, and should continue as long as clinically indicated. Dosages up to 6 g/day have been employed in patients with severe disease.
Maintenance of Healing of Gastric Ulcers
The current recommended adult oral dosage is 150 mg at bedtime.
Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
The current recommended adult oral dosage is 150 mg twice a day.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of ranitidine has been established in the age-group of 1 month to 16 years. There is insufficient information about the pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in neonatal patients (less than 1 month of age) to make dosing recommendations.
The following 3 subsections provide dosing information for each of the pediatric indications.
Treatment of Duodenal and Gastric Ulcers
The recommended oral dose for the treatment of active duodenal and gastric ulcers is 2 to 4 mg/kg twice daily to a maximum of 300 mg/day. This recommendation is derived from adult clinical studies and pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients.
Maintenance of Healing of Duodenal and Gastric Ulcers
The recommended oral dose for the maintenance of healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers is 2 to 4 mg/kg once daily to a maximum of 150 mg/day. This recommendation is derived from adult clinical studies and pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients.
Treatment of GERD and Erosive Esophagitis
Although limited data exist for these conditions in pediatric patients, published literature supports a dosage of 5 to 10 mg/kg per day, usually given as two divided doses.
Dosage Adjustment for Patients with Impaired Renal Function
On the basis of experience with a group of subjects with severely impaired renal function treated with ranitidine, the recommended dosage in patients with a creatinine clearance <50 mL/min is 150 mg every 24 hours. Should the patient's condition require, the frequency of dosing may be increased to every 12 hours or even further with caution. Hemodialysis reduces the level of circulating ranitidine. Ideally, the dosing schedule should be adjusted so that the timing of a scheduled dose coincides with the end of hemodialysis.
Elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, therefore caution should be exercised in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Geriatrics and PRECAUTIONS: Geriatric Use).
Ranitidine Tablets, USP for oral administration, are available as:
150 mg: round, off-white, unscored tablets, film-coated pink, debossed GG 705 on one side and plain on the reverse side.
300 mg: round, off-white, unscored tablets, film-coated orange, debossed GG 706 on one side and plain on the reverse side.
Ranitidine Capsules, for oral administration, are available as:
150 mg: Opaque caramel capsules, imprinted GG 614 in white ink, filled with off-white powder.
300 mg: Opaque caramel capsules, imprinted GG 615 in white ink, filled with off-white powder.
They are supplied by Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc. as follows:
NDC Strength Quantity/Form Color Source Prod. Code 68387-310-30 150 mg 30 Tablets in a Plastic Bottle PINK 0781-1883 68387-310-60 150 mg 60 Tablets in a Plastic Bottle PINK 0781-1883 - SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION
ranitidine hydrochloride tablet, film coatedProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:68387-310(NDC:0781-1883) Route of Administration ORAL Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE (UNII: BK76465IHM) (RANITIDINE - UNII:884KT10YB7) RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 150 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength D&C RED NO. 30 (UNII: 2S42T2808B) HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (UNII: RFW2ET671P) HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (3 CPS) (UNII: 0VUT3PMY82) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE (UNII: OP1R32D61U) PEPPERMINT (UNII: V95R5KMY2B) SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A POTATO (UNII: 5856J3G2A2) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP) TRIETHYL CITRATE (UNII: 8Z96QXD6UM) Product Characteristics Color PINK Score no score Shape ROUND Size 8mm Flavor Imprint Code GG;705 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:68387-310-30 30 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC 2 NDC:68387-310-60 60 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date ANDA ANDA074467 07/01/2009 Labeler - Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc. (362861077) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Sandhills Packaging 825138717 repack


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A new study offers more compelling evidence that life expectancy for some U.S. women is actually falling, a disturbing trend that experts can't explain.
The latest research found that women age 75 and younger are dying at higher rates than previous years in nearly half of the nation's counties - many of them rural and in the South and West. Curiously, for men, life expectancy has held steady or improved in nearly all counties.
Related: Female life span decreasing: Some possible reasons for the bizarre trend
The study is the latest to spot this pattern, especially among disadvantaged white women. Some leading theories blame higher smoking rates, obesity and less education, but several experts said they simply don't know why.
Women have long outlived men, and the latest numbers show the average life span for a baby girl born today is 81, and for a baby boy, it's 76. But the gap has been narrowing and data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown women's longevity is not growing at the same pace as men's.
The phenomenon of some women losing ground appears to have begun in the late 1980s, though studies have begun to spotlight it only in the last few years.
Trying to figure out why is "the hot topic right now, trying to understand what's going on," said Jennifer Karas Montez, a Harvard School of Public Health sociologist who has been focused on the life expectancy decline but had no role in the new study.
Researchers also don't know exactly how many women are affected. Montez says a good estimate is roughly 12 percent.
The study, released Monday by the journal Health Affairs, found declining life expectancy for women in about 43 percent of the nation's counties.
The researchers, David Kindig and Erika Cheng of the University of Wisconsin, looked at federal death data and other information for nearly all 3,141 U.S. counties over 10 years. They calculated mortality rates for women age 75 and younger, sometimes called "premature death rates," because many of those deaths are considered preventable.
Many counties have such small populations that even slight changes in the number of deaths produce dramatic swings in the death rate from year to year. To try to stabilize the numbers, the researchers computed some five-year averages. They also used statistical tricks to account for factors like income and education.
They found that nationwide, the rate of women dying younger than would be expected fell from 324 to 318 per 100,000. But in 1,344 counties, the average premature death rate rose, from 317 to about 333 per 100,000. Deaths rates rose for men in only about 100 counties.
"We were surprised" by how much worse women did in those counties, and by the geographic variations, Kindig said.
The study wasn't the first to reach those conclusions. Two years ago, a study led by the University of Washington's Dr. Christopher Murray also looked at county-level death rates. It too found that women were dying sooner, especially in the South.
Some other studies that focused on national data have highlighted steep declines in life expectancy for white women who never earned a high school diploma. Meanwhile, life expectancy seems to be growing for more educated and affluent women. Some experts also have suggested smokers or obese women are dragging down life expectancy.
The Murray and Kindig studies both spotlight regional differences. Some of the highest smoking rates are in Southern states, and the proportion of women who failed to finish high school is also highest in the South.
"I think the most likely explanation for why mortality is getting worse is those factors are just stronger in those counties," Murray said, adding that abuse of Oxycontin and other drugs also may add to the problem.
Some also think the statistics could reflect a migration of healthier women out of rural areas, leaving behind others who are too poor and unhealthy to relocate. That would change the rate, and make life expectancy in a county look worse, explained Bob Anderson of the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics
"We shouldn't jump to the conclusion that more people are getting sicker in these geographic areas than previously," he said.
But that is open to debate. Migration didn't seem to affect male death rates. Murray disagrees with the theory, saying he has tracked a great deal of movement from urban areas to less-populated counties.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Karbonn A15 Hard Reset
You can easily Factory Reset your Karbonn android mobile for free. You do not need any software knowledge. Here we are also provide Password Reset with android tools & drivers and With your Google account etc.
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Hard Reset also known as a factory data reset or master reset, is the restoration process of a device to the state it was in when it left the factory.
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You need to Hard reset your mobile, If your mobile having any problems like very slow performance, Hanging problems and Effected by any virus.
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Table of Contents
Karbonn A15 Hard Reset in Recovery Mode
You can Hard Reset your mobile in Recovery mode. Hard Reset Delete all your data in your android mobile. You will not recover your files after reset your mobile.
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Try to recover your password first. If you can not recover your PIN or Password, then follow this method.
- Switch off or Turn off your phone.
- Then, Press and Hold Volume Up + Power button until you will see Android reboot menu.
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Follow below steps on your android mobile :
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- After you see Android boot mode on your smart phone.
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- Type 2 for reset face, type 4 for reset Gmail, type 5 for wipe data.
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- Above options clearly explained below.
- Option 2 : You can reset your face or PIN lock. No data will be deleted.
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- Option 5 : Wipe all your data on your mobile. Means all data will be deleted.
- Option 8 : Wipe or delete data on fast boot mode.
- Type any number that you want, then press enter.
DISCLAIMER: This Reset information is intended for experienced users. It is not intended for basic users, hackers, or mobile thieves. Please do not try any of following resetting methods if you are not familiar with android mobile phones. We'll not be responsible for the use or misuse of this valuable information, including loss of data like apps and contacts or hardware damage. So use it at your own risk.
Android Mobile Karbonn A15 Reset Codes
NOTE : If codes don't work on your android mobile phone, try to use only # in the start of the code and only # or only # at the end of the Android secret code. For example #7780# or *#7780#.
This code can be used for a factory data reset. It will remove following things:
- Google account settings stored in your mobile phone
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- Downloaded applications (Android Apps)
Think before you give this code. This code is used for factory format. It'll remove all files and settings including the internal memory storage. It'll also reinstall the mobile phone firmware.
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Soft Reset of Karbonn A15
- Press and hold Mobile Power button and wait until the Android phone turns off.
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How to Recover Password of Karbonn A15 With Google Account
Method 1 : Password recovery with Google security question (Unlock Screen Pattern)
To reset the Screen lock pattern or reset your password with the help of your Google security questions, you must have an active Internet connection on your android mobile.
This Password reset or recovery method is only work's on android mobile devices.
- After number of failed attempts done on your mobile phone to unlock the device, tap Forgot pattern option ?.
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- Finally, If it's show Yes or No options, Tap Yes if you want to create a new pattern (PIN) or Tap No if you don't want to use a screen lock.
Method 2 :- Unlock the screen pattern with primary Google account (Gmail account)
This recovery method is only work's on Android mobile devices. You can recover the password (Pattern or PIN) using your primary Google account.
You must have an active Internet connection on your mobile phone to reset you password.
- After you have entered the wrong unlock pattern number of times, wait above 40 seconds, then tap Forgot pattern ? option.
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- Finally, again draw the new unlock pattern OR pin and tap Continue.
Important Info : If you forgot your Google (Gmail) account username and password, you can recover or reset using the Google Account Recovery official page.
Why need to perform Factory Reset :-
Common reasons to perform a factory reset or hard reset :
- To fix a malfunctioning electronic device (Like mobile or tablet etc).
- To remove a file or app or virus that is difficult to remove on your device.
- To clear or remove the memory space on the electronic device.
- To clear or delete the configuration and settings of the electronic device to the factory default settings.
- To remove or delete personal information from the device before selling or giving away the device.
Note:- A factory reset or hard reset may only hide data from the Operating System (OS), So it appears it no longer exists. This is not the same effect as data deletion or formatting (Removing), and may not therefore be wholly suitable in situations where the Electronic device changes ownership.


text:
- These are hard times for physicists working on supersymmetry. The LHC constrains the parameter space with so far no evidence for what has been the most popular model of physics beyond the standard model for decades. For details, check Peter's post on "Implications of Initial LHC Searches for Supersymmetry", Tommaso on "LHC Excludes SUSY Theories, Theorists Clinch Hands", and Resonaances on "More SUSY limits". Geoff Brumfield in Nature News titles "Beautiful theory collides with smashing particle data." Brumfield quotes Chris Lester, from the ATLAS collaboration: "We're painting supersymmetry into a corner," and Alessandro Strumia, a theorist at the University of Pisa in Italy:
"Privately, a lot of people think that the situation is not good for SUSY. This is a big political issue in our field. For some great physicists, it is the difference between getting a Nobel prize and admitting they spent their lives on the wrong track."
This week's Nature issue also has an editorial titled Dark Rumblings, comparing the LHC SUSY search to Michelson & Morley's search for the ether, arguing that "the negative results now coming out of the LHC should be just as stimulating as any positive findings." So if you've wasted 30 years of your life, don't forget negative results should be stimulating. - The International Loop Quantum Gravity Seminar (ILQGS), a seminar series by telephone conference, now has a blog. Maintained by Jorge Pullin, it offers summaries of the talks in the seminar series.
- The Max Planck Society has a YouTube channel with short video clips about their research fields. While parts are only available in German, some videos are in English and worth checking out. The topics are as diverse as the Max Planck Society's institutes and of equally diverse quality. Interesting for example: GERDA, The Germanium Detector Array (on the search for neutrinoless double-β-decay), a bat catching a fly, or Honey, I shrunk Brad Pitt (on a video software for changing your waist and bra size.)
Friday, March 04, 2011
This and That
73 comments:
Hi Bee,
"Many physicists are uncomfortable with any theory that requires such delicate fine-tuning to work. SUSY offers an alternative to this 'fine-tuning' problem. The theory postulates that each regular particle has a heavier supersymmetrical partner, many of which are unstable and rarely interact with normal matter. The quantum fluctuations of the supersymmetrical particles perfectly cancel out those of the regular particles, returning the Higgs boson to an acceptable mass range."
-"Beautiful theory collides with smashing particle data"- Nature
I've often wondered what has them uncomfortable; is it they imagine this would force them to believe in a god or simply that reality having no other way to be real is unreasonable? That being I find the former as an unnecessary concern if the latter happens to be necessarily true. That's since choice seems to require decision, while having none precludes requiring one.
PhilHi Phil,
We discussed that in my post Is Physics Cognitevely Biased? It makes them feel uncomfortable because it seems to demand an explanation, so another level of "Why?" Yet that discomfort is arguably one arising from a brain formed by natural selection. So one might wonder how much human intuition is relevant. It remains to say though that humans do, at least so far, have a tendency to describe Nature's ways as elegant and beautiful. So if it seems there's a break with that, it's reasonable to wonder if one has missed something. Best,
B.SUSY isn't dead yet, it's on the ropes. I'm 50/50 on the theory myself, both in thoughts and feelings. We'll see.
What isn't dead though, apparently, is the controversy. Whole careers will go up in smoke if these particles aren't found. Here's to John Ellis, to his courage, for being willing to admit he may be wrong about a theory he's worked on for 30 years, if so. Will Gordon Kane respond as well in the same way? Kepler and Fred Hoyle were also wrong at times, and had the courage to admit it when proven wrong. Real scientists. Science trumps politics in the end. It's the intervening time that's annoying. :-)
But whatever, SuperStrings theorists will dodge and weave and find a way to explain they were simply wrong on the SUSY masses, that they must be higher and they will adjust if so. Some things never change.:-0
Thanks so much for that Loops blog, Bee, that's just what the doctor ordered.Hi Bee,
Yes of course truth as it relates to beauty. Then again beauty having objective and subjective components has this to be a slippery concept. Still though I seldom question my own sense of aesthetics when I fail to find the beauty in having many more particles required to explain the ones we have thus far observed or a ring piercing a person's lip. Then again perhaps I'm just revealing my age:-)
"Then beauty of style and harmony and grace and good rhythm depend on simplicity, --I mean the true simplicity of a rightly and nobly ordered mind and character, not that other simplicity which is only a euphemism for folly?"
-Plato, "The Republic"
"The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience"
-Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, Crown Publishing (1954)
PhilHere's another "This and That" ... t'ain't no shortage of them in this world ... John Baez and Mike Stay have written a beautiful paper re the interdisciplinary approach between Mathematics (the notational jungle), Physics (first and still mightiest of Sciences), Logic (Philosophy), and Computer Science (Logic), which you can find in a wonderful new article at Azimuth: here.
ReplyDeleteThe universe is observed chiral at every scale. Teleparallel gravitation models it. Physical theory derived from massed sector mirror-symmetric vacuum fails (including GR and spin). No SUSY, no Higgs; no quantum gravitation requiring the Equivalence Principle.
If a 90-day parity Eotvos experiment is burdensome, 24 hours and two quality differential scanning calorimeters will do it in an undergrad lab hard by 45° latitude.
Perturbative quantum gravitational one-loop exact correction to the global chiral current in the standard model, string theory, loop quantum gravity... require supplementing Einstein-Hilbert action with a parity-violating Chern-Simons term. Hello! The worst a Equivalence Principle parity experiment can do is succeed. Somebody should look.Bee, I think human intuition is very relevant to science. It's just that most people overestimate their intuition. How else could you explain creationists and other bizarre creatures. There is no reason to exclude the general run of physicists from this parameter space. They are highly trained, logical, and intelligent people, but intuitive? I don't think so.
The fact is that when you move from civilized territory to the frontier where the unknown lives trained physicists really don't have an advantage over creationists. If physicists had real intuition they would have figured out by now that someone and something in the history of physics is a goof. And they would have gone after that goof instead of inventing a panoply of new particles and incredibly complex math to paper it over.Liberal arts?
If you geometrically follow the link between the Trivium and Quadrivium within each of us, each are lead to a cognitively based (apex)"point for exploration and recipient?"
That is not God or outside of time, but a real connection to the "mother of invention( the uterine from which all children are born from)," that, is available to all persons who practiced the early historical teachings, as a current modern day methodology?:)
You may call it Liberal, but it is a scientific process too?:)
Best,I'm not sure what I think about this 'green mathematics' idea. But I think I'm getting a vague feel for it. This may sound corny, but I feel it should be about structures that are more like this:Network Theory (Part 1)
You know Steven I like what John is doing, and this is what a lot of scientists and mathematicians "are doing" is coming back to earth. Get rid of the crackpot index....it was really a stain on what any good mind hoped to achieve from the heart.
Kauffman move over:) Lee move over( while economic in origin) one recognizes the duality of their professions to be able to see the world in different ways based on their trade.:)
Why take a scientist to wall street, when they can give their expertise to sociological understanding as well, by opening up them self to investigation( a personal journey) along with the events in the world. None of us "is perfectly :)asymmetrical" yet one day we will return too?
Best,Hi Bee,
I would agree not finding either the super partners or the higgs will usher in an exciting time for physics, as it will force the recognition that there is some old idea(s) that needs discarding or the acceptance of one(s) that's never been given credence or perhaps not even thought of as seeming too incredible. I think it would spell the true end of the "shut up and calculate" era and the beginning of a new one, which Hardy and Spekkens would call the age of "shut up and contemplate" .
That is I've always thought Einstein was right years ago when he reminded that the physicists knows best "where the shoe pinches", yet as it seems they only pay attention when they can no longer stand the discomfort. Anyway it is in a way comforting to know, that when it comes to such human fragilities, even the best and the brightest among us are not all that much different than the rest of us:-)
"It has been often said, and certainly not without justification, that the man of science is a poor philosopher. Why, then, should it not be the right thing for the physicist to let the philosopher to the philosophizing? Such might indeed be the right thing at a time when the physicist believes he has at his disposal a rigid system of fundamental concepts and fundamental laws which are also well established that waves of doubt cannot reach them; but, it cannot be right at a time when the very foundations of physics itself become problematic as they are now. At a time like the present, when experience forces us to seek a newer and more solid foundation, the physicist cannot simply surrender to the philosopher the critical contemplation of the theoretical foundations; for, he himself knows best, and feels more surely where the shoe pinches. In looking for a new foundation he must make clear in his own mind just how far such concepts which he uses are justified, and are necessities."
-Albert Einstein,"Physics and Reality" The journal of the Franklin Institute [Volume.221, No. 3, March 3, 1936]
P.S. I just I noticed I totally mucked it up by placing it in the wrong thread. Perhaps then the censor was doing me a favour:-)/* SUSY isn't dead yet, it's on the ropes...*/
From this graph is evident, SUSY has been well dead before twenty years already./*..We discussed that in my post Is Physics Cognitevely Biased? ..*/
SUSY is just one of many examples. So far no gravitational waves have been found. Existence of Higgs boson is highly uncertain, too. No extradimensions were found. String theory/LQG both all wrong (do you remember the lone photon in GRB 090510)... And so on (did I missed something?) - it's evident, the whole physics of the last thirty years is on the dead track. Its experts were best payed scientists in the human history - and they were all wrong.The funny part is, most of phenomena predicted with these theories still exists and they're living well - just at another places, when their founders are expecting. We know about many forces, violating inverse square law - yet theorists are struggling with finding of extradimensions. Gravitational waves are known for years - as a cosmic background noise. Higgs fields manifests with Yukawa coupling, which is known for decades. The well known dilepton channel of top quarks decay is just the example of Higgs field symmetry, which the physicists are looking for during Higgs boson searches.
ReplyDeleteHi Steven,
Well if I'm but only able to provide comic relief I will have accomplished something. By the way, I just noticed an error in my last post, as I wrote Plank when it should have been Planck. Then again perhaps it was a Freudian slip as it relates to the nature of wood and cognition:-)
PhilHi Bee,
"And I for such like petty crimes as these,
But to the purpose--for we cite our faults,
That they may hold excus'd our lawless lives;
And partly, seeing you are beautified
With goodly shape and by your own report
A linguist and a man of such perfection
As we do in our quality much want—"
-William Shakespeare, "Two Gentlemen of Verona"(Act IV, Scene I)
Actually it is Shakespeare with which many of us must share the stage and yet I have always more enjoyed his comedies more so than his tragedies:-)
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many part"
-William Shakespeare, "As You Like it "(Act II, Scene VII)
PhilJust on the plank thing....Star Trek came to mind when I heard it reiterated...Beam me a board Scotty:)
Examples gross as earth exhort meW. Shakespeare, Hamlet : IV, iv.
To receive a noble prize for what had already been established. Now overlay's present day experience? How many times has it been echoed from "origins foreknown to awareness faced" many different times, through different generations?:)
Genus development in the valley is still a interesting perspective overall. I think we all knew that already though, right!:)
Best,Oh lord, what have I done? lol ... keep the Shakespeare stuff coming, folks. Dale Carnegie once famously said, if it's a quote and it didn't come from the Bible, it probably came from Shakespeare. :-)
In other news ..
Zephir quoted me out of context as ....
/* SUSY isn't dead yet, it's on the ropes...*/
From this graph is evident, SUSY has been well dead before twenty years already.
Wow. "this graph" shows a range where SUSY could exist. Don't you analyze the very graphs you send?!
Just curious, Zephir, if I were to post you snail mail, where should I address it? Would it be:
Zephir (sic) aka Zephyr, The God of the West Wind
Mt. Olympus
Thessaly, Greece
Or the local zoo, King Babar's cage? For research purposes:
Zephir may refer to:
* a fictional character associated with Babar the Elephant
* rail-road shunting vehicles manufacturer, see Rail car mover
* the lidar anemometer ZephIR developed by QinetiQ and licensed to Natural Power
See also
* Zephyr (disambiguation)
Zephyr may refer to:
* A light or west wind.
* Zephyrus, one of the Anemoi and the Greek god of the west wind
* Zephyranthes, a plant genus whose species include the zephyr lily
* Zephyr (graffiti artist), a well-known graffiti artist from New York City
* Zephyr (protocol), an instant messenger protocol and application-suite
* Zephyr (Wooldridge), a stainless steel sculpture by Steve Wooldridge on the IUPUI campus
* Zephyr (candy), a soft marshmallow based candy, very popular in Post Soviet countries. Produced mainly in Latvia.11:22 AM, March 05, 2011
Examples gross as earth exhort me W. Shakespeare, Hamlet : IV, iv.
In that post there is this reductive acknowledgment that came to my mind that will make Steven cringe... but as to any basis....."Chop Wood Carry water" came to mind....as to a contemplative phase of science as too "shut up and contemplate."
Isn't that the way though, that after all the calculations it's as if at that point, some self evidential process unfolds as that cognitive realization....as if, you had already known all along?
You just didn't know how to put it into the right words?
Best,Hi Plato,
Yes and strangely enough one of the mathematicians of the past, Georg Cantor, which I so much respect was a staunch believer that Bacon and Shakespeare be one in the same. However I find it somewhat difficult to understand how a lawyer and a playwright/actor could possibly be of the same character:-)
"God save your majesty!
"I thank you, good people: there shall be no money;
all shall eat and drink on my score; and I will
apparel them all in one livery, that they may agree
like brothers and worship me their lord."
The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers.
-William Shakespheare (Henry VI, Part 2 | Act IV, Scene II)
PhilSupersymmetry etc: there's no logical a priori on what the/or universe (I've started calling it "Thisiverse", a proper name like Saturn, in case there are more) should be like - so all people can do is try models and see how they work. The oft expressed notion that someday appropriate equations will "fall out" of something is rubbish in principle, the mathematical and logical tools do not and cannot contain ways to pick out extra magical material existence from model worlds. (Hence, interest in MUH etc.) I know, I harp on this but just "couldn't help it."
Here's a quote from Richard Feynman out of The Character of Physical Law, that I used to head my recent FQXi Essay:
What is necessary "for the very existence of science," and what the characteristics of nature are, are not to be determined by pompous preconditions; they are determined always by the material with which we work, by nature herself. ... In fact it is necessary for the very existence of science that minds exist which do not allow that nature must satisfy some preconceived conditions, like that of our philosopher.
(Heh, I am wonderfully beset with meaningful Captchas: this time, "caltedst" - starts out with letters of Cal Tech, where Feynman taught physics.)
Germanium from GERDA - I remember reading, either this or some other case, the people using the metal would borrow it to save money and not be stuck with left over junk. How often to experimenters borrow, recycle, and otherwise use things efficiently? I'd like to think it's a lot, but is it? Could we do better?Plato wrote:
As many of you already knew Shakespeare was Bacon?:)
No, I didn't know, thanks Plato.
I thought he was Ben Jonson?
I have that on the authority of an English major.
Then again, I have it on the authority of a Philosophy major that Socrates may never existed and Plato just made him up for expository purposes.
That would be amazing, and not unlike Plato, the rogue-ish imp. it would also make Plato, and no other, the single greatest person in the entire history of "The West", which he's pretty close to being now.
Doesn't change that Aristotle was known as "THE Philosopher" during the Middle Ages though.
Et tu, Delium? The stock in hemlock just took a dive, heh.Steven:Then again, I have it on the authority of a Philosophy major that Socrates may never existed and Plato just made him up for expository purposes.
You have to admit the orations by script are an ideal way of communicating a point about, and in artistic style of fictional characters there does seem some correspondences in the way of methodology.
But yes, that could just be me:)
Best,I understand what you say, yet after one has gathered all the evidence from the world outside, one must return to that place only found within. There your only guide is a belief, that no matter what reality turns out to be, it be a construct able to be reasoned or it renders such pursuit as totally meaningless.
"O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space—were it not that I have bad dreams."
-William Shakespeare, "Hamlet"( Act II, scene II)
Ironically the greatest self proclaimed positivist, Stephen Hawkings, echoed these words in a work of his own. It always had me wonder where he thought his "nutshell" resided and what the nature of the resource it drew upon in such respect.
PhilHi Phil,
I would produce Penrose's "triangle" or maybe even Bee's, as too a "cognitive bias." You surmise it to be subjective.
I will then reside to my nightmares and stocks:)
"Inside/out link" should help clarify your statements as to support further quotations of Stephen Hawkings of standing on the shoulders of giants.
Better the Princess and the Pea then, then the walnut:)
Best,Hi Plato,
As you know I have some familiarity with many of the players you mention, such a Shakespeare, Bacon, Descartes and others such as Cantor to which you only reference. Also from what I know of character Bacon and Shakespeare although in the minority of the types, has one as a Strategist and the other a Dreamer.
That is although both being introverted and intuitive of nature, the former was a thinker and judgemental, while the latter trusting of his feelings and perceptions. So for me to believe the two to be the same, he would also have to be schizophrenic and there is nothing in the history of either man to suggest such to be the case. I of course forgive Cantor for not realizing this, as at the time psychology was only in its infancy and although still not what I would call an exact science today (whatever that is to mean) ,it has come a long way. Almost ironically Cantor himself would have been classified as a "cyclic manic-depressive" today and yet this illness of mind only increased the swings between the hills and the valleys of character to leave it unchanged in overall nature.
Anyway this doesn't address the question at hand, except perhaps as to what types are required in the world to have us find truth and beauty, as it relates to the good or what I'd rather refer to as its quality.
Phil/*..if I were to post you snail mail, where should I address it..*/
firstname.lastname@example.com - it's my spam address too - so plz make sure, your post doesn't appear like spam."email@example.com"
Strictly by way of observation of what's afforded by this blog, it's had me to long wonder what is to account for this seemingly marked distinction between the character of many eastern European thinkers and those of the west. That is as there doesn't seem to be any significant genetic difference, therefore it must then relate more to environment rather than anything being of an innate origin.
The key differences I find are best described by two concepts, with the first being tolerance and the other introspection. This I find to be interesting, as if we could isolate what the environment has to do with each, it might tell us a lot about how our world might be changed or at least better understand what Bee refers to as a fixed point invariant in respect to all. Oh by the way, this is not meant to be taken in jest, yet rather offered in all seriousness and sincerity, absent of any intent of malice or prejudice.Shakespeare may have been in a collaboration project with Christopher Marlowe. It is easier to make realistic a collaboration to produce the Shakespeare canon, than someone else all on their own. I find it fairly convincing. See e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question#Christopher_Marlowe.
Get a kick elsewhere in the e-ticle out of the word "bardolatry."
Phil, take care in speculating about innate ethnic differences, it's touchy ... I think Zephir isn't too stuck up, but the issue is out there.Thanks Neil, thanks Steven for the links, and thanks Phil for the psychological assessment.
It's settled?:)
The tests determined that Shakespeare's work shows consistent, countable, profile-fitting patterns, suggesting that he was a single individual, not a committee, and that he used fewer relative clauses and more hyphens, feminine endings, and open lines than most of the writers with whom he was compared. The result determined that none of the other tested claimants' work could have been written by Shakespeare, nor could Shakespeare have been written by them, eliminating all of the claimants whose known works have survived—including Oxford, Bacon, and Marlowe—as the true authors of the Shakespeare canon.Shakespeare authorship question
Best,OK then that does it, Plato has the last word. ;-)
I feel kind of bad, because Shakespeare wasn't the ONLY great writer, simply the greatest in the English language, unless you're in the school that Tolkien eclipsed him (but even if he did, Shakespeare was far, far more prolific).
The reason I say this is there ARE other languages, notably French and German. And who were the greatest writers in those languages? Hugo and Goethe, based on what I've heard.
Anyway, was Columbus the explorer's real name, or was he the Portuguese double-spy Salvador Fernandes Zarco? Hmm.. OK, OK, enough of that! I really want to talk about Loop Quantum Gravity, to whit:
LQG, and all these Quantum Gravity theories (yes even yours, Zephir) are geometry-based, which is nice and all and I'm sure Max Tegemark with his MUH would like nothing more than for you fine people to prove we live in a mathematical construct, but ...
What of the lesson learned from Aristotle's wheel paradox? That is to say, even though something seems sweet geometrically, the real world (which seems to love 0, kind of, but hates infinity) would beg to differ.
Mathematics: Hates Zero (ever try dividing by 0?), Loves Infinity
Real world: Loves Zero, Hates Infinity (i.e., singularities don't really exist)
Call that Colyer's Paradox if you will, no, better yet, DON'T! Anyone who names anything after themselves is likely to be put through the John Baez Crackpot Index ringer, so look at the swinging watch, you did not read that, you did not read that , you did not ...Plato: No, not the last word on Shakespeare! I heard a presentation once, making the good case that it the works were, as I said, a collaboration with Marlowe. In this view, Shakespeare provided the native talent, and Marlowe the inside scoop, some savvy, critique, etc. that Shakespeare by himself could not have done all by himself.
Steven, clever: but here's what may be a real (or "reel") paradox, I thought up (don't know of any prior mention): trying to say that rotational motion is relative too, runs into the conflict with different parts of a "actually rotating" wheel having different relative linear velocities, considered as "points." Yeah, you can look at the rotating coordinate systems as mutually equivalent, but that still conflicts with what we define as "velocity" per se in linear terms. Well in the latest abstract view the situation is looked at in terms of there being two basic ways to transform rigid, superposed coordinate systems - linear and angular displacement, so at that level it's not a "true paradox" - but IMHO it still perplexes, that the parts of a "genuinely rotating" disk still have actual relative velocities.Hi Neil,
I wasn't speculating about anything innate as from within, yet rather environmental as from without. That is to consider what is innate as culturally invariant. That's to look at the quality of the clay as a fixed point so that all changes to it can be considered totally resultant of external consequences. That is it's the old nature versus nurture quandary. What you've overlaid yourself is that in some way I'm making a judgement, as to which environmental consequences produce the best result. In such regard I have no opinion, other than to hypothesize that the differences in result are largely the consequence of environment. That is when you cut away the differences from each group you are left with what is innate.
For instance I live in a country where cultural diversity is embraced as a core principle and have noticed lately nations such as England, France and Germany have had their leadership now publicly reconsidering the wisdom of following such a principle. So then I'm left to wonder, what has had the experience of these countries to be so different from that of my nation to have such a different perception? The thing is the peoples of these mentioned nations formed to be the core that initially founded my own and how one could not ask what has the perceived result so different in such respect. That's to suggest before such decisions are made more than outcome (result) should be weighed in the balance, as it's obvious it has little objectively definitive commonality with cause as has thus been considered.
PhilHi Steven,
I tend to look at your wheel problem in considering the center of motion as the only commonality and to envision the travel of each wheel from a point on each circumference mapping out respective waves, as having the frequency the same and yet the amplitude of each vary although the total forward journeyed length being the same. In other words it's a magician's trick, where an arbitrary redirection of focused attention has use fail to recognize the true symmetry as it relates to invariance.
P.S. I reworded this as what I initially wrote made no sense:-)Sorry Phil, it's not a magician's trick, it's a real paradox that vexed thousands across centuries until friction and slipping and sliding were found to be the explanation. It's one of the rare times that Engineering trumped Mathematics than the other way around. I explain at my latest weblog entry, which I am loathe to link to in fear it violates Comment Rule # 5. Also, believe it or not, I hate drawing attention to myself. Sigh, I should have been born a Canadian. Oh, well.
ReplyDeleteNo, it's NOT off-topic, Phil, Bee opens up discussion about Loop Quantum Gravity here, and all I'm saying that spherical cows, while wonderful, don't necessarily reflect the "real" world, and "Reality", by a better name, is "Physics."
As I wrote at my blog re your response to my comments re the mind-blowing Wheel paradox:
Yeah, I know what you're saying Phil, my critique was about the way you expressed it, to whit:
It's all about "cardinality", Phil, that the infinite numbers between 0 and 1 have a direct one-to-one correspondence between the infinite numbers on the complete number line.
Which makes NO SENSE the first time you hear it, but yah, after thought, it does. There is no need to bring amplitudes into the discussion, although, being the expert Philosopher that you are (and yes, you are IMO, zero sarcasm my friend, you're awesome), I'm more than willing to bring imaginary numbers and complex arithmetic from first principles into the discussion, if you are.Hi Steven,
I have some level of comfort when it comes to matters of the Aleph and yet that would be as much as to say I'm fairly comfortable as to finding myself in reality more generally. The reason I chose to us waves as they contrast to straight lines, is I find such a concept in itself a more everyday familiar way to express the manifestation and consequences related to cardinality.
That is there are mappings one can do on a one on one basis and others that you simply can't; such as the difference between the countables and uncountables from the Cantorian perspective. The question to be asked is how can all this extraness be accounted for and explained, which is to attempt to have it expressed mathematically in terms of dimensions (degrees of freedom) or physically if you prefer. Then of course we can ask if there truly is any distinction to be made between the two conceptualizations.
PhilCantor continued to correspond with Dedekind, sharing his ideas and seeking Dedekind's opinions, and he wrote to Dedekind in 1877 proving that there was a 1-1 correspondence of points on the interval [0, 1] and points in p-dimensional space. Cantor was surprised at his own discovery and wrote:-Cantor Biography
Didn't know about Cantor's sickness and eccentricity.
During the visit he apparently began to behave eccentrically, talking at great length on the Bacon-Shakespeare question; then he travelled down to London for a few days.Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp CantorThe surface of a marble table is spread out in front of me. I can get from any one point on this table to any other point by passing continuously from one point to a "neighboring" one, and repeating this process a (large) number of times, or, in other words, by going from point to point without executing "jumps." I am sure the reader will appreciate with sufficient clearness what I mean here by "neighbouring" and by "jumps" (if he is not too pedantic). We express this property of the surface by describing the latter as a continuum.Albert Einstein p. 83 of his Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
Some things have been triggered in my mind in regards to Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis.
This was part of my development as well as to what Einstein was referring too as well as how discreteness was highlighted as a opposing value toward continuity.
The continuum hypothesis states:
There is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and that of the real numbers.
So thanks Phil for reawakening.
This had me thinking as well as in relation to the Riemann Hypothesis.
Dyson, one of the most highly-regarded scientists of his time, poignantly informed the young man that his findings into the distribution of prime numbers corresponded with the spacing and distribution of energy levels of a higher-ordered quantum state. Mathematics Problem That Remains Elusive —And Beautiful By Raymond Petersen
Best,The feeling is in the air that we might be one step closer to a solution. Dyson might be right that the opportunity was missed to discover relativity 40 years earlier, but who knows how long we might still have had to wait for the discovery of connections between primes and quantum physics had mathematicians not enjoyed a good chat over tea. Prime Numbers Get Hitched by Marcus du Sautoy
If one considered the Pascal triangle and some association as to probabilities, what said which number system could have emerged?
From a "chaotic" system?:)
While experimentally satisfying as to disproving the value of supersymmetry in the LHC it is not easy to dismiss the philosophical argument for perspective of where life comes from and what emerges as numbered systems.
How does one not know that numbers as well as souls can emerge from the same place?
Instead of such a profound complexity where therein lie patterns for expression(Pascal triangle) this has not been identified other then as a number system representing a pattern in nature?
Best,Consider this:
The perspective of valuations with regard to the LHC is whether or not there is sufficient energy within the confines of LHC experiments in which to satisfy the questions about those extra dimensions. It seems the parameters of those decisions seem to be sufficient with current article links?
Best,/* ..what is to account for this seemingly marked distinction between the character of many eastern European thinkers and those of the west...*/
It's true, the easter civilization preffers more holistic approach historically, whereas the western one more individualistic one - but this difference is fuzzy today due the cultural convergence. SUSY in particular has been proposed symmetrically at both sides of the ocean. Regarding the tolerance and introspection, my ideas are generally ignored - if not censored - at both sides of the planet. Whereas I'm collecting the knowledge of the whole civilisation with no prejudices. The main problem of SUSY is, nobody actually understands this concept at the intuitive level, which should serve as a good clue of its validity.OK Phil, I gotcha. Sorry, I guess I was thinking like an Engineer, and you like a ... Philosopher. :-)
What the wheel paradox pointed out to me is how an animation in this case, or a mental construct in the case of the ancients (and ourselves today ... were we not so dependent on 'puters), conflicts with the REAL world.
In other words, if those were rubber band lines, the band on the top wheel would stretch, the one on the bottom, not.
Alternately, if they were gears, say a rack and pinion such that no stretching or slipping and sliding were allowed, the wheels would lock and nothing would move.Hi Steven,
Probably the easiest way to express it is that physical space requires dimension(s) while numbers don't. Never the less, with Cantor's revelations respective of the Aleph, although numbers don't have dimensions, they do have cardinality(s), which can accommodate their existence. It's too bad that the Pythagoreans hadn't realized this as to have saved us from a few thousands of years of confusion ;-)
"Thus Descartes was not so far from the truth when he believed he must exclude the existence of an empty space. The notion indeed appears absurd, as long as physical reality is seen exclusively in ponderable bodies. It requires the idea of the field as the representative of reality, in combination with the general principle of relativity, to show the true kernel of Descartes' idea; there exists no space "empty of field"."
-Albert Einstein, "Relativity: The Special and the General Theory", Crown Publishing (fifth edition, 1954)
PhilAs Woit had mentioned at his blog, there will be a TOE debate at The American Museum of Natural History, today (Monday March 7) at 7:30 pm, at The Annual Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate.
Given the big names: Smolin, Gleiser, Greene, and 3 others, I'm not sure how much time there will be for an actual debate. It would have been cool if it started at 10am and went on all day. Oh well.
I would very much like to attend, but other duties will prevent that, dangit. Unless Phil or others would like to jet down, then maybe I could clear my schedule. I'll pay the $5.50 tax that Pres. Obama charges you Canadians, Phil, I'm feeling that magnanimous. :-)
The master debaters will be:
Dr. Katherine Freese, professor of physics at the University of Michigan
Dr. Jim Gates, professor of physics at the University of Maryland-College Park
Dr. Janna Levin, professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard College
Dr. Marcello Gleiser, professor of physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College
Dr. Brian Greene, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University
Dr. Lee Smolin, theoretical physicist at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical PhysicsHi Steven,
"I'll pay the $5.50 tax that Pres. Obama charges you Canadians, Phil, I'm feeling that magnanimous. :-)"
If I had a private jet and not also being so tied up myself I'd make the trip despite your Commander and Chief's assessment of the burden my countryperson's inflict on your bottom line:-) Actually though this is sort of a rerun, as essentially the same group got together via video link set up by Perimeter Institute last June. I would suspect that as this one you're not going to gather much more then you already know.
Perhaps more interestingly in respect to the current discussion, I attended a public lecture given by Janna Levin , in which she outlines her book "A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines" which discusses the dichotomy formed between Godel and Turing, relating to their conceptions respective of reality (analog vs. digital). She also emphasises how between the two another dichotomy can also be recognized in respect to each regarding their personal demise; with Godel's mainly resultant of the demons found within, while Turing's more so by the demons without. However I found it a better exposition of their character as opposed to their work, if she had provided a more insightful explanation of the latter I believe the whole thing would have been of greater significant.
Phil/*..the true kernel of Descartes' idea; there exists no space "empty of field..*/
Such space would appear like void empty singularity for every gradient formed creatures like the people. In AWT the existence of space-time gradients is necessary (but not the only one) condition of existence of space.Hi Plato,
"So thanks Phil for reawakening"
Anytime I rattle something to have them aroused requires no thanks, particularly when all I offered is an echo from the past. Anyway I do find Cantor's conclusions interesting in regards to the character of an unbroken continuum as it relates to a broken one.
Interestingly enough when I was first alerted to this way of thinking I ran the Fibonacci sequenced stepped iterations though a spreadsheet and then plotted (line graphed) the results. Here it could be clearly seen, that although each successive solution was approaching Pi it waved back and forth around the solution in an ever diminishing fluctuation; as if seeking a space that couldn't be found. It was this experience which had me to better appreciate what Cantor must have felt when he came upon his startling conclusion in respect to the nature of the Aleph.
PhilRe space: it indeed cannot really be a "nothingness" for it has a certain number of dimensions that confine objects within it. Although we can construct an "empty space" as a mathematical entity (after all, a coordinate system) that doesn't mean a physical space could be like that and really be "nothing" - if any entities are within it, they are constrained as if in a membrane. Hence ideas of gravitons leaking into other dimensions etc.
Note, it is absurd and meaningless for one "nothing" to be demarcated inside another one. So if a hypersphere is inside a spatial 4-d continuum or we are a "bubble in a larger scheme, these are "things" embedded in other things. This is also why it is deceptive for people for argue that the universe "came from nothing" per quantum fluctuations - "fluctuations" require time and a manifold to operate within, they cannot act out of "nothing." The philosophical illiteracy and crudity of physical insight in many popularizations (and sadly, even what the physicists seem to be getting at in serious terms, sorry Hawking and Hartle et al) is unfortunate.
Since someone brought up digital and analog, and the post title implies some leeway, I again remind of my Essay at FQXi for the " ... Digital or Analog" contest (accessible from my link.)These are hard times for physicists working on supersymmetry.
Yeah, well, Lubos just posted his Lubosian defense up at his blog, so I guess we know where Zephir is going. Any chance he'll let your reply through, Zephir?
Regarding tonight's debate, thanks to Bee and Stefan's coverage here I think we know what Gleiser, Smolin, and Greene will say.
Well, um, it will be very interesting to see what Lee and Brian have to say about SUSY. But SUSY isn't the topic, is it? Hmm.
The other three I never heard of, but I did a little research:
Dr. Gates - Jim Gates is big on SUSY and SuperStrings. I suppose he'll defend his camp. Would be REALLY interesting if they get away from TOE and talk SUSY, though.
Dr. Levin - Janna Levin is into the universe being of finite size, a very interesting field in itself, as well as black holes and chaos. This makes her a natural for me to wish to hear most of all.
Dr. Freese - Katherine Freese is absolutely HUGE is the interface of particle physics and astrophysics, and IceCube in Antarctica is based in large part on her work. Another science giant I will be missing, dayam.Please excuse this impertinent newbie's question, but why are people talking about TOE when we don't even have GUT yet?
Also, Loop Quantum Gravity, cool enough, but ...
Isn't it possible, as Brian Greene stated in one of his books, that CDT, LQG and SST can all three exist in the same universe, just at different length and time scales? Well actually he didn't mention CDT, which reminds me ...
Where is CDT, what Musser calls "Buckyspace" in his book, NOW, Bee? I can't thank you enough for that LQG blog, but what of CDT? Anyone blog that? Anyone?
K, enough for today, I have horribly mundane things to do. Off to read Bee's latest post (SWEET to see Science stuff again), then off to the chores world and see ya'll manana./..but why are people talking about TOE when we don't even have GUT yet..*/
Because from such TOE could follow, no GUT scale actually exists. Recently some theories, inside of black holes another Universes exists became popular - where is the limit of mass/energy scale, after then? Not to say, the GUT scale appears inherently fuzzy in the same way, like the particle horizon of the observable Universe. All formal math will become poorly conditioned there, every formal model will be equally probable there."The progress [in string theory] over the last 10 years has only solidified my confidence that this is a worthwhile direction to pursue."
... Brian Greene, at the 11th Asimov Debate 3/7/11
Yeah, minus the last 2 months, Brian.
"Are you [string theorists] chasing a ghost or is the collection of you just too stupid to figure this out?" Neil deGrasse Tyson teased, beginning a friendly banter that would continue throughout the night.
Clara Moskowitz's article on Monday Night's debate can be found: here.Folks, do yourselves a favor and please click here, which is the 2nd weblog post up on the 11th Issac Asimov Memorial "Debates", by one of the participants, Marcelo Gleiser.
Simply, it's very frank and real. It doesn't pull any punches whatsoever, and is hands down one the most honest and best things I have EVER read about the current state of Theoretical and Experimental Physics.
Simply awesome.
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