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Categories and Tags
If you write about a variety of subjects, categories can help your readers find the posts that are most relevant to them. For instance, if you run a consulting business, you may want some of your posts to reflect work you've done with previous clients, while having other posts act as informational resources. In this particular case, you can set up 2 categories: one labeled Projects and another labeled Resources. You'd then place your posts in their respective categories.
Categories are accessible from the post editor. There you can create new categories and assign them to your posts.
Tags, on the other hand, allow you to label your posts with relevant topics. For instance, within one of your resource posts you may choose to write about a set of project management tools. While you can certainly create a new category called "Project Management Tools," you may not plan to write about the topic often enough to justify giving it a dedicated category. Instead, you may want to tag your post with several topics that exists within the post; e.g. project management tools, communication, time tracking, etc.
What's great about tags is that they are searchable and provide your users another way to find content on your site. Anyone searching for "project management tools" will be able to locate any posts you've tagged with those words!

subset: commoncrawl


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Ohio's best med marijuana card doctors are now using live telemedicine appointments to see patients in Byesville. These can be done at home on your cell phone, tablet, or personal computer without ever having to go to a doctor's office. This service is for new patients, caregivers, or to renew your marijuana card. To qualify patients must have one of the listed medical conditions. After qualifying, you will be able to buy medical grade cannabis THC and CBD products at local Byesville dispensaries.
Steps To Get Started:
To get started, simply fill out the patient registration form below and press submit.
Set-up your appointment time, then complete the patient intake form.
You're on your way to visit with a telemedicine doctor online from your living room in Byesville.
Your Ohio medical card that will be issued after the doctors approval. NO CHARGE if you do not qualify. It does not get better, easier, and more germ free than that. See if you qualify today!
Patient Registration Form
Fill out the form to get started.


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The U.S. mortgage market is red hot right now. After a year of pandemic living, more and more people are ready to have extra space at home. With all those potential buyers searching the market, housing inventory is ultra-low and competition is extreme. According to the National Association of Realtors, there were four offers per home sold on average in February 2021.
If you are hoping to buy a home in this climate, your first move should be to get a pre-approval letter from a mortgage lender. No buyer will take your offer seriously without accompanying proof of mortgage backing. Here are five questions to ask yourself before you apply for a pre-approval letter to make sure you are ready for the process:
- How good is my credit?
It is always a good idea to check your credit reports before making a major purchase to look for errors and know where you stand. You can check it for free once a year at AnnualCreditReport.com. If you find any mistakes, report them to the credit bureau immediately. Most lenders require a minimum credit score of 620, but there are some government-backed agencies that will accept lower scores. Just remember, the higher your score, the better your interest rate and terms will be. If your score is really low, you may want to wait and improve your credit habits before applying for a mortgage. - What is my buying time frame?
All pre-approval letters come with an expiration date, usually 60 to 90 days. The promise of lending is good for a certain window of time based on your current financial situation. There is no need to get pre-approved if you aren't planning to buy for another six months. If your house search takes longer than the expiration period, you can always request another. The lender will simply have to take another quick look at your finances. - Do I have all the necessary documents?
In order to initially approve you for funding, lenders will need to inspect your credit, your income and employment as well as your assets. You can help the process go faster by being prepared with pay stubs, tax returns, and bank account statements for their evaluation. - Have I done my homework?
Even if you have shopped around for a lender and found one you liked, don't be afraid to ask questions. Being able to do things like compare interest rates and understand your loan affordability is key to having confidence as a buyer. - Do I need to make any other large financial changes right now?
Any major changes to your financial picture during a home buying process can hamper your mortgage approval. If you need to pay off some big debts or buy a new car, try to take care of that before or after the mortgage process is complete.
If you're ready to purchase a home, please let us know. We can get you pre-approved for a mortgage so that you can begin your home search.


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From the kitchen of One Perfect Bite...This simple entrée was the surprise hit of our weekend. It is absolutely delicious and almost effortless to make. I served this for a late supper on Sunday night along with small salads and crusty French bread. The meal was really well-received. I personally never could have conjured this combination, but asparagus and eggs were made for each other and, if you have any doubts, one bite of this just set frittata-like creation will change your mind. The lemon and olive oil that are drizzled over the finished eggs are grace note that help set this light entrée apart from any other baked-egg dish I have tried. The recipe did not specify a pan size, so I used a 12-inch oven proof-skillet. I'm going to downsize and use a 10-inch skillet the next time I make this because there will be less chance of overcooking the eggs. I like mine set but still jiggly and that didn't happen in the 12-inch pan. I really hope you will try this recipe. It is really special and will have your socks going up and down. It is hard to beat fast, easy and delicious. Here's how the eggs are made.
Skillet-Baked Eggs and Asparagus with Fresh Herbs...from the kitchen of One Perfect Bite courtesy of the Good Appetite column in The New York Times
3 tablespoons olive oil, more for drizzling
3/4 pounds asparagus, trimmed and cut into 1/2-inch pieces
2 scallions, white and light green parts, thinly sliced
8 large eggs
6 tablespoons roughly chopped soft herbs like basil, cilantro, chives or parsley (use at least 2)
1/3 cup heavy cream
2 tablespoons grated Parmesan
Salt and black pepper, to taste
Lemon wedges, for serving
Flaky sea salt for sprinkling
1) Heat the oven to 300 degrees. In a large skillet over medium heat, warm olive oil until shimmering. Add asparagus and the scallions and cook for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until asparagus is browned and tender.
2) Whisk together eggs, 4 tablespoons of herbs, and cream. Whisk in Parmesan, salt and pepper. Pour egg mixture over asparagus and place skillet in oven.
3) Bake for about 20 minutes, until set, but still slightly jiggly in center. Cool in pan for about 10 minutes before serving. It is best warm, not hot.
4) Squeeze one or two lemon wedges over it, drizzle with olive oil, and sprinkle with flaky sea salt and remaining herbs. Cut into wedges. Yield: 4 servings.
One Year Ago Today: Homemade Almond Paste
Two Years Ago Today: Smoked Salmon Quesadillas
Three Years Ago Today: Watermelon Drinks


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All prices are displayed in British Pounds (£GBP) when shopping with 2XU UK.
Product details
Mesh ventilation zones are engineered into the chest and back, keeping you cool where you need it the most.
Super lightweight engineered construction with clean cut silicone flocked finish for a soft and smooth feel so you can move freely.
Ultra fine polyester yarn provides rapid moisture dispersal to keep you cool and dry.
Reflective logos and trims on shoulder, upper back and hem.
Garment Features
1. Set in short sleeve tee
2. Engineered 133gsm fabric
3. Mesh ventilation zones engineered into chest and back
4. Ultra fine yarn provides rapid moisture dispersal
5. Silicone flocked clean cut finish reduces chafe
6. Reflective logos and trims
FREE UK Standard Delivery on orders over £90.
- Contact Delivery via Royal Mail.
- FREE Standard Delivery (4-5 Working Days) on orders over £90.
- Standard Delivery £4.49
- Express delivery £6.49
- Order by 3pm Mon-Fri for Express Delivery (Estimated 2 Working Days) Excludes Weekends and Bank Holidays***
- Free Online Returns.
To best care for 2XU garments:
- Machine wash in cold water with like colours.
- Do NOT Tumble dry.
- Hang to dry in a cool shady area away from sun.
- Do not use bleach, fabric softeners or dryer sheets.
- Do not iron.
CAN I AMEND OR CANCEL MY ORDER ONCE IT HAS BEEN PLACED? If you're having second thoughts about your online order and wish to cancel it, please contact our Customer Service Team as soon as possible via our live chat. This operates Monday to Friday, 10am to 4pm. We will respond to any messages outside of these hours promptly the following day . As we are committed to getting your order to you as soon as possible, if it has been released for processing we cannot guarantee we can cancel the order. |
WHAT ARE MY PAYMENT OPTIONS? We currently accept the following payment methods:
WHEN WILL MY ORDER ARRIVE? View our Delivery page for more information on shipping options. |
HOW WILL I KNOW IF MY ORDER HAS BEEN SHIPPED AND HOW DO I TRACK IT? Upon dispatch, you will receive a confirmation email containing the tracking details and estimated time of delivery of your order. |
HOW CAN I PURCHASE 2XU PRODUCTS OUTSIDE OF THE UK? You can find a complete list of our international distributors here |
HOW DO I MAKE A RETURN PURCHASED IN STORE? uk.2xu.com cannot accept returns for an item purchased at a store. Please return items to the place your purchased from. |
HOW DO I MAKE AN ONLINE RETURN? Its FREE to return! Print your returns label at home or at the Post office (via a QR code Royal Mail will email to you). To organise a return of an online purchase, please visit our returns portal and follow the Instructions. |
CAN I RETURN UNDERWEAR, BRAS AND SOCKS? 2XU UK is unable to accept returns of bras, underwear or socks due to hygiene purposes. |
WHEN WILL MY PURCHASE BE REFUNDED? We will process your refund as soon as we've received and inspected your return. The funds will appear in the original account used to make the purchase within 24 hours of processing. |
I THINK MY ITEM MIGHT BE FAULTY? We only ever want our customers to be wearing the best possible garments. To read about our 12 month warranty, please visit our Terms and Conditions page. If you believe that you have received a faulty item, please contact us via our live chat or email, and we'll be happy to arrange a replacement. |
DO YOU HAVE A SIZE CHART? For optimum performance, you need your garments to be fitted correctly. We've included size guides on each of our product pages to assist you with finding the perfect size. You can find them by clicking the 'SIZE GUIDE' button. |
WHAT IF I AM ON THE BORDER BETWEEN TWO SIZES? Whether to go up or down a size when you're sitting right on the border can depend on the purpose of the garment. If you're mostly going to be using your compression wear for recovery purposes, we would recommend that you choose the smaller size. If you're mostly going to use the compression garment during physical activity, we recommend choosing the larger size. Your compression garment should be a neat, tight fit, but it should not inhibit circulation. If you've chosen the wrong size, please contact us to discuss an exchange. |
DO YOU OFFER GIFT CARDS? Gift cards are currently available for 2XU UK. Gift Cards are currently available in denominations of £10, £25, £50, £100 and £200. This card is redeemable only at uk.2xu.com in the UK. If not used, this card shall expire one year after the date of purchase. Except for in accordance with your legal rights, the card is non-returnable, non-refundable, cannot be exchanged for cash and cannot be used towards the purchase of another gift card. |
HOW SHOULD I WASH AND CARE FOR MY 2XU GEAR? Washing instructions will be on the care tag of the individual gear you own. However, as a general rule:
When storing, we recommend placing apparel in garment bag to protect from snags and prolonged exposure from sun. We recommend getting a delicates laundry bag for extra long use. |
HOW LONG DO THEY LAST? Our garments are built to perform. We carefully select our fabrics and materials to ensure the longest lifespan possible for our garments. The standard life of our garments is approx 7 years, provided that the care instructions are followed for wear and wash. |


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There are many things I can say about the high quality of service I provide to my home seller and home buyer clients, but probably none would be as credible as testimonials from some of my recent clients themselves.
So please take a moment to read the following testimonials. I hope they indicate my experience and integrity, as well as make it clear how much I enjoy helping people with their real estate needs.
I would be happy to email you additional testimonials if you are interested.
"Thank you for going above and beyond our expectations."
<<Customer Name>>, Boca Raton
"Thank you so much for all your work and expertise in marketing and selling our home. It was a real pleasure to deal with someone in whom we had so much confidence."
<<Customer Name>>, Boca Raton


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Could Flexion-Distraction Therapy Help My Pain?
Most of us experience pain in our muscles and joints occasionally. If we're lucky, the uncomfortable symptoms subside after just a few days. For some people, pain becomes a chronic condition that lasts months or years.
Although pain medication can be helpful, it often causes nausea, dizziness and other unpleasant side effects that can make it difficult to drive or keep up with your usual workload. Flexion-distraction therapy, a natural, non-surgical technique offered by your chiropractor, provides an effective, alternative pain relief option.
What Is Flexion-Distraction Therapy?
Flexion-distraction therapy is performed on a segmented table that moves as your chiropractor slowly manipulates your spine. The manipulations, combined with the movements of the table, stretch and decompress your spine, relieving your back, leg, neck, or arm pain.
As your chiropractor performs the gentle manipulations, a section of the treatment table drops or moves, changing the positioning of your body. When your body drops slightly, gravity enhances the effects of treatment and helps realign your spine.
What Are the Benefits of the Treatment?
Flexion-distraction therapy can:
- Reduce pressure on your spinal nerves and discs
- Decrease bulging of herniated discs
- Improve range of motion and mobility
- Help you manage chronic back pain
- Relieve stiffness
- Decrease neck pain and headaches
- Eliminate or delay the need for surgery in some cases
- Promote good disc health
- Relieve pain and numbness in the back, buttocks, arms, and legs
- Improve posture
In a study published in The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, researchers examined the effects of flexion-distraction manipulation on patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. The condition occurs when the spinal canal narrows and presses against the nerves that serve the lower back and legs, causing pain, weakness, numbness, and cramping.
Study participants who received flexion-distraction manipulation as part of their therapy experienced a greater reduction of their painful symptoms than those patients whose treatment did not include the technique.
Will Flexion-Distraction Help Me?
In addition to improving spinal stenosis symptoms, flexion-distraction can also be used to treat many other types of back pain. It may reduce pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis and improve spinal movement in patients who have scoliosis.
Flexion-distraction therapy can be helpful if you have sacroiliac syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, sciatica, spondylolisthesis, sprains, and strains. It's also very effective in treating muscle spasms or low back pain unrelated to a specific condition.
The technique is gentle enough to use after spinal surgery and can be an important part of your recovery treatment plan. If you have osteoporosis or another condition that affects your bones, some treatments may be too risky. Luckily, flexion-distraction is gentle enough that it can be a safe therapy option for people who have brittle bones or are frail.
Flexion-distraction therapy may even be helpful in treating knee pain. In a study published in The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, patients who had either acute or chronic knee pain received flexion-distraction therapy for two to three weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the mean pain scale score dropped from 7.7 to 1.8. Patients who suffered from chronic knee pain maintained their results by receiving the therapy once every month.
Are you tired of living in pain? Flexion-distraction therapy may offer the ideal way to relieve your symptoms, whether you've been experiencing pain for a few days or weeks, or you have a chronic condition. Call us to schedule your appointment.
NCBI: European Spine Journal: The Global Spine Care Initiative, 9/27/18
NCBI: Journal of Physical Therapy Science: Effects of Flexion-Distraction Manipulation Therapy on Pain and Disability in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, 6/30/15
Chiropractic Economics: The Extensive Benefits of a Chiropractic Flexion Table, 9/15/16
NCBI The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association: Innovative Application of Cox Flexion Distraction Decompression to the Knee: A Retrospective Case Series


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About The Salvation Army
Adult Rehabilitation Centers
For over 100 years The Salvation Army's Adult Rehabilitation Centers have provided spiritual, social, and emotional assistance for men and women who have lost the ability to cope with their problems and provide for themselves. Centers offers residential housing, work, and group and individual therapy, all in a clean, wholesome environment. The physical and spiritual care that program participants receive prepares them to re-enter society and return to gainful employment. Many of those who have been rehabilitated are reunited with their families and resume a normal life.


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Brick Davina Classic Washable Area Rug
Brick Davina Classic Washable Area Rug
of delivery! Click here for FAQs.
with high-quality rugs and décor at the lowest prices.
We're proud to make redecorating easy and affordable!
of delivery! Click here for FAQs.
with high-quality rugs and décor at the lowest prices.
We're proud to make redecorating easy and affordable!
Why You'll Love This rug
- Low pile (0.15 inch)—sleek and functional
- 100% Recycled Polyester
- Power Loomed
- Feels Soft and Smooth
- OEKO-TEX® certified, tested for hundreds of harmful substances for your peace of mind
We've designed our washable rugs to make your life easier, so caring for them is simple:
When your rug arrives, simply unfold it and place it flat in your desired space. Our washable rugs are easy to fold and unfold. No need to worry about matching corners, aligning separate backing layers, or smoothing unsightly bubbles. Please note, since your rug will arrive folded, it may take a few days for any creases to relax.
When it's time to clean your rug, simply machine wash with cold water using the gentle cycle. Do not use bleach.
We recommend line drying or drying without heat on an air-only drying cycle. A low heat iron can be used if needed.
To remove any dirt or debris, hand vacuum carefully on the lowest setting without the beater bar.
Use of a rug pad is recommended to provide extra cushion and prevent slipping and sliding. Rug pads protect both your floors and your rug from wear and tear, extending the life of your rug.
Our washable rugs are designed to be compatible with most standard washing machines.
The Recycled Washables Collection
In search of an earth-friendly option, but need the flexibility of a washable rug? The styles in this collection are the answer. Constructed of recycled materials and finished with durable, synthetic backings designed to extend their lives, these washable rugs deliver the best of both worlds. With a vast array of styles suited for a variety of spaces, this assortment of recycled rugs is primed to deliver the look you're after in a more eco-conscious way.


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Export 7 results:
Filters: Author is Hayden, S. C. [Clear All Filters]
TiO(2) Nanotube/CdS Hybrid Electrodes: Extraordinary Enhancement in the Inactivation of Escherichia coli. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2010 ;132:14406-14408.
. Thin to Thick, Short to Long: Spectral Properties of Gold Nanorods by Theoretical Modeling. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2013 ;117:18653-18656.
. . Rapid and Efficient Prediction of Optical Extinction Coefficients for Gold Nanospheres and Gold Nanorods. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2013 ;117:23950-23955.
. Plasmonic enhancement of photodynamic cancer therapy. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a-Chemistry. 2013 ;269:34-41.
. Antiandrogen Gold Nanoparticles Dual-Target and Overcome Treatment Resistance in Hormone-Insensitive Prostate Cancer Cells. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2012 ;23:1507-1512.
. Aggregation and Interaction of Cationic Nanoparticles on Bacterial Surfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2012 ;134:6920-6923.


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How to Play
7 card poker: learn how to play seven card stud
7 Card Stud poker used to be the most popular variety of poker, until Texas Hold'em took its crown. It is quite different from both Texas Hold'em and Omaha and it requires a certain amount of patience. However, it's an exciting game that can be very rewarding!
Before a game starts, each player must post an 'ante', a mandatory amount that ensures there is some money in the pot. In stud poker games, there are no community cards. Instead, the dealer begins by dealing clockwise until each player has three cards. The first two cards are dealt face down ('hole' cards), the third face up (the 'door' card).
7 Card Stud is divided into five rounds of betting, and the betting moves clockwise around the table.
If two or more players tie by holding equally-strong winning five-card hands, the pot will be split between the tying players. If there is an odd chip, it will be given to the player whose hand has the higher suit.
Opening the Betting
The player with the lowest-ranking up card starts the game with a token bet called the 'bring-in'. (If two or more players have the same lowest card, the bring-in is determined by suit in alphabetical order: clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades.)
Third Street
Once the bring-in bet has been made, each player (starting with the player to the left of the bring-in) can fold, call, or raise to the betting limit.
Fourth Street
Everyone is dealt another up card. At this point, the player with the highest two up cards starts the betting. On this round of betting only, if a player gets an open pair, he or she can make a double bet.
Fifth Street
Everyone is dealt another up card. The player with the highest combination of up cards starts the betting.
Sixth Street
Everyone is dealt another up card. Again, the player with the highest combination of up cards starts the betting.
Seventh Street or The River
Everyone is dealt their final down card. The same player who started the last round starts the betting.
The player with the best hand wins.


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Explore related topics
Glynn County, GAAbout the author
Neilsberg Research
Neilsberg Research team are data scientists with expertise in processing, analysis and visualization of big data helping small businesses make right decisions.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be legal or tax advice. We recommend that you consult with a qualified professional such as a lawyer or accountant before making a decision. Many of the products and services featured here are from our affiliate partners. We may receive commissions on purchases made from our chosen links. Read advertiser disclosure.


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7 % VAT incl. excl. Shipping costs
instead of 149,95 EUR
only 139,95 EUR
you save 7 % / 10,00 EUR
19 % VAT incl. excl. Shipping costs
You do not have any products in your shopping cart yet.
We ship domestically and within the EC with the DHL (German postal service) including tracking persecution.
Delivery to Germany:
Delivery to Austria, Danmark, Netherlands, Belgic, Luxenbourg, France, Finland, Bulgaria, Italia, Malta, Great Britan (incl. Isle of Man, Jersey), Lettland, Litauen, Monaco, Polia, Rumenia, Sweden, Slowenien, Espania, Cypric:
Delivery to Swiss and Norway
Other Contries on inquiry, we generally do not deliver oversea!


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Web Site Terms and Conditions of Use
1. Terms
By accessing this web site, you are agreeing to be bound by these web site Terms and Conditions of Use, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. If you do not agree with any of these terms, you are prohibited from using or accessing this site. The materials contained in this web site are protected by applicable copyright and trade mark law.
2. Use License
Permission is granted to temporarily download one copy of the materials (information or software) on Open Door's web site for personal, non-commercial transitory viewing only. This is the grant of a license, not a transfer of title, and under this license you may not:
modify or copy the materials;
use the materials for any commercial purpose, or for any public display (commercial or non-commercial);
attempt to decompile or reverse engineer any software contained on Open Door's web site;
remove any copyright or other proprietary notations from the materials; or
transfer the materials to another person or "mirror" the materials on any other server.
This license shall automatically terminate if you violate any of these restrictions and may be terminated by Open Door at any time. Upon terminating your viewing of these materials or upon the termination of this license, you must destroy any downloaded materials in your possession whether in electronic or printed format.
Legal Notice to PicScout, http://www.picscout.com/ ,Getty Images,http://www.gettyimages.com/ trading as: GYI , all other customers of PicScout, and Cyveillance Intelligence Center http://www.cyveillance.com/, and to any and all clients of Cyveillance Intelligence Center, their subsidiaries, agents, or assigns are prohibited from accessing this website or any website hosted on the AllProWebTools hosting platform or AllProWebTools maintained servers.
Permission for the copyright scanning robot program known as PicScout and for robots owned or operated by Cyveillance Intelligence Center, Getty Images, their subsidiaries, agents, and assigns to access this site is explicitly denied. All other robots which scan content for the purpose of any law enforcement, criminal or civil, are also denied permission to access this site at any time without a duly served warrant in accordance with the 4th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and duly codified laws of the State of Colorado.
Notice concerning demands for damages originating from Getty Images, PicScout, Cyveillance Intelligence Center, or any of their subsidiaries, agents, or assigns or any other scanning robot users sending "demand notices" prior to DMCA takedown notices
We regard Getty Images, PicScout, Cyveillance Intelligence Center, or any of their subsidiaries, agents, or assigns as entities engaged in extortion. As such, all payment demands SHALL BE REFUSED if any threats of legal action are ever received from Getty Images, PicScout, Cyveillance Intelligence Center, their subsidiaries, agents, or assigns or any other copyright holder demanding "damages" prior to sending DMCA takedown notifications. Not only will we refuse to pay the funds you demand and we shall instead seek liquidated damages in the amount of $25,000 US per violation of our Terms of Service concerning image scanning robots.
3. Disclaimer
The materials on Open Door's web site are provided "as is". Open Door makes no warranties, expressed or implied, and hereby disclaims and negates all other warranties, including without limitation, implied warranties or conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property or other violation of rights. Further, Open Door does not warrant or make any representations concerning the accuracy, likely results, or reliability of the use of the materials on its Internet web site or otherwise relating to such materials or on any sites linked to this site.
4. Limitations
In no event shall Open Door or its suppliers or website hosting provider AllProWebTools or any of its subsidiaries, agents, or assigns be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption,) arising out of the use or inability to use the materials on Open Door's Internet site, even if Open Door or a Open Door authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Because some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages, these limitations may not apply to you.
5. Revisions and Errata
The materials appearing on Open Door's web site could include technical, typographical, or photographic errors. Open Door does not warrant that any of the materials on its web site are accurate, complete, or current. Open Door may make changes to the materials contained on its web site at any time without notice. Open Door does not, however, make any commitment to update the materials.
6. Links
Open Door has not reviewed all of the sites linked to its Internet web site and is not responsible for the contents of any such linked site. The inclusion of any link does not imply endorsement by Open Door of the site. Use of any such linked web site is at the user's own risk.
7. Site Terms of Use Modifications
Open Door may revise these terms of use for its web site at any time without notice. By using this web site you are agreeing to be bound by the then current version of these Terms and Conditions of Use.
8. Enforceability and Governing Law
In the event any of the terms or provisions of these Terms and Conditions shall be held to be unenforceable, the remaining terms and provisions shall be unimpaired and the unenforceable term or provision shall be replaced by such enforceable term or provision as comes closest to the intention underlying the unenforceable term or provision.
Any claim relating to Open Door's web site shall be governed by the laws of the State of CO without regard to its conflict of law provisions.
Any claim relating to AllProWebTools, it's software, hosting, or any of its subsidiaries, agents, or assigns shall be governed by the laws of Loveland, CO. The federal courts and state courts that have geographical jurisdiction over disputes arising at our office location in the Loveland, CO will be the only permissible venues for any and all disputes arising out of or in connection with any access to AllProWebTools hosting or web servers maintained by AllProWebTools.


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Mickey And Minnie Merry Christmas SVG Cutting Digital File
Mickey And Minnie Merry Christmas SVG Cutting Digital File. is perfect for all your project needs, whether it's invitations, DIY home décor, clothing, or crafting. We offer a wide range of fresh concepts that we update daily, especially considering the current pandemic's impact. If you require a custom design, simply share an image with us, and we'll gladly assist you throughout the entire process. Each design in this collection is available for instant download in SVG, PNG, PDF, EPS, and DXF formats, making it suitable for various applications like printing, creating iron-on transfers, cutting vinyl with Silhouette, Cricut, or other cutting devices, and much more
Mickey And Minnie Merry Christmas SVG Cutting Digital File: There is NO object transported; this is a digital download file.
- This item is digital, so you can use the file to print it on things like t-shirts, decals, stickers, and mugs.
- Five file formats are included in a digital file: SVG, DXF, PNG, EPS, and PDF
- Before purchasing the download, please make sure that your computer, laptop, or cutting device is compatible with one or more of the specified formats.
- Once downloaded, please unpack the ZIP file before using.
These digital party invitations are ideal. First, you can use it to make invitations, decorations, or greeting cards. Additionally, you may use it to make social media banners and label stickers for crafts or labels. Thirdly, you can use it for scrapbooking or advertisements. You can also use it for stationary. Additionally, you may use it for printed apparel, backdrops, gift wrap, wallpaper, and wallpaper. Or to put it another way, it's much more! You can use a variety of cutting software programs with these digital artwork files. For instance, ScanNCut, Make the Cut, and Cricut Design Space. Additionally, SCAL can be used with it. Additionally, DXF files that are intended for usage with Silhouette Studio software are supplied. In conclusion, you should use these files with an electronic cutting device that can handle the formats specified above.
- This file may be used for both personal and business purposes.
- Don't sell this file again
- Share this file privately.
- Please get in touch with us if you experience any issues with the downloaded version.
- Please get in touch with us whenever you need a new size, format, or color.
All rights to these images belong to the authors. We take payment for drawing, creating and spending time on it Follow me on FACEBOOK: Design Category *** If you have any questions, feel free to ask us. We will try to clarify everything. Thank you for your time!


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Appendix B - Reliability of the Estimates
Appendix B - Reliability of the Estimates
The estimates in this publication may differ from the actual, unknown population values. Statisticians define this difference as the total error of the estimate. When describing the accuracy of survey results, it is convenient to discuss total error as the sum of sampling error and nonsampling error. Sampling error is the average difference between the estimate and the result that would be obtained from a complete enumeration of the sampling frame conducted under the same survey conditions. Nonsampling error encompasses all other factors that contribute to the total error of a sample survey estimate.
The sampling error of the estimates in this publication can be estimated from the selected sample because the sample was selected using probability sampling. Common measures related to sampling error are the sampling variance, the standard error, and the coefficient of variation (CV). The sampling variance is the squared difference, averaged over all possible samples of the same size and design, between the estimator and its average value. The standard error is the square root of the sampling variance. The CV expresses the standard error as a percentage of the estimate to which it refers. This publication presents these measures in Appendix B.
Nonsampling errors are difficult to measure and can be introduced through inadequacies in the questionnaire, nonresponse, inaccurate reporting by respondents, errors in the application of survey procedures, incorrect recording of answers, and errors in data entry and processing. No measures of nonsampling error are presented in this publication, however, every effort is made to minimize their effect on the estimates. Data users should take into account both the measures of sampling error and the potential effects of nonsampling error when using these estimates.
More detailed descriptions of sampling and nonsampling errors for the 2002 CFS are provided in the following sections.
Sampling Error
Because the estimates are based on a sample, exact agreement with results that would be obtained from a complete enumeration of all shipments made in 2002 from all establishments included on the sampling frame using the same enumeration procedures is not expected. However, because probability sampling was used at each stage of selection, it is possible to estimate the sampling variability of the survey estimates. For CFS estimates, sampling variability arises from each of the three stages of sampling. (See Appendix C for a description of the sample design.)
The particular sample used in this survey is one of a large number of samples of the same size that could have been selected using the same design. If all possible samples had been surveyed under the same conditions, an estimate of a population parameter of interest could have been obtained from each sample. These samples give rise to a distribution of estimates for the population parameter. A statistical measure of the variability among these estimates is the standard error, which can be approximated from any one sample. The standard error is defined as the square root of the variance. The coefficient of variation (or relative standard error) of an estimator is the standard error of the estimator divided by the estimator. Note that measures of sampling variability, such as the standard error and coefficient of variation, are estimated from the sample and are also subject to sampling variability. (Technically, we should refer to the estimated standard error or the estimated coefficient of variation of an estimator. However, for the sake of brevity, we have omitted this detail.) It is important to note that the standard error only measures sampling variability. It does not measure systematic biases of the sample. The Census Bureau recommends that individuals using estimates contained in this report incorporate this information into their analyses, as sampling error could affect the conclusions drawn from these estimates.
An estimate from a particular sample and the standard error associated with the estimate can be used to construct a confidence interval. A confidence interval is a range about a given estimator that has a specified probability of containing the result of a complete enumeration of the sampling frame conducted under the same survey conditions. Associated with each interval is a percentage of confidence, which is interpreted as follows. If, for each possible sample, an estimate of a population parameter and its approximate standard error were obtained, then:
- For approximately 90 percent of the possible samples, the interval from 1.645 standard errors below to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would include the result as obtained from a complete enumeration of the sampling frame conducted under the same survey conditions.
- For approximately 95 percent of the possible samples, the interval from 1.96 standard errors below to 1.96 standard errors above the estimate would include the result as obtained from a complete enumeration of the sampling frame conducted under the same survey conditions.
To illustrate the computation of a confidence interval for an estimate of total value of shipments, assume that an estimate of total value is $10,750 million and the coefficient of variation for this estimate is 1.8 percent, or 0.018. First obtain the standard error of the estimate by multiplying the value of shipments estimate by its coefficient of variation. For this example, multiply $10,750 million by 0.018. This yields a standard error of $193.5 million. The upper and lower bounds of the 90-percent confidence interval are computed as $10,750 million plus or minus 1.645 times $193.5 million. Consequently, the 90-percent confidence interval is $10,432 million to $11,068 million. If corresponding confidence intervals were constructed for all possible samples of the same size and design, approximately 9 out of 10 (90 percent) of these intervals would contain the result obtained from a complete enumeration.
Nonsampling Error
Nonsampling error encompasses all other factors that contribute to the total error of a sample survey estimate and may also occur in censuses. It is often helpful to think of nonsampling error as arising from deficiencies or mistakes in the survey process. In the CFS, nonsampling error can be attributed to many sources: inability to obtain information about all units in the sample; response errors; differences in the interpretation of the questions; mistakes in coding or keying the data obtained; and other errors of collection, response, coverage, and processing. Although no direct measurement of the potential biases due to nonsampling error has been obtained, precautionary steps were taken in all phases of the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data in an effort to minimize their influence. The Census Bureau recommends that individuals using estimates in this report incorporate this information into their analyses, as nonsampling error could affect the conclusions drawn from these estimates.
A potential source of bias in the estimates is nonresponse. Nonresponse is defined as the inability to obtain all the intended measurements or responses from all units in the sample. Four levels of nonresponse can occur in the CFS: item, shipment, quarter (reporting week), and establishment. Item nonresponse occurs either when a question is unanswered or the response to the question fails computer or analyst edits. Nonresponse to the shipment value or weight items is corrected by imputation, which is the procedure by which a missing value is replaced by a predicted value obtained from an appropriate model. (See Appendix C for a description of the imputation procedure.) Shipment, quarter, and establishment nonresponse are used to describe the inability to obtain any of the substantive measurements about a sampled shipment, quarter, or establishment, respectively. Shipment and quarter nonresponse are corrected by reweighting. Reweighting allocates characteristics to the nonrespondents in proportion to the characteristics observed for the respondents. The amount of bias introduced by this nonresponse adjustment procedure depends on the extent to which the nonrespondents differ, characteristically, from the respondents. Establishment nonresponse is corrected during the estimation procedure by the industry-level adjustment weight. (See Appendix C for a description of the estimation procedure.) In most cases of establishment nonresponse, none of the four questionnaires have been returned to the Census Bureau, after several attempts to elicit a response. Approximately 63 percent of the establishments provided at least one quarter of data that contributed to tabulation.
Some possible sources of bias that are attributed to respondent-conducted sampling include misunderstanding the definition of a shipment, constructing an incomplete frame of shipments from which to sample, ordering the shipment sampling frame by selected shipment characteristics, and selecting shipment records by a method other than the one specified in the questionnaire's instructions. We often contact respondents who reported shipments having an untypically large value or weight when compared to the rest of their reported shipments. Upon contact, if we are able to collect information on all of a given respondent's large shipments made either for a particular reporting week or for the entire quarter, then we identify these large shipments as certainty shipments. (See Appendix C for a description of how certainty shipments are used in the estimation process.)
Title 13 of the United States Code authorizes the Census Bureau to conduct censuses and surveys. Section 9 of the same Title requires that any information collected from the public under the authority of Title 13 be maintained as confidential. Section 214 of Title 13 and Sections 3559 and 3571 of Title 18 of the United States Code provide for the imposition of penalties of up to 5 years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines for wrongful disclosure of confidential census information. In accordance with Title 13, no estimates are published that would disclose the operations of an individual firm.
The Census Bureau's internal Disclosure Review Board sets the confidentiality rules for all data releases. A checklist approach is used to ensure that all potential risks to the confidentiality of the data are considered and addressed.
Disclosure Limitation
Disclosure is the release of data that have been deemed confidential. It generally reveals information about a specific individual or establishment or permits deduction of sensitive information about a particular individual or establishment. Disclosure limitation is the process used to protect the confidentiality of the survey data provided by an individual or firm. Using disclosure limitation procedures, the Census Bureau modifies or removes the characteristics that put confidential information at risk for disclosure. Although it may appear that a table shows information about a specific individual or business, the Census Bureau has taken steps to disguise or suppress the original data while making sure the results are still useful. The techniques used by the Census Bureau to protect confidentiality in tabulations vary, depending on the type of data.
Unpublished Estimates
Some unpublished estimates can be derived directly from this report by subtracting published estimates from their respective totals. However, the estimates obtained by such subtraction would be subject to poor response, high sampling variability, or other factors that may make them potentially misleading.
Individuals who use estimates in this report to create new estimates should cite the Census Bureau as the source of only the original estimates.


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25 Aug 2022: Ioannidis JPA (2022) Correction: Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLOS Medicine 19(8): e1004085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004085 View correction
There is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. Simulations show that for most study designs and settings, it is more likely for a research claim to be false than true. Moreover, for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias. In this essay, I discuss the implications of these problems for the conduct and interpretation of research.
Citation: Ioannidis JPA (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Med 2(8): e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
Published: August 30, 2005
Copyright: © 2005 John P. A. Ioannidis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviation: PPV, positive predictive value
Published research findings are sometimes refuted by subsequent evidence, with ensuing confusion and disappointment. Refutation and controversy is seen across the range of research designs, from clinical trials and traditional epidemiological studies [1–3] to the most modern molecular research [4,5]. There is increasing concern that in modern research, false findings may be the majority or even the vast majority of published research claims [6–8]. However, this should not be surprising. It can be proven that most claimed research findings are false. Here I will examine the key factors that influence this problem and some corollaries thereof.
Modeling the Framework for False Positive Findings
Several methodologists have pointed out [9–11] that the high rate of nonreplication (lack of confirmation) of research discoveries is a consequence of the convenient, yet ill-founded strategy of claiming conclusive research findings solely on the basis of a single study assessed by formal statistical significance, typically for a p-value less than 0.05. Research is not most appropriately represented and summarized by p-values, but, unfortunately, there is a widespread notion that medical research articles should be interpreted based only on p-values. Research findings are defined here as any relationship reaching formal statistical significance, e.g., effective interventions, informative predictors, risk factors, or associations. "Negative" research is also very useful. "Negative" is actually a misnomer, and the misinterpretation is widespread. However, here we will target relationships that investigators claim exist, rather than null findings.
It can be proven that most claimed research findings are false
As has been shown previously, the probability that a research finding is indeed true depends on the prior probability of it being true (before doing the study), the statistical power of the study, and the level of statistical significance [10,11]. Consider a 2 × 2 table in which research findings are compared against the gold standard of true relationships in a scientific field. In a research field both true and false hypotheses can be made about the presence of relationships. Let R be the ratio of the number of "true relationships" to "no relationships" among those tested in the field. R is characteristic of the field and can vary a lot depending on whether the field targets highly likely relationships or searches for only one or a few true relationships among thousands and millions of hypotheses that may be postulated. Let us also consider, for computational simplicity, circumscribed fields where either there is only one true relationship (among many that can be hypothesized) or the power is similar to find any of the several existing true relationships. The pre-study probability of a relationship being true is R/(R + 1). The probability of a study finding a true relationship reflects the power 1 - β (one minus the Type II error rate). The probability of claiming a relationship when none truly exists reflects the Type I error rate, α. Assuming that c relationships are being probed in the field, the expected values of the 2 × 2 table are given in Table 1. After a research finding has been claimed based on achieving formal statistical significance, the post-study probability that it is true is the positive predictive value, PPV. The PPV is also the complementary probability of what Wacholder et al. have called the false positive report probability [10]. According to the 2 × 2 table, one gets PPV = (1 - β)R/(R - βR + α). A research finding is thus more likely true than false if (1 - β)R > α. Since usually the vast majority of investigators depend on a = 0.05, this means that a research finding is more likely true than false if (1 - β)R > 0.05.
What is less well appreciated is that bias and the extent of repeated independent testing by different teams of investigators around the globe may further distort this picture and may lead to even smaller probabilities of the research findings being indeed true. We will try to model these two factors in the context of similar 2 × 2 tables.
First, let us define bias as the combination of various design, data, analysis, and presentation factors that tend to produce research findings when they should not be produced. Let u be the proportion of probed analyses that would not have been "research findings," but nevertheless end up presented and reported as such, because of bias. Bias should not be confused with chance variability that causes some findings to be false by chance even though the study design, data, analysis, and presentation are perfect. Bias can entail manipulation in the analysis or reporting of findings. Selective or distorted reporting is a typical form of such bias. We may assume that u does not depend on whether a true relationship exists or not. This is not an unreasonable assumption, since typically it is impossible to know which relationships are indeed true. In the presence of bias (Table 2), one gets PPV = ([1 - β]R + uβR)/(R + α − βR + u − uα + uβR), and PPV decreases with increasing u, unless 1 − β ≤ α, i.e., 1 − β ≤ 0.05 for most situations. Thus, with increasing bias, the chances that a research finding is true diminish considerably. This is shown for different levels of power and for different pre-study odds in Figure 1. Conversely, true research findings may occasionally be annulled because of reverse bias. For example, with large measurement errors relationships are lost in noise [12], or investigators use data inefficiently or fail to notice statistically significant relationships, or there may be conflicts of interest that tend to "bury" significant findings [13]. There is no good large-scale empirical evidence on how frequently such reverse bias may occur across diverse research fields. However, it is probably fair to say that reverse bias is not as common. Moreover measurement errors and inefficient use of data are probably becoming less frequent problems, since measurement error has decreased with technological advances in the molecular era and investigators are becoming increasingly sophisticated about their data. Regardless, reverse bias may be modeled in the same way as bias above. Also reverse bias should not be confused with chance variability that may lead to missing a true relationship because of chance.
Panels correspond to power of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80.
Testing by Several Independent Teams
Several independent teams may be addressing the same sets of research questions. As research efforts are globalized, it is practically the rule that several research teams, often dozens of them, may probe the same or similar questions. Unfortunately, in some areas, the prevailing mentality until now has been to focus on isolated discoveries by single teams and interpret research experiments in isolation. An increasing number of questions have at least one study claiming a research finding, and this receives unilateral attention. The probability that at least one study, among several done on the same question, claims a statistically significant research finding is easy to estimate. For n independent studies of equal power, the 2 × 2 table is shown in Table 3: PPV = R(1 − βn)/(R + 1 − [1 − α]n − Rβn) (not considering bias). With increasing number of independent studies, PPV tends to decrease, unless 1 - β < a, i.e., typically 1 − β < 0.05. This is shown for different levels of power and for different pre-study odds in Figure 2. For n studies of different power, the term βn is replaced by the product of the terms βi for i = 1 to n, but inferences are similar.
Panels correspond to power of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80.
A practical example is shown in Box 1. Based on the above considerations, one may deduce several interesting corollaries about the probability that a research finding is indeed true.
Box 1. An Example: Science at Low Pre-Study Odds
Let us assume that a team of investigators performs a whole genome association study to test whether any of 100,000 gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Based on what we know about the extent of heritability of the disease, it is reasonable to expect that probably around ten gene polymorphisms among those tested would be truly associated with schizophrenia, with relatively similar odds ratios around 1.3 for the ten or so polymorphisms and with a fairly similar power to identify any of them. Then R = 10/100,000 = 10−4, and the pre-study probability for any polymorphism to be associated with schizophrenia is also R/(R + 1) = 10−4. Let us also suppose that the study has 60% power to find an association with an odds ratio of 1.3 at α = 0.05. Then it can be estimated that if a statistically significant association is found with the p-value barely crossing the 0.05 threshold, the post-study probability that this is true increases about 12-fold compared with the pre-study probability, but it is still only 12 × 10−4.
Now let us suppose that the investigators manipulate their design, analyses, and reporting so as to make more relationships cross the p = 0.05 threshold even though this would not have been crossed with a perfectly adhered to design and analysis and with perfect comprehensive reporting of the results, strictly according to the original study plan. Such manipulation could be done, for example, with serendipitous inclusion or exclusion of certain patients or controls, post hoc subgroup analyses, investigation of genetic contrasts that were not originally specified, changes in the disease or control definitions, and various combinations of selective or distorted reporting of the results. Commercially available "data mining" packages actually are proud of their ability to yield statistically significant results through data dredging. In the presence of bias with u = 0.10, the post-study probability that a research finding is true is only 4.4 × 10−4. Furthermore, even in the absence of any bias, when ten independent research teams perform similar experiments around the world, if one of them finds a formally statistically significant association, the probability that the research finding is true is only 1.5 × 10−4, hardly any higher than the probability we had before any of this extensive research was undertaken!
Corollary 1: The smaller the studies conducted in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Small sample size means smaller power and, for all functions above, the PPV for a true research finding decreases as power decreases towards 1 − β = 0.05. Thus, other factors being equal, research findings are more likely true in scientific fields that undertake large studies, such as randomized controlled trials in cardiology (several thousand subjects randomized) [14] than in scientific fields with small studies, such as most research of molecular predictors (sample sizes 100-fold smaller) [15].
Corollary 2: The smaller the effect sizes in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Power is also related to the effect size. Thus research findings are more likely true in scientific fields with large effects, such as the impact of smoking on cancer or cardiovascular disease (relative risks 3–20), than in scientific fields where postulated effects are small, such as genetic risk factors for multigenetic diseases (relative risks 1.1–1.5) [7]. Modern epidemiology is increasingly obliged to target smaller effect sizes [16]. Consequently, the proportion of true research findings is expected to decrease. In the same line of thinking, if the true effect sizes are very small in a scientific field, this field is likely to be plagued by almost ubiquitous false positive claims. For example, if the majority of true genetic or nutritional determinants of complex diseases confer relative risks less than 1.05, genetic or nutritional epidemiology would be largely utopian endeavors.
Corollary 3: The greater the number and the lesser the selection of tested relationships in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. As shown above, the post-study probability that a finding is true (PPV) depends a lot on the pre-study odds (R). Thus, research findings are more likely true in confirmatory designs, such as large phase III randomized controlled trials, or meta-analyses thereof, than in hypothesis-generating experiments. Fields considered highly informative and creative given the wealth of the assembled and tested information, such as microarrays and other high-throughput discovery-oriented research [4,8,17], should have extremely low PPV.
Corollary 4: The greater the flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Flexibility increases the potential for transforming what would be "negative" results into "positive" results, i.e., bias, u. For several research designs, e.g., randomized controlled trials [18–20] or meta-analyses [21,22], there have been efforts to standardize their conduct and reporting. Adherence to common standards is likely to increase the proportion of true findings. The same applies to outcomes. True findings may be more common when outcomes are unequivocal and universally agreed (e.g., death) rather than when multifarious outcomes are devised (e.g., scales for schizophrenia outcomes) [23]. Similarly, fields that use commonly agreed, stereotyped analytical methods (e.g., Kaplan-Meier plots and the log-rank test) [24] may yield a larger proportion of true findings than fields where analytical methods are still under experimentation (e.g., artificial intelligence methods) and only "best" results are reported. Regardless, even in the most stringent research designs, bias seems to be a major problem. For example, there is strong evidence that selective outcome reporting, with manipulation of the outcomes and analyses reported, is a common problem even for randomized trails [25]. Simply abolishing selective publication would not make this problem go away.
Corollary 5: The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Conflicts of interest and prejudice may increase bias, u. Conflicts of interest are very common in biomedical research [26], and typically they are inadequately and sparsely reported [26,27]. Prejudice may not necessarily have financial roots. Scientists in a given field may be prejudiced purely because of their belief in a scientific theory or commitment to their own findings. Many otherwise seemingly independent, university-based studies may be conducted for no other reason than to give physicians and researchers qualifications for promotion or tenure. Such nonfinancial conflicts may also lead to distorted reported results and interpretations. Prestigious investigators may suppress via the peer review process the appearance and dissemination of findings that refute their findings, thus condemning their field to perpetuate false dogma. Empirical evidence on expert opinion shows that it is extremely unreliable [28].
Corollary 6: The hotter a scientific field (with more scientific teams involved), the less likely the research findings are to be true. This seemingly paradoxical corollary follows because, as stated above, the PPV of isolated findings decreases when many teams of investigators are involved in the same field. This may explain why we occasionally see major excitement followed rapidly by severe disappointments in fields that draw wide attention. With many teams working on the same field and with massive experimental data being produced, timing is of the essence in beating competition. Thus, each team may prioritize on pursuing and disseminating its most impressive "positive" results. "Negative" results may become attractive for dissemination only if some other team has found a "positive" association on the same question. In that case, it may be attractive to refute a claim made in some prestigious journal. The term Proteus phenomenon has been coined to describe this phenomenon of rapidly alternating extreme research claims and extremely opposite refutations [29]. Empirical evidence suggests that this sequence of extreme opposites is very common in molecular genetics [29].
These corollaries consider each factor separately, but these factors often influence each other. For example, investigators working in fields where true effect sizes are perceived to be small may be more likely to perform large studies than investigators working in fields where true effect sizes are perceived to be large. Or prejudice may prevail in a hot scientific field, further undermining the predictive value of its research findings. Highly prejudiced stakeholders may even create a barrier that aborts efforts at obtaining and disseminating opposing results. Conversely, the fact that a field is hot or has strong invested interests may sometimes promote larger studies and improved standards of research, enhancing the predictive value of its research findings. Or massive discovery-oriented testing may result in such a large yield of significant relationships that investigators have enough to report and search further and thus refrain from data dredging and manipulation.
Most Research Findings Are False for Most Research Designs and for Most Fields
In the described framework, a PPV exceeding 50% is quite difficult to get. Table 4 provides the results of simulations using the formulas developed for the influence of power, ratio of true to non-true relationships, and bias, for various types of situations that may be characteristic of specific study designs and settings. A finding from a well-conducted, adequately powered randomized controlled trial starting with a 50% pre-study chance that the intervention is effective is eventually true about 85% of the time. A fairly similar performance is expected of a confirmatory meta-analysis of good-quality randomized trials: potential bias probably increases, but power and pre-test chances are higher compared to a single randomized trial. Conversely, a meta-analytic finding from inconclusive studies where pooling is used to "correct" the low power of single studies, is probably false if R ≤ 1:3. Research findings from underpowered, early-phase clinical trials would be true about one in four times, or even less frequently if bias is present. Epidemiological studies of an exploratory nature perform even worse, especially when underpowered, but even well-powered epidemiological studies may have only a one in five chance being true, if R = 1:10. Finally, in discovery-oriented research with massive testing, where tested relationships exceed true ones 1,000-fold (e.g., 30,000 genes tested, of which 30 may be the true culprits) [30,31], PPV for each claimed relationship is extremely low, even with considerable standardization of laboratory and statistical methods, outcomes, and reporting thereof to minimize bias.
Claimed Research Findings May Often Be Simply Accurate Measures of the Prevailing Bias
As shown, the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre- and post-study probability for true findings. Let us suppose that in a research field there are no true findings at all to be discovered. History of science teaches us that scientific endeavor has often in the past wasted effort in fields with absolutely no yield of true scientific information, at least based on our current understanding. In such a "null field," one would ideally expect all observed effect sizes to vary by chance around the null in the absence of bias. The extent that observed findings deviate from what is expected by chance alone would be simply a pure measure of the prevailing bias.
For example, let us suppose that no nutrients or dietary patterns are actually important determinants for the risk of developing a specific tumor. Let us also suppose that the scientific literature has examined 60 nutrients and claims all of them to be related to the risk of developing this tumor with relative risks in the range of 1.2 to 1.4 for the comparison of the upper to lower intake tertiles. Then the claimed effect sizes are simply measuring nothing else but the net bias that has been involved in the generation of this scientific literature. Claimed effect sizes are in fact the most accurate estimates of the net bias. It even follows that between "null fields," the fields that claim stronger effects (often with accompanying claims of medical or public health importance) are simply those that have sustained the worst biases.
For fields with very low PPV, the few true relationships would not distort this overall picture much. Even if a few relationships are true, the shape of the distribution of the observed effects would still yield a clear measure of the biases involved in the field. This concept totally reverses the way we view scientific results. Traditionally, investigators have viewed large and highly significant effects with excitement, as signs of important discoveries. Too large and too highly significant effects may actually be more likely to be signs of large bias in most fields of modern research. They should lead investigators to careful critical thinking about what might have gone wrong with their data, analyses, and results.
Of course, investigators working in any field are likely to resist accepting that the whole field in which they have spent their careers is a "null field." However, other lines of evidence, or advances in technology and experimentation, may lead eventually to the dismantling of a scientific field. Obtaining measures of the net bias in one field may also be useful for obtaining insight into what might be the range of bias operating in other fields where similar analytical methods, technologies, and conflicts may be operating.
How Can We Improve the Situation?
Is it unavoidable that most research findings are false, or can we improve the situation? A major problem is that it is impossible to know with 100% certainty what the truth is in any research question. In this regard, the pure "gold" standard is unattainable. However, there are several approaches to improve the post-study probability.
Better powered evidence, e.g., large studies or low-bias meta-analyses, may help, as it comes closer to the unknown "gold" standard. However, large studies may still have biases and these should be acknowledged and avoided. Moreover, large-scale evidence is impossible to obtain for all of the millions and trillions of research questions posed in current research. Large-scale evidence should be targeted for research questions where the pre-study probability is already considerably high, so that a significant research finding will lead to a post-test probability that would be considered quite definitive. Large-scale evidence is also particularly indicated when it can test major concepts rather than narrow, specific questions. A negative finding can then refute not only a specific proposed claim, but a whole field or considerable portion thereof. Selecting the performance of large-scale studies based on narrow-minded criteria, such as the marketing promotion of a specific drug, is largely wasted research. Moreover, one should be cautious that extremely large studies may be more likely to find a formally statistical significant difference for a trivial effect that is not really meaningfully different from the null [32–34].
Second, most research questions are addressed by many teams, and it is misleading to emphasize the statistically significant findings of any single team. What matters is the totality of the evidence. Diminishing bias through enhanced research standards and curtailing of prejudices may also help. However, this may require a change in scientific mentality that might be difficult to achieve. In some research designs, efforts may also be more successful with upfront registration of studies, e.g., randomized trials [35]. Registration would pose a challenge for hypothesis-generating research. Some kind of registration or networking of data collections or investigators within fields may be more feasible than registration of each and every hypothesis-generating experiment. Regardless, even if we do not see a great deal of progress with registration of studies in other fields, the principles of developing and adhering to a protocol could be more widely borrowed from randomized controlled trials.
Finally, instead of chasing statistical significance, we should improve our understanding of the range of R values—the pre-study odds—where research efforts operate [10]. Before running an experiment, investigators should consider what they believe the chances are that they are testing a true rather than a non-true relationship. Speculated high R values may sometimes then be ascertained. As described above, whenever ethically acceptable, large studies with minimal bias should be performed on research findings that are considered relatively established, to see how often they are indeed confirmed. I suspect several established "classics" will fail the test [36].
Nevertheless, most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis-generating research with low or very low pre-study odds. We should then acknowledge that statistical significance testing in the report of a single study gives only a partial picture, without knowing how much testing has been done outside the report and in the relevant field at large. Despite a large statistical literature for multiple testing corrections [37], usually it is impossible to decipher how much data dredging by the reporting authors or other research teams has preceded a reported research finding. Even if determining this were feasible, this would not inform us about the pre-study odds. Thus, it is unavoidable that one should make approximate assumptions on how many relationships are expected to be true among those probed across the relevant research fields and research designs. The wider field may yield some guidance for estimating this probability for the isolated research project. Experiences from biases detected in other neighboring fields would also be useful to draw upon. Even though these assumptions would be considerably subjective, they would still be very useful in interpreting research claims and putting them in context.
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Laura B
Jeanne Diagonal Earrings - White/ Grey
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Homeownership Is a Key to Building Wealth
For years, real estate has been considered the best investment you can make. A major reason for this is due to the net worth a household gains through homeownership. In fact, according to the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finance Data from the Federal Reserve, for the average homeowner:
"…a primary home accounts for 90% of the total wealth of a family in the U.S."
How do homeowners gain wealth?
Most large purchases, like cars and appliances, depreciate in value as they age, so it's understandable to question how owning a home can increase wealth over time. In a simple equation, the National Association of Realtors (NAR) explains how the combination of paying your mortgage and home price appreciation grow overall wealth:
Principal Payments + Price Appreciation Gains = Housing Wealth Gain
As home values increase and you make payments toward your home loan, you'll gain wealth through equity. The same article from NAR also addresses how wealth gains tend to play out over time:
"Housing wealth accumulation takes time and is built up by paying off the mortgage debt and by price appreciation. And while home prices can fall, home prices tend to recover and go up over the longer term. As of September 2020, the median sales price of existing home sales was $311,800, a 35% gain since July 2006 when prices peaked at $230,000."
Taking a look at how equity has grown for the typical homeowner, it's clear to see how real estate is a sound long-term investment. NAR notes:
"Nationally, a person who purchased a typical home 30 years ago would have typically gained about $283,000 as of the second quarter of 2020." (See graph below):
Bottom Line
Whether you're a current homeowner planning to put your equity toward a new home or have hopes of buying your first home soon, homeownership will always be a great opportunity to build your net worth and overall wealth. Owning a home is truly an investment in your financial future.


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Regimental number | 701 |
Place of birth | Lossiemouth, Scotland |
Place of birth | Elgan, Scotland |
Religion | Presbyterian |
Occupation | Labourer |
Address | Mount Gambier, South Australia |
Marital status | Single |
Age at embarkation | 21 |
Height | 5 8.5" |
Weight | 148 lbs |
Next of kin | Mother, Mrs Agnes Sutherland, Mount Gambier, South Australia |
Enlistment date | |
Date of enlistment from Nominal Roll | |
Place of enlistment | Keswick, South Australia |
Rank on enlistment | Private |
Unit name | 27th Battalion, C Company |
AWM Embarkation Roll number | 23/44/1 |
Embarkation details | Unit embarked from Adelaide, South Australia, on board HMAT A2 Geelong on |
Rank from Nominal Roll | Private |
Unit from Nominal Roll | 27th Battalion |
Fate | Killed in Action |
Place of burial | No known grave |
Commemoration details | The Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial (Panel 23), Belgium The Menin Gate Memorial (so named because the road led to the town of Menin) was constructed on the site of a gateway in the eastern walls of the old Flemish town of Ypres, Belgium, where hundreds of thousands of allied troops passed on their way to the front, the Ypres salient, the site from April 1915 to the end of the war of some of the fiercest fighting of the war. The Memorial was conceived as a monument to the 350,000 men of the British Empire who fought in the campaign. Inside the arch, on tablets of Portland stone, are inscribed the names of 56,000 men, including 6,178 Australians, who served in the Ypres campaign and who have no known grave. The opening of the Menin Gate Memorial on 24 July 1927 so moved the Australian artist Will Longstaff that he painted 'The Menin Gate at Midnight', which portrays a ghostly army of the dead marching past the Menin Gate. The painting now hangs in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, at the entrance of which are two medieval stone lions presented to the Memorial by the City of Ypres in 1936. Since the 1930s, with the brief interval of the German occupation in the Second World War, the City of Ypres has conducted a ceremony at the Memorial at dusk each evening to commemorate those who died in the Ypres campaign. |
Panel number, Roll of Honour, Australian War Memorial | 111 |
Other details | Emigrated to Australia 1912. Father: Hugh Sutherland |


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As a refresher, here's what Dora the Explorer, the spunky Spanish-teaching cartoon character, usually looks like:
And here she is looking at you, kid.
Here she's lost a nose but gained a lovely tan:
Lastly, though, is a truly "special" Dora. A Dora that stands out in the crowd. A Dora that says, "my baker sees the world a little differently." A "manager's special" Dora, if you will:
Karin D., Jenn E., Derek C., por favor manténganse se alejado de las puertas.
(That's the extent of my Spanish, courtesy of the Walt Disney World monorail. Like it?)


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Wooden Bars Stretcher Frame Upgrade for PBN Canvas
Wooden Bars Stretcher Frame Upgrade for PBN Canvas
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
We proudly offer free shipping for all our kits. We ship our paint by numbers kits direct from state-of-the-art printing facilities straight to your door. Once receiving your image we will take up to 2 working days to process this and make sure it is right for the painting. Following that, the piece generally take up to 5-7 working days to be created, with 3-5 working days for shipping. Total delivery time is estimated after payment is confirmed and based on the time for processing and the time for shipping. Please note these are estimates and cannot be guaranteed.
Tracking numbers and tracking links will be sent to you via email after shipping.We often add your tracking number early before the item has been created, so that you can track the process as soon as it is handed over to the courier.
Please allow up to 5 business days extra for your order to be made and delivered during busy holiday periods as these are our busiest times. Thank you.
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Source: http://youtu.be/W2HhOkLBj9c
To be updated with the latest information in the livestock rearing industry to may visit our livestock rearing latest news. On the other hand if you are beginning livestock farming and desire to begin professional livestock farming now get a copy of our Profitable Livestock Farming ebook.
When getting into livestock farming there are a great number of things to consider before you hop into production. There are different types of livestock you can keep, which are hens, rabbits, cows, ducks, lamb, goats, swine or horses, and are all cared for in different ways.
To be successful in livestock farming you need to know your options, goals and resources. Learning what you want to accomplish will help you in shaping up your farm so that it can be successful.
– Aims
And so why do you want to get into livestock farming? It's very essential that you identify and evaluate what your goals are.
Do you want to raise livestock because you want to supply your family with healthy food? You may just want to raise animals to manage forage? Or else you want to produce your own livestock products and sell them for extra cash? Either way placing goals is no doubt important before you pursue your project.
After you have made your decision on what type of animals you want to raise, consider the land in which you are going to raise the livestock. Consider the size of your land, the laws regarding raising livestock and property zoning. If your land is not very big you may consider raising birds but if you have large land you can keep, cattle, lamb and other large livestock.
Also determine the sort of operation you want. If you want to farm cows determine if you wish to raise cows for meat or cattle for milk or if you wish to raise laying chickens and meat birds. For milk production you can pick between goat milk, sheep milk or cow milk. You can just raise all of them.
The type of breed is also important so make certain you get knowledge of the different types of livestock. For example if you wish to keep beef production cattle that graze on pasture the cows that strives well on pasture is the Belted Galloway. This goes for the other animals, certain breeds will produce better than other breeds.
– Your Resources
Ask yourself if you have enough resources to get started on your project? Are your finances okay to invest in livestock farming? Do you have the equipment and facilities? Setting up livestock requires that you have enough resources and are prepared to make investments of some money.