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Balkinization   |
Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Why Political Ignorance Matters
Friday, October 04, 2013
Why Political Ignorance Matters Ilya Somin
As has been pointed out at VC many times, Prof. Somin's argument proves too much while ignoring important features of life.
If voters are ignorant, consumers are much more so. By his logic, markets can't work. Nor can his pet idea of "foot voting", by which he means voters moving from one state to another. Voters are rationally ignorant of their own local conditions; they know even less of the conditions in other localities. It's very true that modern society offers so many choices that it's nearly impossible to make "informed choices" in the sense of fully understanding the merits. What consumers do in response, and what voters do as well, is adopt shortcuts. Mostly these involve trusting a particular source: a family member, a friend, sometimes a government agency. The modern conservative project, and Prof. Somin's project specifically, involves undermining trust. Specifically, it involves undermining trust in government (but in society too -- it's very individualist). This means, at the limit, that people will become unable to trust the food they eat or the water they drink. The net result is not a better society, but a much worse one. It ignores one of Adam Smith's more important insights, namely the division of labor -- if you can't trust someone else, you can't afford to let them do it. Libertopia doesn't exist and never has existed, because it's inherently dysfunctional.
Sooner or later Professor Somin will opine that voters' doubts about free markers confirm their ignorance. We must surrender policy to neoclassical economists.
Hey, I think the importance of an educated populace is important, but how can you make a policy of educating people without going down the road of the prominent political influence teaching beliefs that benefit them rather than the whole system?
The modern conservative project, and Prof. Somin's project specifically, involves undermining trust. Specifically, it involves undermining trust in government
Actually, that's about the weakest critique of Prof. Somin's argument imaginable. I don't think we are ever really supposed to "trust" the government. Trusting the government gets you the Iraq War, and the NSA, and the Tuskegee syphillis experiment. At the local level, it gets you the Rodney King beating and sodomizing criminal suspects with toilet plungers. I don't think "trusting" the government actually underlies liberal social welfare policies. Rather, the issue is that in many cases, government is the lesser of evils. It's not that we love taxation, or interfering with people's business dealings, or micromanaging certain parts of the economy. We do it because the alternatives are worse. I don't think Prof. Somin makes a good case against big government for that reason. But we should always approach government policies with our eyes open. The law of unintended consequences is real. So is Lord Acton's dictum about power. (A related notion to what Lord Acton said is that power also attracts bad people. One of the reasons a lot of local policing is so brutal is simply because of the some of the SORTS of people who are attracted to police work.) Somin is right, and you are wrong, that every time we hand over an ounce of power to these people we need to be skeptical, distrusting, and carefully watching them. Trusting the government is the road to tyranny. We should grant them power reluctantly, as the lesser of evils, and watch them like hawks.
It's a matter of degree, in my view. Yes, we need to be watchful over government. But there's an point at which skepticism of government (or anything, for that matter) becomes unhealthy. Prof. Somin is far past that point.
Then, too, there's always the issue of whether skepticism on a certain point is justified. I certainly can be (police shootings being a good example). But the libertarian project is much broader than that. It denies that government can do much of anything. That creates mistrust even in those areas where mistrust isn't justified.
Somin is right, and you are wrong, that every time we hand over an ounce of power to these people we need to be skeptical, distrusting, and carefully watching them.
Not seeing where Mark Field said that we should not be wary about the government. Family members rarely have complete trust in each other. So, as he says, it's a matter of degree. There has to be some level of trust though. For example, I don't think the library is going to give out my personal information to direct mail providers generally speaking. Some people, with some cause, don't trust at all. This is problematic. For instance, if someone rapes a family member, and you cannot go to the local police station (given the stance on rape in some countries, there would be a reason not to) because you cannot trust them at all, it's a serious problem. Also, at some point "every ounce" is silly though again literally it is true. How do we "like a hawk" watch a local library clerk ("these people" ... sounds like something I wipe off my shoe) exactly? There is just so much we can do here. How much time are we going to spend on every little thing? "Every ounce" after all.
The problem of political ignorance is exacerbated by enormous size and scope of modern government. In the United States, government spending accounts for close to 40% of GDP, according OECD estimates. And that does not include numerous other government policies that function through regulation of the private sector. Almost every aspect of our lives is regulated by government, at least to some degree. Even if voters followed political issues more closely than they do, and were more rational in their evaluation of political information, they still could not effectively monitor more than a small fraction of the activities of the modern state.
Conversely, if we return government to core functions and ensure those functions are public and transparent, then the average apolitical voter can far more easily keep track of their government and cast a modestly intelligent vote.
Thank goodness that private power and private surveillance cannot exist by virtue of free choice in the market. Even in a case of de facto monopoly the imagined market entrant is sufficient to discipline the solitary enterprise at hand. Wow!
My question is: does Mr. Somin deal with the work of Samuel Popkin who, in works like The Reasoning Voter, contend that voters use, and campaigns tap into, heuristic devices which largely overcome the problems of voter ignorance of certain factual knowledge such that voters more rarely than is thought vote against their interests due to political ignorance.
"Looking inside" over at Amazon, a search for "Samuel Popkin" takes me to endnotes regarding that matter, so it looks that at least in some fashion, he addressed the matter.
Subtitle suggestion (variation on Matthew 5:5):
"Blessed are the Ignorant; for they shall inherit the Earth - and Libertarians will take it away from them for they know better." or, "It's an Ilya wind that blows no good."
Mark, Joe, what's needed is a basis for deciding how much to trust. My own rough rule is to stop trusting the moment I'm asked for trust. People who should be trusted don't generally demand that you trust them.
"People who should be trusted don't generally demand that you trust them." Is a variation on: "To be perfectly honest with you, ...." But what about "In God we trust"?
The government doesn't "demand" trust. Trust is something that cannot be forced. People do "ask" for trust, including friends and family. Some in fact sort of expect it, since w/o it a relationship is pretty unpleasant.
Mark and I to recall only are saying that some degree of trust is necessary for any government or other arraignment of any scope to be useful. The alternative is if a family member is attacked, you cannot have some minimum amount of trust in the police. Some belief that they are "reliable, good, honest, effective." This has to be earned, but, e.g., I 'trust' when I mail something it will be delivered, and do so from it happening over and over and over again.
No you do not trust "the government", you engage with others in debates about the positions elected government should take.
The absurdity of this argument is the focus of individual freedom. Democracy is an ideology; no one should be "free" to sit on his ass and ignore the responsibilities of citizenship. I won't even talk to anyone who can't discuss the history of US foreign policy. The history of US constitutional law should be taught from 3rd grade. Somin's a Russian; what do Russians know about democracy? A Russian with an idea is like a man laid out under a rock. Democracy requires an indoctrination in a virtue ethic. Without that it fails. Don't worry Brett I'm not calling for you to be thrown into a reeducation camp; idiots like you should just be allowed to wither away. Children should be taught that greed is boring. Indifference is the best response to idiots. You'll never be rich enough to have any part of your income taxed at 100%.
just to finish this:
Trust AND adversarialism. The job of the press is to dig; lawyers are advocates for their clients, whoever they are. Congressmen should have a healthy contempt for anyone who wants to be president. Divided government requires that not everyone be so narcissistic as to want to sit in the chair. There are fights in Scandinavia now over plans for schools for "gifted" children. It's the new American way. F-it. Has no one noticed that individualists are all alike?
I still don't buy that I'm supposed to trust the government at all. Why? Why shouldn't I instead assume that government is going to have a lot of power and is going to do all sorts of bad things, and therefore only give the government power in those situations where it will do more good than harm?
I think Mark's fear is that if we don't trust the government, some hypothetical libertarian argument might succeed and we end up with a minimal state. I don't see that happening. On the other hand, we have plenty of evidence of all the bad stuff that happens when we do trust the government. The libertarians are right that we should basically hate the government. The problem is it is still the only tool we have. But I'm never trusting it, not for one second, and I think that the libertarians are doing society a big favor by sowing distrust in it.
"The government doesn't "demand" trust."
Really? Seems to me that's the heart of the way the NSA thing is shaping up: "Trust us, we're not doing anything wrong, and, NO, we're not going to let you know what we're doing!"
Voters are only rationally ignorant because it takes too long to inform yourself. There is no reason for the amount of pain and suffering necessary to become informed. It's actually more expensive and time consuming to limit their information access than to try to be open and share information as a matter of course.
The fact that many governments adopt more expensive methods of information sharing and attempt to limit information sharing when possible even in violation of the law seems to be good evidence that there is a rational reason to distrust them. Before anyone asks, yes, I'm doing something about it.
Dilan you still speak as if the government is the master not the servant. You begin with the language of passivity. LIke people with "Question Authority" emblazoned on their chests, so full of pride. I want to yell I AM authority! Why aren't you?
IT'S THE GODDAMN JOB! "The citizens must not lead the life of mechanics or tradesmen, for such a life is ignoble, and inimical to virtue. Neither must they be farmers, since leisure is necessary both for the development of virtue and the performance of political duties." To hell with Aristotle, just make the effort. Political ignorance matters, but libertarians don't like public education. http://www.cato-unbound.org/2009/04/13/peter-thiel/education-libertarian "I remain committed to the faith of my teenage years: to authentic human freedom as a precondition for the highest good. I stand against confiscatory taxes, totalitarian collectives, and the ideology of the inevitability of the death of every individual. For all these reasons, I still call myself "libertarian." But I must confess that over the last two decades, I have changed radically on the question of how to achieve these goals. Most importantly, I no longer believe that freedom and democracy are compatible."
"I think Mark's fear is that if we don't trust the government, some hypothetical libertarian argument might succeed and we end up with a minimal state. I don't see that happening."
No, I don't fear that. I fear tyranny. As many have pointed out, the quickest route to tyranny is anarchy. Governments will govern, either through trust or through force. It's perfectly ok to distrust government when that's deserved. What's not ok is what Prof. Somin wants us to do, namely to believe that government is *always* wrong, always to be distrusted. That simply breaks down the social capital necessary for government to function. Government is not antithetical to liberty, it's essential for it, even if that must be balanced. Prof. Somin is trying to destroy that balance. His project doesn't lead to libertopia, it leads to force becoming front and center rather than held in deep reserve.
"It's perfectly ok to distrust government when that's deserved."
I must be the only reader of this blog with personal connection to people who were or are part of the government. And yet I know that democracy is the most litigious form of government there is. It's the institutionalization of politics as public sport. The only trust demanded is a trust that the opposition value democracy as much as you, which is to say, assume nothing.. And your opponents would agree. The sincerity here is deadly if only because its antipolitical.
MF: "If voters are ignorant, consumers are much more so."
Doesn't follow. Ignorant voters go to the polls, perform their depredations, and then merrily go on their ignorant way, seldom ever learning how their carelessness has cost them or their society. There's no immediate personal feedback, and thus no learning taking place. Ignorant consumers buy things like Hostess Ho-Ho's once, gain perfect factual knowledge about what they've just tasted, and never need do that again. Training takes place with each decision made, because there is personal feedback.
Query: Might Ilya's tome be an attempt at a sophisticated updated version of "Atlas Shrugged" without the latter's libertine aspects?
"Political ignorance matters, but libertarians don't like public education."
You write that as though it were a contradiction, rather than a corollary. Libertarians don't like public education BECAUSE political ignorance matters, and public education promotes political ignorance. Not openly or honestly, but by delivering a 'Schoolhouse Rock' airbrushed understanding of how government functions. I did not come out of the public schools knowing about the "enrolled bill" doctrine and it's abuses. I didn't come out knowing that "Allinfavorsayayeallopposedsaynaytheayeshaveit" is one word, spoken without time for anyone to say "aye" or "nay". I did not come out of the public schools knowing about business conducted via "voice votes" without any quorum. I didn't know that members of Congress become wealthy through insider trading and relatives getting no-work jobs with regulated firms. I came out thinking I knew how the government functioned, but almost everything I 'knew' was, in some important respect, wrong. And that was no accident.
Here's Brett's anarcho-libertarian conspiracy theory:
"I came out thinking I knew how the government functioned, but almost everything I 'knew' was, in some important respect, wrong. And that was no accident." When did Brett see the light? If he did, it has blinded him from reality.
None of my teachers and certainly not my parents, ever served the state. By your logic every defense attorney would me working secretly for the prosecution.
But as I said before I wasn't raised to respect authority. I was raised to understand and face responsibility. Your schoolhouse rock education as you call it, is part of the problem. Education for peasants not for citizens
I suspect that Prof. Somin would agree with bobby's point, but it's wrong. Voters have interests just as much as consumers do, and they learn about the decisions they make. Just for example, over the last 50 years voters learned that Republicans were anxious to become the party of the South, while Democrats rejected that. As a result, the parties switched sides from their long-standing roles.
The truth is, people value political issues much more than they value Ho-Hos. Abortion, gun rights, the invasion of Iraq; these are all much more important to most voters than whether they buy Ho-Hos or Twinkies. Libertarians can't have it both ways. Either consumers are ignorant or they are not. It's more accurate to say that consumers, whether of politics or of Twinkies, are informed about the things they care most about. As for responsibility, in my experience citizens take democracy pretty seriously. I see that with juries all the time. They want to do the right thing. Voters too. That's why so many of them show such determination by acts such as standing in line for 10 hours while Republicans try to block them from voting.
"Libertarians can't have it both ways. Either consumers are ignorant or they are not."
The argument is that consumers are ignorant where their individual decisions are only tenuously connected to outcomes, and not ignorant where their individual decisions matter. A rational citizen does more research in picking a phone than all their political choices, because they GET the phone they pick, while their vote only has a tiny, imperceptible influence on who they get governed by.
Aside from the fact that your argument is completely inconsistent with the GOP line on voter fraud, voters believe their choices *matter*. Politics generates far more emotional intensity than consumer decisions: slavery, abortion, segregation, gun rights, tax policy. Nobody gets that passionate about Twinkies.
If voters took their jobs as seriously as jury members we'd all be better off. But juries have direct authority and individual voters see their choices diluted by a factor of millions. The problem is one of expanding that intimate concern outward. That's not a function of voting per se but of engagement. And the focus here is on the engagemt of a few on the presumed mediocrity of the majority. Technocrats measure averages and such skill become a function of a kind of perverse idealism: the true genius and hero is the master of the banality of others. Libertarians and reactionaries in their different ways assume everyone else is as vile as they are and preach against even the possibility of something better. But as someone said above anarchy without limits leads to despotism. Somin imagines Siberia without Moscow, the Wild West (north) without the East. But Rulers rise. The only defense against the rule of the few is not the specious dictatorship of the many but a people educated and on guard. Somin is an idiot convinced that he is not. Russian life is as full of them as Russian fiction
"Obama has repeatedly vowed not to negotiate on whether the country is able to keep paying its bills. Boehner's speakership is at risk if he defies conservatives and allows the borrowing limit to be raised cleanly. The deadline is Oct. 17 and Boehner said the U.S. is currently on a path to default." Contra Sandy Levinson's absurd fixations, you can't isolate causes. Boehner is following the logic of short-term self-interest, against the interests of the republic. The tea party are 20% of the population, so yes, I'll blame the Constitution. But Boehner's acts represent the opposite of political virtue, and yet no one shames him for that. You can't lay the blame on one piece of paper I'll blame the culture that gave us Somin, the fascists Posner and Vermeule, John Yoo, that gave us Levinson and his need to see failures only in abstract and structural terms as opposed to both structures and specific acts. In the end no one is responsible for anything. Interesting decision in Israel. Israel has a right to exist, but there's no such thing as an "Israeli" http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.550241 "Supreme Court rejects citizens' request to change ethnicity from 'Jewish' to 'Israeli' Court rules against change in identity card registration, citing that there is no proof of the existence of a uniquely 'Israeli' people." There's no such thing as an 'American; there are only blacks and whites. Israel was founded on Jim Crow. The stupidity of the human race never fails to amaze me. Rationalists rationalize. Words on paper become graven images. Irony not lost on a Jew.
No, I don't fear that. I fear tyranny. As many have pointed out, the quickest route to tyranny is anarchy. Governments will govern, either through trust or through force.
That's sloppy reasoning, though. Distrusting the government doesn't lead to anarchy in 99.9 percent of cases. Rather, it leads to better government. Meanwhile, trusting the government has repeately led to tyranny. It's perfectly ok to distrust government when that's deserved. What's not ok is what Prof. Somin wants us to do, namely to believe that government is *always* wrong, always to be distrusted. Always wrong? No. Always to be distrusted? Yes. I said the reasons upthread. Do you think Lord Acton was wrong? Do you think that distrusting the Los Angeles Police Department is wrong? How about distrusting the National Security Agency? How about distrusting Dick Cheney? The point is that Professor Somin is right that government is evil. Where he's wrong is that it often is a necessary evil. But necessary evils are still evil. That simply breaks down the social capital necessary for government to function. You say things without evidence. Where's there an example of distrusting the government breaking down social capital that was strongly in place beforehand? I think this sort of thing is a cover. You don't like people criticizing the government because you like government. Which is fine. But then you make up a theory where people who criticize the government are undermining society. This is, by the way, the same mistake that everyone who ever tried to suppress anti-government free speech makes (and I am not saying you want to bring back seditious libel laws-- I am only saying that time has proven the people who think this way to be full of it). Prof. Somin is trying to destroy that balance. There is no balance. On the one side is power and guns. On the other side is libertarian academics. One side is really dangerous and can ruin people's lives. The fact that you don't know which side that is does not speak well for your argumentation here.
Dilan, the insight that anarchy leads to tyranny is a very old one. It dates back to Aristotle, at least. He came to that conclusion from a great many examples among the Greek city states. The secession of the South in the Civil War is also a good example: 70 years of demonizing the federal government paid off.
Yes, I think Lord Acton was wrong. Wrong, at least, to make his claim so categorically. The CDC is not evil and it's not corrupt. Neither is NASA. They aren't perfect, but there's no reason to believe they're deliberately trying to screw people over, either. I'll let Hamilton have the final word here, just to tie this back to my basic point (Federalist 1): "An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people ... will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good. It will be forgotten, on the one hand, that jealousy is the usual concomitant of love, and that the noble enthusiasm of liberty is apt to be infected with a spirit of narrow and illiberal distrust. On the other hand, it will be equally forgotten that the vigor of government is essential to the security of liberty; that, in the contemplation of a sound and well-informed judgment, their interest can never be separated; and that a dangerous ambition more often lurks behind the specious mask of zeal for the rights of the people than under the forbidden appearance of zeal for the firmness and efficiency of government. History will teach us that the former has been found a much more certain road to the introduction of despotism than the latter, and that of those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants." It's a balance; always has been. Prof. Somin goes so far in one direction that he'd destroy the balance.
Ignorance IS affecting the economy every bit as much as it affects politics. Uninformed investors drove the 90's stock bubble. Low information borrowers drove (in part) the 2008 financial crisis.
Perhaps workrage can inform us as to who and what led to that ignorance? Did the uninformed investors and low information borrowers do it on their own or were they led by "free market" interests taking advantage of decreased regulation, profiting therefrom?
I should add, Dilan, that I know from your comments here and at VC that freedom is genuine commitment on your part. It's not in the case of Prof. Somin (or in the case of most libertarians). For 50 years they've been the loyal allies of the neo-Confederate Right. The object of the neo-Confederates is now what it always has been, namely destroying the federal government. And the main reason why they want to do this is to oppress people of color.
Prof. Somin, aside from being the ally of these lovely folks, contributes to their goals by (a) undermining the idea of democracy, which serves as an important check on the power you fear; and (b) inventing plausible, though false, reasons to attribute the flaws exclusively to the Federal government.
Shag, bankers and regulators were more responsible for the bubbles than anyone else. Look back a the "experts" in the 90's. And read Dean Baker on the real estate bubble. The evidence was there for years, but he and others were ignored.
Mark Field, Acton backed the Confederacy. "There is no balance. On the one side is power and guns. On the other side is libertarian academics." That's the oddest thing I've read all week, and I've been following Salafists on twitter.
I also know from Dilan's comments that he supports a left leaning policy on various matters that requires governmental institutions that we can "trust" in some degree in the fashion Mark Field writes.
Distrusting them for every scrap of power and discretion is not the mentality that comes to mind, e.g., for some single payer system that ultimately is public in various respects. I also don't know, to allude to his profession, how clients manage here -- they need to trust to some degree lawyers, since they simply cannot expect to know everything they are doing, even if they actually understood the intricaies of the legal practice going on. Consider, therefore the public defender. How can a person in prison somewhere not have to in some fashion trust the person? Is this wrong? MF's Hamilton quote is telling -- the level of "zeal" on the other side here seems ultimately unrealistic. That, to be honest, is a leading thing that turns me off -- I thought we were supposed to be the "reality based community."
Mark, anarchy can lead to all sorts of bad things. However, distrusting the government isn't what leads to anarchy. If anything, distrusting the government keeps society stable.
You are making absolutely wild leaps from libertarians who rightly have skepticism of the government to a complete breakdown of society. That has NEVER happened. Not in Aristotle's time. Not now. Indeed, if it actually could happen, we seriously shouldn't have a First Amendment. Our entire Constitutional system is premised on the idea that it doesn't work that way. As for NASA and the Centers for Disease Control, sure I distrust them. Ever read how the Challenger and Columbia accidents happened? Sure sounds to me like a lot of governmental misfeasance caused by insufficient oversight. And while the CDC hasn't specifically been implicated in wrongdoing, its predecessors engaged in all sorts of unethical experimentation on humans. As for Ilya's political project, sure, it isn't mine. But it IS my political project to try and stop every police beating I can, every unnecessary war I can, every wiretap of an innocent citizen I can. And trusting the government makes it harder for me to do it. As I said, government is a necessary evil. You keep it on as short a leash as possible. You make sure its workers can't get drunk on their power. You try like mad to keep the power-hungry from taking jobs in it. That attitude is crucial for a just society. You want real totalitarianism? Trust the powerful.
Perhaps a reality show based on Ilya's tome could be created along the theme of "Do You Trust Your Wife?" substituting Government for Wife. Each week there would be two contestants, one who trusts and the other who distrusts. Events during a typical day for each would be checked for determining whether, e.g., the trust contestant was spot on or misplaced with his/her trust, and vice versa for the distrust contestant. At the end of the typical day the results would be evaluated by an expert panel consisting of a libertarian, a non-libertarian and a libertine, to determine whether trust or distrust better reflected reality.
Now whom can we suggest for the first two contestants? As for prizes for each episode, the winner would get a fully funded week in Libertopia, and the runner up two (2) such weeks in Libertopia. The prizes for series winners/losers remain to be worked out, but perhaps should include a signed copy of "Atlas Shrugged." For theme music, a commission would issue for developing: "An Ilya Wind Blows Bad or Good?"
I think, Dilan, that you and I are using different definitions of the word "trust". I trust people even when they aren't perfect. As long as they're sincerely trying, and they don't have an established track record of sheer incompetence, I trust them. Your NASA example, therefore, isn't a reason for me to distrust them.
Also, the fact that I trust someone does not mean I never supervise them. I may supervise more lightly than you would, but we'd both do it.
That's categorically different than Prof. Somin, whose project is not to supervise more, it's to shut the whole thing down.
Mark, what you are missing is that it is the very act of giving someone power that makes them untrustworthy. Acton was right, and as I said, he didn't go far enough, because positions of power self-select for people with power trips (which any poor black living in an urban area and dealing with a terroristic police force can tell you).
I am using the word "distrust" to describe what Ilya is talking about-- that we should assume that because power causes people to do bad things, expansions of governmental power require that we be very skeptical and keep the people whom we give this enormous power on a short leash. I think that's right. You think that leads to anarchy and the destruction of order. As I said, for someone who worships the evil slaveholders who wrote our Constitution, you certainly don't seem to have much respect for the theories behind the First Amendment, because it is premised precisely on the idea that the sort of criticism of the government Ilya engages in, at the very least, cannot seriously harm us. Where Ilya actually goes wrong is that he doesn't apply the same analysis to the private sector. Giving people in the private sector too much power leads to the same sorts of problems as giving the government too much power. But libertarians who say "don't trust the government, don't think the government is on your side, and don't have respect for the government or the sorts of people who are attracted to work in it" are a lot more right than ostensible liberals who say "the government is here to help you and is generally benevolent". The latter attitude is much more likely to lead to any sort of tyranny than the former.
This is what you wrote:
the insight that anarchy leads to tyranny is a very old one. It dates back to Aristotle, at least. He came to that conclusion from a great many examples among the Greek city states. The secession of the South in the Civil War is also a good example: 70 years of demonizing the federal government paid off. In other words, you think that demonizing the federal government leads to civil war. I'm saying that demonizing the federal government is proper and justified because power corrupts and because bad people tend to be attracted to positions of power. And that there's no proof that demonizing the federal government ever leads to civil war. (And that at any rate, the theory of our First Amendment is that it doesn't.) You haven't really answered either of my argument. You've gone off on what the overrated racist framers said, and you have said that government is not inherently untrustworthy because it does some good things, which is neither here nor there. What I'm waiting for is some sort of proof that by demonizing the federal government, Ilya is actually going to bring about the tyranny that you claim is going to happen. I've seen none.
Prof. Somin has the same 1A right that the slaveholders had to take their side.
And I have a 1A right to point out what he's doing.
You certainly have a First Amendment right to criticize Ilya. But your theory-- that criticizing the government leads to tyranny-- is laughably wrong and inconsistent with the theory of our Constitution.
And, I should note that there's a great irony in you attacking Ilya for defending slaveholders, when you are always quoting the slaveholding founding fathers in these threads.
Putting aside the fact that you've mis-stated my "theory", I think your position has reached the point of self-contradiction here.
If I were to apply literally your animus regarding slaveholders, I couldn't quote John Marshall or Thomas Jefferson even if I did so to bolster an anti-slavery point. I couldn't quote Federalist 10 to contradict Prof. Somin's Calhounite decentralization theories, because Madison later became a slaveowner (he wasn't in 1787-8). But it's ok to quote Lord Acton, who never owned slaves, despite the fact that he supported the Confederacy which implemented Calhoun's theories and existed for the sole purpose of slavery. As a purely factual matter, I rarely quote Founders who owned slaves, and when I do it's almost always to make a point that would be inconsistent with any pro-slavery interpretation of the Constitution.
Also, the 1A was adopted by slaveholders just as much as the Constitution was, and its primary defenders up to 1800 were the slaveholders Madison (he owned them by then) and Jefferson.
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Books by Balkinization Bloggers Linda C. McClain and Aziza Ahmed, The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19 (Routledge, 2024) David Pozen, The Constitution of the War on Drugs (Oxford University Press, 2024) Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin's Press, 2022) Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |


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I am now fully back on line and ready to go. Due to the chaos of the last few months I have probably missed replying to a whole host of e-mailed suggestions, comments, etc. If you haven't had a reply, please don't take it as rudeness or arrogance on my part - I do try to respond to everybody, but it just hasn't been possible lately. If your message was important, send it in again and I'll try to get back to you soon.27 th :While we're on the subject of e-mails, about half the mails I get are on the lines of "do you have information about...". I usually have to say a regretful no to these kinds of enquiries. Please remember that this site is not an officially sanctioned one and has no links to Paramount whatsoever. My only access to backstage information is via the same public sources that everybody else can use, so please bear this in mind when asking questions.
Once again, thanks for your patience during this last few weeks.
Size Comparison
Three more ships go onto this today. The Eymorg ship from TOS, 'Spocks Brain', the Promellian battlecruiser from TNG 'The Booby Trap' and the Jovis from TNG 'The Most Toys'. Alas, all the sizes for these ships are speculative, based only on how they looked on screen, so take em or leave em. Ongoing thanks to Ex Astris Scientia for letting me use their images.Ships
The Varro multi-generation ship from Voyagers 'The Disease' goes up today.And Finally...
If all goes well, I'll finally get a phone line in on Tuesday so more or less normal service will be resumed after then.20 th :
The Lack of Updates
Several have written to ask why there have been so few updates lately. Well, this summer has seen a catalogue of disaster for my computer. Holidays and lost leads are but the smallest part of my woes - Windows has gone totally belly-up at least three times and I've moved house and ended up in a place with no useable phone line and no easy way to get one. Right now my internet access relies on my sending floppies to others so that they can send e-mail replies and updates off for me. All this, plus I have now started back at work after the summer holidays so I'm pretty busy on that front.Episode GuidesI wish I could say that this would all soon be fixed, but right now I just haven't a clue how long it will be before I can get sorted out. Your patience during this period is appreciated.
These have now been brought up to date with the UK video releases with the addition of DS9 season 7 and Voyager season 5, episodes 17 and 18. Steer clear of these reviews if you wish to avoid spoilers - they aren't anything like as detailed as some out there, but they do reveal significant plot developments.Warp Scales
Another example of an "odd" warp speed has been added to the comments section of the warp highways idea. In addition, a brief note mentioning the "Subspace Sandbar" which featured in the Voyager episode "Bride of Chaotica" has been added.
Star Trek et al is Copyright Paramount Pictures
No Copyright infringement is intended and this
page is for personal use only.
All of the above classes of star ships and all
of the
named ships are copyright Paramount 1996/97.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sometimes, family dinners can start to feel like a chore.
With poor planning, picky eaters, and hectic schedules, it's easy to feel like you're serving the same meals over and over again.
But with a little creativity, family meals can be an opportunity for both parents and children to build stronger relationships while trying something new. Because meals are about more than just feeding your children. They're also about the time you spend together – whether you're finding new ways to have fun or just talking about your day.
To bring some excitement back into your dinners, check out some of these ways to bring the family together:
- Plan a movie night: Turn on your favorite film and try making a dinner inspired by the story itself. You might cook chili and cornbread for a Western or get creative by mimicking a meal you see on the screen. Read more in our list of creative ideas for family movie night.
- Build your own meal: Give your family the option to create their own dishes – think "Taco Tuesday" or build-your-own-pizza night. Kids will love making their own culinary creations and learning something new. Meanwhile, you'll benefit from some extra sets of hands.
- Fake take-out: A stop at the drive-thru makes picking up dinner easy. But what if you gave fast food a home-cooked twist? Take your family's usual order and try to recreate it at home. What started as a No. 5 can become a burger with your own family flair.
- Teach a cooking class: Teach your kids a valuable life skill. Letting children help cook a meal can get them more excited about eating it, while being involved in the process. The more you do this, the better they'll be at cooking for themselves when they get older.
- Try new cuisine: With an endless amount of recipes online, there are plenty of new meals to choose from if you want to try a different style of food. Opt for stir-fry instead of spaghetti; make breakfast for dinner; or try cooking that meal you love ordering at a restaurant, but have never been brave enough to make at home.
- Host a cooking competition: Give every family member the same ingredients and split them into teams. You'll get a chance to try something new and bring competitive energy into the kitchen. Just make sure everyone is involved in the cleanup process, too!
A new approach can be all it takes to liven up your family dinner. The themes and meals don't have to be extravagant for everyone to enjoy spending time together.
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No matter what you're trying to accomplish, setting goals is one way to help you get there. Often, when people have no goals, they lack motivation, focus and direction. Setting goals also provides a benchmark to determine whether or not you are succeeding. But how do you set goals if you've never done so before? Or what if you have set goals in the past, but you didn't achieve them? Do you just give up and tell yourself that goal setting doesn't work? That's one option, but let's put things into perspective.
1. Set goals that motivate you. The goals you set for yourself should be important to you, making you feel there is value in achieving them. Make sure you're able to identify why each goal matters to you, otherwise it will be hard to take action.
2. Break the larger goals down into smaller, more specific goals. For instance, if your goal is to lose 60 pounds over the next year, break that down into smaller more achievable goals. For example, set a goal of losing five pounds per month for the next 12 months. This makes the larger goal more feasible and accessible.
3. Write down your goals. The physical act of writing down a goal makes it tangible and real and adds a sense of accountability to the goals. Pay attention t the wording you use. In place of "I would like to" use "I will" to give your goals more power.
4. Make an action plan to achieve your goals. In other words, don't just focus on the end result. Spend time working on the steps it will take to get you to your ultimate goal.
5. Adjust your goals periodically. Goals may change as you age or as you start to change. Your goals should be adjusted accordingly, allowing for flexibility and growth.
6. Tell someone close to you what your goal is. Like writing your goals down, saying them outloud to someone makes them feel more real and helps to hold you accountable for achieving them.
7. Don't give up. Many times, when we are faced with failure, we tend to give up on our goals. Some of the most successful people in history failed numerous times before they got it right. And they all had to stop, adjust and reevaluate their goals as they went along, but they ultimately succeeded because they stayed the course.


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With the weather warming up and fresh ripe mangoes on hand I thought that it was a good time to try making a mango lassi. A lassi is a South Asian drink that is made from yogurt, water and spices. Lassis can also contain fruits and or berries such as mangoes, strawberries, etc. Some or all of the water can be replaced by milk to make it a bit creamier. The ratio of yogurt to water/milk controls how thick the lassi is. If you like a thinner drink use more water/milk and if you prefer a thicker drink use less water/milk. If you want a really thick drink try using Greek yogurt. Lassis are as easy to make as blending everything in a food processor. I though that I would continue with my cardamom experiments and added some to the drink. The mango lassi was nice and thick and cool and refreshing. I have a feeling that fruit and berry lassis will be helping me through the hotter days this summer.
Mango Lassi
- 1 cup plain yogurt
- 1/2 cup milk (or water)
- 1 cup mango (stoned and peeled)
- 1 tablespoon honey
- 1/4 teaspoon cardamom
- Blend everything.
Mango Shrikhand


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Woman Falls to Her Death While Riding Roller Coaster at Six Flags Over Texas [UPDATED]
UPDATE (7/23/13 2:56PM): The Tarrant County Medical Examiner's Office has released the victim's name and details about her death.
A woman has died while riding The Texas Giant roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, outside Dallas, Friday night (July 19). Police records show the incident happened just after 6:30 p.m.
A statement issued by park spokeswoman Sharon Parker says,
We are deeply saddened to share that earlier this evening an adult woman died in the park while on the Texas Giant. Park medical staff and local paramedics responded immediately. Since the safety of our guests and employees is our number one priority, the ride has been closed pending further investigation. Our thoughts and prayers are with the family and friends during this difficult time.
Parker did not specify how the woman died, but witnesses say the restraints came undone, and the woman was ejected out of her seat.
One witness took to Twitter saying, "Literally just witnessed someone fly off of the Texas giant two seats in front of me....restraint came undone, coaster turned and she was gone — joshua paul fleak (@joshfleak) July 19, 2013
The Dallas News reports that another witness overheard the victim telling a park employee that her harness only clicked once when it was lowered into place, unlike the multiple clicks heard when others were strapped in. The same witness also said that the victim's young son was in the seat in front of his mother.
The area immediately around the ride was shut off and it's unknown when it will reopen.
The Texas Giant first opened as an all-wooden ride in 1990, and was recently updated with a state-of-the-art steel track in April of 2011. The 14-story high coaster seats up to 24 people, has a drop of 79 degrees - the steepest of any wooden coaster in the world - and according to the Six Flags Over Texas website, "has a record-breaking bank of 95 degrees, steeper than any other wooden coaster on the planet."


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The number of building permits issued for single-family homes is the best indicator of how many newly built homes will rise over the next few months. According to the latest U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development Residential Sales Report, the number of these permits were up 7.4% over last year.
How will this impact buyers?
More inventory means more options. Lawrence Yun, NAR's Chief Economist, explained this is good news for the housing market – especially for those looking to buy:
"This rise in single-family housing construction will help tame home price growth, and the increase in multifamily units should continue to help slow rent growth."
How will this impact sellers?
More inventory means more competition. Today, because of the tremendous lack of inventory, a seller can expect:
- A great price on their home as buyers outbid each other for it
- A quick sale as buyers have so little to choose from
- Fewer hassles as buyers don't want to "rock the boat" on the deal
With an increase in competition, the seller may not enjoy these same benefits. As Chief Economist Nela Richardson, added:
"Because existing home inventory has been so low for so long, new construction is taking a larger share of the market…Builders meet the buyers and see the demand firsthand."
Bottom Line
If you are considering selling your house, you'll want to beat this new competition to market to ensure you get the most attention for your listing and the best price.
Source: Amanda Robins


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public class UnrecoverableKeyException extends UnrecoverableEntryException
Constructor and Description |
Constructs an UnrecoverableKeyException with no detail message.
UnrecoverableKeyException(String msg)
Constructs an UnrecoverableKeyException with the specified detail
message, which provides more information about why this exception
has been thrown.
addSuppressed, fillInStackTrace, getCause, getLocalizedMessage, getMessage, getStackTrace, getSuppressed, initCause, printStackTrace, printStackTrace, printStackTrace, setStackTrace, toString
public UnrecoverableKeyException()
public UnrecoverableKeyException(String msg)
- the detail message. Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
Copyright © 1993, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.


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Earthquake Insurance
Looking for Earthquake Insurance in Little Rock?
When many people think of insurance, they think of their house, their car, and maybe life insurance. What many people don't think about though is earthquake insurance.
While earthquakes don't strike regularly, it only takes one minor tremor to cause significant damage to your home's foundation, resulting in tens of thousands of dollars in damage if not more.
At Hadfield Agency, we take protecting your house very seriously, and that means not leaving any stones un-turned.
When we talk about insurance, the entire purpose of insurance is to transfer risk to an insurance company, therefore protecting your assets should the worst happen. Being that your home is most likely your most valuable asset, it only makes sense to explore the benefits of earthquake insurance.
Homeowners insurance does not cover earthquakes
In many states, earthquake insurance is sold as a stand-alone policy, meaning that is does not come as a part of your homeowners policy. Homeowners policies don't cover earthquakes in any way, so it's important to understand this catastrophic exclusion that exists in your coverage.
Earthquake Insurance Coverages
Like homeowners insurance, earthquake insurance's main duty is to protect your home. This means the most important coverage limit on your policy is the "Dwelling Coverage" limit, which is designed to cover the main structure of the home.
There may also be coverage for personal property as well.
You will also have a deductible, which can range anywhere from $1,000 up to $10,000 or possibly more. Like homeowners insurance, the higher deductible you take, the lower your premium will be.
How to get started on your Earthquake insurance quote
To get started on your quote, call our office or click over to our quotes page. Either way we'll make the process simple!


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There are 0 calories in one serve (1 Scoop) of Woke AF Pre Workout. The Nutrition Facts panel below shows calories and nutrients for 100 grams and other weight quantities of Woke AF Pre Workout:
Nutrition Facts
Amount Per Selected Weight
Total Fat (g)
0 -
Saturated Fat (g)
0 -
0 -
Sodium (mg)
824 -
Alcohol (g)
0 -
Cholesterol (mg)
0 -
Total Carbohydrate (g)
0 -
Dietary Fiber (g)
0 -
Sugars (g)
0 -
Protein (g)
Food Search:
Food Details
A serve of Woke AF Pre Workout is 1 Scoop and weighs 12.13 grams. It contains 0 calories, g fat, g carbohydrates, and grams of protein. Each 100g of Woke AF Pre Workout has 824mg of sodium and grams of sugars.
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Thanks for choosing The Food Stalker to find out how many calories there are in Woke AF Pre Workout. The Food Stalker does its best to ensure the accuracy of all of the information published in the Food Stalker website. However, we do not guarantee that all of the published information is accurate and complete. Please remember to consult your medical professional before you take any action in respect to anything you read on this site. Our information includes copyrights, trademarks, and other intellectual property such as brand names and descriptions which belongs to the respective owners of said property.


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An Unwavering Commitment to Excellence
The impact new homes and new developments have on our communities is significant.
Whether it's building energy efficient homes or using the latest environmentally safe materials in
construction, we have been steadfastly committed to helping guide builders on creating homes that
enhance the community and the people who live in them.
We are proud to be the exclusive marketing partner for the following select group of builders and


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While we hope that you are completely satisfied with your purchase, we understand that sometimes things just don't work out. If your order doesn't work for you, we'll work with you to make things right.
You can initiate a return by sending us an email within 7 days from the receipt of your order to obtain authorization. | |
You may cancel your order within 24 hours after submitting the order. Send us an email within this timeframe to cancel an order. Fees may apply. | |
We will replace or issue a refund on defective merchandise. Send us an email notifying of damaged within 5 days from the receipt of your order. | |
We issue refunds immediately on cancelled orders and after satisfactory inspection of returned items. |
Contact us about returns at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please read our full Refund & Return Policy for complete details.


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Fresh Medical Recruitment has a current vacancy for Specialist Registrar, Obs & Gynae Doctor to start work in 1 weeks' time in an NHS hospital located in Stoke-on-Trent.
This hospital has on offer, a fantastic opportunity for a doctor to work full time, alongside a team of experienced and energetic medical professionals. This post is best suited to doctors who seek a career in the NHS and offers numerous opportunities for doctors to further expand themselves clinically. This locum position is for 3 to 6 months.
We have multiple new jobs sent through to us daily, so we're confident we can find you a position which will match your needs. These varied positions include full-time, part-time, weekend, on-call, long-term work and locums.
GMC certification is a requirement and experience in a similar role is desirable. Trust will consider doctors even without UK experience if they have got similar experience in their home country.
To be considered for the role, please apply with your CV attached.
You can also send your CV to email@example.com or call us on 01908 464 115 (Anshil) for more information.


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In Memoriam: Rosalynn Carter, 1927–2023November 21, 2023 – January 3, 2024Portrait Gallery
Rosalynn Carter was the first lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
To Live and Breathe: Women and Environmental Justice in Washington, D.C.May 19, 2023 – January 7, 2024Anacostia Community Museum
Explore how women of color draw on a long history of activism and advance environmental justice efforts.
Orchids: Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking WomenJanuary 29, 2022 – April 24, 2022Smithsonian Gardens
Orchids: Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women unearths stories of women who have enriched our understanding and appreciation of orchids.
Escaramuza DressSeptember 17, 2021 – January 4, 2022American History Museum
An escaramuza charra dress worn by Veronica Davila is on view, representing the only female event in the Mexican charrería.
Girlhood (It's Complicated)October 9, 2020 – January 2, 2023American History Museum
Through its rich collections and new acquisitions, the museum explores how girls have been on the front lines of social and cultural change.
Creating Icons: How We Remember Women's SuffrageMarch 6, 2020 – January 2, 2022American History Museum
This exhibition marks the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment recognizing women's right to vote.
Contemporary Muslim FashionsFebruary 28, 2020 – July 11, 2021Cooper Hewitt
Organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, this is the first major museum exhibition to explore the complex and diverse nature of Muslim dress codes worldwide.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: Early and Notable EditionsFebruary 28, 2020 – February 28, 2022African American History and Culture Museum
The exhibit shows the early and notable editions of the novel in the library's collection, as well as its interesting publishing history.
In Memoriam: Jessye Norman, 1945-2019October 3, 2019 – November 3, 2019Portrait Gallery
The National Portrait Gallery commemorates the life of Jessye Norman, one of the twentieth century's greatest sopranos.
In Memoriam: Toni MorrisonAugust 6, 2019 – November 7, 2019Portrait Gallery
Toni Morrison, the first black woman to become a Nobel laureate, wrote about the experiences of African Americans.
Women of Progress: Early Camera PortraitsJune 14, 2019 – June 13, 2021Portrait Gallery
This exhibition of daguerreotypes and ambrotypes from the 1840s and 1850s features portraits of early feminist icons.
Storied Women of the Civil War EraMay 24, 2019 – March 20, 2022Portrait Gallery
This intimate exhibition includes portraits of Civil War era women who captivated the public while becoming sought-after subjects for Mathew Brady's camera.
Votes for Women: A Portrait of PersistenceMarch 29, 2019 – January 5, 2020Portrait Gallery
To commemorate the centennial anniversary of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, NPG presents the story of the historic crusade for American women's rights.
Emily Howland Photography AlbumMarch 25, 2019 – March 31, 2019African American History and Culture Museum
The Emily Howland photography album containing a previously unknown portrait of abolitionist and Underground Railroad-conductor Harriet Tubman is on view.
All Work and No Pay: A History of Women's Invisible LaborMarch 4, 2019 – May 30, 2022American History Museum
Break rooms across America hold signs that read: "Your mother doesn't work here." All Work and No Pay examines the implied expectation that women will take care of the housework.
Ella's Books: Volumes from the Library of Ella FitzgeraldJanuary 1, 2019 – January 31, 2020African American History and Culture Museum
Books that were once part of Ella Fitzgerald's personal library are on display in the museum library's exhibit case.
The Case of Luisa MorenoJuly 20, 2018 – April 30, 2019American History Museum
The display features objects representing Moreno's work as a civil rights activist and labor organizer with union pins as well as her shawl and a pamphlet to rally national attention and halt Moreno's deportation.
Special Olympics at 50July 10, 2018 – October 17, 2021American History Museum
Commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first International Special Olympics Games through the stories of four accomplished athletes who participated in them.
Watching Oprah: The Oprah Winfrey Show and American CultureJune 8, 2018 – June 2, 2019African American History and Culture Museum
This exhibition explores the era that shaped Oprah Winfrey's life and early career in TV, her talk show that dominated daytime TV for 25 years, and the ways in which she has influenced American popular culture.
In Memoriam: Barbara BushApril 18, 2018 – April 29, 2018Portrait Gallery
The Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery recognizes the life of Barbara Bush with a photograph by Diana Walker taken in 1989.
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Ballerina Easter candle is a white, square candle, that we made with an orange ballerina, wooden coutout.It's a lovely, Greek Easter candle for girls and teen girls, an adorable Greek lambada.
On a short, square, white candle I tied some black, semi waxed cord and on top of that I tied the orange ballerina cutout.The wooden ballerina has a tiny blcak knot over her head and a very cute, red bead, as accents.
This is a girls' and teen girls', Easter candle, made for the Greek Easter celebrations of Good Saturday mass.The white Easter candle is a Greek, handmade candle of paraffin.This candle measures about 20cm in height (7.87 '') and about 3cm in diameter (1.18 '').It comes to you in an extra sturdy, cardboard box.It can be gift wrapped, if you leave a note at checkout
This is a holiday, non returnable item, so, please, choose wisely.
If you would like to know more about this orange ballerina brooch, Greek lambada, we'd be happy to answer all questions. You can contact us at any time.Please, read our policies carefully.Thank you for looking.
We accept payment by PayPal and also by direct checkout with your credit card. If you would like to pay with your credit card on Paypal, Paypal will take care of that and guide you through the process.
We now also accept Etsy gift cards.
We expect to be paid at check out. If we don't receive payment upon checkout , we will try to contact you, but if you haven't paid for your order within two days, we will have to cancel this transaction and relist the item.
Οι Έλληνες πελάτες μας μπορούν να πληρώσουν και με τραπεζική κατάθεση, ή αντικαταβολή
Εποικοινωνήστε μαζί μας, αν σάς ενδιαφέρει αυτη η μέθοδος πληρωμής
We ship everywhere, worldwide, usually within 1-3 days, after your order has been paid, when the items are in stock, for most orders, unless stated otherwise.
We ship every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. We ship with the Greek post ( Hellenic Post).Priority registered mail is used always with the Greek post ( Hellenic Post). Orders within Greece take 2 to 3 days to be delivered, 5 to 7 days for EU (European Union) countries and 7 to 10 days for the rest of the world.For made to order item, please see stated delivery time.
In your country this will be handled with the standard post of your country, for example USPS for items shipped to the US.
We also ship with DHL. who deliver within the next day of shipping for EU ountries and 2 working days for most places to the rest of the world.IN the US for example, you will have your order within two working days, if we ship with DHL courier service.Please, contact us for this option, when you need expedite shipping.We will also need your mobile/cell phone number for shipping with DHL.
We do not work on weekends, or Greek public holidays, so, please understand, if we do not reply to your e-mail, or order until Monday morning, or after a public holiday.
After you have bought an item, or more and when your order has been shipped, you will be sent a shipping notification e-mail with a tracking number, confirming when your order has been mailed, etc.
We are not responsible for any fees, duties or tariffs outside Greece, so, please, if you live outside the EU, get in touch with the local authorities in your country to get information on relevant issues.
We cannot be held responsible for any damages caused after our shipped packages leave our Post Office or DHL offices.
To send your order, we use handmade, hard paper boxes and blister padded envelopes for the jewellery, key rings, charms, etc. We use blister padding and recycled, or custome made, cardboard boxes, if possible for all artwork and vintage items. Everything is meticulously and very safely wrapped and can be gift wrapped if you would like. A note can be included, if you would like us to send this to someone as a gift
Please make sure that the address you list on Etsy matches the address listed on your PayPal account or your credit card for direct checkout buys. Arktos Collectibles takes no responsibility, if a parcel is sent to an old address listed in your order.
If you would like to have the parcel sent to an address different from those listed on Paypal and Etsy, leave a message during checkout.
Just contact me within: 3 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 7 days of delivery
We want you to be happy with our art, collectibles and jewellery, so we will exchange your purchase, or refund you, if you are not happy with your purchase and you notify us within a day or two of the estimated 10 days delivery and return your purchase in exactly the same, safe packaging, unused.
You can return only completely undamaged goods within 14 days of having received them, in their original packaging, with the return shipping cost paid by yourself, the buyer.We will only refund the price of the item you are returning, not the shipping cost.
You will have to cover the cost of returning and shipping the item a second time, if you exchange your original item with something else.
We cannot exchange Holiday items (Christmas charms, trees, ornaments, gifts, Easter decor items and accessories, such as Greek Easter candles, Halloween decor and gifts, Valentines' decor and gifts, etc.
You cannot return and be refunded for earrings, or for any custom orders.
We will readily repair damaged goods, free of charge, if we are indeed at fault, when you have received the item.You would be kindly requested to send us a photo of the damaged item.We won't be able to cover the shipping of damaged goods.
With a minor agreed upon fee, or no fee at all, depending on the item, we will repair items you've bought and used for some time, like jewelry, key rings, etc. and as long as the materials are in stock.
We will be unable to cover the shipping cost of re-sending the same item for any other reasons, such as readjusting jewellery items lengths, for instance, or repairing items, after they've been used for some time. This will be an additional cost to you.
For the vintage collectibles and vintage art, most items will have to be replaced, if they are still in stock.
Resending the items you would like to exchange or be refunded for, will be an additional cost to you.
Shipping costs for items exchanged will also have to be paid by you.
Thank you for your custom, we hope buying from our shop has been an exciting experience for you.
Privacy Policy
This Privacy Policy describes how and when I collect, use, and share information when you purchase an item from me, contact me, or otherwise use my services through Etsy.com. This Privacy Policy does not apply to the practices of Etsy or any third party services you access through Etsy. You can reference the Etsy Privacy Policy to learn more about its privacy practices.
► Information I Collect:
To fulfil your order, you must provide me with certain information (which you authorized Etsy to provide to me), such as your name, email address, postal address, payment information, and the details of the product that you're ordering. You may also choose to provide me with additional personal information (for a custom order of jewelry, for example), if you contact me directly.
► Why I Need Your Information and How I Use It:
I rely on a number of legal bases to collect, use, and share your information, including:
● as needed to provide my services, such as when I use your information to fulfil your order, to settle disputes, or to provide customer support;
● when you have provided your affirmative consent, which you may revoke at any time, such as by signing up for my mailing list;
● as necessary for the purpose of my legitimate interests, such as 1) providing and improving my services. I use your information to provide the services you requested and in my legitimate interest to improve my services; and 2) Compliance with the Etsy Seller Policy and Terms of Use. I use your information as necessary to comply with my obligations under the Etsy Seller Policy and Terms of Use.
► Information Sharing and Disclosure:
Information about my customers is important to my business. I share your personal information for very limited reasons and in limited circumstances, as follows:
● Etsy: I share information with Etsy as necessary to provide you my services and comply with my obligations under both the Etsy Seller Policy and Etsy Terms of Use.
● Service providers: I engage certain trusted third parties to perform functions and provide services to my shop, such as post services and delivery companies. I will share your personal information with these third parties, but only to the extent necessary to perform these services.
● Compliance with laws: I may collect, use, retain, and share your information if I have a good faith belief that it is reasonably necessary to: (a) respond to legal process or to government requests; (b) enforce my agreements, terms and policies; (c) prevent, investigate, and address fraud and other illegal activity, security, or technical issues; or (d) protect the rights, property, and safety of my customers, or others.
► Data Retention:
I retain your personal information only for as long as necessary to provide you with my services and as described in my Privacy Policy. However, I may also be required to retain this information to comply with my legal and regulatory obligations, to resolve disputes, and to enforce my agreements. I generally keep your data for the following time period: 4 years.
► Transfers of Personal Information Outside the EU:
I may store and process your information through third-party hosting services, in the US and other jurisdictions, such as Google Cloud, which is Privacy Shield certified.
► Your Rights:
You have a number of rights in relation to your personal information:
● Access: You may have the right to access and receive a copy of the personal information I hold about you by contacting me using the contact information below.
● Change, restrict, delete:You may also have rights to change, restrict my use of, or delete your personal information. Absent exceptional circumstances (like where I am required to store data for legal reasons) I will generally delete your personal information upon request.
► How to Contact Me:
If you have any questions or concerns, you may contact me at email@example.com


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For those looking to step up to an 11-inch optical tube, Advanced VX is a great option. Not only is it one of Celestron's most affordable 11-inch telescopes, it is also one of the most portable. The Advanced VX mount is strong enough to support this optical tube assembly and a couple of small accessories, yet weighs far less than some of our other 11-inch telescope kits. As far as optics go, the 11-inch SCT gathers 41% more light than the 9.25-inch model. You also get our StarBright XLT coatings for even better light transmission.
About the Mount
The new Advanced VX mount was specifically designed to provide optimum imaging performance for smaller telescopes. Now your smaller telescope can take advantage of All-Star Polar Alignment and autoguider support. You'll be able to track through long exposures using permanently programmable periodic error correction. Image across the meridian without doing a meridian flip, so you can seamlessly image the best part of night sky. Advanced VX features significantly larger base castings than our previous design, improving stability under heavier loads. Improved motors offer more torque and can handle slight load imbalances with ease.


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Have you ever wondered what your eyes do when you finally close them after a long day of visual processing and stimulation? Let's take a closer look at what happens behind your closed lids when your head hits the pillow.
Firstly, once your eyes are closed, they do continue to function in a limited fashion with the ability to sense light. This explains why a bright light being switched on or the sun rising in the morning can wake you up, while lying in a dark room will help you sleep.
During sleep your eyes don't send visual data or information about images to your brain. In fact, it takes almost 30 seconds for the connection between your eyes and your brain to reboot when you wake up. This is why it's often difficult to see complete and clear images when you first wake up.
Our bodies pass through five phases of sleep known as stages 1, 2, 3, 4, (which together are called Non-REM) and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. During a typical sleep cycle, you progress from stage 1 to 4 then REM and then start over. Almost 50 percent of our total sleep time is spent in stage 2 sleep, while 20 percent is spent in REM sleep, and the remaining 30 percent in the other stages. During stage 1, your eyes roll slowly, opening and closing slightly; however the eyes are then still from stages 2-4 when sleep is deeper.
During REM sleep, your eyes move around rapidly in a range of directions, but don't send any visual information to your brain. Scientists have discovered that during REM sleep the visual cortex of the brain, which is responsible for processing visual data, is active. However, this activity serves part of a memory forming or reinforcing function which aims to consolidate your memory with experiences from the day, as opposed to processing visual information that you see. This is also the time when most people dream.
As for your eyelids, they cover your eyes and function as a shield protecting them from light. They also help preserve moisture on the cornea and prevent your eyes from drying out while your body is resting.
In short, while your eyes do move around during sleep, they are not actively processing visual imagery. Closing your eyelids and sleeping essentially gives your eyes a break. Shut-eye helps recharge your eyes, preparing them to help you see the next day.


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4 Port USB 3.0 Controller for PCI/104-Express
Register Today to View Secure Documents To view reference manuals and white papers, you must be a registered user. If you are not yet a member, please create an account today! Registration typically takes less than one minute. We care about your privacy. To learn how we use your data please read our Privacy Statement


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My elder daughter is a recent convert. I mean she is almost a convert from a non-vegetarian to a vegetarian. She refuses to eat most fish except salmon. She doesn't want to eat meat on two consecutive days.She eats her eggs with no enthusiasm.
In a family like ours, this creates a difficult scenario. All the more because she has gone from a "no-fuss" eater to a somewhat "finicky" eater these days. She doesn't like to have just Dal & Rice or just veggies and rice either. In our family "finicky" eaters are assuaged with an omlette on the side and will eat anything with that option. This doesn't work with S though. She eats her broccoli and carrots with a dip but when served with rice all she wants is Paneer.
Her Didun(my Mom) is party responsible for this. When she was visiting last year and Big Sis S refused to eat fish or meat, my Mom in a mode of panic that the child is not getting any protein took to feeding her Paneer. And not any store bought Paneer either. Every other day my Ma would make a little chhana or chhena(home made paneer) just for her and then she would shape them in small flat discs, fry them to a golden brown and make delicious gravy with them. This is a Bengali favorite and is called "Chhanar Dalna".The homemade paneer is super soft and soaks up the delicious slightly sweet gravy in which it sits, making it anyone's delight.
With Didun back in India, such delicacies are a luxury and though my Ma insists that I could take time out and make some "home made chhana" and chhana'r dalna for Big Sis S, I pretend not to listen and go buy Paneer instead.
Big Sis S has complied and eats this store bought paneer. She has Paneer on most week days and then she takes a Paneer Pualo for lunch almost one day every week. At school when her teacher asked her what she was having for lunch, she figured she didn't know English of Panner and so said it was chicken instead. With Paneer (Indian Cottage Cheese) and a bowl of plain yogurt as the incentive, she pretty much eats all other veggies on her plate.
Everyone has a Palak Paneer recipe and I myself have tried and tweaked several. This tweaked version of the old favorite is the the one I love most. It is nice and creamy and comes with all the goodness of green spinach and white paneer. S too eats it up without a murmur about the greenery.
Palak Paneer
Prep: Cut almost 12 oz of Paneer in small cubes. There were about 28-30 paneer cubes.
The Nanak brand of Paneer I usually buy is pretty soft by my standard and I don't fry them. If your paneer is hard sitting in the refrigerator microwave for a few seconds to make it soft or if your paneer is the tough variety, fry lightly and dunk in salted warm water
Start Cooking:
In a deep bottomed frying pan heat Oil
Add 1 clove of garlic chopped, 4 slit green chillies, 1/2 cup chopped red onion and saute
When the onion is translucent add 1 tomato coarsely chopped
Fry for a couple of minutes till tomato softens
Add 4 cups of blanched baby spinach(I used baby spinach you can also use regular spinach)
Add salt and saute til the spinach wilts and softens
Cool the above mix and make a paste in the blender. Do not add water while doing this. This is referred to as the spinach puree and used in a later step
Heat a little Oil in the pan
Add 1 tsp of Whole Cumin Seeds/Jeera
When the spice pops add 1/4 cup of chopped red onion
Fry with 1/4 tsp of sugar. Sugar helps to caramelize and the onions turn a reddish brown in color
Add the spinach puree that you made
Saute for a couple of minutes
Add 1 tsp of Ginger paste, 1 tsp of Cumin Powder/Jeera Powder, 2 tsp of Corriander Powder/Dhania Powder, 1/4 tsp of Red Chilli Powder and salt
Mix the masala and saute for some more minutes (about 3-4 minutes)
Add 1-2 tsp of Kasoori Methi and mix well
Add 1/2 cup of 2% Milk + 1 cup of water, mix well with all the masala and let it simmer
When the gravy comes to a boil add the Paneer pieces and let the gravy simmer at low heat for 10-15 minutes (approx. timing). By this time the gravy should be thick and creamy and there should not be any raw smell
I sometimes add very little sugar at this point as it suits my taste. You can also add 1/2 - 1 tbsp cream to this dish at this point which I don't
Just before taking it off the heat sprinkle 1/4 tsp of Garam masala powder and add 1/4 tsp of Ghee. Mix well and delicious creamy palak paneer is ready to serve
This goes very well with Roti or Naan and even with a Rice dish
Trivia:The ruling aristocracy in India from 1500 until the mid 19th Century was of Turkic, (Central Asian), and Persian origin, and it was they who introduced paneer to India.
In Bangladesh and eastern India, two kinds of cheese are commonly found: ponir (a hard paneer) and chhana or chhena (a soft paneer). Ponir is a salty semi-hard cheese made in villages across Bangladesh, and Orissa and West Bengal in India. Its sharp flavor and high salt content contrasts with the softer, milder chhana/chhena. (And I always thought Bong way of saying Paneer was Ponir !!!)


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Regular price $40.00 Sale
Nothing can swoosh down the summer heat like a dive into the sea - or into the nearest pool. These personalized swim trunks are here to take on your exclusive designs and most playful patterns. With an all-over-print capability accompanied by vivid colors, these swim trunks help you conquer the summer in custom style.
.: Material: 100% polyester.: Extra light fabric (3.54 oz/yd² (120 g/m²)).: Fast-dry fabric.: Mesh basket lining .: Mesh-lined side pockets.: Printed care label inside.: Drawstring waist


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Fresh Arrangements for your corporate reception area or boardroom, with a new arrangement delivered each week!
Each week's arrangement is designed and arranged from beautiful in-season flowers.
We come to your office, check out the environment to determine size, lighting, etcetera. Then we deliver a fresh bouquet every Monday and rotate your floral containers. Please call for more details.


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- This event has passed.
Weekly Volunteer Gardening
June 11 @ 10:00 AM
|Recurring Event (See all)
An event every week that begins at 10:00am on Tuesday, repeating indefinitely
We aim to improve every square inch of Stuyvesant Square Park.
Meet near west park house at 10:00 or look for the group in the flower beds.
If you want to bring a group of three or more, please let us know in advance.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Any cancellation will be posted on our Facebook page (here).
If you are not on Facebook, all Facebook posts can be read via the link on our website (here)