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95 Bright White Clean Natural Diamonds
Tresorra is a renowned brand in the jewelry industry, specializing in Fine Jewelry Diamond Everyday pieces. Our collections are known for their high-quality diamonds, crafted with perfection and set in solid gold. We pride ourselves on offering luxurious and modern styles that are suitable for any occasion.
All weights pertaining to gemstones, including diamonds, are minimum weights. Additionally, please note that many gemstones are treated to enhance their beauty. View Gemstone Enhancements and Special Care Requirements for important information.
Gold Karat
Gold's softness and malleability make it a wonderful metal to work with when creating virtually any design in jewelry. But this softness can be a drawback as well. To make it stronger and more durable, gold is usually alloyed, or mixed, with other metals such as copper or silver. The higher a metal's percentage of gold content, the softer and more yellow the jewelry piece. The karat weight system used to measure gold in a piece is the same for all hues, including white and yellow gold.
The word "carat" is Arabic, meaning "bean seed." This is because historically seeds were used to measure weights of gold and precious stones. In the United States, "karat" with a "k" is used to measure gold's purity, while "carat" with a "c" is used in measuring a gemstone's size. The karat mark of gold represents the percentage of pure gold to alloy.
In order to determine the karat weight of a specific item, simply look for the quality mark. Jewelry items will bear the stamp of their karatage based upon the United States or European system of marking. The United States system designates pieces by their karats—24K, 18K, 14K, 10K, etc. The European system designates pieces by their percentage of gold content. For instance, 10K gold is marked "417," denoting 41.7% gold; 14K is marked "585," denoting 58.5% gold; and 18K is marked "750," denoting 75% gold; etc.
The value of a diamond is determined by the Four Cs: Cut, Color, Clarity and Carat weight.
Diamond Cut
The cut of a diamond (the depth, width and uniformity of the facets) determines the stone's brilliance and sparkle. Even if a diamond has perfect color and clarity, a poor cut can make it look dull. A diamond's proportions determine how well the light will reflect and refract within the stone, with symmetry of the cut being extremely important.
Diamond Color
Acting as a prism, a diamond can divide light into a spectrum of colors, reflecting light as colorful flashes called fire. Color within a diamond diminishes the brilliance of the stone by diminishing the spectrum of colors that are emitted. A colorless diamond disperses light throughout the entire stone. Therefore, the less color that is in a diamond, the more colorful its fire, the better its color grade, and the greater its value (and priced accordingly).
Diamond color is graded using an alphabetical range from D-Z (D being totally colorless). Diamonds graded better than J are colorless or near-colorless, with color that is typically undetectable to the unaided eye. Color K-Z is especially noticeable when set in platinum or white gold.
Diamond Clarity
Most diamonds naturally have small internal flaws called inclusions, which interfere with the passage of light through the stone. The size, number, position and color of these imperfections determine a stone's clarity grade.
Our diamonds have been evaluated and graded by GIA graduate gemologists using the standards established by GIA (The Gemological Institute of America). Through these guidelines, we no longer provide clarity grades for SINGLE cut diamonds.
Diamond Carat
Carat is the standard unit of measurement used to determine a diamond's weight. Although two diamonds may have the same carat weight, their color and clarity may be different, thus determining each individual stone's value. Additionally, since larger diamonds are more rare than smaller diamonds, diamond value tends to rise exponentially with carat weight.
More About Diamonds
The most precious of all gems, diamonds have an incredible rarity factor. It takes a minimum of one million diamonds to be mined in order to find a 1.00ct gem-quality diamond, so each 1.00ct quality diamond is literally one in a million. Making them even more incredible, the mining of diamonds requires moving and sifting 250 tons of the Earth's crust to find just one diamond. Mining companies literally move mountains to find diamonds.
Diamonds have the longest endurance of any substance known on Earth. Carbon dating has established that diamonds, on the average, are 3.4 billion years of age. They consist of pure carbon and there is no chemical difference between them and carbon powder (the lead pencil center). Obviously, however, the physical difference between carbon powder and a diamond is fascinating. Diamonds are created from a basketball-sized piece of pure carbon that becomes white-hot. It is squeezed to the size of a small pearl, turning from black to clear in the process and becoming the hardest material known to humans, ranking a 10.0 on the Mohs Scale . Because they are so hard, diamonds can only be ground and polished by using diamond dust that has been ground from other diamonds.
Diamonds are found in a rainbow of colors. The value of a fancy-colored stone depends largely on the rarity of its color, the saturation of the color, and the purity of the color. Probably the most famous colored diamond is the Hope, which features a deep-blue color and weighs an amazing 45.52ct. It can be seen at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C.
With diamonds found all over the world, America has a couple small producing diamonds mines, but it only produces industrial grades with non-gem grade material. These black and brown industrial-grade diamonds are widely used as cutting and grinding tools in various industries, such as oil drilling and stone carving.
Diamonds have come to symbolize the ultimate gift of love and romance and, in the United States, are traditionally used in engagement and wedding rings. The tradition of the diamond solitaire engagement ring may have started in 1477, when the Archduke of Austria gave a large solitaire diamond to Mary of Burgundy for her hand in marriage. Amidst this tradition of romance, the diamond is also the birthstone for April and given as 10th, 30th, 60th and 75th anniversary gifts.
Diamonds have been the pride of empires throughout time. Ancient Hindu followers believed diamonds were created by thunderbolts striking the ground. Ancient Greeks believed that diamonds were teardrops of the gods and splinters of stars that had fallen to Earth. The stones were believed to possess magical qualities and have powers far beyond the understanding of common man. Even the name stems from "adamas," the Greek word for "unconquerable" and "indestructible."
The diamond is considered the most magical of all gems. When worn, it is believed to promote spirituality, even ecstasy, and is often utilized in meditation. The diamond promotes self-confidence in relations with the opposite sex and is often worn to conquer infertility. The diamond is the stone of love and is worn to ensure fidelity. Owing to its sparkling and flashing nature, it has long been regarded as a stone of protection and peace. It can be worn today for courage and strength, and represents fearlessness and invincibility.
Since only diamonds can scratch other diamonds, it is important to wrap and store your diamond jewelry pieces separately so they do not touch one another. To clean jewelry at home, soak diamonds in warm, sudsy water made with any mild liquid detergent. Brush with a soft toothbrush and rinse and pat dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. Other effective cleaning methods include soaking diamonds in household ammonia, brand-name liquid jewelry cleaners, or even a glass of vodka.
White Gold
Although gold is most often thought of as having a soft, yellow glow, the metal is available in an entire spectrum of different hues. The different colors of gold depend upon with which metals the gold is alloyed, or mixed.
Increasing in popularity in recent years, white gold has become fashionable as the preferred cool and contemporary look. White gold boasts the same properties as classic yellow gold, but achieves its white color by mixing with different alloys. In general, white gold is created when a nickel or palladium alloy (zinc and copper) is used. White gold may also be plated with an even whiter metal, such as rhodium, to enhance its cool appearance. As well, a white gold setting can enhance the rapture of white diamonds.


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Check PHP configuration
The easiest way to check the PHP configuration, including which modules are installed, is to create a test script using the phpinfo() function. Open your favorite text editor and type:
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
Save the file as phptest.php in the Web server document root (/opt/bitnami/apache/htdocs/ for Apache or /opt/bitnami/nginx/html for NGINX). Make sure the Web server is running, open a browser and type http://SERVER-IP/phptest.php. You should then see a screen showing detailed information about the PHP version you are using and installed modules.
You can also run the following command to list installed modules only:
$ /opt/bitnami/php/bin/php -m

subset: commoncrawl


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Talenti Milo round table
Talenti Milo square table
The opulence of nature and the fascinating glimpses of Mediterranean landscapes are the inspirations that gave rise to the collections in the Premium catalog. A selection of furniture for outdoor living that make quality and elegance their keywords.
Finish: graphite
Dimensions: 90x90x74
Design: Marco Acerbis
Product Gallery
We ship all over the world, Packages are generally shipped within 4/5 weeks from the order, unless they are made to measure products, in this case we will notify you of the delivery date when placing the order.Quick Shipment for STOCK items.
All our shipments are made with DHL
US CUSTOM FEES: orders under $ 800,00 in goods are exempt from import taxes
Following Brexit, UK customers will not be charged any customs duties.
Contact us for more information or to speak to one of our experts!
For any doubts, questions or clarifications, please contact our customer service. Telephone assistance is active during the daily opening hours!
Furnishing a made-to-measure home means not only characterizing but also optimizing the spaces in the house. After a careful analysis of your request, Tattahome will guarantee you the possibility to customize and fully exploit every space of your environment, without having to compromise on quality. We create design projects for each room, from custom-made kitchens to the living area, but also for the sleeping area and the bathroom.Find out more


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Educational distribution among adults in Arizona by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing (2014) Switch to: Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults in Arizona by educational group
% of adults in Arizona who have completed…
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
At least once a week | 35% | 37% | 17% | 12% | 403 |
Seldom/never | 42% | 43% | 8% | 7% | 104 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: High school or less, Some college, College, Post-graduate degree


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Our Swimming Pool cleaning Services have been helping people just like you maintain their residential swimming pools in Hood with little or no effort. You can count on expert our advice and the attention to detail in every pool we maintain. CAL Pools will keep your pool looking perfect pool just for you.
The Complete Cleaning - This a full Pool Cleaning Package which covers service work on everything from pool chemicals to vacuuming and skimming. Four visits per month.
Basic Cleaning - This similar to our Complete Cleaning except that it does not include cleaning, vacuuming and netting. Two visit per month.
Chemical Balancing - Balancing chemical to water only. Two visit per month.
Weekly Pool Cleaning Service Routine Includes:
- Skim and Scoop Pool or Spa
- Vacuum Pool When Needed
- Add Chemicals as Needed
- Clean Pump Basket and Service Pool/Spa Filter
- Clean Skimmer Basket and Check Chemicals
- Brush Pool and Leave Service Card in Skimmer
- Make Sure Everything is Running Properly
- Complete a 20 Point Checklist
This weekly service includes one weekly visit: Monday through Friday.
The pool technician will leave a service card, informing you of our visit and service.
Our helpful staff will take care of all of your pool needs.
We provide weekly service to both commercial and residential pools and spas in all of Hood Valley.
Complete Swimming Pool Cleaning Service
Complete Cleaning Service tasks performed.
- Vacuuming
- Netting
- Test Pool Water
- Check Water Level
- Add Chemicals
- Empty Pool Skimmer
- Empty Pump Baskets
- Backwash Filter
- Empty Automatic Pool Cleaner Bag
- Clean Pool Walls
- Check Automatic Pool Cleaner Operation
- Check Pump Operation
- Four visits per month.
Our Basic Swimming Pool Cleaning Service Plan in Hood
Customers on our our Basic Swimming Pool Cleaning Service Plan will get these tasks performed on a bi-weekly basis by a qualified technician.
- Test Pool Water
- Check Water Level
- Add Chemicals
- Empty Pool Skimmer
- Empty Pump Baskets
- Netting Pool
- Empty Automatic Pool Cleaner Bag
- Check Automatic Pool Cleaner Operation
- Check Pump Operation
- Two visit per month
Call for details. (916) 550-4392
Our Swimming Pool Chemical Balancing Monthly Service Plan in Hood
Customers on our Chemical Balancing Monthly Service will get these tasks performed on a bi-weekly basis by a qualified technician.
- Test Pool Water
- Check Water Level
- Add Chemicals
- Check Pump Operation
- Two visit per month
You can switch and between any of our monthly service packages just by letting us know at the beginning of the next cycle that you'd like to change. The following month if you'd like to switch back to the complete package, that's no problem.
Call for details. (916) 550-4392
Swimming Pool Chemicals and Water Balancing
Below is a list of the elements we check for one we test your pool.
- Chlorine - Sanitizes your swimming pool
- Chloramines - Build Up in your swimming pool and burn your eyes we test eliminate those
- PH Potential Hydrogen - we raise or lower this so that its balanced
- Salt - Added when needed and to keep system balanced
- TA Total Alkalinity - this stabilizes pH
- Calcium - This controls water hardness or softness
- Temperature - Monitor temperature
- Cyanuric Acid - stabilizer and conditioner in the water
- TDS Total Dissolved Solids - Impurities in the water
Winter Is Over! Need a Pool Inspection?
We test your water, provide a 10-point check-up of your pool or spa and replenish your chemicals. Call for details. (916) 550-4392
Tile Restoration Services In in Hood
If your pool or spa has seen it's best day long time ago, our expert restoration team can restore your pool to new look it had years ago.
We offer a range of services in Hood for all your pool cleaning and service needs in Hood, you can trust the team at CAL Pools with your pool cleaning.
Some of the services In Hood we offer include:
- Swimming Pool Tile Cleaning and Repairs
- Pool Equipment and Repairs
- Complete Swimming Pool Installation
- Weekly Monthly Pool Cleaning Service
For more information on our services, please browse through our site or contact us directly at (916) 550-4392 to speak to a member of our pool cleaning team. We will be happy to answer any questions you may have or schedule an Free Pool Inspection Appointment for you.


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I Will Try Another Way Toddler Short Sleeve Tee
Let your toddler do their thing while feeling super comfy and looking extra stylish in this short-sleeve jersey t-shirt from 100% cotton with a unique print. The tee is soft, durable, and bound to become the staple of your toddler's wardrobe.
• 100% combed and ring-spun cotton
• Fabric weight: 4.2 oz/yd² (142 g/m²)
• Relaxed fit for extra comfort
• Side-seamed construction
• Pre-shrunk fabric
• Blank product sourced from the US or Honduras
This product is made especially for you as soon as you place an order, which is why it takes us a bit longer to deliver it to you. Making products on demand instead of in bulk helps reduce overproduction, so thank you for making thoughtful purchasing decisions!


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Jack Nicholson Retires From Acting at Age 76
Perhaps all work and no play really does make Jack a dull boy.
3-time Oscar-winning actor Jack Nicholson has quietly retired from acting according to a new report citing sources close to the 76-year-old actor. The actor reportedly suffering from memory loss and has no further plans to appear in any more movies.
Sources told Radar that Nicholson has "memory issues" and while many might jump to the conclusion that the actor is in the beginning stages of Alzheimer's, there is no indication he is suffering from any particular disease. Nicholson hasn't appeared in a film since a supporting role in 2010's 'How Do You Know' with Paul Rudd and Reese Witherspoon.
Nicholson is the most-nominated actor in Oscar history with a total of 12 nominations (8 for Best Actor and 4 for Best Supporting Actor) and has received an Oscar nomination every decade from the 60s through the 2000s. He won in 1976, 1984 and 1996 for 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,' 'Terms of Endearment' and 'As Good As It Gets' respectively.
Recently, Nicholson was offered the starring role in 'Nebraska,' a movie that would've reunited him with 'About Schmidt' director Alexander Payne. The actor turned down the part (which eventually went to Bruce Dern) and has been enjoying a more relaxing life at his home in Los Angeles.
The Radar source says that Nicholson will still attend Lakers games and the Oscars but will otherwise make like his friends Gene Hackman and Sean Connery and quietly fade away from a career on the big screen.


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Skip to Content Release Date: March 10, 2011 Release dates | Announcements | Coded tables | Historical data Current release | Screen reader | PDF (497 KB) | Data Download Program (DDP) |
Historical data
The Flow of Funds Z.1 files provide the full set of historical data that correspond to the statistics in the Z.1 release. Two data frequencies are available--annual and quarterly. (1) Annual: For amounts outstanding, from 1945 forward; for flows, from 1946 forward. Data can be viewed and printed for the following periods:
The data series in the compressed ASCII files of quarterly data are organized in the same way as in the releases and in the Flow of Funds coded tables. You can separately retrieve each of the table files, which have been grouped for convenience into five categories: | ||||||||||||||
All Flow of Funds data are available via the Board's Data Download Program (DDP).
| ||||||||||||||
To download any of these files via Netscape, hold down the left shift key and click on the file name. | ||||||||||||||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * N O T E * * * Because of their large size, many of the .prn table files contain two parts. For these tables, the last row of data corresponds to the second set of series names, which appears part way down the spreadsheet array, not to the set on row 1. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Each of the files in atabs.zip, utabs.zip, and ltabs.zip begins with 1952:Q1 and ends with the most recently published quarter. The series in the supplemental tables (F.100.a and L.100.a) are in stabs.zip and contain annual data for 1988 through 1993. The debt growth file (gtabs.zip) contains data from 1953 forward; the data corresponds to tables D.1, D.2, and D.3 in the release. The balance sheet file (btabs.zip) contains quarterly data for 1952 through the last complete year published. The data files were compressed with PKZIP, version 2.04; the software to expand the files is available from PKWARE's Web site. Each file name contains the number of the table in that file. For example, the data for table F.117 (seasonally adjusted flows for life insurance companies) is in the file named atab117d.prn (the "d" identifies a DOS file). Retrieving Tables from Downloaded Zip Files To retrieve a table, enter the command pkunzip followed by (1) the name of the ".zip" file containing the compressed table and (2) the name of the table or tables desired. For example:
Flow of Funds codes have the following elements:
Instructions for Reading Data into Microsoft Excel or Lotus
Microsoft Excel
Current release | Screen reader | PDF (497 KB) | Data Download Program (DDP) |


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HOUSING TOPICS Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing AB 686 clearly defines affirmatively furthering fair housing as taking meaningful actions, in addition to combating discrimination, that overcome patterns of segregation and foster inclusive communities free from barriers that restrict access to opportunity based on protected characteristics. Learn More
CITIES & PUBLIC AGENCIES San Jose In 2020, 25.7% of San Jose's population was White while 2.8% was African American, 36.1% was Asian, and 31.6% was Latinx. Check it out
SJ-Council-Chambers3 Share: Share via Facebook Share via Twitter Share via LinkedIn Share via Email Copy permalink to clipboard https://siliconvalleyathome.org/san-jose-explores-expanding-developers-options-for-mitigating-affordable-housing-need/sj-council-chambers3/ Copied to clipboard


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Martial arts and weight-lifting.
Is this your business?
Would you like a better listing? Premium listings are available for $200/year. A custom premium listing includes your copy, images, URL, hours of operation, menu, individualized amenities, and much better SEO.
If you already have a website this will help you get found on Google even more efficiently and if you don't have a website, your premium listing here will help you tremendously. I'll also fix your Google Knowledge Graph issues.
Email: email@example.com


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The Journaled File System (JFS) is a journaling file system that was open-sourced by IBM in 1999 and support for which has been available in the Linux kernel since 2002.
This article introduces the reader to the JFS file system. In particular, procedures for implementation, maintenance and optimization will be presented along with background information on the file system itself and some cautionary notes on precarious implementations.
- In 1990, JFS1, (then simply called JFS), was released for AIX version 3.1. The filesystem was closely tied to its targeted hardware, IBM's AIX line of UNIX servers, being a proprietary design.
- In 1995, heavy development began on improving JFS, focusing on scalability and expanded features.
- In 1997, parallel development began on moving the improved JFS source back to AIX.
- In 1999, the improved JFS design was released for OS/2.
- In 2001, the improved filesystem (newly termed JFS2), was released for AIX 5L.
- The current GNU/Linux version is a port based on JFS for OS/2.
While it is difficult to make general comparisons between JFS and other file systems available on UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems, it is claimed that JFS uses less CPU resources than other GNU/Linux file systems [2]. With certain optimizations, JFS has also been claimed to be faster for certain file operations, as compared to other GNU/Linux file systems (see [3],Benchmarks).
GNU/Linux development team
The development of the GNU/Linux JFS port is headed by
- Dave Kleikamp (dave dot kleikamp at oracle dot com)
- HP: http://jfs.sourceforge.net/
Technical features
JFS is a modern file system supporting many features, a few of which are listed here.
- fully 64-bit.
- dynamic space allocation for i-nodes, i.e. no running out of i-nodes on file systems with large number of small files.
- Directory structures designed for speed and efficiency:
- directories with eight or fewer entries have their contents storied inline within that directory's i-node.
- directories with more than eight entries have their contents stored in a B+ tree keyed on name.
- JFS utilizes extents for allocating blocks for large files.
- Support for extended attributes in addition to standard Unix-style permissions.
- Support for both internal and external logs (see below).
- Extremely Scalable; Consistent performance from minimum file size up to 4 petabytes.
- Algorithms designed for high performance on very large systems.
- Performance tuned for GNU/Linux.
- Designed from the ground up to provide Transaction/Log (not an add-on).
- Restarts after a system failure < 1 sec.
- Proven Journaling FS technology (10+ years in AIX).
- Original design goals: Performance, Robustness, SMP.
- Team members from the original AIX JFS Designed/Developed this file system.
- Designed to operate on SMP hardware, with code optimized for at least a 4-way SMP machine.
- TRIM support (since Kernel 3.7).
A more comprehensive (and technical) overview of the features in JFS can be found in the JFS Overview authored by developer Steve Best.
The JFS driver is built as a module in the standard Arch kernel packages.
The jfsutils package must be installed to perform all file system related tasks.
Creation of a JFS file system can be done with the either:
# mkfs.jfs /dev/target_dev
# jfs_mkfs /dev/target_dev
Both commands are equivalent.
There are several concepts that can be implemented with a JFS filesystem to boost its performance:
- Periodic defragmentation of the file system.
- Using the deadline I/O scheduler.
- Utilizing an external journal.
Defragmenting JFS
JFS, like all file systems, will degrade in performance over time due to file fragmentation [5]. While there is in-place defragmentation code in the JFS utilities, this is code held over from the OS/2 port and has yet to be implemented [6]. For file systems that can be taken off-line for a time, one can execute a script like the following to defragment their JFS file system
umount /dev/hdc1 dd bs=4k if=/dev/hdc1 of=/dev/hdj1 jfs_fsck /dev/hdj1 mount -o ro /dev/hdj1 /fs/hdj1 jfs_mkfs /dev/hdc1 mount -o rw /dev/hdc1 /fs/hdc1 (cd /fs/hdj1 && tar -cS -b8 --one-file-system -f - .) | (cd /fs/hdc1 && tar -xS -b8 -p -f -) umount /dev/hdj1
In this example, /dev/hdc1
is the device with the data that needs backing up and /dev/hdj1
is the device that holds the backup.
Basically, this script copies the data off the JFS file system to a backup drive, formats the original JFS file system and finally writes back the data from the backup to the freshly formatted drive in a way that JFS will write its allocation trees in a defragmentated way.
Deadline I/O scheduler
JFS seems to perform better when the kernel has been configured to use the Deadline I/O Scheduler. Indeed, JFS's performance seems to exceed that of other GNU/Linux file systems with this particular scheduler being employed [7].
External journal
As with any journaled file system, a journal is constantly accessed in accordance with disk activity. Having the journal log on the same device as the its corresponding file system thus can cause a degradation in I/O throughput. This degradation can be alleviated by putting the journal log on a separate device all together.
To make a journal device, first create a partition that is 128MB. Using a partition that is bigger than 128MB results in the excess being ignored, according to mkfs.jfs. You can either create an external log for an already-existing JFS file system by executing the following:
# mkfs.jfs -J journal_dev /dev/external_journal # creates a journal on device /dev/external_journal # mkfs.jfs -J device=/dev/external_journal /dev/jfs_device # attaches the external journal to the existing file # system on /dev/jfs_device
or a command can be issued to create both a new external journal and its corresponding JFS file system:
# mkfs.jfs -j /dev/external_journal /dev/jfs_device
This last command formats BOTH the external journal and the JFS file system.
noatime fstab attribute
Every time a file is accessed (read or write) the default for most file systems is to append the metadata associated with that file with an updated access time. Thus, even read operations incur an overhead associated with a write to the file system. This can lead to a significant degradation in performance in some usage scenarios. Appending noatime to the fstab line for a JFS file system stops this action from happening. As access time is of little importance in most scenarios, this alteration has been widely touted as a fast and easy way to get a performance boost out of one's hardware. Even Linus Torvalds seems to be a proponent of this optimization [8].
- One may also specify a relatime option which updates the atime if the previous atime is older than the mtime or ctime [9]. In terms of performance, this will not be as fast as the noatime mount option, but is useful if using applications that need to know when files were last read (like mutt).
- Using the noatime/relatime option can improve disk performance with any file system, not just JFS.
Here is an example /etc/fstab
entry with the noatime tag:
/dev/sdb1 /media/backup jfs rw,users,noauto,noatime 0 0
One may also mount a file system with the noatime attribute by invoking something similar to the following:
# mount -o noatime -t jfs /dev/jfs_dev /mnt/jfs_fs
Journal modes
JFS does not support various journal modes like ext3. Thus, passing the mount option data=writeback with mount or in /etc/fstab
will have no effect on a JFS file system. JFS's current journaling mode is similar to Ext3's default journaling mode: ordered [10].
Variable block sizes
While the OS/2 port of JFS supports block sizes of 512, 1024, 2048, and 4096 bytes, the Linux port of JFS is only able to use 4k blocks. Even though code exists in JFS utilities that correspond to file systems using variable size blocks, this has yet to be implemented [11]. As larger block sizes tend to favor performance (smaller ones favor efficient space usage), implementing smaller block sizes for JFS in Linux has been given a low priority for implementation by JFS developers.
fsck and recovery
In the event that the file system does not get properly unmounted before being powered down, one will usually have to run fsck on a JFS file system in order to be able to remount it. This procedure usually only takes a few seconds, unless the log has been damaged. If running fsck returns an unrecognized file system error, try running fsck.jfs on the target device. Normally, fsck is all that is needed.
Cautionary notes
While JFS is very stable in its current stage of development, there are some cautionary notes on using this file system.
JFS root mounts read only on startup
Occasionally, a JFS root partition will be unable to mount in normal read-write mode. This is usually due to the fact that the JFS root file system fails its fsck after an unclean shutdown. It is rare that JFS fails out of fsck, and it is usually due to the JFS log itself being corrupted.
All that is required in this scenario is to boot your machine with a relatively recent Arch Linux LiveCD. Booting an Arch Linux livecd will give you access to all the JFS utilities and will load a kernel that is able to recognize JFS file systems. After booting the CD simply run fsck (or possibly fsck.jfs) on your JFS root and it should recover just fine (even though the fsck will probably take longer than normal due to the log probably being damaged). Once the fsck finishes, you should be able to boot your machine like normal.
JFS and secure deletions
The effectiveness of deleting files by overwriting their corresponding file system blocks with random data (i.e. using utilities like shred) can not be assured [12]. Given the design of journaled file systems, maintenance issues, and performance liabilities; reliable shredding of files as a deletion method does not sit highly on the priority list for implementation on any journaled file system.
Forced fsck on JFS root file system
One may force a fsck (file system check) on the root file system by entering:
# touch /forcefsck
and rebooting. On Arch linux systems with a JFS root on a partition under control of device-mapper (i.e. the root device is a lvm or a LUKS encrypted one), forcing an fsck can sometimes remove the /usr/man/man3/
directory. The reason for this issue is not clear, but the problem has been replicated [13].
It is suggested to get a list of Arch Packages that use /usr/man/man3/
by issuing a command similar to
# find /var/lib/pacman/local/ -name files | xargs grep -F "/man/man3/" | cut -d: -f1 | sort -u | awk -F/ '{print $6}' > man3_pkg_list
before attempting a forced fsck on a JFS root partition [14]. If /usr/man/man3
does indeed disappear, simply reinstall all the packages listed in man3_pkg_list.
does appear to fix the issue [15].As stated above, the reason for this issue is not clear at the moment; but it may have something to do with the fact that a forced fsck runs through higher phases of file system checks that only happen when a JFS log gets damaged in an improper dismounting of the partition.
JFS losing files
In JFS; journal writes are indefinitely postponed until there is another trigger such as memory pressure or an unmount operation. This infinite write delay limits reliability, as a crash can result in data loss even for data that was written minutes or hours before.[16]
As benchmarks measuring file system performance tend to be focused at specific types of disk usage, it is difficult to decipher good general comparisons rating how well JFS performs against other files systems. As mentioned before, it has been noted that JFS has a tendency to use less CPU resources than other GNU/Linux file systems and (with the right optimizations) is faster than other GNU/Linux file systems for certain types of file operations. It has been noted that JFS slows down when working with many files, however[17][18]. In the references are some links to benchmarks; but as always, it is best to test and see what works best for your own system and work load.
JFS is a stable, feature-rich file system that has not been publicized as much as some of the other Linux file systems. With optimizations, JFS is stable, CPU efficient and fast. In particular, VMWare sessions stand to benefit enormously from a properly optimized and defragmented, underlying JFS file system.
See also
- A more technical overview of JFS
- 30 days with JFS
- JFS Sourceforge page
- Note on defragmenting JFS file systems
- JFS Recovery Sourceforge page
- Presentation on JFS given by Steve Best (pdf)
- Debian file system comparison
- Wikipedia:JFS (file system)
- Some filesystem benchmarks


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Be carefull using IN_MODIFY :
Lot of UNIX editor, for instance like 'vi', work in a 'xxx~' file, and changes are written in 'xxx' when saving or saving and closing.
If a watcher is done on 'xxx', no IN_MODIFY event occurs while not saved !
Prefere IN_CLOSE_WRITE in such case .


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Coumadin is used for treating and preventing harmful clots that may occur in the veins (venous thrombosis), in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), with a type of abnormal heartbeat (atrial fibrillation), or following a heart valve replacement. Coumadin is also used to reduce the risk of stroke and other problems in patients who have had a heart attack. Coumadin is an anticoagulant. It works by blocking the synthesis of certain clotting factors. Without these clotting factors, blood clots are unable to form.
Use Coumadin as directed by your doctor.
- Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.
- Never take a double dose of this medication or take it together with other products that contain warfarin or coumarin.
- Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results.
- Take Coumadin at the same time every day. Coumadin can be taken with or without food.
- Avoid dieting to lose weight while taking Coumadin. Tell your doctor if your body weight changes for any reason.
- While taking Coumadin, your blood will need to be tested often. Visit your doctor regularly.
- You may need to stop taking the medicine for a short time if you need antibiotics, surgery, dental work, a spinal tap, or spinal anesthesia (epidural).
- Continue to take Coumadin even if you feel well. Do not miss any doses, unless directed to do so by your doctor.
- If you miss a dose of Coumadin, contact your doctor right away.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Coumadin.
Store Coumadin at room temperature away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Coumadin out of the reach of children and away from pets.
Active Ingredient: Warfarin sodium.


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Upholstery cleaning
It can be difficult to keep your sofas, recliners, and dining room chairs clean. No matter how hard we try, dirt, grime, and stains always have a way of appearing on our upholstery. When you want to remove these scuffs and marks, it is always a good idea to go with a professional upholstery cleaning company. Attempting to do the job on your own with household cleaning products could lead to further, and possibly irreversible, damage. For the best upholstery cleaning services in Wells, look no further than Scrub-A-Rug.
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