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Simple & Dainty Sterling Silver Diamond Cubic Zirconia Stackable Cluster Ring
Simple & Dainty Sterling Silver Diamond Cubic Zirconia Stackable Cluster Ring
💎 Top of Ring Width: 17.2mm
💎 Band Width: 1.1mm
💎 Shank Width: 1.1mm
💎 Stone Material: Diamond Cubic Zirconia
💎 Stone Shape: Round and Square Clusters
💎 Total Number of CZ Stones: 10
💎 Stone Setting: Prong
💎 Metal: 925 Sterling Silver
💎 Plating: Rhodium Plated
💎 Finish: High Polish
💎 Weight: 1g
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
All Pink Ice Jewelry sales are final. We do not accept returns or offer refunds. We may offer exchanges under limited circumstances. If
an item is damaged as a result of quality or craftsmanship, customers
must e-mail their concern within 7 days of receiving items for an
exchange. Items mailed back for exchange must be unworn, undamaged, and
in their original packaging. Pink Ice Jewelry reserves the right to
refuse any exchange where the product returned is not in its original
condition. The customer is responsible for all shipping charges.
To start a return, you can contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
your return is accepted, we'll send you instructions on where to send
your package. Items sent back to us without first requesting a return
will not be accepted.
You can always contact us for any return question at email@example.com.
Damages and issues
Please inspect your order upon
reception and contact us immediately if the item is defective, damaged
or if you receive the wrong item. If you encounter an issue with your purchase please reach out to us at firstname.lastname@example.com so that we can evaluate the issue and make it right.
We will notify you once we've received
and inspected your return, and let you know if the refund was approved
or not. If approved, you'll be automatically refunded on your original
payment method within 10 business days. Please remember it can take
additional processing time for your bank or credit card company to
process and post the refund.
If more than 15 business days have passed since we've approved your return, please contact us at email@example.com.
Care Instructions
Care Instructions
Sterling silver will tarnish with time
and wear. To take care of your sterling silver jewelry, polish it
frequently with a soft dry cloth to avoid tarnish (do not use silver
We recommend you wear your sterling silver jewelry daily as your natural body oils prevent it from tarnishing.
Take off when showering, swimming, gardening, cooking or working out.
Avoid contact with substances containing sulfur (eggs, mustard, onions, mayonnaise, latex and wool) because it causes sterling silver to tarnish.
Take off when working with household cleaning products and chemicals.
Avoid getting make-up, cosmetics, perfume, hairspray or hand sanitizer on your jewelry.
Avoid exposure to chlorine/pools, hot tubs, spas and saltwater/ocean.
Clean using warm water, dry thoroughly and polish using silver polishing cloth.


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Leather Bed - Model 84
- Designer Leather Bed
- Double, Queen, King Size
- Top Grain Cowhide Leather
- Solid Timber Frame
This modern, designer Leather Bed is the ultimate addition to the modern, contemporary home.
With supreme comfort and luxurius design, this is the Leather Bed for you if you are looking to make a bold statement!
*Note: Mattress not included. Only the bed frame and base pictured is included.

subset: commoncrawl


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Father Son Locksmith Store - Eviction Locksmith Service 33331 - 954-366-2493
Locksmith issues haunt people every now and then and can get painfully annoying if not addressed immediately. Father Son Locksmith Store is one of the finest professional locksmith firms and provides expert solutions to all kinds of issues related to your locks and keys. We have a dedicated team of locksmiths who are all true professionals, trained to carry out even the most intricate locksmith task with remarkable expertise. What makes us the best locksmith firm in Fort Lauderdale, FL 33331? We are available 24x7, offer quality service at budget-friendly rates, and answer to all emergency needs in the quickest turnaround time.
We have been in operation for over 10 years and understand well enough how locksmith issues can impede your daily activities. Lost keys, accidental lockouts, damaged and rusty locks, etc. are all common issues that we deal with on a daily basis. Apart from that, our team also provides high-security solutions to businesses, implements master key systems, creates advanced keys, and more. Our strength lies in the fact that we never turn away any call, no matter what occasion or time of the day. A team of Father Son Locksmith Store locksmiths is always on standby to rush to your aid during an emergency issue and that is why a vast majority of clients in Zip Code 33331 rely on us for their diverse locksmith needs.
Automotive service:
Gone are the days when you used to be at the mercy of your car dealer and wait for days to get your ignition issues resolved. Father Son Locksmith Store provides expert automotive locksmith services at rates cheaper than your car dealer.
Residential service:
Accidently locked out of the house? Want to replace a rusty old lock with a sturdy new one? Call us for any kind of home locksmith needs. We can make new keys, install new locks, assist during emergencies, and more.
Commercial service:
Father Son Locksmith Store truly fortifies your business by installing sturdy locks, creating master key systems, and crafting high-security keys. We also specialize in providing emergency locksmith services to our commercial clients.
We have answered to all the locksmith needs of Zip Code 33331 unfailingly for over 10 years and leave no stone unturned in retaining our successful position. For this reason, we maintain state-of-the-art mobile vehicles to provide services at the convenience of your location, hire well-trained experts who excel in the locksmith craft, and constantly upgrade our technology to keep up with the times. If you want to experience our expert services in Fort Lauderdale, FL area, call us today at 954-366-2493!


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Calendar of gene regulation events online
The calendar below lists webinars and meetings relevant to gene regulation. All times below are in GMT (London, UK). The link to export these events to Outlook or Google Calendar is at the bottom of this page. The calendar below includes all virtual events related to gene regulation, not limited to those organised by Fragile Nucleosome. To add your own virtual event that is not yet in our list, please email [email protected]. For a list of conferences and schools in the area of gene regulation, see the separate page "conferences, meetings and schools". Also, have a look at complementary lists of webinars at The Node (developmental biology and related subjects), Physics of Life (biophysics) and mathseminars.org (mathematics & physics).
- This event has passed.
Nucleus Science Talks
March 14, 2023 @ 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm GMT
FreeAn online seminar series featuring scientific talks about the nucleus, curated by @patriciadavidso and @cadotbru. The schedule is below.


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Spectrum Computing acknowledges the rights of copyright holders. If you would like your software removed from our preservation archive and made unavailable for download (or have any queries) please contact [email protected].
Modern ZX-Retro Gaming (English)
RZX Archive (English)
User Reviews (formerly Spectrum 20)
The TZX Vault (Software Preservation)
ZX-Art (Spectrum Graphics)
ZXInfo (ZXDB Front End)
Every Game Going (Multi-Platform Archive)
World Of Spectrum Classic (Spectrum Archive)


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Submitted. .
Geophysical studies across rivera plate and jalisco block, Mexico: Tsujal project. Seismological Research Letters. 87:59–72.
2016. Synthetic Modeling for an Acoustic Exploration System for Physical Oceanography. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 33:191–200.
2016. Comparative study of objective functions to overcome noise and bandwidth limitations in full waveform inversion. Geophysical Journal International. 203:632–645.
2015. The complex 3-D transition from continental crust to backarc magmatism and exhumed mantle in the Central Tyrrhenian basin. Geophysical Journal International. 203:63–78.
2015. Compressional tectonic inversion of the Algero-Balearic basin: Latemost Miocene to present oblique convergence at the Palomares margin (Western Mediterranean). Tectonics. 34:1516–1543.
2015. The continent-ocean transition on the northwestern South China Sea. Basin Research. :n/a––n/a.
2015. Fluid accumulation along the Costa Rica subduction thrust and development of the seismogenic zone. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth. 120:67–86.
2015. Quaternary tectonic activity of the Carboneras Fault in the La Serrata range (SE Iberia): Geomorphological and chronological constraints. Tectonophysics. 663:78–94.
2015. .
2015. Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore-onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth.
2015. Strike-slip faults mediate the rise of crustal-derived fluids and mud volcanism in the deep sea. Geology. 43:339–342.
2015. Structure of the mantle beneath the Alboran Basin from magnetotelluric soundings. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 16:4261–4274.
2015. Subducting seamounts control interplate coupling and seismic rupture in the 2014 Iquique earthquake area. Nature Communications. 6
2015. TOMO3D: 3-D joint refraction and reflection traveltime tomography parallel code for active-source seismic data-synthetic test. Geophysical Journal International. 203:158–174.
2015. Active faulting in the Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere offshore the SW Iberian margin. Significance for earthquake and tsunami hazard. Una aproximación multidisciplinar al estudio de fallas activas, los terremotos y el riesgo sísmico. :81–84.
2014. .
2014. Comparison of objective functionals in seismic full waveform inversion. 76th European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition 2014: Experience the Energy - Incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2014. :2819–2823.
2014. Constraints on a shallow offshore gas environment determined by a multidisciplinary geophysical approach: The Malin Sea, NW Ireland. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 15:867–885.
2014. The continent-ocean transition of the rifted South China continental margin. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 16:14917.
2014. Crustal thinning in the northern Tyrrhenian Rift: Insights from multichannel and wide-angle seismic data across the basin. 119:1655–1677.
2014. Drilling Glacial Deposits in Offshore Polar Regions. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 95:277–278.
2014. Evidences of quaternary active faults across the Djibouti high and the Adra Ridge (Alboran Sea). Una aproximación multidisciplinar al estudio de fallas activas, los terremotos y el riesgo sísmico. :97–100.
2014. Fine grained bodies as evidence of "dusty" paleoearthquakes in the Alhama de Murcia Fault geological record. Una aproximación multidisciplinar al estudio de fallas activas, los terremotos y el riesgo sísmico. :23–26.


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What the gang of "Big Bang Theory" does not know that there was a small virus on the back lot tour... known as the "Wolowitz"...
4 comments:
[Retro] Love the Comments, not so much the Spam... so I have enough man-pills, fake gold watches and link-back options that I need. Thank you!
No More Anonymous Monkeys to much of the above mentioned, sorry sometimes I get some nice things.
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Post Comments (Atom)


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I am a/an :
Job Code Number
Job Description
Dollar General Corporation has been delivering value to shoppers for more than 80 years. Dollar General helps shoppers Save time. Save money. Every day!® by offering products that are frequently used and replenished, such as food, snacks, health and beauty aids, cleaning supplies, basic apparel, housewares and seasonal items at everyday low prices in convenient neighborhood locations. Dollar General operated 16,979 stores in 46 states as of October 30, 2020. In addition to high-quality private brands, Dollar General sells products from America's most-trusted manufacturers such as Clorox, Energizer, Procter & Gamble, Hanes, Coca-Cola, Mars, Unilever, Nestle, Kimberly-Clark, Kellogg's, General Mills, and PepsiCo. Learn more about Dollar General at www.dollargeneral.com.
Function as a Cashier and/or Stocker and act in a lead capacity in the absence of the Store Manager or Assistant Store Manager. Assist in setting and maintaining plan-o-grams and programs. Provide exemplary customer service. Perform other duties as necessary to maximize profitability, customer satisfaction, and teamwork, while protecting company assets and reducing losses.
DUTIES and ESSENTIAL JOB FUNCTIONS:
Unload trucks according to the prescribed process for the store.
Follow company work processes to receive, open and unpack cartons and totes.
Stock merchandise; rotate and face merchandise on shelves and build merchandise displays.
Restock returned and recovered merchandise.
Order zones and drop shipment categories, following prescribed ordering practices, as assigned by the Store Manager.
Assist in plan-o-gram implementation and maintenance.
Assist customers by locating merchandise.
Bail cardboard and take out trash; dust and mop store floors; clean restroom and stockroom.
Greet customers as they enter the store.
Maintain register countertops and bags; implement register countertop plan-o-grams.
Operate cash register and flatbed scanner to itemize and total customer's purchase; bag merchandise.
Collect payment from customer and make change.
Clean front end of store and help set up sidewalk displays.
Help to maintain a clean, well-organized store and facilitate a safe and secure working and shopping environment.
Provide superior customer service leadership.
Follow company policies and procedures as outlined in the Standard Operating Procedures manual, Employee Handbook, and company communications.
Open and/or close the store under specific direction of the Area Manager.
In the Absence of the Store Manager or Assistant Store Manager:
Authorize and sign for refunds and overrides; count register; make bank deposits.
Assist in maintaining strict cashier accountability, key control, and adherence to company security practices and cash control procedures.
Monitor cash levels and make appropriate drawer pulls as directed by the Store Manager.
Monitor cameras for unusual activities (customers and employees), if applicable.
Supply cashiers with change when needed.
Complete all required paperwork and documentation according to guidelines and deadlines as assigned.
KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS:
Ability to perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and percentages.
Knowledge of cash handling procedures including cashier accountability and deposit control.
Ability to perform IBM cash register functions.
Knowledge of cash, facility and safety control policies and practices.
Effective interpersonal and oral & written communication skills.
Understanding of safety policies and practices.
Ability to read and follow plan-o-gram and merchandise presentation guidance.
WORK EXPERIENCE and/or EDUCATION:
Relocation assistance is not available for this position.
Dollar General Corporation is an equal opportunity employer.
Requisition ID: 2016-86446
Street: 1335 W MICHIGAN AVE
External Company URL: http://www.dollargeneral.com
Online: https://nlx.jobsyn.org/9387c086dc4148a99f1ee3d9056268de151
Dollar General
Employer Website
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers
High School Diploma/Equivalency


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This gallery quality mirror is framed in a Hamilton Style with Silver Lip oval frame. This classic 1" wide profile features silver leafing on the inside lip giving a feel of distinction to this beautiful frame. The Vintage Cherry is great for antique replica frames as well as contemporary designs. The finish has beautiful red undertones that go well with cherry wood and many other finishes. This frame is hand painted and finished with techniques from over one hundred years ago. The hand applied silver leaf lip provides a rich accent on the inside lip of this frame. For additional details on the Hamilton Style Vintage Cherry with Silver Lip Oval wall mirror, see features and specifications below:
- Gallery Quality, Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) , Hand Finished Oval Frame
- Gallery Quality, Distortion Free Oval Mirror
- Easy to Hang - The Hanging Hardware is pre-installed for either vertical or horizontal hanging.
- This oval framed mirror comes with your choice of a 1" Beveled Mirror or a Flat (non-beveled) mirror.
- Multiple Colors and Sizes available.
- FREE Ground Shipping anywhere in in the USA and Canada - Allow 3 Business days before shipping.
- Expedited shipping available.
Free Color Samples
- Can't decide? We will send you 3 color chips FOR FREE to help you be 100% sure of your color choice.
- To order your Free Color Chips give us a call at 877-576-1888.
30-day Guarantee
- We stand behind our products. If you are unhappy with your oval mirror, simply ship it back to us within 30-days, and we will refund the full price of your purchase.
- This decorative mirror frame is made from Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) using wood sources that meet the highest standards of environmental compliance and responsible forestry practices
Additional Information
Shape: |
Oval |
Finish Name: |
Vintage Cherry with Silver |
Color Group: |
Cherry |
Frame Width in Inches: |
0.9375" |
Material: |
Name: |
Hamilton |
Style: |
Simple |
Style: |
Contemporary |
Style: |
Vintage |
Size: |
13"x17" to 16"x20" |
Size: |
21"x27" to 24"x30" |


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10 Questions to Ask Your Hardwood Flooring Supplier Before Purchasing
1. If there are any problems, who do I call?
Most flooring stores will be buying the flooring they are selling to you from a distributor who purchases the flooring from the manufacturer. Sometime, especially with products coming from overseas there is more than one distributor involved. In many cases if you have an issue with your flooring and complain to the retailer they will call the distributor and let them know there is a complaint, the distributor will tell the manufacturer there has been a complaint. In most cases the manufacturer will deny the complaint and if you are lucky they will even send a representative to deny your claim in person. Most retailers would correct a manufacturing problem to make their customers happy because they are the ones dealing with the customers face to face but in reality they do not have the final say unless they want to replace the flooring out of their own pocket. The manufacturer is so far removed from the actual client that they know it is better for their bottom line to deny the claims and assume they will never have to deal with the issue because they are so protected by their warranties. Picture a person at a desk with a pile of hardwood flooring claims on their desk with a big stamp that says "denied".
2. How durable is the finish?
Durability is probably the most important things to consider when purchasing a prefinished hardwood floor. The finish is what you are actually walking on and must be very durable to have a beautiful lasting floor for years to come. Many imported prefinished floors have very little durability and the finish can be taken off with a few swipes of 150 grit sandpaper. When buying hardwood there are a few ways to test the finish: one would be to take 150 grit sandpaper and rub the finish to see if the finish will come off and two would be to firmly press the edge of a coin against the finish, a quality finish will dent but not come off. Quality manufacturers will have aluminum oxide or better yet titanium oxide hardeners in the finish. Many offshore manufactured products will say they have aluminum oxide in them but actually do not. To test if a hardwood floor has aluminum oxide in the finish simply put the sample in your microwave and if it sparks, it does indeed have aluminum oxide in the finish. I know that may seem a little strange but it's something worth checking because hardwood flooring is a big investment and you want to know the durability of the finish.
3. What is the structural and surface warranty?
This is a very important part of choosing a hardwood floor. Anyone can put a 25, 30, or 40 year warranty on the finish of their product but the real question is; will they stand behind their warranty. Many large hardwood flooring manufacturers have warranties that are up to ten pages. When you read through the entire warranty and all of the exclusions it really gives the client the impression that there is actually no warranty at all. The problem is most consumers don't take the time to read the warranty and are shocked when they find out the issue they are having with the flooring is one of the "exclusions". Most warranties will say that there is an industry standard of 5% margin for error which means that when your entire floor is complete the manufacturer is allowed to have 5% of the boards defective. That means a finished floor of 1000 square feet would be allowed roughly 100 boards with any kind of defect.
4. What is the waste factor of the flooring?
The waste factor of the flooring is an important issue as well. If 10-15% waste is what is suggested by the manufacturer than that means you will have to buy that much more to get enough to install your entire floor. The higher the recommended waste factor the lower quality the product. You may find when comparing products for price on may be more than the other but you must factor in the difference in waste to the price. A floor for $6 with 3% waste would cost you $6.18 which would be the same cost as a floor with 10% waste that is $5.62 and the product with 3% waste would definitely be a higher quality product. The bottom line is you shouldn't have to sort the waste out of the boxes; the manufacturers should be taking the waste out at the plant so you are only getting good quality pieces you can install in your floor.
5. What is the average length of the flooring boards?
The question of the average board lengths is one that is not commonly asked when it comes to hardwood flooring. It is something not a lot of people think about until it is brought up. The longer the average length of the floor the better the floor looks especially in large rooms. One foot and two foot lengths produce a very choppy and unattractive floor. The box size is not the only way to tell what the average length is; you can have an 8′ box with all short pieces in it. Many offshore manufactured products are in four foot boxes with will definitely ensure you are getting a floor with very short lengths. It is not only offshore products that have short lengths but many North American made products as well. One very high end Canadian manufacturer has an average length of 27-29″ in their 3-1/4″ Select and Better Red Oak.
6. What is the moisture content of the flooring?
Moisture content is a very important factor when installing hardwood flooring. You need the flooring to be at a proper moisture level for your home/interior climate which is typically between 6-9% moisture content. Installing hardwood flooring with a moisture content that is too high will cause spaces in the floor when the flooring dries out, and installing a hardwood floor that is too dry will result in cupping when the flooring picks up moisture. If the retailer selling you flooring does not have a moisture meter and can check the moisture for you then I would suggest you run. The majority of people selling hardwood flooring know very little about wood and moisture, if they don't even have a moisture meter, that is a sign that they are not professional and know nothing or very little about hardwood flooring and shouldn't be selling it.
7. What does the supplier recommend for acclimation?
I know you must have heard someone say "the flooring must sit in your home for two weeks prior to installation". This is a very general statement and in most cases will do more harm than good for your hardwood floor. If you did this in a new home and it sat in the home while they were drywalling, painting, the wood would be so damp by the time you installed it that you would just be asking for trouble. The fact is a new home will have 1000 to 2000 gallons of water that will be oozing out of the home the first two years. If your flooring is sitting in the home before it is installed it will absorb all of that moisture. If you are having the flooring sit in your home you will want to make sure it is stored in normal living conditions to avoid it from drying out too much or picking up too much moisture. In some cases, a seasonal dwelling, you may want to have the hardwood flooring absorb the moisture before it is installed. If the home is always a high humidity environment then you want the wood to pick up moisture so it can be normal living conditions for that particular environment. You want to have a hygrometer to measure the humidity in your home before the installation and monitor your humidity after to ensure your home is in the proper humidity range to avoid issues with your flooring.
8. What does the stain/finish look like?
Many large manufactures will finish all different woods at the same time without making adjustments for each wood because each time they make adjustments it effects the production. The fact is, each wood needs to be finished differently to achieve the nicest stain/finish. Oak requires more finish to "fill in" the grain or else it will appear very pitted which is not something desirable in an oak floor. You want to be able to hold a piece up to the light and see a perfect smooth finish. Maple requires more brushing than oak so the stain can penetrate into the wood and not appear "blotchy". Maple is a beautiful wood and with the proper staining you can really bring out features such as Birdseye and tiger tail. If not stained properly these features are hidden.
9. Does the supplier warrant the work done by their installers?
If you are purchasing flooring from a company and having your own contractor install the flooring you want to make sure your installer is a professional. In many cases if you use your own contractor and there is an issue you will have the installer blaming the issue on the hardwood and the manufacturer blaming the issue on the installer. When nobody takes the blame you won't have very good luck getting your issue resolved. If you are buying flooring on a supply and install basis you want to make sure the company warrants their installers work and the installers are qualified. Many stores will sub out their installations to contractors so they really don't have the ability to monitor their work unless they visit every jobsite. You can see a list of certified hardwood installers in your area by going to http://www.nwfa.org.
10. What grade is the flooring?
Comparing flooring by grades can be very confusing and misleading. Many large manufacturers have five or six different grades of flooring so just because brand A has a less expensive product than brand B they may not be the same or even a similar grade. There is really no standard grading system for prefinished flooring so just because the product is labelled "select and better" may not mean it is the best quality flooring.


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Ball Gown by My Dream Wedding
About My Dream Wedding
My Dream Wedding is a one-stop service bridal boutique that offers a variety of wedding gowns to suit brides from all walks of life. Their professional consultants will attend to brides and explore their needs and demands to find them their dream gown. Other wedding services such as wedding photography and groom's suits are also available at My Dream Wedding.
Contact Bridal Boutique


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1h Free Analyst Time
The Connected Vehicle Market size was estimated at USD 51.61 billion in 2023, USD 62.04 billion in 2024, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 20.59% to reach USD 191.44 billion by 2030. Speak directly to the analyst to clarify any post sales queries you may have.
FPNV Positioning Matrix
The FPNV Positioning Matrix is pivotal in evaluating the Connected Vehicle Market. It offers a comprehensive assessment of vendors, examining key metrics related to Business Strategy and Product Satisfaction. This in-depth analysis empowers users to make well-informed decisions aligned with their requirements. Based on the evaluation, the vendors are then categorized into four distinct quadrants representing varying levels of success: Forefront (F), Pathfinder (P), Niche (N), or Vital (V).Market Share Analysis
The Market Share Analysis is a comprehensive tool that provides an insightful and in-depth examination of the current state of vendors in the Connected Vehicle Market. By meticulously comparing and analyzing vendor contributions in terms of overall revenue, customer base, and other key metrics, we can offer companies a greater understanding of their performance and the challenges they face when competing for market share. Additionally, this analysis provides valuable insights into the competitive nature of the sector, including factors such as accumulation, fragmentation dominance, and amalgamation traits observed over the base year period studied. With this expanded level of detail, vendors can make more informed decisions and devise effective strategies to gain a competitive edge in the market.Key Company Profiles
The report delves into recent significant developments in the Connected Vehicle Market, highlighting leading vendors and their innovative profiles. These include AB Volvo, AT&T Inc., Audi AG, Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, Continental AG, Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company, Harman International Industries, Hyundai Motor Company, Mercedes-Benz AG, Robert Bosch GmbH, Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, Tesla, Inc., The General Motors Company, and TomTom, Inc.Market Segmentation & Coverage
This research report categorizes the Connected Vehicle Market to forecast the revenues and analyze trends in each of the following sub-markets:- Technology Type
- 4G or LTE
- Connectivity
- Embedded
- Integrated
- Tethered
- Vehicle Connectivity
- Vehicle to Infrastructure
- Vehicle to Pedestrian
- Vehicle to Vehicle
- Application
- Driver Assistance
- Infotainment
- Telematics
- Vehicle
- Commercial Vehicle
- Passenger cars
- Region
- Americas
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Canada
- Mexico
- United States
- California
- Florida
- Illinois
- New York
- Ohio
- Pennsylvania
- Texas
- Asia-Pacific
- Australia
- China
- India
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Malaysia
- Philippines
- Singapore
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Vietnam
- Europe, Middle East & Africa
- Denmark
- Egypt
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Israel
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nigeria
- Norway
- Poland
- Qatar
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- Americas
The report offers valuable insights on the following aspects
- Market Penetration: It presents comprehensive information on the market provided by key players.
- Market Development: It delves deep into lucrative emerging markets and analyzes the penetration across mature market segments.
- Market Diversification: It provides detailed information on new product launches, untapped geographic regions, recent developments, and investments.
- Competitive Assessment & Intelligence: It conducts an exhaustive assessment of market shares, strategies, products, certifications, regulatory approvals, patent landscape, and manufacturing capabilities of the leading players.
- Product Development & Innovation: It offers intelligent insights on future technologies, R&D activities, and breakthrough product developments.
The report addresses key questions such as
- What is the market size and forecast of the Connected Vehicle Market?
- Which products, segments, applications, and areas should one consider investing in over the forecast period in the Connected Vehicle Market?
- What are the technology trends and regulatory frameworks in the Connected Vehicle Market?
- What is the market share of the leading vendors in the Connected Vehicle Market?
- Which modes and strategic moves are suitable for entering the Connected Vehicle Market?
Additional Product Information:
- The purchase of an Enterprise license allows up to ten worldwide users of an organization access to the report
- With the purchase of this report at the Multi-user License or greater level, you will have access to one hour with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you're addressing. This will need to be used within three months of purchase
- Purchase of this report includes 1 year online access with quarterly updates
- This report can be updated on request. Please contact our Customer Experience team using the Ask a Question widget on our website
Table of Contents
1. Preface
2. Research Methodology
4. Market Overview
5. Market Insights
6. Connected Vehicle Market, by Technology Type
7. Connected Vehicle Market, by Connectivity
8. Connected Vehicle Market, by Vehicle Connectivity
9. Connected Vehicle Market, by Application
10. Connected Vehicle Market, by Vehicle
11. Americas Connected Vehicle Market
12. Asia-Pacific Connected Vehicle Market
13. Europe, Middle East & Africa Connected Vehicle Market
14. Competitive Landscape
15. Competitive Portfolio
16. Appendix
List of Figures
List of Tables
Companies Mentioned
- AB Volvo
- AT&T Inc.
- Audi AG
- Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
- Continental AG
- Daimler AG
- Ford Motor Company
- Harman International Industries
- Hyundai Motor Company
- Mercedes-Benz AG
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
- Tesla, Inc.
- The General Motors Company
- TomTom, Inc.
Table Information
Report Attribute | Details |
No. of Pages | 183 |
Published | March 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2024 - 2030 |
Estimated Market Value ( USD | $ 62.04 Billion |
Forecasted Market Value ( USD | $ 191.44 Billion |
Compound Annual Growth Rate | 20.5% |
Regions Covered | Global |
No. of Companies Mentioned | 15 |


text:
China Labour Bulletin is quoted in the following article. Copyright remains with the original publisher.
By Bloomberg News
May 7, 2014
The Chinese government is gaining an unlikely ally in its effort to overhaul the economy: striking Chinese workers.
So far this year, the China operations of International Business Machines Corp., PepsiCo Inc., Wal-Mart Stores Inc., and Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Ltd., a major supplier to Nike Inc. and Adidas AG, all have been idled by labor protests.
"This is not a blip," says Dan Harris, a Seattle-based attorney representing companies operating in China. "It's going to continue and get worse."
While China's communist party was founded to benefit the country's "workers and peasants," Chinese leaders aren't known for their patience with protest. This latest wave of labor unrest -- at least when confined to pocketbook concerns -- might be different. The government wants to rebalance the slowing economy to rely more on consumption. Higher incomes for workers would be a good start.
"The government is trying to play a game that uses worker demands to push its broader economic goals," said Mary Gallagher, director of the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of Michigan. "They have a belief they can use this kind of activism."
That's a gamble. Six years after a new labor law gave workers greater rights, Chinese labor remains in a twilight world. While the central government wants workers to see income gains, local Chinese officials -- often promoted based on their ability to maintain stability and generate growth -- usually side with employers in any dispute.
Lin Dong, a volunteer with the Shenzhen Chunfeng Labor Dispute Center, an independent group that trains workers in collective bargaining techniques, was pulled from a hotel dining room on April 13 and forced to leave town by police before he could meet with striking Yue Yuen workers."In China, there is a common saying," says Lin. "The government doesn't help the people fix their problems. They fix the people who point out the problems, instead."
A more vocal Chinese labor force could help Chinese President Xi Jinping achieve his economic goals. Wage gains in China's manufacturing heartland would support the government's efforts to promote consumption and also encourage some factories to move to the undeveloped interior, Gallagher said.
Chinese leaders in November endorsed weaning the economy from its addiction to investment, which has resulted in overcapacity in industries such as steel and cement. The aim is to have domestic demand "play a greater role in driving economic growth," Premier Li Keqiang told the Boao Forum April 10.
China's Consumers
Workers who were valued principally as inexpensive production cogs during China's initial economic flowering are now expected to star as consumers. Consumption accounts for only 35 percent of the Chinese economy, well below the 50 percent-plus characteristic of East Asian countries such as South Korea, which modernized earlier.
"It's like that old Henry Ford story: I've got to pay my workers enough so they can buy my product," said David Dollar, a former U.S. Treasury Department official in Beijing. "China's reaching that Henry Ford moment."
It can't come soon enough for Heng Jiwei and his colleagues on China's assembly lines. For four years, Heng, 27, has helped make tens of thousands of pairs of Nike and Adidas shoes at Yue Yuen's eight-factory complex in Dongguan, yet he's never worn one.
"A pair of these shoes costs half my monthly base wage," he said. "How am I supposed to afford one?"
Shoe Wages
The monthly minimum wage for production workers, who spend at least eight hours a day stitching and assembling shoes for the company's customers in China and abroad, is 1,310 yuan -- not enough to cover the 1,469 yuan retail price for a pair of Nike running shoes.
Heng, a married father of a two-month-old son, was among the Yue Yuen workers who left their jobs April 14 after word spread that the company had been systematically underpaying workers' mandatory social insurance benefits. The shortfall was discovered April 5 when a Yue Yuen retiree went to the bank to withdraw some of his benefits.
Though profitable, Hong Kong-listed Yue Yuen has been feeling the pressure of economic change. Rising personnel costs helped shrink the shoemaker's 2013 profit margin to 5.2 percent from 9.3 percent four years earlier during the worst global recession since the 1930s.
Under pressure last year from an appreciating Chinese currency, which made their exported footwear more expensive in the U.S., company managers struggled to trim costs. Yue Yuen shifted some production to other countries last year in an operating environment its annual report called "difficult."
Social Networking
As outrage spread over the benefits shortfall, workers began using the QQ messaging service to spread protest plans. Many Yue Yuen workers already had other complaints, ranging from poor hygiene in the factory cafeteria to employment contracts that described them as "temporary" workers no matter how long they'd toiled there. Without proper full-time agreements, the workers were unable to register their children in the local schools.
"A lot of us have been here a long time and built our lives around this factory, this city," said Xiang Feng, 28, who has worked at the factory for eight years. "We would prefer not to go out on strike. We just want what we are legally entitled to."
Strike Wave
The strike wave comes as Chinese labor is enjoying demographic and technological tailwinds. No longer is there an endless line of potential replacements for dissatisfied workers; China's once bottomless labor pool is in its third year of shrinkage, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
China has 35 million fewer 15- to 39-year-old potential factory workers than it did five years ago, according to one U.S. estimate.
"Workers definitely have a stronger bargaining position now," said Eli Friedman, a specialist on the Chinese labor movement at Cornell University. "The glory days of limitless cheap labor are really over."
The proliferation of inexpensive smartphones -- a basic model can be bought online for 200 yuan -- has made it easier for leaderless groups of workers to mobilize. They draw inspiration from online accounts of other strikes while sharing photos and videos via social media.
Toothless Union
One thing workers don't yet have is a genuine union. Though China's state-sanctioned All-China Federation of Trade Unions counts 280 million members, it is a union in name only.
Independent groups like Shenzhen Chunfeng have arisen to fill the vacuum. On April 13, Lin and three colleagues hopped in their van and drove from Shenzhen to Dongguan, about an hour away, where they planned to brief the Yue Yuen workers the next day.
As they ate a dinner of bean curd skins, string beans and lotus roots, about 20 plainclothes policeman swarmed the hotel dining room. Lin and a colleague were taken into custody and interrogated before being driven to the road leading out of town.
For China's labor activists, such harassment is nothing new. Shenzhen Chunfeng's office is visited several times a week by police keeping tabs on them. In October, six policemen beat Lin after he filmed them rifling through his files, he said. The first policeman to throw a punch told his superior that Lin had attacked him. The activist was released after his boss sent out a message on Weibo, a Twitter-like social messaging service, about his predicament.
"I do think the central government is tolerant of us and it's the local governments that are less so," Lin said in an interview before he was taken into custody on April 22, where he remains today.
Non-violent Protest
The activists advised the Yue Yuen strikers to avoid giving the authorities any excuse to crack down by breaking the law, engaging in violence or blocking public roads.
Under pressure from independent labor groups, China's normally toothless state-sanctioned union has shown signs of stirring. Huang Xingguo, the union head at a Wal-Mart in Changde, is leading a strike over a planned closing of the store where workers want the company to double its severance offer. And the official union also backed a strike at PepsiCo plants.
At Yue Yuen, the official union representatives in each of the Yue Yuen factories held meetings to hear workers' demands and later met with company officials to discuss a potential settlement.
Beijing Tolerance
Chinese leaders in Beijing who want to boost consumer spending often tolerate labor protests that are confined to wage and benefit demands and remain within the factory gates. That's especially true if the employer is a foreign-owned corporation rather than a state-owned enterprise with direct links to local officials.
"As a foreign employer, the government is more willing to put pressure on them to compensate workers for ownership changes or layoffs," said Gallagher.
In March, more than 1,000 workers protested the terms of IBM's $2.3 billion sale of its Shenzhen-based subsidiary to Lenovo Group Ltd.
Companies affected by this year's labor strife played down its import or declined to comment. Wal-Mart Beijing-based spokesman Raymond Bracy said the retailer doesn't anticipate a more difficult labor environment in China. Nike's Greg Rossiter said the company is in discussions with Yue Yuen and would have no additional comment. Adidas also declined to comment.
Though the government stopped releasing the specific number of labor disputes since 2010, from mid-2011 to the end of 2013, the China Labour Bulletin in Hong Kong counted 1,171 strikes and worker protests -- more than one each day.
Government Limits
There are limits to the government's tolerance. China's Communist rulers are determined to maintain their monopoly on political power. That means avoiding the rise of an independent labor movement akin to Poland's Solidarity, the "Polish nightmare" that the Sinologist Richard Baum said lay behind Deng Xiaoping's decision to use force against democracy protesters in 1989.
The central government's tolerance for collective action clashes with local officials' desire for economic growth and stability. As the Yue Yuen strike progressed, local police in Dongguan detained for questioning six employees who had been active in the work stoppage, including Xiang.
Her last text message to a Bloomberg reporter came on the protest's eighth day: "It's inconvenient for me to talk right now as I am being watched."
Two days later, on April 28, the company announced the resumption of normal operations.
Ad Hoc Limits
China's ad hoc approach to labor relations can't last, Friedman said. The repressive formula used to manage unskilled workers who could easily be replaced is proving too costly as the economy and its workforce matures.
In March, Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. said that a seven-month strike that ended in September 2013 cost it $29 million. At Yue Yuen, workers won an extra $31 million in compensation this year, plus an undetermined amount of overdue benefit payments.
"They need to allow other kinds of mechanisms for workers to express their grievances," said Friedman, "rather than every time there's a problem, workers have a wildcat strike and you have to call in the riot cops."
To contact Bloomberg News staff for this story: David J. Lynch in Washington at email@example.com; Liza Lin in Shanghai at firstname.lastname@example.com


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As Mom would say, bundle up. If you go outside today just about anywhere from North Dakota east and south through the upper Midwest, Mid-Atlantic and up into New England, it's freezing.
The frigid temperatures we wrote about Tuesday continue. They're making headlines in Minneapolis, in Cleveland, in Buffalo and many other places. There was a reading of -35 degrees Fahrenheit Tuesday at Crane Lake, Minn. The wind chill plunged to -42 degrees in Ironwood, Mich.
There isn't much relief expected until the weekend. Our friends at Minnesota Public Radio, for instance, say it could "warm" up all the way to 30 degrees in their region "by Sunday or Monday." Still, the National Weather Service warns that "dangerously cold temperatures are expected to remain in place" until then for the states in the grip of this cold snap. The freezing temperatures appear to have played a role in at least four deaths so far, The Associated Press says. Two were in Illinois, one was in Minnesota and the fourth was in Wisconsin.
We asked Tuesday for answers to that class question "how cold is it." The most-liked response continues to be from commenter "Fred Flintstone," who posted a classic oldie: "It was so cold that I saw a lawyer with his hands in his own pockets!"
Let's see if that can be topped today.
Update at 2:30 p.m. ET. Two To Note:
The most-liked response so far, as you can see in the comments thread, is from "Nathan Wu." It's a line we've seen used before, but it's a goodie: "It's so cold I saw a teenage boy with his pants pulled up!"
But we want to give a shout out to "Sir Fry" for this:
"It's so cold that the top rated comment isn't about politics."
Nicely done, sir.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Large, evergreen shrub or tree that grows quickly, and naturally assumes an attractive conical shape. Oblong-elliptic, leathery, dark green leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, have small spines. Berries are crimson-red, sometimes yellow or orange. Useful specimen or screen. American hollies are cold hardy, but are not very wind tolerant. Does well in full sun or part shade.
Google Plant Images: click here!
Cultivar: CroonenbergFamily: Aquifoliaceae
Size: Height: 40 ft. to 50 ft.
Width: 20 ft. to 40 ft.
Plant Category: landscape, shrubs, trees,
Plant Characteristics: decorative berries or fruit, low maintenance, poisonous,
Foliage Characteristics: small leaves, evergreen,
Flower Characteristics:
Flower Color: creams, whites,
Tolerances: deer, drought, heat & humidity, pollution, rabbits,
Bloomtime Range: Late Spring to Early Summer
USDA Hardiness Zone: 5 to 10
AHS Heat Zone: Not defined for this plant
Light Range: Sun to Full Sun
pH Range: 5.5 to 7
Soil Range: Some Sand to Loam
Water Range: Normal to Moist
Plant Care
Conditions : SunSun is defined as the continuous, direct, exposure to 6 hours (or more) of sunlight per day.
Conditions : Light Conditions
Unless a site is completely exposed, light conditions will change during the day and even during the year. The northern and eastern sides of a house receive the least amount of light, with the northern exposure being the shadiest. The western and southern sides of a house receive the most light and are considered the hottest exposures due to intense afternoon sun.
You will notice that sun and shade patterns change during the day. The western side of a house may even be shady due to shadows cast by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property. If you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home, take time to map sun and shade throughout the day. You will get a more accurate feel for your site's true light conditions.
Conditions : Full to Partial Sun
Full sunlight is needed for many plants to assume their full potential. Many of these plants will do fine with a little less sunlight, although they may not flower as heavily or their foliage as vibrant. Areas on the southern and western sides of buildings usually are the sunniest. The only exception is when houses or buildings are so close together, shadows are cast from neighboring properties. Full sun usually means 6 or more hours of direct unobstructed sunlight on a sunny day. Partial sun receives less than 6 hours of sun, but more than 3 hours. Plants able to take full sun in some climates may only be able to tolerate part sun in other climates. Know the culture of the plant before you buy and plant it!
Conditions : Types of Pruning
Types of pruning include: pinching, thinning, shearing and rejuvenating.
Pinching is removing the stem tips of a young plant to promote branching. Doing this avoids the need for more severe pruning later on.
Thinning involves removing whole branches back to the trunk. This may be done to open up the interior of a plant to let more light in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on plant disease. The best way to begin thinning is to begin by removing dead or diseased wood.
Shearing is leveling the surface of a shrub using hand or electric shears. This is done to maintain the desired shape of a hedge or topiary.
Rejuvenating is removal of old branches or the overall reduction of the size of a shrub to restore its original form and size. It is recommended that you do not remove more than one third of a plant at a time. Remember to remove branches from the inside of the plant as well as the outside. When rejuvenating plants with canes, such as nandina, cut back canes at various heights so that plant will have a more natural look.
Conditions : Light and Plant Selection
For best plant performance, it is desirable to match the correct plant with the available light conditions. Right plant, right place! Plants which do not receive sufficient light may become pale in color, have fewer leaves and a "leggy" stretched-out appearance. Also expect plants to grow slower and have fewer blooms when light is less than desirable. It is possible to provide supplemental lighting for indoor plants with lamps. Plants can also receive too much light. If a shade loving plant is exposed to direct sun, it may wilt and/or cause leaves to be sunburned or otherwise damaged.
Conditions : Full Sun
Full Sun is defined as exposure to more than 6 hours of continuous, direct sun per day.
Problems : Waterlogged Soil and SolutionsWaterlogged soil occurs when more water is added to soil than can drain out in a reasonable amount of time. This can be a severe problem where water tables are high or soils are compacted. Lack of air space in waterlogged soil makes it almost impossible for soil to drain. Few plants, except for bog plants, can tolerate these conditions. Drainage must be improved if you are not satisfied with bog gardening. Over-watered plants have the same wilted leaves as under-watered plants. Fungi such as Phytophthora and Pythium affect vascular systems, which cause wilt.
If the problem is only on the surface, it maybe diverted to a drainage ditch. If drainage is poor where water table is high, install an underground drainage system. You should contact a contractor for this. If underground drains already exist, check to see if they are blocked.
French drains are another option. French drains are ditches that have been filled with gravel. It is okay to plant sod on top of them. More obtrusive, but a good solution where looks aren't as important, think of the French drain as a ditch filled with gravel. Ditches should be 3 to 4 feet deep and have sloping sides.
A soakway is a gravel filled pit where water is diverted to via underground pipes. This works well on sites that have compacted soil. Your soakway should be about 6'wide and deep and filled with gravel or crushed stone, topped with sand and sodded or seeded.
Keep in mind that it is illegal to divert water onto other people's property. If you do not feel that you can implement a workable solution on your own, call a contractor.
Conditions : Regular Moisture for Outdoor Plants
Water when normal rainfall does not provide the preferred 1 inch of moisture most plants prefer. Average water is needed during the growing season, but take care not to overwater. The first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important. The first year is critical. It is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes.
Conditions : Moist and Well Drained
Moist and well drained means exactly what it sounds like. Soil is moist without being soggy because the texture of the soil allows excess moisture to drain away. Most plants like about 1 inch of water per week. Amending your soil with compost will help improve texture and water holding or draining capacity. A 3 inch layer of mulch will help to maintain soil moisture and studies have shown that mulched plants grow faster than non-mulched plants.
Conditions : Outdoor Watering
Plants are almost completely made up of water so it is important to supply them with adequate water to maintain good plant health. Not enough water and roots will wither and the plant will wilt and die. Too much water applied too frequently deprives roots of oxygen leading to plant diseases such as root and stem rots. The type of plant, plant age, light level, soil type and container size all will impact when a plant needs to be watered. Follow these tips to ensure successful watering:
* The key to watering is water deeply and less frequently. When watering, water well, i.e. provide enough water to thoroughly saturate the root ball. With in-ground plants, this means thoroughly soaking the soil until water has penetrated to a depth of 6 to 7 inches (1' being better). With container grown plants, apply enough water to allow water to flow through the drainage holes.
* Try to water plants early in the day or later in the afternoon to conserve water and cut down on plant stress. Do water early enough so that water has had a chance to dry from plant leaves prior to night fall. This is paramount if you have had fungus problems.
* Don't wait to water until plants wilt. Although some plants will recover from this, all plants will die if they wilt too much (when they reach the permanent wilting point).
* Consider water conservation methods such as drip irrigation, mulching, and xeriscaping. Drip systems which slowly drip moisture directly on the root system can be purchased at your local home and garden center. Mulches can significantly cool the root zone and conserve moisture.
* Consider adding water-saving gels to the root zone which will hold a reserve of water for the plant. These can make a world of difference especially under stressful conditions. Be certain to follow label directions for their use.
Conditions : Normal Watering for Outdoor Plants
Normal watering means that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly, as conditions require. Most plants like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season, but take care not to over water. The first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. The first year is critical. It is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes.
How-to : Pruning Flowering ShrubsIt is necessary to prune your deciduous flowering shrub for two reasons: 1. By removing old, damaged or dead wood, you increase air flow, yielding in less disease. 2. You rejuvenate new growth which increases flower production.
Pruning deciduous shrubs can be divided into 4 groups: Those that require minimal pruning (take out only dead, diseased, damaged, or crossed branches, can be done in early spring.); spring pruning (encourages vigorous, new growth which produces summer flowers - in other words, flowers appear on new wood); summer pruning after flower (after flowering, cut back shoots, and take out some of the old growth, down to the ground); suckering habit pruning (flowers appear on wood from previous year. Cut back flowered stems by 1/2, to strong growing new shoots and remove 1/2 of the flowered stems a couple of inches from the ground) Always remove dead, damaged or diseased wood first, no matter what type of pruning you are doing.
Examples: Minimal: Amelanchier, Aronia, Chimonanthus, Clethra, Cornus alternifolia, Daphne, Fothergilla, Hamamelis, Poncirus, Viburnum. Spring: Abelia, Buddleia, Datura, Fuchsia, Hibiscus, Hypericum, Perovskia, Spirea douglasii/japonica, Tamarix. Summer after flower: Buddleia alternifolia, Calycanthus, Chaenomeles, Corylus, Cotoneaster, Deutzia, Forsythia, Magnolia x soulangeana/stellata, Philadelphus, Rhododendron sp., Ribes, Spirea x arguta/prunifolia/thunbergii, Syringa, Weigela. Suckering: Kerria
How-to : Pruning Trees After Planting
It is critical to prune trees correctly from the beginning to assure proper growth and development. Young trees can be transplanted in a number of forms: bare root, balled & burlap and in containers. The more stress the plant undergoes in the transplant process, the more pruning that is required to compensate.
Deciduous trees like maples (those that loose their leaves in the fall) can be dug up and sold with their bare roots exposed. Because most of the root system is lost in digging, sufficient top growth should be removed to compensate for this loss. This may be done at the nursery before you buy the plant or you may have to prune at the time of planting. Select and head back the best scaffold branches, i.e. those branches which will form the main lateral structure of the future mature tree. Remove all other extraneous side branches. If the tree seedling does not have branches, allow it to grow to the desired height of branching then pinch it back to stimulate the lower buds to form branches.
Ball and burlap trees are dug up with their root systems somewhat intact. This was mostly done for conifers and broadleaf evergreens, but has become common for deciduous trees as well. Since some root mass is lost in the digging stage, a light pruning is generally called for. Head back the plant to compensate for this loss and to promote branching.
Trees that are grown in containers generally do not loose roots in the transplanting phase. Therefore you do not generally have to prune them unless there is some root injury or limb damage in the planting process.
Once you have your trees planted, be patient. Do not remove shoots from the trunk early on as these allow the tree to grow more rapidly and also shade the tender young trunk from sun-scald. Wait a few years to begin training the tree to its ultimate form.
How-to : Pruning Flowering Hedges
Careful selection, planting and initial pruning is critical for a uniform formal or informal hedge. The safest time to prune most flowering hedges is immediately after flowering. This way you do not prune away newly forming buds if you wait until later in the year. Initially, cut back leaders and laterals by one third to one half on planting. In second season, once flowering is complete, cut back again by about one-third.
A hedge can provide privacy and shelter from wind. Hedges should be sloped at a gentle angle, wider at the base, to deflect wind and avoid snow damage. Stretch a line between two stakes for a level top. Cut a template from heavy cardboard for a consistent shape and move it along the hedge as you cut. Shears or an electric trimmer should be held parallel to the line of the hedge.
How-to : Planting a Tree
Dig out an area for the tree that is about 3 or 4 times the diameter of the container or rootball and the same depth as the container or rootball. Use a pitchfork or shovel to scarify the sides of the hole.
If container-grown, lay the tree on its side and remove the container. Loosen the roots around the edges without breaking up the root ball too much. Position tree in center of hole so that the best side faces forward. You are ready to begin filling in with soil.
If planting a balled and burlaped tree, position it in hole so that the best side faces forward. Untie or remove nails from burlap at top of ball and pull burlap back, so it does not stick out of hole when soil is replaced. Synthetic burlap should be removed as it will not decompose like natural burlap. Larger trees often come in wire baskets. Plant as you would a b&b plant, but cut as much of the wire away as possible without actually removing the basket. Chances are, you would do more damage to the rootball by removing the basket. Simply cut away wires to leave several large openings for roots.
Fill both holes with soil the same way. Never amend with less than half original soil. Recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments.
Create a water ring around the outer edge of the hole. Not only will this conseve water, but will direct moisture to perimeter roots, encouraging outer growth. Once tree is established, water ring may be leveled. Studies show that mulched trees grow faster than those unmulched, so add a 3"" layer of pinestraw, compost, or pulverized bark over backfilled area. Remove any damaged limbs.
Diseases : Rhizactonia Root and Stem Rot Rhizoctonia is a fungus that is found in most soils and enters the plant through the roots or the stem at soil level. Prevention and Control: First of all, do not overwater and if you suspect Rhizoctonia may be your problem, decrease watering. If a plant is too far gone (all the leaves from the bottom up are wilted), remove it. If your plant is in a container, discard the soil too. Wash the pot with a 1 part bleach to 9 parts water solution. Fungicides can be used, according to label directions. Consult a professional for a legal recommendation of what fungicide to use.
Pest : Maggots
Maggots live in the soil, chew the root hairs off of plants and love to tunnel through root crops such as onions, garlic and leeks. They are about 1/3 of an inch long, glossy white and blunt-headed. Adults are dark grey flies that resemble the common housefly.
Prevenion and Control: Floating row covers or cheesecloth set over seedbeds in early spring may deter egg laying on young plants. Crop rotation is a must. Always remove and destroy infected plants. Beneficial nemtodes will prey on maggots as well. Till soil well in the fall to expose and destroy pupae.
Pest : Fungus Gnats and Shoreflies
Fungus Gnats or Shore fliesare small pesky flies which can often be a nuisance inside the home. About the size of fruit flies, they can be seen running on the soil surface of pots. They seem to favor wet soil conditions and may thrive in mixes containing hardwood bark or manure. While the worm-like larvae can cause root damage and adults can transmit plant diseases, they rarely cause severe plant damage.
Possible controls: avoid over-watering soil. Another option: use labelled insecticidal drenches against the juvenile stages. Adults can be controlled with recommended insecticides, as well. Encourage natural enemies such as parasitic nematodes in the garden.
Pest : Mealybugs
Small, wingless, dull-white, soft-bodied insects that produce a waxy powdery covering. They have piercing/sucking mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. Mealybugs often look like small pieces of cotton and they tend to congregate where leaves and stems branch. They attack a wide range of plants. The young tend to move around until they find a suitable feeding spot, then they hang out in colonies and feed. Mealybugs can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Prevention and Control: Isolate infested plants from those that are not. Consult your local garden center professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal insecticide/chemical recommendation. Encourage natural enemies such as lady beetles in the garden to help reduce population levels of mealy bugs.
Pest : Whiteflies
Whiteflies are small, winged insects that look like tiny moths, which attack many types of plants. The flying adult stage prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed. Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span of 2 months. If a plant is infested with whiteflies, you will see a cloud of fleeing insects when the plant is disturbed. Whiteflies can weaken a plant, eventually leading to plant death if they are not checked. They can transmit many harmful plant viruses. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Possible controls: keep weeds down; use screening in windows to keep them out; remove infested plants away from non-infested plants; use a reflective mulch (aluminum foil) under plants (this repels whiteflies); trap with yellow sticky cards, apply labeled pesticides; encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden; and sometimes a good steady shower of water will wash them off the plant.
Pest : Aphids
Aphids are small, soft-bodied, slow-moving insects that suck fluids from plants. Aphids come in many colors, ranging from green to brown to black, and they may have wings. They attack a wide range of plant species causing stunting, deformed leaves and buds. They can transmit harmful plant viruses with their piercing/sucking mouthparts. Aphids, generally, are merely a nuisance, since it takes many of them to cause serious plant damage. However aphids do produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface growth called sooty mold.
Aphids can increase quickly in numbers and each female can produce up to 250 live nymphs in the course of a month without mating. Aphids often appear when the environment changes - spring & fall. They're often massed at the tips of branches feeding on succulent tissue. Aphids are attracted to the color yellow and will often hitchhike on yellow clothing.
Prevention and Control: Keep weeds to an absolute minimum, especially around desirable plants. On edibles, wash off infected area of plant. Lady bugs and lacewings will feed on aphids in the garden. There are various products - organic and inorganic - that can be used to control aphids. Seek the recommendation of a professional and follow all label procedures to a tee.
Fungi : Powdery Mildew
Powdery Mildew is usually found on plants that do not have enough air circulation or adequate light. Problems are worse where nights are cool and days are warm and humid. The powdery white or gray fungus is usually found on the upper surface of leaves or fruit. Leaves will often turn yellow or brown, curl up, and drop off. New foliage emerges crinkled and distorted. Fruit will be dwarfed and often drops early.
Prevention and Control: Plant resistant varieties and space plants properly so they receive adequate light and air circulation. Always water from below, keeping water off the foliage. This is paramount for roses. Go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer. Apply fungicides according to label directions before problem becomes severe and follow directions exactly, not missing any required treatments. Sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaves, flowers, or debris in the fall and destroy.
Diseases : Pythium and Phytophtora Root Rot
Rot Rot, Pythium or Phytophthora occurs when soil moisture levels are excessively high and fungal spores present in the soil, come in contact with the susceptible plant. The base of stems discolor and shrink, and leaves further up the stalk wilt and die. Leaves near base are affected first. The roots will turn black and rot or break. This fungi can be introduced by using unsterilized soil mix or contaminated water.
Prevention and Control Remove affected plants and their roots, and discard surrounding soil. Replace with plants that are not susceptible, and only use fresh, sterilized soil mix. Hold back on fertilizing too. Try not to over water plants and make sure that soil is well drained prior to planting. This fungus is not treatable by chemicals.
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptoms look similar to Pythium Root Rot, but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to thrive in well drained soils.
Fungi : Leaf Spots
Leaf spots are caused by fungi or bacteria. Brown or black spots and patches may be either ragged or circular, with a water soaked or yellow-edged appearance. Insects, rain, dirty garden tools, or even people can help its spread.
Prevention and Control: Remove infected leaves when the plant is dry. Leaves that collect around the base of the plant should be raked up and disposed of. Avoid overhead irrigation if possible; water should be directed at soil level. For fungal leaf spots, use a recommended fungicide according to label directions.
Pest : Leaf Miners
Leaf Miner is actually a term that applies to various larvae (of moths, beetles, and flies) that tunnel between upper and lower leaf surfaces, leaving a distinctive, squiggly pattern. A female adult can lay several hundred eggs inside the leaf which hatch and give rise to miners. Leaf miners attack ornamentals and vegetables.
Prevention and Control: Keep weeds down and scout individual plants for tell-tale squiggles. Pick and destroy these leaves and take advantage of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps. Know the Growing Degree Days (GDD)* for your area to target insecticide sprays when most beneficial for controlling the specific leaf miner. Seek a professional recommendation and follow all label procedures to a tee. *GDD numbers should be available from your local Cooperative Extension office.
Diseases : Anthracnose
Anthracnose is the result of a plant infection, caused by a fungus, and may cause severe defoliation, especially in trees, but rarely results in death. Sunken patches on stems, fruit, leaves, or twigs, appear grayish brown, may appear watery, and have pinkish-tan spore masses that appear slime-like. On vegetables, spots may enlarge as fruit matures.
Prevention and Control: Try not to over water. If your climate is naturally rainy, grow resistant varieties. In the vegetable garden, stake and trellis plants to provide good air circulation so that plants may dry. Increase sunlight to plants by trimming limbs. Prune, remove, or destroy infected plants and remove all leaf debris. Select a fungicide that is labeled for anthracnose and the plant you are treating. Follow the label strictly.
Pest : Scale Insects
Scales are insects, related to mealy bugs, that can be a problem on a wide variety of plants - indoor and outdoor. Young scales crawl until they find a good feeding site. The adult females then lose their legs and remain on a spot protected by its hard shell layer. They appear as bumps, often on the lower sides of leaves. They have piercing mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. Scales can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Prevention and Control: Once established they are hard to control. Isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested. Consult your local garden center professional or Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal recommendation regarding their control. Encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden.
Weeds : Algae
Algae is a one-celled organism that reproduces by cell division, spores, or fragmentation. It thrives in warming water that receives full sun and has an ample supply of nutrients. Algae are most commonly found in ponds that that are not ecologically balanced or in low-lying areas on land or in drainage ditches. Most noticeable in spring, when water begins to warm, as a greenish cast or film on the pond's surface. On land, algae may appear slimy and green or scum-like. Prevention and Control: The best prevention is to strive for an ecologically balanced pond. It is recommended that you provide at least one oxygenating plant per 1 square foot of pond surface. Good oxygenators include charis, cabomba, and vallisneria, all of which compete with algae for carbon dioxide and nutrients. The second step would be to stop any fertilizer runoff from entering the pond and to reduce the amount of food fed to fish. Both overload water with nutrients, making algae problems worse. Reducing the amount of sunlight penetrating the pond's surface is the third step.
Fungi : Sooty Mold
Sooty mold is a fungus that is found on the surface of leaves. It feeds on honeydew excreted from aphids, mealy bugs, scale, or ants. Though not serious, it is unattractive when it covers/blackens the leaves and stems of the plant. The best way to control sooty mold is to control the insects that make the honeydew. Sooty mold can usually be wiped from leaves with a damp cloth or washed away with a hose-end sprayer.
Diseases : Blight
Blights are cause by fungi or bacteria that kill plant tissue. Symptoms often show up as the rapid spotting or wilting of foliage. There are many different blights, specific to various plants, each requiring a varied method of control.
Conditions : Deer TolerantThere are no plants that are 100% deer resistant, but many that are deer tolerant. There are plants that deer prefer over others. You will find that what deer will or will not eat varies in different parts of the country. A lot of it has to do with how hungry they are. Most deer will sample everything at least once, decide if they like it or not and return if favorable. A fence is the good deer barrier. You may go for a really tall one (7 to 8 feet), or try 2 parallel fences, (4 to 5 feet apart). Use a wire mesh fence rather than board, since deer are capable of wiggling through a 12 inch space.
Conditions : Pollution Tolerant
Air pollution is becoming a bigger problem each day. Pollutants in our air damage plants. The plants are damaged by absorbing sulfur dioxide, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ethylene, and nitrogen dioxide through their pores. Cell membrane damage may result in leaf drop, blotched or burnt looking leaves, or off-colored tissue between veins. Vehicles and industrial processes are the key culprits and conditions worsen on hot summer days. Though planting only pollution tolerant plants is not the solution to this problem, it is a visual band aid. Your Cooperative Extension Service may have a list of plants that are more pollution tolerant in your area.
Conditions : Rabbit Tolerant
As cute as they are, rabbits can really damage a vegetable garden. Young, tender lettuce plants seem to be their favorite. If a free-roaming dog is not a possibility for you, consider installing raised vegetable beds and covering tender shoots with netting. If you have ample room, you can opt to plant enough for you and the bunnies. Scents don't always repel animals, as they get used to them and are often washed off in the rain.
Glossary : Bird Attracting
The term bird attracting applies to any plant that has flowers, fruit, nuts, or structure that attracts birds. Most plants on ""bird attracting"" lists have favorable fruits or flowers that serve as food, but the trunks, limbs and foliage cover that trees and shrubs provide should not be overlooked as they add shelter for raising young and protection from foul weather.
Conditions : Erosion Control
Plants that help to control erosion have fibrous root systems that help to keep soil intact. Leaves and the overall form of a plant can prevent erosion by breaking up water droplets before they hit the ground, lessening splashing and runoff.
Glossary : Low Maintenance
Low maintenance does not mean no maintenance. It does mean that once a plant is established, very little needs to be done in the way of water, fertilizing, pruning, or treatment in order for the plant to remain healthy and attractive. A well-designed garden, which takes your lifestyle into consideration, can greatly reduce maintenance.
Glossary : Some Sand
Some Sand refers to a soil that drains fast, but has lower water holding capacity due to the presence of a little organic matter. A good workable soil that needs added fertilizer due to lower fertility levels and adequate water. Usually gray in color. Forms a loose, crumbly ball that easily falls apart when squeezed in the hand.
Glossary : Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam refers to a soil that drains well, with excellent air space, and evenly crumbled texture when squeezed in the hand. A good workable garden soil that benefits from added fertilizer and proper watering. Dark gray to gray-brown in color.
Glossary : Loam
Loam is the ideal soil, having the perfect balance between particle size, air space, organic matter and water holding capacity. It forms a nice ball when squeezed in the palm of the hand, but crumbles easily when lightly tapped with a finger. Rich color ranges between gray brown to almost black.
Glossary : Clayey Loam
Clayey loam refers to a soil that retains moisture well, without having a drainage problem. Fertility is high and texture good. Easily forms a ball when squeezed in the hand, and then crumbles easily with a quick tap of the finger. Considered an ideal soil. Usually a rich brown color.
Glossary : Some Clay
Some Clay refers to a soil that is loam-like, but heavier. Drainage is not bad, prolonged periods of rain cause bog-like conditions. Rich in nutrients, but needs the addition of organic matter to improve texture. Easily forms a ball when squeezed and requires a firm tap with finger to crumble. Light brown to slightly orange color.
Glossary : Evergreen
Evergreen refers to plants that hold onto their leaves or needles for more than one growing season, shedding them over time. Some plants such as live oaks are evergreen, but commonly shed the majority of their older leaves around the end of January.
Glossary : Poisonous
Poisonous: any plant or part of a plant which is toxic or irritating in any way.
Glossary : Shrub
Shrub: is a deciduous or evergreen woody perennial that has multiple branches that form near its base.
Glossary : Tree
Tree: a woody perennial with a crown of branches that begin atop a single stem or trunk. The exception to this rule is multi-trunk trees, which some may argue are really very large shrubs.
Glossary : pH
pH, means the potential of Hydrogen, is the measure of alkalinity or acidity. In horticulture, pH refers to the pH of soil. The scale measures from 0, most acid, to 14, most alkaline. Seven is neutral. Most plants prefer a range between 5.5 and about 6.7, an acid range, but there are plenty of other plants that like soil more alkaline, or above 7. A pH of 7 is where the plant can most easily absorb the most nutrients in the soil. Some plants prefer more or less of certain nutrients, and therefore do better at a certain pH.
Glossary : Plant Characteristics
Plant characteristics define the plant, enabling a search that finds specific types of plants such as bulbs, trees, shrubs, grass, perennials, etc.
Glossary : Large Shrub
A shrub is considered large when it is over 6 feet tall.
Glossary : Small Tree
A small tree is less than 30 feet tall.
Glossary : Flower Characteristics
Flower characteristics can vary greatly and may help you decide on a ""look or feel"" for your garden. If you're looking for fragrance or large, showy flowers, click these boxes and possibilities that fit your cultural conditions will be shown. If you have no preference, leave boxes unchecked to return a greater number of possibilities.
Glossary : Foliage Characteristics
By searching foliage characteristics, you will have the opportunity to look for foliage with distinguishable features such as variegated leaves, aromatic foliage, or unusual texture, color or shape. This field will be most helpful to you if you are looking for accent plants. If you have no preference, leave this field blank to return a larger selection of plants.
Glossary : Landscape Uses
By searching Landscape Uses, you will be able to pinpoint plants that are best suited for particular uses such as trellises, border plantings, or foundations.
Glossary : Soil Types
A soil type is defined by granule size, drainage, and amount of organic material in the soil. The three main soil types are sand, loam and clay. Sand has the largest particle size, no organic matter, little to no fertility, and drains rapidly. Clay, at the opposite end of the spectrum, has the smallest particle size, can be rich in organic matter, fertility and moisture, but is often unworkable because particles are held together too tightly, resulting in poor drainage when wet, or is brick-like when dry. The optimum soil type is loam, which is the happy median between sand and clay: It is high in organic matter, nutrient-rich, and has the perfect water holding capacity.
You will often hear loam referred to as a sandy loam (having more sand, yet still plenty of organic matter) or a clay loam (heavier on the clay, yet workable with good drainage.) The addition of organic matter to either sand or clay will result in a loamy soil. Still not sure if your soil is a sand, clay, or loam? Try this simple test. Squeeze a handfull of slightly moist, not wet, soil in your hand. If it forms a tight ball and does not fall apart when gently tapped with a finger, your soil is more than likely clay. If soil does not form a ball or crumbles before it is tapped, it is sand to very sandy loam. If soil forms a ball, then crumbles readily when lightly tapped, it's a loam. Several quick, light taps could mean a clay loam.
Glossary : Tolerant
Tolerant refers to a plant's ability to tolerate exposure to an external condition(s). It does not mean that the plant thrives or prefers this situation, but is able to adapt and continue its life cycle.
Glossary : Viruses
Viruses, which are smaller than bacteria, are not living and do not replicate on their own. They must rely on the cellular mechanisms of their hosts to replicate. Because this greatly disrupts the cell's functionality, outward signs of a viral infection result in a plant disease with symptoms such as abnormal or stunted growth, damaged fruit, discolorations or spots.
Prevention and Control: Keep virus carriers such as aphids, leafhoppers, and thrips under control. These plant feeding insects spread viruses. Viruses can also be introduced by infected pollen or through plant openings (as when pruning). Begin by keeping the pathogen out of your garden. New plants should be checked, as well as tools and existing plants. Use only certified seed that is deemed disease-free. Plant only resistant varieties and create a discouraging environment by rotating crops, not planting closely related plants in the same area every year.
Glossary : Drought Tolerant
Very few plants, except for those naturally found in desert situations, can tolerate arid soils, but there are plants that seem to be more drought tolerant than others. Plants that are drought tolerant still require moisture, so don't think that they can go for extended period without any water. Drought tolerant plants are often deep rooted, have waxy or thick leaves that conserve water, or leaf structures that close to minimize transpiration. All plants in droughty situations benefit from an occasional deep watering and a 2-3 inch thick layer of mulch. Drought tolerant plants are the backbone of xeriphytic landscaping.
Glossary : Pruning
Now is the preferred time to prune this plant.


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