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mext_add_ref(9) [freebsd man page]
MBUF(9) BSD Kernel Developer's Manual MBUF(9) NAME
mbuf -- memory management in the kernel IPC subsystem SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/param.h> #include <sys/systm.h> #include <sys/mbuf.h> Mbuf allocation macros MGET(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how, short type); MGETHDR(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how, short type); int MCLGET(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); MEXTADD(struct mbuf *mbuf, caddr_t buf, u_int size, void (*free)(void *opt_arg1, void *opt_arg2), void *opt_arg1, void *opt_arg2, short flags, int type); MEXTFREE(struct mbuf *mbuf); MFREE(struct mbuf *mbuf, struct mbuf *successor); Mbuf utility macros mtod(struct mbuf *mbuf, type); M_ALIGN(struct mbuf *mbuf, u_int len); MH_ALIGN(struct mbuf *mbuf, u_int len); int M_LEADINGSPACE(struct mbuf *mbuf); int M_TRAILINGSPACE(struct mbuf *mbuf); M_MOVE_PKTHDR(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); M_PREPEND(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); MCHTYPE(struct mbuf *mbuf, short type); int M_WRITABLE(struct mbuf *mbuf); Mbuf allocation functions struct mbuf * m_get(int how, short type); struct mbuf * m_get2(int size, int how, short type, int flags); struct mbuf * m_getm(struct mbuf *orig, int len, int how, short type); struct mbuf * m_getjcl(int how, short type, int flags, int size); struct mbuf * m_getcl(int how, short type, int flags); struct mbuf * m_getclr(int how, short type); struct mbuf * m_gethdr(int how, short type); struct mbuf * m_free(struct mbuf *mbuf); void m_freem(struct mbuf *mbuf); Mbuf utility functions void m_adj(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); void m_align(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); int m_append(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, c_caddr_t cp); struct mbuf * m_prepend(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); struct mbuf * m_copyup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int dstoff); struct mbuf * m_pullup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); struct mbuf * m_pulldown(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, int *offsetp); struct mbuf * m_copym(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, int how); struct mbuf * m_copypacket(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); struct mbuf * m_dup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); void m_copydata(const struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, caddr_t buf); void m_copyback(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, caddr_t buf); struct mbuf * m_devget(char *buf, int len, int offset, struct ifnet *ifp, void (*copy)(char *from, caddr_t to, u_int len)); void m_cat(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n); u_int m_fixhdr(struct mbuf *mbuf); void m_dup_pkthdr(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); void m_move_pkthdr(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); u_int m_length(struct mbuf *mbuf, struct mbuf **last); struct mbuf * m_split(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); int m_apply(struct mbuf *mbuf, int off, int len, int (*f)(void *arg, void *data, u_int len), void *arg); struct mbuf * m_getptr(struct mbuf *mbuf, int loc, int *off); struct mbuf * m_defrag(struct mbuf *m0, int how); struct mbuf * m_unshare(struct mbuf *m0, int how); DESCRIPTION
An mbuf is a basic unit of memory management in the kernel IPC subsystem. Network packets and socket buffers are stored in mbufs. A network packet may span multiple mbufs arranged into a mbuf chain (linked list), which allows adding or trimming network headers with little over- head. While a developer should not bother with mbuf internals without serious reason in order to avoid incompatibilities with future changes, it is useful to understand the general structure of an mbuf. An mbuf consists of a variable-sized header and a small internal buffer for data. The total size of an mbuf, MSIZE, is a constant defined in <sys/param.h>. The mbuf header includes: m_next (struct mbuf *) A pointer to the next mbuf in the mbuf chain. m_nextpkt (struct mbuf *) A pointer to the next mbuf chain in the queue. m_data (caddr_t) A pointer to data attached to this mbuf. m_len (int) The length of the data. m_type (short) The type of the data. m_flags (int) The mbuf flags. The mbuf flag bits are defined as follows: /* mbuf flags */ #define M_EXT 0x00000001 /* has associated external storage */ #define M_PKTHDR 0x00000002 /* start of record */ #define M_EOR 0x00000004 /* end of record */ #define M_RDONLY 0x00000008 /* associated data marked read-only */ #define M_PROTO1 0x00001000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO2 0x00002000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO3 0x00004000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO4 0x00008000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO5 0x00010000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO6 0x00020000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO7 0x00040000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO8 0x00080000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO9 0x00100000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO10 0x00200000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO11 0x00400000 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO12 0x00800000 /* protocol-specific */ /* mbuf pkthdr flags (also stored in m_flags) */ #define M_BCAST 0x00000010 /* send/received as link-level broadcast */ #define M_MCAST 0x00000020 /* send/received as link-level multicast */ The available mbuf types are defined as follows: /* mbuf types */ #define MT_DATA 1 /* dynamic (data) allocation */ #define MT_HEADER MT_DATA /* packet header */ #define MT_SONAME 8 /* socket name */ #define MT_CONTROL 14 /* extra-data protocol message */ #define MT_OOBDATA 15 /* expedited data */ The available external buffer types are defined as follows: /* external buffer types */ #define EXT_CLUSTER 1 /* mbuf cluster */ #define EXT_SFBUF 2 /* sendfile(2)'s sf_bufs */ #define EXT_JUMBOP 3 /* jumbo cluster 4096 bytes */ #define EXT_JUMBO9 4 /* jumbo cluster 9216 bytes */ #define EXT_JUMBO16 5 /* jumbo cluster 16184 bytes */ #define EXT_PACKET 6 /* mbuf+cluster from packet zone */ #define EXT_MBUF 7 /* external mbuf reference (M_IOVEC) */ #define EXT_NET_DRV 252 /* custom ext_buf provided by net driver(s) */ #define EXT_MOD_TYPE 253 /* custom module's ext_buf type */ #define EXT_DISPOSABLE 254 /* can throw this buffer away w/page flipping */ #define EXT_EXTREF 255 /* has externally maintained ref_cnt ptr */ If the M_PKTHDR flag is set, a struct pkthdr m_pkthdr is added to the mbuf header. It contains a pointer to the interface the packet has been received from (struct ifnet *rcvif), and the total packet length (int len). Optionally, it may also contain an attached list of packet tags (struct m_tag). See mbuf_tags(9) for details. Fields used in offloading checksum calculation to the hardware are kept in m_pkthdr as well. See HARDWARE-ASSISTED CHECKSUM CALCULATION for details. If small enough, data is stored in the internal data buffer of an mbuf. If the data is sufficiently large, another mbuf may be added to the mbuf chain, or external storage may be associated with the mbuf. MHLEN bytes of data can fit into an mbuf with the M_PKTHDR flag set, MLEN bytes can otherwise. If external storage is being associated with an mbuf, the m_ext header is added at the cost of losing the internal data buffer. It includes a pointer to external storage, the size of the storage, a pointer to a function used for freeing the storage, a pointer to an optional argu- ment that can be passed to the function, and a pointer to a reference counter. An mbuf using external storage has the M_EXT flag set. The system supplies a macro for allocating the desired external storage buffer, MEXTADD. The allocation and management of the reference counter is handled by the subsystem. The system also supplies a default type of external storage buffer called an mbuf cluster. Mbuf clusters can be allocated and configured with the use of the MCLGET macro. Each mbuf cluster is MCLBYTES in size, where MCLBYTES is a machine-dependent constant. The system defines an advisory macro MINCLSIZE, which is the smallest amount of data to put into an mbuf cluster. It is equal to MHLEN plus one. It is typi- cally preferable to store data into the data region of an mbuf, if size permits, as opposed to allocating a separate mbuf cluster to hold the same data. Macros and Functions There are numerous predefined macros and functions that provide the developer with common utilities. mtod(mbuf, type) Convert an mbuf pointer to a data pointer. The macro expands to the data pointer cast to the specified type. Note: It is advisable to ensure that there is enough contiguous data in mbuf. See m_pullup() for details. MGET(mbuf, how, type) Allocate an mbuf and initialize it to contain internal data. mbuf will point to the allocated mbuf on success, or be set to NULL on failure. The how argument is to be set to M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT. It specifies whether the caller is willing to block if necessary. A number of other functions and macros related to mbufs have the same argument because they may at some point need to allocate new mbufs. MGETHDR(mbuf, how, type) Allocate an mbuf and initialize it to contain a packet header and internal data. See MGET() for details. MEXTADD(mbuf, buf, size, free, opt_arg1, opt_arg2, flags, type) Associate externally managed data with mbuf. Any internal data contained in the mbuf will be discarded, and the M_EXT flag will be set. The buf and size arguments are the address and length, respectively, of the data. The free argument points to a function which will be called to free the data when the mbuf is freed; it is only used if type is EXT_EXTREF. The opt_arg1 and opt_arg2 arguments will be passed unmodified to free. The flags argument specifies additional mbuf flags; it is not necessary to specify M_EXT. Finally, the type argument specifies the type of external data, which controls how it will be disposed of when the mbuf is freed. In most cases, the correct value is EXT_EXTREF. MCLGET(mbuf, how) Allocate and attach an mbuf cluster to mbuf. On success, a non-zero value returned; otherwise, 0. Historically, consumers would check for success by testing the M_EXT flag on the mbuf, but this is now discouraged to avoid unnecessary awareness of the implementation of external storage in protocol stacks and device drivers. M_ALIGN(mbuf, len) Set the pointer mbuf->m_data to place an object of the size len at the end of the internal data area of mbuf, long word aligned. Applicable only if mbuf is newly allocated with MGET() or m_get(). MH_ALIGN(mbuf, len) Serves the same purpose as M_ALIGN() does, but only for mbuf newly allocated with MGETHDR() or m_gethdr(), or initialized by m_dup_pkthdr() or m_move_pkthdr(). m_align(mbuf, len) Services the same purpose as M_ALIGN() but handles any type of mbuf. M_LEADINGSPACE(mbuf) Returns the number of bytes available before the beginning of data in mbuf. M_TRAILINGSPACE(mbuf) Returns the number of bytes available after the end of data in mbuf. M_PREPEND(mbuf, len, how) This macro operates on an mbuf chain. It is an optimized wrapper for m_prepend() that can make use of possible empty space before data (e.g. left after trimming of a link-layer header). The new mbuf chain pointer or NULL is in mbuf after the call. M_MOVE_PKTHDR(to, from) Using this macro is equivalent to calling m_move_pkthdr(to, from). M_WRITABLE(mbuf) This macro will evaluate true if mbuf is not marked M_RDONLY and if either mbuf does not contain external storage or, if it does, then if the reference count of the storage is not greater than 1. The M_RDONLY flag can be set in mbuf->m_flags. This can be achieved dur- ing setup of the external storage, by passing the M_RDONLY bit as a flags argument to the MEXTADD() macro, or can be directly set in individual mbufs. MCHTYPE(mbuf, type) Change the type of mbuf to type. This is a relatively expensive operation and should be avoided. The functions are: m_get(how, type) A function version of MGET() for non-critical paths. m_get2(size, how, type, flags) Allocate an mbuf with enough space to hold specified amount of data. m_getm(orig, len, how, type) Allocate len bytes worth of mbufs and mbuf clusters if necessary and append the resulting allocated mbuf chain to the mbuf chain orig, if it is non-NULL. If the allocation fails at any point, free whatever was allocated and return NULL. If orig is non-NULL, it will not be freed. It is possible to use m_getm() to either append len bytes to an existing mbuf or mbuf chain (for example, one which may be sitting in a pre-allocated ring) or to simply perform an all-or-nothing mbuf and mbuf cluster allocation. m_gethdr(how, type) A function version of MGETHDR() for non-critical paths. m_getcl(how, type, flags) Fetch an mbuf with a mbuf cluster attached to it. If one of the allocations fails, the entire allocation fails. This routine is the preferred way of fetching both the mbuf and mbuf cluster together, as it avoids having to unlock/relock between allocations. Returns NULL on failure. m_getjcl(how, type, flags, size) This is like m_getcl() but it the size of the cluster allocated will be large enough for size bytes. m_getclr(how, type) Allocate an mbuf and zero out the data region. m_free(mbuf) Frees mbuf. Returns m_next of the freed mbuf. The functions below operate on mbuf chains. m_freem(mbuf) Free an entire mbuf chain, including any external storage. m_adj(mbuf, len) Trim len bytes from the head of an mbuf chain if len is positive, from the tail otherwise. m_append(mbuf, len, cp) Append len bytes of data cp to the mbuf chain. Extend the mbuf chain if the new data does not fit in existing space. m_prepend(mbuf, len, how) Allocate a new mbuf and prepend it to the mbuf chain, handle M_PKTHDR properly. Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, so len must be less than MLEN or MHLEN, depending on the M_PKTHDR flag setting. m_copyup(mbuf, len, dstoff) Similar to m_pullup() but copies len bytes of data into a new mbuf at dstoff bytes into the mbuf. The dstoff argument aligns the data and leaves room for a link layer header. Returns the new mbuf chain on success, and frees the mbuf chain and returns NULL on failure. Note: The function does not allocate mbuf clusters, so len + dstoff must be less than MHLEN. m_pullup(mbuf, len) Arrange that the first len bytes of an mbuf chain are contiguous and lay in the data area of mbuf, so they are accessible with mtod(mbuf, type). It is important to remember that this may involve reallocating some mbufs and moving data so all pointers referenc- ing data within the old mbuf chain must be recalculated or made invalid. Return the new mbuf chain on success, NULL on failure (the mbuf chain is freed in this case). Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, so len must be less than or equal to MHLEN. m_pulldown(mbuf, offset, len, offsetp) Arrange that len bytes between offset and offset + len in the mbuf chain are contiguous and lay in the data area of mbuf, so they are accessible with mtod(mbuf, type). len must be smaller than, or equal to, the size of an mbuf cluster. Return a pointer to an interme- diate mbuf in the chain containing the requested region; the offset in the data region of the mbuf chain to the data contained in the returned mbuf is stored in *offsetp. If offsetp is NULL, the region may be accessed using mtod(mbuf, type). If offsetp is non-NULL, the region may be accessed using mtod(mbuf, uint8_t) + *offsetp. The region of the mbuf chain between its beginning and offset is not modified, therefore it is safe to hold pointers to data within this region before calling m_pulldown(). m_copym(mbuf, offset, len, how) Make a copy of an mbuf chain starting offset bytes from the beginning, continuing for len bytes. If len is M_COPYALL, copy to the end of the mbuf chain. Note: The copy is read-only, because the mbuf clusters are not copied, only their reference counts are incremented. m_copypacket(mbuf, how) Copy an entire packet including header, which must be present. This is an optimized version of the common case m_copym(mbuf, 0, M_COPYALL, how). Note: the copy is read-only, because the mbuf clusters are not copied, only their reference counts are incremented. m_dup(mbuf, how) Copy a packet header mbuf chain into a completely new mbuf chain, including copying any mbuf clusters. Use this instead of m_copypacket() when you need a writable copy of an mbuf chain. m_copydata(mbuf, offset, len, buf) Copy data from an mbuf chain starting off bytes from the beginning, continuing for len bytes, into the indicated buffer buf. m_copyback(mbuf, offset, len, buf) Copy len bytes from the buffer buf back into the indicated mbuf chain, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the mbuf chain, extending the mbuf chain if necessary. Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, just adds mbufs to the mbuf chain. It is safe to set offset beyond the current mbuf chain end: zeroed mbufs will be allocated to fill the space. m_length(mbuf, last) Return the length of the mbuf chain, and optionally a pointer to the last mbuf. m_dup_pkthdr(to, from, how) Upon the function's completion, the mbuf to will contain an identical copy of from->m_pkthdr and the per-packet attributes found in the mbuf chain from. The mbuf from must have the flag M_PKTHDR initially set, and to must be empty on entry. m_move_pkthdr(to, from) Move m_pkthdr and the per-packet attributes from the mbuf chain from to the mbuf to. The mbuf from must have the flag M_PKTHDR ini- tially set, and to must be empty on entry. Upon the function's completion, from will have the flag M_PKTHDR and the per-packet attributes cleared. m_fixhdr(mbuf) Set the packet-header length to the length of the mbuf chain. m_devget(buf, len, offset, ifp, copy) Copy data from a device local memory pointed to by buf to an mbuf chain. The copy is done using a specified copy routine copy, or bcopy() if copy is NULL. m_cat(m, n) Concatenate n to m. Both mbuf chains must be of the same type. N is still valid after the function returned. Note: It does not han- dle M_PKTHDR and friends. m_split(mbuf, len, how) Partition an mbuf chain in two pieces, returning the tail: all but the first len bytes. In case of failure, it returns NULL and attempts to restore the mbuf chain to its original state. m_apply(mbuf, off, len, f, arg) Apply a function to an mbuf chain, at offset off, for length len bytes. Typically used to avoid calls to m_pullup() which would other- wise be unnecessary or undesirable. arg is a convenience argument which is passed to the callback function f. Each time f() is called, it will be passed arg, a pointer to the data in the current mbuf, and the length len of the data in this mbuf to which the function should be applied. The function should return zero to indicate success; otherwise, if an error is indicated, then m_apply() will return the error and stop iterating through the mbuf chain. m_getptr(mbuf, loc, off) Return a pointer to the mbuf containing the data located at loc bytes from the beginning of the mbuf chain. The corresponding offset into the mbuf will be stored in *off. m_defrag(m0, how) Defragment an mbuf chain, returning the shortest possible chain of mbufs and clusters. If allocation fails and this can not be com- pleted, NULL will be returned and the original chain will be unchanged. Upon success, the original chain will be freed and the new chain will be returned. how should be either M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT, depending on the caller's preference. This function is especially useful in network drivers, where certain long mbuf chains must be shortened before being added to TX descriptor lists. m_unshare(m0, how) Create a version of the specified mbuf chain whose contents can be safely modified without affecting other users. If allocation fails and this operation can not be completed, NULL will be returned. The original mbuf chain is always reclaimed and the reference count of any shared mbuf clusters is decremented. how should be either M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT, depending on the caller's preference. As a side- effect of this process the returned mbuf chain may be compacted. This function is especially useful in the transmit path of network code, when data must be encrypted or otherwise altered prior to transmission. HARDWARE-ASSISTED CHECKSUM CALCULATION This section currently applies to TCP/IP only. In order to save the host CPU resources, computing checksums is offloaded to the network interface hardware if possible. The m_pkthdr member of the leading mbuf of a packet contains two fields used for that purpose, int csum_flags and int csum_data. The meaning of those fields depends on the direction a packet flows in, and on whether the packet is frag- mented. Henceforth, csum_flags or csum_data of a packet will denote the corresponding field of the m_pkthdr member of the leading mbuf in the mbuf chain containing the packet. On output, checksum offloading is attempted after the outgoing interface has been determined for a packet. The interface-specific field ifnet.if_data.ifi_hwassist (see ifnet(9)) is consulted for the capabilities of the interface to assist in computing checksums. The csum_flags field of the packet header is set to indicate which actions the interface is supposed to perform on it. The actions unsupported by the network interface are done in the software prior to passing the packet down to the interface driver; such actions will never be requested through csum_flags. The flags demanding a particular action from an interface are as follows: CSUM_IP The IP header checksum is to be computed and stored in the corresponding field of the packet. The hardware is expected to know the format of an IP header to determine the offset of the IP checksum field. CSUM_TCP The TCP checksum is to be computed. (See below.) CSUM_UDP The UDP checksum is to be computed. (See below.) Should a TCP or UDP checksum be offloaded to the hardware, the field csum_data will contain the byte offset of the checksum field relative to the end of the IP header. In this case, the checksum field will be initially set by the TCP/IP module to the checksum of the pseudo header defined by the TCP and UDP specifications. On input, an interface indicates the actions it has performed on a packet by setting one or more of the following flags in csum_flags associ- ated with the packet: CSUM_IP_CHECKED The IP header checksum has been computed. CSUM_IP_VALID The IP header has a valid checksum. This flag can appear only in combination with CSUM_IP_CHECKED. CSUM_DATA_VALID The checksum of the data portion of the IP packet has been computed and stored in the field csum_data in network byte order. CSUM_PSEUDO_HDR Can be set only along with CSUM_DATA_VALID to indicate that the IP data checksum found in csum_data allows for the pseudo header defined by the TCP and UDP specifications. Otherwise the checksum of the pseudo header must be calcu- lated by the host CPU and added to csum_data to obtain the final checksum to be used for TCP or UDP validation pur- poses. If a particular network interface just indicates success or failure of TCP or UDP checksum validation without returning the exact value of the checksum to the host CPU, its driver can mark CSUM_DATA_VALID and CSUM_PSEUDO_HDR in csum_flags, and set csum_data to 0xFFFF hexadecimal to indicate a valid checksum. It is a peculiarity of the algorithm used that the Internet checksum calculated over any valid packet will be 0xFFFF as long as the original checksum field is included. STRESS TESTING
When running a kernel compiled with the option MBUF_STRESS_TEST, the following sysctl(8)-controlled options may be used to create various failure/extreme cases for testing of network drivers and other parts of the kernel that rely on mbufs. net.inet.ip.mbuf_frag_size Causes ip_output() to fragment outgoing mbuf chains into fragments of the specified size. Setting this variable to 1 is an excellent way to test the long mbuf chain handling ability of network drivers. kern.ipc.m_defragrandomfailures Causes the function m_defrag() to randomly fail, returning NULL. Any piece of code which uses m_defrag() should be tested with this feature. RETURN VALUES
See above. SEE ALSO
ifnet(9), mbuf_tags(9) HISTORY
Mbufs appeared in an early version of BSD. Besides being used for network packets, they were used to store various dynamic structures, such as routing table entries, interface addresses, protocol control blocks, etc. In more recent FreeBSD use of mbufs is almost entirely limited to packet storage, with uma(9) zones being used directly to store other network-related memory. Historically, the mbuf allocator has been a special-purpose memory allocator able to run in interrupt contexts and allocating from a special kernel address space map. As of FreeBSD 5.3, the mbuf allocator is a wrapper around uma(9), allowing caching of mbufs, clusters, and mbuf + cluster pairs in per-CPU caches, as well as bringing other benefits of slab allocation. AUTHORS
The original mbuf manual page was written by Yar Tikhiy. The uma(9) mbuf allocator was written by Bosko Milekic. BSD
January 5, 2015 BSD


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The U.S. economy held steady with "modest to moderate" growth between early July and late August, as Americans bought more cars and auto factories ramped up hiring.
The Federal Reserve's so-called Beige Book, comprising reports from 12 geographic districts around the country, showed that manufacturing activity "expanded modestly" and that several districts reported that "demand for inputs related to autos, housing, and infrastructure were strong."
"Chicago highlighted the auto industry as a main source of strength for that District's overall manufacturing sector, and contacts there expect demand for heavy and medium trucks to ratchet up further and to support growth in overall manufacturing for the remainder of the year."
The Associated Press says: "Recent economic data has been mixed, but not weak enough to suggest any upset to a sluggish recent recovery, which is slowly bringing down unemployment."
The Beige Book report also pointed to activity in the real estate market, saying "rising home prices and mortgage interest rates may have spurred a pickup in recent market activity, as many 'fence sitters' were prompted to commit to purchases." It also noted an uptick in tourism and a modest improvement in the nonfinancial services sector.
Hiring, it said, held steady or increased somewhat in most regions, with St. Louis in particular reporting increases in employment in manufacturing.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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This is TELL ME MORE from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin. Coming up, Shirley Sherrod lost her job at the U.S. Department of Agriculture after she was accused of making racist statements in a speech, an accusation that was false and a smear. Now she's telling her own story in her own way. She has a new book out and she'll tell us more about it in a few minutes.
But first, Shirley Sherrod's old boss, President Obama, is a week away from knowing if he will get four more years in the White House. And with Election Day so close you are probably hearing, along with all the political ads, a lot of new polls.
In fact, the latest NPR poll is out today and it shows Governor Mitt Romney with a one point edge nationwide but trailing the president by four points overall in a dozen key battleground states. But of course, ours is just one poll, and often polls are different.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: And this morning the latest polls are painting a confusing and somewhat ominous picture.
All this according to our brand new CNN/ORC poll.
UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN: The last poll had him trailing the president.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: Rasmussen poll, which has it at a dead heat and the Fox News poll which has the president out by six points.
MARTIN: We wanted to know why there seems to be so much variance in the polls and what goes into making them so we've called Simon Jackman. He is a professor of political science and statistics at Stanford University. He also co-directs the Stanford Center for American Democracy. Welcome. Thanks so much for joining us.
SIMON JACKMAN: Thanks for having me.
MARTIN: So Professor Jackman, a lot of people will hear - well, right now let's just say that the polls all seem to be showing a very close race. But people often will hear these polls and they will hear very different things. Why is there so much variation in what people hear?
JACKMAN: Well, one explanation, of course, is that there's just ordinary sampling variation, and that is if I did a sample of 500 people and you did a poll based on a sample of 500 people, we could expect our results to diverge for that simple reason alone. There's a relatively small sample size there. And that's what pollsters refer to when they talk about their margin of error, as it were, with any given poll.
But over and above that, there's this variation that comes from the different way the sausage gets made, if you will, the different sampling techniques. Is it a phone survey? Is it an Internet survey? How long was the field period for the poll? There's a whole bunch of ingredients like that that produce this extra variation, over and above what we'd expect from the usual thing that we might have learned about back in Stats 101, perhaps, due to random sampling.
MARTIN: Of all the years that you've been doing this, are there particular challenges for pollsters right now? I mean, one immediate one that comes to mind is the fact that a lot of people these days don't have land lines anymore; they only use their cell phone. Or they might have a land line and a cell phone. Is that a particular challenge? And how do pollsters deal with that?
JACKMAN: That is a big, big deal in the industry right now, and it is, perhaps, one of the single biggest challenges facing phone polling in the United States right now, the way that people are abandoning land lines. It is illegal to auto-dial a cell phone and so that means that if you're going to try and get penetration into that segment of the population that is now cell phone only, it's become a more expensive proposition.
You've got to have human dialers actually dialing those numbers. You've got to the lists of cell phone numbers in the first instance. And so it's producing a real challenge - over and above the ordinary challenges of declining response rates. I think there's a lot of people out there getting jaded in all the polls we get asked to respond to.
I don't know about your kids, but mine just don't answer the land line anymore, we are - even though we are not a cell phone only household. I suspect like many people we simply ignore the land line when it rings because it's always marketing or someone like that.
And so that is producing a huge problem for the pollsters and a particular problem with political polling where the cell phone only population tends to skew younger, more mobile, and hence, more Democratic. So it's potentially a real source of bias in political polling, your ability to get into that cell phone only population.
MARTIN: Are you suggesting that in general, then, polls may be under-counting the younger more Democratic-leaning vote because they are more likely to not be reached? Is that what you're saying?
JACKMAN: That is a real risk to the industry at the moment and I think the better pollsters are extremely mindful of that and are doing their best to deal with it. Even the robo-pollers, as we call them, those using automated dialing techniques or IVR techniques, as we call them, to do land line only, they're doing their best to deal with that too.
They know that they're not getting to that population. They're using statistical adjustments to try and compensate for that. But, again, that's another source of error and another source of why the numbers might dance around a little more over and above what we'd expect from ordinary sampling variation.
MARTIN: And do you have any ways that you compensate for this for yourself? I mean, what do you do? Do you have some low tech polling other than just, you know, calling your relatives? I'm sure that doesn't really have a high confidence rate.
MARTIN: It might be satisfying but it doesn't lend a lot of confidence in the accuracy, I bet.
JACKMAN: There's a range of techniques out there, of course. And, you know, I'm currently directing something called the American National Election Studies with colleagues here at Stanford and the University of Michigan, and we're using good old fashion face to face interviewing for that, which is extremely expensive. And we've got a seven week field period.
We started polling just after conventions and we'll go right up until the election itself. That's out at one extreme. On the other extreme, you've also got Internet panels where people have been recruited to take surveys over the Internet. And then in between, I think, you've got a mix of phone methods. But everybody is wrestling with the fact that you can do a random sample, but for various reasons either you're not getting to the people you want or the people that you're getting to aren't participating in the survey.
Everybody's engaging in statistical adjustments of some kind and that is a big driver of the fact that that one poll may say one thing and another poll might say something completely different.
MARTIN: People have also gotten very accustomed to instant polls, or insta-polling, after the debates. For example, after significant news events we often see these kinds of snap polls. How confident should people be in those polls given what you've just told us?
JACKMAN: They're extremely difficult to do and to do well. The mountain you're trying to climb with an insta-poll is enormous. You've got to get a representative sample taking the survey in an extremely compressed time window. And all the usual problems to do with survey participation manifest themselves in a huge way in that compressed timeframe.
People who are turned on by the event, very enthusiastic about what they just saw, are the ones who are more likely to participate in those polls. And as a result, you're even leaning harder on the statistical adjustments to correct for that. And so I take them with a huge grain of salt, at this stage of the game, at least.
MARTIN: Speaking of which, how should people - I mean, obviously if you're in a campaign and it's your job to get this information, you've got your, you know, own level of anxiety about it and you've got your own techniques for figuring out how you're going to use that information; but what about just a person who's just interested in politics who just wants to keep up with things? How should they figure out in whom to have confidence and whom not to have confidence?
I just want to mention that NPR, for example, we use a bipartisan group. We use a Republican pollster and a Democratic pollster working together and ask them to work together to manage the poll. So that you can at least have the sense that there's a bipartisan perspective. What do you recommend that listeners look for? As briefly as you can.
JACKMAN: That's a good start. A bipartisan polling firm, or two firms, doing the work is a great start. Are they doing live interviews or are they auto-dialing to land line only? How long was the field period? The other thing you can do is, I think, you know, look at some of the work I'm doing over at Huffington Post or that Nate Silver at 538 over at the New York Times - which is essentially averaging the polls.
And the good news is your NPR numbers, that you talked about at the top of this segment, are right down the line: a small lead for Romney nationally, perhaps, but Obama still ahead in the swing states. That is right on the money, as it were. That's sort of...
JACKMAN: ...you know, right where the consensus or the average of the polls would line up.
MARTIN: All right. Professor Simon Jackman teaches political science and statistics at Stanford University and he joined us from Stanford. Professor Jackman, thank you for joining us.
JACKMAN: Thank you.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text: Evening News Broadcast daily at 10:00 PM Tibet time, the Evening Show presents the latest regional and world news, correspondent reports, and interviews with various newsmakers and on location informants. Weekly features include Tibetan Current Affairs, Youth, Health, Buddhism and Culture, and shows on traditional and contemporary Tibetan music. (in Tibetan).


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Awhile back I had read a tip that using a towel bar in the laundry room is a great way to create a simple drying rack. So, that is what we did.
I would drape a sweater or shirt over the double rod towel bar, and it worked great.... when I only washed one delicate thing. That meant washing important pieces of clothing in shifts or laying things out over the washer, random furniture or even hanging them in the shower. I also recently decided that I would rather hang my shirts to dry vs. popping them through the dryer since it avoids any shrinking and wrinkling that is typically caused by the dryer. So, I started brainstorming ways to get a drying rack installed...
The way our laundry room is laid out, there is no room above the washer and dryer or utility sink for a drying area, so I knew it would have to be somewhere on the opposite wall. It didn't take me long to realize that a simple shimmy of the linen cabinet to the left, and I would be able to place a bar between the cabinet and the wall. Easy peasy!
But a single bar from the cabinet to the wall really wouldn't feel all that finished, so I decided to complicate the solution a smidge by adding a bridge and some molding over the top of the bar, so it felt like it was all intentional and "built in".
We started by moving the cabinet down where we wanted it, and installing a painted corbel {from Home Depot} to the side of the cabinet. To do this, we just screwed through the inside of the cabinet directly into the solid wood corbel.
As you can see in the photo, we also began the installation of the rod that would span from the cabinet to the wall. We went with an expandable closet rod from Home Depot.
We installed the second corbel by screwing directly through the corbel into the wall.
The point of the corbels was slightly decorative but mostly supportive. However, only supportive of a small piece of melamine board, cut down to the span of the cabinet to the wall.
Since that looks completely unfinished and silly, B quickly popped up a couple pieces of crown molding to finish things up a bit!
Some painters caulk filled in all of the air nail holes, screw holes and molding joints, and the last step was to install the closet rod.
Now the linen cabinet appears to be a large built in laundry land cabinet.
A view of it all straight on:
Now I am not only able to air my clean laundry, I am also airing my dirty laundry to all of blog land. Awesome.
Many fabulous things came from this project that I am pretty excited about:
- I have given myself plenty of room to air dry our clothing.
- Our guest bathroom has never had a towel bar, so now we can recycle the one from the laundry room to the guest bathroom.
- Our laundry room has a more polished and finished feeling.
- I got to purchase some of my favorite white wooden hangers from IKEA. Something about wooden hangers really get my heart racing... Am I airing too much?
The only real flaw with the whole setup is that there is a lot of white on white on white happening on that side of the room which is much different than the opposite side...
So I am challenging myself to solve that problem in the near future...
But for now, here is a side by side to better show where the cabinet landed:
I love when I can expand
Don't you love how molding can instantly take a typical piece of furniture and give it such a finished and polished effect? Anyone else doing quickie modifications that make a big impact and leave you with a dorky permagrin like mine? Do tell!


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Hp G6-1120sh R13 DA0R13MB6E0 Bios Bin file.
Hp G6-1120sh R13 DA0R13MB6E0 Rev.E VGA AMD 216-0809024 bios bin file download. Our all bios and EC bin file is 100% working with Clear ME and so many times tested on different machines. If your System have No Display after programmed this Bios Bin file, it means this bios bin is not supported for your system, it may be Motherboard PCB Number mismatch. Not only System Model but Also Motherboard PCB number also need to match.
We are believing in reviving the technology and making minimum electronics waste, as our field is computers and laptops we are here trying to provide as much stuff as possible for free to make our contribution. At this platform you can download confirm and tested bios files, schematics and other relative material to make it possible to repair.
Bios which is (basic input out system) and is advanced into UEFI (unified extensible firmware interface), is a program which contains communication protocols between different ICs and also contains hardware initialization processes to safely start a computer system, it also manages power flow to different motherboard parts and senses temperature and detects peripherals. It runs when we plug the power in till we are running different task in our OS. It continuously provides information about hardware to OS as well. This is a program which connects hardware to hardware and to software as well. This is why it is also called "firmware".
Always remember! First Backup your old Bios chip and save it at (USB or Hard drive) then copy the downloaded Bios bin file into the Bios chip. Sometime the machine states changed after programming bios chip.it is a good practice to save yourself.
Download bios bin file for Hp G6-1120sh R13 DA0R13MB6E0 Bios from below link!


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Terms and Conditions
Last updated: October 2, 2023 Please read these Terms of Use ("Terms", "Terms of Use") carefully before using the https://venezuelanalysis.com website (the "Service") operated by Venezuelanalysis ("us", "we", or "our"). Your access to and use of the Service is conditioned on your acceptance of and compliance with these Terms. These Terms apply to all visitors, users and others who access or use the Service. By accessing or using the Service you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you disagree with any part of the terms then you may not access the Service.


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I feel like I should comment some of the clams being posted as replies here.
For starters, speed IS an issue with MD5 in particular and also SHA1. I've written my own MD5 bruteforce application just for the fun of it, and using only my CPU I can easily check a hash against about 200mill. hash per second. The main reason for this speed is that you for most attempts can bypass 19 out of 64 steps in the algorithm. For longer input (> 16 characters) it won't apply, but I'm sure there's some ways around it.
If you search online you'll see people claiming to be able to check against billions of hashes per second using GPUs. I wouldn't be surprised if it's possible to reach 100 billion per second on a single computer alone these days, and it's only going to get worse. It would require a watt monster with 4 dual high-end GPUs or something, but still possible.
Here's why 100 billion per second is an issue:
Assume most passwords contain a selection of 96 characters. A password with 8 characters would then have 96^8 = 7,21389578984e+15 combinations.
With 100 billion per second it would then take 7,21389578984e+15 / 3600 = ~20 hours to figure out what it actually says. Keep in mind that you'll need to add the numbers for 1-7 characters as well. 20 hours is not a lot if you want to target a single user.
So on essence:
There's a reason why newer hash algorithms are specifically designed not to be easily implemented on GPUs.
Oh, and I can see there's someone mentioning MD5 and rainbow tables. If you read the numbers here, I hope you realize how incredibly stupid and useless rainbow tables have become in terms of MD5. Unless the input to MD5 is really huge, you're just not going to be able to compete with GPUs here. By the time a storage media is able to produce far beyond 3TB/s, the CPUs and GPUs will have reached much higher speeds.
As for SHA1, my belief is that it's about a third slower than MD5. I can't verify this myself, but it seems to be the case judging the numbers presented for MD5 and SHA1. The issue with speeds is basically very much the same here as well.
The moral here:
Please do as told. Don't every use MD5 and SHA1 for hasing passwords ever again. We all know passwords aren't going to be that long for most people, and that's a major disadvantage. Adding long salts will help for sure, but unless you want to add some hundred bytes of salt, there's going to be fast bruteforce applications out there ready to reverse engineer your passwords or your users' passwords.


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Title: Andean Dawn
Size: 47 x 47 inches (120 x 120 cm)
Weaving Time: 4 – 5 Weeks
Shipping: Worldwide Shipping Included
Purchasing Process:
All tapestries ordered directly to Maximo Laura's Studio in Lima, Peru, are woven by request and the weaving time depends on the size and complexity of each piece.
Should you wish to purchase a Maximo Laura Tapestry, you can do so in 4 steps:
Step 1: Click on the "Send an enquiry" button and complete the form provided
– Once the form in sent we will get in touch with you through an email in order to proceed with the following steps and confirm your order.
– The payment for all tapestry orders can be coordinated at the moment the order is placed or once the tapestry is completed and ready to ship.
Step 2: Weaving Process
– When your tapestry is half-way completed we will send you a group of photos that show the progress of your tapestry.
– Upon completion of the tapestry we will send you a final photograph of your tapestry to ensure customer satisfaction and proceed with the payment process.
Step 3: Payment Process
– The payment can be coordinate using Paypal or a bank-to-bank wire transfer.
Step 4: Shipping Process
– We will coordinate the shipping of your tapestry to the address provided using DHL International Shipping and send you a confirmation email containing the tracking number for your package.
It is important to note that all tapestries are hand-woven and all colors used for the weaving of the tapestry are combined by hand. Due to this special process, although the design and colors used to prepare the tapestry are the same, there can be slight changes that make each tapestry especially unique.
Should there be any questions please don't hesitate to get in touch with us through the "Send an Enquiry" button at the top of this page.


text:
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When you visit, register or order products or services on www.bluebird-type2.co.uk you may be asked to provide certain information about yourself including your name, contact details and credit or debit card information.
We may also collect information about your usage of our website as well as information about you from messages you post to the website and e-mails or letters you send to us.
To maintain customer service standards and to assist staff training, we may record and monitor incoming calls.
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In particular, we may use your information to contact you for your views on our services and to notify you occasionally about important changes or developments to the website or our services. Further, where you have consented, we might also use your information to let you know by email about other products and services which we offer which may be of interest to you. If you change your mind about being contacted in the future, please let us know.
The information you provide to us may be accessed by or given to third parties some of whom may be located outside the European Economic Area who act for us for the purposes set out in this policy or for other purposes approved by you. Those parties process information, fulfil and deliver orders, process credit card payments and provide support services on our behalf. We may also pass aggregate information on the usage of our website to third parties but this will not include information that can be used to identify you.
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Is Pink Turkey Meat Safe?
The color pink in cooked turkey meat raises a "red flag" to many diners and cooks. Conditioned to be wary of cooked fresh pork that looks pink, they question the safety of cooked poultry and other meats that have a rosy blush.
Numerous callers to the USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline report being alarmed when seeing "pink." To them, it means "unsafe" or "under-done."
"I cooked my turkey until done according to the directions, but when I sliced the breast meat, it was still pink near the bone," said an Oklahoma caller. "Is it safe?"
"We had a big family argument at Thanksgiving dinner. Aunt Mildred wouldn't eat the turkey because it looked pink," reported the beleaguered cook from a Wisconsin family.
The color of cooked poultry is not always a sure sign of its safety. Only by using a food thermometer can one accurately determine that poultry has reached a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 °F throughout the product. Turkey can remain pink even after cooking to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 °F. The meat of smoked turkey is always pink.
To understand some of the causes of "pinking" or "pinkening" in fresh turkey, it's important to know first what gives meat its natural color.
Why is Poultry Lighter in Color Than Beef?
The protein myoglobin is the major pigment found in all vertebrates and can exist in various forms which determine the resulting meat color. The major reason that poultry meat is much lighter in color than beef is that it is dramatically lower in myoglobin. Also, as an animal becomes older, its myoglobin content usually increases. Turkeys today are young — 4 to 5 months old at the time of slaughter.
Why Are White & Dark Meat of Poultry Different Colors?
The pink, red or white coloration of meat is due primarily to oxygen-storing myoglobin which is located in the muscle cells and retains the oxygen brought by the blood until the cells need it. To some extent, oxygen use can be related to the bird's general level of activity: muscles that are exercised frequently and strenuously — such as the legs — need more oxygen, and they have a greater storage capacity than muscles needing little oxygen. Turkeys do a lot of standing around, but little if any flying, so their wing and breast muscles are white; their legs, dark.
What Causes Well-Done Meat to Be Pink?
Chemical Changes During Cooking
Scientists have found that pinkness occurs when gases in the atmosphere of a heated gas or electric oven react chemically with hemoglobin in the meat tissues to give poultry a pink tinge. They are the same substances that give red color to smoked hams and other cured meats.
The presence of high levels of myoglobin, or some of its redder forms due to incomplete denaturation during heat processing, can account for poultry having a pink to red color similar to that of an undercooked product.
Natural Presence of Nitrites
Nitrites are commonly used to produce a desired pink color in traditionally cured meats such as ham or bologna. So it follows that the natural presence of nitrates and nitrites, either in the feed or water supply, used in the production of poultry are a factor in nitrite levels in the birds.
One study found that during 40 hours of storage at 40 °F, naturally occurring microorganisms converted nitrate to nitrite. It also found that the local water supply had nitrate and, thus, it could serve as a nitrate source during processing.
Young Age of Meat
Often meat of younger birds shows the most pink because their thinner skins permit oven gases to reach the flesh. The amount of fat in the skin also affects the amount of pink color. Young birds or animals also lack the shield of a fat covering.
Meat and poultry grilled or smoked outdoors can also look pink, even when cooked to 165 °F. There may be a pink-colored rim about one-half inch wide around the outside of the cooked meat. The meat of commercially smoked turkeys is usually pink because it is prepared with natural smoke and liquid smoke flavor.


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Complete the Survey: The City wants your input about potential changes to Reid Park and the Reid Park Zoo
13961 responses
Open Town Hall is not a certified voting system or ballot box. As with any public comment process, participation in Open Town Hall is voluntary. The responses in this record are not necessarily representative of the whole population, nor do they reflect the opinions of any government agency or elected officials.
Your answers will NOT be saved
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It is common knowledge that too much sun exposure is bad for your skin. Most people also know that we need sunlight to make vitamin D, a micronutrient that aids bone growth and absorption of calcium, controls cell growth, regulates immunity, and helps prevent inflammation. Unfortunately, it can be tricky balance between getting the sunshine we need to produce adequate vitamin D and risking overexposure and skin cancer.
How Long Should You Stay In the Sun?
The recommended length of time in the sun depends on several factors, including time of day, geographical location, and the type of skin you have.
- The higher in the sky the sun is, the stronger the ultraviolet B (UVB) rays that brown the skin and cause it to look older. The sun is highest at midday.
- UV radiation is higher close to the equator in locations such as Florida, Central America, and Thailand.
- The thinner the ozone layer, the stronger UV radiation levels are. UV exposure is greater in Australia and New Zealand, near the hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica.
- UVB exposure is more of a problem in high-altitude, mountainous regions.
- Water, snow, and light-colored sand reflect UV light, increasing exposure.
How Much Sun Exposure Can Your Skin Handle?
The more sensitive to light your skin is, the shorter the time in which it can protect itself from UV radiation. The following is a table of skin types, and the maximum time for each that should be spent in the sun, taken from an article published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI):
- Skin Type I: Very light skin, reddish or strawberry blond hair, blue or gray eyes, skin that does not tan but often freckles. Maximum time in the sun — 10 minutes.
- Skin Type II: Light skin (often with freckles), blond or brown hair, all eye colors, skin that tans barely or moderately. Maximum sun exposure — 20 minutes.
- Skin Type III: Light or light brown skin (rarely with freckles), gray or brown eyes, dark blond or brown hair, skin that tans easily and burns within half an hour. Maximum time in the sun – 30 minutes.
- Skin Type IV: Light brown or olive skin without freckles, brown or dark brown eyes, dark brown hair, skin that tans deeply and burns within 50 minutes. Maximum time in the sun – 50 minutes.
- Skin Type V: Dark brown skin, dark brown or black hair, dark brown eyes, skin that takes more than an hour to burn in the sun and does not become darker. Maximum sun exposure – more than 60 minutes.
- Skin Type VI: Black or dark brown skin, black hair, dark brown eyes, skin that does not become darker and takes more than an hour to burn in the sun. Maximum time in the sun – more than 60 minutes.
Do You Have The Right Health Insurance?
Both overexposure and underexposure to the sun can cause health problems. Too much sun can hasten the signs of aging and increase the risk for skin cancer. Not enough sun can result in vitamin D deficiency, which may be linked to a number of health problems, including diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, and autoimmune disorders.
If you suffer from any health conditions, it is important to receive the care you need. Our agency will be happy to review your health insurance policy to help ensure you have the coverage you need.
Article originally posted on www.insuranceneighbor.com(opens in new tab)


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you have a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at (214) 638-2681 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for anyone with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
Open to the Public
Monday - Friday: 9AM to 430PM
Saturday: 10 AM to 4 PM
Capital Distributing in Dallas, TX is an authorized dealer of American Range Products. Inspired by their passion for perfection, renowned for their product innovation and quality, American Range® is a recognized leader in the commercial food service industry. Their commercial workhorse pedigree has been proven in the worlds most demanding kitchens for over past 30 years. In that time, innovative technology and robust engineering have advanced every aspect of their cooking equipment. American Range's commercial equipment is constructed to withstand the challenges of the most demanding chefs and kitchens.
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We all know kids who can't sit still, who never seem to listen, who blurt out inappropriate comments or don't follow instructions no matter how clearly you present them.
While it's normal for kids to forget their homework, daydream during class or act without thinking, inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity are also signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD. ADHD makes it difficult for a person to inhibit their spontaneous responses, including everything from movement to speech to assertiveness.
Some children with ADHD may be constantly in-motion, bouncing off the walls and disrupting others around them. Other children with ADHD may sit quietly, with their attention miles away.
There are three primary characteristics of ADHD: Inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, though all three aren't always prominent in one child.
Children with ADHD may:
- Have trouble staying focused or get easily distracted
- Appear not to be listening when spoken to
- Constantly fidget and squirm
- Talk excessively
- Act without thinking
- Interrupt often, or say the wrong thing at the wrong time
- Have a quick temper or "short fuse"
Whether or not your child's symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are due to ADHD, they can cause problems if left untreated. Children who can't focus or control themselves or get into trouble at school often find it hard to make friends. These frustrations can later lead to low self-esteem as well as friction for the whole family.
Treatment can make a dramatic difference in your child's symptoms. With the right support, your child can get on track for success in all areas of life.
If you're interested in learning more about ADD and ADHD therapy, contact me today for a free consultation. I would be happy to share how I can help your child achieve success and grow.


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Years of experience and our own crew of licensed professionals afford us the knowledge needed to deliver the results you're looking for. Our work complies with all of the local and state code requirements, ensuring that the job is done right the first time, every time.
All of your installation needs can be handled by our installation experts. Our technicians arrive on-site with a fully equipped vehicle to get the install job done with quality workmanship. With a diverse fleet of service vehicles, and the latest tools and technology, we are ready to provide you with top-notch installation service for any sign.
We look forward to working with you and your team to complete your installation project on time, and on budget. Please contact us today and learn more about how we can help you!
Need an installation? Contact us today for a quote »


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The CCIB DNA Core has acquired the Silencer Select Human Genome siRNA Library V4 (Part Numbers 4397922, 4397924, and 4397923), which targets a genome-scale collection of 21,585 human genes. Our Laboratory Automation group provides a high-throughput screening service utilizing a pooled version of the library. The pooled library consists of a total of 248 plates (96-well format), with three unique, non-overlapping siRNAs per well targeting the same gene.
If you are interested in performing a screening project in collaboration with the CCIB DNA Core or in acquiring individual clones, please contact us.


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One of the most startling aspects of Friday's bombing investigation was the shutdown of most of a major metropolitan area. That's rarely, if ever, happened in quite this way. The people around Boston affected Juliette Kayyem, who will talk with us about what this means. She's a former top Homeland Security official from Massachusetts and for the Obama administration. She is now a columnist for the Boston Globe, and her family was locked down on Friday in the Boston area. Welcome to the program, Juliette.
JULIETTE KAYYEM: Good morning, Steve.
INSKEEP: Is this in anybody's playbook, shutting down a city like this?
KAYYEM: Well, it's often in the playbook when it comes to, say, winter storms. So, actually, if you just look back a couple months, the governor essentially closed down the entire state. That was a non-voluntary shutdown. Of course, it feels different in the context of a terrorism investigation and chase.
INSKEEP: Is there actually some intellectual background here? Five or ten years ago, someone said next time we're chasing a terrorist suspect, we should shut down the city.
KAYYEM: Right. There is. So, there's been lot of planning for variety of reasons. One of them, of course, Steve, would be sort of some radiological event, some biological event. Unprecedented, though, you know, I'm not going to deny it, that a chase like this causing such a big geographic shutdown was very unique.
But in the context of Thursday night, here's what the police officers knew. They knew that there had been a terrorist attack a few days earlier. They knew that the culprits were still in the city. So that's pretty scary. Right? Why are they still here? They know they're heavily armed, they're throwing explosives out the car, and they don't know at that time whether there are others that are going to, you know, sort of join the bandwagon.
So at the moment, you're thinking, how do I protect the civilians? And how do I empty the streets so that pubic safety official can focus on the hunt? You could have made a rational case the other way. It's just at that moment you want to isolate the younger brother, you want to protect citizens and you want to relieve public safety pressures that, you know, them doing their other jobs.
INSKEEP: OK, so that's the case for shutting down the city...
KAYYEM: Yeah.
INSKEEP: ...that was made in the moment. But, as you know, as this happened, there were some people raising questions about whether this went too far. One commonly heard remark on Friday was, well, this is what a terrorist would love to know that they were able to do to shut down a major metropolitan area.
John Cassidy of The New Yorker said, I decided this fine country of ours had lost its moorings and gone a little nuts. He couldn't believe that in addition to shutting down the city that even trains running out of Boston were shut down.
KAYYEM: You know, there's a lot of ways to judge America's greatness. So, one maybe that we don't shut down the city, as Cassidy and others are arguing. But another way to judge it is, you know, we're going to get this guy and we're going to ask civilians and citizens to just stay put while we get him. That doesn't seem to me to be any more or less American than sort of, you know, not having a lockdown.
INSKEEP: Were you glad your kids were kept at home?
KAYYEM: Oh, yeah. I wanted to take them out. And, first of all, MIT is about three blocks from my home. I got stuck at a hotel. I was out Thursday night because my husband said don't get out there. I'm hearing too much going on. Finally, when he said, all clear, I drove on the Mass. Turnpike home. I was passed by about 30 or 35 police cars, and I had to pull over. I mean, my heart - I had never sort of experienced anything like that. In terms of just the stress I think of the week and then the potential that these people would finally be caught. And I want just, you know, the truth is whatever the governor said, my kids were probably not going to be out and about, given what had happened in my neighborhood Thursday night.
INSKEEP: Juliette Kayyem of the Boston Globe. Thanks very much.
KAYYEM: Thanks so much, Steve.
INSKEEP: This is NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Author: Laurelin Paige & Sierra Simone
Date: March 8, 2016
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Laurelin Paige
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Sierra Simone is a USA Today Bestselling former librarian (who spent too much time reading romance novels at the information desk.) She lives with her husband and family in Kansas City.


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Peridontist at Williston Dental Team
While you may think that some loss of teeth is inevitable with aging, it is actually possible for all of your teeth to last a lifetime. One of the ways you can achieve this goal is to avoid periodontal disease ("peri" – around; "odont" – tooth), which is caused by bacteria that attack the tissues around the teeth. Unfortunately, you may not even realize you have gum disease as the signs and symptoms are not always as apparent to you as they are to a dental professional.
Nearly all people who do not maintain good daily oral hygiene will develop gingivitis. If left untreated, this bacterial gum infection can progress from gingivitis ("gingival" – gum; "itis" – inflammation) to periodontitis, which results in bone loss around your teeth. As the bone tissue is lost, the gum tissues detach from the teeth and form little pockets that provide an even better place for bacteria to live — where your brush and floss can't reach. As periodontal disease advances leading to more bone loss, tooth loss can result. Part of this has to do with genetics, as periodontal disease tends to run in families. The good news is that periodontal disease can be controlled, even at more advanced stages.
Signs and Symptoms of Periodontal Disease
It's important to understand that you can have periodontal disease with no obvious symptoms, especially if you are a smoker (nicotine reduces blood supply preventing bleeding and swelling of the gum tissues). Still, there are some important things to look for:
- Bleeding gums — Some people think that when their gums bleed, it simply means they're brushing too hard. While brushing too hard is bad for the gums, it should not cause bleeding. Any bleeding of the gums should be considered a warning sign of gum disease.
- Bad breath — It's very easy for plaque to collect in the spaces between the teeth, creating the perfect living conditions for bacteria that produce odorous, sulfur-containing compounds, resulting in bad breath.
- Redness or swelling of the gums — Inflammation of the gums is usually the first visible sign of periodontal disease.
- Receding gums — If you notice that your teeth look longer than they used to, it may be that your gum tissue has receded (away from the enamel), exposing some of your tooth roots.
- Sensitivity — If there is gum recession, the exposed roots may become sensitive to hot or cold.
- Periodontal abscess — Bacteria can become enclosed in a periodontal pocket and the area will fill with pus, becoming swollen and painful.
- Loose teeth — When periodontal disease results in bone loss, teeth can become loose or migrate. Tooth loss can result and may be accelerated if you are applying excessive biting forces from clenching or grinding your teeth.
Treatment Options
All periodontal therapy starts with the evaluation of your oral hygiene techniques and instruction for improving them, followed by the mechanical removal of plaque and any calcified deposits (tartar or calculus) that are present on the root surfaces. This is accomplished with a cleaning technique known as scaling, root planing or debridement using hand instruments and/or ultrasonic (high frequency vibrational) instruments. Locally applied antimicrobial products or antibiotics might also be recommended during various parts of periodontal treatment to assist in healing and pocket-depth reduction, hopefully eliminating the need for periodontal surgery. Sometimes surgical procedures may be necessary to remove the deep pockets that form between inflamed gum tissue and teeth. There are many different types of surgery to handle a variety of problems. And many times, combinations of procedures are used to attempt to reduce the number of surgeries as well as the cost of treatment.
Periodontal Disease & Your Overall Health
Periodontal disease starts in your mouth but has actually been linked to more serious conditions, such as cardio-vascular disease (CVD), diabetes and preterm births. Research has suggested two plausible mechanisms for how gum disease and these other serious medical concerns could be related: moderate to severe periodontal disease increases the level of systemic (bodily) inflammation — a characteristic of all chronic inflammatory diseases. Also, the same bacterial strains that are commonly found in periodontal pockets surrounding diseased teeth have been found in blood vessel plaques of individuals with CVD. Therefore, it may be helpful to reduce periodontal inflammation to reduce systemic inflammation.
Preventive Strategies
The best way to prevent periodontal disease is to brush and floss your teeth effectively every day. Regular dental checkups and professional cleanings every 3 or 4 or 6 months are also an important part of maintaining periodontal health; the instruments and techniques used in these cleanings can reach into areas that your toothbrush and floss can't.
It is also possible to detect early forms of gum disease by evaluating your gingival (gum) tissues, both visually and by examining their attachment levels to the teeth. And the health of your tooth-supporting bone can be assessed by taking dental radiographs (x-rays pictures).
There are other steps you can take: Eating right, reducing stress in your life, and giving up unhealthy habits like smoking will also help ensure that you keep your teeth for a lifetime.
For more information on our Periodontist , call Williston Dental Team in Williston, VT at (802) 878-0600!
Related Articles on Periodontist
Understanding Gum (Periodontal) Disease Have your gums ever bled when you brushed or flossed? This most commonly overlooked simple sign may be the start of a silent progressive disease leading to tooth loss. Learn what you can do to prevent this problem and keep your teeth for life... Read Article
The Link Between Heart & Gum Diseases Inflammation has emerged as a factor in the process of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which commonly results in heart attacks and strokes. While the precise role inflammation plays in causing chronic CVD remains an area of intense investigation, much more is now known. The good news is that, based on current research, we know that if we can reduce the inflammation caused by periodontal disease, we may reduce the risk for heart attacks and strokes... Read Article
Periodontal Plastic Surgery Millions of Americans have some degree of gum recession — a loss of the tough, pink tissue that surrounds teeth. Receding gums can cause anything from minor tooth sensitivity to tooth loss in very severe cases. Fortunately, the field of periodontal plastic surgery has made enormous strides in devising techniques, including grafting, to deal with the problem of lost or damaged gum tissue... Read Article
Pregnancy & Oral Health Pregnancy is generally thought of as the time when a woman strives to be particularly aware of the need for better health. Many women, though, may not be aware of the link that exists between their oral health and their systemic (general) health, as well as the impact this can have on a developing child. Learn about how to care for yourself and your baby... Read Article


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