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2010 Weather History in Perth Western Australia, AustraliaThe data for this report comes from the Perth Airport. See all nearby weather stations This report shows the past weather for Perth, providing a weather history for 2010. It features all historical weather data series we have available, including the Perth temperature history for 2010. You can drill down from year to month and even day level reports by clicking on the graphs. Hourly Wind Speed in 2010 in Perth
0 mph
1 mph
light air
4 mph
light breeze
8 mph
gentle breeze
13 mph
moderate breeze
18 mph
fresh breeze
25 mph
strong breeze
31 mph
near gale
39 mph
47 mph
strong gale
55 mph
64 mph
violent storm
73 mph
hurricane force
Data SourcesThe details of the data sources used for this report can be found on the Perth Airport page. See all nearby weather stations DisclaimerThe information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site. We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands. We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader. Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page. |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
With bedbugs bunking just about everywhere these days, people battling the bloodsucking insects may be tempted to try their hand at driving them away.
But ultrasonic bug zappers, which retail for less than $25, aren't the solution, say entomologists who tested some of the devices.
"I can understand on a personal level how you would want to go to great lengths and get rid of them and protect yourself," says Kasey Yturralde, a grad student in entomology at Northern Arizona University. She had a memorable trip back in 2006 when she ran into them while visiting a friend. "It was pretty traumatic," she tells Shots.
Recently, Yturralde and her co-author Richard W. Hofstetter tried out four different ultrasonic devices available on Amazon: one designed specifically for bedbugs and three that claimed to repel insects and small furry mammalian pests.
Their simple experimental design consisted of two 5-gallon buckets lined with sound-muffling insulation that were connected by a tube. An ultrasonic device was placed in one bucket, and eight to 10 bedbugs were placed in the tube.
More care was given to how the bedbugs were housed in the lab. The researchers kept them in large jars, like those used for canning, which were placed in bins full of soapy water. And every lip or edge over which an rogue bedbug would have to crawl was covered in a slippery substance a little like liquid Teflon, Yturralde says, to keep them from escaping.
In test after test, the bedbugs showed no preference for either bucket. "They were equally distributed across the two arenas," Yturralde notes. None of the four devices drove the bedbugs away.
It wasn't entirely illogical to think that ultrasonic frequencies might work against bedbugs. After all, the bark beetles Yturralde and Hofstetter normally study communicate in the ultrasonic range of sound. The devices could interfere with bug communication. But, of course, not all bugs act the same.
"There have been tests of these devices with other insects, and they haven't shown any effect," Yturralde says. Now people can know that they won't be effective on bedbugs either, she says, "and move onto other means of extermination."
The results appear in the Journal of Economic Entomology.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
- Description
- Product Care
- Shipping & Returns
Silk and corded lace midi cocktail dress featuring hand-painted floral motifs, a low V-neck, three-quarter length sleeves, a low waist and inverted pleats.
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text:
Why Would I Need Endodontic Surgery?
Generally, a root canal is all that is needed to save teeth with injured pulp from extraction. Occasionally, this non-surgical procedure will not be sufficient to heal the tooth and your endodontist will recommend surgery. Endodontic surgery can be used to locate fractures or hidden canals that do not appear on X-rays but still manifest pain in the tooth.
Damaged root surfaces or the surrounding bone may also be treated with this procedure. The most common surgery used to save damaged teeth is an apicoectomy or root-end resection.
What is an Apicoectomy?
The video on the right illustrates this simple procedure. An incision is made in the gum tissue to expose the bone and surrounding inflamed tissue. The damaged tissue is removed along with the end of the root tip. A root-end filling is placed to prevent reinfection of the root and the gum is sutured. The bone naturally heals around the root over a period of months restoring full function.
Following the procedure, there may be some discomfort or slight swelling while the incision heals. This is normal for any surgical procedure. To alleviate any discomfort, appropriate pain medication will be recommended. If you have pain that does not respond to medication, please call our office.


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Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a chronic condition that develops when your eyes do not produce and maintain enough tears to keep the eye's surface lubricated resulting in multiple symptoms that range from person to person. This can be due to a reduction in tear production or increased tear evaporation from a lack of lipid in the tears that stem from oil glands in the eyelids. The effects can range from minor dryness and discomfort to pain, blurred vision and frequent infections.
Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease
Symptoms of dry eye syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the condition but can include:
- Dry, itchy eyes
- Burning or stinging
- Irritation
- Watery eyes
- Blurred vision
- Pain
- Foreign body sensation
The main function of tears is to maintain the health of the cornea of your eye by washing away foreign matter and ensuring that the surface of your eye remains moist, smooth and clear. Tears also rinse away dust particles from your eyes and contain enzymes that protect your eyes from bacteria that can cause infections. Dry eyes is a condition that develops when the amount of tears produced is not sufficient to maintain the moisture balance in your eye. This can result in that scratchy sensation, a continuous feeling of dryness, stinging and a sensation of a foreign body in your eye. Ironically in an effort to fight off the condition, dry eyes can cause you to produce excessive tears, which is why some people experience watery eyes.
Causes of Dry Eye Disease
Dry eyes can occur naturally as a result of aging or hormonal changes, typically in women who are pregnant, taking oral contraceptives or going through menopause. In fact, women over 50 have a 50% greater risk of dry eye disease than men do of the same age. It can also result from taking certain medications that reduce tear production such as antihistamines, blood pressure medications and antidepressants. Environmental factors can also play a role in drying out the eyes and DED is common in areas where the climate is dry, dusty and windy. Home air conditioners or heating systems and excessive time spent staring at a computer or television screen can also dry out eyes and exacerbate symptoms due to the lack of blinking while staring at our screens.
Individuals that suffer from certain medical conditions such as diabetes, blepharitis, lupus, arthritis and thyroid problems are more vulnerable to developing DED. Other causes can be due to eye surgery including LASIK, certain conditions in which the eyelids don't close properly or extended contact lens use.
Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease
Typically, dry eye disease can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and a description of your symptoms. On some occasions the eye doctor might decide to do a test that measures how quickly your tears evaporate from the surface of your eye. By instilling a simple dye called fluorescein (much like food coloring) the doctor is able to watch and count how long it takes the tears to start to break up after they've asked you to hold your eyes open after a blink. This is called TBUT or a Tear Break Up Time test. A low TBUT generally indicates a lipid (aka oil) deficiency in the tears resulting from oil glands in the eyelids not functioning properly. In another type of test, called a Schirmer test, a strip of filter paper is placed under the lid of the eye and you will be asked to close your eye for five minutes. Following the test the amount of moisture on the strip will be measured. Schirmer tests are performed less frequently than a TBUT test.
Treatment for Dry Eyes
There are many treatment options for dry eyes which are highly dependant upon the cause and severity of the condition. Many mild forms of DED can be alleviated using artificial tears or lubricant eye drops to make up for the lack of natural tears usually produced by your eyes. If over-the-counter drops don't alleviate your symptoms, your doctor might prescribe prescription drops that actually stimulate tear production or steroids for short-term relief.
More severe cases of dry eyes might be treated with a punctal insert which is a tiny insert containing a slow-release lubricating substance that is placed inside the lower eyelid. Since DED is often related to eyelid inflammation known as blepharitis your doctor may prescribe a heated hot compress mask, specialty eyelid scrubs and sometimes an antibiotic ointment. Finally, punctal plugs might be recommended for severe cases which would be inserted into the tear ducts to reduce the tear drainage in your eyes to keep them from drying out.
In cases where discontinuation or switching to different medications is possible this can eradicate symptoms. Your doctor may also recommend that you limit or refrain from contact lens use for a certain amount of time or switch to a different brand or type of contact lens which will reduce dehydration.
Preventing Dry Eyes
If the cause of your dry eyes is something external or environmental, eliminating that cause may solve the problem and resolve the symptoms. Avoid dry environments, hair dryers, heaters and fans, (particularly directed toward the eyes) and smoky environments and wear eye protection such as wrap around glasses or goggles when in dusty or windy areas. Use a humidifier to add moisture to dry indoor air. If working on computer or watching television, make sure to blink purposefully as our natural tendency is to reduce our blink rate when staring at a screen. Also avoid rubbing your eyes as this can further irritate them. Staying hydrated by drinking at least 8 to 10 glasses of water per day can also help.
Dry eye disease won't have a permanent effect on your vision, but there is no reason to endure dry, itchy and uncomfortable eyes, especially since there are so many treatment options to increase moisture and comfort. It's also important to realize that this is a chronic disease that needs consistent treatment. Your doctor will work with you to create a long term strategy to keep your eyes as comfortable as possible.


text:
Olivehill homeowners looking for energy savings, home security, and home automation should turn to Vivint
Smart devices are supposed to make modern life easier, but when you have three or more different smart home toys that are all controlled through different apps, you really just have one giant headache on your hands. Switch to the service that makes life easier and install a Vivint system in your home today to centralize control over all your smart home conveniences and safety features. The basis of any good smart home system is centralized control. If you have to log in to various accounts on different apps just to control your home's alarm system and convenient smart devices, that's not really a 'smart' system. Vivint Smart Drive is the central hub that ties all the electronic components of your entire household together to create a single communication ecosystem with three main purposes in mind:
- Home security
- Convenient comfort settings
- Reducing energy usage


text:
By Saturday evening, more than 1,000 candles glowed at a somber scene in a central Delhi park as India mourned the death of the young woman whose gang rape two weeks ago shocked the country.
What began 13 days ago with a handful of well-wishers holding a hospital vigil for the rape victim swelled into thousands as a young generation of Indians demanded an end to the culture of violence that produced more than 24,000 cases of rape last year alone.
The case of the young student, gang-raped on a bus as it passed through police checkpoints, was especially harrowing. Police said the victim had been beaten with an iron rod that assailants also inserted into her body.
She succumbed to multiple organ failure early Saturday morning at the Singapore medical center where she had been flown 10 days after treatment in a Delhi hospital failed to revive her. Dr. Kelvin Loh, chief executive officer of Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore, said in a statement that the young woman "passed away peacefully" with her family and officials of the Indian Embassy by her side.
The six men accused of the victim's rape now face murder charges. Delhi police spokesman Rajan Bhagat said charges will be presented in court next week.
At a subdued assembly back in central Delhi, 19-year-old B. Shuharsan held up a sign: "Are the doctors in India inefficient?" He answered his own question, saying, "No, the decision to move her was political."
Skepticism abounds over the government's ability to curb the violence that has made Delhi the "rape capital" of India. Sealing protesters away from India Gate, a central Delhi landmark, has angered many, as has the failure of political leaders to publicly engage the demonstrators.
"The government has been trying to get a piece for itself out of this whole phenomenon, Shrinkhla Agrawal said at Saturday's protests. "I'm not sure that they are really concerned about the issue."
Congress Party leader Sonia Gandhi sought to address the criticism in a rare television broadcast Saturday. "To all of you who have stood vigil, who have expressed your anger and anguish publicly," she said, "I want to assure you that your voice has been heard."
Novelist Chetan Bhagat wrote in The Times of India on Saturday, "The anger seen at India Gate was not just for one particular case or issue. It was an outpouring against an uncaring and indifferent government. ... The silent treatment doesn't work with people in the digitally connected world."
Late into the winter night, Indians continued their vigil, demanding speedy justice for the six accused. Handwritten signs read, "Hang Them 'Til They Die." The government says it is examining capital punishment for the crime of rape.
Candlelight protests were also held in Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata.
From tear gas and water cannons one week ago, Delhi has come full circle. On this Saturday night there is quiet, sober reflection about the tragic end of a young woman who has come to symbolize violence against all women in India.
Update at 10:42 p.m. ET. Returning To India:
After passing away at a hospital in Singapore, the young woman was flown back to New Delhi early Sunday, The Associated Press reports. The AP says the cremation is expected to take place later Sunday.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
perlpodstyle - Perl POD style guide
These are general guidelines for how to write POD documentation for Perl scripts and modules, based on general guidelines for writing good UNIX man pages. All of these guidelines are, of course, optional, but following them will make your documentation more consistent with other documentation on the system.
The name of the program being documented is conventionally written in bold
(using B<>) wherever it occurs, as are all program options.
Arguments should be written in italics (I<>). Function names are
traditionally written in italics; if you write a function as function(),
Pod::Man will take care of this for you. Literal code or commands should
be in C<>. References to other man pages should be in the form
or L<manpage(section)>
, and Pod::Man will
automatically format those appropriately. The second form, with
L<>, is used to request that a POD formatter make a link to the
man page if possible. As an exception, one normally omits the section
when referring to module documentation since it's not clear what section
module documentation will be in; use L<Module::Name>
for module
references instead.
References to other programs or functions are normally in the form of man page references so that cross-referencing tools can provide the user with links and the like. It's possible to overdo this, though, so be careful not to clutter your documentation with too much markup. References to other programs that are not given as man page references should be enclosed in B<>.
The major headers should be set out using a =head1
directive, and are
historically written in the rather startling ALL UPPER CASE format; this
is not mandatory, but it's strongly recommended so that sections have
consistent naming across different software packages. Minor headers may
be included using =head2
, and are typically in mixed case.
The standard sections of a manual page are:
Mandatory section; should be a comma-separated list of programs or functions documented by this POD page, such as:
- foo, bar - programs to do something
Manual page indexers are often extremely picky about the format of this
section, so don't put anything in it except this line. Every program or
function documented by this POD page should be listed, separated by a
comma and a space. For a Perl module, just give the module name. A
single dash, and only a single dash, should separate the list of programs
or functions from the description. Do not use any markup such as
C<> or B<> anywhere in this line. Functions should not be
qualified with ()
or the like. The description should ideally fit on a
single line, even if a man program replaces the dash with a few tabs.
A short usage summary for programs and functions. This section is mandatory for section 3 pages. For Perl module documentation, it's usually convenient to have the contents of this section be a verbatim block showing some (brief) examples of typical ways the module is used.
Extended description and discussion of the program or functions, or the
body of the documentation for man pages that document something else. If
particularly long, it's a good idea to break this up into subsections
directives like:
- =head2 Normal Usage
- =head2 Advanced Features
- =head2 Writing Configuration Files
or whatever is appropriate for your documentation.
For a module, this is generally where the documentation of the interfaces
provided by the module goes, usually in the form of a list with an
for each interface. Depending on how many interfaces there are,
you may want to put that documentation in separate METHODS, FUNCTIONS,
CLASS METHODS, or INSTANCE METHODS sections instead and save the
DESCRIPTION section for an overview.
Detailed description of each of the command-line options taken by the
program. This should be separate from the description for the use of
parsers like Pod::Usage. This is normally presented as a list, with
each option as a separate =item
. The specific option string should be
enclosed in B<>. Any values that the option takes should be
enclosed in I<>. For example, the section for the option
--section=manext would be introduced with:
- =item B<--section>=I<manext>
Synonymous options (like both the short and long forms) are separated by a
comma and a space on the same =item
line, or optionally listed as their
own item with a reference to the canonical name. For example, since
--section can also be written as -s, the above would be:
- =item B<-s> I<manext>, B<--section>=I<manext>
Writing the short option first is recommended because it's easier to read. The long option is long enough to draw the eye to it anyway and the short option can otherwise get lost in visual noise.
What the program or function returns, if successful. This section can be omitted for programs whose precise exit codes aren't important, provided they return 0 on success and non-zero on failure as is standard. It should always be present for functions. For modules, it may be useful to summarize return values from the module interface here, or it may be more useful to discuss return values separately in the documentation of each function or method the module provides.
Exceptions, error return codes, exit statuses, and errno settings.
Typically used for function or module documentation; program documentation
uses DIAGNOSTICS instead. The general rule of thumb is that errors
printed to STDOUT
or STDERR
and intended for the end user are
documented in DIAGNOSTICS while errors passed internal to the calling
program and intended for other programmers are documented in ERRORS. When
documenting a function that sets errno, a full list of the possible errno
values should be given here.
All possible messages the program can print out and what they mean. You may wish to follow the same documentation style as the Perl documentation; see perldiag(1) for more details (and look at the POD source as well).
If applicable, please include details on what the user should do to correct the error; documenting an error as indicating "the input buffer is too small" without telling the user how to increase the size of the input buffer (or at least telling them that it isn't possible) aren't very useful.
Give some example uses of the program or function. Don't skimp; users often find this the most useful part of the documentation. The examples are generally given as verbatim paragraphs.
Don't just present an example without explaining what it does. Adding a short paragraph saying what the example will do can increase the value of the example immensely.
Environment variables that the program cares about, normally presented as
a list using =over
, =item
, and =back
. For example:
- =over 6
- =item HOME
- Used to determine the user's home directory. F<.foorc> in this
- directory is read for configuration details, if it exists.
- =back
Since environment variables are normally in all uppercase, no additional special formatting is generally needed; they're glaring enough as it is.
All files used by the program or function, normally presented as a list, and what it uses them for. File names should be enclosed in F<>. It's particularly important to document files that will be potentially modified.
Things to take special care with, sometimes called WARNINGS.
Things that are broken or just don't work quite right.
Bugs you don't plan to fix. :-)
Miscellaneous commentary.
Who wrote it (use AUTHORS for multiple people). It's a good idea to include your current e-mail address (or some e-mail address to which bug reports should be sent) or some other contact information so that users have a way of contacting you. Remember that program documentation tends to roam the wild for far longer than you expect and pick a contact method that's likely to last.
Programs derived from other sources sometimes have this. Some people keep a modification log here, but that usually gets long and is normally better maintained in a separate file.
For copyright
- Copyright YEAR(s) YOUR NAME(s)
(No, (C) is not needed. No, "all rights reserved" is not needed.)
For licensing the easiest way is to use the same licensing as Perl itself:
- This library is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the same terms as Perl itself.
This makes it easy for people to use your module with Perl. Note that this licensing example is neither an endorsement or a requirement, you are of course free to choose any licensing.
Other man pages to check out, like man(1), man(7), makewhatis(8), or
catman(8). Normally a simple list of man pages separated by commas, or a
paragraph giving the name of a reference work. Man page references, if
they use the standard name(section)
form, don't have to be enclosed in
L<> (although it's recommended), but other things in this section
probably should be when appropriate.
If the package has a mailing list, include a URL or subscription instructions here.
If the package has a web site, include a URL here.
Documentation of object-oriented libraries or modules may want to use CONSTRUCTORS and METHODS sections, or CLASS METHODS and INSTANCE METHODS sections, for detailed documentation of the parts of the library and save the DESCRIPTION section for an overview. Large modules with a function interface may want to use FUNCTIONS for similar reasons. Some people use OVERVIEW to summarize the description if it's quite long.
Section ordering varies, although NAME must always be the first section (you'll break some man page systems otherwise), and NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, and OPTIONS generally always occur first and in that order if present. In general, SEE ALSO, AUTHOR, and similar material should be left for last. Some systems also move WARNINGS and NOTES to last. The order given above should be reasonable for most purposes.
Some systems use CONFORMING TO to note conformance to relevant standards and MT-LEVEL to note safeness for use in threaded programs or signal handlers. These headings are primarily useful when documenting parts of a C library.
Finally, as a general note, try not to use an excessive amount of markup. As documented here and in Pod::Man, you can safely leave Perl variables, function names, man page references, and the like unadorned by markup and the POD translators will figure it out for you. This makes it much easier to later edit the documentation. Note that many existing translators will do the wrong thing with e-mail addresses when wrapped in L<>, so don't do that.
For additional information that may be more accurate for your specific system, see either man(5) or man(7) depending on your system manual section numbering conventions.
This documentation is maintained as part of the podlators distribution. The current version is always available from its web site at <http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/podlators/>.
Russ Allbery <email@example.com>, with large portions of this documentation taken from the documentation of the original pod2man implementation by Larry Wall and Tom Christiansen.
Copyright 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 Russ Allbery <email@example.com>.
This documentation is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.


text:
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How to Deal with a Car Lockout Situation in Bonifay 32425
Forgetting your keys in the car or locking them inside is a common situation. It can be really frustrating, especially when you're in a hurry or it's late at night. Being locked out of your car can be avoided with some preparation, but if it does happen, there are ways to handle the situation so that you don't get stuck for too long.
The first thing to do is remain calm. Stress will not help the situation and can lead to poor decisions. If you think that you may have locked yourself out of your car, check all the doors one more time before doing anything else. It's possible that you simply forgot to close a door properly or left a window open.
If you are sure that the car is locked and you do not have a spare key, your next step should be to call a local locksmith. Locksmiths can usually arrive within an hour or less and will have top-notch hardware to unlock your car safely. Be prepared to provide them with identification so they know it is your car.
Emergency Car Lockout in Bonifay 32425
Car lockouts can be a real struggle to handle, particularly if you don't know the cause. Whether it's losing, breaking, or leaving your keys inside - drivers have experienced them all! To help make sure that you're better prepared for these unfortunate scenarios and save some time along the way, here are 3 of the most common causes of car lockouts:
There are times when you can't estimate what type of towing you need. Call our professionals and describe the situation in detail, answer our dispatcher's questions, and maybe instead of service or in addition to it, you will need LIGHT DUTY TOWING, RECOVERY SERVICES, ACCIDENT REMOVAL, LIMO TOWING or TRANSPORTATION TRAILER
Here's how to deal with a car lockout situation in Bonifay 32425
Step One: Call for Assistance The first thing you should do is call for help. Do you have roadside help through your insurance network? If so, they will be able to help unlock your car door or provide you with a spare key. You can also call a locksmith to come and open up the door for you—this might be costly, though, so make sure that you ask about the cost upfront. Consider enlisting the services of a professional locksmith network. Most locksmiths have 24/7 availability and will send someone out immediately who can assist with getting into your car without causing any damage. Step Two: Check Your Windows If the doors are locked and no one is available to help you out, check your windows. All cars have at least one window that can be opened from the outside—it might need a bit of force since they tend to stick after not being used for a while. Once the window is open, you can reach inside and unlock all of the other doors from the inside.
It's important to note that this option only works if all of the doors are locked except for one window—if all of your windows are locked too, then this won't work! Also, keep in mind that breaking into your own car is illegal in some states so make sure that you verify local laws before attempting this procedure. Step Three: Have Patience Finally, remember to be patient. Being locked out of your car can be stressful and frustrating, but panicking won't help the situation so take a few deep breaths and try to remain as calm as possible. With some preparation and a bit of luck, you should be able to get back in your vehicle immediately and efficiently. Being locked out of your car can be an inconvenience, but by following these steps, it doesn't have to turn into a disasters.
Reasons to call professionals in a car lockout situation:
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Car lockouts in Bonifay 32425 fast-paced environment need fast, reliable solutions. Our team of professionals, deeply versed in the city's nuances, delivers prompt lockout services with a focus on vehicle safety. Choosing us means prioritizing efficiency, professionalism, and peace of mind during those unexpected lockout moments in Bonifay 32425.
Dealing with a car lockout situation can be really stressful and inconvenient but it doesn't have to be if you know what steps to take! Calling for help like roadside assistance or a locksmith is usually the quickest way to get back into your vehicle without having to break anything.
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How Can I Extend My Liability Coverage?
In this litigious society, no one is immune from potential lawsuits. Anyone with significant assets might need protection from the devastating effects of a liability lawsuit.
Elected officials and members of boards may be especially vulnerable. It's not uncommon for plaintiffs to name everyone involved in an incident who has any perceived authority, responsibility, or ability to pay.
Personal liability lawsuits sometimes award the future earnings of the defendant. This makes many self-employed people, and some corporate officers, vulnerable to personal liability suits.
Fortunately, there is a way to help protect yourself. You can supplement both your auto and homeowners policies with excess liability insurance, or an "umbrella policy." For as little as a few hundred dollars per year, umbrella liability policies may provide between $1 million and $5 million of protection from negligence claims, libel, slander, or defamation for you and your household members. And by buying your auto, homeowners, and excess liability policies from the same company, you may be able to reduce the total cost by as much as 15%.
Most individual liability policies, however, don't cover occupational risks such as professional malpractice. In many cases, professional organizations such as the American Medical Association and the American Bar Association offer group policies for their members. The state equivalents of these organizations are usually quite aggressive in finding group providers to protect their members. In some professions, a local member may take the additional responsibility of helping to administer the group insurance for the state's participants — overseeing and monitoring the coverage and costs and helping watch for abuses.
Because liability is an area connected with ongoing litigation, it changes often. Professionals should closely follow developments in their own fields in order to avoid expensive mistakes. In many businesses and professions, there are watchdog groups appointed to provide current information. Large groups often evaluate competitive policies annually to assess the performance of their group's insurance company. Such an organization may change insurance companies on a regular basis, as this is a very competitive area.
When evaluating your personal liability, consider the following:
- Everyone in your household should be covered, including those who don't live at home.
- Your policy should cover physical injuries, libel, slander, invasion of privacy, malicious prosecution, wrongful eviction, defamation of character, and discrimination.
- Shop around for the lowest number of exclusions. For example, many policies will not help you if you are sued as a result of your participation on a board or less formal committee.
- Be aware of wording that limits coverage to exclusive causes of injury.
The information in this newsletter is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.


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Cancell/Cantron/Protocel (PDQ®): Integrative, alternative, and complementary therapies – Health Professional Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
NOTE: The information in this summary is no longer being updated and is provided for reference purposes only.
This cancer information summary provides an overview of the use of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel as a treatment in people with cancer. The discussion in the summary is limited to Cancell/Cantron/Protocel as it was originally conceived; the "vibrationally tuned" distilled water also distributed under the name Cancell will not be discussed.
This summary contains the following key information:
- Cancell/Cantron/Protocel has been promoted by its manufacturers as an effective therapy for cancer and a number of other diseases.
- Cancell/Cantron/Protocel is a mixture of common chemicals, none of which is known to be effective in treating any type of cancer.
- No animal study or human study of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel has been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal to show that it is safe or effective in treating cancer.
- Cancell/Cantron/Protocel is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States as a treatment for a disease. There is a permanent injunction against distribution.
Many of the medical and scientific terms used in the summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window.
Reference citations in some PDQ cancer information summaries may include links to external websites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the websites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board or the National Cancer Institute.
General Information
Cancell/Cantron/Protocel, also known by the names Sheridan's Formula, Jim's Juice, JS-114, JS-101, 126-F, and the "Cancell-like" products Cantron and Protocel, is a liquid that has been produced in various forms principally by two manufacturers since the late 1930s.[1,2,3] It has been promoted as an effective therapy for cancer and a wide range of other diseases including AIDS, collagen disease, lupus, scleroderma, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, emphysema, Parkinson disease, hemophilia, hypotension, hypertension, and some forms of epilepsy and mental illness.[1,3]
The exact composition of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel is unknown. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed the components as inositol, nitric acid, sodium sulfite, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and catechol.[1,2] The original manufacturer also identified "crocinic acid" as a component;[1] however, information about the nature and origin of this chemical has not been provided, and it does not appear to be a known compound. An independent analysis of one formulation of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel found 12 different compounds, none of which is known to be effective in treating any form of cancer.[1]
Before researchers can conduct clinical drug research in the United States, they must file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. Entelev, which is the original name of the mixture, was assigned an IND number (IND #20258) by the FDA in 1982.[4] The IND currently remains inactive because information about the product's composition and studies showing its therapeutic effectiveness in animals have not been provided to the FDA.[1] In 1989, the FDA was granted a permanent injunction against both principal manufacturers of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel prohibiting them or their agents from distributing the mixture, which was judged an unapproved new drug.
Cancell/Cantron/Protocel has been administered orally, rectally, and topically.[1] Topical skin application is accomplished by dampening a cotton pad with the liquid and taping the moistened pad to the wrist or the ball of the foot after first treating the area with dimethyl sulfoxide. Cancer patients have also been advised to take bromelain, which is a digestive aid, and to avoid high intakes of vitamins C and E while undergoing treatment with Cancell/Cantron/Protocel.[1,3]
- Questionable methods of cancer management: Cancell/Entelev. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1): 57-62, 1993 Jan-Feb.
- Cassileth BR, ed.: The Alternative Medicine Handbook: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative and Complementary Therapies. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company, 1998.
- Cancell Alternative Cancer Treatment. Cottonwood, Ariz: Winter Works, 2002. Available online. Last accessed April 8, 2016.
- U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan: Complaint for Permanent Injunction: United States of America, Plaintiff, v. James V. Sheridan and Edmund J. Sopcak, Defendants. 21st February, 1989.
Cancell/Cantron/Protocel was developed in the 1950s by a chemist who called it Entelev and provided it free of charge to patients with terminal cancer.[1,2] In 1984, production was taken over by a second manufacturer who distributed the mixture free of charge under the trademarked name Cancell to individuals with cancer, AIDS, and other conditions.[1,2]
The two principal manufacturers of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel have offered somewhat different explanations for cancer development, but their theories about how the mixture works are quite similar. According to the original manufacturer, human cells can be normal, cancerous, or primitive.[1] Each of these cellular forms is distinguished by the degree of oxygen utilization in cellular metabolism. Normal cells use aerobic metabolism (glycolysis plus additional biochemical reactions that require oxygen) to produce the energy needed for growth and maintenance. Primitive cells only use glycolysis, which is a much less efficient way to produce energy. It was proposed that normal cells become cancerous when, in response to certain damaging conditions such as chronic energy stress (a demand for energy greater than the cell's ability to produce it), they reach a critical point and begin to rely mainly on glycolysis to produce energy. According to this theory, cancerous cells still maintain many of the features of normal cells and cannot be recognized by the body as foreign. According to the original manufacturer, Cancell/Cantron/Protocel causes cancer cells to become completely primitive, i.e., their residual aerobic metabolism is inhibited and they produce energy solely by glycolysis. The resulting primitive cells are then seen by the body as foreign and destroyed. While the aerobic metabolism of normal cells is also inhibited by Cancell/Cantron/Protocel, they are too far removed from the critical point to become cancerous or completely primitive.[1]
The second manufacturer suggested that a bacterium called Progenitor cryptocides is involved in cancer development.[1] According to this theory, P. cryptocides becomes activated in individuals whose bodies are damaged by an improper diet. Once activated, this bacterium helps cause damaged normal cells to shift their energy production from aerobic metabolism to glycolysis. When the demand for energy exceeds the damaged normal cell's ability to produce it, the cell mutates and becomes cancerous. Once again, Cancell/Cantron/Protocel forces cancerous cells into a completely primitive state where they self-digest and are replaced by normal cells. The waste material produced by this self-digestion process is discarded by the body in a variety of ways: in urine, stool, vaginal discharge, or perspiration; it may also be vomited or coughed up.[1]
The idea that cancer cells show increased levels of glycolysis compared with normal cells is widely accepted, but this change in metabolism is not believed to be a fundamental cause of cancer development.[3,4,5] In addition, there is no scientific evidence that Cancell/Cantron/Protocel or any of its components can cause cells to produce energy solely by glycolysis or is able to treat cancer effectively.[1,6] Furthermore, there is no evidence to support the existence of the bacterium P. cryptocides.[7]
- Questionable methods of cancer management: Cancell/Entelev. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1): 57-62, 1993 Jan-Feb.
- Cancell Alternative Cancer Treatment. Cottonwood, Ariz: Winter Works, 2002. Available online. Last accessed April 8, 2016.
- Mathupala SP, Rempel A, Pedersen PL: Aberrant glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells: a remarkable coordination of genetic, transcriptional, post-translational, and mutational events that lead to a critical role for type II hexokinase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29 (4): 339-43, 1997.
- Dang CV, Semenza GL: Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 24 (2): 68-72, 1999.
- Dills WL Jr: Nutritional and physiological consequences of tumour glycolysis. Parasitology 107 (Suppl): S177-86, 1993.
- Cassileth BR, ed.: The Alternative Medicine Handbook: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative and Complementary Therapies. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company, 1998.
- Unproven methods of cancer management. Livingston-Wheeler therapy. CA Cancer J Clin 41 (3): A7-12, 1991 May-Jun.
Laboratory / Animal / Preclinical Studies
In 1978 and 1980, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) tested Cancell/Cantron/Protocel in animal studies and determined that the mixture lacked substantial antitumor activity.[1]
In 1990 and 1991, samples of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel were evaluated in NCI's in vitro NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screen. In the screen, the cell lines are grown in artificial media under conditions that do not truly mimic the in vivo situation in animals or humans. The important information used in assessing a drug's effectiveness in the NCI in vitro screen includes drug concentrations necessary to achieve the following:
- 50% inhibition of cell growth (GI50; the concentration needed to reduce the growth of treated cells to half that of untreated [i.e., control] cells).
- 100% (total) growth inhibition (TGI; the concentration required to completely halt the growth of treated cells).
- 50% cell kill or lethal concentration (LC50; the concentration that kills 50% of treated cells).
The log10 values for GI50, TGI, and LC50 for the 60 cell lines are available online.
The variations in log10 values for GI50 are 0.4 to 1.8 (mean = 1.15), equivalent to concentrations of 2.5 to 63 μg /mL (mean = 14); the variations in log10 values for TGI are 1.0 to 2.5 (mean = 1.62), equivalent to 10 to 320 μg/mL (mean = 41); and the variations in log10 values for LC50 are 1.6 to 3.9 (mean = 3.17), equivalent to 39 to 7,943 μg/mL (mean = 1,479).
Parameter Measured | 60 Cell-line Range (μg/mL) | Mean (μg/mL) |
50% growth inhibition (GI50) | 2.5–63 | 14 |
Total growth inhibition (TGI) | 10–320 | 41 |
Concentration for 50% lethality (LC50) | 39–7,943 | 1,479 |
Maximum theoretical humanplasmaconcentration (for comparison) | — | 29 (calculated) |
Based on the manufacturer's recommended doses of a marketed brand of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel it has been calculated that under idealized conditions of absolutely no loss of the constituents after administration to a patient (i.e., 100% bioavailability, meaning no loss due to degradation, absorption in the body, or rapid excretion—an unlikely situation), the maximum concentration that could be achieved in the plasma of an average 154-lb male is 29 μg/mL (antilog of 1.46). Thus, under these highly idealized conditions Cancell/Cantron/Protocel may exhibit some mild inhibitory effect on the growth of some cancer cells, but it would not be expected to inhibit their growth completely or to kill them. There is little evidence that any of the constituents of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel would be available in the bloodstream of a patient.
Activity was seen in two-thirds of the cell lines, though at levels that would be roughly 275 times higher than the theoretical maximum concentration achievable in serum. Therefore, the in vitro effects are likely due to nonspecific effects of changes in salt concentration. Furthermore, cells in the NCI Tumor Cell Line Screen are grown in artificial media under conditions that do not truly mimic the in vivo situation in animals or humans, and results obtained with the screen may not accurately reflect possible effects in humans. To place the findings for Cancell/Cantron/Protocel in perspective, any conventional drug exhibiting this low level of in vitro activity in the NCI human cancer cell line screen would normally not be investigated further by NCI.
The principal manufacturers of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel have stated that they have performed numerous animal experiments with the mixture involving tens of thousands of mice.[1,2] Results of these experiments, however, have not been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and no information beyond stating that some of the experiments tested the toxicity of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel has been provided.
- Questionable methods of cancer management: Cancell/Entelev. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1): 57-62, 1993 Jan-Feb.
- Cancell Alternative Cancer Treatment. Cottonwood, Ariz: Winter Works, 2002. Available online. Last accessed April 8, 2016.
Human / Clinical Studies
The principal manufacturers of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel have stated that the mixture has been used by thousands of patients and that it is safe and effective in treating 50% to 80% of cancers.[1,2] The degree of effectiveness is said to vary with the type of malignancy. These findings, however, have not been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and only testimonials and anecdotal reports have been provided. No clinical trials of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel have been reported.
- Questionable methods of cancer management: Cancell/Entelev. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1): 57-62, 1993 Jan-Feb.
- Cancell Alternative Cancer Treatment. Cottonwood, Ariz: Winter Works, 2002. Available online. Last accessed April 8, 2016.
Adverse Effects
The reported side effects of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel include temporary, moderate fatigue during the first few weeks of treatment and nausea.[1,2] One patient who exceeded the manufacturer's dose recommendations experienced diarrhea for a few hours but was reported to be fine the next day.[2]
- Questionable methods of cancer management: Cancell/Entelev. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1): 57-62, 1993 Jan-Feb.
- Cancell Alternative Cancer Treatment. Cottonwood, Ariz: Winter Works, 2002. Available online. Last accessed April 8, 2016.
Summary of the Evidence for Cancell / Cantron / Protocel
To assist readers in evaluating the results of human studies of integrative, alternative, and complementary therapies for cancer, the strength of the evidence (i.e., the levels of evidence) associated with each type of treatment is provided whenever possible. To qualify for a level of evidence analysis, a study must:
- Be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
- Report on a therapeutic outcome or outcomes, such as tumor response, improvement in survival, or measured improvement in quality of life.
- Describe clinical findings in sufficient detail that a meaningful evaluation can be made.
No levels of evidence analysis could be performed for Cancell/Cantron/Protocel because no study of its use in humans has been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. For additional information about levels of evidence analysis, refer to Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies.
Changes to This Summary (08 / 22 / 2018)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® – NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
About This PDQ Summary
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of Cancell/Cantron/Protocel in the treatment of people with cancer in situ. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
- be discussed at a meeting,
- be cited with text, or
- replace or update an existing article that is already cited.
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewer for Cancell/Cantron/Protocel is:
- Jeffrey D. White, MD (National Cancer Institute)
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's Email Us. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. PDQ Cancell/Cantron/Protocel. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cancell-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389343]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's Email Us.
Last Revised: 2018-08-22
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


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- Staryye Begunitsy, Ivanovskoye, Alleya-Gomontovo, Kaykino, Krasnoye Bryzgovo, Russkoye Bryzgovo, Russkoye Bryzgovo, Gomontovo, Sinkovitsy, Vernitsy
Cities, towns, villages
- Agalatovo, Akademicheskoe, Annino, Begunitsy, Boksitogorsk, Bol'shaya Izhora, Budogoshch', Bugry, Chernaya Rechka, Druzhnaya Gorka, Finlyandskiy, Fornosovo, Fëdorovskoye, Garbolovo, Gatchina, Glebychevo, Gorbunki, Gorskaya, Gostilitsy, Imeni Morozova, Imeni Sverdlova, Ivangorod, Kamenka, Kamennogorsk, Kingisepp, Kirishi, Kirovsk, Kolchanovo, Koltushi, Kommunar, Krasnyy Bor, Krestovskiy ostrov, Kudrovo, Kurortnyy, Kuznechnoye, Lebyazh'ye, Leskolovo, Lesogorskiy, Lodeynoye Pole, Luga, Lyuban', Maloye Verevo, Mariyenburg, Mga, Mshinskaya, Murino, Nikol'skoye, Novaya Ladoga, Novoye Devyatkino, Nurma, Ol'gino, Otradnoye, Parnas, Pasha, Pavlovo, Pervomayskoye, Pikalyovo, Podporozh'ye, Priladozhskiy, Primorsk, Priozersk, Prokovsino, Romanovka, Roshchino, Russko-Vysotskoye, Ryabovo, Rybatskoye, Sampsonievskiy, Sapernoye, Sertolovo, Shcheglovo, Shlissel'burg, Sinyavino, Siverskiy, Slantsy, Sosnovo, Sosnovy Bor, Sovetskiy, Staraya, Svetlanovskiy, Svetogorsk, Syas'stroy, Taytsy, Tikhvin, Toksovo, Tolmachevo, Tosno, Udel'naya, Ul'yanovka, Untolovo, Ust'-Luga, Vaskelovo, Vazhiny, Veshchevo, Vinnitsy, Vistino, Volkhov, Volosovo, Voyskovitsy, Voznesen'ye, Vsevolozhsk, Vyborg, Vyritsa, Yanino-1, Yefimovskiy, Yelizavetino
Mountains and hills
- Gora Chërtova, Gora Dyadina Gora, Gora Gorodok, Gora Kalanchëvka, Gora Kamenskaya, Gora Kolokol'nya, Gora Komandnaya, Gora Krutaya, Gora Kurgan, Gora Lino-Megi, Gora Mayskaya, Gora Opornaya, Gora Otkrytaya, Gora Pesochnaya, Gora Soykina, Gora Taratorkina, Gora Torkala, Gora Viliya, Gora Voronina
- Ozero Voroshilovskoye, Ozero Vrazhskoye, Ozero Vuoksa, Ozero Vyalgozero, Ozero Vysokinskoye, Ozero Yavkozero, Ozero Yuksovskoye, Ozero Yushkelovskoye, Ozero Zaklinskoye, Ozero Zalivnoye, Ozero Zalyushchitskoye, Ozero Zaozerskoye, Ozero Zapol'skoye, Ozero Zateylivoye, Ozero Zaverduzhskoye, Ozero Zelenodol'skoye, Ozero Zerkal'noye, Ozero Zhemchuzhina, Ozero Zherebutskoye, Ozero Zhuravlëvskoye, Ozëra Molosovskiye, Yaim-Ozero, Yand-Ozero, Yubinskoye Ozero, Zagolodenskoye Ozero


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WASHINGTON (AP) — Everyone who pays income tax — and some who don't —will feel it.
So will doctors who accept Medicare, people who get unemployment aid, defense contractors, air traffic controllers, national park rangers and companies that do research and development.
The package of tax increases and spending cuts known as the "fiscal cliff" takes effect in January unless Congress passes a budget deal by then. The economy would be hit so hard that it would likely sink into recession in the first half of 2013, economists say.
And no matter who you are, it will be all but impossible to avoid the pain.
Middle income families would have to pay an average of about $2,000 more next year, the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center has calculated.
Up to 3.4 million jobs would be lost, the Congressional Budget Office estimates. The unemployment rate would reach 9.1 percent from the current 7.9 percent. Stocks could plunge. The nonpartisan CBO estimates the total cost of the cliff in 2013 at $671 billion.
Collectively, the tax increases would be the steepest to hit Americans in 60 years when measured as a percentage of the economy.
"There would be a huge shock effect to the U.S. economy," says Mark Vitner, an economist at Wells Fargo.
Most of the damage — roughly two-thirds — would come from the tax increases. But the spending cuts would cause pain, too.
The bleak scenario could push the White House and Congress to reach a deal before year's end. On Tuesday, Congress returns for a post-election session that could last through Dec. 31. At a minimum, analysts say some temporary compromise might be reached, allowing a final deal to be cut early next year.
Still, uncertainty about a final deal could cause many companies to further delay hiring and spend less. Already, many U.S. companies say anxiety about the fiscal cliff has led them to put off plans to expand or hire.
A breakdown in negotiations could also ignite turmoil in financial markets, Vitner said. It could resemble the 700-point fall in the Dow Jones industrial average in 2008 after the House initially rejected the $700 billion bailout of major banks.
Since President Barack Obama's re-election, nervous investors have sold stocks. The Standard & Poor's 500 index sank 2.3 percent last week, its worst weekly drop since June. The sell-off resulted in part from anxiety over higher tax rates on investment gains once the fiscal cliff kicks in.
Last week, Obama said he was open to compromise with Republican leaders. But the White House said he would veto any bill that would extend tax cuts on income above $250,000.
Republican House Speaker John Boehner countered that higher tax rates on upper-income Americans would slow job growth. Boehner argued that any deal must reduce tax rates, eliminate special-interest loopholes and rein in government benefits.
More than 50 percent of the tax increases would come from the expiration of tax cuts approved in 2001 and 2003 and from additional tax cuts in a 2009 economic stimulus law.
The first set of tax cuts reduced rates on income, investment gains, dividends and estates. They also boosted tax credits for families with children. Deductions for married couples also rose. The 2009 measure increased tax credits for low-income earners and college students.
About 20 percent of the tax increase would come from the expiration of a Social Security tax cut enacted in 2010. This change would cost someone making $50,000 about $1,000 a year, or nearly $20 a week, and a household with two high-paid workers up to $4,500, or nearly $87 a week.
The end of the Social Security tax cut isn't technically among the changes triggered by the fiscal cliff. But because it expires at the same time, it's included in most calculations of the fiscal cliff's effects.
And it could catch many people by surprise.
"Every worker in America is going to see a reduction in their paycheck in the first pay period of 2013," Vitner noted.
An additional 20 percent of the tax increase would come from the end of about 80 tax breaks, mostly for businesses. One is a tax credit for research and development. Another lets companies deduct from their income half the cost of large equipment or machinery.
Mark Bakko, a Minneapolis accountant, says many mid-size companies he advises are holding off on equipment purchases or hiring until the fate of those tax breaks becomes clear. Bakko noted that the research and development credit typically lets a company that hired an engineer at a $100,000 salary cut its tax bill by $10,000. The credit has been routinely extended since the 1980s.
The rest of the tax increase would come mainly from the alternative minimum tax, or AMT. It would hit 30 million Americans, up from 4 million now.
The costly AMT was designed to prevent rich people from exploiting loopholes and deductions to avoid any income tax. But the AMT wasn't indexed for inflation, so it's increasingly threatened middle-income taxpayers. Congress has acted each year to prevent the AMT from hitting many more people.
Under the fiscal cliff, households in the lowest 20 percent of earners would pay an average of $412 more, the Tax Policy Center calculates. The top 20 percent would pay an average $14,000 more, the top 1 percent $121,000 more.
All this would lead many consumers to spend less. Anticipating reduced sales and profits, businesses would likely cut jobs. Others would delay hiring.
Another part of the cliff is a package of across-the-board spending cuts to defense and domestic programs — cuts the CBO says would total about $85 billion. Congress and the Obama administration agreed last year that these cuts would kick in if a congressional panel couldn't agree on a deficit-reduction plan. The magnitude of the cuts was intended to force agreement. It didn't.
Defense spending would shrink 10 percent. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has said those cuts would cause temporary job losses among civilian Pentagon employees and major defense contractors. Spending on weapons programs would be cut.
For domestic programs, like highway funding, aid to state and local governments and health research, spending would drop about 8 percent. Education grants to states and localities; the FBI and other law enforcement; environmental protection; and air traffic controllers, among others, would also be affected, the White House says.
Hospitals and doctors' offices could also cut jobs if an $11 billion cut in Medicare payments isn't reversed.
Extended unemployment benefits for about 2 million people would end. The extra benefits provide up to 73 weeks of aid.
"It would be nice if we could ... address these issues before the very last moment," said Donald Marron, the Tax Policy Center's director.


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Acquisition and Overheads
The acquisition steps for GeMS when working with 3 Canopus star + 1 ODGW are described in detail in: " Science Readiness of the Gemini MCAO System: GeMS" B. Neichel et al.
The acquisition procedure includes the following steps / overheads:
- 1. Telescope slew and mechanisms in follow
- 2. Laser alignment
- 3. NGS alignment and Tip-Tilt loop
- 4. High-order loop
- 5. Focus loop
- 6. Rotator and Tilt-Anisoplanatic (TA) loops
- 7. Flexure loop
Ready for science: total overheads 30 min.
Acquisition details
Despite its complexity,GeMS is operated by a crew of only two people: the telescope operator manages all the AO systems, while the laser operator is in charge of the Laser and BTO. The instruments are still operated by an astronomer.
Most of the complexity of GeMS resides in the control and optimization of all the loops. There are as many as 20 loops and offloads that must be closed, monitored, and controlled. Further complicating the process, most of these loops are interacting together. Because managing all of these loops is out of the scope of the telescope operator, we have developed a layer of software called GeMS SMART tools. These SMART tools simplify the interaction with the AO system and integrate automation in the operation, assisting the operator both in the acquisition procedure and during the observation.
Below we detail the steps required for the acquisition. Complementary information regarding overheads can be found in the GSAOI page.
1. Telescope slew and mechanisms in follow
When the telescope operator slews to a new GeMS target, the Myst SMART tools also receive the slew command. The SMART tools then set all mechanism offset positions to zero and, based on the telescope position and temperature, puts all mechanisms into follow according to their LUT (or with probe mapping as is the case of the NGSWFS). Once the telescope is in position, the NGS and LGS alignment are done simultaneously by the telescope and laser operator maximizing on-sky efficiency. In most cases during a slew, the GeMS mechanisms reset and reach position before the telescope, thus the overhead on this step usually comes from the telescope-side.
2. Laser alignment
With the telescope now in position, the laser operator begins alignment of the laser inside the BTO only, at low power. This alignment consists of a handful of steps, which in total take between 3 to 6 minutes to complete. First, the laser must be aligned to the LLT. For safety reasons, this alignment is executed at a very low laser power of only a few mW. Using the video signal coming from the Pre-Alignment Cameras (PACs) the laser operator can accurately center the beam on each of the BTO mirrors leading up to the LLT. Once this critical alignment has been completed, the laser operator requests permission from the telescope operator to propagate onto sky.
The telescope operator then checks for any beam collisions that might impact the science of other telescopes, and requests permission from the laser spotter stationed outside monitoring for aircraft. With the permission to propagate, the laser operator increases the laser to medium power (2-5W) and then checks the alignment of the laser beams on the LLT. Once the beams are properly centered on the LLT, the laser operator increases to maximum power and using the Rayleigh light pattern, starts the alignment of the laser constellation on the LGSWFS.
A simple geometric model of the Rayleigh backscattering has been implemented and a minimization routine provides the geometric solution consisting of several parameters, of which the global de-pointing is the most important. This global de-pointing is applied to the BTO pointing and centering mirrors (PM/CM) to center the LGS constellation. With the constellation aligned, the laser operator closes the FSA loop keeping the constellation fixed on the LGSWFS. Finally, when everything has stabilized, the laser operator gives the green light to the telescope operator to close the high-order loop.
3. NGS alignment and Tip Tilt Loop
To maximize on-sky efficiency, the telescope operator starts the NGS acquisition in parallel with the laser alignment. Depending on the field and brightness of the NGS, this can take between 2-10 minutes (a crowded field, faint or diffuse NGS targets are more difficult setups). As the Gemini South telescope pointing accuracy from slew-to-slew is on average 10 arcseconds, it is necessary for the telescope pointing first to be corrected. This is a standard procedure for any telescope slew, but all the more important for GeMS acquisitions as the NGSWFS probes have only a 1.5 arcsecond FoV.
To do this, the telescope coordinates are swapped from the science object to those of the C3 coordinates thereby putting the C3 star on-axis. Next, the wide-field Acquisition Camera (AC) is used (1x1' when used with Canopus) and the pointing adjusted to put the C3 target onto a pre-determined telescope hot spot. With the pointing now corrected, the telescope is reverted to the science object position and the Canopus probes, using the probe mapping model, will move into position, ensuring that the star corresponding to C3 will be properly centered on the probe. Next, the Tip-Tilt loop is closed with C3 only, while C1 and C2 APDs are readout to check the counts. Assuming the NGS catalog coordinates are all correct, probes C1 and C2 will likely be very close to their NGS targets, and flux should be seen on the APDs.
The telescope operator can then start the Myst astrometric mode, which automatically adjusts the probe positions in a more accurate manner. Once the remaining two probes are centered, the Tip-Tilt loop can be closed on all three probes. If one of the stars does not appear on the APD (e.g. because of catalog errors), the telescope operator can start an automated spiral search for the star. In the event that a star still does not show up, it is possible to swap the telescope coordinates with that guide star to look for it in the AC (as was done first with C3). If necessary, the AC images can also be compared with finder charts, helping the operator identify the correct guidestars. These additional steps require the C3 offload to Tip-Tilt to be stopped, and add additional acquisition overhead. In practice, bright guidestars in relatively sparse fields require the least amount of overhead.
4. High-order loop and dependencies
With the laser FSA offloading and the NGS Tip-Tilt loop closed, the telescope operator can now close the high-order loop. While the command to close the loop is sent from the Telescope Control System (TCS), it is the Myst SMART tools that actually handle the proper sequencing. Default matrices and gains are automatically loaded and frame rate is optimized based on the NGS and LGS flux. Offload of the static DM0 shape to M1 is also started based on the loop performance. This entire process happens in 1-2 minutes and is monitored by the telescope operator for stability.
5. Focus loop
With the high-order laser and NGS loops closed, the telescope operator can now focus on the SFS loop. Depending on the C3 target brightness (SFS receives 30% of the C3 light), this process can take 2 to 5 minutes. First, the telescope operator starts the readout of the SFS camera with the best guess for integration time (based on a table), adjusting to optimize the SNR on all four spots. In the case of a very faint GS, the integration time can be as long as 5 minutes, explaining the large overhead for this step. When the SNR is sufficient, the telescope operator closes the SFS loop, which applies a focus term to the DM0 that is immediately offloaded to the secondary mirror of the telescope (M2). The telescope operator can see real-time the trend of the M2 focus, visually showing when the focus has converged.
6. Rotator and Tilt-Anisoplanatic (TA) loops
At this point the telescope operator can close the Rotator and Tilt-Anisoplanatic (TA) loops. The rotator loop compensates for any tracking errors of the telescope rotator, while the TA loop compensates for any differential Tip-Tilt errors between the three NGS probes, thereby fixing the plate scale. Information about this loop performance is also provided by the SMART tools GUI.
7. Flexure loop
The final step of the acquisition procedure is to close the flexure loop. This can take from 2-5 minutes. First, the telescope operator reads out the ODGW that will be used for flexure compensation. Exposure times for the ODGW are pre-defined based on flexure star magnitude and filter used by GSAOI, and can be adjusted as needed . The size of the ODGW is first set to the largest value (128x128 ∼ 2.5 arcseconds on-sky). If the star does not appear on the ODGW, a full-frame image can be taken with GSAOI to check its position with respect to the guide window, however this adds overhead. Once the star is properly centered on the ODGW (by re-defining the ODGW X,Y detector position, not the telescope position since we are at this point fully closed loop with the LGS and NGS T/T stars), the size of the ODGW window is reduced to 16x16 (∼0.3") and the flexure loop is closed.
Science ready
Finally, everything is ready for science. The telescope operator will give a final check on all the loops and ofloads, and give the green light to the astronomer to start the science sequence.
The large range in setup overheads can be almost entirely attributed to the NGS acquisition. For bright NGS without catalog errors, the full GeMS acquisition has been as fast as 10 minutes. For faint NGS, or more complex objects (high background or a crowded field) the acquisition procedure can be 20+ minutes. We have also experienced several occurrences where the NGS brightness as listed in the catalog were incorrect by several magnitudes thus a better NGS constellation needed to be chosen on the fly, greatly increasing the setup time. Because of this, we are considering the possibility of pre-imaging GeMS fields. While this would add overheads to the program, pre-imaging would be fast, no more than 5 minutes for each field (accounting for the telescope slew and image with the AC), and would not require good conditions.
Dither-Filter-Sky sequence
A science observation sequence can include telescope offsets for image dithering, a change in filters, and large telescope offsets for sky background images. For all of these events, specific GeMS loops must either be paused or opened, and then resumed automatically after the event. This is handled by the SMART tools. The sequence of events for each case is described below.
Dither sequence
When a telescope offset is required, the observation sequence executor (Seqexec) sends the information to the TCS. The SMART tools then receive a message "dither" and "pause" thereby pausing all the NGS loops and dependencies (Tip-Tilt, TA, rotator, flexure and focus), while all the laser loops are kept closed. The telescope then offsets, and once all the subsystems report that they are in position, the NGS loops are resumed, the "science ready" flag is green, and the next science exposure starts. Depending on the size of the offsets, a telescope dither take ~30 seconds. The dither pattern is set by the NGS and ODGW acquisition fields and cannot be larger than 30 arcseconds.
Filter sequence
Depending on the mode of observation, 1+3 or 3+1, a change in the instrument filter can have different consequences. For a 3+1 setup (i.e. 3 Tip-Tilt NGS and 1 OI for flexure) a change in the instrument filter only implies a pause/resume of the flexure loop. In the case of fast-guiding with the GSAOI OGDWs (1+3), all the NGS loops and dependencies must be paused before the filter is changed. Note that depending on the filter, the exposure time (and frame time) of the ODGW should be adjusted to keep the SNR constant. A change in filter also induces focus offsets, necessitating a shift in ODGW window positions as defined in a LUT. The overheads for a filter change are set by the instrument, for instance, GSAOI will take ~15 seconds to perform any filter change.
Sky sequence
A sky sequence is somewhat similar to a dither, except that the telescope offset is usually much larger (up to 5 arcminutes). In this case, all NGS loops and dependencies are paused, and the probes are frozen and do not follow telescope offsets (as a large offset would put the probes into a hard limit if they remained in follow). We found that large telescope motions could create instabilities in the high-order loop, as the LGS may be lost for a few seconds. Because of this, we have decided to also pause the high-order loop, but keep the LGS stabilization loop closed (FSA loop).
Large telescope offsets
If the observation requires offsets larger than 5 arcminutes from the base position, the laser propagation must be stopped due to Laser Clearing House restrictions . When the telescope returns to the original base position, the laser operator must re-acquire the LGS. Moreover, since this offset will also be unguided, the telescope operator must re-check the NGS acquisition and correct for any telescope pointing errors. In this case a separate observation block is required and extra overheads are introduced.
Loops and Offloads
Click on the arrows to navigate through the different steps. |


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