text:
Theodoret of Cyrrhus
Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus, (c. 393 – c. 457) was an influential author, theologian, and Christian bishop of Cyrrhus, Syria (423-457). He played a pivotal role in many early Byzantine church controversies that led to various ecumenical acts and schisms.
According to Tillemont, he was born at Antioch in 393, and died either at Cyrrhus ("about a two-days' journey east of Antioch" or eighty Roman miles), or at the monastery near Apamea (fifty-four miles southeast of Antioch) about 457.
The following facts about his life are gleaned mainly from his Epistles and his Religious History (Philotheos historia). His mother having been childless for twelve years, his birth was promised by a hermit named Macedonius on the condition of his dedication to God, whence the name Theodoret ("gift of God"). He was brought up under the care of the ascetics and acquired a very extensive classical knowledge, and, according to Photius, a style of Attic purity. That he was a personal disciple of Theodore of Mopsuestia and heard the orations of John Chrysostom is improbable.
At a young age he became a lector among the clergy of Antioch, then resided a while in a monastery, was a cleric at Cyrrhus, and in 423 became bishop over a diocese about forty miles square and embracing 800 parishes, but with an insignificant town as its see city. Theodoret, supported only by the appeals of the intimate hermits, himself in personal danger, zealously guarded purity of the doctrine. He converted more than 1,000 Marcionites in his diocese, besides many Arians and Macedonians; more than 200 copies of Tatian's Diatessaron he retired from the churches; and he erected churches and supplied them with relics.
His philanthropic and economic interests were extensive and varied: he endeavored to secure relief for the people oppressed with taxation; he divided his inheritance among the poor; from his episcopal revenues he erected baths, bridges, halls, and aqueducts; he summoned rhetoricians and physicians, and reminded the officials of their duties. To the persecuted Christians of Persian Armenia he sent letters of encouragement, and to the Carthaginian Celestiacus, who had fled the rule of the Vandals, he gave refuge.
The Nestorian controversy
Theodoret stands out prominently in the christological controversies aroused by Cyril of Alexandria. Theodoret shared in the petition of John I of Antioch to Nestorius to approve of the term theotokos ("mother of God"), and upon the request of John wrote against Cyril's anathemas.
He may have prepared the Antiochian symbol which was to secure the emperor's true understanding of the Nicene Creed, and he was a member and spokesman of the deputation of eight from Antioch called by the emperor to Chalcedon. To the condemnation of Nestorius he could not assent. John, reconciled to Cyril by the emperor's order, sought to bring Theodoret to submission by entrenching upon his eparchy.
Theodoret was determined to preserve the peace of the Church by seeking the adoption of a formula avoiding the unconditional condemnation of Nestorius, and toward the close of 434 strove earnestly for the reconciliation between the Eastern churches. But Cyril refused to compromise and when he opened his attack (437) upon Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore, John sided with them and Theodoret assumed the defense of the Antiochian party (c. 439). Domnus II, the successor of John, took him as his counselor. After the death of Cyril, adherents of the Antiochian theology were appointed to bishoprics. Irenaeus of Tyre the friend of Nestorius, with the cooperation of Theodoret, became bishop of Tyre, in spite of the protests of Dioscorus of Alexandria, Cyril's successor, who now turned specially against Theodoret; and, by preferring the charge that he taught two sons in Christ, he secured the order from the court confining Theodoret to Cyrrhus.
Theodoret now composed the Eranistes (see below). In vain were his efforts at court at self-justification against the charges of Dioscurus, as well as the countercharge of Domnus against Eutyches of Apollinarism. The court excluded Theodoret from the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 because of his antagonism to Cyril. Here, because of his Epistle 151 against Cyril and his defense of Diodorus and Theodore, he was condemned without a hearing and excommunicated and his writings were directed to be burned. Even Domnus gave his assent.
Theodoret was compelled to leave Cyrrhus and retire to his monastery at Apamea. He made an appeal to Pope Leo the Great, but not until after the death of Theodosius II in 450 was his appeal for a revocation of the judgments against him granted by imperial edict. He was ordered to participate in the Council of Chalcedon, which created violent opposition. He was first to take part only as accuser, yet among the bishops. Then he was constrained (October 26, 451) by the friends of Dioscurus to pronounce the anathema over Nestorius. His conduct shows (though hindered from a statement to that effect) that he performed this with his previous reservation; namely, without application beyond the teaching of two sons in Christ and the denial of the theotokos. Upon this he was declared orthodox and rehabilitated.
The only thing known concerning him following the Council of Chalcedon is the letter of Leo charging him to guard the Chalcedonian victory (PG, lxxxiii. 1319 sqq.). With Diodorus and Theodore he was no less hated by the Monophysites than Nestorius himself, and held by them and their friends as a heretic. The Three-Chapter Controversy led to the condemnation of his writings against Cyril in the Second Council of Constantinople (553).
In literature Theodoret devoted himself first of all to exegesis. The Holy Scripture was his only authority, and his representation of orthodox doctrine consists of a collocation of Scripture passages. The genuineness and relative chronology of his commentaries is proven by references in the latter to the earlier. The commentary on the Song of Songs, written while he was a young bishop, though not before 430, precedes Psalms; the commentaries on the prophets were begun with Daniel, followed by Ezekiel, and then the Minor Prophets. Next that on the Psalms was completed before 436; and those on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Pauline Epistles (including Hebrews), before 448. Theodoret's last exegetical works were the interpretations of difficult passages in the Octateuch and Quaestiones dealing with the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles, written about 452 to 453.
Excepting the commentary on Isaiah (fragments preserved in the Catena (Biblical commentary)|catenae) and on Galatians ii.6-13, the exegetical writings of Theodoret are extant. Exegetical material on the Gospels under his name in the catenae may have come from his other works, and foreign interpolations occur in his comments on the Octateuch.
The Biblical authors are, for Theodoret, merely the mouthpieces of the Holy Spirit, though they do not lose their individual peculiarities. By the unavoidable imperfection of the translations, he states, the understanding is encumbered. Not familiar with Hebrew, Theodoret uses the Syriac translation, the Greek versions, and the Septuagint.
In principle his exegesis is grammatical-historical; and he criticizes the intrusion of the author's own ideas. His aim is to avoid a one-sidedness of literalness as well as of allegory. Hence he protests against the attributing of The Song of Songs to Solomon and the like as degrading the Holy Spirit. Rather is it to be said that the Scripture speaks often "figuratively" and "in riddles." In the Old Testament everything has typological significance and prophetically it embodies already the Christian doctrine. The divine illumination affords the right understanding after the apostolic suggestion and the New Testament fulfilment. Valuable though not binding is the exegetical tradition of the ecclesiastical teachers. Theodoret likes to choose the best among various interpretations before him, preferably Theodore's, and supplements from his own. He is clear and simple in thought and statement; and his merit is to have rescued the exegetical heritage of the school of Antioch as a whole for the Christian Church.
Apologetic, historical
Among apologetic writings was the Ad quaestiones magorum (429-436), now lost, in which he justified the Old Testament sacrifices as alternatives in opposition to the Egyptian idolatry (question 1, Lev., PG, lxxx. 297 sqq.), and exposed the fables of the Magi who worshiped the elements (Church History v. 38).
De providentia consists of apologetic discourses, proving the divine providence from the physical order (chapters i-iv), and from the moral and social order (chapters vi-x).
The Cure of the Greek Maladies or Knowledge of the Gospel Truth from the Greek Philosophy, of twelve discourses, was an attempt to prove the truth of Christianity from Greek philosophy and in contrast with the pagan ideas and practises. The truth is self-consistent where it is not obscured with error and approves itself as the power of life; philosophy is only a presentiment of it. This work is distinguished for clearness of arrangement and style.
The Church History of Theodoret, which begins with the rise of Arianism and closes with the death of Theodore in 429, falls far behind those of Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen. It contains many sources otherwise lost, specially letters on the Arian controversy; but it is defective in historical sense and chronological accuracy, and on account of Theodoret's inclination to embellishment and miraculous narrative, and preference for the personal. Original material of Antiochian information appears chiefly in the latter books.
Theodoret's sources are in dispute. According to Valesius these were mainly Socrates and Sozomen; Albert Guldenpenning's thorough research placed Rufinus first, and next to him, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Sozomen, Sabinus, Philostorgius, Gregory Nazianzen, and, least of all, Socrates. N. Glubokovskij counts Eusebius, Rufinus, Philostorgius, and, perhaps, Sabinus.
The Religious History, with an appendix on divine love, contains the biographies of thirty (ten living) ascetics, held forth as religious models. It is a document of remarkable significance for understanding the complexities of the role of early monastics, both in society and in the church; it is also remarkable for presenting a model of ascetic authority which runs strongly against Athanasius's Life of Antony. Upon the request of a high official named Sporacius, Theodoret compiled a Compendium of Heretical Accounts (Haereticarum fabularum compendium), including a heresiology (books i-iv) and a "compendium of divine dogmas" (book v), which, apart from Origen's De principiis and the theological work of John of Damascus, is the only systematic representation of the theology of the Greek Fathers.
Theodoret's Correspondence (mentioned below) is a primary source for the development of Christological issues between the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon and illuminates current administrative and social problems.
Among dogmatic treatises Theodoret mentions (Epist. cxiii, cxvi) having written against Arius and Eunomius, probably one work, to which were joined the three treatises against the Macedonians. There were, besides, two works against the Apollinarians, and of the Opus adversus Marcionem nothing has been preserved. The treatises On the Trinity and On the Divine Dispensation (cf. Peri theologias kai tes theias enanthropeseos; Epist. cxiii), assigned by A. Ehrhard to the work On the Holy and Life-giving Trinity and On the Incarnation of the Lord of Cyril of Alexandria, certainly belong to the Antiochian School and to Theodoret. To the same belong cap. xiii-xv, xvii, and brief parts of other chapters of the fragments which Jean Garnier (Auctarium) included under the title, Pentology of Theodoret on the Incarnation as well as three of the five fragments referred by Marius Mercator to the fifth book of some writing of Theodoret. They are polemics against Arianism and Apollinarianism.
Theodoret's Refutation of the twelve anathemas of Cyril is preserved in the antipolemic of Cyril (PG, cxxvi. 392 sqq.). He detects Apollinarianism in Cyril's teaching, and declines a "contracting into one" of two natures of the only begotten, as much as a separation into two sons (Epist. Cxliii). Instead of a "union according to hypostases," he would accept only one that "manifests the essential properties or modes of the natures." The man united to God was born of Mary; between God the Logos and the form of a servant a distinction must be drawn. Only minor fragments (cf. Epist. xvi) of Theodoret's defense of Diodorus and Theodore (438-444) have been preserved (Glubokovskij ii. 142).
His chief christological work is the Eranistes etoi polymorphos ("Beggar or Multiform") in three dialogues, describing the Monophysites as beggars passing off their doctrines gathered by scraps from diverse heretical sources and himself as the orthodox.
God is immutable also in becoming man, the two natures are separate in Christ, and God the Logos is ever immortal and impassive. Each nature remained "pure" after the union, retaining its properties to the exclusion of all transmutation and intermixture. Of the twenty-seven orations in defense of various propositions, the first six agree in their given content with Theodoret. A few extracts from the five orations on Chrysostom were preserved by Photius (codex 273). Most valuable are the numerous letters (Eng. transl., NPNF, 2 ser., iii. 250-348).
- Translations of Theodoret's writings can be found in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. A bilingual edition of the Eranistes was published by Oxford University Press in 1974
- Bilingual editions (Greek text with parallel French translation) of several of the texts mentioned above have been published in recent years in Sources Chrétiennes.
External links
Categories > Church History
Categories > Church History
Categories > Church History
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by century > 5th-century bishops
Categories > People > Saints
Categories > People > Saints > Byzantine Saints
Categories > People > Saints > Saints by century > 5th-century saints


text:
Uniquely productize next-generation opportunities
Appropriately pontificate synergistic para digms whereas 24/7 "outside the box". Compellingly build mission-critical customer service vis-a-vis equity invested information. Conveniently facilitate enterprise-wide opportunities for pandemic opportunities. Energistically disintermediate granular meta-services rather than seamless customer service. Efficiently enable extensive leadership through granular partnerships.
Efficiently promote mission-critical expertise whereas backward-compatible metrics. Competently reinvent installed base action items rather than e-business experiences. Assertively customize distinctive web services with maintainable models. Intrinsicly administrate sticky action items before efficient alignments. Competently morph cross-media scenarios for scalable bandwidth.
Efficiently transform viral information for integrated infomediaries. Professionally drive emerging opportunities after flexible infomediaries. Assertively disseminate emerging value with tactical vortals. Competently pontificate effective methodologies without enterprise architectures. Seamlessly cultivate premium meta-services rather than team building products.
Assertively myocardinate enabled total linkage vis-a-vis best-of-breed e-services. Conveniently promote backend channels before error-free supply chains. Monotonectally transform flexible.
- Published in Mobile, Technology

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"The Deglacial to Holocene Paleoceanography of Bering Strait: Results From the SWERUS-C3 Program", 2017 Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union (AGU). p. New Orleans, LA, 2017.
, "On the Existence of an East-Siberian-Chukchi Ice Sheet: New Insights from the SWERUS-C3 Expedition 2014", 2015 Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union (AGU). San Francisco, CA, 2015.
, "Amplified Climate Sensitivity of Northern Greenland Fjords through Sea-Ice Damming", Communications Earth & Environment, vol. 2(70). 2021.
, "Evidence for an Ice Shelf Covering the Central Arctic Ocean During the Penultimate Glaciation", Nature Communications, vol. 7. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2016. mayer-natcomm-01-2016.pdf (3.3 MB)
, "Post-Glacial Flooding of the Bering Land Bridge Dated to 11 cal ka BP Based on New Geophysical and Sediment records", Climate of the Past, vol. 13. Copernicus Publications, pp. 991-1005, 2017.


text:
Raphael Morgan
This article forms part of the series Orthodoxy in America | |
History | |
American Orthodox Timeline American Orthodox Bibliography Byzantines on OCA autocephaly Ligonier Meeting ROCOR and OCA | |
People | |
Saints - Bishops - Writers | |
Jurisdictions | |
Antiochian - Bulgarian OCA - Romanian - Moscow ROCOR - Serbian Ecumenical Patriarchate: | |
Monasteries | |
Seminaries | |
Christ the Saviour Holy Cross Holy Trinity St. Herman's |
St. Tikhon's St. Sava's St. Sophia's St. Vladimir's |
Organizations | |
Assembly of Bishops AOI - EOCS - IOCC - OCEC OCF - OCL - OCMC - OCPM - OCLife OISM - OTSA - SCOBA - SOCHA | |
Groups | |
Amer. Orthodox Catholic Church Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black Evangelical Orthodox Church Holy Order of MANS/CSB Society of Clerks Secular of St. Basil | |
Edit this box |
Very Rev. Raphael Morgan (born Robert Josias Morgan, 186x/187x - 19xx) was a Jamaican-American priest of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, designated as '"Priest-Apostolic" to America and the West Indies' ((Greek)
- Ιεραποστολος),[note 1][1] later the founder and superior of the Order of the Cross of Golgotha,[note 2] and thought to be the first Black Orthodox clergyman in America.
He spoke broken Greek, and therefore served mostly in English. Having recently been discovered, his life has garnered great interest, but much of his life still remains shrouded in mystery.
Fr. Raphael is said to have resided all over the world, including: "in Palestine, Syria, Joppa, Greece, Cyprus, Mytilene, Chios, Sicily, Crete, Egypt, Russia, Ottoman Turkey, Austria, Germany, England, France, Scandinavia, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Bermuda, and the United States."[2]
Early Life
Robert Josias Morgan was born in Chapelton, Clarence Parish, Jamaica either in the late 1860s or early 1870s to Robert Josias and Mary Ann (née Johnson) Morgan. He was born six months after his father's death, and named in his honour. Robert was raised in the Anglican tradition and was received elementary schooling locally.[2]
In his teenage years he travelled to Colón, Panama, then to British Honduras, back to Jamaica, and then to the United States. He became a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and left as a missionary to Germany.[2]
Period in the Church of England
He then came to England, where he joined the Church of England and was sent to Sierra Leona to the Church Missionary Society Grammar School at Freetown. He studied Greek, Latin, and other higher-level subjects. Being poor, Robert had to work to support himself, and worked as second master of a public school in Freetown. He took course in the Church Missionary Society College at Fourah Bay in Freetown, and was soon appointed a missionary teacher and lay-reader by the Episcopalian Bishop of Liberia, the Right Reverend Samuel David Ferguson.[2] Robert later said during a trip to Jamaica in 1901 that he served five years in West Africa, of which he spent three years in missionary work.[3]
After this Robert again visited England for private study, and then travelled to America to work amongst the African-American community as a lay-reader. He was accepted as a Postulant and as candidate for the Episcopalian deaconate. During the canonical period of waiting period before ordination, Robert again returned to England to study at Saint Aidan's Theological College in Birkenhead, and finally prosecuted his studies at King's College of the University of London.[2] The colleges however do not contain records of his attendance.[note 3]
Period in the Episcopal Church
He returned to America, and on June 20, 1895 was ordained as deacon[note 4] by the Rt. Rev. Leighton Coleman,[4] Bishop of the Episcopalian Diocese of Delaware, and a well-known opponent of racism. Robert was appointed honorary curate in St Matthews' Church in Wilminton, Delaware, serving there from 1896 to 1897,[5] and procured a job as a teacher for a few public schools in Delaware. From 1897 he served at Charleston, West Virginia.[5]
In 1898, the deacon Robert (Rev. R.J. Morgan) was transferred to the Missionary Jurisdiction of Ashville (now in the Diocese of Western North Carolina). By 1899 he was listed as being assistant minister at St. Stephen's Chapel in Morganton, North Carolina, and St. Cyprian's Church in Lincolnton, North Carolina.[6][note 5]
In 1901-1902 Rev. R. J. Morgan made a visit to his homeland Jamaica. In October 1901 he gave an address to the Jamaica Church Missionary Union, on West Africa and mission work.[3] He also gave a lecture in Port Maria, Jamaica in October 1902, entitled "Africa - lts people, Tribes, Idolatry, Customs."[7]
Between 1900 and 1906, Robert moved around much of the Eastern seaboard. From 1902 to 1905 Deacon Morgan served at Richmond, Virginia; in 1905 at Nashville, Tennessee; and by 1906 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his address care of the Church of the Crucifixion.[5][note 6]
At some point during this period he joined an off-shoot of the Episcopalian Church, known as the "American Catholic Church" (ACC), a sect founded by Joseph René Vilatte.[note 7] He is listed in the records of the Episcopal Church of the USA as late as 1908, when he was suspended from ministry on the allegations of abandoning his post.
Trip to Russia
By the turn of the 20th century, Robert seriously began to question his faith, and began intensive study of Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy over a three year period, to discover what he felt was the true religion. He concluded that the Orthodox Church was "the pillar and ground of truth", resigned from the Episcopalian Church, and embarked on an extensive trip abroad beginning in the Russian Empire in 1904.[2]
Once there, Robert visited various monasteries and churches, including sites in Odessa, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev, soon becoming quite the sensation. Sundry periodicals began publishing pictures and articles on him, and soon Robert became the Special Guest of the Tsar. He was allowed to be present for the anniversary celebrations of Nicholas II's coronation, and the memorial service said for the repose of the soul of the late Emperor Alexander III.[8]
Leaving Russia, Robert traveled Turkey, Cyprus, and the Holy Land, returning to America and writing an article to the Russian-American Orthodox Messenger (Vestnik) in 1904 about his experience in Russia. In this open letter, Morgan expressed hope that the Anglican Church could unite with the Orthodox Churches, clearly moved by his experience in Russia.[note 8] People of African descent were generally well-received within the Russian Empire, Morgan believed. Abram Hannibal had served under Emperor Peter the Great, and rose to lieutenant general in the Russian Army. Visiting artists, foreign service officials, and athletes, such as famous horse jockey Jimmy Winkfield, were likewise welcomed. With his experience of Russia and Russian Orthodoxy fresh in his mind, Morgan returned to the United States and continued his spiritual quest.[9]
Study and Trip to Ecumenical Patriarchate
For another three years, Robert studied under Greek priests for his baptism,[2] eventually deciding to seek entry and ordination in the Greek Orthodox Church. In January of 1906, he is documented as assisting in the Christmas liturgy.[note 9] In 1907 the Philadephia Greek community referred Robert to the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople armed with two letters of support. One was a recommendation from Fr. Demetrios Petrides, the Greek priest then serving the Philadelphia community, dated 18 June 1907, who described Morgan as a man sincerely coming into Orthodoxy after long and diligent study, and recommending his baptism and ordination into the priesthood. The second letter of support was from the "Ecclesiastical Committee" of the Philadelphia Greek Orthodox Church, stating he could serve as an assistant priest if he failed to form a separate Orthodox parish among his fellow Black Americans.[note 10]
In Constantinople, Robert was interviewed by Metropolitan Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia, one of the few bishops of the Ecumenical Patriarchate that could speak English and among the most learned of the Constantinopolitan hierarchs of that time. Metropolitan Joachim examined Robert, noting that he had a "deep knowledge of the teachings of the Orthodox Church", and that he also had a certificate from the President of the Methodist Community, duly notarized, stating that he was a man "of high calling and of a religious life".[10] Citing the Biblical exhortation "...the one who comes to Me I will certainly not cast out" (John 6:37), the metropolitan concluded that Robert should be baptised, chrismated, ordained, and sent back to America in order to "carry the light of the Orthodox faith among his racial brothers".
Baptism and Ordination
On Friday August 2, 1907 the Holy Synod approved that the Baptism take place the following Sunday in the Church of the Lifegiving Source at the Patriarchal Monastery at Valoukli, in Constantinople.[note 11] Metropolitan Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia was to officiate at the sacrament, and the sponsor was to be Bishop Leontios (Liverios) of Theodoroupolis, Abbott of the Monastery at Valoukli. On Sunday August 4, 1907, Robert was baptised "Raphael" before 3000 people;[2] subsequently he was ordained a deacon on August 12, 1907 by Metropolitan Joachim; and finally ordained a priest on the feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos, August 15, 1907.[note 12] According to the contemporary Uniate periodical L'Echo d' Orient, which sarcastically described Morgan's Baptism of triple immerson, the Metropolitan conducted the sacraments of Baptism and Ordination in the English language, following which Fr. Raphael chanted the Divine Liturgy in English.[11] Fr. Raphael Morgan's conversion to the Greek Orthodox Church made him the first African American Orthodox priest.
Fr. Raphael was sent back to America with vestments, a cross, and 20 pounds sterling for his traveling expenses. He was allowed to hear confessions, but denied Holy Chrism and an antimension, presumably to attach his missionary ministry to the Philadelphia church. The minutes of the Holy Synod from October 2, 1907, made it clear in fact that Fr. Raphael was to be under the jurisdiction of Rev. Petrides of Philadelphia, until such time as he had been trained in liturgics and was able to establish a separate Orthodox parish.[10]
Return to America
Ellis Island records indicate the arrival in New York from Naples, Italy, of the priest, Raffaele Morgan, in December 1907.[12] Once home, Fr. Raphael baptized his wife and children in the Orthodox Church. This is noted in the minutes of the Holy Synod of February 9, 1908, which acknowledges receipt of a communication from Fr. Raphael.
The last mention of Fr. Raphael in Patriarchal records is in the minutes of the Holy Synod of November 4, 1908, which cite a letter from Fr. Raphael recommending an Anglican priest of Philadelphia, named "A.C.V. Cartier",[note 13] as a candidate for conversion to Orthodoxy and ordination as a priest. Cartier was rector of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, in Philadelphia, from 1906-12.[note 14] Saint Thomas' served the African American elite of Philadelphia and was one of the most prestigious congregations in African American Christianity, having been started in 1794 by Absalom Jones, one of the founders, together with Richard Allen, of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.[13] According to the letter, Cartier desired as an Orthodox priest to undertake missionary work among his fellow blacks. Due to the fact that the jurisdiction over the Greek Church of the diaspora had been ceded by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the Church of Greece in 1908, the request was forwarded there. However according to Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis, a search of the Archives of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece did not turn up any correspondence with Fr. Raphael. His letter about A.C.V. Cartier is the only indication we have from Church records of his missionary efforts among his people.[10]
In 1909, his wife filed for divorce, on the alleged charges of cruelty, infidelity and failure to support their children. She left with their son Cyril to Delaware County, where she remarried.
Monastic Tonsure
In 1911 Fr. Raphael sailed to Cyprus, presumably to be tonsured a hieromonk. Possibly somewhere around this time, he founded the Order of the Cross of Golgotha (O.C.G.).[note 2] However, Fr. Oliver Herbel (AOC) has suggested that in 1911 Fr. Raphael was tonsured in Athens.[14] As is noted above however, the Archives of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece contain no information about Fr. Raphael.
Lecture Tour in Jamaica
The Jamaica Times article of April 26, 1913, wrote that Fr. Raphael was headquartered at Philadelphia where he wanted to build a chapel for his missionary efforts, that he had recently visited Europe to collect funds to this end, and had the intention of extending his work to the West Indies.[15]
Near the end of 1913, Fr. Raphael visited his homeland of Jamaica, staying for several months until sometime the next year. While there, he met a group of Syrians, who were complaining of a lack of Orthodox churches on the island. Fr. Raphael did his best to contact the Syrian-American diocese of the Russian church, writing to St Raphael of Brooklyn, but as most of their descendants are now communicants in the Episcopal Church, this presumably came to no avail. In December, a Russian warship came to port, and he concelebrated the Divine Liturgy with the sailors, their chaplain, and his new-found Syrians.
The main work of his visit, however, was a lecture circuit that he ran throughout Jamaica. Citing a lack of Orthodox churches, Fr. Raphael would speak at churches of various denomination. The topics would usually cover his travels, the Holy Land, and Holy Orthodoxy. At some point, he even made it to his hometown of Chapelton, to whom he remarked of his name change, "I will always be Robert to you".[16]
According to the Daily Gleaner edition of November 2, 1914, Fr. Raphael had just set sail back for America to start mission work under his Faith.[note 15]
Last Known Records
In 1916 Fr. Raphael was still in Philadelphia, having made the Philadelphia Greek parish his base of operations.[17] The last documentation of Fr. Raphael comes from a letter to the Daily Gleaner on October 4, 1916. Representing a group of about a dozen other like-minded Jamaican-Americans, he wrote in to protest the lectures of Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey.[note 16] Garvey's views on Jamaica, they felt, were damaging to both the reputation of their homeland and its people, enumerating several objections to Garvey's stated preference for the prejudice of the American whites over that of English whites.[9] Garvey's response came ten days later, in which he called the letter a conspiratorial fabrication meant to undermine the success and favour he had gained while in Jamaica and in the United States.
Little is known of Fr. Raphael's life after this point, except from some interviews conducted in the 1970s between Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis and surviving members of the Greek Community of the Annunciation/Evangelismos in Philadelphia, who recalled the black priest who was evidently a part of their community for a period of time. One elderly woman, Grammatike Kritikos Sherwin, remembered that Fr Raphael's daughter left to attend Oxford; another parishioner, Kyriacos Biniaris, recalls that Morgan, whose hand "he kissed many times", spoke broken Greek and served with Fr. Petrides reciting the liturgy mostly in English; whilst another, a George Liacouras, recalled that after serving in Philadelphia for some years, Fr. Raphael left for Jerusalem, never to return.[note 17][10]
The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America has no record either of Fr. Raphael Morgan, nor of Fr. Demetrios Petrides, as the first records for the Philadelphia community in the archives only began in 1918.
"Indirect Conversion of Thousands" Theory
During the 16th Annual Ancient Christianity and African-American Conference in 2009, Matthew Namee presented a 23-minute lecture on the heretofore recently discovered life of Fr. Raphael Morgan. He postulated that even if Fr. Raphael's missionary efforts failed outside of his immediate family, he may be indirectly responsible for the conversion of thousands, via contact with Episcopal priest George Alexander McGuire (1866-1934).
Fr. Raphael and George McGuire
Namee questions whence the idea came for McGuire to form namely an Orthodox church. Fr. Raphael Morgan and George McGuire had some striking similarities, including the facts that both:
- served concurrently or consecutively at St Philip's Episcopal Church in Virginia,[note 18]
- were ordained in the Episcopal Church around the same time,[note 19] and
- both later served in Philadelphia, each having had some contact with Rev. A.C.V. Cartier of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas.
Namee concludes that with so many coincidences, it is impossible for these two men to not have known one another; and therefore it must be from some influence - either in conversation with Fr. Raphael or through evangelism - that McGuire received his inspiration and came to know the Orthodox Church.
An additional point is that Garvey already knew of Fr. Raphael when McGuire joined his organization in 1920 (since Fr. Raphael had written the letter in 1916 protesting Garvey's lectures), which makes it likely that McGuire and Garvey had discussed Morgan at some point.
One deterrent from this theory comes in the familiarity that McGuire had with the Orthodox Church by his consecrator, Joseph René Vilatte.[note 20] At various points, Vilatte come into contact with both the Russian and Syriac Orthodox Churches in a move for Catholic-Orthodox reconciliation, having even been accepted for a while by Bishop Vladimir of Alaska in May of 1891.
African Orthodox Church
George McGuire became an associate of Marcus Garvey and his Black Nationalist UNIA movement, being appointed the first Chaplain-General of the organization at its inaugural international convention in New York in August 1920. On September 28, 1921, he was made a bishop of the American Catholic Church by Joseph René Vilatte, and soon after founded the African Orthodox Church, a non-canonical Black Nationalist church, in the Anglican tradition. Today, it is best known for its canonisation of Jazz legend John Coltrane.
Bishop George McGuire soon spread his African Orthodox Church throughout the United States, and soon even made a presence on the African continent in such countries as Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Between 1924-1934 McGuire built the AOC into a thriving international church. Branches were eventually established in Canada, Barbados, Cuba, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Miami, Chicago, Harlem, Boston, Cambridge (Massachusetts), and elsewhere. The official organ of AOC, The Negro Churchman, became an effective link for the far-flung organization.[13] However, around the time of the Second World War, the African churches were cut off from the American and in the post-war period had drifted far enough way to request and come under the omophorion of the Church of Alexandria. Thus in 1946 the Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa officially recognized and received the "African Orthodox Church" in Kenya and Uganda.[note 21]
Scholar Gavin White, writing in the 1970's, states that if Morgan tried to organize an African-American Greek Orthodox church in Philadelphia, its memory has vanished, and nothing whatsoever is known about Morgan in later years. However he hastens to add that:
- "...there can be no doubt that McGuire knew all about Morgan and it is very probable that he knew him personally. It is just possible that it was Morgan who first introduced McGuire to the Episcopal Church in Wilmington; it was almost certainly Morgan who introduced McGuire to the idea of Eastern episcopacy.[5]
This concurs with Matthew Namee's conclusion above, that it was Fr. Raphael who was George Alexander McGuire's inspiration to form namely an "Orthodox" church. In time the African-based portion of McGuire's "African Orthodox Church" in Kenya and Uganda, eventually did end up under the canonical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa in 1946. And although those two churches were already upon their own set path towards full canonical Orthodoxy, McGuire was an important part of that process at one stage, and Fr. Raphael Morgan in turn, was behind McGuire's inspiration to form an "Orthodox" church. In this regard, by planting the seed, it can be said that Fr. Raphael was also in some small measure, indirectly or incidentally, a part of that process in Africa as well.[note 22]
In the end, while Fr. Raphael Morgan's work among Jamaicans in Philadelphia appears to have been transitory, nevertheless he did serve as an important precedent for current African American interest in Orthodoxy,[note 23] especially that of Father Moses Berry, director of the Ozarks African American Heritage Museum, who served as the priest to the Theotokos, the "Unexpected Joy," Orthodox Mission (OCA) in Ash Grove, Missouri.[9]
See also
- Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia.
- George Alexander McGuire.
- Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black.
- Albert J. Raboteau.
- ↑ According to Fr. Raphael's biography in the Who's Who of the Colored Race, 1915, after he was ordained to the priesthood:
- "...at a special service he was duly commissioned Priest-Apostolic from the Ecumenical and Patriarchal Throne of Constantinople to America and the West Indies."
- "...at a special service he was duly commissioned Priest-Apostolic from the Ecumenical and Patriarchal Throne of Constantinople to America and the West Indies."
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The "Order of...", could be any number of things including:
- an honorarium bestowed upon him for service done in the Church;
- an entitling which lets others know of his special mission in the Patriarchate/Diocese etc.;
- a Society of monastics which transcends, because of rare circumstances, physical location;
- it is also possible that this was a monastic brotherhood formed for Black Orthodox Christians, since Morgan was referred to as the "founder and superior" of that religious fraternity, although the formation of formal monastic orders is not traditionally practiced in the Orthodox tradition. The Orthodox Church does not have separate Orders (Franciscan, Carmelite etc.) each with an entirely independent rule/ethos of life.
- ↑ It is possible that he academically audited the courses, attending the classes without receiving a formal grade.
- ↑ Fr. Raphael's name is given on a list of Black Episcopal ordinations as follows: "1895: Robert Josias Morgan, d. June 20, Coleman; deposed; went abroad and was made a priest in Greek Church." (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present. In: History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922). Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)
- ↑ St. Cyprian's Episcopal Church was established in 1886. The church once stood on West Church in Lincolnton. The property consisted of a church, a parsonage, and a building used as a school. The church was torn down during the 1970's. The church remained primarily black and was not integrated until 1979. (Jason L. Harpe. Lincoln County Revisited. Illustrated. Arcadia Publishing, 2003. pg.18.)
- ↑ The Church of the Crucifixion is the second-oldest African-American congregation in Pennsylvania (after the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, the oldest Black Episcopal congregation in the country), the sixth oldest in the country, and first Black parish formally admitted into union with Convention in 1847. A major Black cultural center in the late 19th and into the 20th Century, the Church of the Crucifixion played many key roles in African-American history for the City of Philadelphia and the country.
- ↑ The "American Catholic Church" (ACC) included the jurisdictions and groups which had come out of Joseph René Vilatte's Episcopal ministry or were under his oversight. Among them were French and English speaking constituencies, and Polish and Italian ordinariates. The ACC began on August 20, 1894, at a synod held in Cleveland, Ohio, where Polish-speaking parishes joined the jurisdiction of Bishop Vilatte, however the ACC was actually incorporated in July 1915.
- ↑ Upon Morgan's departure from Russia, he wrote a letter, which was reprinted in the October/November 1904 English supplement to the Vestnik (Russian Orthodox American Messenger), the official publication of the Russian Archdiocese in America. Here is the text of that letter:
- I, Robert Josias Morgan, a legally consecrated cleric of the American Episcopal Church, find it necessary to make it publicly known, that I am not a Bishop, as it was announced in some magazines and daily papers…
- … I am not a Bishop, but a legally consecrated deacon. I came to Russia in no way to represent anything, and I was not sent by anybody. I came as a simple tourist, chiefly with the object to see the churches and the monasteries of this country, to enjoy the ritual and the service of the holy Orthodox Church, about which I heard so much abroad. And I am perfectly satisfied with everything I saw and witnessed.
- The piety and the fear of God amongst the Russian clergy, both superior and lower, and of the lay people in general are too great to be spoken of. I like Russia, and as to the people I have simply grown to love them for their gentleness, their politeness, their amiability and kindness. It would seem as if the Christian religion penetrated the whole life of the people. This can be observed both in the private home life and the social life. You have but to go to Church in this country, and you immediately see, that there is nothing too valuable for the people to be offered to God. Note how they pray, how patiently they stand through the long Church services…
- Now, having spent here about a month, I leave your country with a feeling of profound gratitude and take back to North America all the good impressions I received here. And when there I shall speak boldly and loudly about the brotherly feelings entertained here in the bosom of the holy Orthodox Church towards its Anglican sister of North America, and about the prayers which are offered here daily for the union of all the Catholic Christendom.
- My constant humble prayer is for the union of all Churches, and especially the union of the Anglican faith with the Orthodox Church of Russia. I solicited the Metropolitans and the Bishops to grant me their blessing in regard to this prayer and obtained it. Now I pray daily and eagerly for a better mutual understanding between the character and their union. God grant a blessing to this cause and a hearing to our prayers and supplications. Let us solicit the prayers of the Saints. Let us seek the intercession of the holy Mother of God. Virgin Mary, pray for us!
- In conclusion I must say, that my stay in Russia did me personally much good: I feel now firmer and stronger spiritually than I did before I came.
- God bless the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of this country! God bless the Emperor and all the reigning family! God grant them a long life, peace and prosperity!
- I am sincerely yours in God and in the name of Mary,
- Robert Josias Morgan.
- I, Robert Josias Morgan, a legally consecrated cleric of the American Episcopal Church, find it necessary to make it publicly known, that I am not a Bishop, as it was announced in some magazines and daily papers…
- ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer reported on January 8, 1906, that "Rev. R.J. Morgan of the American Catholic Church, an off-shoot of the Protestant Episcopal Church, assisted."
- ↑ Summaries of the two letters are given in the Synodal Minutes of 19 July, 1907, presided over by Patriarch Joachim III, who introduced the subject of Morgan's baptism and ordination. As is stated in the second letter, Morgan's goal was to establish an Orthodox community of Blacks ( "...να πηξη ιδιαν ορθοδοξον κοινοτητα μεταξυ των εν Αμερικη ομοφυλων αυτου Νιγρητων..." ).
- ↑ The Patriarchal Monastery at Valoukli is where the cemetery with the graves of the Patriarchs is found.
- ↑ In a letter from the Chief Archivist of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, dated April 4, 1973, it was confirmed that the records of the Patriarchate show that Morgan was baptized and renamed "Raphael". (Manolis, Paul G. Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America. Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.467.)
- ↑ A.C.V. Cartier was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate by Bishop Charles Quintard in 1895, and ordained to the Episcopal priesthood in the same year by Bishop Quintard. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present. In: History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922). Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)
- ↑ George Alexander McGuire was rector of The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas in Philadelphia from 1902-05. He was succeeded as rector by A.C.V. Cartier (1906-12), the man whom Morgan recommended to the Ecumenical Patriarchate for Orthodox ordination.
- ↑ "Father Raphael, Priest of the Greek Orthodox Church, who has been in the island for some time, sailed for America last week. It is understood that he will return shortly to his native land and start mission work under his Faith. As is well known, the seat of the Greek Church to which father Raphael belongs is not far from the theatre of war, so there is no hope of the Father returning to his Mother Church in a hurry. Father Raphael is a native of Clarendon." (The Daily Gleaner. November 2, 1914. p.13.)
- ↑ Fr. Raphael signed the letter as "Father Raphael, O.C.G., Priest-Apostolic, the Greek-Orthodox Catholic Church." Other signatories included: Dr. Uriah Smith, Ernest P. Duncan, Ernest R. Jones, H.S. Boulin, Phillip Hemmings, Joseph Vassal, Henry H. Harper, S.C. Box, Aldred Campbell, Hubert Barclay, John Moore, Victor Monroe, Henry Booth, and many others. The full text of the signed letter is printed in:
Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey. In: The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919. University of California Press, 1983. pp.196-197. - ↑ If this is true, one possibility is that Fr. Raphael remained with the monastic Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre, of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.
- ↑ St. Philip's Episcopal Church of Richmond, Virginia lists Morgan as having been the rector of their parish for a short time in 1901. He is listed as the rector from "1901-April 1901." Morgan's predecessor at St. Philip's was a certain "Reverend George Alexander McQuire," who served the parish from April 1898 to November 1900.
- ↑ Rev. Morgan was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 20, 1895, by Bishop Leighton Coleman. George McGuire was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 29, 1896 by Bishop Boyd Vincent, and to the Episcopal priesthood in 1897 by the same. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present. In: History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922). Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)
- ↑ In his quest to obtain valid Apostolic Orders, Fr. McGuire had himself re-ordained Bishop in the American Catholic Church, being consecrated on September 28, 1921, in Chicago, Illinois, by Archbishop Joseph René Vilatte, assisted by bishop Carl A. Nybladh who had been consecrated by Vilatte. However the Orthodox Church considers Villate to be an Episcopi vagantes.
- ↑ These became the Archdiocese of Kenya, and the Archdiocese of Kampala and All Uganda.
- ↑ Orthodoxy in East Africa had a rather unique origin as it was not the result of missionary evangelism, nor was it originally inspired by European/White introduction. Orthodox Christianity was unlike all other denominations, appealling to East Africans, such as the Kikuyus, especially because it was never associated with racism, colonialism or religious imperialism. (Metropolitan Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya. The Origin of Orthodoxy in East Africa.)
- ↑ As one historian has commented: "There seems to be some traction between historical Orthodoxy and African Christianity, rediscovered by African American intellectuals like Fr. Raphael Morgan and Professor Raboteau. The African American tradition in the Orthodox Church is obviously an exception to the rule. Consider Raboteau's colleague at Princeton, Cornell West, who has most eloquently addressed Constantinian Christianity in his Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight against Imperialism (2004). For West and other liberal intellectuals, Orthodoxy's historical connections with empire (Byzantium) and state (modern nationalism) is a major turn-off. But for other intellectuals that have arrived to Orthodoxy through Anglicanism/Episcopalianism, the Orthodox tradition is softer and philosophically fundamental." (Kourelis, Kostis. "Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest." Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and History, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology. Thursday, October 29, 2009.)
- ↑ Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey. In: The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919. University of California Press, 1983. pg.197.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Mather, Frank Lincoln. Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. pp.226-227.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Daily Gleaner. West Africa. October 9, 1901. p.7.
- ↑ The New York Times. Bishop Coleman of Delaware Dies. Sunday December 15, 1907. Page 13. (Obituary)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 White, Gavin. Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church. In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century. G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.
- ↑ Lumsden, Joy, MA (Cantab), PhD (UWI). Father Raphael: His Background and Career. September 29, 2007.
- ↑ The Daily Gleaner. Port Maria: A Lecture. October 7, 1902. p.29.
- ↑ The Daily Gleaner. Priest's Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox Church: His Extensive Travels. July 22, 1913.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Fr. Oliver Herbel. Morgan, Raphael. The African American National Biography at mywire.com. 1-Jan-2008.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Manolis, Paul G. Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America. Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480.
- ↑ Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique. Echos d'Orient . Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56.
- ↑ Lumsden, Joy. Robert Josias Morgan, aka Father Raphael. Jamaican History Month 2007. February 16, 2007.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tony Martin. McGuire, George Alexander. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, 2004. p.776.
- ↑ Fr. Oliver Herbel (AOC). Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission. Orthodox Christians for Accountability. April 22, 2009.
- ↑ The Jamaica Times. Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest. April 26, 1913.
- ↑ The Daily Gleaner. Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad. August 15, 1913.
- ↑ Namee, Matthew. The First Black Orthodox Priest in America. OrthodoxHistory.org (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.
External Links
- Annunciation/Evangelismos Greek Orthodox Church, Philadelphia, PA. (Fr. Raphael's home parish, ca.~1907-1916)
- Orthodox Christianity in Uganda at Wikipedia.
- Sean D. Hamill. Black Priest Shares Past, Enlightening White Town, in: The New York Times: Religion Journal. January 29, 2010. (Print edition: January 30, 2010, on page A12 of the New York edition.) (Re: Fr. Moses Berry).
Contemporary Sources
- ATOR (African Times and Orient Review), (Feb. - Mar. 1913), p.163.
- Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present. In: History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922). Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922.
- Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). Afro-American Clergy List. Priests. In: Afro-American Church Work and Workers. Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Print, 1904.
- Hill, Robert A., Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919. University of California Press, 1983. ISBN 9780520044562
- Mather, Frank Lincoln. Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915.
- The Daily Gleaner. West Africa. October 9, 1901. p.7.
- The Daily Gleaner. Priest's Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox Church: His Extensive Travels. July 22, 1913.
- The Daily Gleaner. Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad. August 15, 1913.
- The Daily Gleaner. November 2, 1914. p.13.
- The Jamaica Times. Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest. April 26, 1913.
- Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique. Echos d'Orient . Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56.
- (Publication of the Roman Catholic Uniate Assumptionist Fathers, located in Chalcedon; for an online translation of the French article, see: Fr. Andrew S. Damick. "The Sorcerer on the Golden Horn." OrthodoxHistory.org (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). December 15, 2009.)
- Work, Monroe N., (Ed.). The Negro Yearbook, an Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro, 1921-1922. The Negro Year Book Publishing Company: Tuskegee Institute, 1922. (1921 edition, p.213.)
Modern Sources
- Herbel, Fr. Oliver (OCA). Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission. Orthodox Christians for Accountability. April 22, 2009.
- Herbel, Fr. Oliver (OCA). Morgan, Raphael. The African American National Biography at mywire.com. 1-Jan-2008.
- Herbel, Fr. Oliver (OCA). Ph.D. Dissertation: "Turning to Tradition: Intra-Christian Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church," 349 pp., under the direction of Michael McClymond (2009).
- Herbel, Fr. Oliver (OCA). "The Relationship of the African Orthodox Church to the Orthodox Churches and Its Importance for Appreciating the Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black," Black Theology (forthcoming).
- Joseph René Vilatte at Wikipedia.
- Kourelis, Kostis. "Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest." Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and History, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology. Thursday, October 29, 2009.
- Lumsden, Joy, MA (Cantab), PhD (UWI). Father Raphael.
- Lumsden, Joy. Robert Josias Morgan, aka Father Raphael. Jamaican History Month 2007. February 16, 2007.
- Manolis, Paul G. Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America. Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480. ISSN: 1105-154X
- Martin, Tony. McGuire, George Alexander. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, 2004.
- Metropolitan Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya. The Origin of Orthodoxy in East Africa. Orthodox Research Institute.
- Namee, Matthew. The First Black Orthodox Priest in America. OrthodoxHistory.org (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.
- Namee, Matthew. Fr. Raphael Morgan: America's First Black Orthodox Priest. 16th Annual Ancient Christianity & African-American Conference. June 03, 2009.
- Namee, Matthew. "Robert Josias Morgan visits Russia, 1904." OrthodoxHistory.org (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). September 15, 2009.
- Namee, Matthew. "Fr. Raphael Morgan against Marcus Garvey." OrthodoxHistory.org (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). March 29, 2010.
- White, Gavin. Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church. In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century. G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.
Categories > Church History
Categories > OrthodoxWiki > Articles in a series
Categories > OrthodoxWiki > Featured Articles
Categories > People > Clergy > Priests
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity from Protestantism
Categories > People > Missionaries
Categories > People > Monastics
Categories > Places > Orthodoxy by country > Orthodoxy in America


text:
There are many factors to take into consideration when you are trying to decide if you should flip houses in Atlanta or become a landlord. Depending on your available finances, time, and your financial plans, you may want to consider a combination of both, at some point along your future investment path.
Pros of Flipping
The ability to turn a large profit over a short time period may be the reason you decide you should flip houses in Atlanta over becoming a landlord. It can be exciting to see the dreams you have for a property come true and know that you have provided a family with a great new home. It is also thrilling to see your bank balance to have a sudden dramatic increase. You will also be building your network in the real estate arena as well as with professionals in the contracting field.
Cons of Flipping
Your ability to balance all of the work involved in flipping and managing a team is another factor to consider when deciding if you should flip houses in Atlanta or become a landlord. Careful attention must be paid to schedule to avoid conflicts in the progress of the work, which can be extremely costly. Not only financially, but professionals will also quickly tire of their schedules being thrown off due to your lack of planning expertise. Keep in mind that it requires the ability to be on top of the current inventory available for flipping and jump on new bargains as quickly as they enter the market. You'll need to have ready funds for the investment as well as a strong rehab team on-call to quickly turn around the property for a profit. You will also want to be prepared for unforeseen and often very expensive issues that arise in renovating older properties.
Pros of Being a Landlord
The trend in steadily rising housing values over time makes holding onto real property as an investment vehicle very appealing. The current state of your finances is a decisive factor in whether or not you should flip houses in Atlanta or become a landlord. If you have funds that can be set aside for the long term, in addition to other income, you can build your real estate holding portfolio as a landlord, while building long term equity. In this way, your investment grows in value while you're realizing a monthly income stream.
Cons of Being a Landlord
On the other hand, while weighing the pros and cons about flipping houses in Atlanta or become a landlord, you'll also want to have funds set aside for all of the contingencies that are possible when owning real estate, in addition to the investment in the property. You will be wearing the hat of a lawyer, to avoid violating any federal laws governing rental properties and advertising as well. Likewise, you will need to build a relationship of trust with your tenants, helping to ensure better overall care of the property. You will need to handle any troubles your tenants have in a timely manner, showing them that you're responsive to their needs and care for the property as well. You need to accomplish all of this while wearing the hat of the friendly but firm rent collector. If this sounds overwhelming, you may wish to consider hiring professionals and allowing them to
We are happy to help you weigh all of the factors to help you decide if you should flip houses in Atlanta or become a landlord. Joint Venture Real Estate will help you find the best properties for your investment needs. Just send us a message or give us a call at 678-871-5855 today!


text:
Sometimes it happens that even when the budget is carefully planned, financial difficulties arise. No matter how well we know about finances, none of us is protected against unforeseen situations, when we need the money ASAP. And we cannot wait for a long period until the bank approves and gives us credit.
How Can Installment Loans Massena Direct Lenders Be a Solution for Your Problems?
In such cases, personal loans can help you. Unlike payday loans, this loan is for a long period of time and can be paid for several steps (weekly or monthly). There are a total of 8 companies in Massena of New York that can provide you with no credit check installment loans Massena in New York NY. Unlike traditional credits, you do not need a good credit score to get this one. But it's important that you have a steady income. Because you will have to give the lender access to your account, to which your salary is transferred every month. And on a monthly basis, on a set day, the loan repayment amount will be automatically deducted from that account.
Installment loans Massena online are very convenient, but at the same time, very expensive. The interest rate on such loans is quite high, so you should think carefully before deciding to get it. Perhaps a better solution is to borrow from friends or relatives, or still to use a credit card?
What Needs Payday or Installment Loans Can Cover?
- You need to improve your credit score. Banks don't trust you anymore and don't want to issue large long-term loans because you had problems before? Bad credit installment loans Massena in New York can help you solve this frustrating problem. Lenders are not interested in your credit rating. They'll give you the money But your credit history, in turn, will improve if you pay back your loan without delay. And for banks, you are already a reliable borrower and can hope for bigger sums.
- There is an unpredictable situation in your life that does not fit into your budget: health problems, car breakdown, and the need for urgent repairs at home, the need to buy new equipment (e. g, computer for work). This all leaves you with no choice but to spend a large sum of money at once. The Massena installment loans no credit check will help you handle such a force-majeure without much stress and bad consequences. In addition, if you stretch such large expenses for several months, they will not be so felt, wouldn't they?
- You have no job, but you need money urgently. You don't need to confirm your permanent job to get an installment loan. All you have to do is confirm that you have some stable income. Pension payments, social security payments, income from renting out your apartment will be suitable for this.
- You need to make a big purchase. It could be anything. Spending a large amount at once is quite difficult. It could be a hole in the budget. Besides, sometimes there may just be no money. Loans can soften the impact. And you don't have to worry about not being given the money for that particular purpose. The lender has absolutely no interest in what you're going to spend the money on.
- Urgent travel. Sometimes you have to go somewhere unexpectedly, and sometimes the cost of a carefully planned trip exceeds what you originally had. In this case, a loan will help you to fix the situation.
Benefits of Installment Loans in Massena for Bad Credit
If you really need the money now and have no other options than the loan, let's clarify, what are the advantages of an installment loan as opposed to a usual loan? Here we look at some of them.
- The size of installment loans in Massena for bad credit depends on your needs, how much money you need right now, and what time period you need to repay it.
- You can get more money. It is much more convenient than small payday loans. A larger amount of money makes you feel more confident and secure. And focus on solving your problem without being afraid to be left without food or the possibility to make a monthly payment.
- You do not need to return the entire sum at once. If the amount is large enough, spread the load on your budget for several months. It is up to you to decide how long you want the loan back, depending on your personal financial
- Transparent terms and a fixed lender's commission, and this is almost the biggest advantage! For most credits, the loan fee can change, and you never know exactly how much you will payback. But not with installment loans in Massena direct lenders! And this condition allows you to feel more relaxed and stable.
- You can get them very quickly, unlike regular bank credits, when you have to wait a few days for the bank's decision and then for some more time until the money is transferred. In the case of an installment loan, you will receive the money within one banking day. It will be delivered to your bank account, and you can withdraw it at any time from the nearest ATM. And you don't have to wait long lines at the cash desk. This is very convenient for urgent emergency situations when there is no possibility of waiting.
- It's very easy to get a loan, even if you've had problems paying off your credits before. Lenders usually don't do a credit check. They're more interested in your ability to pay now. You give information about your average monthly income, applying for online installment loans in Massena of New York.
- You can apply without even going to the credit office. Do you need the money urgently? The decision came suddenly, and there's no time or opportunity to go somewhere? Just fill out the online form any time of day, wherever you are. All you need is internet, smartphone, computer.
- You don't need collateral to get a loan. The loan is issued based on your income and the information you submitted. And that's all.)
How Secure and Legal Are No Credit Check Installment Loans Massena in New York NY?
Another issue that probably disturbs everyone who decided to use installment loans Massena direct lenders is security. How can a lender break the law? What consequences could there be for my family and me?
First of all, installment loans are legal in Massena of New York NY, and you do not commit a crime using such service. Loans with no credit check are not safe enough for the lenders themselves. After all, they do not require collateral. It means that if the borrower fails to repay the loan or simply disappears (moves to another city, changes his address, job, and contacts), the lender will just lose his money. And if by traditional credits the guarantee of reliability can be a good credit history, in the case of Massena installment loans bad credit, we can only hope for a permanent income from the borrower. This is the reason for the high credit rates.
The borrower, in turn, should pay attention to the presence of a license of the lender. Issues related to loans are regulated by both U.S. law and the law of each individual state. Some lenders may work without a license. However, they must export the laws of their state or tribe to the state in which they work. They usually act in accordance with their own laws. So, before you take a loan, examine the specifics of lending in Massena of New York. This will help you avoid unpleasant misunderstandings.
The information you give when you apply for installment loans Massena in New York direct lenders is confidential. It's protected, and the lender has no right to disclose it. Otherwise, he's breaking the law. Applying for a loan in Massena is absolutely free. There shouldn't be any commission. Lenders demanding payment for a loan can be fraudulent.
What Do You Need to Ask a Lender About Monthly Payments and Fees
You can adjust the fees that you pay for this loan yourself. To do this, you should make some calculations. There are two factors that affect the commission rate:
- Loan size
If you plan to borrow less than $600 with the repayment period of 6 months, it is more advantageous to get online installment loans in Massena of New York NY. For a higher sum, it is better to take a payday loan (of course, if it is possible) and renew it for several times.
- The period of repayment
If you can repay the entire amount at once, or if you do not plan to roll over the loan more than three times, a payday loan will be a better solution for you. If you plan to split your payments more than three times, it is better to use an installment loan.
If you pay your loan earlier, the processing fee will be partially reduced. If you decided not to use the loan, just cancel the transaction and return the entire sum in one time (within three days without commission).
To make payments, you can choose one of two possible ways:
- Automatic transfer from your account on the specified day.
- Send a check or money order to the direct lender installment loans Massena, New York (in this case, you'll need to pay an additional charge).
What Do You Need to Remember Applying for Online Installment Loans in Massena of New York NY
So, you live in Massena of New York, and you need money right away. You've thought it over and calculated all the other options and realized that an installment loan is the best solution. The most important thing right now is to find a reliable licensed lender. Each state has its own terms and conditions (this includes such issues as maximum loan amount, terms, and possible interest rates). Below are a few things that are worth considering for a borrower in Massena of New York:
- If you take installment loans in Massena, you can get a maximum of $2,500 - $3,000. Take this sum into account when planning your budget.
- The size of the loan will be affected by the repayment period. You can set and adjust it yourself.
- There is no minimum loan repayment term in Massena of New York NY. But it can be set by the lender. Discuss this with him before signing the contract.
- The maximum loan term for no credit check installment loans Massena in New York is 180 days.
- You can return the money before the agreed period. However, the lender may not charge you any additional fees!
- Carefully examine the creditor's commission and interest. It is 10% of the outstanding unpaid principal balance; Credit Access Business is 528% of the outstanding unpaid principal balance of up to $1,500 and a standard commission rate of 408% on loans of $1,500 to $3,000.
Important Requirements for Getting Online Installment Loans Massena in New York
Here are some of the most important conditions for obtaining an installment loan:
- You must be at least 18 years old when you apply for a loan. This condition is set by U.S. law and is mandatory. Credit offices that give money to underage people are breaking the law. Be careful!
- Installment loans in Massena for bad credit can only be granted to legal residents of the state. To check this, you are asked to provide your address when you send an application.
- You must have a minimum stable monthly income of $1,000. This way, the lender insures oneself that you can't repay the debt. However, you do not have to have a permanent job. Your credit history is not important, either.
- For the same reason, you do not have to be bankrupt.
- When you apply, be sure to provide a valid phone number and e-mail address for your contact. Otherwise, the lender will simply not be able to contact you, and you will not get a loan!
What Do I Need to Receive an Instalment Loan in Massena of New York?
If you intend to receive online installment loans Massena in New York NY, two options are at your disposal:
- Find the best direct lender company's office nearby and visit it.
- Find the web site of the lender company you and apply online.
Applying for an installment loans Massena in New York the following information is mandatory:
- Full name and date of birth
- Residential address and contact details (telephone number, e-mail address)
- Your ID, Social Security Card
- Bank account number. It will be used to transfer money, and later the monthly payment will be debited from it.
- Income information.
You will most likely be refused a loan if we find out that the information is incorrect or if you have not provided any essential information at all.
The lender will then check your application. This usually takes a few minutes. If you meet all the requirements and you've filled out the application correctly and truthfully, the lender will approve online installment loans Massena in New York NY. You will then get a call to clarify some contract details and also to receive approval confirmation.
Applications are processed very quickly, and you will receive the money within 24 hours. But if you leave the online application after 6 pm, it will be processed only the next day. If it is on Friday night, you will not receive an answer until Monday. This is important to take into account if you need the money urgently.
Online installment loans in Massena of New York will help you solve difficult situations. But you have to be careful. So that the loan itself is not such a difficult situation, you should carefully examine all the details, as well as estimate your ability to return the money. In this way, you will ensure your safety.


text:
When you want to tweak, edit, or just add a personal touch to your mobile photos before sharing them with your friends, a good photo filter app is a useful tool to have. Whether you love adding filters and effects to your photos or dislike the category entirely, we asked you which apps you thought were the best at the job. You responded with your nominations, and we looked at the five best photo filter apps based on your suggestions. Now we're back to highlight the overall winner.
Snapseed, originally from Nic Software and now a free, easy-to-use, and feature-packed Google app available for iOS and Android, took the top spot with over 33% of the overall vote.
In second place with close to 25% of the votes cast was Camera+ for iOS, a full-featured camera app replacement that just happens to offer some great personalization tools as well. Behind it in third place with just over 20% of the overall vote was the juggernaut in this category, Instagram, which aside from dealing with some terms-of-service issues (which it's now trying to put behind them,) just isn't that popular with you guys by comparison. Behind Instagram with 11% of the overall vote was Camera ZOOM FX, our favorite camera app for Android and a great camera replacement that again happens to have some great filters and tweaking options. Bringing up the rear with just over 10% of the overall vote was Pixlr-o-matic, another free customization app for iOS and Android.
The Hive Five is based on reader nominations. As with most Hive Five posts, if your favorite was left out, it's not because we hate it—it's because it didn't get the nominations required in the call for contenders post to make the top five. We understand it's a bit of a popularity contest, but if you have a favorite, we want to hear about it. Have a suggestion for the Hive Five? Send us an email at [email protected]!


text:
Beaphar Dental Sticks
Notify me when back in stock
Shipping Info
Free shipping on orders over £39
Estimated to be delivered in 1-2 working days.
We are committed to reducing our packaging as well as using recycled and recyclable packaging where possible. For every order, we plant one tree to contribute to a healthy planet.Need some help or advice?
Head to our contact us page and use our chat feature or drop us an email: email@example.com'd love to help!
• Improve oral health.
• Natural low in fat.
• No artificial flavourings or colourants.
All of our orders are packed with care and shipped from our warehouse in the United Kingdom.
United Kingdom
Orders over £39 - Royal Mail Tracked (2 Business Days) - FREE
Orders under £39 - Royal Mail Tracked (2 Business Days) - £3.45
Orders over £39 - Royal Mail Tracked (Next Business Day) - £1.45
Orders under £39 - Royal Mail Tracked (Next Business Day) - £4.99
Europe & USA
Express Shipping between £6.99 - £29.99 depending on order size.
Dispatch time
We're speedy here at Nest Pets. Orders are usually dispatched same day before 3pm. Please note that when we experience a very high amount of orders, usually during holiday periods such as Christmas, it can take up to 1 business day for your order to be processed and dispatched. We ask all customers to please provide as much information as possible when checking out. Adding a phone number and an email address is also advisable so that drivers can contact you in case they are having trouble.RETURNS POLICY
100% satisfactory is our priority, so we make it easy to return! We have a 30-day return policy, which means you have 30 days after receiving your item to request a return for a full refund, no questions asked. To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging.


text:
If you're thinking about leasing gym equipment we offer this service to a wide variety of clients. You can choose from many different fitness machines for a bespoke lease plan including treadmills, cross-trainers and weights.
Gym equipment is made to help improve and maximize physical strength within athletes and individuals and to increase core power through pushing your body. Fitness machines can be found in a variety of styles with assorted features to benefit and operate every single section of the body to do this.
Fitness machines are intended to benefit health and athleticism within the three main kinds of physical activity that help to benefit different aspects of fitness and health. The apparatus provides the individual with the necessary self-confidence to motivate them outside of the gym.
We provide the leasing of a variety of different equipment to gyms and individuals who are wanting to achieve their goal of body power and fitness. Leasing can be a great way for individuals to gain muscle as they can gain the apparatus for a certain, specific amount of time.
The 1st is aerobic exercises, this form of fitness focuses primarily on boosting cardiovascular stamina which helps to further improve health levels over a long period. This is one of the main goals of athletes and individuals associated with the gyms. We offer many different types of equipment through leasing to cater for this including treadmills and indoor cycles.
The next main type is an anaerobic exercise which is strength and weight training; this is meant to build up your muscles and allows the gym-goers to build self-confidence because they are proud of their bodies. By leasing gym equipment such as weights and weights, we can provide customers with an excellent method of increasing body strength.
These sorts of physical athleticism could also help to enhance the bone structure, enhance hand-eye coordination and boost your balance. This is mainly more of a temporary boost, so without routine training progress may be lost quickly.
The next exercising type is flexibility which massively helps to improve your range of movement with your muscles. This can lead to improvements in performance in overall athleticism which we help with by leasing a range of apparatus such as cross-trainers.
There are a huge amount of benefits to often doing physical activity. Exercising doesn't only increase your muscles and also endurance; it can help to combat numerous different health issues as a result of it improving your body's immune system along with dealing with body weight.
The body lets out endorphins once you perform a lot of physical activity, this can help to put sports athletes in a much better state of mind which helps to benefit their mood.
Distinct genders usually give attention to different aspects of exercise, men will usually spend time carrying out the anaerobic physical activity to boost strength in addition to muscle density. Nevertheless, ladies often perform much more aerobic exercise than males having said that the two sexes generally perform cardio exercises.
Females also tend to devote a lot of time in the gym improving overall flexibility, this will help keep their muscles limber which is very important for several dancers plus gymnasts.
At gyms, the most common equipment is often fitness treadmills and even cross-trainers. This kind of exercise concentrates on all the larger muscle groups, resulting in a marked improvement to your athleticism level together with your stamina.
For anaerobic activity, the preferred apparatus consists of weight lifting machines and general weights for resistance and muscle training. This targets improving power, and that's why males are likely to take more time undertaking anaerobic exercise as an alternative to aerobic.
Regular exercise helps you to deal with what are known as 'diseases of affluence, which are heart disease, diabetes issues as well as obesity. These specific sorts of conditions can happen as a result of a poor diet as well as not carrying out the regular activity, a respectable diet and fitness are vital for good wellbeing.
We can also help anyone thinking about renting gym equipment. Check out our page on equipment available to rent here https://www.commercialfitnessequipmentpackages.co.uk/finance/rental/
For any further enquiries on leasing gym equipment please feel free to contact our team through the contact form on this page. We will respond as soon as possible to help resolve any issues you may have regarding exercise machines or the financial aspect of leasing the apparatus.


text:
AGS Collectibles
Gremlins 1984 Trading Card #80 Fiend On The Screen ENG Topps L016506
Gremlins 1984 Trading Card #80 Fiend On The Screen ENG Topps L016506
TRADING CARDS / COLLECTIBLES : Non-Sport Trading Cards.
BRAND : Topps
CONDITION : NM ( Near Mint )
This card comes from a 85 000 cards collection that has been built from mint card boxes and sealed packs. Although we decided to put this grade and so it might even lead to a higher one.
About Grading...
As we are not certified graders, all grades are only based accordingly to our knowledge and years of experience. We although always prefer to stay more conservative while evaluating an item instead of pushing up the grades. Do not hesitate to contact us in any matter.
( Please refer to pictures to form your own opinion. )


text:
Mural classical frame with bamboo ornaments ceiling
Mural classical frame with bamboo ornaments ceiling
39.00 €
- Stock: In Stock
- Model: 0103-1473
Available Options
Photo murals of non-woven material basis is the easiest modern method for bonding wall coverings worldwide.
Outside view: Face - printed, white smooth media, high density of 150 g. / Square meters, look like thick paper / difference is the basis behind
Back - Non-woven textile, microscopic natural fibers
Print: aqueous inks, opaque, odorless and no toxins.
Key features:
100% ecological product and inks for interior does not contain PVC material certified by European standards
- very quick and easy install and removal
- requires no glue on the material
- the glue is applied only fast on the wall
- Removing dry for a few minutes in full
- there is no overlap of the parts
- wide panels easy to install


text:
Our Window Gold Matt heat sealable stand up pouches with resealable zipper, tear notch and an expandable bottom gusset are constructed with food grade materials.
We stock different sizes of stand up pouches and it is suitable for 5g to 10kg weights (Choose the Correct Size alternatively refer to size chart). Stand up pouches also known as doypack, resealable bags.
Product Features:
Made with superior quality MATT BOPP+PET+POLY (Window Side) / Back Side: MATT BOPP+VMPET+POLY
Multi-material multi-layer to increase shelf life
Barrier protection against moisture, odors, and UV light
Durable resealable zip lock closure
Easy-to-open tear notches enables consumers to open pack without use of scissors
Heat sealable to create an airtight, tamper evident environment
Lightweight and ships flat for easy storage
Product Details:
Outer Dimensions: Approx 120mm(W) X 200mm(H) + 70mm(G)
Capacity: Approx 100grams (based on whole bean coffee)
Material: MATT BOPP+PET+POLY (Window Side) / Back Side: MATT BOPP+VMPET+POLY
Suitable for dry food, sports nutrition, powder, coffee, tea, pet food, confectionery, etc.
Not suitable for hot product application.
Note: Due to different bulk densities of product they will hold different measures of product dependent on the product you are packing. Above dimensions may very +/- 2mm.
Image is for illustrative purposes only. If colour is important please ask for a sample.
100g Window Gold Matt Stand Up Pouch/Bag with Zip Lock [SP9]
- Product Code: W-GMSP100_100
- Availability: 46
- excl. GST$33.63
Require A Sample?
Select upto 5 Free Samples from our product ranges
Selected Just For You
Tags: 100g, window, Gold, matt, [SP9], W-GMSP100_100


text: News NHS should be "first port of call" for potential Brexit savings, says Hunt BMJ 2017; 359 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5191 (Published 08 November 2017) Cite this as: BMJ 2017;359:j5191 Article Related content Metrics Responses Peer review Author Information Please note: Rapid responses are electronic comments to the editor. They are not journal articles. The BMJ reserves the right to remove responses which are being wilfully misrepresented as published articles. Your name will be published with your response. Include your email address in the text of your response if you want others to see it. Once posted, you will not have the right to remove or edit your response. The BMJ may remove or edit responses at its absolute discretion, including when it is brought to our attention that a response spreads misinformation. A proportion of responses will, after editing, be published online and in the print journal as letters, which are indexed in PubMed. Rapid responses are not indexed in PubMed Rapid responses have their own URL and are retrievable in an advanced search of thebmj.com in perpetuity. If patients could recognise themselves, or anyone else could recognise a patient from your description, please obtain the patient's written consent to publication before sending your response. See our patient consent form. The word limit for rapid responses is 600 words (excluding references). By submitting this rapid response your are agreeing to our full rapid response requirements. Please do not include original data in your response, unless it has already been published in a peer reviewed journal and you are able to include a reference. Last Name * First name and middle initial * Email * Occupation * Affiliation Address * Note: this will be visible to readers on the site. Please only include information you are comfortable with being published. Other Authors Twitter feed me Statement of Competing Interests A competing interest exists when professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as patients' welfare or the validity of research) may be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain or personal rivalry). Find out more. Competing interests? * Yes No Please describe the competing interests Compose response Title * Note: avoid using generic titles like 'in response to the authors' - be specific. Contents Dear Editor More information about text formatsPlain textWeb page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Terms and Conditions I Agree * Read terms and conditions Vertical Tabs


text:
2% of 680 is 13.6
Calculating the percent of a number is simple, but can be a bit tricky if you aren't careful. Luckily, it only requires a few basic operations to get to the solution: multiplication and division. If you haven't learned what percentage is yet, or would like a little refresher, feel free to check out our introduction to percentage page. To solve percentage problems, it may be useful to use a calculator. But, they can also be solved by hand or in your head (if you practice enough). So, how did we get to the solution that 2 percent of 680 = 13.6?
Percentage is one of the most commonly used math concepts in day-to-day life. You can use it to calculate a gratuity on a restaurant bill, or to grade your score on an exam. It is useful to know your percentages well!
Another important application of percentage calculations is understanding how to calculate percentage increases and decreases. When you want to find out how much something has increased or decreased in percentage terms, you can use the following formula:
Percentage Change = (New Value - Old Value) / Old Value × 100%
Percentage change is used in various fields such as finance, economics, and science to measure the growth or decline of a specific value. It helps us to better understand and compare the changes in values over time.
Here are some common real-world applications of percentage calculations:
Here are some tips to help you become proficient in percentage calculations:
Understanding how to compare percentages is important when making decisions or evaluating options. Let's use the example of 2% of 680 to demonstrate how to compare percentages.
Percentage increase and decrease are essential concepts for understanding how values change over time. Here's how to calculate the percentage increase or decrease using the example of 2% of 680:
Percentages can be converted to fractions and decimals for various mathematical operations or to express values in different forms. Here's how to convert 2% to a fraction and a decimal:


text:
In search of aviation parts such as XC4005XL30PQ208C? Look no further than Aerospace Store, an all-inclusive marketplace for top-quality aviation parts and components. Owned and operated by leading aerospace and defense distributor ASAP Semiconductor, Aerospace Store has access to an inventory of more than two billion new and obsolete parts including XC4005XL30PQ208C part and many more. Anything not in stock can be sourced via ASAP's international supply chain network that spans the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, ASAP Semiconductor is the only independent distributor with a strict no China sourcing policy, guaranteeing that each aircraft part you buy from us is fully traceable or comes directly from a trusted manufacturer like Xilinx.
Note : We will not share your information to any third parties.
Aerospace Store features a broad selection of aviation parts in stock and ready to ship with short lead times and competitive prices. Whether you need parts from Xilinx or any other top aviation manufacturers, Aerospace Store can get you the parts you need. To hear from our team of dedicated account managers, simply submit an RFQ below. To do this, simply enter the part number XC4005XL30PQ208C and quantity you need, when you need the part by, and some basic contact information. After that, submit! Account managers are standing by and will respond to you in 15 minutes or less.
We Hope that You Will Visit Us Again the Next Time You Need NSN Parts and Make Us Your Strategic Purchasing Partner.
Request for Quote


text:
An official website of the United States government.
Recyclers of Hazardous Waste are defined on this site, as sites that managed hazardous waste on-site via metals recovery, solvents recovery, or other recovery. The Recyclers of Hazardous Waste report provides the number of sites recycling hazardous waste and the quantity of hazardous waste that was recycled, by State.
To produce the Recyclers of Hazardous Waste report, select a report cycle and a location (State, Region, or National).
Once you specify the report cycle, and location, click "Submit" to generate the report.


text:
All About Air Purifiers provides this website as a service. This is our personal website. We accept advertising from third parties. We do not, however, accept any free air purifiers for review.
While the information contained within the site is periodically updated, no guarantee is given that the information provided in this website is correct, complete, and/or up-to-date.
The materials contained on this website are provided for general information purposes only and do not constitute legal or other professional advice on any subject matter. All About Air Purifiers does not accept any responsibility for any loss which may arise from reliance on information contained on this site.
Permission is given for the downloading and temporary storage of one or more of these pages for the purpose of viewing on a personal computer. The contents of this site are protected by copyright under international conventions and, apart from the permission stated, the reproduction, permanent storage, or retransmission of the contents of this site is prohibited without the prior written consent of All About Air Purifiers.
Some links within this website may lead to other websites, including those operated and maintained by third parties. All About Air Purifiers includes these links solely as a convenience to you, and the presence of such a link does not imply a responsibility for the linked site or an endorsement of the linked site, its operator, or its contents (exceptions may apply).
This website and its contents are provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement.
Reproduction, distribution, republication, and/or retransmission of material contained within this website are prohibited unless the prior written permission of All About Air Purifiers has been obtained.


text:
STM Design Casual Shoes 666 Red
- Precio normal
- $59.90
- Precio de venta
- $59.90
- Precio normal
- $69.90
- Precio unitario
- Translation missing: es.general.accessibility.unit_price_separator
Los gastos de envío se calculan en la pantalla de pagos.
100 % Original Design
Highest Quality Guarantee
- Try on both shoes.
- Perspiration absorbed by shoes evaporates in 24 hours. Therefore, to wear shoes in 1-day interval provides to use them for longer.
- Wet and damp shoes should be dried at room temperature, not under radiator or sun.
- Remove the dirt with a slightly damp cloth to clean shoes.
- It is recommended that shoes to be stored after they ventilated against possible odor and to be put in shoetree to prevent deformation.
- It is natural that shoes on which has running stitch take in water from the seam. Therefore, it is recommended not to walk in ponds with this type of shoes as much as possible, especially in rainy and snowy weather.
- Sweaty feet and snow can cause salinization on the leather. Please be advised this inconvenience that we can not prevent.
- If there is no 'waterproof' or 'water resistant' designation on each type of shoe, it may take in some water in the rain.
Body Sizes vary according to the brands.
In order to choose the right size that suits you, you can take the measurements of your favorite Shoes and make a comparison by paying attention to the dimensions below.