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Excellent Landscape Design in Monument
Does your outdoor space need an upgrade that makes it both attractive and functional? TJP Enterprises Inc. can help and we know just where to start!
Do You Need a Landscape Makeover?
First, what's a landscape makeover? It's probably exactly what you think is: an overhaul of your outdoor space. Have you looked out onto your commercial or residential land and though, "Can't this space be so much better?" Actually, it totally can!
Have you had past landscaping work before? Our professional team will go in and check out the existing structures and plans. Sometimes, a few key improvements and fresh gardening can be enough to send your space into a landscaping magazine.
However, sometimes we do need to start from scratch. Don't worry because TJP Enterprises Inc. has plenty of experience with that too! If you really just read to rip up that dry sod and replace much of the outdoor fixtures, we'll come up with a design that truly transforms your space.
What Types of Landscaping Are There in Monument?
Many types of landscaping exist and the same goes for the architects. However, even the most niche architect can fit into one or both of the following categories. The type main types of landscaping are:
- • Public Property and Commercial: These buildings can be office spaces or even apartment buildings. These are in a separate category because the spaces require different landscaping systems and the designs must abide by a different set of build codes.
- • Privately Owned and Residential Property: Personal properties aren't under the same regulations as places of business or rental complexes. You might get a little more freedom, but our architects will make sure everything abides by local codes.
What Are the TJP Enterprises Inc. Values for Landscape Design?
We always keep in mind a few key principles as we create and implement our designs:
- • Beauty and Appeal: Of course, the physical look of the space is an important element of landscaping. The space much be inviting and serve the purpose of helping visitors relax and enjoy their time.
- • System Function: Landscape architects generally think of your space as a system and we understand your system must do its job. We don't just add in a water feature. We think about how it will be filtered, how excess water will be drained and how that fits within the landscape's ecosystem.
- • Interconnectivity: No design can work without each element working together to create the best space possible. We'll make sure your design elements feel like they are meant to be in the same space.
- • Environmental Sustainability: Landscaping included sustainability before it became popular. Sustainability is two-fold as we make sure your space can thrive in the local climate and isn't harmful to the natural environment.
Give Us a Call and Speak With a Landscaping Professional
Why wait to get started on your landscaping project? Give us a call today and we can give you the information you need to make great design choices. We can also schedule your first consultation with a landscaping professional and we'll make sure it fits into your schedule.


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Made in Türkiye
If you would like a refund for any specific reason about your product, you may return it in the first 14 days after the day that you have recieved your product. In Evening Dresses this time is 24 hours. All you have to do is log in to our website with your sefamerve user account and create a refund registration. For more detailed information about refunds you may check under HELP - SUPPORT and click the Refund and Order Canceling section.
Your refund process will be launched and completed within 3 to 5 working days, upon receipt of the item.
The product change procedure is only valid for orders inside Turkey.
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subset: commoncrawl


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127 HOURS is the new film from Danny Boyle, the Academy Award winning director of last year's Best Picture, SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE. 127 HOURS is the true story of mountain climber Aron Ralston's (James Franco) remarkable adventure to save himself after a fallen boulder crashes on his arm and traps him in an isolated canyon in Utah. Over the next five days Ralston examines his life and survives the elements to finally discover he has the courage and the wherewithal to extricate himself by any means necessary, scale a 65 foot wall and hike over eight miles before he is finally rescued. Throughout his journey, Ralston recalls friends, lovers (Clemence Poesy), family, and the two hikers (Amber Tamblyn and Kate Mara) he met before his accident. Will they be the last two people he ever had the chance to meet? A visceral thrilling story that will take an audience on a never before experienced journey and prove what we can do when we choose life. (Source)
Find more trailers and clips on our homepage.


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mtx_unlock(9) [osx man page]
MUTEX(9) BSD Kernel Developer's Manual MUTEX(9) NAME
mutex, mtx_init, mtx_destroy, mtx_lock, mtx_lock_spin, mtx_lock_flags, mtx_lock_spin_flags, mtx_trylock, mtx_trylock_flags, mtx_unlock, mtx_unlock_spin, mtx_unlock_flags, mtx_unlock_spin_flags, mtx_sleep, mtx_initialized, mtx_owned, mtx_recursed, mtx_assert, MTX_SYSINIT -- kernel synchronization primitives SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/param.h> #include <sys/lock.h> #include <sys/mutex.h> void mtx_init(struct mtx *mutex, const char *name, const char *type, int opts); void mtx_destroy(struct mtx *mutex); void mtx_lock(struct mtx *mutex); void mtx_lock_spin(struct mtx *mutex); void mtx_lock_flags(struct mtx *mutex, int flags); void mtx_lock_spin_flags(struct mtx *mutex, int flags); int mtx_trylock(struct mtx *mutex); int mtx_trylock_flags(struct mtx *mutex, int flags); void mtx_unlock(struct mtx *mutex); void mtx_unlock_spin(struct mtx *mutex); void mtx_unlock_flags(struct mtx *mutex, int flags); void mtx_unlock_spin_flags(struct mtx *mutex, int flags); int mtx_sleep(void *chan, struct mtx *mtx, int priority, const char *wmesg, int timo); int mtx_initialized(struct mtx *mutex); int mtx_owned(struct mtx *mutex); int mtx_recursed(struct mtx *mutex); options INVARIANTS options INVARIANT_SUPPORT void mtx_assert(struct mtx *mutex, int what); #include <sys/kernel.h> MTX_SYSINIT(name, struct mtx *mtx, const char *description, int opts); DESCRIPTION
Mutexes are the most basic and primary method of thread synchronization. The major design considerations for mutexes are: 1. Acquiring and releasing uncontested mutexes should be as cheap as possible. 2. They must have the information and storage space to support priority propagation. 3. A thread must be able to recursively acquire a mutex, provided that the mutex is initialized to support recursion. There are currently two flavors of mutexes, those that context switch when they block and those that do not. By default, MTX_DEF mutexes will context switch when they are already held. As an optimization, they may spin for some amount of time before context switching. It is important to remember that since a thread may be preempted at any time, the possible context switch introduced by acquiring a mutex is guaranteed to not break anything that is not already broken. Mutexes which do not context switch are MTX_SPIN mutexes. These should only be used to protect data shared with primary interrupt code. This includes INTR_FAST interrupt handlers and low level scheduling code. In all architectures both acquiring and releasing of a uncontested spin mutex is more expensive than the same operation on a non-spin mutex. In order to protect an interrupt service routine from blocking against itself all interrupts are either blocked or deferred on a processor while holding a spin lock. It is permissible to hold multiple spin mutexes. Once a spin mutex has been acquired it is not permissible to acquire a blocking mutex. The storage needed to implement a mutex is provided by a struct mtx. In general this should be treated as an opaque object and referenced only with the mutex primitives. The mtx_init() function must be used to initialize a mutex before it can be passed to any of the other mutex functions. The name option is used to identify the lock in debugging output etc. The type option is used by the witness code to classify a mutex when doing checks of lock ordering. If type is NULL, name is used in its place. The pointer passed in as name and type is saved rather than the data it points to. The data pointed to must remain stable until the mutex is destroyed. The opts argument is used to set the type of mutex. It may contain either MTX_DEF or MTX_SPIN but not both. See below for additional initialization options. It is not permissible to pass the same mutex to mtx_init() multiple times without intervening calls to mtx_destroy(). The mtx_lock() function acquires a MTX_DEF mutual exclusion lock on behalf of the currently running kernel thread. If another kernel thread is holding the mutex, the caller will be disconnected from the CPU until the mutex is available (i.e., it will block). The mtx_lock_spin() function acquires a MTX_SPIN mutual exclusion lock on behalf of the currently running kernel thread. If another kernel thread is holding the mutex, the caller will spin until the mutex becomes available. Interrupts are disabled during the spin and remain dis- abled following the acquiring of the lock. It is possible for the same thread to recursively acquire a mutex with no ill effects, provided that the MTX_RECURSE bit was passed to mtx_init() during the initialization of the mutex. The mtx_lock_flags() and mtx_lock_spin_flags() functions acquire a MTX_DEF or MTX_SPIN lock, respectively, and also accept a flags argument. In both cases, the only flag presently available for lock acquires is MTX_QUIET. If the MTX_QUIET bit is turned on in the flags argument, then if KTR_LOCK tracing is being done, it will be silenced during the lock acquire. The mtx_trylock() attempts to acquire the MTX_DEF mutex pointed to by mutex. If the mutex cannot be immediately acquired mtx_trylock() will return 0, otherwise the mutex will be acquired and a non-zero value will be returned. The mtx_trylock_flags() function has the same behavior as mtx_trylock() but should be used when the caller desires to pass in a flags value. Presently, the only valid value in the mtx_trylock() case is MTX_QUIET, and its effects are identical to those described for mtx_lock() above. The mtx_unlock() function releases a MTX_DEF mutual exclusion lock. The current thread may be preempted if a higher priority thread is wait- ing for the mutex. The mtx_unlock_spin() function releases a MTX_SPIN mutual exclusion lock. The mtx_unlock_flags() and mtx_unlock_spin_flags() functions behave in exactly the same way as do the standard mutex unlock routines above, while also allowing a flags argument which may specify MTX_QUIET. The behavior of MTX_QUIET is identical to its behavior in the mutex lock routines. The mtx_destroy() function is used to destroy mutex so the data associated with it may be freed or otherwise overwritten. Any mutex which is destroyed must previously have been initialized with mtx_init(). It is permissible to have a single hold count on a mutex when it is destroyed. It is not permissible to hold the mutex recursively, or have another thread blocked on the mutex when it is destroyed. The mtx_sleep() function is used to atomically release mtx while waiting for an event. For more details on the parameters to this function, see sleep(9). The mtx_initialized() function returns non-zero if mutex has been initialized and zero otherwise. The mtx_owned() function returns non-zero if the current thread holds mutex. If the current thread does not hold mutex zero is returned. The mtx_recursed() function returns non-zero if the mutex is recursed. This check should only be made if the running thread already owns mutex. The mtx_assert() function allows assertions specified in what to be made about mutex. If the assertions are not true and the kernel is com- piled with options INVARIANTS and options INVARIANT_SUPPORT, the kernel will panic. Currently the following assertions are supported: MA_OWNED Assert that the current thread holds the mutex pointed to by the first argument. MA_NOTOWNED Assert that the current thread does not hold the mutex pointed to by the first argument. MA_RECURSED Assert that the current thread has recursed on the mutex pointed to by the first argument. This assertion is only valid in conjunction with MA_OWNED. MA_NOTRECURSED Assert that the current thread has not recursed on the mutex pointed to by the first argument. This assertion is only valid in conjunction with MA_OWNED. The MTX_SYSINIT() macro is used to generate a call to the mtx_sysinit() routine at system startup in order to initialize a given mutex lock. The parameters are the same as mtx_init() but with an additional argument, name, that is used in generating unique variable names for the related structures associated with the lock and the sysinit routine. The Default Mutex Type Most kernel code should use the default lock type, MTX_DEF. The default lock type will allow the thread to be disconnected from the CPU if the lock is already held by another thread. The implementation may treat the lock as a short term spin lock under some circumstances. How- ever, it is always safe to use these forms of locks in an interrupt thread without fear of deadlock against an interrupted thread on the same CPU. The Spin Mutex Type A MTX_SPIN mutex will not relinquish the CPU when it cannot immediately get the requested lock, but will loop, waiting for the mutex to be released by another CPU. This could result in deadlock if another thread interrupted the thread which held a mutex and then tried to acquire the mutex. For this reason spin locks disable all interrupts on the local CPU. Spin locks are fairly specialized locks that are intended to be held for very short periods of time. Their primary purpose is to protect portions of the code that implement other synchronization primitives such as default mutexes, thread scheduling, and interrupt threads. Initialization Options The options passed in the opts argument of mtx_init() specify the mutex type. One of the MTX_DEF or MTX_SPIN options is required and only one of those two options may be specified. The possibilities are: MTX_DEF Default mutexes will always allow the current thread to be suspended to avoid deadlock conditions against interrupt threads. The implementation of this lock type may spin for a while before suspending the current thread. MTX_SPIN Spin mutexes will never relinquish the CPU. All interrupts are disabled on the local CPU while any spin lock is held. MTX_RECURSE Specifies that the initialized mutex is allowed to recurse. This bit must be present if the mutex is permitted to recurse. MTX_QUIET Do not log any mutex operations for this lock. MTX_NOWITNESS Instruct witness(4) to ignore this lock. MTX_DUPOK Witness should not log messages about duplicate locks being acquired. MTX_NOPROFILE Do not profile this lock. Lock and Unlock Flags The flags passed to the mtx_lock_flags(), mtx_lock_spin_flags(), mtx_unlock_flags(), and mtx_unlock_spin_flags() functions provide some basic options to the caller, and are often used only under special circumstances to modify lock or unlock behavior. Standard locking and unlocking should be performed with the mtx_lock(), mtx_lock_spin(), mtx_unlock(), and mtx_unlock_spin() functions. Only if a flag is required should the corresponding flags-accepting routines be used. Options that modify mutex behavior: MTX_QUIET This option is used to quiet logging messages during individual mutex operations. This can be used to trim superfluous logging messages for debugging purposes. Giant If Giant must be acquired, it must be acquired prior to acquiring other mutexes. Put another way: it is impossible to acquire Giant non- recursively while holding another mutex. It is possible to acquire other mutexes while holding Giant, and it is possible to acquire Giant recursively while holding other mutexes. Sleeping Sleeping while holding a mutex (except for Giant) is never safe and should be avoided. There are numerous assertions which will fail if this is attempted. Functions Which Access Memory in Userspace No mutexes should be held (except for Giant) across functions which access memory in userspace, such as copyin(9), copyout(9), uiomove(9), fuword(9), etc. No locks are needed when calling these functions. SEE ALSO
condvar(9), LOCK_PROFILING(9), locking(9), mtx_pool(9), panic(9), rwlock(9), sema(9), sleep(9), sx(9) HISTORY
These functions appeared in BSD/OS 4.1 and FreeBSD 5.0. BSD
December 21, 2006 BSD


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Privacy Policy
for Pisgah Electrical Services, Inc.
This Privacy Policy describes the types of information Pisgah Electrical Services ("We" or "Us") collect from users of the publicly-available portions of the pisgahelectrical.com internet website (the "Website"), how We use and handle such information (including who We might share it with) and how We revise this Privacy Policy from time to time.
Personal and Other Information
What is "Personal Information"?
"Personal Information" is information about a user of the Website that specifically identifies the user, such as the name, address, email address, and telephone number. Personal Information also includes information about an individual's activities, such as information about his or her activity on our Website, and demographic information, such as date of birth, gender, geographic area, and preferences, when any of this information is linked to Personal Information that identifies that individual. The information described above is referred to in this Privacy Policy as "Personal Information" because it identifies or describes individual or personal aspects about the user.
What Types of Non-Personal Information Do We Collect?
Other information can be collected from the user's use and navigation of the Website – such as device-specific information — for example, a user's hardware type, operating system version, unique device identifiers (UUID), mobile network information, and server log information (typically, a user's IP address, browser type, browser language, date and time of request and cookies – discussed separately below).
This type of information is referred to in this Privacy Policy as "Anonymous Information" because it does not identify or describe individual personal aspects about the user, but nevertheless can be collected based on the user's use of the Website. For example, We and our Service Providers may collect non-personally identifiable information about how users of the Website navigate to and through the Website, including the number of visits to the Website and specific pages visited while at the Website and the IP addresses of those visitors to the Website. We may and our Service Providers may aggregate this statistical information and use it to help us administer and to enhance the Website and for research and development, user analysis and business decision-making. These aggregate statistics also may be provided to our marketing affiliates for use in our marketing or advertising activities and/or to assist Service Providers in connection with processing information or maintaining the operation of the Website.
We do not knowingly collect Personal Information from children under the age of thirteen. The Website and its content are not directed to children under the age of 13. In the event that We learn that We have unknowingly collected Personal Information from a child under the age of 13 without parental consent, We will delete that information as quickly as reasonably possible.
How do We Collect Personal Information?
We collect your Personal Information primarily from your voluntary submission as described in this Privacy Policy. We may also collect your Personal Information (in addition to Anonymous Information connected to your usage) when we review your usage practices or patterns.
Your log-in information is automatically reported by your web browser to our server each time you make a request to access a web page and may also be reported when the content of the webpage is downloaded to your browser. When you use the Website, our servers automatically record some of your log-in information (including your web request), your IP address, your browser type, your hardware type, and other types of Anonymous Information identified above, any referring websites/URL's, the number of clicks you implemented on the Website, what pages you viewed and other such information. This information helps Us improve the Website and more accurately provide it to you.
We may also collect and process information about a user's actual location, using the user's IP address, GPS, and other methods using sensors in nearby equipment, such as Wi-Fi access points and cell towers.
We may collect this information passively using technologies such as standard server logs, cookies, and clear GIFs (also known as "Web beacons"). We use passively-collected information to administer, operate, and improve the Website and our other services and systems, to improve the effectiveness of advertising on our Website, and to provide advertisements and other content that is tailored to you.
If we link or associate any information gathered through passive means with Personal Information, or if applicable laws require us to treat any information gathered through passive means as Personal Information, we treat the combined information as Personal Information under this Policy. Otherwise, we use and disclose information collected by passive means in aggregate form or otherwise in a non-personally identifiable form.
How Do We Use Personal Information Collected?
We use your Personal Information to authenticate your access and use of the Website; to respond to your e-mail inquiries (when we deem such response to be appropriate); to respond to your submission of "Contact Me," or other forms or requests which involve your requests for information from Us; to send you notices about changes to the Website; to send you notices about services We may offer from time to time (including service-related announcements): to send you marketing information through our CRM system; and to manage and improve the Website to optimize products and services.
We may also use your Personal Information (such as search terms) to optimize exposure and availability on external web search engines such as Google®.
We, like many businesses, sometimes engage other companies ("Service Providers") to perform certain business-related functions (such as maintaining databases, distributing information, processing transactions, and hosting services). When We engage a Service Provider to provide such business-related functions, We provide them with the information they need to perform such function, and such information may include Personal Information of a user. Service Providers are typically authorized to use such information only as necessary to provide such services to Us.
From time to time, We may share Personal Information you provide us to third parties in your geographical region who have an interest in marketing to you. If a user receives such marketing communications, the user may opt out by following the "unsubscribe" procedure included with such marketing communication.
We may disclose Personal Information in limited situations where necessary to comply with law, administrative or civil process, or to enforce the terms of use of the Website or other legal or equitable rights or entitlements, in our sole discretion.
Google® Analytics. The Website may employ Google® Analytics advertising features that collect data about your traffic via Google® advertising cookies and anonymous identifiers (see "Tracking Cookies/Web Beacons/Social Media Widgets" below) as well as data collected through standard Google® Analytics implementation. We strive to adhere to Google® Analytics Advertising policies. We will not facilitate the merger of personally-identifiable information with non-personally identifiable information collected through any Google® advertising product or feature. We reserve the right to test, turn-on or turn-off any of the Google® Analytics features from time to time without notice to you. By utilizing certain Google® Analytics Advertising Features, we are required to disclose the following information:
- The Website may employ Google® Analytics Display Advertising features.
- The Website and other third-party vendors may use first-party cookies (such as the Google® Analytics cookie) or other first-party identifiers, and third-party cookies (such as the DoubleClick cookie) or other third-party identifiers together.
- Visitors to Our out site can opt-out of the Google® Analytics Advertising Features used, including through Ads Settings, Ad Settings for mobile apps, or any other available means (for example, the NAI's consumer opt-out).
In the event that our business is acquired by a third party, all or any party of the data collected by Us through a user's use of the Website may be among the assets transferred to the third party in connection with such transaction. The third party would thereafter be entitled to review and use such information (including Personal Information) in connection with its business activities, and in such case, the Privacy Policy of the third party may thereafter apply to such information, rather than this Privacy Policy.
Except as required by law, we do not provide a process for individuals who use or visit the Website to review and request changes to any of their personally identifiable information collected through the Website.
Information Security
We store Personal Information using generally accepted encryption and data-storage technology. We cannot guarantee that any information is totally secure. Even though We review such encryption, data storage and data processing practices and security measures from time to time, third parties may unlawfully access, intercept or otherwise become aware of Personal Information or private communications. We do not represent or warrant that the Website is protected from such unlawful interception or other harmful events, such as computer viruses, malware, data mining and security or privacy threats. We are not responsible for intercepted information sent via electronic means, including e-mail or e-commerce transactions. You hereby release Us, Service Providers engaged by Us, and our respective officers, directors, members, managers, employees, agents and assigns, from any and all claims, costs or expenses arising out of or relating to the use of information intercepted or accessed by third parties in an unauthorized or unlawful manner.
Tracking Cookies/Web Beacons/Social Media Widgets
An internet tracking cookie (or HTTP cookie) or web beacon is a small piece of text or code stored on a user's device by a web browser (such as Internet Explorer®, Apple® Safari®, Google® Chrome®, or Mozilla® Firefox®). Web pages (like those incorporating the Website) use tracking cookies for authentication, session navigation tracking, and storing site preferences. We use tracking cookies to better serve you when you return to the Website.
If you do not want to enable the Website to place tracking cookies on your computer, you can adjust your web browser's security settings to block tracking cookie placement. You can also adjust your web browser settings to notify you when your computer receives a tracking cookie, which gives you a chance to decide whether or not to accept the tracking cookie before it is placed on your device. If you decide not to accept a tracking cookie from the Website, you may not be able to use all of the features of the Website. Please refer to the instructions and information provided by your particular web browser. Please be aware that our Website may not always or may not fully respond to "do not track" and similar signals in even if you follow your browser's instructions. As such, if you do not wish to be tracked, please do not use this Website.
Please also be aware that in the course of your use of the Website or other services provided by third parties ("Third-Party Services"), including, for example, Google Analytics, may set cookies on your hard drive or use other means of passively collecting information about your use of the Website, Third-Party Services or other services or content. To do this, they may use first-party cookies (which are set by the same domain your browser is receiving data from) or third-party cookies (which are set by a different domain). We also may make non-personally identifiable information available to Third-Party Services, and these Third-Party Services may collect such information, to assist such parties in understanding our users' activities and usage patterns on the Websites. WE DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO, OR CONTROL OVER, THE ACTIONS OF THIRD-PARTY SERVICES. EACH PROVIDER OF THIRD-PARTY SERVICES USES INFORMATION THAT IT COLLECTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS OWN PRIVACY AND SECURITY POLICIES.
For example, the Website may include social media features, such as "share" widgets through Facebook®, Twitter® or Google+®, "like" buttons through Twitter® and Facebook®, and interactive mini-programs that run on the Website or which populate from third party video sources such as YouTube® and Vimeo®. Such features may collect a user's IP address, which pages the user visits on the Website, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Social media features and widgets may be hosted by a third party or hosted directly on the Website. User's actions with social media features may be governed by the privacy policy of the provider of the social media features.
We may also use Remarketing with Google Analytics or other remarketing tools to advertise online. This enables third-party vendors, including Google, to show our ads on sites across the Internet. Such third-party vendors, including Google, may use first-party cookies (such as the Google Analytics cookie) and third-party cookies (such as the DoubleClick cookie) together to inform, optimize, and serve ads based on your past visits to our Sites. For information on how you can opt out of Google's use of cookies for interest-based ads please visit Google's Ads Settings. Other advertising vendors we may use include, without limitation, Facebook, Twitter, and Yahoo!.
For more information about Internet-based ads, or to opt out of having your web browsing information used for behavioral advertising purposes, please visit www.aboutads.info/choices.
"Do Not Track" Policy
As noted above, you should assume that the Website does not currently respond to a "do not track" or similar signals.
Third Party Site Links
We may provide HTML links to third party websites. We are not affiliated with third parties to whom we provide such links, and We are not responsible for the content, accuracy or privacy practices of the websites to which such HTML links are directed. This Privacy Policy applies only to the Website and not to any third party web pages or domains operated by third parties. As a general rule, you should always consider checking the privacy policies of third party websites before submitting Personal Information to such websites.
Governing Law; Individual Nature of Claims
This Privacy Policy is governed by and interpreted pursuant to the law of the state in which Our principle offices are located, in the United States of America. If any dispute arises in connection with your use of the Website, the arbitration tribunals and courts of the county and state in which Our principle offices are located, in the United States of America, shall have exclusive jurisdiction and venue over such dispute. Visitors or users of the Website who are subject to the jurisdiction of countries other than the United States of America must not submit information of any kind to or through the Website, and waive all liability of Us, our Service Providers, and our respective directors, managers, officers, employees, affiliates, successors and assigns with respect to submission of such information. ALL USERS OF THE WEBSITE AGREE THAT ANY DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCEEDINGS WHETHER IN ARBITRATION OR IN COURT WILL BE CONDUCTED ONLY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS AND NOT IN A CLASS, CONSOLIDATED OR REPRESENTATIVE ACTION. Users of the Website further agree that any claim against Us, Service Providers or its affiliates is personal to the user, and any such claim shall only be resolved by an individual arbitration, and shall in no event be brought as a class arbitration, a class action, or any other representative proceeding. The arbitrator may only conduct an individual arbitration, and may not consolidate more than one person's claims and may not preside over any form of representative or class proceeding.
California Privacy Rights
A business subject to California Civil Code section 1798.83 is required to disclose to its California customers, upon request, the identity of any third parties to whom the business has disclosed personal information within the previous calendar year, along with the type of personal information disclosed, for the third parties' direct marketing purposes. Please note that under California law, businesses are only required to respond to a customer request once during any calendar year.
In addition, a business subject to California Business and Professions Code Section 22581 must allow California residents under age 18 who are registered users of online sites, services or applications to request and obtain removal of content or information they have publicly posted. If this applies to you and you wish to make such a request, your request should include a detailed description of the specific content or information to be removed. Please be aware that your request does not guarantee complete or comprehensive removal of content or information posted online and that the law may not permit or require removal in certain circumstances.
If you are a California resident, believe that one of the above code provisions applies to you, and would like to make such a request, you may e-mail your request to: email@example.com.
International Visitors
We are a United States company marketing our services to local customers. Although this Website may be accessible in some locations outside of the U.S., it is not our intention to offer goods or service to individuals outside of the U.S. Also, the information we collect will be stored and processed in the U.S. If you are located outside of the U.S, the laws of the U.S. may offer less protection than the laws of your place of residence. We will keep this information only as long as we need it for the purposes described above.
In the event we offer services that are subject to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we will comply with your requests to (i) access information we hold about you, (ii) have inaccurate or unnecessary information rectified or deleted, or (iii) stop using your information in a certain way. In the unlikely event your use of the Services is subject to GDPR, you would also have a right to lodge a complaint with your local EU regulator.
Changes to this Privacy Policy
We reserve the right to change this Privacy Policy at any time. If We change this Privacy Policy, we will adjust the "Last Modified" date at the bottom of this Privacy Policy and post such changed Privacy Policy on the Website. For this reason, you should check the Privacy Policy each time you use or visit the Website to keep informed of any changes to the Privacy Policy.


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SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: And I'm Scott Horsley in Providence. Netroots Nation is part pep rally, part technology seminar, and - this year at least - part postmortem. Netroots chairman Adam Bonin kicked off the gathering just two days after the Wisconsin vote, which was viewed very differently in this crowd than it was by the audience at CPAC.
ADAM BONIN: Wisconsin was bad. This was a gut-punch to our movement. But you know, as Bruce Springsteen says in the title track of the new album "Wrecking Ball," hard times come and then hard times go. And they keep coming and we don't go away. We keep fighting no matter what the other side brings at us. This movement keeps going forward.
HORSLEY: Progressive activists are bracing for another tough fight in November. Zack Pollett works with a group called the Fair Share Alliance in Arkansas. He says the mood is more one of determination than dismay.
ZACK POLLETT: I think there's a sense of realism. The country is divided and there will be so much corporate money spent, it will give a real uneven playing field.
HORSLEY: This week, campaign finance reports showed Mitt Romney and the Republicans raised more than $76 million last month, almost 17 million more than President Obama and the Democrats. In the face of these setbacks, Netroots Nation is a chance to rally the progressive troops. Jeana Brown is a former Obama organizer from Screven, Georgia.
JEANA BROWN: All of these folks have the compassion and also being progressive and out of the box thinkers about human beings. So, for someone like me to come to something like this, it's almost a love fest. I can let my hair down and talk about anything I want to.
HORSLEY: The Providence Convention Center serves as the big tent for this political revival, where a group working to strengthen gun laws sets up shop next to a group working to relax drug laws. There are anti-nuclear activists, pro-wind activists, and Credo Mobile, which bills itself as America's only progressive phone company. A Georgia colleague of Brown's was surprised by the wide variety.
BROWN: So, as we're walking around and he's reading, he said, oh, I didn't know these people were going to be here. Oh, these people? Oh, Jeana Brown, these people are just as crazy as us. We're going to be able to work with these people.
HORSLEY: Face-to-face networking is part of the agenda here, but Netroots is also about using the tools of technology to continue the conversation back home. Planned Parenthood's president, Cecile Richards, stressed the important role social media played this year when the Susan G. Komen foundation tried to cut funding to her group.
CECILE RICHARDS: And in four days, more than 1.3 million tweets were sent, right? And my very favorite one was: Will Planned Parenthood please give Twitter back?
HORSLEY: Peace activist Marta Turnbell of Boulder, Colorado wants to learn more about harnessing that kind of energy.
MARTA TURNBELL: I am looking for some skills and knowledge around social media and electronic media, and also to be inspired.
HORSLEY: Four years ago, Turnbell was inspired by President Obama, but she told fellow activists she's less enthusiastic about the president this year. She's disappointed by what she calls missed opportunities. New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman told progressives if they want to avoid that kind of disappointment, they need to keep the heat on politicians. After all, he says, that's what activists on the other side do.
ATTORNEY GENERAL ERIC SCHNEIDERMAN: Progressives have a tendency to elect someone and then you go home. The conservatives never go home. They're there kicking their own guys in the back, saying, come on, build the movement, do more of what we want. Let's learn from our mistakes. Keep pushing, keep fighting. Are you in?
HORSLEY: A Netroots leader urged the activists to think about the kind of policies they want to push after November. He acknowledged that's a little presumptuous. There's still an election to win first. Scott Horsley, NPR News, Providence, Rhode Island. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Web crawlers usually discover pages from links within the site and from other sites. Sitemaps supplement this data to allow crawlers that support Sitemaps to pick up all URLs in the Sitemap and learn about those URLs using the associated metadata. Using the Sitemap protocol does not guarantee that web pages are included in search engines, but provides hints for web crawlers to do a better job of crawling your site. Sitemaps can be used in conjunction with Robots.txt, a robot exclusion standard for websites.
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pp. 104-121
The Sentiment of Nationalism
Max Sylvius Handman
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But first, let us go through some caveats. First of all, we must be fair to Prof. Chua. If you still do not know, the original Wall Street Journal article is an excerpt from Prof. Chua's memoir, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. It is a memoir, not a parenting manual. Prof. Chua did not select the Journal article's salacious title, "Why Chinese Mothers are Superior." In fact, it was not even an excerpt in a normal sense -- the article is a selection of the most sensational pieces of the book, scissored and stitched together to depict the most incendiary picture of Prof. Chua's parenting, while the rest of the book actually discusses Prof. Chua's movement away from such parenting.
Second, I am not trying to discuss exactly what Prof. Chua did with her daughters. Too many people were so outraged and distracted by Prof. Chua's precise tactics (e.g. calling her child "garbage") that they failed to see the point that Prof. Chua was making. I actually want to discuss what the Wall Street Journal headline provocatively suggested -- that is, are Chinese mothers superior?
(For the record, I found exactly nothing wrong in Prof. Chua's methodology. It is hard to be outraged at calling a child "garbage" when I had several mop handles broken into my legs by the time I was 16, when I emigrated from Korea. The reaction of my wife was equally nonchalant: "I used to be thrown out of the house in a T-shirt in the middle of the winter if I didn't practice violin. It didn't scar me. People need to get over themselves." But you don't have to agree with us to buy into the rest of the post. Please read on.)
But let's get our terminology straight first, because the term "Chinese mother" is misleading. In fact, Prof. Chua recognizes that she is using the term "Chinese mother" loosely. "Chinese mother" is not about the Chinese ethnicity; it is about a certain mindset present across all different races. But term is still misleading, if only because Americans, to their credit, are very concerned with remaining neutral with different races. So instead of "Chinese mother," let's use the other term that Prof. Chua uses -- the "Tiger Mother."
Again, Tiger Mother can be from any country. Tiger Mothers are found in China, but also in Korea, Japan, Europe, Caribbean Islands and Africa. Most importantly, by all accounts Tiger Mothers used to be abundant in the U.S.
But here, I must give an apology for all non-Asian Tiger Moms, because I will use Asian Americans as my primary example throughout this post. The reason for this is twofold. One, I know Asian Americans well. I would love to discuss African Americans from the West Indies -- whose success is well-chronicled -- but unfortunately, I do not know enough to discuss. Two, Asian American parents tend to be homogeneous when it comes to parenting -- virtually all of them are Tiger Moms. This makes for a neat natural experiment. There are plenty of white American Tiger Moms, but it is difficult to isolate their population and examine their Tiger Cubs.
What are the characteristics of Tiger Mother? Koreans share an apocryphal myth about how mother Tigers push their cub down the cliff, electing to raise only the ones that climb back up. This is a good way of thinking about Tiger Parenting. Under a Tiger Mother, the Tiger Cub will go through what appears to be hellish, almost always against his own desire. Tiger Parenting demands excellence -- almost exclusively academic excellence, punctuated by high-brow hobby such as classical music -- from Tiger Cubs.
The precise extent to which Tiger Moms define excellence is worth mentioning. To Tiger Moms, the word "excellence" means its purest definition, not the watered-down "mark of excellence" given out for simply showing up. Excellence means perfection, or as close to it as humanly possible. Excellence means all A's. Excellence means top awards, first place.
It must be noted that this demand for excellence is not out of some sadistic desire, but out of a staunch belief that excellence CAN be achieved. Prof. Chua described it well in her book: "Chinese parents demand perfect grades because they believe that their child can get them. If their child doesn't get them, the Chinese parent assumes it's because the child didn't work hard enough."
Because excellence is constantly within reach, failure to achieve excellence always reduced to a single reason: laziness. And laziness is the greatest sin for Tiger Mothers. Prof. Chua explains: "That's why the solution to substandard performance is always to excoriate, punish and shame the child. The Chinese parent believes that their child will be strong enough to take the shaming and to improve from it." Many people are aghast at this, because they lack the imagination to think that parents who love their children would act this way. But for Tiger Moms, not treating your child this way is a sign that they do not love their children. It means that they quit believing in their children, as there is no more potential to mine. This last point is very important. All the toughness of Tiger Moms is backstopped by love and nothing else. All the pain inflicted is not designed to kill. They are designed to strengthen.
Having said all this, let us ask the million dollar question. Are Tiger Moms superior?
Of course they are. And I will show you why, after the jump.
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Can Any Parenting Method be Superior?
We have to deal with a threshold question first. Is it possible to say one parenting method is superior over another? This is, in fact, one of the most common objections over Prof. Chua's story I have seen. "Every child is different," the objection would go. "It makes no sense to have a single hard-and-fast rule for a myriad of different children and a myriad of different situations. Discussing what method is superior is pointless -- individuals must be treated like individuals."
This objection seems to make intuitive sense. It also feeds right into American society's desire for individuality. We all want ourselves, and our children even more so, to be the "special snowflake" -- different from everyone else, unable to be reduced to a formula.
But this objection is wrong. It is eminently possible for us to decide which method among many is superior. In fact, we do it all the time. Take, for example, the speed limit of 55 miles per hour for most freeways. Let's have two radically different drivers -- NASCAR champion Jeff Gordon, and my 94-year-old grandmother who, despite being possibly the most energetic nonagenarian ever (still can walk on her own, has clear memory and carries a conversation without any problem,) would be unbelievably dangerous behind the wheel. Now, suppose Gordon drives on the freeway at 85 mph, my grandmother at 55 mph. Jeff Gordon makes a living by routinely driving faster than 100 mph without causing any injury to himself or others. He is far safer at 85 mph than my grandmother at 55 mph, who might be driving straight but may doze off and cause a fatal accident at any moment.
But if Jeff Gordon and my grandmother were both on the road, there is no question that the police would pull over and ticket Gordon for speeding while my grandmother gets a free pass. In doing so, the police failed to take into account Gordon's individual brilliance at driving, or my grandmother's miserable lack of it. The speed limit just caused a suboptimal result because it failed to take individuality into account.
So, is the speed limit pointless? Should we get rid of speed limit, which holds Jeff Gordon back from getting to where he wants to be as quickly as he can, while failing to eliminate the ticking time bomb that is my grandmother on the road? (I should tell you at this point that thankfully, my grandmother has never driven anything in her life -- except for her children, who respectively turned out to be school principal, successful businesswoman, professor, nurse and doctor.) Is it futile to discuss whether having a speed limit is superior to not having it, because individual results may vary?
Of course not. Whether or not you are a fan of a 55 mph speed limit, you can still rationally and reasonably discuss whether having a speed limit is superior to not having it. And the reason for your ability to do so is simple: superior systems create superior results. They may not create superior results for every single individual instances. Occasionally the Jeff Gordons of the world might be shortchanged. But the overall trend is undeniable -- having a speed limit is superior to not having one, because the speeding cars are generally more dangerous. Our streets are safer with speed limits. That makes having speed limits superior.
Truly, this is how it works for assessing any system in the world. Winston Churchill famously said, ""It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government -- except all the others that have been tried." Churchill's point is that while democracy may not be perfect in all situations, it still does a better job approximating perfection than all other governing systems thus tried. (And history proved him right.) Assessing any system or method -- public policy, dieting system, medical treatment method -- all depends on assessing the overall results, not individual results. It makes no sense to say that all such assessment must stop because they fail to take individuality into account. If we were to demand that every system and method cater to every last one of our individual quirks, we would paralyze ourselves from even following a cooking recipe. ("The recipe calls for a stick of butter, but I only have half a stick of butter! This recipe is terrible!")
The Case for Tiger Moms
If we can accept the premise that a system that yields superior results is superior, the case for Tiger Moms becomes clear: Tiger Moms create superior results.
The relevant numbers for Asian Americans might be an old hat for some readers, but staggering nonetheless. Put simply, Asian Americans go to better schools, get better jobs and live a more stable life. Based on 2000 census, nearly 50 percent of Asian Americans have college and graduate degree, double of Caucasians who is the next highest group broken down by ethnicity. Despite being less than 5 percent of Americans, Asian Americans make up 17% of incoming Harvard freshmen. (And 29% of Harvard medical school.) Despite being less than 15 percent of Californians, Asian Americans make up 45 percent of incoming UC Berkeley freshmen. Asian Americans are most likely to be in a high-skill occupation -- the quintessential Asian doctorlawyerengineer. The median Asian American household income leads all ethnic groups of America. Asian Americans are more likely to be married, and live with their spouses.
This is a great achievement by any measure, but consider the degree of difficulty -- Tiger Moms achieved all this, despite battling still-present race-based discrimination, xenophobia against immigrants, and significant language barriers. And this is before getting into the general state of poverty and dearth of cultural capital of the first generation immigrants. Asian American parents did not have the luxury of sending their children to summer camp or the ability to read and comprehend Dr. Spock's child-rearing techniques. They were raising their children while often putting in 100-plus hours per week in their jobs. They only had the Tiger Parenthood, and it worked.
The analogy with speed limits provides insight as to why Tiger Parenting is superior. Having speed limits is superior because in most cases, a car traveling at a high speed is far more dangerous than a car traveling at a low speed. Even Jeff Gordon traveling at 85 mph is more dangerous than Jeff Gordon traveling at 55 mph. Similarly, Tiger Parenting is superior because in most cases, giving relentless effort while squelching own desire to get lazy and quit creates the best result.
This is absolutely not to say that Tiger Parenting is perfect. It is superior, but superior is not the same thing as perfect. In fact, off the top of my head, I can suggest three improvements to Tiger Parenting:
1. I think Tiger Moms should be educated about mental health issues, in particular learning disabilities. Not every mental health issue is the namby-pamby bullshit about self-esteem. Tiger Parenting is about maximizing potential. Then it is a good idea to have a reasonable expectation on where the maximum line is. This can be done at the same time as demanding from children a lot more than what they would demand out of themselves. (Prof. Chua has a sister with a Down Syndrome who was a two-time gold medalist in swimming in the Special Olympics. It is entirely possible for Tiger Moms to maximize the potential of those who are not naturally "gifted.")
2. Tiger Moms could put more emphasis on sports. (And in fact many do, judging from young Asian American tennis and golf players.) Often, physical toughness begets mental toughness. Also, school sports is one of the few remaining areas of American schooling in which competition is encouraged and short-term sacrifice is demanded for long-term benefits. In fact, America's Sports Dads may well be the last indigenous breed of American Tiger Parents. (Sports Dads are to be distinguished from Soccer Moms, who merely shuttle their children to practice and only give praises. Sports Dads are like Tim McGraw from Friday Night Lights -- they demand perfection from their children and rip into them if they do not achieve it.) This can be done while getting straight A's, as many Tiger Cubs end up doing.
3. Tiger Moms could put more emphasis on part-time jobs. That American childhood education emphasizes actually experiencing real life as opposed to preparing for the real life in a hothouse deserves attention. (Unfortunately, this proud American tradition is declining. Only 33% of American teenagers -- aged 16 to 19 -- are on the labor force.) Nothing prepares for having a job in the real world like, well, having a job. In particular, working at a service industry gives one a perspective in life that is difficult to gain from any other experience. This can also be done while getting straight A's.
These suggestions are not "balancing discipline and freedom" like many commentators facilely urge. This is not a 50-50 mixture as the term "balance" suggests. It is a complementary addition to an already superior system. Think of it this way: you can make a sports car go faster by adding an aerodynamic spoiler. But even without a spoiler, a sports car will still go pretty fast. Without a sports car, the spoiler goes nowhere.
Objections to Tiger Moms -- and Why They are Wrong
Other objectors to Tiger Parenting apparently accept that one can determine a system's superiority by examining the system's results. Instead, they object on the basis that Tiger Parenting actually does not produce superior results. There are two major objecting arguments -- the first I will call "roboticity" argument, the second I will call "happiness" argument.
Roboticity argument essentially makes the case that Tiger Parenting creates "robotic" children. The argument goes something like this: "Tiger Mom's excessive focus on academics creates children who might have stellar academic credentials, but lacking in many important intangibles. Those important intangibles include leadership, social skills, creativity or critical thinking. The Tiger Cubs end up being mechanical wonders, performing great feats without joy or passion."
There are many ways to prove this wrong, but the easiest way is to give the examples of numerous Asian Americans who directly contradict that argument. You want leadership? Eric Shinseki, a former four-star general who dared to stand up against Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld about the number of troops necessary in Iraq was oozing with leadership. So were Chang-Lin Tien, a China-born former chancellor of University of California, Berkeley, and Jim Yong Kim, former director of WHO HIV/AIDS Department and the current president of Dartmouth College. Social skills? I am sure that Connie Chung and JuJu Chang did not become prominent newswomen by being social stiffs. Creativity? Need I remind you that the current face of classical music is Yo-Yo Ma? Or the canons of American literature include groundbreaking works by Amy Tan? Or every bride in America wants Vera Wang wedding dress? Or I.M. Pei's glass pyramid gracefully decorates the Louvre? You want innovations? How about Jerry Yang, who came up with the first meaningful "web portal" in Yahoo, which served as a model for Google? Or Dr. David Ho, who was the 1996 Time Magazine's Man of the Year for pioneering the use of HIV inhibitors?
The foregoing are not exceptions to the rule; they are examples of the rule. The examples contrary to the roboticity argument is so numerous (and disproportionately huge compared to the number of Asian Americans) that the argument becomes laughable. (People I did not get to mention: Seiji Ozawa, Far East Movement, Maxine Hong Kingston, Changrae Lee, Jason Wu, Richard Chai, Norman Mineta, Elaine Chao, David Chang, Roy Chung, Preet Bharara, Ken Jeong, John Cho, half of Juilliard School and numberless everyday Asian Americans with creativity and leadership.) Step out into countries that predominantly use the Tiger Parenting method, and the roboticity argument becomes even more ludicrous. Does Nintendo -- a company that made its fortune by telling a story about two Italian plumbers who eat mushrooms to grow big -- lack creativity? Did the students of Korea generate waves and waves of protest, often at the cost of their lives, to topple Korea's authoritarian regime (implicitly endorsed by the U.S.) because they always listen to authority and lack critical thinking?
In the face of such overwhelming counter-examples, the roboticity argument lives on because of one reason: sour grapes. In the face of obvious success, people feel the need to cut down and find faults. It does not matter that there are a thousand examples of Tiger Cubs' success. They are all trumped by the argument that starts with, "I know this one Chinese guy..." or "I have been to Korea once..." Again, Asian Americans are not the only Tiger Cubs, but they are the only ones that are obviously visible as Tiger Cubs. And when Asian Americans do everything America has expected from her immigrants -- work hard, get successful and not be a burden on the society -- suddenly, the goalposts are moved. Asian American success is somehow not real, because it is apparently a robotic achievement.
There are two lessons to be learned from Tiger Cubs' success. First, not every Tiger Cub turns into a doctorlawyer. A Tiger Cub with true passion is stopped by nothing, including a Tiger Mom. Vera Wang was an Olympic-level figure skater when she quit and went into fashion design. Ken Jeong of the Hangover fame was a doctor before becoming a full-time comedian. Second, and more important, relentless effort works well in every context, including those that require leadership, creativity, innovation, anything. Tiger Moms do not squelch creativity; they press down until the rubber meets the road by cultivating the basic mastery and the tenacity not to quit. In fact, that tenacity is what distinguishes hobbyists from professionals. Professionals pursue perfection regardless of external conditions, while hobbyists pursue something only as long as it is fun to do so. Tiger Cubs are professionals. Hobbyists can only hate from their armchairs.
The "happiness" argument usually goes like this: "There is no way children could be happy growing up as Tiger Cubs. Kids need time to be kids. You cannot force them to follow your idea of happiness, because they will hate themselves when they fall short. They have to be allowed to find what makes them happy on their own, and achieve that happiness." In essence, the "happiness" argument talks about achieving happiness by achieving goals that are individually discovered and set. Material/outward success matters only to the extent it contributes to this internal self-satisfaction.
But consider this: if internally set happiness is ultimately what matters, what is wrong with being hooked up to a morphine drip and an intravenous tube, and be happy until we die? I personally have no experience with morphine, but a very good friend of mine who underwent a major surgery used to say being on morphine was the most incredible feeling. In fact, my friend liked morphine so much that one day, his wife discovered him lying motionless on his couch. He had waken up in the middle of the night to use heroin, another opiate like morphine, and overdosed. Interestingly, I did not hear anyone say at his funeral, "At least Shaun died doing what he loved," or "At least Shaun died happy." Maybe I was too busy crying with everyone who were lamenting the loss of a promising young attorney, husband, son and friend.
If an objector said, "But drug addiction is not true happiness," she is walking right into my point: a huge part of true happiness is set externally, and has nothing to do with individual desires. It is not nearly enough to float mindlessly in contentment, like a drug addict would. There are immutable, objective and externally-imposed requirements for happiness. Without satisfying those requirements, "happiness" is nothing other than delusion, no different from a drug-induced high that comes crashing down when the harsh reality inevitably intervenes.
What are some of the external requirements? A sense of achievement that will live on beyond one's own life is a big factor. Meeting an intellectual challenge tackling a sophisticated problem is conducive to happiness. So is a sense of triumph, not necessarily over other people but over your own weakness and short-sighted desire to do only what is easy. So is a sense of feeling helpful and useful to other people.
Also crucial is money, whether people want to acknowledge it or not. A person without money stands naked before all the elements in life. Bad things happen in life, and money wards off much of unhappiness caused by those bad things. If you get injured or fall sick, you have to have enough money to visit the doctor and make yourself healthy again. (And your society has the obligation to make that visit affordable, but that's a separate topic.) Without money saved up for retirement, your sunset years are guaranteed to be crushingly miserable.
In right situations, money can even buy a bit of happiness -- not necessarily the permanent kind, but happiness nonetheless. Last month, I paid for my parents' winter vacation to Florida as a Christmas present. I called them every day to make sure they were having a good time in their well-earned vacation. My mother loved the natural beauty of Everglades National Park, and my father enjoyed the scenic drive from Miami to Key West. And I was exceedingly happy that they were having a good time. Now tell me my money did not buy me happiness. I dare you.
When these external requirements are considered, one thing becomes clear: it is actually Tiger Parenting that does the superior job at providing these external requirements for happiness. Opponents of Tiger Parentings have to concede that Tiger Cubs usually end up gaining a sophisticated, professional job and earning above-average income. That much is easily more than halfway toward happiness.
But Tiger Moms also instill the internal requirements for happiness as well, albeit tacitly and indirectly. One such requirement is mental toughness, the ability to handle difficulties without paralyzing oneself with stress or fear. To this day, it is my source of strength that I survived one year of my hellish high school in Korea, which began at 7 a.m. and ended at 10:30 p.m. (Yes you read that correctly.) Trust me on this -- if and when I go into detail about what I went through at my school, Amy Chua's parenting will look like a soft cuddly teddy bear. After experiencing that, there was no task too difficult in life -- including learning a whole new language at age 16 and learn it well enough to become an attorney.
Mental toughness feeds directly into another critical internal requirement for happiness: the ability to endure the short-term challenges for the eventual gratification. Prof. Chua made this point very well: "What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you're good at it. To get good at anything you have to work, and children on their own never want to work, which is why it is crucial to override their preferences." In the post about language learning (which is one of the most popular post ever on this blog,) I made essentially the same point: "[T]here are certain things about contemporary America drives the Korean crazy, and this is one of them: the idea that the process of learning is somehow supposed to be fun. Just drop it. Forget it. What is fun is the result of learning – the infinite amount of fun when you finally put the finished product to use." And truly, the stupid insistence that every last moment of life must be fun and happy could be the greatest reason of the culture of indolence we have in America now.
Tiger Moms also instill the value of the family. Tiger Cubs might hate their parents and hate the work when young, but they almost always recognize the value of effort and sacrifice of their parents as they come to age. After all, it is not a picnic to be a Tiger Mom either. The Tiger Cubs, in turn, end up concentrating on their family, which is the surest source of happiness in all of human history.
At this point, we should take a look at a major strain of the "happiness" objection -- the argument that says "Tiger Moms cause suicide." A typical response of this kind can be found at the Hyphen Magazine blog post about Prof. Chua's article: "Oh look, that's my childhood. No, really. Point for point, that is my childhood. And you know, for a long time it worked. My parents had one daughter acing calculus in tenth grade. Another graduating top of her class. True, school's not that hard when you have Nothing Else to Do. That was a number of years before I tried to step off a bridge, though." This strain often brings up the study by Professor Eliza Noh, who reportedly found that Asian American women age 15-24 have the highest rate of suicide among women of any age or racial group.
But is this right? Here is a presentation by Prof. Noh on the topic. Nowhere does she say Asian American women age 15-24 have the highest rate of suicide among all women. She does say this: "Asian American women, ages 15-24 years, have had the second highest suicide rate across race for the same age group from 1990 to 2003." And the available data bears this out. At p. 254 of this CDC report, it shows that Asian American women age 15-24 have a suicide rate of 4.0 per 100,000 people, second only to Native American women age 15-24 who have a suicide rate of 8.9 (!) per 100,000. Is 4.0 per 100,000 the second highest rate? Yes. But it is only slightly higher than the next leading group (white, non-Hispanic), which has the rate of 3.5 per 100,000. And this is before taking into account that there are few Asian American women, relatively speaking. Even just a few more suicides from Asian American women cause a huge spike in the ratio.
But before we even parse the numbers, consider -- why do we only care about Asian American women, aged 15-24? Asian American women aged 15-24 are not the only ones who have Asian parents! In fact, when all age groups are considered, the suicide rate for Asian Americans is less than half of national average. (See pp. 202-205.) If parenting causes suicides (which is already somewhat dubious a proposition given the many intervening factors of life,) the greatest culprit for suicides in America is not the Tiger Moms -- it is the parents of white, non-Hispanic Americans, who commit suicide at the rate of 13.2 per 100,000 people, highest among all races in America.
We have to look at the flip side as well, because non-Tiger Parenting is even poorer at preventing other kinds of self-inflicted death, although such death might not be intended. It stands to reason that Tiger Cubs, who are taught self-discipline and boundaries, would not develop bad habits that ultimately kill them. And the available data bears this point out. Take drug overdose, for example. Look under "Poisoning," which includes drug overdose. Asian Americans poison themselves to death at the rate of 1.4 per 100,000, staggeringly low compared to 9.1 per 100,000 for overall population. If we expand the circle into other undesirable behaviors that might not necessarily cause death, the case for Tiger Moms gets even better. Ever seen a big population of hyper-obese Asian Americans? Or pregnant Asian American teenagers?
Why You Should be a Tiger Mother
To recap: Through their strict methodology, Tiger Mothers are superior because they create superior results. Tiger Cubs go to good schools, get good jobs and live a more stable family life, despite what appears to be emotional abuse. Tiger Cubs do so without sacrificing leadership, creativity or critical thought as stereotypes suggest. Finally, Tiger Cubs are better equipped for happier lives, and are less likely to engage in self-destructive behavior.
But maybe I didn't convince you. Maybe you still think that all you want for your children is for them to be happy within their own terms. Those terms do not have to be as extreme as getting hooked up to a morphine tube for the rest of their lives, but they do not have to be becoming a doctorlawyerengineer and spend 80-hour work week in exchange for a little more money either. They might end up achieving greatness if they are so inclined, but it is ok if they do not. It's their life, not yours. As long as they are happy, it does not matter.
If you still think this way, I will give you one last reason why you should be a Tiger Mother. And I will do it in a way my rhetoric teachers told me not to -- by finishing with the weakest argument. I say this is the weakest argument because if you are the type of person who is unconvinced so far, you are probably not even thinking about where this argument is going. But I make it here nonetheless, because I think it should be the most important consideration.
So here it goes: you should be a Tiger Mother because your country needs you to.
I can already hear the distant eye rolls. I just put myself in the same place as extremist nutjobs, screeching and hollering about "losing America" while stockpiling weaponry in their basement for the doomsday that only exists in their paranoid imagination. But please, hear me out.
I emigrated from a country that had its own way of happiness once upon a time. Only 150 years ago, when America was finishing the construction of transcontinental railroad, Korea was still living up to its nickname -- the Hermit Kingdom. Secluded from the rest of the world, it had been enjoying 200 years of peace. Founded under Confucian principles, Joseon Dynasty devoted its best and the brightest minds to perfect the sophisticated and esoteric Confucian theories by which the kingdom would be ruled, economy and technology be damned. Did Koreans enjoy "happiness" as we envision the term now? Certainly not. But it was a country satisfied in its own way of life, established over centuries of marching to its own drumbeat. That self-satisfaction was not good enough to prevent Koreans from losing their country. And it took 36 years and a million dead for Koreans to regain their country, only to lose half to a communist dictatorship that again killed another million.
Americans do not know what it is like to lose their country, because they never experienced it. But Koreans do; they lost their country twice in the last 100 years. If you want to get a glimpse of what it was like, try reading the history of the Righteous Army, a volunteer military with tens of thousands of soldiers who battled the Imperial Japanese army for more than a decade with muzzle-loading muskets, rocks and bare hands. Read how desperately they sought to protect their way of life, only to be mowed down by an army with superior technology. Then read about how Korean men were sent to their deaths in wartime forced labor, and how Korean women were conscripted into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.
I am not telling you this story because I fear the permanent decline and disappearance of America in the near future, although I would be lying if I said I am totally unconcerned about the possibility that the generation of my fellow Americans are taking steps toward that direction. No, I am telling you this story because I want you to understand the strength of motivation that propels America's competitors. China's story is more or less the same as Korea's. Who do you think will win in a race -- a person motivated by the desire to be happy, or a person motivated by the desire to fend off death?
You might object, as many on my blog have previously objected: "Our children are precious. We do not want to debase them by making them mere cogs in the economy." Koreans of mid 19th century said exactly the same thing: "We do not want to debase ourselves by submitting to anything other than Confucian ideals." Then Koreans were proven wrong. It was not possible to ignore the world. Ignoring the world only brought backwardness, decline, invasion and subjugation. Pursuing their own ideals of happiness only led to the ruination of that happiness. Knowing this, Koreans are desperate not to repeat their past. There is a lesson here, and Americans need not actually experience Korea's level of decline to learn that lesson.
America became the greatest country in the world by generating the greatest wealth and power in the world. We Americans have happiness now, not because we decided to be happy, not because our parents did not abuse us emotionally. We have happiness because our previous generation sacrificed and worked hard in the face of adversity. We are the products of the American Tiger Mothers that came before us. We owe it to them not to piss away their legacy. So for god's sake, please stop being so afraid of hurting your child's feelings. You are an adult; you know better than her. She is strong enough to take whatever you can throw at her, because she is a Tiger Cub.
(And if all this still did not work, maybe this blog post at bigWOWO would work. Please do click and read -- it is a terrific story.)
Got a question or a comment for the Korean? Email away at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Project Members
- Bernard Comrie
- Olesya Khanina
- Andrey Shluinsky
- Zoja N. Bolina (Dudinka, community collaborator)
- Viktor N. Pal'chin (Dudinka, community collaborator)
On some fieldtrips we were also joined by graduate students from Novosibirsk (Sergey Trubetskoy) and St. Petersburg (Maria Ovsjannikova).
Documentation of Enets: digitization and analysis of legacy field materials and fieldwork with last speakers
Our fieldwork-based project documented Enets, an almost extinct Northern Samoyedic language spoken on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia. It was funded by the ELDP for the period 01.02.2008 – 31.07.2011. The project had two general goals: first, to document phonology, morphology and natural speech of the current state of both dialects of Enets, and second, to digitize legacy audio recordings made in the 1960-1990s and to transcribe them with the help of living speakers. All Enets data obtained during the project were immediately accessible to the general public and were available from the project members or from a number of research institutions in Europe (MPI-EVA, ELAR) and Russia (Moscow, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Dudinka).
Enets is highly endangered: there are ca. 50 speakers (all over 45) of Forest and Tundra dialects together with different levels of proficiency. The language is not used on an everyday basis.
Enets is a language with a high degree of variation in phonetics and phonology. We have documented variation in the system of back vowel phonemes (u varies with ɔ, possibly creating an intermediary /o/ phoneme), at the end of nominals unmarked for case (the final vowel may be dropped in casual speech, back rounded vowels are particularly prone to this), in the realization of the glottal stop phoneme ([ʔ], zero, glottalization of adjacent vowels), in the non-phonological gemination of intervocalic consonants, etc. The omnipresent variation between [e] and [i] in non-first syllables has led us to the conclusion that these phonemes are not differentiated beyond the first syllable.
Enets nouns are encoded for number (including dual), case, and person-number of possessor. There is also an intriguing nominal category of 'destinativity' which marks whether the entity is destined for someone (this person is then encoded on the noun as possessor). Possessor markers are also used for discourse related purposes, where they are completely devoid of the literal possessive meaning. Enets postpositions are marked for person-number of the noun phrase, many postpositions are formed from a small set of relational nouns with the help of archaic case morphology.
In Enets verbal morphosyntax we are particularly interested in the study of numerous contrastive constructions used for an array of pragmatic purposes: e.g. in Forest Enets there is a special contrastive cross-reference paradigm found nowhere else in Samoyedic, in Tundra Enets some negative constructions can be used in positive contexts with special pragmatics.
Enets syntax is rather typical for the family and the area: e.g. SOV, head marking in the NP, both head and dependent marking within the clause, non-finite verbal forms used for clause combining.
The outcomes of the project:
- extensive glossed text collections for the two dialects including both modern and legacy recordings (all texts are synchronized with audio);
- community materials: text collections and a picture dictionary.
Data archive
- 2980 sound files (wav, mp3)
- 400 text files (pdf, txt, doc)
- 700 annotation files (eaf)
- 4590 pictures (jpg)
Contact: lingarchive@[>>> Please remove the text! <<<]eva.mpg.de


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Psalm 98
Sing unto the Lord—All the ends of the earth will see His salvation—He comes to judge all men with equity and righteousness.
A Psalm.
1 O sing unto the Lord a new song; for he hath done marvellous things: his right hand, and his holy arm, hath gotten him the victory.
2 The Lord hath made known his salvation: his righteousness hath he openly shewed in the sight of the heathen.
3 He hath remembered his mercy and his truth toward the house of Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God.
4 Make a joyful noise unto the Lord, all the earth: make a loud noise, and rejoice, and sing praise.
5 Sing unto the Lord with the harp; with the harp, and the voice of a psalm.
6 With trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the Lord, the King.
7 Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.
8 Let the floods clap their hands: let the hills be joyful together
9 Before the Lord; for he cometh to judge the earth: with righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity.


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FREE Virtual Proof with Every Order!
- Toast the success of your brand with our Wine Tumbler Gift Set.
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Wine Tumbler Gift Set
- Toast the success of your brand with our Wine Tumbler Gift Set.
- Add your name, logo and marketing message before handing it out to your target audience for maximum brand exposure.
- This set is the perfect gift for your favorite entrepreneur, executive or anyone to show off their personality and the brand they love!
Item Size:
5" h x 3.25" dia
Mailer box and shred
Imprint Option 1:
Imprint Method:
Screen Print
Imprint Area:
1.7 " w x 1.7" h
Set-up Charge:
Run Charge: $0.50
Note: 1) Every order is unique and additional charges that are not listed may apply. For example, additional charges may be required for imprint color changes, copy changes, product assortments, packaging, etc. Price subject to change without notice. 2) Due to difference among color monitors, the colors that appear may not be exact.
What is the minimum order quantity?
Minimum Orders for this promotional item are listed as the first price column. You must order at least the minimum for customized or blank merchandise.
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Production time is the time it takes to print and package merchandise. It does not include the time it takes for order processing and proof approval. Depending on the product, rush production may be available.
Standard Production: Standard production time varies. It is dependent on product, manufacturer, and printing method.
Rush Production: Rush production is available on a selection of products in our catalog. Rush production is sometimes called Rush Service or Rush Imprinting Service. Rush service can vary from 24hrs to 72hrs. Most rush items are limited to a one color/one location imprint. When ordering a rush product please be sure to review the rush service terms.
NOTE: Standard/Rush Production time does not include transit time for shipping and delivery.
What is an Imprint Area and Imprint Location?
Imprint Area: The imprint area is the allowable portion of a promotional product reserved for the printed advertising message. All artwork is different and your artwork may require adjustments in order to print it at its best without sacrificing quality. The size and placement of the artwork may vary from the proof when actually printed on the product. Proofs are for artwork verification & layout.
Imprint Location: The area that your logo/message is imprinted. Each product displays the available imprint locations.
What are Set-up, Run Charges, and Additional Charges?
Set-up: Set-up charges are different for every item and can be different for each imprint method. Set-ups are required by the factory to set-up the machinery and materials needed to personalize products with your logo, artwork and/or message. For example the set-up charge is used to create silk screens, tapes, dies and molds. Each product and/or imprinting method requires a different set-up process. The set-up charge is not based on the quantity ordered. A setup is the same whether the order is 20 pieces or 20000 pieces. The fee is applied per imprint color and imprint location. Some products may require you to order a specific amount for a particular imprint method.
Run Charge: Run charges are also different for every item and can be different for each imprint method. They are additional charges necessary to complete the imprinting of your items. Run charges, for example are added for secondary locations and/or colors. They can also be packaging charges or other options that are not included in the base price of the product.
Additional Charges: Additional Charges are things such as packaging fees, additional product accessories and options.
What are Pantone and Stock Imprint Colors?
Pantone: The PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM (sometimes referred to as "PMS") identifies over 500 colors and the formulas for creating ink in those colors. Four-color process printing can only approximate many of these colors. You can select PANTONE Colors in various illustration and desktop publishing software programs.
Stock Colors: These are the standard colors that are kept in stock for each product line.
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When you select to order Blank Goods, you are ordering the product with no artwork personalization.
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Collage Design (11x14) - Inked
$ 19.99
Purchase product individually or get unlimited access to the entire Ashe Design store with an All Access Membership below. No additional fee per product.
Automatically renews every month on date of purchase for $19.99. Cancel at anytime. |
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Use this mouse pad decorate your home computer or use at work!
It makes a great gift for yourself or someone else.
The size of this rectangle shaped mouse pad is 7.75" x 9.25" x 1/4", (this is not a skinny, flimsy mouse pad), with open cell rubber backing to prevent movement when your mouse gets wild. The image is sublimated to the surface so it won't fade, crack or peel. This is a high quality mouse pad that will take all the abuse your mouse can give it.
(Also note that color may vary depending on your monitor settings.)