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Walnut/Ordinary Programming/Objects and Functions
From Erights
Objects and Functions
As noted earlier, if the file is to use the Swing gui toolkit, it must have a suffix of ".e-awt". If the file is to use the SWT gui toolkit, it must have a suffix of ".e-swt". If the file will run headless, it should be placed in a file with suffix ".e".
But first, we need to declare what version of E we're using here.
? pragma.syntax("0.9")
A basic function looks like this:
# E sample def addNumbers(a,b) { return a + b } # Now use the function def answer := addNumbers(3,4)
You can nest the definitions of functions and objects inside other functions and objects, giving you functionality comparable to that of inner classes in Java. Nested functions and objects play a crucial role in E, notably in the construction of objects as described shortly.
A parameterless function must still have an open/close paren pair. Calls to parameterless functions must also include the parens.
Functions can of course call themselves recursively, as in
# E sample def factorial(n) { if (n == 0) { return 1 } else { return n * factorial(n-1) } }
Dynamic "type checking" and Guards
E guards perform many of the functions usually thought of as type checking, though they are so flexible, they also work as concise assertions. Guards can be placed on variables, parameters, and return values.
Guards are not checked during compilation. They are checked during execution, and will throw exceptions if the value cannot be coerced to pass the guard. Guards play a key role in protecting the security properties when working with untrusted code, as discussed in Secure Distributed Computing.
The available guards include the items below. Some of them are typical types (String, int). Others are used most often in distributed programming, and are explained later in the book. A detailed explanation of all the things you can do with guards is postponed to the Additional Features chapter.
- int
- char
- float64
- boolean
- String
- void
- notNull
- nullOk
- near
- vow
- rcvr
- pbc
- Data
- Java classes
- E interfaces
- subranges and more complex expressions
Here are some quick examples of guards being declared:
# E sample # guarding a variable def title :String := "abc" # guarding a parameter, and a return value. Note the guard on the # return value is part of the def line for the function. def reciprocal(x :float64) :float64 { return 1 / x }
Different people use different strategies about how much type checking/guard information to include in their programs. In this book, the general style is to use guards sparingly, as might be typical in a rapid prototyping environment. One place where guards must be used with rigor is in the objects on the boundaries between trust realms, in security aware applications; see the Powerbox pattern in the Secure Distributed Programming section for an important example.
Objects, and object constructors, look considerably different in E than in Java or C++. We will start our exploration of objects with a simple singleton object.
A Singleton Object
Objects, functions, and variables are defined with the keyword "def"; all of these can be passed as arguments in parameter lists. Methods on an object, in contrast, are defined with the keyword "to":
# E sample def origin { to getX() {return 0} to getY() {return 0} } # Now invoke the methods def myY := origin.getY()
Like functions, methods require a parenthesis pair even if there are no arguments. (But, Python programmers beware, methods are not functions. Methods are just the public hooks to the object that receive messages; functions are standalone objects).
When invoking the method, the object name and the method called are separated by a dot.
Stateful objects and object constructors
The "class" concept in Java is used to achieve multiple goals. In E, these goals are factored out in a different way. For example, Java classes supply a place to put constructors, which have a special syntax unique to constructors. In E, objects are constructed by ordinary functions.
# E sample # Point constructor def makePoint(x,y) { def point { to getX() {return x} to getY() {return y} to makeOffsetPoint(offsetX, offsetY) { return makePoint(x + offsetX, y + offsetY) } to makeOffsetPoint(offset) { return makePoint(x + offset, y + offset) } } return point } # Create a point def origin := makePoint(0,0) # get the y value of the origin def y := origin.getY()
Inside the function makePoint, we define a point and return it. As demonstrated by the makeOffsetPoint method, the function (makePoint) can be referenced from within its own body. Also note that you can overload method names (two versions of makeOffsetPoint) as long as they can be distinguished by the number of parameters they take.
The (x, y) passed into the function are not ephemeral parameters that go out of existence when the function exits. Rather, they are true variables (implicitly declared with "def" ), and they persist as long as any of the objects that use them persist. Since the point uses these variables, x and y will exist as long as the point exists. This saves us the often tedious business in Java of copying the arguments from the parameter list into instance variables: x and y already are instance variables.
We refer to an object-making function such as makePoint as a "Maker". Let us look at a more serious example, with additional instance variables:
# E sample def makeCar(var name) { var x := 0 var y := 0 def car { to moveTo(newX,newY) { x := newX y := newY } to getX() {return x} to getY() {return y} to setName(newName) {name := newName} to getName() {return name} } return car } # Now use the makeCar function to make a car, which we will move and print def sportsCar := makeCar("Ferrari") sportsCar.moveTo(10,20) println(`The car ${sportsCar.getName()} is at X location ${sportsCar.getX()}`)
Inside the Maker, we create the instance variables for the object being made (x and y in this example), then we create the object (car). Note that the variable "name", passed into the function, is explicitly declared with "var", so that it can be altered later; in this case, it is reassigned in the setName() method.
Self-referencing objects
Sometimes in the body of an object you wish to refer to the object itself. A keyword like "this" is not required. The name given to the object is in scope in the body of the object, so just use it:
# E sample def makeCar(name) { var x := 0 var y := 0 def car { to moveDistance(newX,newY) {car.moveTo(x + newX, y + newY)} # ....define other methods including moveTo as above .... } return car }
What if you need to reference the object during the object's construction, i.e., during the creation of the instance variables that precedes the definition of the object itself? In the below example, we give the car a weatherReportRadio that is supposed to alert the car to changing weather conditions. This radio requires, as a parameter during its construction, the car it will be alerting. So the radio needs the car during radio construction, and the car needs the radio during car construction.
# E sample def makeRadio(car) { # define radios } def makeCar(name) { var x := 0 var y := 0 # using def with no assignment def car def myWeatherRadio := makeRadio(car) bind car { to receiveWeatherAlert() { # ....process the weather report.... # myWeatherRadio.foo(...) } to getX() {return x} to getY() {return y} # ....list the rest of the car methods.... } return car }
Here, we do a "def" of the car with no assignment, then we use the car, then we do a "bind" of the car which binds a value to the car. This looks and behaves like a "forward reference" from C. Under the covers, the statement "def car" creates a promise for the car, and the bind statement fulfills the promise. We discuss promises in greater depth in the Distributed Computing chapter, where they play a key role.
Secret Life of Functions, Multiple Constructors and "Static Methods"
Before we can talk about multiple constructors and the static-method-like behavior in E, it is time to reveal the truth about E functions. They are in fact simple objects with a single method, the "run" method, that is invoked by default if no other method is explicitly designated. For example, the following square function
# E sample def square(x) {return x*x}
is really syntactic shorthand for
# E sample def square { to run(x) {return x*x} }
In the second one, the run() method is explicitly defined. Using this explicit form in a Maker function, you can define multiple constructors, discriminated by the number of parameters they receive. Similarly, by adding methods to the Maker other than "run" methods, you get other "static methods". In the example below, we have a queue Maker with 2 constructors and a non-constructor method. The one-argument constructor requires an initial capacity; the no-argument constructor supplies an initial capacity of 10.
# E sample def makeQueue { to run(initialCapacity) { # ....create a queue object with the specified initial capacity.... } to run() {return makeQueue(makeQueue.getDEFAULT_CAPACITY())} to getDEFAULT_CAPACITY() {return 10} } # Now use both constructors def queue1 := makeQueue(100) def queue2 := makeQueue() println(`default capacity is: ${makeQueue.getDEFAULT_CAPACITY()}`)
Note also that one can use methods such as getDEFAULT_CAPACITY() to achieve the same effect as Java achieves with public static final variables.
E enables polymorphism through method name matching. In this example, we move both a car and an airplane to a new location using a single common piece of code:
# E sample def makeCar(name) { def car { to moveTo(x, y) { # move the car } # other methods } return car } def makeJet(name) { def jet { to moveTo(x, y) { # move the jet, very different code from the code for car } # other methods } return jet } def vehicles := [makeCar("car"), makeJet("jet")] for each in vehicles { each.moveTo(3,4) }
Extends and Delegation
An object can refer calls to itself to another object (a "super-object", built by the "super-constructor", faintly similar to the way one uses superclasses in Java) using the extends keyword: think of better example
? def makePoint(x, y) { > def point { > to getX() {return x} > to getY() {return y} > to getMagnitude() {return (x*x + y*y)**0.5} > } > return point > } # value: <makePoint> ? def makePoint3D(x,y,z) { > def point3D extends makePoint(x,y) { > to getZ() {return z} > to getMagnitude() { > def xy := super.getMagnitude() > return (z*z + xy*xy)**0.5 > } > } > return point3D > } # value: <makePoint3D> ? def place := makePoint3D(1,2,3) # value: <point3D> ? def x := place.getX() # value: 1 ? def z := place.getZ() # value: 3
Here makePoint3D acts as an extension of makePoint. Inside the extends clause, we run the makePoint constructor to create the Point upon which the Point3D will be built. This specially constructed point is referred to in the point3D definition as "super"; you can see super being used in the getMagnitude method.
Using extends as described above follows the delegation pattern. Delegation is a simple pattern of object composition in which an object says, "if another object calls me with a method that I don't have defined here, just route the message to this other object, and send the result back to the caller." Delegation is similar to inheritance, but it is conceptually simpler.
Extends and Full Inheritance
Some experts consider inheritance to be a dangerous feature. A discussion of the pros and cons of inheritance is beyond the scope of this book. However, none of the full-blown examples in this book actually use full inheritance. Delegation, via the simple extends keyword plus polymorphism serve most of the purposes for which inheritance was intended, and is used everywhere here.
Having said that, there are times and places where full inheritance is the right answer. The extends keyword is also used, with one additional convention, to support such full inheritance. In inheritance, the "self" to which a super-object refers is the sub-object of which it is a part, so that the super-object can use methods in the sub-object:
# E sample def makeVehicle(self) { def vehicle { to milesTillEmpty() { return self.milesPerGallon() * self.getFuelRemaining() } } return vehicle } def makeCar() { var fuelRemaining := 20 def car extends makeVehicle(car) { to milesPerGallon() {return 19} to getFuelRemaining() {return fuelRemaining} } return car } def makeJet() { var fuelRemaining := 2000 def jet extends makeVehicle(jet) { to milesPerGallon() {return 2} to getFuelRemaining() {return fuelRemaining} } return jet } def car := makeCar() println(`The car can go ${car.milesTillEmpty()} miles.`)
As seen in the example, the super-object constructor specifies a parameter, "self", which can be used to refer to the sub-object. The sub-object includes itself in the the call to the super-object constructor, thus becoming "self".
E Interfaces
You can define an interface like this:
interface Foo { } def foo implements Foo { } foo :Foo
The interface body can contain method signatures (without bodies).
When an object is declared as "implements Foo", Foo acts as a "rubber-stamping" auditor, which marks the object as implementing the interface (whether or not it implements any of the methods defined in the interface). When Foo is used as a guard, it checks that the object was stamped by the auditor.
This allows your module to give out objects and recognise them when they are given back later. However, this cannot be used for security purposes because the interface (Foo) cannot be kept secret. This is because when a non-Foo object is checked with the Foo guard, object.__conformTo(Foo) is called.
The two functions of Foo (guard and auditor) may be split up using this syntax:
interface FooGuard guards FooAuditor { } def foo implements FooAuditor { ... } foo :FooGuard
This allows the guard to be given out freely while the auditor is closely held, preventing others from creating fake Foo objects but allowing anyone to check that a given object is a genuine Foo.
Presumably, you could also implement a public auditor that actually performed some kind of check on an object, and then used the rubber-stamping auditor to stamp it if it passed the checks [how?].
The interface construct is likely to change in future[1].
General method name matching and E.call()
Delegation with extends does a straight pass-through of the method call. It is possible to intercept collections of calls before delegating them, using match. In this example, we count the number of calls made to a car:
# E sample def makeCalledCountCar(name) { def myCar := makeCar(name) var myCallCount := 0 def car { to getCallCount() {return myCallCount} match [verb,args] { myCallCount += 1 E.call(myCar,verb,args) } } return car }
In "match[verb,args]", the verb is a string specifying the name of the method being called, and the args is a list of arguments. If the car is called with a method that is not defined in a "to" statement, the name of the method and the arguments are bound to the variables inside the square brackets. We then increment the call count, and finally forward the message using the E.call function. E.call(...) takes as arguments the target object for the action, the name of the method to call, and the list of arguments for the method to invoke. You can manually use E.call() like this:
# E syntax def car := makeCar("mercedes") E.call(car, "moveTo", [3,4]) # which is equivalent to car.moveTo(3,4)
In this example, the elements for the argument list are placed in square brackets to form an E ConstList, described later in this chapter.
The match construct is useful for making "adapters" when interfacing to Java. Here we build a singleton object that can be used anywhere a java.awt.event.MouseListener would be used; the match clause is used to absorb and discard events in which we are not interested:
# E sample def mouseListener { to mouseClicked(event) { # process the event } match [verb,args] {} }
This general purpose matching is also useful in security applications when building facets and revocable capabilities, as described in the chapter on Secure Distributed Computing.
Edoc, the E equivalent of JavaDoc
E supports the construction of javadoc-style comments that can be postprocessed into HTML documentation. For this purpose, the "/** ... */" comment format has been specially reserved; comments of this style can only appear in front of a function/object definition (a "def" statement), or in front of an object method definition (a "to" statement):
# E sample /** * Add 2 numbers together. * <p> * Currently works with any objects that support the "plus" method * * @param a the first number. * @param b the second number * @return the result of adding. */ def adder(a, b) {return a + b}
For more information on how to generate Edoc HTML from your E programs, see the Additional Features.
Under the covers: Everything is an Object
We have already discussed the fact that functions are really objects with a single method, "run". Functions-as-objects have one practical consequence that would be surprising in the absence of understanding. You cannot create two functions with different numbers of parameters and have them overloaded:
# E syntax def times2(a) {return a * 2} def compute(a,b) { def times2(c,d) {return (c + d) * 2} # ....do computation... # The following line will throw an exception def answer := times2(a) return answer }
This would throw an exception because the inner definition of the function-like object times2 completely shadows the outer times2.
Not only functions, but also built-in constants like integers and floats, are objects. Operators such as "+" are really shorthands for message passing: 3.add(4) is identical to 3 + 4. This is why the operation
"The number is " + 1
works but
1 + " is the number"
does not. A string knows how to handle a concatenate message with a number as the argument, but an integer is clueless what to do with an add of a string.
Since "+" is really just shorthand for "add", you can construct objects that work with the "+" operator just by implementing an "add(argument)" method in the object.
Under the covers: Miranda Methods
There are a number of messages to which all normal objects respond, known as Miranda Methods. One example of such a method is the printOn(textWriter) method, which defines how an object will write itself out as by default. Other Miranda methods will be described in other sections of the book. The full list of Miranda methods can be found in the Appendix. You can also see them in rune by typing help(def obj{}) duplicate of next section, fix
One important note about Miranda methods: they are not forwarded by the extends structure, and they are not intercepted by the match[verb,args] structure. They are always directly interpreted by the object that receives them.
Under the covers: Kernel-E
When you enter a normal E expression, E expands it into a more primitive form called Kernel-E. If you're ever confused about some E syntax, viewing the Kernel-E expansion may help you to understand what it means. To make rune display the Kernel-E:
? interp.setExpand(true)
? 1+1 # expansion: 1.add(1) # value: 2 ? <type:java.lang.String> # expansion: type__uriGetter.get("java.lang.String") # value: String
Under the covers: Slots
In E, names are actually bound to Slots. Evaluating a name as an expression calls the get/0 method on its slot. You can refer to the slot itself by prefixing the name with &:
? def x := 4 ? x # value: 4 ? (&x).get() # value: 4
Assigning to a variable calls the put/1 method on its slot. You can define your own slots like this:
? def mySlot { > to get() { return "hello" } > } # value: <mySlot> ? def &x := mySlot ? x # value: "hello"
Common uses of slots include:
- Lazy slots (that evaluate a given function the first time you use them).
- Variables that check the type of each new value you assign (e.g. var x :String).
- As a holder to pass to a function that will update the value (an "out parameter"). The
syntax deliberately echos the analogous facility in C. - Lamport slots
Getting Help About an Object With Rune
Another often convenient way of finding the list of methods associated with an object, be it a Java object or an E object or an object delivered as part of the E runtime, is to use the help(object) function of E, often used in rune.
? def add(a, b) { > return a + b > } # value: <add> ? help(add) # value: an org.erights.e.elang.evm.EImplByProxy # interface "__main$add" { # # to run(:any, :any) :any # } # ?
In this very simple example you see the "run" method listed here, which is the implicit method for a function. For a more sophisticated object than a simple add function, each method in the object would be listed as well.
help/1 doesn't show Miranda methods. To include them, use help/2:
? help(add, true) # value: an org.erights.e.elang.evm.EImplByProxy # interface "__main$add" { # # /** Sugar method*/ # to __conformTo(:nullOk[Guard]) :any # # /** Sugar method*/ # to __getAllegedType() :nullOk[TypeDesc] ...


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subset: commoncrawl


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Figs & fig jam are so good with cheese I thought why not add them to the ultimate cheese dish, mac & cheese. To step up the cheese flavor I used two types of cheese, cheddar & brie. Oh, what a rich cream mac & cheese. The goat cheese melted beautifully & has such wonderful flavor. The figs are surprisingly good in here & their sweetness cuts through the richness nicely. It's a pretty classy version of mac & cheese that I think would make a great side dish with a lovely steak.
Figgy Mac & Cheese
3 oz penne pasta, cooked
1 t unsalted butter
2 t all-purpose flour
6 T milk
1.5 oz Woolwich goat milk cheddar, chopped
1 oz Woolwich goat milk brie (I removed the rind. That is a personal choice but the rind won't melt as smoothly)
1 t white wine
salt & pepper
3 dried black mission figs, chopped
Preheat oven to 350 F.
In a small saucepan melt the butter over medium heat. Add the flour & stir while cooking for 1 minutes. Whisk in the milk & cook until hot, thick & bubbly. Next, whisk in the cheese until melted. Stir in the wine then season with salt & pepper to taste.
Mix the cheese sauce with the cooked penne & chopped figs. Pour into a small ramekin. Bake for about 30 - 40 minutes until golden brown & crispy on top.
One main dish serving or two sides.
Figgy Giveaway!
See those dried figs I used here & the ones in the Figgy (Bread) Pudding earlier this week? Well, those were graciously given to me earlier this year by the CA Fig Advisory Board. They are just so handy to have in the pantry to add a little something extra to recipes or make a quick appetizer. Now they want to send one of my readers a fig gift pack too. One winner will get dried Calimyrna and Black Mission figs, a fig t-shirt, a shopping tote & lots of fig recipes. Here's how to enter....
1. Leave a comment here telling us how you'd use your dried figs. You MUST have an email where we can contact you in the comment or on your profile. Comments need to be left on the post do not email us to enter.
2. Twitter about this giveaway & let us know with another comment.
We will chose a random winner from all entries on Wednesday, December 15th. Contest is open to US residents only.
Hey, while you are entering to win why not also vote for us in Iron Foodie 2010!?
Disclaimer: The CA Fig Advisory Board has sent me figs & a fig gift package plus a package to giveaway to a reader. They did not pay me in any other way to write about figs or tell me what to write.
Disclaimer 2: Woolwich Dairy compensated me through Kitchen Play to develop recipes using their goat cheeses.


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I'm a professional vocalist working on cruise ships for 20 yrs. Vocal instructor and mentor
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I am proud to announce that O'Reilly published my video training on Steering Agile Architecture. The training is based on my experience of working on the Moose analysis platform and of creating and applying the humane assessment method.
The training is conceived as an argumentation split into five parts that are both available separately and together.
In Steering Agile Architecture Fundamentals I address the questions such as: "How can we steer architecture toward a cohesive result in projects developed with agility?", or "How do we judge the nature of this problem?". I argue that architecture is an emergent property, and I introduce the notion of software assessment as an essential discipline for decision making and steering agile architecture.
In Case Studies of Steering Agile Architecture I explore how steering agile architecture can look like in practice by learning from concrete case studies. Even though each case study exhibits a distinct problem, all of them can be dealt with in a uniform way suggesting that there exists a systematic approach.
In Growing Agile Architecture by Empowering Teams I describe the process of dealing with architectural constraints through a daily assessment process, and I detail the skills and techniques required.
In Assessing Agile Architecture I dive deeper into the nature of tools and how they affect the way we work. I show how the same skills and techniques that were described in Growing Agile Architecture by Empowering Teams are also applicable to a broader range of problems, and I introduce humane assessment as a systematic method for software assessment. The theoretical parts are exemplified with concrete case studies.
In Exposing Agile Architecture we look more closely at tools and on why they have to be customizable. We pay detailed attention to visualization techniques and tools, and we show how they can make a difference when thinking about agile architecture.
The videos are also available on the Safari Books Online platform:


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CIP 197 - Bid Results
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Update: Talk to your local agent to request a contact-free life insurance quote. For a limited time, we are waiving the requirement of a paramedical exam in light of CDC guidance to maintain social distancing and prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Thanks to the wonders of the internet, you can do just about anything online these days. Whether it's watching a movie, checking your bank account balance, shopping for clothes, or ordering pizza, each activity likely requires a username and password.
Studies have shown the average American internet user has 150 online accounts that require a login. That's a lot of passwords to manage on a day-to-day basis. But have you ever wondered what happens to your accounts and logins after you're gone?
As our digital footprints expand with each passing year, experts now recommend taking steps to manage your online accounts as part of the estate planning process. Like preparing a will, buying a life insurance policy, or choosing an executor, a little bit of planning can make life much easier for those managing your estate when you pass.
Here are four ways you can plan ahead to make deactivating your online accounts quick and easy:
1. Create an inventory of your accounts.
To delete online accounts after your death, it's important to know which digital logins existed in the first place. That's why it's helpful to make a complete inventory of your online accounts and the login information for each. Be sure to list every account you can think of, including:
- Bank accounts
- Credit cards
- Retirement and savings plans
- Social media profiles
- Shopping sites
- Insurance policies
- Bills and utilities
- Subscription services
For each account, include the website address, username, password, account numbers, and answers to security questions. You may want to consider using a password manager to keep everything in one secure place.
2. Name a digital executor.
Similarly to an estate executor who manages your last will and testament, a digital executor can be named to take charge of your digital assets. Once assigned, the digital executor can be responsible for:
- Archiving any files, photos, video, or other content you've created
- Deleting files and erasing hard drives
- Maintaining certain online accounts while closing others
- Transferring accounts to your heirs
- Notifying online outlets of your death
- Canceling recurring payments
Many states will allow you to legally name a digital executor in your will but since the need for managing online assets is fairly new, some states don't recognize this role yet. Check with your estate attorney to learn the regulations in your state.
3. Understand each provider's terms of service.
For every online account you create, you must agree to the provider's terms of service. If you're like most people, you probably scrolled to the bottom of the page to click "I agree" without reading the fine print.
But in the terms of service, there's often language addressing how accounts are disabled in the event of a user's death. Facebook, for instance, provides an option where a deceased person's profile can be turned into a memorialized account. Commerce platforms like Amazon and PayPal require an executor to contact the company directly to deactivate an account. Understanding the policies of each account can help in providing instructions for your digital executor.
4. Delete unnecessary accounts. After creating an inventory of your online accounts, get a head start on cleaning up your digital presence by deleting accounts you no longer need. Having fewer active profiles will make life easier for your digital executor while also helping to protect you from the possibility of identity theft. And it will save you the embarrassment of someone finding those old Myspace photos.
Plan for the Future
Like writing your will, the choices you make now about life insurance will ultimately speak on your behalf in representing your intentions for loved ones and family. As guardians of that legacy, Erie Insurance can help you make choices that will be true to your values.
Talk to your local ERIE agent to learn more about how you can protect your family's future.
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To ensure proper headset performance and longevity, special attention must be given to accurately machine the fork's crown race seat. Park Tool's Crown Race Cutting Tool is a professional-quality machining tool for milling both the outer edge and lower surfaces of the crown race seat.
• Includes high speed steel cutters and adjustable collets to machine 26.5mm and 27.1mm crown race seats on 1" forks and 30.1mm crown race seats on 1-1/8" forks
• Unique adjusting system allows a tight fit of the tool on any fork, threaded or unthreaded (even forks with externally butted steerer tubes), ensuring a smooth, accurate cut and proper alignment of the fork in the frame
• Cutter sized for 1-inch standard is part #845 (sold separately)
• Cutter for 1-1/8 inch standard is #846 (sold separately)
WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm


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text:
Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
This document supplements the mod_rewrite
reference documentation. It describes
how you can use mod_rewrite
to control access to
various resources, and other related techniques.
This includes many examples of common uses of mod_rewrite,
including detailed descriptions of how each works.
The following technique forbids the practice of other sites including your images inline in their pages. This practice is often referred to as "hotlinking", and results in your bandwidth being used to serve content for someone else's site.
This technique relies on the value of the
variable, which is optional. As
such, it's possible for some people to circumvent this
limitation. However, most users will experience the failed
request, which should, over time, result in the image being
removed from that other site.
There are several ways that you can handle this situation.
In this first example, we simply deny the request, if it didn't
initiate from a page on our site. For the purpose of this example,
we assume that our site is www.example.com
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!^$" RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!www.example.com" [NC] RewriteRule "\.(gif|jpg|png)$" "-" [F,NC]
In this second example, instead of failing the request, we display an alternate image instead.
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!^$" RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!www.example.com" [NC] RewriteRule "\.(gif|jpg|png)$" "/images/go-away.png" [R,NC]
In the third example, we redirect the request to an image on some other site.
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!^$" RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" "!www.example.com" [NC] RewriteRule "\.(gif|jpg|png)$" "http://other.example.com/image.gif" [R,NC]
Of these techniques, the last two tend to be the most effective in getting people to stop hotlinking your images, because they will simply not see the image that they expected to see.
If all you wish to do is deny access to the resource, rather than redirecting that request elsewhere, this can be accomplished without the use of mod_rewrite:
SetEnvIf Referer "example\.com" localreferer <FilesMatch "\.(jpg|png|gif)$"> Require env localreferer </FilesMatch>
In this recipe, we discuss how to block persistent requests from a particular robot, or user agent.
The standard for robot exclusion defines a file,
that specifies those portions of your
website where you wish to exclude robots. However, some robots
do not honor these files.
Note that there are methods of accomplishing this which do
not use mod_rewrite. Note also that any technique that relies on
the clients USER_AGENT
string can be circumvented
very easily, since that string can be changed.
We use a ruleset that specifies the directory to be
protected, and the client USER_AGENT
identifies the malicious or persistent robot.
In this example, we are blocking a robot called
from a location
. You may also specify an IP address
range, if you are trying to block that user agent only from the
particular source.
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_USER_AGENT}" "^NameOfBadRobot" RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_ADDR}" "=123\.45\.67\.[8-9]" RewriteRule "^/secret/files/" "-" [F]
Rather than using mod_rewrite for this, you can accomplish the same end using alternate means, as illustrated here:
SetEnvIfNoCase User-Agent "^NameOfBadRobot" goaway <Location "/secret/files"> <RequireAll> Require all granted Require not env goaway </RequireAll> </Location>
As noted above, this technique is trivial to circumvent, by simply
modifying the USER_AGENT
request header. If you
are experiencing a sustained attack, you should consider blocking
it at a higher level, such as at your firewall.
We wish to maintain a list of hosts, rather like
, and have those hosts blocked from
accessing our server.
RewriteEngine on RewriteMap hosts-deny "txt:/path/to/hosts.deny" RewriteCond "${hosts-deny:%{REMOTE_ADDR}|NOT-FOUND}" "!=NOT-FOUND" [OR] RewriteCond "${hosts-deny:%{REMOTE_HOST}|NOT-FOUND}" "!=NOT-FOUND" RewriteRule "^" "-" [F]
## hosts.deny
## ATTENTION! This is a map, not a list, even when we treat it as such.
## mod_rewrite parses it for key/value pairs, so at least a
## dummy value "-" must be present for each entry.
220.127.116.11 -
bsdti1.sdm.de -
126.96.36.199 -
The second RewriteCond assumes that you have HostNameLookups turned
on, so that client IP addresses will be resolved. If that's not the
case, you should drop the second RewriteCond, and drop the
flag from the first RewriteCond.
Redirect requests based on the Referer from which the request came, with different targets per Referer.
The following ruleset uses a map file to associate each Referer with a redirection target.
RewriteMap deflector "txt:/path/to/deflector.map" RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" !="" RewriteCond "${deflector:%{HTTP_REFERER}}" "=-" RewriteRule "^" "%{HTTP_REFERER}" [R,L] RewriteCond "%{HTTP_REFERER}" !="" RewriteCond "${deflector:%{HTTP_REFERER}|NOT-FOUND}" "!=NOT-FOUND" RewriteRule "^" "${deflector:%{HTTP_REFERER}}" [R,L]
The map file lists redirection targets for each referer, or, if we just wish to redirect back to where they came from, a "-" is placed in the map:
## ## deflector.map ## http://badguys.example.com/bad/index.html - http://badguys.example.com/bad/index2.html - http://badguys.example.com/bad/index3.html http://somewhere.example.com/


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Novelty Red Statue Of Liberty Socks - UK 3 - 6
- In stock, ready to ship
- Inventory on the way
For a perfect fit, please check our detailed measurements in inches below.
FREE STANDARD UK SHIPPING (On Orders over £50)
All UK orders are sent via Royal Mail. Standard UK shipping (on orders less then £50) costs £3.95, with a typical delivery time of 2-3 days.
For faster delivery, choose Royal Mail 1st Class for £5.95, with a typical delivery time of 1-2 days, although most orders arrive the next day (excluding Sundays).
UK Special Next Day Delivery is also available. If you are based in London, you can collect the item for FREE from one of our stores in Covent Garden, Brick Lane, or Camden.
International orders are sent using Royal Mail, but larger, heavier orders will be sent by ParcelForce. For international orders, please allow up to 10 working days.
Size guide coming soon


text:
Keep Calm And Think Pink Metal Novelty Parking Sign
Smart Blonde
$ 11.50
- 9" x 12" metal parking sign
- This item is made of the highest quality aluminum.
- High gloss weather resistant finish.
- Pre-drilled holes for quick and easy mounting. Display in your man cave, garage, office, woman cave, or even outside patio.
- Light weight and durable.
- Individually shrink-wrapped.
- Made in USA


text:
Sunday, December 20, 2009
Smile!! You are on candid camera!
I FEEL VERY STRONGLY ABOUT THIS ISSUE. AND MUST PLACE IT ON RECORD. Smoking kills. I love life far too much.
By the way, that magnificent stretch you see behind me is a part of the Great Ocean Road. And sadly, the famous Twelve Apostles are now just eight. The other four have disappeared.... crumbled into the furious ocean. But.... do check out my teeth!! Ha ha.
34 comments:
- ZB said...
Its pretty obvious that the comment on your previous picture was one out of sheer jealousy. There is nothing i could find which gives out that you are a smoker and have nicotine teeth.
You are absolutely gorgeous in this picture too. and its an honest and dilse comment. We look upto you for classes on zest for life. TC:) - December 20, 2009 at 11:02 PM
- Sidhusaaheb said...
"Johnny, Johnny"
"Yes Papa."
"Smoking cigarettes?"
"No Papa!"
"Open your mouth."
"Ha ha ha..." - December 20, 2009 at 11:07 PM
- womendiscuss said...
I just got that feeling the moment I saw your teeth..ummmm..but why did I get that feeling??may be... it all started from the lion cub photos!!The colour of your teeth and the colour of the lion cub matching..matching...and those visuals are still there in one of the gyri of my brain.
By the way,you look beautiful and your teeth too!!:-) - December 21, 2009 at 12:22 AM
- womendiscuss said...
I am not Jealous of Shobhaa or her teeth :-) - December 21, 2009 at 12:24 AM
- Sandy said...
Dear Shobhaji,
Recently I started to follow your blog..your posts are really nice and inspirational.
Could you please confirm the location of your photo..really awesome.. - December 21, 2009 at 12:55 AM
- Theyoginme said...
Gorgeous picture of a gorgeous person! Hope you visit the Oregon wine country sometime and enjoy a similar experience.
- December 21, 2009 at 2:57 AM
- Alex Engwete said...
Before scrolling down the comments here, I went to the comments to your December 18 post on "Ravi Shanker in Sydney" to check out the crazy guy who disparaged your teeth. It turns out to be "Princess" above... which tells me she's of the heterosexual "persuasion" (as they're wont to say in the U.S.), blind to the "fruits of Allah" (A Thousand and One Nights) of her own gender. Well, she's hereby excused... Ma'am, you're phenomenal--toothed or toothless!... Amen!
- December 21, 2009 at 3:30 AM
Picture speaks a lot but doesn't reply: The definition of Age?
:-) - December 21, 2009 at 9:57 AM
- pissed with politics!! said...
http://dareindianpolitics.blogspot.com/ check it out!!!
- December 21, 2009 at 10:35 AM
- Unknown said...
You look as georgeous as ever!
- December 21, 2009 at 10:39 AM
- Sparkling said...
Seriously, the background is beautiful :) - December 21, 2009 at 11:23 AM
- Aniketh said...
No issues with your pearly whites albeit Dracula fangs might work during Halloween for fun sake.
- December 21, 2009 at 11:29 AM
- womendiscuss said...
@Alex Engwete
hahaha...I excuse you too, for trying to make a mountain of a mole hill of an issue!! - December 21, 2009 at 1:58 PM
- Banupriya said...
You look so cool!!! And the coast at your back is marvellous.. Have fun and forget about all those rude comments!!!
- December 21, 2009 at 2:22 PM
- Manjiri Agnihotri said...
"Kya aap close up karte hai........
ya duniya se darte hai....."
jst kidng..u r simply beutiful yaar,,,
One more thing.... I am also waiting for marathi movie - NATRANG - December 21, 2009 at 4:04 PM
- Y seis media docena said...
Dear Ms. Dé,
My name is Iñigo Escrivá de Romaní, I'm a spanish photographer. I've been working in India during the last year in an exhibition called "Closest India", which took place in the Instituto Cervantes of New Delhi last september.
At the moment, I am planning on publishing a book individually with these photographs. I intend that each photo is commented by an expert in that issue. Alka Pande is writing a text about indian art, Nicholas Barnard about sarees, Sephi Bergerson about indian food, and I'm going to include texts from Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore. The book will cover, if not all, most of the peculiarities that make India so unique: traditions, cricket, public holidays... It's not a book about my pictures, it's a book about India.
I would be honored if you could write an article about Bollywood for the book. I cannot imagine someone more appropriate than you to write about this issue, so I beg you to accept my invitation to be part of this project.
I leave you my email address (email@example.com) so we can get in touch next time by email if it's suitable for you and I can send you some of the news the press published about the exhibition.
Thank you so much for your time and consideration. - December 21, 2009 at 4:11 PM
- चंद्रमौलेश्वर प्रसाद said...
"But.... do check out my teeth!"
.....inspired by Katerina kaif! :) :) - December 21, 2009 at 4:45 PM
- ROHAN KARKHANIS said...
what is the secret behind your everlasting youthfull looks.. please reveal!!!!!
- December 21, 2009 at 6:28 PM
- Madhu said...
Wonderful picture...I am reminded of Grand Canyon.
- December 21, 2009 at 8:04 PM
- Amrita said...
hey Dee I missed which old picture are you referring to?? BTW this is a pretty picture!!
- December 21, 2009 at 8:48 PM
- Vinay. said...
cool. compliments outnumber the so called crude comments.yet you chose to talk about the negative and ignore the positive.your teeth too are sparkling and fit for toothpaste advertisements. I wonder whether they are already after you. you look great in both photos.
- December 21, 2009 at 9:49 PM
- ne2 said...
This piece of writing is good. Makes one think again about Smoking :)
Well, had not it been better if posted as " Smile!A CANDID :-> is on damn CAMERA :-<" - December 21, 2009 at 10:27 PM
mz de, i personally saw the crumbling of number 10 apostle!! these aussies are so funny, they still call it the 12 apostles!! speaking of funnyness, mayawati wants a state called western UP! western north state? what's next north WB? saw celina jetley on the latest episode of couch ka samna, sorry, raaz pichle janam ka. she regressed into past life also, but gave the performance with eyes wide open! other contestants, sorry, it is not a contest since there are no winners and losers, other participants had the decency to pretend they were in a deep hypnotic state. and she is supposed to be an actress. since you never featured on sach ka samna, any chance of you gracing the couch?
- December 22, 2009 at 7:19 AM
- Unknown said...
Hi shobah darling, i am a great fan of yours and you are the dream girl of mine
jeetu - December 22, 2009 at 10:20 AM
- Rujuta D said...
Wow.........Madam.....u look stunning......whts the secret of your look? Maybe your energetic attitude or your amazing zest for life.......
Its very inspiring for people like us.... - December 22, 2009 at 2:00 PM
- supriya said...
really don't know who was the jerk who could have commented on a "shobha de's" picture...
I missed to see the controversial picture somehow...but I am sure it would have been as pretty as this one!
God bless ya! - December 22, 2009 at 2:11 PM
- Gajendra said...
nice pic shobhaa
- December 22, 2009 at 3:10 PM
- Soumen Paul said...
Hilarious, Mam!
- December 22, 2009 at 5:38 PM
- Rahul Viswanath said...
I was stunned by these pics ..... I mean this one down here :)
Way to go .... "S" factor Shobha & Sushmita ... Cheers !!! - December 22, 2009 at 8:10 PM
- Cherry Prior said...
Terrific that you're down under and seeing the best of what my home state has to offer. Plenty more where that came from here in Victoria, Australia.
- December 23, 2009 at 5:15 AM
- Mukesh Bhatia said...
Gr8888, this is what I cud say awstruckly! Absolute stunning & gracious.
- December 23, 2009 at 1:14 PM
- Zeba said...
A bit crooked but surely they are white n nice and nicotine free!!! :-)
- December 23, 2009 at 3:30 PM
- worldnew said...
Instantly you are done soaking the container in the PG, placed it on a napkin and enable it to completely dry. This is the best method if you intend to get rid of those remaining flavors from your storage tank due to the fact that glycol is the very best flavor service provider.
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If you intend to obtain the most effective results, there, are some simple but good house items that you can use to provide your storage tank the most effective cleaning procedure. You should after that rinse them correctly after application of these things as well as leaving them to dry well. They Consist of:smok stick v8 kit
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text:
Welcome to Our Practice
At Wynn Family Medicine PLLC, we recognize that you have a choice when it comes to your healthcare provider. This website contains information about our doctors, locations, hours, emergency practices and more. The more you know, the more comfortable we hope you will be.
We believe our website is the best way for you to stay connected to our practice and get the highest quality of care possible. We also provide 24/7 access to an array of information on many common healthcare topics.
On behalf of all our professionals and staff, we welcome you to our practice, and look forward to helping you preserve a lifetime of good health.


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Selling a house directly to an investor comes with many misconceptions. People seem to have these ideas about what to expect based on stories they've heard or read about. But the fact of the matter is that most real estate investors are wonderful people, passionate about what they do. In our latest post, we will discuss four common myths people have about selling their homes directly to an investor.
Some people like sewing. Some people like selling products. Others love designing houses, and other people love buying and selling them. At ASAP House Buyers we love to help homeowners while restoring run-down properties. Real estate is our passion, as is helping homeowners in the Calgary area! Below are four myths we would like to clear up about selling your house to an investor in Calgary!
You Won't Get A Good Price
When selling your house to an investor in Calgary, you might have the idea that you aren't going to get a fair price for your home. While we can't speak for all investment buyers in the area, we can let you know that when you sell your Calgary house to ASAP House Buyers, you will always receive a fair and honest price for your property, based on current market conditions. We are very transparent about how we determine our offer prices. We'll take into account recent area sales and the amount of work that needs to be done to make the property comparable to others on the market. We will happily make you an offer, leaving the ball in your court. There is never any obligation, we want to make sure that selling directly to us is the right decision for you!
Investors Are Con Artists
This is far from the truth as well. Many "investment" buyers are families looking to invest in a rental, or people looking to flip properties because fixing up homes is what they love to do. Of course, there are some investors out there to watch out for, but that is true in any industry. If a real estate investor is interested in buying your home, hear them out. They might be able to offer you an excellent solution while saving you all of the costs of a middle man. Working with the right investor will ultimately save you time and money on the sale of your Calgary house! Ideally, you will be able to find a solution where everyone wins!
You'll Be Hit With Hidden Fees And Costs
Again, we can't speak for every real estate investor out there, but the majority operate openly and directly. This is how business gets done, and how everyone is able to save money on the deal. A fast, efficient, and straightforward process is the norm for most investors. When you work with ASAP House Buyers, you'll never be blindsided with any additional costs or hoops to jump through. We're direct buyers, ready to cover all the costs so you can sell quickly and with peace of mind. We lay it all out there from day one, so you'll never have to worry about any surprises. Our goal is to ensure you are incredibly happy with your selling decision, hitting you with hidden fees is the last thing we would ever do!
The Closing Will Take Longer Than Promised
When you work with an investment buyer such as ASAP House Buyers, a closing date is never promised until the offer has been accepted. Once we have a fully executed contract, we will be able to run the title right away and close on the property as quickly as possible. Of course, if issues like back taxes or liens need to be resolved, we will do what needs to be done in order to move on with the closing as planned. You will never have to wait while we find a buyer for your home. We are not assigning contracts, we are direct buyers with the ability to close on your property right away.
At the end of the day, working with an investor might be the best way for you to reach your goals. Investors will know how to work with the title company to get things handled quickly. The entire selling process can be completed in just a few days as opposed to the traditional process of hiring an agent, listing on the MLS, waiting for a buyer, and going through the escrow process. Avoiding the escrow process will save you time and money! The escrow process allows time for buyers to complete inspections and appraisals, two things that typically aren't required with a sale to a Calgary real estate investor, at least when you are working with ASAP House Buyers, we buy as-is!


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The 10th Planet is the Embroidery Bags Company of choice for Somerset KY!
Although there are many options for apparel and products in the world, sometimes you just can't find what you're looking for. That's where a 10th Planet comes in! At a professional Embroidery Bags Company like ours, you have the ability to get exactly the Embroidery Bags products you are looking for.
The 10th Planet Screen Printing and Embroidery has served the Somerset KY area since 2002. Our Company near Somerset KY is staffed with the best professionals to properly execute the customized items you need. We believe in transparent pricing, on time deliveries, and excellent customer service.
What Is Available at Our Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY?
At our Company, we proudly provide the Somerset KY area with Embroidery Bags and so much more! We offer an extensive range of products to help you get exactly what you are looking for. We offer embroidery and screen printing for many different types of clothes.
Our Embroidery Bags Company can put your design on clothing items like:
Call us Today! (866) 820-1010
It is important to keep in mind some techniques may only be used for some products. Our Company professionals can help you determine the best techniques for your Embroidery Bags project.
The staff at our Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY can put your design on more than just clothing! We can put your design on promotional products, too!
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- Insulated plastic mugs
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- …and more!
If you have questions about what is available at our Embroidery Bags Company, we encourage you to reach out to our professionals in the Somerset KY area.
About The 10th Planet – From a Faith-Based Project to an Expert Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY
The 10th Planet in Somerset KY was born out of a conversation between Cliff, Jeanne, and their six children. One of their children referred to God as "The Guy in the Sky," and Cliff believed this was clever. Although he wanted to get this printed on some t-shirts, he was unable to find a Company around the Somerset KY area to meet his needs.
Our Embroidery Bags Company has only grown from there. Our expert staff has served the Somerset KY community since 2002. We have carefully built the best staff in the business, including artistic designers, machine specialists, and production managers. Each staff member is carefully trained, and we take special care throughout the entire Embroidery Bags production process to ensure your total satisfaction.
Call us Today! (866) 820-1010
Why Should You Choose Us as Your Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY?
At our Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY, we hold our faith at the center of our work. We always remember our spiritual beginnings, and it is an integral part of all that we do. Furthermore, we believe in going the extra mile to ensure you are completely satisfied with your Embroidery Bags your Somerset KY business or school.
We strive to provide high quality products and guarantee on-time delivery. These, along with our commitment to great service, are vital to your satisfaction as an Company. However, we do not expect you to just take our word for it! We encourage you to read the testimonials of our previous Somerset KY clients.
What to Expect Working with Our Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY
The first step in the project process at our Embroidery Bags Company is dialing in the design. While many people already have their own logo or artwork, we understand this is not the case for everyone. We have a full time in-house art department at our Company. They can help make your Embroidery Bags design ideas a reality!
If you already have a logo or design, our Somerset KY professionals can work with that for your Embroidery Bags. Although they can work with just about anything, the prefer you to send your art work in one of the following file formats:
- Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
- Adobe Photoshop (.psd)
- CorelDraw (.cdr)
- EPS (.eps)
- PDF (.pdf)
If your logo needs any adjustments to best fit your Embroidery Bags ideas, our graphic designers can do this! Best of all, these adjustments are usually made free of charge.
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Once our graphic designers have your design created, they will send you a proof. We will not move forward with production on your Embroidery Bags products until you give your final approval. Our Embroidery Bags Company in Somerset KY encourages you to request changes so you are completely satisfied with your products.
How Does Pricing Work with your Embroidery Bags Company?
We value honesty at our Embroidery Bags Company. Because of this, and through our previous work, we believe in no hidden fees. In other words, this means the price you are quoted for your Embroidery Bags project is the bottom line.
Additionally, we do not require a minimum number of pieces at our Company. Whether you need one item or 100, our experts can execute your project. However, we do offer price breaks at certain order quantities. These quantities include:
- 24
- 48
- 72
- 144
- 576
If you need a large order, we recommend contacting us. They will work with you regarding more details about pricing. The pricing scale at our Embroidery Bags Company goes beyond how many items we are creating for you. For example, these factors for pricing garments include:
- Color of garment
- Color print is on shirt
- Number of ink colors for each location
- Number of locations
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Note: Windows Phone 7 has reached end of support, so services and functionality for this version of Windows will be discontinued over time.
We've collected some top-visited Windows Phone 7 help here to answer the most common questions you might have. If we haven't answered your question, visit the Microsoft Community forum to start or join a discussion.
Pin things to Start to get quick access to people, apps, and other items. On Start, flick left to the App list. Tap and hold the app you want to pin, then tap Pin to Start.
Press the Search button to find stuff on the web fast.
Press and hold the Back button to switch quickly between apps.
Press and hold the Camera button to take a picture fast—even if the phone is locked!
Tap a word and drag the arrows to copy and paste text on your phone.
Windows Phone 7.8 is an update for Windows Phone 7.5 phones. It includes some great features to make your phone easier and more fun to use. See how to get the update in the Phone Update FAQ section below.
Windows Phone 7.8 features
A fresh Start. Resize your Live Tiles—small, medium, or large—for a totally customizable Start screen. Large Tiles provide more info, like the text of new messages or details on appointments. Small ones make it easy to tap and go.
20 colors. There's now double the accent colors to jazz up your phone—at least 20, from red and yellow to indigo and steel. The color you choose will show up on Start and all around your phone.
Lock screen love. Get transported to exotic locales with a gorgeous new lock screen image from Bing—each and every day.
The Windows Phone 7.8 update is not available in all markets or for all phones.
Some features may work differently or not at all if your phone has 256 MB of RAM. To find out how much memory your phone has, on Start, flick left, tap Settings, and then tap About. For more information, contact your mobile operator.
Some features might not be available in your country or region.
Here are answers to some common questions about phone updates.
Note: If your phone uses Windows Phone 7 software, it can't be updated to Windows Phone 8. See Which version of Windows Phone do I have? below if you're not sure what version is on your phone.
Which version of Windows Phone do I have?
To see which Windows Phone operating system (OS) version is currently installed on your phone, do the following:
On Start, flick left to the App list.
Tap Settings > About > More info.
How do I update my phone software?
Prepare for an update
Install the Zune software on your PC. You'll need this software to download the phone update.
If your battery level is low, give your phone a quick charge before starting the update.
Make some room on your phone for the update. If necessary, remove a few unwanted apps or other large items.
To see how much free space you have on your phone, on Start, flick left to the App list, tap Settings > About, and look at the number to the right of Available storage.
Free up space on your computer.
We'll need some room to download the software update, to save a backup of your existing phone software and settings, and possibly to sync media files from your phone to your computer.
Make sure your computer has a reliable Internet connection.
In some cases, you might need to switch from a wireless (Wi-Fi) connection to a wired (Ethernet) connection. Or you might need to adjust your computer's firewall or proxy settings.
Verify that your phone is set to the correct date and time. That'll help us determine which updates you need. On Start, flick left to the App list, and then tap Settings > Date + time.
When you connect your phone to a PC for the first time
When you connect your phone to a PC for the first time, the Zune software will automatically create a primary sync relationship between your phone and that computer. Other computers you connect to after that will have a guest sync relationship with your phone. Your primary computer remembers your linked phone and all of its settings and history, so it's the only computer that will create a backup of your phone during the update process. That's why we recommend that you only use your primary computer to update your phone software. If you need to use a different computer, see How to sync your Zune player or Windows Phone 7.
Install an update
When an update is available, we'll notify you on your phone. After you see the notification, pick a convenient time to install the update on your phone. The process can take up to an hour.
If you miss the notification or don't have time to install the update, we'll remind you again in a few days.
Connect your phone to your primary computer—the first one you connected your phone to—using the USB cable that came with your phone.
If you're using a different computer than you normally use, please see some important information in the Notes below.
If the Zune software doesn't start automatically when you connect your phone, start it manually.
We might ask you to update the Zune software. If we do, just follow the on-screen instructions. Then restart the sync software.
In the Zune software, click Update Now.
Make sure you keep your phone connected to your computer until you see a notification that the update is complete.
Windows 8 Pro supports the Zune software, but Windows RT does not.
To check if an update is available for your phone, on Start, flick left to the App list, tap Settings and then tap Phone update.
By default, your phone uses your cellular data connection to check for updates and notifies you when an update is found. To change the type of connection for future updates, do this: on Start, flick left to the App list, tap Settings and then tap Phone update.
Although we notify you "over the air" (via your phone's data connection) when an update is available to download, we don't deliver the actual software update over the air. You must connect your phone to your computer to download and install available updates.
When you install an update, all of your settings, apps, and media files are preserved.
Windows Live ID is now called your Microsoft account. A Microsoft account is the email address and password you use to sign in to any of the following:
Xbox LIVE
Groove Music
Find My Phone
OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive)
You can use any email address you want to create a Microsoft account. If you don't have one, we'll walk you through creating one when you sign in on your phone. Or you can create one at account.microsoft.com.
If you already have a Microsoft account, you may already have contacts, messages, a calendar, and photos stored on it, and they'll all be automatically synced to your phone when you sign in.
To reset your password or get a reminder, go to the Microsoft account password reset page.
When you create a Microsoft account, it will generally be associated with the country or region where you create the account. This locale will be the one you use to buy things from Marketplace, and once a locale has been associated with your Marketplace account, it can't be changed.
Some of the features or services discussed in this article may not be available in your country or region.
Sync music, videos, pictures, and podcasts with your phone
There are several ways to copy or sync files with your phone, depending on the type of file you're trying to sync, and where it's stored. Here's how to sync multimedia files (music, videos, pictures, and podcasts) between your phone and your PC.
Connect your phone to your PC using the USB cable that came with your phone.
If the Zune software is installed on your computer, the program will start automatically. If it isn't installed on your computer, see Install the Zune software section.
If this is the first time you've connected your phone to your PC, follow the instructions in the Zune software to name your phone and perform other setup tasks.
In the Zune software, click Collection.
Find the item you want to sync by doing one of the following:
Click a category (Music, Videos, Pictures, or Podcasts), and browse until you find the item you want to sync with your phone (such as a song, album, artist, playlist, genre, and so on).
In the Search box, enter what you're looking for (for example, a song title or artist name). In the search results, click the desired item.
Drag the item to the phone icon in the lower-left corner of the Zune software.
Tip: To see information about what you're currently syncing, click the phone icon in the lower-left corner of the Zune software. To see the specific media files that are on your phone, click one of the categories (Music, Videos, Pictures, or Podcasts) near the top of the Zune software.
Check free storage space on your phone
Connect your phone to your PC using the USB cable that came with your phone.
In the Zune software, click Phone > Summary.
At the bottom of the screen, look at the right-end of the storage indicator (for example, "FREE 3.24 GB" means that your phone has 3.24 gigabytes of free storage space).
Tip: If you've changed the Zune software sync options to sync all your music, videos, pictures, and podcasts to your phone, you might find that you don't have enough free storage space on your phone to do other things (such as take pictures, record videos, or download email and apps). To solve this problem, increase the amount of space on your phone reserved for doing these tasks. With your phone connected to your computer, in the Zune software, click Settings > Phone > Reserved Space and then drag the handle to the right.
Note: The Zune software won't work on Windows RT. But you can get music on your phone using a Groove Music Pass, and you can use OneDrive to sync your documents. You can also get the OneDrive app from the Windows Phone Store.
Zune software is a program for your PC that lets you sync music, videos, and pictures between your computer and your phone. It also lets you install the latest performance and feature updates for your phone.
In most cases, you'll be prompted to install the Zune software the first time you connect your phone to your computer. If you aren't prompted to install the Zune software, click here to download it.
Note: The Zune software won't work on Windows RT.
There are different ways to get your contacts onto your Windows Phone, depending on where they're currently stored.
Note: If you use Microsoft Outlook 2013, you don't need to install the Outlook Hotmail Connector to transfer your contacts to your Microsoft account.
My contacts are on my old phone
If you have contacts stored on an old phone, you can usually import them to your new phone. How you do it depends on the kind of phone you had. If your old phone uses a SIM card, you can move it to your new phone to import your contacts. Depending on your mobile operator, your phone might not have a SIM card.
To figure out if you use a SIM card, remove the battery cover from the back of your phone and look for a card that looks like this:
When you import contacts from a SIM card, they're automatically synced to your Windows Live account on your phone. They won't be deleted from the SIM card. If you haven't set up a Windows Live account, your contacts are saved to the phone's memory.
Import contacts from a SIM card
On Start, tap People.
Tap More and then tap Settings.
Tap Import SIM contacts and follow the instructions.
If the Import SIM contacts button appears dimmed, it either means that the import is already in progress or you don't have any contacts stored on your SIM card.
Contacts are not always stored on a SIM card. If you don't think all your contacts were imported, you might be able to get them on your new phone in other ways, such as from an email account or your PC.
You can save contacts from a SIM card to a Windows Phone, but you can't save contacts from a Windows Phone to a SIM card.
Import contacts from a phone with no SIM card
If your old phone doesn't use a SIM card, don't worry—you'll still be able to get your contacts from your old phone to your new one. Different mobile operators have different ways of getting this done, so you'll need your mobile operator to help with the transfer. Check the company's website, call the support number, or visit a store for help.
My contacts are online
If your contacts are stored online as part of an Outlook.com or Microsoft Exchange account, just set up that account on your phone and your contacts will automatically be imported. When you set up a Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn account, the contacts will be imported, but you won't be able to edit or individually delete them on your phone.
Note: When you set up a Google email account on your phone, the contacts might not sync to your phone, depending on what version of the Windows Phone 7 software your phone has installed.
If your contacts are part of an online service that isn't fully compatible with Windows Phone, another option is to switch to Outlook.com. You can transfer your contacts, emails, even calendars to an Outlook.com account, then set up the account on your phone. Learn how.
You can use your own ringtones so you can match your jingle to your mood or match just the right tune to your contacts. Just make sure the audio file is:
In MP3 or WMA format.
Less than 40 seconds.
Less than 1 MB.
Not protected with digital rights management (DRM).
To make any file that fits these criteria into a ringtone, all you have to do is assign it the genre of ringtone. If you have a PC, you'll use the Zune software. If you don't have the Zune software on your computer, see the Install the Zune software section.
Add a ringtone to your phone
Connect your phone to your computer using a cable and then sync the file to your phone.
On Start, flick left to the App list, then tap Settings > Ringtones + sounds.
Tap the Ringtone list, then find the new ringtone you just added.
Create a ringtone using the Zune software
Open the Zune software and find the file you want to turn into a ringtone.
Right-click the file and then click Edit.
In the Genre list, click or type ringtone, then click OK.
You need to assign the genre "ringtone" in English, even if you're using a different language on your computer or your phone.
To see the length, size, and genre of a file in the Zune software, go to Collection > Music > Songs, then click Choose columns. Select the Genre, Length, and Size check boxes, then click OK.
I used to be able to download and update apps and games. Why do I get an error message now?
You may not have the latest version of the Windows Phone operating system (OS) on your phone. You'll need Windows Phone 7.5 to download and update apps.
If you're not sure which software version is currently installed on your phone or how to install the latest update, visit the Phone update FAQ section.
Install the Refresh Marketplace App to continue using Marketplace
Microsoft previously delivered a series of infrastructure upgrades to improve Windows Phone Marketplace. While most Windows Phone users' phones were automatically switched over to the improved Windows Phone Marketplace infrastructure, a small number of users need to install a simple Refresh Marketplace App to continue using Marketplace to download and/or update Windows Phone apps.
The app will make changes to the Marketplace configuration on a user's phone to ensure that it communicates with the updated online Marketplace infrastructure. Installation of this free app involves the same basic installation steps as any Windows Phone app. You can download it over a cellular data connection or Wi-Fi, and it takes only a few minutes to install and run.
If you are one of the small number of users who needs to install and run the Refresh Marketplace App to continue using Marketplace, you will receive a You must install the Refresh Marketplace App notice and will see this app as the only one featured within the Marketplace Hub on your phone. Follow the instructions below to download and install the Refresh Marketplace App:
Ensure your Windows Phone is connected to a cellular data connection or Wi-Fi.
Open Marketplace .
Tap the Refresh Marketplace App icon or name to go to the app details page and then tap Install to download and install the app. The Refresh Marketplace App will be installed within the Games Hub on your phone, opening the Games Hub in the process.
Find and tap the Refresh Marketplace App in the Games Hub, then follow the on-screen instructions to complete reconfiguring your phone to access the updated online Marketplace infrastructure.
Re-open the Marketplace Hub. You should no longer see the You must install the Refresh Marketplace App notice, and you should be able to see various featured apps and games. You can now continue to use Marketplace on your Windows Phone—enjoy! If you choose, you can uninstall the Refresh Marketplace App at this time.
If, after following the previous steps, you continue to receive the You must install the Refresh Marketplace App notice or are unable to install apps from the Marketplace Hub on your phone, do the following:
Turn off your Windows Phone by holding down the power button and following the on-screen instruction to Slide down to power off.
After a few seconds, push the power button to restart your phone.
Ensure your Windows Phone is connected to a cellular data connection or Wi-Fi, then plug it in using the wall charger that came with your phone. Leave your phone plugged in for at least 10 minutes, then try again to access Marketplace.
Re-open the Marketplace Hub. You should no longer see the You must install the Refresh Marketplace App notice, and you should be able to see various featured apps and games. You can now continue to download apps from Marketplace—enjoy!
If you continue to have problems, see the following Advanced steps.
From the Start screen on your Windows Phone, flick left to the App List. Go to the Games Hub and note whether the Games Hub icon says "Xbox LIVE" or not. If yes, continue with Step 2. If not, skip to Step 5.
Tap the Xbox LIVE Games icon to open the Games Hub.
Tap More, then tap Refresh. You should see Updating... on the top-left of the screen. When this goes away, continue to Step 4.
Re-open the Marketplace Hub. You should no longer see the You must install the Refresh Marketplace App notice, and you should be able to see various featured apps and games. You can now continue to use Marketplace—enjoy!
If you continue to have problems, do the following:
If your Games Hub icon doesn't say "Xbox LIVE" (or if Steps 1–4 don't restore the full Marketplace experience), plug in your Windows Phone using its wall charger, ensure your phone is connected to a cellular data connection or Wi-Fi, and charge your phone for at least 24 hours. During this time, your phone will automatically attempt to connect to the updated online Windows Phone Marketplace infrastructure, after which you should be able to continue using Marketplace.
If after following all of the steps above you continue to have problems, visit the Microsoft Community forum to start or join a discussion.
Why do I get an "Attention required. Tap here." message when I try to download an app or game?
Your phone might have temporarily lost its Internet connection, or you might be trying to download an app that's too big to download over your phone's cellular data connection. If you're trying to download an app larger than 50 megabytes (MB)—this applies to many games—you'll need to connect to a Wi-Fi network or connect the phone to your computer and use the Zune software.
Make sure you have a Wi-Fi or cellular data connection. On Start, tap Marketplace .
At the bottom of the screen, you'll see the number of incomplete downloads. Tap it to see the downloads queue.
Tap and hold the stuck app or game and then tap Retry. If it doesn't work and you're not on Wi-Fi, connect to Wi-Fi and try again. You can also tap Retry, connect your phone to your computer, and start the Zune software. This will automatically download the app to your phone.
Tip: One common cause of a lost Wi-Fi connection is a screen time-out, which pauses your connection and can prevent apps from downloading. If you're downloading lots of games and other large apps on your phone via Wi-Fi, you might want to temporarily increase the screen time-out period or disable it in Settings > Lock + wallpaper.
How do I update an app I own?
The people who create apps and games for Windows Phone are constantly making tweaks and improvements, fixing bugs or adding new features. When a newer version of an app you own is available for download in Marketplace, you'll know it.
On Start, you'll see a number on the Marketplace Tile that indicates how many of your apps have updates available.
When you open the Marketplace Hub, you'll also see a message at the bottom indicating you have updates available. Tap the message to see the list and start installing them.
How can I tell if an app has specific hardware or software requirements?
Many apps or games you buy from Marketplace are designed to take advantage of specific hardware and software features of your Windows Phone. For example, a photo app might need to use your phone's camera and a restaurant guide might need to know your location to provide nearby recommendations.
Some processor-intensive apps have memory requirements and won't work on phones with 256 MB of RAM. You can check how much memory you have on your phone in Settings > About.
You can see what features an app requires by looking at the app's details screen in Marketplace. Apps are required to ask you for permission before using certain phone features.