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Are you looking for a printing service in Burlington County which is open 24 Hour 7 days a week.
Oswego Trail, Stanley Ave, High St, Linda Ln, Mill St, Smithville Rd, Woodlane Rd
Print shop...Copy shop...shipping and mailing service...Digital printer. Your One-Stop-Shop For Printing, Copying & Document Finishing.
Scanning is at 600 DPI high resolution on professional-grade scanners. Film To Digital. Slides To Digital. Album & Scrapbook Scanning Services. Digitize Photos.
🖨 Print from Phone. Print from Tablet. Print from Laptop. Print documents for businesses, individuals, students and more... Services include custom projects, small and large format printing, copying, binding, scanning and laminating...
Improve the durability of your printed pieces with lamination.
Print from your Personal Device. To print from any laptop, desktop, or mobile device, launch a web browser and navigate to... Both black & white and color print jobs can be submitted from: Personal computers, Smartphones and tablets.
Laser printers - Ink printers
When it comes to finding printers in your local area there are usually several options. Click below to upload your files... Pay for Print is a service that allows customers to print, copy and scan documents efficiently.
Show locations on Google Maps.
Where can I use a printer near me ? Show me all locations. Complete List of Public Printers.
Self-serve copying & printing: all locations here... Come on in to quickly make copies, scan or fax documents at your convenience using our Self Service printer. For a quick print, come on in or email your file to our self-service printer.
For a quick print, come on in or email your file to our self-service printer. Use the kiosk beside the printer to choose your desired task and follow the prompts.
All paper is sustainably-sourced from high-quality providers.
Print to self-service printers using your mobile device... Print from USB flash drive
Need to print now? Pick it up same day if ordered online by 2pm...
Experience the fastest large format monochrome and color printing with up to 50% savings in total production costs. Multiple printers, plotters, and scanners.
Black & White or Full Color... with same day printing available on selected products. The most knowledgeable print staff in the industry, can tackle even the most complex print pieces.
Label and vinyl printing...
Large selection of paper with various colors and weights...
Sizes up to 13 x 19...
Wide Format color up to 44" wide...
Scan wide format up to 36" wide in Color and Black and White...
Wide Format Black and White up to 36" wide...
Printable files: Adobe PDF,TIFF, Microsoft Office - all versions, Images - png, jpeg, jpg, Adobe Creative Suite...
Professional A0 printing. A0 Poster Printing.
Moving on beyond the margin is large format printing. When we are talking about large format printing, the most common types are banners, signs, and posters.
Your plans can be printed in black & white, line colour or full colour.
We can help you with anything from plain paper and canvas to glossy vinyl and rich photographic paper.
Make a big statement with banners, signs, and posters.
The spiral binding method joins pages and cover using a coil which is made of a very durable plastic. Our wire binding comes with clear plastic front cover and a card and clear plastic back cover. We offer a wide range of paper and card with silk, matt and uncoated finish.
Configure your product and get a quote:
Professional photo & art printing: photo books, baby photo books, travel photo books, home decor, canvas prints, poster prints, acrylic prints, metal prints, designer collection. Find the perfect photo book theme for your project
Any type or any size photo printing service same day. Variety of paper you can choose from: matt, gloss, satin or vintage looking uncoated paper.
Choose your print size: Standard prints, Square prints, Large prints, Specialty prints
Graphic designers can deliver impact and appeal to your business. Graphic designers will work closely with you to create artwork that perfectly reflects your business, and deliver high quality results quickly and effectively...
Print design service Burlington County
Save your CV in a file format that is widely compatible, such as PDF or Word document. Use high-quality paper that is thicker and more durable than regular printer paper. While color printing can be visually appealing, it may be more expensive. Black and white printing is often sufficient for CVs. Ensure that the text is legible and easy to read. Both A4 and Letter sizes are widely accepted for CV printing. It's a good practice to maintain a sufficient margin around the content when creating your CV. It's essential to include relevant and concise information that showcases your qualifications, skills, and experiences. Keep the CV concise, organized, and easy to read, using clear headings and bullet points to improve readability. Provides exactly what the client wants at a reasonable price
Design your own custom picture frames with our online framing service. Check out the information below for sizing tips and explanations of some of the key terms we use when custom framing. Get to use your favourite pictures to create a unique and beautiful framed print with a choice of either black or white mat paper for your home decor. The photo paper quality is so superior that your photos will shine right through its time and display the story in front of the eyes as if alive.
Popular Frames for Framed Prints:
Affordable 3D printing services to turn ideas and designs into 3D models for any purpose. Quality industrial grade printing with large build volume and dual independent. Customized 3D prints in PLA for the home, office, school, or other personal use. Rapid prototyping services. Local quick turn, on-demand 3D printing and laser cutting...Low-fidelity, proof-of-concept prototyping and visual design verification.
Services: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, small batch manufacturing, mass manufacturing, FDM & DLP 3D printing, Haptic Devices, 3D CAD Modelling, Professional 3D Printers, Industrial 3D Printers, Bioprinters, Large Format Printers
Get your Instant Quote here... Choose from millions of possible combinations of materials, finishes, tolerances, markings, and certifications for your order.
Upload your 3D models for an instant price. Files accepted: stl, obj, zip, step, stp, igs, 3ds, wrl...
Help businesses and local residents securely safeguard private information, maintain legislative compliance and protect their public image. Specialize in on-site paper shredding and hard drive destruction
Flyer and leaflet printing is one of the most cost-effective types of business promotion.
Ready to start creating your personalized wall calendar? Decorate your table with our customized photo calendars.
Create your special calendar layout, adding images, text, and any special dates or events. Decide on the size, paper quality, and quantity of calendars you want to print.
Enable secure mobile print and scan to help your people stay productive on the move. Shifting paper processes to digital can cut your costs in simple but significant ways. Make printing faster and easier, and printer downtime a thing of the past.


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Hearing Aid Dispensing and Fitting
Once you have selected your hearing aids after an evaluation, your hearing professional will program them, based on a prescription, to meet your hearing needs.
The hearing professional will explain how to use the devices, how to put them in the ear and how to remove them, how to change batteries and how to care for and clean the devices. It is also a good idea to bring family members or close friends to the hearing aid fitting so they can help remember all the information that is given and be a support to you.
When you put the hearing aids in for the first time, you may have different emotions about the sounds you hear. This is normal and to be expected. The goal of the hearing aid is to make everyday sounds audible and comfortable, but the sound you hear should be clear and pleasant. Small changes can be made to the hearing aids at your first fitting if there are things that you feel should be adjusted right away. The hearing professional may do some testing to make sure the hearing aids are giving you enough sound where you need it.
You may be also be given a short survey or list of questions to answer. Be honest about what you hear so that the hearing professional can work with you to create the best listening experience with your new hearing aids. Your hearing aid fitting is only a starting place; other changes to customize the hearing to your liking may need to take place over a few appointments, as you wear the hearing aids in more situations and adapt to all the new sounds you are hearing.
Attitude is one important key to success with hearing aids. Hearing aid studies have shown that people who have a positive attitude do better with hearing aids. If you, as well as your spouse or family, approach your hearing aid fitting with a positive outlook you will have a much better listening experience more quickly. Keep in mind that it may take some time to get used to the sounds you were missing, and by working closely with your audiologist, you will get the most out of your new hearing aids.

subset: commoncrawl


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Unlocking Motorola Droid 2, A955 style by code is very easy, it is also safest and non-invasive method of unlocking your phone permanently. Your phone will always be unlocked even after each new update of your phone firmware.
Unlocking phone by code does not result in void of warranty and this is the manner provided by the manufacturer. To get SIM network unlock PIN for your Motorola Droid 2, A955 you need to provide IMEI number of Your phone. Type on keyboard *#06# or remove battery from Your Motorola to check IMEI number. IMEI is written on the information label.
How to enter code for Motorola Droid 2, A955:
1. Insert foreign (not accepted)* Sim card
2. The phone should ask for unlocking code
3. Enter Unlocking code
4. The phone is now unlocked
*NOT ACCEPTED : means, to use a sim card from a network other than the network your Motorola is locked to.
If the phone displays "Contact operator" or inability to enter code You should leave the phone turned on with a foreign sim card for about 20 - 30 minutes. After this time should be possible to enter Unlocking Code.
In some cases, to make the network code request appear you have to dial #073887*
Before you order unlocking code check if your phone is locked: (Insert foreign (Unaccepted) Sim card and when phone will ask for unlock code it means is locked.
Mobile unlock is performed by entering on your phone the unique code, provided by our site. The process itself is quick and simple, just like counting to three. After completing an order, the customer will receive the unique code by email, accepted by both customer's phone producer and service provider. The IMEI number is required to complete the order. The easiest way to find your IMEI number is to enter *#06# on your phone. Upon entering the unique unlock code, your phone's simlock will be turned off. A single code turns off the simlock permanently. It will not appear again, even durning software updates and while changing SIM cards. The remote unlock is completely wireless and does not require installation of any additional software. The mobile unlock by code is the easiest way to remove limits of your phone.
The removal of limits (that were created by the mobile network's operator), by entering the unique unlocking code, is prepared by your phone producer, so it is tested, safe and effective way of unlocking your phone. It does not require any technical knowlage and it does not modify your phone in any way.
Removal of your phone's limits does not cause a loss of warranty. The metod of unlocking a phone by code was provided by the phone producer and it doesn't have any influence on the warranty. All the phones leaving a factory do not have any blockades. The limits are created by the mobile network providers. By deleting this limit you are restoring your phone to a factory condition.
No, the unlocking the newest phones is not possible by using free methods. Phone manufacturers and mobile network providers have additional profits from selling the unlock codes. The easiest and the most effective way of unlocking a phone is to use a code provided by phone manufacturer or mobile network provider. Each phone require a diffrent code, which is assigned to its unique IMEI number. Using free code generators or a code assigned to a diffrent IMEI number will cause a block of the register. It may cause higher unlock costs or a permanent blockade.
Yes, it is possible for Motorola GSM phones.
If we have no code for an IMEI number, the customer will receive a full 100% refund.
* required fields
Novak Istvan IP 242.224.122.199 Oct 31, 2023 | Üdv . T mobilos , remelem sikerúl |
Recommended to buy: Yes |
Adeel IP 18.104.22.168 Oct 18, 2023 | Can plz any one give pakistan subsidy password for my motorola c123 plz give me im poor cant buying ???????????? |
Recommended to buy: No |
Luxy IP 188.8.131.52 Aug 26, 2023 | Mwe blé dekode téléphone mw |
Recommended to buy: Yes |
SOLOMON IP 22.214.171.124 May 9, 2023 | UNLOCK MY MOTO E5 PLAY FROM CLOUD |
Recommended to buy: Yes |
Jamesley IP 220.127.116.11 Apr 29, 2023 | Unlock moto g fast |
Recommended to buy: No |


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Investing in Florida land can be a great way to boost and diversify your portfolio. It is a fairly low-maintenance and hassle-free way to increase your assets and overall wealth. In our latest post, we will take a look at some of the pros and cons of land investment in Florida!
Land investment is often times overlooked, however it can be an excellent asset to any real estate portfolio. If you want to begin your investment journey, add to a portfolio, or find smart ways to diversify, land can be an excellent way to go.
Low Cost
Land is cheap in comparison to other types of investments. Many people will find they only need to save up for a few months in order to generate enough cash to buy a lot. This opens the door to many people who want to begin investing but weren't sure how to get their foot in the door. If you find the right property, you can buy low, sell it off or develop it, and use the profits for an even larger investment. Before you know it, you'll be a real estate mogul and it all would have started with one small patch of dirt!
Low Maintenance
When you buy land, the is pretty much no work involved. It just sits there until the time is right for you to cash in. You might have to deal with small things, like keeping the lot free of brush and trash if it is in a residential neighborhood. You will not, however, need to deal with bad tenants, repairs, maintenance, or damage to your property.
Lower Taxes
Property taxes are much lower for land as opposed to lots with structures. Land can be a few hundred while a home can be a few thousand. These low holding costs are another reason why people love land investment so much.
It Can Be Developed
You can opt to develop the land yourself, adding a residential or commercial building depending on how the land is zoned. By creating something where there was once nothing, you will be able to generate tremendous profits renting it out or selling it off.
Make It Income Producing
Many people avoid land because it does not bring in any income. However, you can find creative ways to make it work for you. You can lease it to a neighbor so they have more room for their car or children's play area. If it is a large parcel, and if it is allowed, you can lease the land to a hunter. You can use the lot for parking during special events if it is in a commercial area. There are many creative ways to make your land generate income.
No Income
Land doesn't typically bring in income unless you get creative with it. Of course, there are some exceptions as noted above, however, most of the time the property will sit until it is developed or resold. This is why you should look for land in developing areas, selling when it becomes a more "in demand" location.
Slower Appreciation
The value of land may not rise as quickly as housing would depending on your market. The profits you do see will likely be smaller than what you would find with a residential home.
Overall, adding land to your portfolio is a very safe and practical choice for new and seasoned investors. It is an excellent way to get into real estate investment as the costs to get started are very low in comparison to other types of investments. You should always keep land investment in mind when purchasing Florida real estate.


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Dr. Dog's New Album 'Be The Void' Out Today`
Celebrated rock 'n' roll band Dr. Dog have released their greatly anticipated new album Be The Void today. This time around the band turns up the guitars and delivers a truly great cathartic rock 'n' roll album played with near reckless abandon.
The group will also be performing on Conan this Wednesday February 8th. The album is currently available for free streaming at the show's website. Just go to http://teamcoco.com/drdog
Be The Void combines the group's meticulously crafted pop with a far leaner and meaner primal sound which perfectly captures the rough and tumble energy of their renowned live show. The Philadelphia band entered the studio with a renewed sense of enthusiasm and confidence. "It was reminiscent of when we were starting out and were these fearless weirdoes in a basement, so confident and reckless and bold," guitarist-vocalist Scott McMicken adds. "It was really liberating."
With its rollicking beats, spirited choruses and guitars edged with warm distortion this is the unmistakable sound of a band whose moment has arrived. Catch Dr. Dog as they take their raucous sound across North America.
Early Critical Acclaim For Be The Void:
"Be The Void is a spot-on sonic homecoming. The record's classic-rock, live-concert sound is largely indiscernible from Dr. Dog's early self-recordings, which is to say that 11 years in the business hasn't sapped any of the Philadelphia group's enthusiasm. That Dr. Dog has written some supremely catchy tunes isn't too surprising, but few would expect its (or any band's) fifth record to be every bit as exciting as its first." - AV Club
"That Old Black Hole" sounds like a glorious rally cry, like a band finally finding itself. " - Esquire
"It's a fun, rocking, swirling look at a meaningless and mysterious world." - NPR
Dr. Dog Tour Dates:
2012-02-07 Belly Up Tavern Solana Beach CA 2012-02-09 The Observatory, Santa Ana, CA 2012-02-10 The Orpheum Los Angeles CA 2012-02-11 Regency Center Grand Ballroom San Francisco CA 2012-02-13 Crystal Ballroom Portland OR 2012-02-14 Neptune Theatre Seattle WA 2012-02-17 First Avenue Minneapolis MN 2012-02-18 The Vic Theatre Chicago IL 2012-02-19 20th Century Theatre Cincinnati OH 2012-03-01 Mr. Smalls Theatre Pittsburgh PA 2012-03-02 Headliner Louisville KY 2012-03-03 War Memorial Auditorium NashvilleTN 2012-03-04 Buckhead Theatre Atlanta GA 2012-03-05 Workplay Birmingham AL 2012-03-07 Alabama Music Box Mobile AL 2012-03-09 Stubb's Waller Creek Amphitheatre Austin TX 2012-03-10 Fitzgeralds Houston TX 2012-03-11 Granada Theater Dallas TX 2012-03-13 Blue Note Columbia MO 2012-03-14 Deluxe @ Old National Center Indianapolis IN 2012-03-15 The Orange Peel Asheville NC 2012-03-16 9:30 Club Washington DC 2012-03-17 Rams Head Live Baltimore MD 2012-03-19 Higher Ground South Burlington VT 2012-03-20 Northern Lights, Albany, NY 2012-03-22 House of Blues Boston MA 2012-03-23 Terminal 5 New York NY 2012-03-24 Electric Factory Philadelphia PA 2012-03-25 Electric Factory Philadelphia PA


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Leaf Feltie Design
Each feltie measures 2x1.9 inches.
This is a digital embroidery file that you must have an embroidery machine to use. The files you get when you purchase this listing include: .JEF, .EXP, .PES, .VIP, .VP3, .HUS, .XXX, .DST
Sizes include- single feltie for 4x4 hoop, multiples to 4x4 & 5x7 hoops
After purchase, this will be downloaded in a ZIP file. You must have the platform to be able to unzip it.
Note: Feltie instructions can be found at https://feltiegodmother.com/blogs/tutorials/how-to-make-a-feltie-tutorial
Color chart is included
Due to this being a digital file, refunds cannot be given. But please contact me if there is a problem with your order!
If you have a question, or need an alternative size or file format, please message me before ordering.
It is prohibited to share or sell this design in digital format. However, you may sell the physical item.


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acrosser Mini-ITX computer boards offer a wide selection of processors, abundant peripheral I/Os, different formats of expansions in a compact form factor. They can easily apply to various applications. For a long time, Mini-iTX embedded motherboard and system are the best-selling products among our product lines, and one of the bestselling Mini-iTX board products is AMB-H81T3.
AMB-H81T3 equipped with Intel® H81 Chipset with Haswell CPU Pentium®/ Celeron®/4th Generation Core i3/5/7, supported 1 x GbE, 6 x COM, 8 x USB2.0, 2 x USB3.0, 1 x PCIe x16 and 1 x mini PCIe. Its powerful performance, flexible expansibility and reasonable price made itself bestselling products among Acorsser embedded product lines.
Acrosser AMB-H81T3 embedded Mini-ITX motherboard (measuring to only 170mm x 170mm, or 6.7" x 6.7") has been applied in Kiosk machines in China stores, given the fact it has 6 COM ports and 8 USB ports which allows the connection to several peripherals, like receipt printer, barcode scanner, all sorts of sensors and etc. AMB-H81T3 has also been adopted as a solution for lottery machines and digital signage.
AMB-H81T3, the mini-ITX board, is a perfect solution to help you to deliver your products on time and stay one step ahead of the competitors. It fits to develop your embedded system in factory automation, industrial automation, building automation, other embedded computing, and etc.
With over 30 years of experience in the design and manufacture of single board computers, Acrosser Technology Co. provides not only one-stop shopping for off-the-shelf products but also custom-built solutions tailor-made to suit your needs.
AMB-H81T3 important features
● 1 x DDR3-1066/1333MHz, UDIMM, up to 8GB
● 1 x PCIe x16
● 1 x mini PCIe,
● 1x GbE, 6 x COM
● 2 x USB 3.0, 8 x USB 2.0
● 2 x SATA 3.0, 2 x SATA 2.0
For pricing and availability, please send your inquiry at: http://www.acrosser.com/inquiry.html
Subscribe to our social media sites and stay connected!
Please visit us @ the following social media:
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#Fanless Panel PC #Touch Screen PC #Stainless Panel PC #Panel Computers
Network Security Hardware, PC/104, car computer, Fanless Embedded Computer, ITX board,


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Privacy Policy
We understand the importance of your privacy and strive to take all reasonable efforts to be transparent about what information we collect about you and to safeguard that information against intrusion or misuse. Except as required by a court or other lawful order, we will never re-distribute or sell personal information collected on our web servers.
This privacy policy details the ways in which we collect information about you, what information we collect, and what we do with that information. You can always visit this page for the most up-to-date version of this privacy policy.
Collection and Use of InformationWe collect two types of information from our visitors: anonymous information and personal information.
Anonymous InformationYou do not have to provide any personal information to use many of the features of this website. However, your web browser or application may automatically provide certain information about you ("anonymous information"), such as your IP address, which may include your geographic location; details about browser software, operating system, and device; access dates and times; and referring and exiting URLs.
We use this information, both individually and in the aggregate, to help us understand how visitors use our site and to improve our content and your experience visiting our site. We may retain this type of information indefinitely, or to the extent permissible by law.
Personal InformationOur website contains certain features, such as contact forms, where you have the option to affirmatively provide information about yourself ("personal information"). You may be asked to provide personal information, including your name, address, email address, and telephone number(s). You have no obligation to use these features of our website. If you choose to provide us with personal information by submitting a contact form on this website, we may use that information to contact you back and to improve subsequent communications with you, if any. We may also use your voluntarily submitted personal information to keep you informed of law firm news and events, but only if you are provided the opportunity to opt out of that type of use (see Removal of Information and Opting Out section, below). We will seek your affirmative consent before using your personal information for any purpose other than those described in this policy.
Information transmitted on the internet, including via the contact forms on our website, is not secure and should not be considered confidential. The submission of a form on our website does not constitute attorney–client communication and does not create an attorney–client relationship.
Our website also may provide a third-party "Live Chat" feature, with which you can choose to provide personal information to the firm. Information provided on the Live Chat feature is not confidential, and your use of Live Chat does not constitute attorney–client communications and does not create an attorney–client relationship. If you choose to provide us with personal information by using the Live Chat feature, we may use that information to contact you back and to improve subsequent communications with you, if any.
The third-party Live Chat provider has its own privacy policy, which we encourage you to review. We are not responsible for the privacy policies of any third parties, including the Live Chat provider.
Do not disclose confidential information, including any information that may expose you to civil or criminal liability, via contact forms or Live Chat on this website.
We may retain information collected from contact forms and Live Chat indefinitely, or to the extent permissible by law.
Use of CookiesWe use "cookies" (small data files) to improve our website's functionality and our visitors' experience. These cookies do not identify you personally or give us access to your computer. You can disable cookies in your browser or application settings, but doing so may result in reduced website functionality. By visiting our website and not disabling cookies, you consent to our use of cookies for the purposes described in this policy.
We use a third-party analytics provider (Google Analytics) to help us understand how visitors use our site. Google Analytics uses cookies to collect information about our visitors, but it does not receive personally identifiable information through these cookies and is prohibited from combining, matching, or cross-referencing information from our site with any other information. You can review the Google Analytics privacy policy for additional information.
Our website may also use the Google AdWords "remarketing" service to serve advertising on third-party websites (including Google) to previous visitors of our site. This service also uses cookies, and any information collected will be in accordance with this privacy policy and Google's privacy policy.
Distribution of Collected InformationWe will not disclose, without your consent, personal information collected about you, unless we are required to do so by law. In certain limited circumstances, and in compliance with applicable laws, we may share personal information with government authorities or others as required to protect the firm or certain third parties; or as otherwise required for compliance with applicable law or legal process. We will not distribute or sell personal information to third-party organizations.
Do Not Track RequestsWe do not respond or otherwise take any action with regard to "Do Not Track" requests.
Third Parties and External LinksSome pages on our website may contain hyperlinks to websites of third parties. We take no responsibility for third-party content or websites, nor for any information you disclose to third parties by visiting their websites.
Removal of Information and Opting OutUsers seeking to opt out of receiving communications from the firm may reply to any marketing communication with the subject line "unsubscribe."


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Nothing in this website constitutes a representation of any investment strategy and is not a recommendation, promotion or solicitation of any kind of investment products in any country of the world.
Nothing contained here is suitable or appropriate to a recipient's individual circumstances or otherwise constitutes a personal recommendation. It is published solely for information purposes, it does not constitute an advertisement and is not to be construed as a solicitation or an offer to buy or sell any securities or related financial instruments in any jurisdiction in the world. No representation or warranty, either express or implied, is provided in relation to the accuracy, completeness or reliability of the information contained herein, nor is it intended to be a complete statement or summary of the securities, markets or developments referred to in the report. The writer does not undertake that investors will obtain profits, nor will it share with investors any investment profits nor accept any liability for any investment losses. Investments involve risks and investors should exercise prudence in making their investment decisions. The reports should not be regarded by recipients as a substitute for the exercise of their own judgment. Past performance is not necessarily a guide to future performance. The value of any investment or income may go down as well as up and you may not get back the full amount invested. Any opinions expressed in these reports are subject to change without notice.
The securities described here may not be eligible for sale in all jurisdictions or to certain categories of investors. Options, derivative products and futures are not suitable for all investors, and trading in these instruments is considered risky. Foreign currency rates of exchange may adversely affect the value, price or income of any security or related instrument mentioned in this report. For investment advice, trade execution or other enquiries, investors should contact their local sales representative. Any prices stated in this report are for information purposes only and do not represent valuations for individual securities or other instruments.


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Refinancing a mortgage is the process of acquiring a new loan to pay off an existing lender.
Refinance Articles / Resources:
Four Possible Reasons to Refinance –
A mortgage is generally the largest debt most homeowners have to manage, and it is a good idea to give your personal real estate finance portfolio a check-up at least once a year.
Since there are several reasons a homeowner may choose to refinance, we'll take a look at the top four circumstances.
A drop in mortgage rates, lowering current mortgage payments, debt consolidation or changing mortgage programs are four possible reasons to choose a refinance.…..(read more about Four Possible Reasons to Refinance)
Calculating the Net Benefit of a Refinance –
Calculating the net benefit of refinancing can be a challenging task if you do not understand what to calculate.
We are going to focus on the net benefits of refinancing from the standpoint of lowering your interest rate.
Although there are several reasons to refinance, lowering your mortgage rate to save on interest payments over the term of the loan is the most popular.
Calculating the actual savings can be a tricky chore unless you know the difference between cash flow savings and interest savings.…..(read more about Calculating the Net Benefit of a Refinance)
Should I Get A Home Equity Line of Credit or Cash-Out Refi to Make Home Improvements? –
For homeowners interested in making some property improvements without tapping into their savings or investment accounts, the two main options are to either take out a Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC), or do a cash-out refinance.
A Home Equity Loan is similar to the line of credit, except there is a lump sum given to the borrower at the time of funding and the payment terms are generally fixed.
Both a Line and Loan would hold a subordinate position to the first loan on title, and are typically referred to as a "Second Mortgage."
Since second mortgages are paid after the first lien holder in the case of default foreclosure or short sale, interest rates are higher in order to justify the risk.
Fees, Interest Rate, and Timeline are the three main factors to consider which option to choose in order to pull equity out of a property.…..(read more about Cash-Out Refinances )
Frequently Asked Questions:
Q: Is there such a thing as a "No Cost" mortgage?
Technically speaking, there are always costs involved with any mortgage transactions. Appraisal, inspection, underwriting, prepaid taxes, insurance, interest…. the list can go on.
However, there is a way to structure a closing cost and interest rate scenario that will decrease the amount of fees, or how a borrower pays them.
Basically, the costs to produce the new mortgage are either financed into the loan amount, or covered by the lender in exchange for a slightly higher than market interest rate.
Deciding on the best option involves weighing the difference in cost up-front vs the increased monthly payment over a set period of time.
Q: How long do I have to wait to refinance after a purchase transaction?
The rule-of-thumb is 8-12 months, but there may be exceptions. It's important to check with your lender at the time of initial application to make sure there aren't any short-term penalties for refinancing within the first year.
Another thing to consider is the cost of refinancing. If you're watching the market and may want to lock in a lower rate in the near future, it may be more cost effective to pay a discount point for a lower rate vs paying for a full refinance a few months later.
Q: I heard that I should only refinance if I drop 1% on my mortgage, is that true?
Some people say ½%, 1% to never. Every mortgage is different.
Q: Why can't I just compare my current payment to the proposed payment and figure out my net benefit?
You could just compare just the two payments if you wanted to find out your cash flow savings, but the current and proposed loans may have two different amortizations. Let's say you have a 15 year mortgage currently and you are comparing to a 30 year mortgage.
If everything else is the same (interest rate, loan amount, etc) except for the amortization your interest savings per month would be $0 but, you are going to show a cash flow savings because of the longer amortization.
Q: Do I have to refinance with my current mortgage company?
No, you may choose any company you wish to refinance your mortgage since the new loan will replace the old mortgage.
Q: Is it easier to refinance with my current mortgage company?
Sometimes your current company can reduce the documentation that is required, but this usually comes at increased costs and interest rate. Make sure that you check to make sure you're getting the best deal.
Q: Will I automatically qualify?
No, you will have to qualify for your new refinance. However certain programs will allow for reduced documentation like the FHA to FHA Streamline.


text:
Age of Consent in Zambia
What is the Zambia Age of Consent?
The Age of Consent in Zambia is 16 years old. The age of consent is the minimum age at which an individual is considered legally old enough to consent to participation in sexual activity. Individuals aged 15 or younger in Zambia are not legally able to consent to sexual activity, and such activity may result in prosecution for statutory rape or the equivalent local law.
Zambia statutory rape law is violated when an individual has consensual sexual contact with a person under age 16.
Zambia does not have a close-in-age exemption. Close in age exemptions, commonly known as "Romeo and Juliet laws" in the United States, are put in place to prevent the prosecution of individuals who engage in consensual sexual activity when both participants are significantly close in age to each other, and one or both partners are below the age of consent.
Because there is no close-in-age exemption in Zambia, it is possible for two individuals both under the age of 16 who willingly engage in intercourse to both be prosecuted for statutory rape, although this is rare. Similarly, no protections are reserved for sexual relations in which one participant is a 15 year old and the second is a 16 or 17 year old.
Age of Consent across the world
The Age of Consent ranges from as low as 11 to as high as 20 years old across the world. Click any country for details, or view countries with the highest & lowest ages of consent.
Age of Consent Map:
< 13 years old
14 years old
15 years old
17 years old
18 years old
> 19 years old
Back to list of international ages of consent View state ages of consent in the USA


text:
Question datasets
A dataset is a collection of data used to create a question (such as a calculated question), where it is inserted in place of a variable within the question.
You can create a "private" dataset for a specific question, or a "reusable" dataset that can be used within all questions within a category.
When creating a question that uses datasets, you'll be prompted with two screens.
The first screen allows you to assign a particular dataset to be substituted for each variable.
The second screen allows you to add and remove sets of numbers in the dataset. The numbers used for individual questions presented to students will be selected from this set.


text:
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COBINECOSSEY Family Tree and COBINECOSSEY Genealogy Records
Last updated: 2011-07-26 | Researchers: 0 | Journals: 1
COBINECOSSEY wiki
This is the surname research page for COBINECOSSEY. This section is designed to contain general information about COBINECOSSEY genealogy research. Please consider adding some of your own research, either as an editor or with journals below.
What is this? This section (in blue) is available for editing to our advanced members, in a Wiki style. If you would like access to edit this surname page wiki, please contact us.
COBINECOSSEY Family History and COBINECOSSEY Family Genealogy Journals
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PAPAKURA, Auckland marriages 1856 - 1918 - ADAIR to DOW
by ngairedith on 2011-07-26 00:45:08. page views: 7696, comments: 0
by ngairedith on 2011-07-26 00:45:08. page views: 7696, comments: 0


text:
Our hospital offers guidance on a number of parasite control programs. The most common parasites that afflict pets are fleas and ticks.
Fleas and ticks are capable of transmitting infection and disease to pets through a bite. Many pets also suffer from severe allergic reaction to the bites of fleas and ticks. Internal parasites such as worms are also capable of causing severe illness in pets. It is imperative that owners use one of the many commercially available products that protect pets from these parasites in order to maintain their pet's health.
Our staff and veterinarians can help you choose the correct product based on your pet's risk factors and health status.
In addition, because of the damages posed by intestinal parasites to both pets and people, all dogs and cats should have at least one fecal examination per year to test for intestinal parasites (e.g., roundworms, hookworms, Giardia). In some parts of the country where intestinal parasites are known to be more common, several fecal exams per year are recommended. There are specific treatments available for pets with GI (gastrointestinal) parasites.


text:
perl5004delta - what's new for perl5.004
This document describes differences between the 5.003 release (as documented in Programming Perl, second edition--the Camel Book) and this one.
Perl5.004 builds out of the box on Unix, Plan 9, LynxOS, VMS, OS/2, QNX, AmigaOS, and Windows NT. Perl runs on Windows 95 as well, but it cannot be built there, for lack of a reasonable command interpreter.
Most importantly, many bugs were fixed, including several security problems. See the Changes file in the distribution for details.
and %ENV = @list
now work as expected (except on VMS where it generates a fatal error).
The error "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" now lists the contents of @INC for easier debugging.
There is a new Configure question that asks if you want to maintain binary compatibility with Perl 5.003. If you choose binary compatibility, you do not have to recompile your extensions, but you might have symbol conflicts if you embed Perl in another application, just as in the 5.003 release. By default, binary compatibility is preserved at the expense of symbol table pollution.
You may now put Perl options in the $PERL5OPT environment variable. Unless Perl is running with taint checks, it will interpret this variable as if its contents had appeared on a "#!perl" line at the beginning of your script, except that hyphens are optional. PERL5OPT may only be used to set the following switches: -[DIMUdmw].
The -M
and -m
options are no longer allowed on the #!
line of a script. If a script needs a module, it should invoke it with the use
The -T option is also forbidden on the #!
line of a script, unless it was present on the Perl command line. Due to the way #!
works, this usually means that -T must be in the first argument. Thus:
#!/usr/bin/perl -T -w
will probably work for an executable script invoked as scriptname
, while:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w -T
will probably fail under the same conditions. (Non-Unix systems will probably not follow this rule.) But perl scriptname
is guaranteed to fail, since then there is no chance of -T being found on the command line before it is found on the #!
If you removed the -w option from your Perl 5.003 scripts because it made Perl too verbose, we recommend that you try putting it back when you upgrade to Perl 5.004. Each new perl version tends to remove some undesirable warnings, while adding new warnings that may catch bugs in your scripts.
for non-methodsBefore Perl 5.004, AUTOLOAD
functions were looked up as methods (using the @ISA
hierarchy), even when the function to be autoloaded was called as a plain function (e.g. Foo::bar()
), not a method (e.g. Foo->bar()
or $obj->bar()
Perl 5.005 will use method lookup only for methods' AUTOLOAD
s. However, there is a significant base of existing code that may be using the old behavior. So, as an interim step, Perl 5.004 issues an optional warning when a non-method uses an inherited AUTOLOAD
The simple rule is: Inheritance will not work when autoloading non-methods. The simple fix for old code is: In any module that used to depend on inheriting AUTOLOAD
for non-methods from a base class named BaseClass
, execute *AUTOLOAD = \&BaseClass::AUTOLOAD
during startup.
Using %OVERLOAD to define overloading was deprecated in 5.003. Overloading is now defined using the overload pragma. %OVERLOAD is still used internally but should not be used by Perl scripts. See overload for more details.
In Perl 5.004, nonexistent array and hash elements used as subroutine parameters are brought into existence only if they are actually assigned to (via @_
Earlier versions of Perl vary in their handling of such arguments. Perl versions 5.002 and 5.003 always brought them into existence. Perl versions 5.000 and 5.001 brought them into existence only if they were not the first argument (which was almost certainly a bug). Earlier versions of Perl never brought them into existence.
For example, given this code:
undef @a; undef %a;
sub show { print $_[0] };
sub change { $_[0]++ };
After this code executes in Perl 5.004, $a{b} exists but $a[2] does not. In Perl 5.002 and 5.003, both $a{b} and $a[2] would have existed (but $a[2]'s value would have been undefined).
The $)
special variable has always (well, in Perl 5, at least) reflected not only the current effective group, but also the group list as returned by the getgroups()
C function (if there is one). However, until this release, there has not been a way to call the setgroups()
C function from Perl.
In Perl 5.004, assigning to $)
is exactly symmetrical with examining it: The first number in its string value is used as the effective gid; if there are any numbers after the first one, they are passed to the setgroups()
C function (if there is one).
Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker followed by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly taken to mean "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed in Perl 5.004.
However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug completely, because at least two widely-used modules depend on the old meaning of "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets "$$<digit>" in the old (broken) way inside strings; but it generates this message as a warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment will cease.
Perl versions before 5.004 did not always properly localize the regex-related special variables. Perl 5.004 does localize them, as the documentation has always said it should. This may result in $1, $2, etc. no longer being set where existing programs use them.
The documentation for Perl 5.0 has always stated that $.
is not reset when an already-open file handle is reopened with no intervening call to close
. Due to a bug, perl versions 5.000 through 5.003 did reset $.
under that circumstance; Perl 5.004 does not.
may return undefThe wantarray
operator returns true if a subroutine is expected to return a list, and false otherwise. In Perl 5.004, wantarray
can also return the undefined value if a subroutine's return value will not be used at all, which allows subroutines to avoid a time-consuming calculation of a return value if it isn't going to be used.
eval EXPR
determines value of EXPR in scalar contextPerl (version 5) used to determine the value of EXPR inconsistently, sometimes incorrectly using the surrounding context for the determination. Now, the value of EXPR (before being parsed by eval) is always determined in a scalar context. Once parsed, it is executed as before, by providing the context that the scope surrounding the eval provided. This change makes the behavior Perl4 compatible, besides fixing bugs resulting from the inconsistent behavior. This program:
@a = qw(time now is time);
print eval @a;
print '|', scalar eval @a;
used to print something like "timenowis881399109|4", but now (and in perl4) prints "4|4".
A bug in previous versions may have failed to detect some insecure conditions when taint checks are turned on. (Taint checks are used in setuid or setgid scripts, or when explicitly turned on with the -T
invocation option.) Although it's unlikely, this may cause a previously-working script to now fail, which should be construed as a blessing since that indicates a potentially-serious security hole was just plugged.
The new restrictions when tainting include:
These operators may spawn the C shell (csh), which cannot be made safe. This restriction will be lifted in a future version of Perl when globbing is implemented without the use of an external program.
These environment variables may alter the behavior of spawned programs (especially shells) in ways that subvert security. So now they are treated as dangerous, in the manner of $IFS and $PATH.
Some termcap libraries do unsafe things with $TERM. However, it would be unnecessarily harsh to treat all $TERM values as unsafe, since only shell metacharacters can cause trouble in $TERM. So a tainted $TERM is considered to be safe if it contains only alphanumerics, underscores, dashes, and colons, and unsafe if it contains other characters (including whitespace).
A new Opcode module supports the creation, manipulation and application of opcode masks. The revised Safe module has a new API and is implemented using the new Opcode module. Please read the new Opcode and Safe documentation.
In older versions of Perl it was not possible to create more than one Perl interpreter instance inside a single process without leaking like a sieve and/or crashing. The bugs that caused this behavior have all been fixed. However, you still must take care when embedding Perl in a C program. See the updated perlembed manpage for tips on how to manage your interpreters.
File handles are now stored internally as type IO::Handle. The FileHandle module is still supported for backwards compatibility, but it is now merely a front end to the IO::* modules, specifically IO::Handle, IO::Seekable, and IO::File. We suggest, but do not require, that you use the IO::* modules in new code.
In harmony with this change, *GLOB{FILEHANDLE}
is now just a backward-compatible synonym for *GLOB{IO}
It is now possible to build Perl with AT&T's sfio IO package instead of stdio. See perlapio for more details, and the INSTALL file for how to use it.
A subroutine reference may now be suffixed with an arrow and a (possibly empty) parameter list. This syntax denotes a call of the referenced subroutine, with the given parameters (if any).
This new syntax follows the pattern of $hashref->{FOO}
and $aryref->[$foo]
: You may now write &$subref($foo)
as $subref->($foo)
. All these arrow terms may be chained; thus, &{$table->{FOO}}($bar)
may now be written $table->{FOO}->($bar)
The current package name at compile time, or the undefined value if there is no current package (due to a package;
directive). Like __FILE__
and __LINE__
does not interpolate into strings.
Extended error message on some platforms. (Also known as $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR if you use English
The current set of syntax checks enabled by use strict
. See the documentation of strict
for more details. Not actually new, but newly documented. Because it is intended for internal use by Perl core components, there is no use English
long name for this variable.
By default, running out of memory it is not trappable. However, if compiled for this, Perl may use the contents of $^M
as an emergency pool after die()ing with this message. Suppose that your Perl were compiled with -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK and used Perl's malloc. Then
$^M = 'a' x (1<<16);
would allocate a 64K buffer for use when in emergency. See the INSTALL file for information on how to enable this option. As a disincentive to casual use of this advanced feature, there is no use English
long name for this variable.
This now works. (e.g. delete @ENV{'PATH', 'MANPATH'}
is now supported on more platforms, prefers fcntl to lockf when emulating, and always flushes before (un)locking.
Perl now implements these functions itself; it doesn't use the C library function sprintf() any more, except for floating-point numbers, and even then only known flags are allowed. As a result, it is now possible to know which conversions and flags will work, and what they will do.
The new conversions in Perl's sprintf() are:
%i a synonym for %d
%p a pointer (the address of the Perl value, in hexadecimal)
%n special: *stores* the number of characters output so far
into the next variable in the parameter list
The new flags that go between the %
and the conversion are:
# prefix octal with "0", hex with "0x"
h interpret integer as C type "short" or "unsigned short"
V interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type
Also, where a number would appear in the flags, an asterisk ("*") may be used instead, in which case Perl uses the next item in the parameter list as the given number (that is, as the field width or precision). If a field width obtained through "*" is negative, it has the same effect as the '-' flag: left-justification.
See "sprintf" in perlfunc for a complete list of conversion and flags.
As an lvalue, keys
allows you to increase the number of hash buckets allocated for the given hash. This can gain you a measure of efficiency if you know the hash is going to get big. (This is similar to pre-extending an array by assigning a larger number to $#array.) If you say
keys %hash = 200;
then %hash
will have at least 200 buckets allocated for it. These buckets will be retained even if you do %hash = ()
; use undef %hash
if you want to free the storage while %hash
is still in scope. You can't shrink the number of buckets allocated for the hash using keys
in this way (but you needn't worry about doing this by accident, as trying has no effect).
You can now use my() (with or without the parentheses) in the control expressions of control structures such as:
while (defined(my $line = <>)) {
$line = lc $line;
} continue {
print $line;
if ((my $answer = <STDIN>) =~ /^y(es)?$/i) {
} elsif ($answer =~ /^n(o)?$/i) {
} else {
chomp $answer;
die "`$answer' is neither `yes' nor `no'";
Also, you can declare a foreach loop control variable as lexical by preceding it with the word "my". For example, in:
foreach my $i (1, 2, 3) {
$i is a lexical variable, and the scope of $i extends to the end of the loop, but not beyond it.
Note that you still cannot use my() on global punctuation variables such as $_ and the like.
A new format 'w' represents a BER compressed integer (as defined in ASN.1). Its format is a sequence of one or more bytes, each of which provides seven bits of the total value, with the most significant first. Bit eight of each byte is set, except for the last byte, in which bit eight is clear.
If 'p' or 'P' are given undef as values, they now generate a NULL pointer.
Both pack() and unpack() now fail when their templates contain invalid types. (Invalid types used to be ignored.)
The new sysseek() operator is a variant of seek() that sets and gets the file's system read/write position, using the lseek(2) system call. It is the only reliable way to seek before using sysread() or syswrite(). Its return value is the new position, or the undefined value on failure.
If the first argument to use
is a number, it is treated as a version number instead of a module name. If the version of the Perl interpreter is less than VERSION, then an error message is printed and Perl exits immediately. Because use
occurs at compile time, this check happens immediately during the compilation process, unlike require VERSION
, which waits until runtime for the check. This is often useful if you need to check the current Perl version before use
ing library modules which have changed in incompatible ways from older versions of Perl. (We try not to do this more than we have to.)
If the VERSION argument is present between Module and LIST, then the use
will call the VERSION method in class Module with the given version as an argument. The default VERSION method, inherited from the UNIVERSAL class, croaks if the given version is larger than the value of the variable $Module::VERSION. (Note that there is not a comma after VERSION!)
This version-checking mechanism is similar to the one currently used in the Exporter module, but it is faster and can be used with modules that don't use the Exporter. It is the recommended method for new code.
Returns the prototype of a function as a string (or undef
if the function has no prototype). FUNCTION is a reference to or the name of the function whose prototype you want to retrieve. (Not actually new; just never documented before.)
The default seed for srand
, which used to be time
, has been changed. Now it's a heady mix of difficult-to-predict system-dependent values, which should be sufficient for most everyday purposes.
Previous to version 5.004, calling rand
without first calling srand
would yield the same sequence of random numbers on most or all machines. Now, when perl sees that you're calling rand
and haven't yet called srand
, it calls srand
with the default seed. You should still call srand
manually if your code might ever be run on a pre-5.004 system, of course, or if you want a seed other than the default.
Functions documented in the Camel to default to $_ now in fact do, and all those that do are so documented in perlfunc.
does not reset search position on failureThe m//g
match iteration construct has always reset its target string's search position (which is visible through the pos
operator) when a match fails; as a result, the next m//g
match after a failure starts again at the beginning of the string. With Perl 5.004, this reset may be disabled by adding the "c" (for "continue") modifier, i.e. m//gc
. This feature, in conjunction with the \G
zero-width assertion, makes it possible to chain matches together. See perlop and perlre.
ignores whitespace before ?*+{}The m//x
construct has always been intended to ignore all unescaped whitespace. However, before Perl 5.004, whitespace had the effect of escaping repeat modifiers like "*" or "?"; for example, /a *b/x
was (mis)interpreted as /a\*b/x
. This bug has been fixed in 5.004.
closures work nowPrior to the 5.004 release, nested anonymous functions didn't work right. They do now.
Just like anonymous functions that contain lexical variables that change (like a lexical index variable for a foreach
loop), formats now work properly. For example, this silently failed before (printed only zeros), but is fine now:
my $i;
foreach $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
format =
my i is @#
However, it still fails (without a warning) if the foreach is within a subroutine:
my $i;
sub foo {
foreach $i ( 1 .. 10 ) {
format =
my i is @#
The UNIVERSAL
package automatically contains the following methods that are inherited by all other classes:
returns true if its object is blessed into a subclass of CLASS
is also exportable and can be called as a sub with two arguments. This allows the ability to check what a reference points to. Example:
use UNIVERSAL qw(isa);
if(isa($ref, 'ARRAY')) {
checks to see if its object has a method called METHOD
, if it does then a reference to the sub is returned; if it does not then undef is returned.
returns the version number of the class (package). If the NEED argument is given then it will check that the current version (as defined by the $VERSION variable in the given package) not less than NEED; it will die if this is not the case. This method is normally called as a class method. This method is called automatically by the VERSION
form of use
use A 1.2 qw(some imported subs);
# implies:
NOTE: can
directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and isa
uses a very similar method and caching strategy. This may cause strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code. You do not need to use UNIVERSAL
in order to make these methods available to your program. This is necessary only if you wish to have isa
available as a plain subroutine in the current package.
See perltie for other kinds of tie()s.
This is the constructor for the class. That means it is expected to return an object of some sort. The reference can be used to hold some internal information.
sub TIEHANDLE {
print "<shout>\n";
my $i;
return bless \$i, shift;
This method will be triggered every time the tied handle is printed to. Beyond its self reference it also expects the list that was passed to the print function.
sub PRINT {
$r = shift;
return print join( $, => map {uc} @_), $\;
This method will be triggered every time the tied handle is printed to with the printf()
function. Beyond its self reference it also expects the format and list that was passed to the printf function.
sub PRINTF {
my $fmt = shift;
print sprintf($fmt, @_)."\n";
This method will be called when the handle is read from via the read
or sysread
sub READ {
$r = shift;
my($buf,$len,$offset) = @_;
print "READ called, \$buf=$buf, \$len=$len, \$offset=$offset";
This method will be called when the handle is read from. The method should return undef when there is no more data.
sub READLINE {
$r = shift;
return "PRINT called $$r times\n"
This method will be called when the getc
function is called.
sub GETC { print "Don't GETC, Get Perl"; return "a"; }
As with the other types of ties, this method will be called when the tied handle is about to be destroyed. This is useful for debugging and possibly for cleaning up.
sub DESTROY {
print "</shout>\n";
If perl is compiled with the malloc included with the perl distribution (that is, if perl -V:d_mymalloc
is 'define') then you can print memory statistics at runtime by running Perl thusly:
env PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS=2 perl your_script_here
The value of 2 means to print statistics after compilation and on exit; with a value of 1, the statistics are printed only on exit. (If you want the statistics at an arbitrary time, you'll need to install the optional module Devel::Peek.)
Three new compilation flags are recognized by malloc.c. (They have no effect if perl is compiled with system malloc().)
If this macro is defined, running out of memory need not be a fatal error: a memory pool can allocated by assigning to the special variable $^M
. See "$^M".
Perl memory allocation is by bucket with sizes close to powers of two. Because of these malloc overhead may be big, especially for data of size exactly a power of two. If PACK_MALLOC
is defined, perl uses a slightly different algorithm for small allocations (up to 64 bytes long), which makes it possible to have overhead down to 1 byte for allocations which are powers of two (and appear quite often).
Expected memory savings (with 8-byte alignment in alignbytes
) is about 20% for typical Perl usage. Expected slowdown due to additional malloc overhead is in fractions of a percent (hard to measure, because of the effect of saved memory on speed).
Similarly to PACK_MALLOC
, this macro improves allocations of data with size close to a power of two; but this works for big allocations (starting with 16K by default). Such allocations are typical for big hashes and special-purpose scripts, especially image processing.
On recent systems, the fact that perl requires 2M from system for 1M allocation will not affect speed of execution, since the tail of such a chunk is not going to be touched (and thus will not require real memory). However, it may result in a premature out-of-memory error. So if you will be manipulating very large blocks with sizes close to powers of two, it would be wise to define this macro.
Expected saving of memory is 0-100% (100% in applications which require most memory in such 2**n chunks); expected slowdown is negligible.
Functions that have an empty prototype and that do nothing but return a fixed value are now inlined (e.g. sub PI () { 3.14159 }
Each unique hash key is only allocated once, no matter how many hashes have an entry with that key. So even if you have 100 copies of the same hash, the hash keys never have to be reallocated.
Support for the following operating systems is new in Perl 5.004.
Perl 5.004 now includes support for building a "native" perl under Windows NT, using the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (versions 2.0 and above) or the Borland C++ compiler (versions 5.02 and above). The resulting perl can be used under Windows 95 (if it is installed in the same directory locations as it got installed in Windows NT). This port includes support for perl extension building tools like MakeMaker and h2xs, so that many extensions available on the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) can now be readily built under Windows NT. See http://www.perl.com/ for more information on CPAN and README.win32 in the perl distribution for more details on how to get started with building this port.
There is also support for building perl under the Cygwin32 environment. Cygwin32 is a set of GNU tools that make it possible to compile and run many Unix programs under Windows NT by providing a mostly Unix-like interface for compilation and execution. See README.cygwin32 in the perl distribution for more details on this port and how to obtain the Cygwin32 toolkit.
See README.plan9 in the perl distribution.
See README.qnx in the perl distribution.
See README.amigaos in the perl distribution.
Six new pragmatic modules exist:
Defers require MODULE
until someone calls one of the specified subroutines (which must be exported by MODULE). This pragma should be used with caution, and only when necessary.
Looks for MakeMaker-like 'blib' directory structure starting in dir (or current directory) and working back up to five levels of parent directories.
Intended for use on command line with -M option as a way of testing arbitrary scripts against an uninstalled version of a package.
Provides a convenient interface for creating compile-time constants, See "Constant Functions" in perlsub.
Tells the compiler to enable (or disable) the use of POSIX locales for builtin operations.
When use locale
is in effect, the current LC_CTYPE locale is used for regular expressions and case mapping; LC_COLLATE for string ordering; and LC_NUMERIC for numeric formatting in printf and sprintf (but not in print). LC_NUMERIC is always used in write, since lexical scoping of formats is problematic at best.
Each use locale
or no locale
affects statements to the end of the enclosing BLOCK or, if not inside a BLOCK, to the end of the current file. Locales can be switched and queried with POSIX::setlocale().
See perllocale for more information.
Disable unsafe opcodes, or any named opcodes, when compiling Perl code.
Enable VMS-specific language features. Currently, there are three VMS-specific features available: 'status', which makes $?
and system
return genuine VMS status values instead of emulating POSIX; 'exit', which makes exit
take a genuine VMS status value instead of assuming that exit 1
is an error; and 'time', which makes all times relative to the local time zone, in the VMS tradition.
Though Perl 5.004 is compatible with almost all modules that work with Perl 5.003, there are a few exceptions:
Module Required Version for Perl 5.004
------ -------------------------------
Filter Filter-1.12
LWP libwww-perl-5.08
Tk Tk400.202 (-w makes noise)
Also, the majordomo mailing list program, version 1.94.1, doesn't work with Perl 5.004 (nor with perl 4), because it executes an invalid regular expression. This bug is fixed in majordomo version 1.94.2.
The installperl script now places the Perl source files for extensions in the architecture-specific library directory, which is where the shared libraries for extensions have always been. This change is intended to allow administrators to keep the Perl 5.004 library directory unchanged from a previous version, without running the risk of binary incompatibility between extensions' Perl source and shared libraries.
Brand new modules, arranged by topic rather than strictly alphabetically:
CGI.pm Web server interface ("Common Gateway Interface")
CGI/Apache.pm Support for Apache's Perl module
CGI/Carp.pm Log server errors with helpful context
CGI/Fast.pm Support for FastCGI (persistent server process)
CGI/Push.pm Support for server push
CGI/Switch.pm Simple interface for multiple server types
CPAN Interface to Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
CPAN::FirstTime Utility for creating CPAN configuration file
CPAN::Nox Runs CPAN while avoiding compiled extensions
IO.pm Top-level interface to IO::* classes
IO/File.pm IO::File extension Perl module
IO/Handle.pm IO::Handle extension Perl module
IO/Pipe.pm IO::Pipe extension Perl module
IO/Seekable.pm IO::Seekable extension Perl module
IO/Select.pm IO::Select extension Perl module
IO/Socket.pm IO::Socket extension Perl module
Opcode.pm Disable named opcodes when compiling Perl code
ExtUtils/Embed.pm Utilities for embedding Perl in C programs
ExtUtils/testlib.pm Fixes up @INC to use just-built extension
FindBin.pm Find path of currently executing program
Class/Struct.pm Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
File/stat.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin stat
Net/hostent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin gethost*
Net/netent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getnet*
Net/protoent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getproto*
Net/servent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getserv*
Time/gmtime.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin gmtime
Time/localtime.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin localtime
Time/tm.pm Internal object for Time::{gm,local}time
User/grent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getgr*
User/pwent.pm By-name interface to Perl's builtin getpw*
Tie/RefHash.pm Base class for tied hashes with references as keys
UNIVERSAL.pm Base class for *ALL* classes
New constants in the existing Fcntl modules are now supported, provided that your operating system happens to support them:
These constants are intended for use with the Perl operators sysopen() and fcntl() and the basic database modules like SDBM_File. For the exact meaning of these and other Fcntl constants please refer to your operating system's documentation for fcntl() and open().
In addition, the Fcntl module now provides these constants for use with the Perl operator flock():
These constants are defined in all environments (because where there is no flock() system call, Perl emulates it). However, for historical reasons, these constants are not exported unless they are explicitly requested with the ":flock" tag (e.g. use Fcntl ':flock'
The IO module provides a simple mechanism to load all the IO modules at one go. Currently this includes:
For more information on any of these modules, please see its respective documentation.
The Math::Complex module has been totally rewritten, and now supports more operations. These are overloaded:
+ - * / ** <=> neg ~ abs sqrt exp log sin cos atan2 "" (stringify)
And these functions are now exported:
pi i Re Im arg
log10 logn ln cbrt root
csc sec cot
asin acos atan
acsc asec acot
sinh cosh tanh
csch sech coth
asinh acosh atanh
acsch asech acoth
cplx cplxe
This new module provides a simpler interface to parts of Math::Complex for those who need trigonometric functions only for real numbers.
There have been quite a few changes made to DB_File. Here are a few of the highlights:
Fixed a handful of bugs.
By public demand, added support for the standard hash function exists().
Made it compatible with Berkeley DB 1.86.
Made negative subscripts work with RECNO interface.
Changed the default flags from O_RDWR to O_CREAT|O_RDWR and the default mode from 0640 to 0666.
Made DB_File automatically import the open() constants (O_RDWR, O_CREAT etc.) from Fcntl, if available.
Updated documentation.
Refer to the HISTORY section in DB_File.pm for a complete list of changes. Everything after DB_File 1.01 has been added since 5.003.
Major rewrite - support added for both udp echo and real icmp pings.
Many of the Perl builtins returning lists now have object-oriented overrides. These are:
For example, you can now say
use File::stat;
use User::pwent;
$his = (stat($filename)->st_uid == pwent($whoever)->pw_uid);
The pod2html utility included with Perl 5.004 is entirely new. By default, it sends the converted HTML to its standard output, instead of writing it to a file like Perl 5.003's pod2html did. Use the --outfile=FILENAME option to write to a file.
XSUBs now default to returning nothingDue to a documentation/implementation bug in previous versions of Perl, XSUBs with a return type of void
have actually been returning one value. Usually that value was the GV for the XSUB, but sometimes it was some already freed or reused value, which would sometimes lead to program failure.
In Perl 5.004, if an XSUB is declared as returning void
, it actually returns no value, i.e. an empty list (though there is a backward-compatibility exception; see below). If your XSUB really does return an SV, you should give it a return type of SV *
For backward compatibility, xsubpp tries to guess whether a void
XSUB is really void
or if it wants to return an SV *
. It does so by examining the text of the XSUB: if xsubpp finds what looks like an assignment to ST(0)
, it assumes that the XSUB's return type is really SV *
and perl_call_sv
The gv_fetchmethod
function finds a method for an object, just like in Perl 5.003. The GV it returns may be a method cache entry. However, in Perl 5.004, method cache entries are not visible to users; therefore, they can no longer be passed directly to perl_call_sv
. Instead, you should use the GvCV
macro on the GV to extract its CV, and pass the CV to perl_call_sv
The most likely symptom of passing the result of gv_fetchmethod
to perl_call_sv
is Perl's producing an "Undefined subroutine called" error on the second call to a given method (since there is no cache on the first call).
A new function handy for eval'ing strings of Perl code inside C code. This function returns the value from the eval statement, which can be used instead of fetching globals from the symbol table. See perlguts, perlembed and perlcall for details and examples.
Internal handling of hash keys has changed. The old hashtable API is still fully supported, and will likely remain so. The additions to the API allow passing keys as SV*
s, so that tied
hashes can be given real scalars as keys rather than plain strings (nontied hashes still can only use strings as keys). New extensions must use the new hash access functions and macros if they wish to use SV*
keys. These additions also make it feasible to manipulate HE*
s (hash entries), which can be more efficient. See perlguts for details.
Many of the base and library pods were updated. These new pods are included in section 1:
This document.
Frequently asked questions.
Locale support (internationalization and localization).
Tutorial on Perl OO programming.
Perl internal IO abstraction interface.
Perl module library and recommended practice for module creation. Extracted from perlmod (which is much smaller as a result).
Although not new, this has been massively updated.
Although not new, this has been massively updated.
Several new conditions will trigger warnings that were silent before. Some only affect certain platforms. The following new warnings and errors outline these. These messages are classified as follows (listed in increasing order of desperation):
(W) A warning (optional).
(D) A deprecation (optional).
(S) A severe warning (mandatory).
(F) A fatal error (trappable).
(P) An internal error you should never see (trappable).
(X) A very fatal error (nontrappable).
(A) An alien error message (not generated by Perl).
(W) A lexical variable has been redeclared in the same scope, effectively eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is almost always a typographical error. Note that the earlier variable will still exist until the end of the scope or until all closure referents to it are destroyed.
(F) The argument to delete() must be either a hash element, such as
or a hash slice, such as
@foo{$bar, $baz, $xyzzy}
@{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"}
(X) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine.
(F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount" bytes.
(W) The pattern match (//), substitution (s///), and transliteration (tr///) operators work on scalar values. If you apply one of them to an array or a hash, it will convert the array or hash to a scalar value (the length of an array or the population info of a hash) and then work on that scalar value. This is probably not what you meant to do. See "grep" in perlfunc and "map" in perlfunc for alternatives.
(P) Perl maintains a reference counted internal table of strings to optimize the storage and access of hash keys and other strings. This indicates someone tried to decrement the reference count of a string that can no longer be found in the table.
(W) You supplied a reference as the first argument to substr() used as an lvalue, which is pretty strange. Perhaps you forgot to dereference it first. See "substr" in perlfunc.
(W) You used a qualified bareword of the form Foo::
, but the compiler saw no other uses of that namespace before that point. Perhaps you need to predeclare a package?
(F) Perl optimizes the internal handling of sort subroutines and keeps pointers into them. You tried to redefine one such sort subroutine when it was currently active, which is not allowed. If you really want to do this, you should write sort { &func } @x
instead of sort func @x
(F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs". Symbolic references are disallowed. See perlref.
(P) Internal error trying to resolve overloading specified by a method name (as opposed to a subroutine reference).
(S) You redefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for inlining. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.
(S) You undefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for inlining. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.
(F) The method which overloads "=" is buggy. See "Copy Constructor" in overload.
(F) You passed die() an empty string (the equivalent of die ""
) or you called it with no args and both $@
and $_
were empty.
(W) You are exiting a rather special block construct (like a sort block or subroutine) by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop control statement. See "sort" in perlfunc.
(F) Perl limits identifiers (names for variables, functions, etc.) to 252 characters for simple names, somewhat more for compound names (like $A::B
). You've exceeded Perl's limits. Future versions of Perl are likely to eliminate these arbitrary limitations.
(F) A carriage return character was found in the input. This is an error, and not a warning, because carriage return characters can break multi-line strings, including here documents (e.g., print <<EOF;
(X) The PERL5OPT environment variable may only be used to set the following switches: -[DIMUdmw].
(S) The literal hex number you have specified is too big for your architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest hex literal is 0xFFFFFFFF.
(S) The literal octal number you have specified is too big for your architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest octal literal is 037777777777.
(P) Something went wrong with the external program(s) used for glob
and <*.c>
. This may mean that your csh (C shell) is broken. If so, you should change all of the csh-related variables in config.sh: If you have tcsh, make the variables refer to it as if it were csh (e.g. full_csh='/usr/bin/tcsh'
); otherwise, make them all empty (except that d_csh
should be 'undef'
) so that Perl will think csh is missing. In either case, after editing config.sh, run ./Configure -S
and rebuild Perl.
(W) Perl does not understand the given format conversion. See "sprintf" in perlfunc.
(F) The given character is not a valid pack type. See "pack" in perlfunc.
(F) The given character is not a valid unpack type. See "unpack" in perlfunc.
(W) Typographical errors often show up as unique variable names. If you had a good reason for having a unique name, then just mention it again somehow to suppress the message (the use vars
pragma is provided for just this purpose).
(F) The first argument to formline must be a valid format picture specification. It was found to be empty, which probably means you supplied it an uninitialized value. See perlform.
(F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation with an offset pointing outside the buffer. This is difficult to imagine. The sole exception to this is that sysread()
ing past the buffer will extend the buffer and zero pad the new area.
(X|F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request.
The request was judged to be small, so the possibility to trap it depends on the way Perl was compiled. By default it is not trappable. However, if compiled for this, Perl may use the contents of $^M
as an emergency pool after die()ing with this message. In this case the error is trappable once.
(F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request. However, the request was judged large enough (compile-time default is 64K), so a possibility to shut down by trapping this error is granted.
(P) The library function frexp() failed, making printf("%f") impossible.
(W) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; as with literal strings, comment characters are not ignored, but are instead treated as literal data. (You may have used different delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.)
You probably wrote something like this:
@list = qw(
a # a comment
b # another comment
when you should have written this:
@list = qw(
If you really want comments, build your list the old-fashioned way, with quotes and commas:
@list = (
'a', # a comment
'b', # another comment
(W) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; therefore commas aren't needed to separate the items. (You may have used different delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.)
You probably wrote something like this:
qw! a, b, c !;
which puts literal commas into some of the list items. Write it without commas if you don't want them to appear in your data:
qw! a b c !;
(W) You've used a hash slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of a hash. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The difference is that $foo{&bar}
always behaves like a scalar, both when assigning to it and when evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar}
behaves like a list when you assign to it, and provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if you're expecting only one subscript.
(P) Overloading resolution over @ISA tree may be broken by importing stubs. Stubs should never be implicitly created, but explicit calls to can
may break this.
(X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the -T option, but Perl was not invoked with -T in its argument list. This is an error because, by the time Perl discovers a -T in a script, it's too late to properly taint everything from the environment. So Perl gives up.
(W) A copy of the object returned from tie
(or tied
) was still valid when untie
was called.
(F) The Perl parser has no idea what to do with the specified character in your Perl script (or eval). Perhaps you tried to run a compressed script, a binary program, or a directory as a Perl program.
(F) Your version of executable does not support forking.
Note that under some systems, like OS/2, there may be different flavors of Perl executables, some of which may support fork, some not. Try changing the name you call Perl by to perl_
, perl__
, and so on.
(D) Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker followed by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly taken to mean "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed in Perl 5.004.
However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug completely, because at least two widely-used modules depend on the old meaning of "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets "$$<digit>" in the old (broken) way inside strings; but it generates this message as a warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment will cease.
(W) In a conditional expression, you used <HANDLE>, <*> (glob), each()
, or readdir()
as a boolean value. Each of these constructs can return a value of "0"; that would make the conditional expression false, which is probably not what you intended. When using these constructs in conditional expressions, test their values with the defined
(W) An inner (nested) anonymous subroutine is inside a named subroutine, and outside that is another subroutine; and the anonymous (innermost) subroutine is referencing a lexical variable defined in the outermost subroutine. For example:
sub outermost { my $a; sub middle { sub { $a } } }
If the anonymous subroutine is called or referenced (directly or indirectly) from the outermost subroutine, it will share the variable as you would expect. But if the anonymous subroutine is called or referenced when the outermost subroutine is not active, it will see the value of the shared variable as it was before and during the *first* call to the outermost subroutine, which is probably not what you want.
In these circumstances, it is usually best to make the middle subroutine anonymous, using the sub {}
syntax. Perl has specific support for shared variables in nested anonymous subroutines; a named subroutine in between interferes with this feature.
(W) An inner (nested) named subroutine is referencing a lexical variable defined in an outer subroutine.
When the inner subroutine is called, it will probably see the value of the outer subroutine's variable as it was before and during the *first* call to the outer subroutine; in this case, after the first call to the outer subroutine is complete, the inner and outer subroutines will no longer share a common value for the variable. In other words, the variable will no longer be shared.
Furthermore, if the outer subroutine is anonymous and references a lexical variable outside itself, then the outer and inner subroutines will never share the given variable.
This problem can usually be solved by making the inner subroutine anonymous, using the sub {}
syntax. When inner anonymous subs that reference variables in outer subroutines are called or referenced, they are automatically rebound to the current values of such variables.
(W) You passed warn() an empty string (the equivalent of warn ""
) or you called it with no args and $_
was empty.
(W) A warning peculiar to VMS. A logical name was encountered when preparing to iterate over %ENV which violates the syntactic rules governing logical names. Since it cannot be translated normally, it is skipped, and will not appear in %ENV. This may be a benign occurrence, as some software packages might directly modify logical name tables and introduce nonstandard names, or it may indicate that a logical name table has been corrupted.
(P) An error peculiar to OS/2. Most probably you're using an obsolete version of Perl, and this should not happen anyway.
(F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERLLIB_PREFIX should be of the form
prefix1 prefix2
with nonempty prefix1 and prefix2. If prefix1
is indeed a prefix of a builtin library search path, prefix2 is substituted. The error may appear if components are not found, or are too long. See "PERLLIB_PREFIX" in README.os2.
(F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERL_SH_DIR is the directory to find the sh
-shell in. See "PERL_SH_DIR" in README.os2.
(W) This is a standard message issued by OS/2 applications, while *nix applications die in silence. It is considered a feature of the OS/2 port. One can easily disable this by appropriate sighandlers, see "Signals" in perlipc. See also "Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT" in README.os2.
If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the headers of recently posted articles in the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup. There may also be information at http://www.perl.com/perl/ , the Perl Home Page.
If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the perlbug program included with your release. Make sure you trim your bug down to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the output of perl -V
, will be sent off to <email@example.com> to be analysed by the Perl porting team.
The Changes file for exhaustive details on what changed.
The INSTALL file for how to build Perl. This file has been significantly updated for 5.004, so even veteran users should look through it.
The README file for general stuff.
The Copying file for copyright information.
Constructed by Tom Christiansen, grabbing material with permission from innumerable contributors, with kibitzing by more than a few Perl porters.
Last update: Wed May 14 11:14:09 EDT 1997


text:
General discussions of professional mermaiding including performing at parties or events.
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


text:
About 15-Year Fixed-Rate Loans
This loan is fully amortized over a 15-year period and features constant monthly payments. It offers all the advantages of the 30-year loan, plus a lower interest rate and you'll own your home twice as fast. The disadvantage is that, with a 15-year loan, you commit to a higher monthly payment. Many borrowers opt for a 30-year fixed-rate loan and voluntarily make larger payments that will pay off their loan in 15 years.
We're here to make the home loan process easier, with tools and knowledge that will help guide you along the way, starting with our 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Qualifier.
We'll help you clearly see differences between loan programs, allowing you to choose the right one for you whether you're a first-time home buyer or a repeat buyer.
The 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Loan Process
Here's how our home loan process works:
- Complete our simple 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Qualifier
- Receive options based on your unique criteria and scenario
- Compare mortgage interest rates and terms
- Choose the offer that best fits your needs


text:
This is a rather simple example of usage for this function, but it does work, and it solved a problem I was using with old browsers accessing gzipped files.
// first we need to stop the server from sending any headers at all.
readgzfile("test.html.gz"); // read the file and output directly to
the browser
// non compressed data from the
ob_end_flush(); // let the headers go//
There is no need for any html formating if the source file is an HTML formated page, such as the ones I'm using are. Checking the browser version, sends either the gzip file directly, or sends the browser to a page like this, which does the work for it. Well done simple function.
My server is running PHP 4.2.2 on Linux Redhat version 9 and
Apache 2.0.40


text:
Owner of Amazon and Space exploring, Blue Origin CEO Jeff Bezos delivered the following speech as the baccalaureate remarks to graduates from Princeton University on May 30 th, 2010.
As a kid, I spent my summers with my grandparents on their ranch in Texas. I helped fix windmills, vaccinate cattle, and do other chores. We also watched soap operas every afternoon, especially "Days of our Lives." My grandparents belonged to a Caravan Club, a group of Airstream trailer owners who travel together around the U.S. and Canada. And every few summers, we'd join the caravan. We'd hitch up the Airstream trailer to my grandfather's car, and off we'd go, in a line with 300 other Airstream adventurers. I loved and worshipped my grandparents and I really looked forward to these trips. On one particular trip, I was about 10 years old. I was rolling around in the big bench seat in the back of the car. My grandfather was driving. And my grandmother had the passenger seat. She smoked throughout these trips, and I hated the smell.
At that age, I'd take any excuse to make estimates and do minor arithmetic. I'd calculate our gas mileage — figure out useless statistics on things like grocery spending. I'd been hearing an ad campaign about smoking. I can't remember the details, but basically, the ad said, every puff of a cigarette takes some number of minutes off of your life: I think it might have been two minutes per puff. At any rate, I decided to do the math for my grandmother. I estimated the number of cigarettes per day, estimated the number of puffs per cigarette, and so on. When I was satisfied that I'd come up with a reasonable number, I poked my head into the front of the car, tapped my grandmother on the shoulder, and proudly proclaimed, "At two minutes per puff, you've taken nine years off your life!"
I have a vivid memory of what happened, and it was not what I expected. I expected to be applauded for my cleverness and arithmetic skills. "Jeff, you're so smart. You had to have made some tricky estimates, figure out the number of minutes in a year, and do some division." That's not what happened. Instead, my grandmother burst into tears. I sat in the backseat and did not know what to do. While my grandmother sat crying, my grandfather, who had been driving in silence, pulled over onto the shoulder of the highway. He got out of the car and came around and opened my door and waited for me to follow. Was I in trouble? My grandfather was a highly intelligent, quiet man. He had never said a harsh word to me, and maybe this was to be the first time? Or maybe he would ask that I get back in the car and apologize to my grandmother. I had no experience in this realm with my grandparents and no way to gauge what the consequences might be. We stopped beside the trailer. My grandfather looked at me, and after a bit of silence, he gently and calmly said, "Jeff, one day you'll understand that it's harder to be kind than clever."
What I want to talk to you about today is the difference between gifts and choices. Cleverness is a gift, kindness is a choice. Gifts are easy — they're given after all. Choices can be hard. You can seduce yourself with your gifts if you're not careful, and if you do, it'll probably be to the detriment of your choices.
This is a group with many gifts. I'm sure one of your gifts is the gift of a smart and capable brain. I'm confident that's the case because admission is competitive and if there weren't some signs that you're clever, the dean of admission wouldn't have let you in.
Your smarts will come in handy because you will travel to a land of marvels. We humans — plodding as we are — will astonish ourselves. We'll invent ways to generate clean energy and a lot of it. Atom by atom, we'll assemble tiny machines that will enter cell walls and make repairs. This month comes to the extraordinary but also inevitable news that we've synthesized life. In the coming years, we'll not only synthesize it, but we'll engineer it to specifications. I believe you'll even see us understand the human brain. Jules Verne, Mark Twain, Galileo, Newton — all the curious from the ages would have wanted to be alive most of all right now. As a civilization, we will have so many gifts, just as you as individuals have so many individual gifts as you sit before me.
How will you use these gifts? And will you take pride in your gifts or pride in your choices?
I got the idea to start Amazon 16 years ago. I came across the fact that Web usage was growing at 2,300 percent per year. I'd never seen or heard of anything that grew that fast, and the idea of building an online bookstore with millions of titles — something that simply couldn't exist in the physical world — was very exciting to me. I had just turned 30 years old, and I'd been married for a year. I told my wife MacKenzie that I wanted to quit my job and go do this crazy thing that probably wouldn't work since most startups don't, and I wasn't sure what would happen after that. MacKenzie (also a Princeton grad and sitting here in the second row) told me I should go for it. As a young boy, I'd been a garage inventor. I'd invented an automatic gate closer out of cement-filled tires, a solar cooker that didn't work very well out of an umbrella, and tinfoil, baking-pan alarms to entrap my siblings. I'd always wanted to be an inventor, and she wanted me to follow my passion.
I was working at a financial firm in New York City with a bunch of very smart people, and I had a brilliant boss that I much admired. I went to my boss and told him I wanted to start a company selling books on the Internet. He took me on a long walk in Central Park, listened carefully to me, and finally said, "That sounds like a really good idea, but it would be an even better idea for someone who didn't already have a good job." That logic made some sense to me, and he convinced me to think about it for 48 hours before making a final decision. Seen in that light, it really was a difficult choice, but ultimately, I decided I had to give it a shot. I didn't think I'd regret trying and failing. And I suspected I would always be haunted by a decision to not try at all. After much consideration, I took the less safe path to follow my passion, and I'm proud of that choice.
Tomorrow, in a very real sense, your life — the life you author from scratch on your own — begins.
How will you use your gifts? What choices will you make?
Will inertia be your guide, or will you follow your passions?
Will you follow dogma, or will you be original?
Will you choose a life of ease, or a life of service and adventure?
Will you wilt under criticism, or will you follow your convictions?
Will you bluff it out when you're wrong, or will you apologize?
Will you guard your heart against rejection, or will you act when you fall in love?
Will you play it safe, or will you be a little bit swashbuckling?
When it's tough, will you give up, or will you be relentless?
Will you be a cynic, or will you be a builder?
Will you be clever at the expense of others, or will you be kind?
I will hazard a prediction. When you are 80 years old, and in a quiet moment of reflection narrating for only yourself the most personal version of your life story, the telling that will be most compact and meaningful will be the series of choices you have made. In the end, we are our choices. Build yourself a great story. Thank you and good luck!