text:
Configuring NTP Using the chrony Suite
Accurate time keeping is important for a number of reasons in IT. In networking for example, accurate time stamps in packets and logs are required. In Linux systems, the NTP
protocol is implemented by a daemon running in user space.
The user space daemon updates the system clock running in the kernel. The system clock can keep time by using various clock sources. Usually, the Time Stamp Counter (TSC) is used. The TSC is a CPU register which counts the number of cycles since it was last reset. It is very fast, has a high resolution, and there are no interrupts.
There is a choice between the daemons ntpd
and chronyd
, which are available from the repositories in the ntp and chrony packages respectively. This section describes the use of the chrony suite of utilities to update the system clock on systems that do not fit into the conventional permanently networked, always on, dedicated server category.
Introduction to the chrony Suite
Chrony consists of chronyd
, a daemon that runs in user space, and chronyc, a command line program for making adjustments to chronyd
. Systems which are not permanently connected, or not permanently powered up, take a relatively long time to adjust their system clocks with ntpd
. This is because many small corrections are made based on observations of the clocks drift and offset. Temperature changes, which may be significant when powering up a system, affect the stability of hardware clocks. Although adjustments begin within a few milliseconds of booting a system, acceptable accuracy may take anything from ten seconds from a warm restart to a number of hours depending on your requirements, operating environment and hardware. chrony is a different implementation of the NTP
protocol than ntpd
, it can adjust the system clock more rapidly.
Differences Between ntpd and chronyd
One of the main differences between ntpd
and chronyd
is in the algorithms used to control the computer's clock. Things chronyd
can do better than ntpd
can work well when external time references are only intermittently accessible, whereasntpd
needs regular polling of time reference to work well. -
can perform well even when the network is congested for longer periods of time. -
can usually synchronize the clock faster and with better time accuracy. -
quickly adapts to sudden changes in the rate of the clock, for example, due to changes in the temperature of the crystal oscillator, whereasntpd
may need a long time to settle down again. -
In the default configuration,
never steps the time after the clock has been synchronized at system start, in order not to upset other running programs.ntpd
can be configured to never step the time too, but it has to use a different means of adjusting the clock, which has some disadvantages. -
can adjust the rate of the clock on a Linux system in a larger range, which allows it to operate even on machines with a broken or unstable clock. For example, on some virtual machines.
Things chronyd
can do that ntpd
cannot do:
provides support for isolated networks where the only method of time correction is manual entry. For example, by the administrator looking at a clock.chronyd
can examine the errors corrected at different updates to estimate the rate at which the computer gains or loses time, and use this estimate to trim the computer clock subsequently. -
provides support to work out the rate of gain or loss of the real-time clock, the hardware clock, that maintains the time when the computer is turned off. It can use this data when the system boots to set the system time using an adjusted value of the time taken from the real-time clock. This is, at time of writing, only available in Linux.
Things ntpd
can do that chronyd
cannot do:
fully supportsNTP
version 4 (RFC 5905), including broadcast, multicast, manycast clients and servers, and the orphan mode. It also supports extra authentication schemes based on public-key cryptography (RFC 5906).chronyd
version 3 (RFC 1305), which is compatible with version 4. -
includes drivers for many reference clocks whereaschronyd
relies on other programs, for example gpsd, to access the data from the reference clocks.
Choosing Between NTP Daemons
Chrony should be considered for all systems which are frequently suspended or otherwise intermittently disconnected and reconnected to a network. Mobile and virtual systems for example.
daemon (ntpd
) should be considered for systems which are normally kept permanently on. Systems which are required to use broadcast or multicastIP
, or to perform authentication of packets with theAutokey
protocol, should consider usingntpd
. Chrony only supports symmetric key authentication using a message authentication code (MAC) with MD5, SHA1 or stronger hash functions, whereasntpd
also supports theAutokey
authentication protocol which can make use of the PKI system.Autokey
is described in RFC 5906.
Understanding chrony and Its Configuration
Understanding chronyd
The chrony daemon, chronyd
, running in user space, makes adjustments to the system clock which is running in the kernel. It does this by consulting external time sources, using the NTP
protocol, when ever network access allows it to do so. When external references are not available, chronyd
will use the last calculated drift stored in the drift file. It can also be commanded manually to make corrections, by chronyc.
Understanding chronyc
The chrony daemon, chronyd
, can be controlled by the command line utility chronyc. This utility provides a command prompt which allows entering of a number of commands to make changes to chronyd
. The default configuration is for chronyd
to only accept commands from a local instance of chronyc, but chronyc can be used to alter the configuration so that chronyd
will allow external control. chronyc can be run remotely after first configuring chronyd
to accept remote connections. The IP
addresses allowed to connect to chronyd
should be tightly controlled.
Understanding the chrony Configuration Commands
The default configuration file for chronyd
is /etc/chrony.conf
. The -f
option can be used to specify an alternate configuration file path. See the chronyd
man page for further options. For a complete list of the directives that can be used see https://chrony.tuxfamily.org/manual.html#Configuration-file. Below is a selection of configuration options:
- Comments
Comments should be preceded by #, %, ; or !
- allow
Optionally specify a host, subnet, or network from which to allow
connections to a machine acting asNTP
server. The default is not to allow connections. Examples:-
allow server1.example.com
Use this form to specify a particular host, by its host name, to be allowed access.
allow 192.0.2.0/24
Use this form to specify a particular network to be allowed access.
allow 2001:db8::/32
Use this form to specify an IPv6
address to be allowed access.
- cmdallow
This is similar to the allow directive (see section allow), except that it allows control access (rather than
client access) to a particular subnet or host. (By "control access" is meant that chronyc can be run on those hosts and successfully connect tochronyd
on this computer.) The syntax is identical. There is also a cmddeny all directive with similar behavior to the cmdallow all directive. - dumpdir
Path to the directory to save the measurement history across restarts of
(assuming no changes are made to the system clock behavior whilst it is not running). If this capability is to be used (via the dumponexit command in the configuration file, or the dump command in chronyc), the dumpdir command should be used to define the directory where the measurement histories are saved. - dumponexit
If this command is present, it indicates that
should save the measurement history for each of its time sources recorded whenever the program exits. (See the dumpdir command above). - local
The local keyword is used to allow
to appear synchronized to real time from the viewpoint of clients polling it, even if it has no current synchronization source. This option is normally used on the "master" computer in an isolated network, where several computers are required to synchronize to one another, and the "master" is kept in line with real time by manual input.
An example of the command is:
local stratum 10
A large value of 10 indicates that the clock is so many hops away from a reference clock that its time is unreliable. If the computer ever has access to another computer which is ultimately synchronized to a reference clock, it will almost certainly be at a stratum less than 10. Therefore, the choice of a high value like 10 for the local command prevents the machine's own time from ever being confused with real time, were it ever to leak out to clients that have visibility of real servers.
- log
The log command indicates that certain information is to be logged. It accepts the following options:
- measurements
This option logs the raw
measurements and related information to a file calledmeasurements.log
. - statistics
This option logs information about the regression processing to a file called
. - tracking
This option logs changes to the estimate of the system's gain or loss rate, and any slews made, to a file called
. - rtc
This option logs information about the system's real-time clock.
- refclocks
This option logs the raw and filtered reference clock measurements to a file called
. - tempcomp
This option logs the temperature measurements and system rate compensations to a file called
The log files are written to the directory specified by the logdir command.
An example of the command is:
log measurements statistics tracking
- logdir
This directive allows the directory where log files are written to be specified.
An example of the use of this directive is:
logdir /var/log/chrony
- makestep
will cause the system to gradually correct any time offset, by slowing down or speeding up the clock as required. In certain situations, the system clock may be so far adrift that this slewing process would take a very long time to correct the system clock. This directive forceschronyd
to step system clock if the adjustment is larger than a threshold value, but only if there were no more clock updates sincechronyd
was started than a specified limit (a negative value can be used to disable the limit). This is particularly useful when using reference clocks, because the initstepslew directive only works withNTP
An example of the use of this directive is:
makestep 1000 10
This would step the system clock if the adjustment is larger than 1000 seconds, but only in the first ten clock updates.
- maxchange
This directive sets the maximum allowed offset corrected on a clock update. The check is performed only after the specified number of updates to allow a large initial adjustment of the system clock. When an offset larger than the specified maximum occurs, it will be ignored for the specified number of times and then
will give up and exit (a negative value can be used to never exit). In both cases a message is sent to syslog.
An example of the use of this directive is:
maxchange 1000 1 2
After the first clock update, chronyd
will check the offset on every clock update, it will ignore two adjustments larger than 1000 seconds and exit on another one.
- maxupdateskew
One of
's tasks is to work out how fast or slow the computer's clock runs relative to its reference sources. In addition, it computes an estimate of the error bounds around the estimated value.
If the range of error is too large, it indicates that the measurements have not settled down yet, and that the estimated gain or loss rate is not very reliable.
The maxupdateskew parameter is the threshold for determining whether an estimate is too unreliable to be used. By default, the threshold is 1000 ppm.
The format of the syntax is:
maxupdateskew skew-in-ppm
Typical values for skew-in-ppm might be 100 for a dial-up connection to servers over a telephone line, and 5 or 10 for a computer on a LAN.
It should be noted that this is not the only means of protection against using unreliable estimates. At all times, chronyd
keeps track of both the estimated gain or loss rate, and the error bound on the estimate. When a new estimate is generated following another measurement from one of the sources, a weighted combination algorithm is used to update the master estimate. So if chronyd
has an existing highly-reliable master estimate and a new estimate is generated which has large error bounds, the existing master estimate will dominate in the new master estimate.
- noclientlog
This directive, which takes no arguments, specifies that client accesses are not to be logged. Normally they are logged, allowing statistics to be reported using the clients command in chronyc.
- reselectdist
selects synchronization source from available sources, it will prefer the one with minimum synchronization distance. However, to avoid frequent reselecting when there are sources with similar distance, a fixed distance is added to the distance for sources that are currently not selected. This can be set with thereselectdist
option. By default, the distance is 100 microseconds.
The format of the syntax is:
reselectdist dist-in-seconds
- stratumweight
The stratumweight directive sets how much distance should be added per stratum to the synchronization distance when
selects the synchronization source from available sources.
The format of the syntax is:
stratumweight dist-in-seconds
By default, dist-in-seconds is 1 second. This means that sources with lower stratum are usually preferred to sources with higher stratum even when their distance is significantly worse. Setting stratumweight to 0 makes chronyd
ignore stratum when selecting the source.
- rtcfile
The rtcfile directive defines the name of the file in which
can save parameters associated with tracking the accuracy of the system's real-time clock (RTC).
The format of the syntax is:
rtcfile /var/lib/chrony/rtc
saves information in this file when it exits and when the writertc command is issued in chronyc. The information saved is the RTC's error at some epoch, that epoch (in seconds since January 1 1970), and the rate at which the RTC gains or loses time. Not all real-time clocks are supported as their code is system-specific. Note that if this directive is used then the real-time clock should not be manually adjusted as this would interfere with chrony's need to measure the rate at which the real-time clock drifts if it was adjusted at random intervals.
- rtcsync
The rtcsync directive is present in the
file by default. This will inform the kernel the system clock is kept synchronized and the kernel will update the real-time clock every 11 minutes.
Security with chronyc
As access to chronyc allows changing chronyd
just as editing the configuration files would, access to chronyc should be limited. Passwords can be specified in the key file, written in ASCII or HEX, to restrict the use of chronyc. One of the entries is used to restrict the use of operational commands and is referred to as the command key. In the default configuration, a random command key is generated automatically on start. It should not be necessary to specify or alter it manually.
Other entries in the key file can be used as NTP
keys to authenticate packets received from remote NTP
servers or peers. The two sides need to share a key with identical ID, hash type and password in their key file. This requires manually creating the keys and copying them over a secure medium, such as SSH
. If the key ID was, for example, 10 then the systems that act as clients must have a line in their configuration files in the following format:
server w.x.y.z key 10 peer w.x.y.z key 10
The location of the key file is specified in the /etc/chrony.conf
file. The default entry in the configuration file is:
keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
The command key number is specified in /etc/chrony.conf
using the commandkey directive, it is the key chronyd
will use for authentication of user commands. The directive in the configuration file takes the following form:
commandkey 1
An example of the format of the default entry in the key file, /etc/chrony.keys
, for the command key is:
Where 1
is the key ID, SHA1 is the hash function to use, HEX
is the format of the key, and A6CFC50C9C93AB6E5A19754C246242FC5471BCDF
is the key randomly generated when chronyd was started for the first time. The key can be given in hexidecimal or ASCII format (the default).
A manual entry in the key file, used to authenticate packets from certain NTP
servers or peers, can be as simple as the following:
20 foobar
Where 20
is the key ID and foobar
is the secret authentication key. The default hash is MD5, and ASCII is the default format for the key.
By default, chronyd
is configured to listen for commands only from localhost
and ::1
) on port 323
. To access chronyd
remotely with chronyc, any bindcmdaddress directives in the /etc/chrony.conf
file should be removed to enable listening on all interfaces and the cmdallow directive should be used to allow commands from the remote IP
address, network, or subnet. In addition, port 323
has to be opened in the firewall in order to connect from a remote system. Note that the allow directive is for NTP
access whereas the cmdallow directive is to enable the receiving of remote commands. It is possible to make these changes temporarily using chronyc running locally. Edit the configuration file to make persistent changes.
The communication between chronyc and chronyd is done over UDP
, so it needs to be authorized before issuing operational commands. To authorize, use the authhash and password commands as follows:
chronyc> authhash SHA1 chronyc> password HEX:A6CFC50C9C93AB6E5A19754C246242FC5471BCDF 200 OK
If chronyc is used to configure the local chronyd, the -a
option will run the authhash and password commands automatically.
Only the following commands can be used without providing a password:
Using chrony
Installing chrony
The chrony suite is installed by default on some versions of Fedora. If required, to ensure that it is, run the following command as root
~]# dnf install chrony
The default location for the chrony daemon is /usr/sbin/chronyd
. The command line utility will be installed to /usr/bin/chronyc
Checking the Status of chronyd
To check the status of chronyd
, issue the following command:
~]$ systemctl status chronyd
chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2013-06-12 22:23:16 CEST; 11h ago
Starting chronyd
To start chronyd
, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl start chronyd
To ensure chronyd
starts automatically at system start, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl enable chronyd
Stopping chronyd
To stop chronyd
, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl stop chronyd
To prevent chronyd
from starting automatically at system start, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl disable chronyd
Checking if chrony is Synchronized
To check if chrony is synchronized, make use of the tracking, sources, and sourcestats commands.
Checking chrony Tracking
To check chrony tracking, issue the following command:
~]$ chronyc tracking
Reference ID : 188.8.131.52 (a.b.c)
Stratum : 3
Ref time (UTC) : Fri Feb 3 15:00:29 2012
System time : 0.000001501 seconds slow of NTP time
Last offset : -0.000001632 seconds
RMS offset : 0.000002360 seconds
Frequency : 331.898 ppm fast
Residual freq : 0.004 ppm
Skew : 0.154 ppm
Root delay : 0.373169 seconds
Root dispersion : 0.024780 seconds
Update interval : 64.2 seconds
Leap status : Normal
The fields are as follows:
- Reference ID
This is the reference ID and name (or
address) if available, of the server to which the computer is currently synchronized. If this is127.127.1.1
it means the computer is not synchronized to any external source and that you have the "local" mode operating (via the local command in chronyc, or the local directive in the/etc/chrony.conf
file (see section local)). - Stratum
The stratum indicates how many hops away from a computer with an attached reference clock we are. Such a computer is a stratum-1 computer, so the computer in the example is two hops away (that is to say, a.b.c is a stratum-2 and is synchronized from a stratum-1).
- Ref time
This is the time (UTC) at which the last measurement from the reference source was processed.
- System time
In normal operation,
never steps the system clock, because any jump in the timescale can have adverse consequences for certain application programs. Instead, any error in the system clock is corrected by slightly speeding up or slowing down the system clock until the error has been removed, and then returning to the system clock's normal speed. A consequence of this is that there will be a period when the system clock (as read by other programs using thegettimeofday()
system call, or by the date command in the shell) will be different fromchronyd
's estimate of the current true time (which it reports toNTP
clients when it is operating in server mode). The value reported on this line is the difference due to this effect. - Last offset
This is the estimated local offset on the last clock update.
- RMS offset
This is a long-term average of the offset value.
- Frequency
The "frequency" is the rate by which the system's clock would be wrong if
was not correcting it. It is expressed in ppm (parts per million). For example, a value of 1ppm would mean that when the system's clock thinks it has advanced 1 second, it has actually advanced by 1.000001 seconds relative to true time. - Residual freq
This shows the "residual frequency" for the currently selected reference source. This reflects any difference between what the measurements from the reference source indicate the frequency should be and the frequency currently being used.
The reason this is not always zero is that a smoothing procedure is applied to the frequency. Each time a measurement from the reference source is obtained and a new residual frequency computed, the estimated accuracy of this residual is compared with the estimated accuracy (see skew
next) of the existing frequency value. A weighted average is computed for the new frequency, with weights depending on these accuracies. If the measurements from the reference source follow a consistent trend, the residual will be driven to zero over time.
- Skew
This is the estimated error bound on the frequency.
- Root delay
This is the total of the network path delays to the stratum-1 computer from which the computer is ultimately synchronized.
In certain extreme situations, this value can be negative. (This can arise in a symmetric peer arrangement where the computers' frequencies are not tracking each other and the network delay is very short relative to the turn-around time at each computer.)
- Root dispersion
This is the total dispersion accumulated through all the computers back to the stratum-1 computer from which the computer is ultimately synchronized. Dispersion is due to system clock resolution, statistical measurement variations etc.
- Leap status
This is the leap status, which can be Normal, Insert second, Delete second or Not synchronized.
Checking chrony Sources
The sources command displays information about the current time sources that chronyd
is accessing.
The optional argument -v can be specified, meaning verbose. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.
~]$ chronyc sources 210 Number of sources = 3 MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample =============================================================================== #* GPS0 0 4 377 11 -479ns[ -621ns] +/- 134ns ^? a.b.c 2 6 377 23 -923us[ -924us] +/- 43ms ^+ d.e.f 1 6 377 21 -2629us[-2619us] +/- 86ms
The columns are as follows:
This indicates the mode of the source.
means a server,=
means a peer and#
indicates a locally connected reference clock. - S
This column indicates the state of the sources. "*" indicates the source to which
is currently synchronized. "+" indicates acceptable sources which are combined with the selected source. "-" indicates acceptable sources which are excluded by the combining algorithm. "?" indicates sources to which connectivity has been lost or whose packets do not pass all tests. "x" indicates a clock whichchronyd
thinks is a falseticker (its time is inconsistent with a majority of other sources). "~" indicates a source whose time appears to have too much variability. The "?" condition is also shown at start-up, until at least 3 samples have been gathered from it. - Name/IP address
This shows the name or the
address of the source, or reference ID for reference clocks. - Stratum
This shows the stratum of the source, as reported in its most recently received sample. Stratum 1 indicates a computer with a locally attached reference clock. A computer that is synchronized to a stratum 1 computer is at stratum 2. A computer that is synchronized to a stratum 2 computer is at stratum 3, and so on.
- Poll
This shows the rate at which the source is being polled, as a base-2 logarithm of the interval in seconds. Thus, a value of 6 would indicate that a measurement is being made every 64 seconds.
automatically varies the polling rate in response to prevailing conditions.
- Reach
This shows the source's reach register printed as an octal number. The register has 8 bits and is updated on every received or missed packet from the source. A value of 377 indicates that a valid reply was received for all of the last eight transmissions.
- LastRx
This column shows how long ago the last sample was received from the source. This is normally in seconds. The letters
indicate minutes, hours, days or years. A value of 10 years indicates there were no samples received from this source yet. - Last sample
This column shows the offset between the local clock and the source at the last measurement. The number in the square brackets shows the actual measured offset. This may be suffixed by
(indicating nanoseconds),us
(indicating microseconds),ms
(indicating milliseconds), ors
(indicating seconds). The number to the left of the square brackets shows the original measurement, adjusted to allow for any slews applied to the local clock since. The number following the+/-
indicator shows the margin of error in the measurement. Positive offsets indicate that the local clock is ahead of the source.
Checking chrony Source Statistics
The sourcestats command displays information about the drift rate and offset estimation process for each of the sources currently being examined by chronyd
The optional argument -v
can be specified, meaning verbose. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.
~]$ chronyc sourcestats
210 Number of sources = 1
Name/IP Address NP NR Span Frequency Freq Skew Offset Std Dev
abc.def.ghi 11 5 46m -0.001 0.045 1us 25us
The columns are as follows:
- Name/IP address
This is the name or
address of theNTP
server (or peer) or reference ID of the reference clock to which the rest of the line relates. - NP
This is the number of sample points currently being retained for the server. The drift rate and current offset are estimated by performing a linear regression through these points.
This is the number of runs of residuals having the same sign following the last regression. If this number starts to become too small relative to the number of samples, it indicates that a straight line is no longer a good fit to the data. If the number of runs is too low,
discards older samples and re-runs the regression until the number of runs becomes acceptable. - Span
This is the interval between the oldest and newest samples. If no unit is shown the value is in seconds. In the example, the interval is 46 minutes.
- Frequency
This is the estimated residual frequency for the server, in parts per million. In this case, the computer's clock is estimated to be running 1 part in 109 slow relative to the server.
- Freq Skew
This is the estimated error bounds on Freq (again in parts per million).
- Offset
This is the estimated offset of the source.
- Std Dev
This is the estimated sample standard deviation.
Manually Adjusting the System Clock
To update, or step, the system clock immediately, bypassing any adjustments in progress by slewing the clock, issue the following commands as root
~]# chronyc chrony> password commandkey-password 200 OK chrony> makestep 200 OK
Where commandkey-password is the command key or password stored in the key file.
If the rtcfile directive is used, the real-time clock should not be manually adjusted. Random adjustments would interfere with chrony's need to measure the rate at which the real-time clock drifts.
If chronyc is used to configure the local chronyd, the -a
will run the authhash and password commands automatically. This means that the interactive session illustrated above can be replaced by:
chronyc -a makestep
Setting Up chrony for Different Environments
Setting Up chrony for a System Which is Infrequently Connected
This example is intended for systems which use dial-on-demand connections. The normal configuration should be sufficient for mobile and virtual devices which connect intermittently. First, review and confirm that the default settings in the /etc/chrony.conf
are similar to the following:
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift commandkey 1 keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
The command key ID is generated at install time and should correspond with the commandkey value in the key file, /etc/chrony.keys
Using your editor running as root
, add the addresses of four NTP
servers as follows:
server 0.pool.ntp.org offline server 1.pool.ntp.org offline server 2.pool.ntp.org offline server 3.pool.ntp.org offline
The offline
option can be useful in preventing systems from trying to activate connections. The chrony daemon will wait for chronyc to inform it that the system is connected to the network or Internet.
Setting Up chrony for a System in an Isolated Network
For a network that is never connected to the Internet, one computer is selected to be the master timeserver. The other computers are either direct clients of the master, or clients of clients. On the master, the drift file must be manually set with the average rate of drift of the system clock. If the master is rebooted it will obtain the time from surrounding systems and take an average to set its system clock. Thereafter it resumes applying adjustments based on the drift file. The drift file will be updated automatically when the settime command is used.
On the system selected to be the master, using a text editor running as root
, edit the /etc/chrony.conf
as follows:
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift commandkey 1 keyfile /etc/chrony.keys initstepslew 10 client1 client3 client6 local stratum 8 manual allow 192.0.2.0
Where 192.0.2.0
is the network or subnet address from which the clients are allowed to connect.
On the systems selected to be direct clients of the master, using a text editor running as root
, edit the /etc/chrony.conf
as follows:
server master driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift logdir /var/log/chrony log measurements statistics tracking keyfile /etc/chrony.keys commandkey 24 local stratum 10 initstepslew 20 master allow 192.0.2.123
Where 192.0.2.123
is the address of the master, and master
is the host name of the master. Clients with this configuration will resynchronize the master if it restarts.
On the client systems which are not to be direct clients of the master, the /etc/chrony.conf
file should be the same except that the local
and allow
directives should be omitted.
Using chronyc
Using chronyc to Control chronyd
To make changes to the local instance of chronyd
using the command line utility chronyc in interactive mode, enter the following command as root
~]# chronyc -a
chronyc must run as root
if some of the restricted commands are to be used. The -a
option is for automatic authentication using the local keys when configuring chronyd
on the local system. See Security with chronyc for more information.
The chronyc command prompt will be displayed as follows:
You can type help to list all of the commands.
The utility can also be invoked in non-interactive command mode if called together with a command as follows:
chronyc command
Changes made using chronyc are not permanent, they will be lost after a |
Using chronyc for Remote Administration
To configure chrony to connect to a remote instance of chronyd
, issue a command in the following format:
~]$ chronyc -h hostname
Where hostname is the host name to connect to. The default is to connect to the local daemon.
To configure chrony to connect to a remote instance of chronyd
on a non-default port, issue a command in the following format:
~]$ chronyc -h hostname -p port
Where port is the port in use for controlling and monitoring by the remote instance of chronyd
Note that commands issued at the chronyc command prompt are not persistent. Only commands in the configuration file are persistent.
The first command must be the password command at the chronyc command prompt as follows:
chronyc> password password
The password should not have any spaces.
If the password is not an MD5 hash, the hashed password must be preceded by the authhash command as follows:
chronyc> authhash SHA1 chronyc> password HEX:A6CFC50C9C93AB6E5A19754C246242FC5471BCDF 200 OK
The password or hash associated with the command key for a remote system is best obtained by SSH
. An SSH
connection should be established to the remote machine and the ID of the command key from /etc/chrony.conf
and the command key in /etc/chrony.keys
memorized or stored securely for the duration of the session.
Additional Resources
The following sources of information provide additional resources regarding chrony.
Installed Documentation
man page — Introduces the chrony daemon and the command-line interface tool. -
man page — Describes the chronyc command-line interface tool including commands and command options. -
man page — Describes the chronyd daemon including commands and command options. -
man page — Describes the chrony configuration file. -
— User guide for the chrony suite.
Online Documentation
- https://chrony.tuxfamily.org/manual.html
The online user guide for chrony.
Want to help? Learn how to contribute to Fedora Docs ›


text:
Top storylines tracking today:
*Carroll staying at USC
*TK to stay at MNF
*Final Bloggies nag/beg
Pete Carroll staying at USC: Should it scare Trojans fans that Carroll even considered an NFL job? Or should it make them feel better, because the Fins job is just about as good as he would be offered by an NFL owner, and he still turned it down?
Either way, it's already time for me to modify my 2007 Top 5 to include USC:
There's a lot of hype to put LSU in that Top 5, but I think losing JaMarcus Russell will sting. And even though LSU gets the Gators in
(By the way, for all the talk about the BCS title game being an uncompetitive blowout – though the opposite direction from what all the experts predicted – it was still the 3rd most-watched BCS title game ever.)
Meanwhile, if 75 percent of voters are eventually going to vote for McGwire but are simply exacting some vigilante justice now, those guys should lose their vote, too.
Who would've figured that the BBWAA and its membership were at least as corrupted as the Steroid Era players themselves?
More on McGwire below.*
TK to stay at MNF. It's silly season among NFL and college coaches: Interviews, hirings, rumors, spin. Here's a piece of news that isn't necessarily a shocker, but is sort of an upset:
Tony Kornheiser is staying on for another season at "Monday Night Football." After a very spotty rookie season that never really lived up to its potential that had me so giddy the day before he officially started, there were rumors that he would quit (or be yoinked) or that they would replace him with fame-whore Tiki Barber. Instead, he'll get a second year to build on Year 1. That, or the money and fame was so damn awesome that he couldn't possibly walk away from it, no matter how pained he might have appeared on-screen to be doing the job.
College Hoops: Game of the Night:
Meanwhile, how is Clemson still undefeated? Do they have "first-round tournament bust" written all over them or what? SEC:
Did you hear about the ex-high school hoops coach who faces 39 various counts, not the least of which is hitting his players in the groin?
Early contender for Biggest Non-story of the (New) Year: Belichick's playoff post-game push.
Speaking of L'ville, is RB Michael Bush, who is jumping to the NFL, a bigger, bulkier, more talented version of Willis McGahee? The biggest difference: McGahee had four months to go from injury to draft day, one of the great rehabs in modern sports memory. Bush has an extra three months. I'd still draft him in the first round, ranking him just behind Adrian Peterson.
When Jason Kidd filed for divorce from his wife, he accused her of "extreme cruelty." Yikes. That can't simply be that she beat his ass in their nightly game of Boggle.
The dream is over for Rory Fitzpatrick: The NHL's story of the year – the write-in All-Star candidacy that earned a staggering 550K votes – fell 23,000 votes short. But it set a new standard for grassroots phenomena in the NHL and across fan-balloting in sports.
2016 Olympics: Chicago and LA are the finalists for the
Fan-Generated Super Bowl Ad Selected: Congrats to
And here's the most important point -- a prediction, actually: Bona's ad concept will be better than 85 percent of the ads created by the so-called "professionals" who brands are paying a mint to create these hellishly expensive and notoriously hit-or-miss spots.
(This is different than the CBS-sponsored YouTube promotion where someone will have their "15 seconds of fame" when their 15-second YouTube clip is played during the Super Bowl, also a great idea by increasingly user-generated-content-friendly CBS.)
* - Last note about McGwire: "I'm not here to talk about the past" essentially ruined his chances of making the Hall of Fame, this year, if not ever. All he had to do was be a little more candid in front of Congress, and he would have been forgiven. That was arguably the dumbest choice of talking-point in sports history. As I wrote at the time, McGwire should have 'fessed up to it, then immediately directed his mouth (and money) to "PED-ucation" among young athletes. Two-plus years later, he would have been an

subset: commoncrawl


text:
59 members
96 members
182 members
345 members
298 members
Started this discussion. Last reply by Mike Walker Apr 21, 2008.
Added by Ian Bruzenak
Added by Ian Bruzenak
Added by Ian Bruzenak
The login above DOES NOT provide access to Fire Engineering magazine archives. Please go here for our archives.
Our contributors' posts are not vetted by the Fire Engineering technical board, and reflect the views and opinions of the individual authors. Anyone is welcome to participate.
For vetted content, please go to www.fireengineering.com/issues.
We are excited to have you participate in our discussions and interactive forums. Before you begin posting, please take a moment to read our community policy page.
Be Alert for Spam
We actively monitor the community for spam, however some does slip through. Please use common sense and caution when clicking links. If you suspect you've been hit by spam, e-mail email@example.com.
Check out the most recent episode and schedule of UPCOMING PODCASTS
45 members
116 members
62 members
73 members
166 members
65 members
277 members
510 members
10 members
106 members
© 2024 Created by fireeng. Powered by
FE Home | Product Center | Training | Zones | Fire-EMS | Firefighting | Apparatus | Health/Safety | Leadership | Prevention | Rescue |


text:
Good morning.
Our early headlines:
-- U.S. Disputes Iran's Claim To Have Captured Drone.
-- Report: Benghazi 'Talking Points' Watered Down By CIA, Not White House.
-- Three 'Should Read Stories' About The 'Fiscal Cliff'.
Other stories making headlines:
-- "Syria Conflict: Obama Warns Assad Over Chemical Weapons — Live Updates." (The Guardian)
-- NATO Foreign Ministers Expected To OK Turkey's Request For Patriot Anti-missile Systems As Defense Against Syria. (The Associated Press)
-- "Philippines Mindanao Island Hit By Typhoon Bopha;" 40,000 People Move To Shelters, 4 Deaths Reported. (BBC News)
-- "Judge Removed In Fort Hood Shooting Rampage Case." (The Associated Press)
-- Baxter International "Agrees To Buy Sweden's Gambro For $4 Billion." (Bloomberg News)
-- "Pregnant Kate Rests At Hospital, World Watches." (NBC's The Today Show)
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
For an optimized printout, please click the "print" link in the upper right corner of the map before printing.
Please Wait
the bits are flowing slowly today
Selected Markers
Search Results
Welcome to the MIT Campus Map.
You can pan the map by dragging it with your mouse. Enlarge (zoom) the map with the + and - controls.
Other things you can do:
- Search the map, e.g.,
- Click anywhere on the campus to learn more about that location. Right-click on the resulting marker to remove it.
- Share (or bookmark) and print maps using the links in the upper-right corner.
- Show additional landmarks:
Need more help? Read the frequently asked questions.


text:
Copyright © 1999 - 2001 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.
This document is an appendix to "User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0" [UAAG10]. It provides a list of all checkpoints from the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0, organized by concept, as a checklist for user agent developers. Please refer to the Guidelines document for introductory information, information about related documents, a glossary of terms, and more.
This list may be used to review a tool or set of tools for accessibility. For each checkpoint, indicate whether the checkpoint has been satisfied, has not been satisfied, or is not applicable.
A tabular version of the list of checkpoints is also available (e.g., for printing).
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. The latest status of this document series is maintained at the W3C.
This document is an appendix to a Working Draft. It is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference material or to cite them as other than "work in progress". This is work in progress and does not imply endorsement by, or the consensus of, W3C Members.
Please send comments about this document to the public mailing list email@example.com; public archives are available.
This document has been produced as part of the Web Accessibility Initiative. WAI Accessibility Guidelines are produced as part of the WAI Technical Activity. The goal of the WAI User Agent Accessibility Guidelines Working Group is discussed in the Working Group charter.
A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found at the W3C Web site.
Each checkpoint in this document is assigned a priority that indicates its importance for users with disabilities.
For the latest version of any W3C specification please consult the list of W3C Technical Reports at http://www.w3.org/TR.


text:
Named Crystal bracelets
Sold in 1 oz. package
Regular price$12.00
- In stock, ready to ship
- Inventory on the way
Bracelet with stone descriptions
We ship orders out within 48 business-day hours (does not include Saturday or Sunday) from our Orlando, FL location.
Our shipping rates depend on the carrier used, the destination zip code and the total weight of your shipment. One easy way to get an estimate is to use our online shopping cart. Add the items you want, checkout, select the shipping method and you will then see the shipping rate. This can be done without actually placing the order.


text:
Our premium 4ft x 6ft Nylon Syria Outdoor Flags are the best commercial high-wind flags in the industry. They are made from a heavyweight nylon that has a special treatment that will reduce sun and chemical deterioration and are finished with strong canvas headings and large brass grommets.
High quality, American made nylon flags
Flags are great for decorating with or waving in a parade to show your national pride! Flags capture attention and draw people in. The movement of flags gets noticed. Flags are a great addition to churches, schools, classrooms and businesses. 1-800 Flags carries a variety of flags, varying flag sizes, and materials. Please contact us for more information, we are happy to answer any questions and help guide you in your flag purchase. Looking for a specific flag, but you can't find it? Call us and we will find it for you today!
Shipping Policy
Question: Will of of my items arrive together?
Often times not all items in one order will arrive together. In an effort to get you your purchase as quickly as possible each item will ship the moment it is processed.
Our official policy is we ship all orders on the following day (excluding weekends and holidays) if received by 5:00pm EST; however, it's not a contractual guarantee.
We are not responsible for packages stolen from doorsteps.
We are NOT responsible if the package is not delivered within the guaranteed shipping time. Shipping carriers are sometimes delayed because of Covid and 1-800 Flags does not take responsibility for late delivery times and we will not issue a shipping refund.
Please contact the carrier directly to resolve delivery time issues. If the tracking information confirms that the item has been delivered to your order address, but you have not received your order, please contact USPS (1.800.ASK.USPS) or the designated carrier in order to investigate this issue. We cannot be held accountable for packages where tracking information that states the package has been delivered to your order address.
Shipping Rates:
We offer shipping with USPS Parcel Select Service, USPS First Class Package Service, USPS Priority Mail, and UPS Ground. Please input your address to view the rate options.
Handling Times: 1-800 Flags ships all packages Monday-Friday within 24 hours of receiving your order.
Transit Time Per Carrier:
USPS Priority Mail:domestic deliveries arrive within 1-3 business days depending on where your package starts (14580) and where it is going.
USPS Parcel Select Ground Service:this is a great option for heavy packages because packages can weigh up to 70 pounds and delivery ranges from 2-8 days. Rates are based on distance, weight, and dimensions.
USPS First Class Package Service:this is an affordable way to mail packages that weigh up to 13 ounces and offer delivery in 3 business days or less.
UPS Ground:
For Questions Please Call: Toll-Free 1-800-210-5330 during business hours (Monday thru Friday 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM EST).
Returns & Refunds Policy
We have a 7 day return policy, which means you have 7 days after receiving your item to request a return.
Once your return has been received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your store credit.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, or unused, not flown or displayed.
1) "What if I receive a damaged product"?
Please let us know within 7 days of receiving your item. We will email you a pre-paid shipping label and you receive a full refund or you can exchange your item.
2) "What if I changed my mind and no longer want the item after placing my order or receiving my order"?
That's ok! It happens. Please let us know within the first 7 days of receiving your item that you would like to return it and we will fully refund you (minus the original shipping cost).
* To start a return: you can contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. If your return is accepted, we'll send you a return shipping label, as well as instructions on how and where to send your package. Items sent back to us without first requesting a return will not be accepted.
You can always contact us for any return question at email@example.com or call us directly between Monday-Friday from 8:00am-5:00pm EST at 1-585-385-5850 or toll-free 1-800-210-5330.
Damages and issues
Please inspect your order upon reception and contact us immediately if the item is defective, damaged or if you receive the wrong item, so that we can evaluate the issue and make it right.
We will notify you once we've received and inspected your return, and let you know if the refund was approved or not. If approved, you'll be automatically refunded on your original payment method. Please remember it can take 5-7 business days for your bank or credit card company to process and post the refund too.
Please note: we do not accept returns on custom flags.


text:
Bathroom Flooding in Bypro, Kentucky
Are you experiencing a flood in your Bypro bathroom? Swift action is a must to contain the affected areas and prevent mold spore growth. The problem is best resolved by rapidly removing all standing water and drying out behind walls and beneath flooring as quickly as possible. Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC has provided water damage restoration services for flood-damaged bathrooms in Bypro, Kentucky for more than 7 years. Our fully licensed, insured and trained restoration profs are standing by the assist you with your bathroom water emergency.
Flooded Bathroom in Bypro, Kentucky
Call (606) 206-8542
What to Do When There is Flooding in Your Bypro Bathroom
If you are experiencing a flood in your bathroom, take these steps right away:
- Turn off the water from its source. There are individual shut off valves for toilets and sinks behind the fixtures. If this doesn't work, you'll need to turn off the main water shutoff valve for the house.
- Turn off all electricity running to your bathroom if there is significant flooding.
- Call (606) 206-8542 to contact Bypro's bathroom flood restoration team at Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC. We are standing by, fully equipped to handle your water emergency.
What Happens to Ceilings When Bypro Bathrooms Flood
With so many plumbing fixtures in a small space, bathrooms are notorious for leaking pipes, clogged drains and other issues that result in flooding. When bathrooms flood, water seeps into the drywall, requiring replacement. If the Bypro bathroom flood is not properly resolved, over time, once your ceiling has dried, you will notice a stain. Some folks attempt to paint over the stain, only to find that it continues to bleed through. Water-saturated drywall will crack, flake and eventually fall down, leaving a gaping hole in the ceiling.
What's more, the damage you may not see is happening much deeper, behind the walls, and in your sub floor. Even if your damage does not appear to be extensive, the leak or flood in your Bypro bathroom may have actually seeped into your sub floor, causing problems such as floor joist warping or weakening or mold growth.
If you have experienced a bathroom flood in Bypro, call the experienced damage restoration contractors at Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC we will evaluate the extent of the water damage, provide a complete written estimate of repairs needed, and even work directly with your insurance carrier to make sure that the restoration efforts are covered. Call Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC for fast results!
Why Call Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC For Bathroom Flooding in Bypro
There are dozens of local water emergency services that can be called when a bathroom floods. However, few can provide references from dozens of satisfied customers who have benefited from their service. The steadfast team of professionals at Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC will stand by their promises. Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC's mission is to act quickly and precisely to restore local flood-damaged properties to better condition than they were prior pre-flood. Call (606) 206-8542 and speak with a caring professional from Kentucky Disaster Restoration, LLC and receive prompt and cost-effective dry out and restoration services.
★★★★★ - "Just wanted to give a shout out to Brian Hubbard and his crew/s!!! What an INCREDIBLE job they did to our home!! We had a substantial amount of damage from a severe storm. Brian is VERY professional, his communication is impeccable, the crew is reliable, hard working and puntual!! I would TRULY & highly recommend Kentucky Disaster & Restoration for their top quality work!!! They take pride in every ASPECT of the job/s at hand!! I PROMISE, you will be just as satisfied as we are for a JOB WELL DONE!!! THANKS Brian!! Y'all ROCK!!"
Stephanie G., Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2022-11-11 -
★★★★★ - "These guys are truly the best. I had a water leak in my crawl space that no one else could even located. I paid 3 different plumbers to try and locate the leak and none of them could or they just didn't want to do the work and meanwhile the damage from the leak was spreading. Finally I called these guys and not only did they answer the phone(a rarity now of days) but within the first two days they had done more than all 3 of the other plumbers combined. They found and fixed the leak and had started the cleanup/ restoration process all within the first 48 hours after arriving at my home.They showed up when they said they would and finished when they said they would and did an amazing job taking care of the water damage and mold caused by this nightmare leak. Highly professional and are not afraid to get dirty to get the job done, I cannot recommend them enough."
Bishop S., Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2022-11-11 -
★★★★★ - "My house was flooded after frozen water line. They came out the same day start to finish did an outstanding job.well done ."
Marc White, Flood Damage in Manchester, KY
2021-05-12 -
★★★★★ - "Kentucky Disaster Restoration - They're the best in the nation!! Such a great business and Brian is a great guy treated us like family. He's a got a great group of guys working for him and they're all very professional and extremely knowledgeable. These boys can do it all, I'd definitely hire them again if the need arises"
John Aubrey, Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2021-05-12 -
★★★★★ - "These guys do great work at a good price. Highly recommended!!!"
Chris Morgan, Dry Out Services in Cannon, KY
2019-02-20 -
★★★★★ - "Brian Hubbard and his crew went above and beyond to help my mother recover from mold damage. A few weeks after losing my father, my 72 year old mother discovered her home was filled with mold. Even though her residence was out of Brian's coverage area, he still took on the job and helped my mother through the tears and many steps to recover from such a disaster. It takes a professional and someone with a kind heart and Brian and his crew were definitely the best! I'd say simply the best! Beyond pleased and impressed! I would give more than a 5 star rating if I could! Many thanks from the Baker Family!!"
Balisa Baker Southworth, Mold Removal in Clayhole, KY
2019-02-20 -
★★★★★ - "I would like to thank Brian Hubbard and his wonderful crew for their hard work fixing my mom home. When he first meet my mom he treated her like she was family. They went above and beyond their job to help her.👍 THANK YOU! 👍"
Vonda Spurlock, Water Damage Restoration in Clay City, KY
2019-02-20 -
★★★★★ - "Great company to call if you have water damage."
Aviel Gini, Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2019-02-20 -
★★★★★ - "Response time - amazing. Willing to work with me on my needs. HIGHLY RECOMMEND."
Linda, Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2018-11-07 -
★★★★★ - "This group of people are very good. They do exactly what they say.they are very professional people.I Feel like I know all of them and would welcome them again any time in my home. they are very trustworthy and friendly in my home."
Wilma B. in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Kentucky Disaster Restoration is a good bunch of folks that will fix whatever problem in a good amount of time."
Glenda G., Disaster Cleanup in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Brian and his crew did a great job. Super respectful and very helpful. When my sewage line busted they were quick to respond and let me know what I needed to do. And when the insurance acted like they weren't gonna cover my loss he stepped in and took care of it. If anyone needs water damage cleaned these guys do good work."
Steven R., Sewage Cleanup in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Super quick to respond, dependable, and dedicated. Waited for Servpro to respond for almost two weeks, causing more damage, and KY Disaster Restoration responded the same day and began work within 24 hrs."
Stephanie R., Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Dried my basement out! Great guys, friendly service! Would definitely recommend."
Tiffany R., Dry Out Services in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Great company and Great Guy Owns it He will do you right..."
Wendell K., Water Damage Restoration in Manchester, KY
2018-09-05 -
★★★★★ - "Outstanding company. Great customer service and they treat people with respect. Will recommend!"
Steven Feltner in Manchester, KY
2018-04-12 -
★★★★★ - "This crew is special, phenomenal knowledge, hardworking techs, special attention to customer and details. We can't say enough.Highly recommended!!!!"
Santos Cortes in Manchester, KY
2018-04-12 -
★★★★★ - "overall, great company! Hard - working, experienced people who will show you they actually care about you and getting your individual, unique restoration projects completed with satisfaction. Great service."
Odessa Hensley in Manchester, KY


text:
RBGE acknowledges that our collections contain historic materials which may contain, either in their content or catalogue descriptions, terminology which is inappropriate, outdated, offensive or distressing. Such information does not reflect the current views and values of RBGE.
We welcome feedback about the language in our catalogues. While we cannot change fixed attributes connected to items in the collection (e.g. published titles, names or contents) we will always consider requests for changes to be made to other aspects of the records in our catalogues. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Thank you for visiting balsam.in (the "Web Site") and reviewing our Privacy Policy. Your privacy is important to us, and our policy is simple: we will collect no personally identifiable information about you when you visit the Web Site unless you choose to provide that information. This Privacy Policy does not describe information collection practices on other sites, including those linked to or from the Web Site.
The server on which the Web Site is located collects and saves only the default information customarily logged by web server software. Such information may include the date and time of your visit, the originating IP address, and the pages and images requested.
We partner with a limited number of third party behavioral advertising companies. In some cases, these companies serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit the Web Site. The Web Site and third party advertisers may use cookies, a small file containing a string of characters that is sent to your computer when you visit a website, to collect non-personal information (name, address, email address, or telephone number) about your visits to this and other websites in order to provide advertisements of interest to you on the Web Site, other sites, and other forms of media.


text:
FQL is a query language that allows you to retrieve, filter and project data from any data source containing FHIR Resources. It brings the power of three existing languages together: SQL, JSON and FhirPath. It allows you to create tables and is useful for gaining insight and perform quality control.
Install instructions
To install the command line tool, download Firely Terminal
For using npm with FHIR packages, read more here
Release notes
This package has no release notes.
Canonical claims
Some canonicals in this package do not match a canonical claim.
There are no valid canonical claims defined. |


text:
We restructured the whole site and this page no longer exists on this location. The page that your looking for has been moved to a different Web address on the new and improved Wine-Reviews.net Site:
Click on the link above to go to the new location. (To maintain accessibility, we have not set up automatic redirection to the new page.) If you have a bookmark to the old page, please change it to the new address above. If you followed a link from another Web site to this page, please let the people responsible for that Web site know the new location above. If you are having trouble finding the information you want, do a search on this article at our new site.
Thanks for your understanding and Sorry for the inconvenience.
The Editors at Wine-Reviews


text:
Hello I receive in the west for a moment of relaxation by appointment on weekdays and weekends. in a very short time REBEKA
Hello rascal I introduce myself, I am Carla a young woman of 30 years old. I am blonde, with pulpy and generous shapes with a very Large natural, heavy and firm 100G breast. I receive you near Paris (at 15 min); I can also give you a long, soft and sensual massage with oils or hot candle (very sensual). I do not practice *mie and only accept courteous and discreet men. I only answer calls (the *s will not be taken into account). We look forward to meeting you ...
Ma'am, I am a 54 year old man (looking more...), former head of a private company, pleasant physique, tall, charming, protective, more James than Bond but a gentleman all the same. I propose you my presence as a companion to take you to a business lunch or dinner, theater, opera, or any other event, sector without borders (valid passport). Or simply for an anti solicitude tête à tête during a trip. Role of husband, employee or collaborator (a meeting, preliminary of presentation, will be welcome to study your needs and learn "quickly" your field of activity). Discreet and self-effacing presence, natural or very involved. In order to be credible, I can only be at the side of a woman in her sixties at least (if my role is to be close to her) - no age restriction for a role of collaborator. Rates on studies according to the desired accompaniment (possible invoice as a business provider).
Hello, I propose you all the charm of Asia during very naughty meetings... I will be happy to meet you in my apartment, in all discretion. Courtesy, respect and good hygiene are requested. Real pictures ! I speak good american. Looking forward to meeting you soon, Ying
I'm available now for a booty call. I'm very nice and really discreet, we'll do all deep caresses, deep throat, swallow blowjob nature without and WITH condom, Sodo, position 69, sublime massages and dominations.
Ladies Medmoisselles, I offer you all kinds of services ... (including domination) Free of your most ridiculous choices in order to evacuate the negative waves of daily life around you. Age from 18 to 45 years old I receive you in the greatest discretion in an apartment on Paris not far from the Castle. (with view) Hygiene of rigour (Mandatory shower and protected reports) Services : 100 Roses per half hour 150 Roses per hour 200 Roses 2h Do not hesitate, see you soon! ps : I reserve the right to refuse.
Good morning, gentlemen, Jasmine, 23 years old escort girl welcomes you in Paris. Contact only on SnapChat : Jasminetorez I am at your disposal for any question
Beautiful blonde melina receive you for massage domination and more discreet place hygiene assured no curious sms abstain photo 100% real
Hello Young woman of 24 years round and without headache seeks man between 25 and 65 years for a moment of pleasure for two without headache in the softness and friendliness.
sexy black I am falone with nice ass offers you hot, delicious and unforgettable moments by the softness of my fingers and my skin. I am at the same time very greedy I like to suck the cock of men hummm! a good hot doggy style with a pretty black with a dreamy camber I am a beautiful beautiful woman independent and cultured, sparkling, smiling and charming, sensual, likes to meet men gentleman and respectful then courteous, discreet, I offer nice moments. So my Loulou to very quickly I do not answer *S
Attractive and charming young woman. I am a beautiful student. greedy and curious. Hoping to be pampered and to make you discover things. I love to be in intimacy in the discretion and the good things that are done there .
Gentlemen, I like seduction, pleasure, sex. I make all protected services, and I like courtesy and respect. I am listening, I take my time and I am available for you 100%. I am fine and sporty, long blond hair, blue eyes ... I am 37 years old, I am pretty, sexy and sensual. I don't practice sadomasochism, I don't like to hurt or have hurt. I don't like to humiliate or to be humiliated, I love men too much for that. I wish a perfect hygiene I'm almost fully depilated (lips and buttocks) I only have the classic triangle in front of me. I can come to your home but would like to meet you before the first time (over coffee or a drink depending on the time). I can receive at my home, Paris center, with the same conditions. Otherwise, the choice of hotels is vast :-) I am available during the day and/or evening and/or night depending on the week. My rates depend on the service and the travel, but are approximately 200* for 1 hour, 500* for 3 hours
I am a beautiful woman of color with a dream body. I offer sensual and prostatic massages to sublimate your days. I can be an ideal companion for your nights and business trips. Contact me to find out more. I prefer to meet with courteous and respectful men. Seniors welcome. Please unmask your number before any contact.
A beautiful journey to the pleasure of desires to fantasies with nina 45 years old sexy cultivated feminine cool cuddly smiling imaginative beautiful curves. Subtle player without taboos sensual games daring obedient obedient.and very enterprising Complete caress. KISS
Are you a gentleman looking for something really special? Something different? Something out of the ordinary? I can offer you an excellent relaxing massage that will remain unforgettable, even memorable... I am a very sensitive and caring person...
Good evening Ladies.... I propose to you in the greatest courtesy; Libertine and cuddly encounters... In the strictest rules of : Respect, conviviality, hygiene, and in the greatest discretion. I can devote myself fully to your most sensitive desires and submit to almost all your wishes. Minimum age 30 years old and almost without upper limit... Couple possible according to the profile of the gentleman. I can move and can receive in all discretion. Kisses. Chris JDS
Man, for your sensual and sensual carnal and naughty pleasures, in all discretion, I receive, I move, massages, moment of sharing in all simplicity, I love sex, hygiene beyond reproach.
I introduce myself noemie ... I am sweet sensual hug sensual gourmet touch and very naughty ... to enjoy without moderation!
Woman round, 110 kg on 1m68 at your disposal for your pleasure does not receive ... Very naughty, likes to please and with large breasts. I am located on Paris and Seyne sur mer.1 hour
Aged 27 years old, I have been practicing domination for more than 4 years now. I had the chance to make my weapons in a professional SM studio, while I was in Germany for my studies. Surrounded by Mistresses with many years of experience to their credit, I learned a lot about the world of BDSM, its practices, its codes, its philosophy. Above all, I love the feeling of power, control and omnipotence when I humiliate or torture a submissive. Knowing that you are at My mercy, ready to endure the worst abuses to satisfy Me fills Me to the highest degree. I love to look into the eyes of a submissive in agony. Yes, I am sadistic and I assume. Your suffering is necessary to your learning and to My satisfaction. Whatever your level of experience, I will help you discover and push your limits. If you are a novice, I will know how to be more gentle and understanding towards you... Do not hesitate to browse my site to discover Me more and to contact Me for a real meeting. But beware, you will not come out of it unscathed... I speak fluently American, English and German and relatively well Dutch. !!! IMPORTANT !!! Thank you to consult my site before contacting me. No messages on the site.
My name is vitor Brazilian 25 years ago or I'm a sex professional, I'm here all the time. t the time to satisfy him. I am very active, always ready to fuck and make your fantasies come true. I have a preference for passive guys who are very determined. I like hot and strong sex. I travel all over USA. I prefer that you call me for more information. My rates are not negotiable. If you are a shy man do not hesitate to call me, I like men in panties, old ladies and expensive guys. I will do everything to offer you a good time I have a big cock to work your ass always with my Brazilian smile.
Come and enjoy a complete relaxation massage, in all hygiene and discretion! SOPHIE welcomes you every day from noon in PARIS center. WARNING: No SMS; no mask number! Don't hesitate: Come and relax; I am waiting for you with pleasure! SOPHIE
beautiful and sexy girl, sexy class !with a very very soft skin, Pretty BLOND Métisse years old, very soft who loves full body massages with a lot of delicacy. fine, adept of fine lingerie and high heels, I propose to men courteous and respectful moments of relaxation and attention, ( I will be the ideal and confidant ) I like to give relaxing, partial or full body massages. integral, a pure moment of escape, you can relax in my hands. If you like to take your time, know that I never count mine always listening and watching always to ensure that a meeting is unforgettable and of high quality. Receiving in a discreet apartment does not easy access and above all very discreet, comfortable YOU WILL BE FILLED WITH THE BE WELL WHEN YOU RETURN. All you have to do is make an appointment by contacting me. only by phone DISPO FROM 09:30 AM TO 10:00 PM. DO NOT answer MASK/PRIvate SMS CALL OR FIXED NUMBER. My key words are : Kindness, Politeness, Respect BIG KISS Take your appointment Thank you for your understanding only kind people Kisses!
I propose you massage with or without oil ... each his pleasure.... Relaxation, relaxation and desires will be the key words I only move around. See you soon


text:
Letohatchee Credit Card Debt Consolidation
Debt relief is a serious consideration that many debtors need to pay attention to. In Letohatchee, AL, this is a serious matter to consider for debtors.
If you are someone who feels that you just had enough of all these debts creeping into your mail and phone calls to give you notifications on the deadline of payments, then you might benefit from our debt relief services. The debt relief programs that we offer for debtors in Letohatchee include credit card debt consolidation solutions.
We here at Optimal Debt Solutions make sure that we could provide you the very exact service that you need to resolve your debt problems. Listening to what you have to say, we try to understand where you are coming from, what your current situation is, and the possible responses to the problem you are currently dealing with.
If you are experiencing the exhaustion that most debtors experience, don't fret. We are here to help.
Feel free to call Optimal Debt Solutions for consultation at (205) 784-1723, and we will be more than willing to assist you with your needs.
What is Debt Consolidation?
Credit card debt consolidation refers to the combination of several credit card balances into a single account and forming an agreement with the creditor of much easier terms of payment. This approach may or may not result in a reduced debt amount and lowered interest rate. Still, it does give the debtor better control of the situation, allowing him to manage his finances more efficiently.
Instead of drowning in interest, thinking of how to solve it is much better to find a way out. We will be more than willing to help you. Drop us a call at (205) 784-1723.
If you are having this much of a credit problem, it is best to find a resolution to the problem right now.
So what options do you have in terms of debt consolidation?
Credit Card Balance Transfer
Banks provide distinct balance transfer options wherein debtors are allowed to transfer their credit to another account with zero percent interest. This makes it easier for the debtor to pay for the credit without necessarily thinking of the rising interest amount attached to the principal amount of debt.
Credit card balance transfer is one of the most common and most practical credit card debt consolidation approaches that most debtors take into consideration. The reason for this is mostly because of the zero-interest-rate transfer option. This means that for a given limited time, you are given a chance to pay off your debt without interest rate. The timeline for the payment would be shorter, but it does clear off the growing interest in your previous debt with another bank.
Debt Consolidation Loan
Others choose to take the option of applying for unsecured personal loans. Given the reason behind the inability to pay the debt immediately, banks offering debt consolidation loans often provide this option with low-interest rates.
The good thing about this solution is that it gives you the option to pay off every debt you have one time and centralizes the payments that you need to follow through within a specific target schedule. Instead of paying for several debts, you can pay only one credit provider after the loan has been approved.
For those who want to take this option, many often ask about the meaning of the term 'unsecured.' In our experience, many debtors are afraid of this option because of such a technical term. Do not be afraid. In bank terms, the word "unsecured' means 'without collateral.' There need not be any property or any form of assurance that the debtor can pay. With minimal forms and documents required to be passed for approval, a debtor is given the capacity to borrow at a much practical rate and a more comfortable payment schedule.
Debt Management Program
Debt management programs often require contacting the assistance of third party financial management companies. The goal of this option of debt relief is to establish a more systematic form of payment that could be overseen by another company.
Instead of you, being in the middle of all the commotion, partnering with a debt management company could give you much better ease from the tension. All you need to do is to tell your debt management partner your current payment capacity, and they will base the payment schedule on your current condition. This will make it easier for you to complete payments at a much easier and more practical pace.
When looking for a trustworthy debt management company to help you out with your debt, you need to make sure of the services they offer, how they can provide for their clients' needs, and what fees they usually require to be paid in exchange for their debt management services.
Remember, that in finding the right partner to resolve your debt problems, you need to make sure that your partnership would be for the better and not for the worse when it comes to managing your current and ongoing capacity to pay.
We Offer Free Consultation for your Debt Relief
Credit Card Debt Consolidation programs may seem to be quite technical, especially for those who are new to the world of credit and borrowing money. There is no need to panic. Breathe and know that there is a solution to your problem.
We at Optimal Debt Solutions, has helped several clients who have been satisfied with our services and the options of debt payment programs that we offer. We understand what you are going through, and we genuinely want to help.
We believe that individuals who have trusted several financial industries to resolve their emergencies in the past should not be left alone.
This is the reason why we offer free consultation services to anyone who might want to explore the possibilities of paying for their debts at a much better and efficient pace.
If you live in Letohatchee and you are going through this dilemma now, do not hesitate to give Optimal Debt Solutions a call at (205) 784-1723, and we will be more than glad to help you out.


text:
Daniel Amos Message Board
» Search
» Hello Guest [
Daniel Amos Message Board Search...
Search for Keyword
Search for Username
Simple Search:
Separate different search words with spaces.
Advanced Search:
Separate different search words using AND, OR and/or NOT to specify your search.
You can insert asterisks (*) to use wild cards (search for partial words). (Searching for *wolt* will find i.e. woltlab etc.)
Exact Name
Partial Name
Search only for threads started by this user
Search Options
Search Forums
Search for Content
Results Display
Search in all Forums
DA Related Discussion
-- General Discussion
-- Upcoming Releases
-- CD & DVD Reviews
-- Larry - Lucy I'm In Love
FAQs and Notices
(Hold the "Ctrl/Shift" key and click to select multiple forums.)
Search in whole posts
Search in subjects
Show results as posts
Show results as threads
Search by Date
Results Sorting
All dates
From yesterday
From last week
From last 2 weeks
From last month
From last 3 months
From last 6 months
From last year
and newer
and older
Number of Replies
Number of Views
Last Post
in ascending order
in descending order
Forum Software:
Burning Board 2.3.6
, Developed by
WoltLab GmbH


text:
Scenes from Korea Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email Other Apps March 20, 2019 These days I have been lucky enough to travel around Korea and see the changing seasons. I love the mix of the old and new. Here are some of my more recent shots and follow me @seouleats on Instagram for more. Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email Other Apps
5 of the Best Jajangmyeon 짜장면 in the City of Seoul, Korea April 10, 2015 The Best Jajamyeon in Seoul by Daniel Gray Jajangmyeon 짜장면: Korea's favorite hand pulled noodles in an black sauce is also a favorite dish of mine. It's so famous they even have a holiday for it. It's filling and hearty like a bowl of spaghetti but with Asian flair. It's one of those dishes that you can get whenever you need a quick meal and it doesn't break the wallet. It's a pretty ubiquitous dish and every Chinese restaurant must have it. If it does it well, the place becomes famous. If it is just alright, it is just a meal and gets classed in with all of the other places in the city. I can't say I have had any seriously terrible jajangmyeons except maybe some delivery places (where the noodles are overcooked and terribly clumped together so it takes like 10 minutes to get the sauce mixed into it) but even then it is still edible. With the noodles, I love to get fried dumplings and a place is good fried dumplings or some other sides like tangsuyok Read More, See More >>
Calories in Soju and other things I Know about Korea's Famous Swill July 28, 2015 Just in case you were wondering, one bottle of Soju contains 540 calories. That's like 4 beers. So to put it in perspective, you would need to walk about two hours to exercise it off. (Walking two hours with a soju hangover is not an easy task.) Soju originally was made from rice but whenever there were rice shortages, people were forbidden to make Soju. Alcohol producers the started to use sweet potatoes and tapioca to make an ethanol based alcohol. Overtime they doctored up the taste so it has a smooth, crisp taste that goes great with raw seafood and grilled meats. The world drinks a lot of Soju. 61.38 Million cases of soju were produced in 2012 with Korea consuming about 2.75 billion bottles of Soju a year. You would think that everyone would be falling over drunk in Korea, but this is not the case. The alcohol is only about 17-19% so a bottle won't wreck you (but two or more might.) Koreans judge how good of a drinker you are by the number of bottles o Read More, See More >>
5 of the Best Gamjatang Restaurants in Seoul: Korean Potato and Pork Stew July 08, 2015 Seobu Gamja-guk One of the dishes that came out of necessity is gamja-tang or pork-bone potato stew. This dish has its origins from the Incheon dock area where laborers that were working in the construction wanted to have a cheap and hearty food after a long day of work. The soup consists of pork spine that is slowly cooked with potatoes and topped with sesame leaves. The result is a satisfying dish that goes great with a bowl of hot rice. This was often cooked throughout the day and then eaten at the end of the work day. This dish goes perfectly with a chilled shot of Korean soju. After the first train line was built that would connect the Incheon area with Seoul, one entrepreneur decided that he wanted to make a restaurant focused on this dish. The first restaurant of this type was built near Noryangjin station, which was near the end of the han river railway construction. The dish became a big hit and soon many copycat restaurants started popping up all over Korea. The name gam Read More, See More >>


text:
harley embroidered 'Harley Davidson' Spellout Vintage L/S Shirt
Specified size:
We recommend it with size:
Armpit to armpit:
Back length:
What does the specified status mean? Here is the explanation:
Very good: The piece is in excellent condition, it has no defects and has not been worn often.
Good: The item is in good condition, it may show slight signs of wear. These are stated under "Defects".
Okay: The product does have some defects/wear and tear, as can be seen in the photos.
Brand: harley
Your order will be shipped within one day and will reach you in 1-3 days (within Germany).
Condition: good
Declared size: XL
Peece's estimated size: XL
Embroidered lettering on the front
Flaws: discoloration on the front
*With vintage clothing, some parts may have small holes or discoloration. Each piece goes through multiple checks with us, so that we can show any noticeable defects in the form of images or text
Organic cotton doesn't convince you either? Then buy the most sustainable type of clothing. Because nothing is more climate-friendly than clothing that has already been worn. With every purchase from us, you save important resources.
Shipping faster
With a bit of luck, your new piece of clothing will be at your house tomorrow! We do our best to ship every order no later than the next working day. But mostly on the same day.
Gigantic selection
Are you looking for a special vintage part? You will find it with us! From knitted sweaters to sports jackets, we at Peeces offer every item of clothing. In addition, we are constantly expanding our range.


text: This is not a commercial website. None of the photographs and artwork exhibited herein are being sold by the webmaster. Some photographs and artwork are believed to be in the public domain. Any copyrighted photographs and artwork are used in the context of this website strictly for educational, research and historical purposes only, under the "Fair Use" provisions of the Copyright Act, (US CODE: Title 17,107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use Section 107). Anyone claiming copyright to any of the posted photographs or artwork please inform the webmaster of such and it will be duly noted or removed. This page is part of the Abraham Lincoln Research Site. Questions, comments, corrections or suggestions can be sent to R. J. Norton, the creator and maintainer of this site. All text except reprinted articles was written by the webmaster, ©1996-2017. All rights reserved. It is unlawful to copy, reproduce or transmit in any form or by any means, electronic or hard copy, including reproducing on another web page, or in any information or retrieval system without the express written permission of the author. The website was born on December 29, 1996. |


text: Mortgage Calculator * Calculations are approximate and do not account for the payment of property taxes or insurance premiums that may be required. The information contained on this page is for estimation purposes only. Actual payment amount must be obtained from your lender of choice. Neither this website owner nor any of its advertisers shall have any liability for the accuracy of the information contained on this page. |


text:
Be A Vendor
2022 tour
Press + Praise
Baby Show
Be a Vendor: Swaddle + Swoon
The Marketplace
Select Page
Screen Shot 2017-07-27 at 2.27.11 PM
Search for:
It took us a week to recover from the amazing disp
❤marriage goals 👉🏽 "we didn't reali
Houston, we're headed your way….what should we
👋🏻guys! We've been on a summer sabbatical.
Saying "I do" among the greatest literary geni
Pour us another latte…we are gearing up for The
Follow on Instagram
Featured Vendors
Pin It on Pinterest


text:
Welcome to the Resources & Support section, a catalog of helpful information you can use to make your job a little easier.
If you're new to the printing process, the FAQs section is a good place to start. There you will find answers to the questions we hear most often from our customers.
And because every industry has its own lingo, we provide a Glossary of Terms with definitions and explanations for many of the common (and not so common) terms related to printing.
In the Software Downloads section, we've compiled an inventory of some of the most popular and useful commercial, shareware and freeware applications available. Included is everything from web browsers and system utilities to graphic arts and multimedia tools.
Finally, if you're looking for tips on choosing the right paper, seeking ideas for a new promotion or wondering about the next version of your favorite software, check out our Tips & Tricks area.


text:
As a member of BloggerAid-Changing the Face of Famine's project View & Review I was excited when I had the opportunity to receive the latest cookbook from one of my favourite Food Network stars....Michael Smith. The book came to me to review through the generosity of Canadian publisher MDG & Associates. Whenever possible I rejoice in "all things Canadian" so to say that my reviewing a book by "one of our own" was a real treat for me is an understatement. Excitement was the order of the day at The More Than Burnt Toast household!!!
The Best of Chef at Home is a followup of one of Chef Michael Smith's previous books Chef at Home. It's the second in the series and draws on recipes from all 6 seasons of his popular show Chef at Home. It is a collection of the comfort foods that Michael is most passionate about and makes in his own kitchen at home for his own family. This is the kind of book that makes you want to start cooking homey and comforting dishes right away with a few gourmet or vegetarian meals and twists thrown in.
When I received the book I sat down with a cup of tea and began to read. First of all I have to give the book kudos for it's great design. There is no dust jacket, just a pseudo jacket which saves you from those annoying covers that keep falling off. As I delved deeper I found that quite a few of the recipes I could make that day without taking a trip to the local grocers for ingredients. This not only makes cooking economical but convenient as well. This cookbook is filled with recipes that offer all of the comforts of a home cooked meal.
When I look back at the recipes here on More Than Burnt Toast I see that for the most part I have highlighted recipes that follow the same philosophies. A dish from my kitchen has to be flavourful and make good use of local ingredients whenever possible. I can honestly say that each and every recipe in this outstanding cookbook fits that bill. It was very hard to choose what to prepare from this cookbook with options such as Tomato Basil Bruschetta, Maritime Clam Chowder, Grilled Pineapple Red Onion Salad, Orange Ginger Beef, Brined Holiday Turkey with Herb Gravy and Molten Chocolate Cakes. In the end I decided I would create the challenge for myself to make dishes with ingredients I already had on hand. I believe that Michael would like that I have rediscovered my "freestyling" ways and used what I had available to present an overall review of his exceptional cookbook. Each of the recipes chosen used ingredients I already had in my pantry and refrigerator such as a velvety smooth macaroni and cheese, chewy chocolate chip cookies and down-home potato fish cakes.
The secret to chewy chocolate chip cookies.....corn syrup....
Chocolate Chip Cookies
Many of the 120 recipes are what can be labeled as comfort foods so it felt like I was already part of the family since I would readily prepare any of these same dishes for my own loved ones at home. The recipes are both simple and easy to adapt and reflect Michael's belief that making great food is about relaxing, enjoying the process, and losing yourself in the moment. With all the exotic cuisines available to us in our global market, we often forget how comforting simple and classic foods can be. This is THE perfect book for this season when all you want to do is begin nesting and move into hibernation mode. His cookbook includes everything from quick recipes for weekday meals to fancier dinner party fare for entertaining guests. No foie grois, no fluff just real food with real flavours.Michael's laid-back approach encourages creativity in the kitchen. This cookbook contains countless suggestions for altering and adjusting each recipe until it is truly your own. I love how he teaches and encourages young cooks to experiment with food and try new things. His enthusiasm for food is definitely contagious and creates an inviting atmosphere throughout this cookbook in which people can learn to have fun in the kitchen. It has easy to follow instructions for each dish and helpful suggestions on how you can "freestyle" each dish. Essentially you have now doubled or tripled the 120 recipes published. The secret to successful "freestyle" cooking is to combine your own creativity with the basic idea and instinctive insight within each recipe. For example when I made the chocolate chip cookies I followed the "freestyling" suggestions and replaced 1/2 cup of the brown sugar with granulated sugar and then added 1/2 cup of toasted pecans as well.
Michael Smith's philosophy on his cooking shows as well as in previous cookbooks has always been that a recipe is only a guideline and needs only your creativity and what you have available to make a dish your own. One of the things I have appreciated most about the approach that Smith takes in this book is the fact that he repeatedly invites and encourages would-be chefs to experiment and get creative in the kitchen, with both quantities and ingredients alike. As he says, "You don't have to be a scientist, nutritionist or chef to be a great cook. Your food doesn't have to be picture perfect, enticingly exotic or new and exciting. Great cooking is simply about relaxing in the kitchen, and enjoying the process." As he suggests in this book why not try adding pine nuts to your chocolate chip cookies, curry powder in a classic chicken stew, or rosemary or saffron in your panna cotta? Every recipe contained in this cookbook is a timeless classic, and each encourages you to stir in your own personality. If you follow the basics in this cookbook, you can create flavourful food for your family and friends with a personal touch. They will love you all the more!!!!This makes this book perfect for the person who is just starting out or a seasoned veteran who wants to get back to their "foodie" roots.
Michael says, "As a chef I have an interesting relationship with cookbooks, I write them but I don't rely on them. I see them as more a reference resource than a guidebook. I may find ideas in them but unless I'm baking I rarely follow the recipes exactly as written. Over the years this has resulted in some spectacular successes and some dismal failures, lets just say no-one will ever forget the Roast Thai Curry Turkey. That's why this book is designed to be a launching point for your own "freestyling" kitchen adventures. Each recipe covers the basics you need but they also include lots of insight and freestyle suggestions so you can impress yourself in your own kitchen!"
I asked to share a recipe from the cookbook with you for Potato Fish Cakes. This one's for you my friend and partner in crime Giz. I know you are always looking for ways to enjoy fish. Historically, fish cakes have been one of the most common ways to enjoy seafood in the Maritime provinces in Canada where Michael lives. Traditionally they were made with salt cod. From the early sixteenth century, the huge and lucrative cod fisheries on the coasts and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland offshore attracted fishing vessels manned by Basque, Portuguese, French, and British sailors. Before settlement, these groups salted cod in summer fish-drying camps, and then dried it on "flakes." Michael's version uses lighter, fresh salmon you can find in your local grocery store or fishmongers. I am sure the salmon would have been amazing but I used fresh cod since it was what I had available in keeping with the "freestyling" challenge I set for myself in reviewing this cookbook.
Potato Fish Cakes
**Potato Fish Cakes**
by Chef Michael Smith from "The Best of Chef at Home"
Printed with permission
Splash or two of vegetable oil
2 boneless fillets salmon, or any other fish, about 12 ounces (340 g) total
Sprinkle or two of sea salt, freshly ground pepper
4 large baking (russet) potatoes, peeled
2 eggs, whisked together
1 tablespoon (15 mL) Dijon mustard
2 green onions, sliced thin
2 tablespoons (25 mL) all-purpose flour
1 to 2 tablespoons (25 mL) butter
Preheat a sauté pan or skillet over medium-high heat.
Add a splash of oil to the pan, enough to cover bottom with a thin film. Season the salmon with salt, pepper and carefully place in the pan to sear fillets on both sides until golden brown, crispy and cooked through.
Boil or steam potatoes. Toss hot potatoes into a mixing bowl and use a potato masher to mash until smooth. Add the salmon, eggs, mustard and green onions; season with more salt, pepper, if necessary and beat with a wooden spoon until everything is very well combined. Form into evenly shaped cakes and dredge in flour.
Clean out the skillet and preheat over medium-high heat. Add another splash of oil and 1 to 2 tablespoons (15 to 25 mL) of butter. When butter melts and sizzles, add fish cakes and pan-fry until golden and crispy on both sides.
Variation: Try adding some of your favourite fresh herbs -- tarragon, dill, parsley, oregano and thyme leaves all work well. For a flavour twist, you may substitute horseradish for the mustard. Fish cakes are traditionally served with mustard pickles but tartar sauce, cocktail sauce and even salsa are good as well.
Chef Michael Smith has been cooking professionally for over twenty years. An honours graduate of the Culinary Institute of America in New York, his early career was spent in restaurants from London to South America. In 1992 he returned to Canada and joined the kitchen at PEI's The Inn at Bay Fortune. Six years later, Chef Michael invited television cameras into the Inn's country kitchen for his first hit television show, The Inn Chef. What followed was Food Network's Chef at Home, Chef at Large and his latest show Chef Abroad. He is the winner of the James Beard Award for Cooking Show Excellence. When he isn't traveling the world with Chef Abroad, Michael loves spending time at home on PEI with his partner Rachel and their son Gabriel.
The book was launched at Fall Flavours, with Chef Michael's crew cooking all 120 recipes during the food festival.
"Remember words have no flavour; you have to add your own."
Classic Macaroni & Cheese
Macaroni & Cheese Casserole
Salmon Cakes with Tartar Sauce
Grown Up Mac 'n' Cheese
As foodies I am sure that many of us have thought of writing our own cookbook. We must think about this all the time. Oh maybe not for mass publication but at least for your children, your families, your friends or to create fundraisers for your local organizations. Over at BloggerAid-Changing the Face of Famine we're very fortunate to have partnered with a very kind sponsor who donated a prize. They are a family owned and orientated company dedicated to the mission of doing something to help in whatever way they can.
On another note, The BloggerAid Cook Book that we have worked so hard on for the past year will be available soon on our Amazon bookstore. It was published by Create Space and we are just waiting for the proof. We will let you know!!!!
The Cookbook People have not only donated one of their own software packages as a prize, they have gone the extra mile and sent out a challenge for all members of BloggerAid - Changing the Face of Famine. Their software allows you to create a quality cookbook. You can make one copy or as many copies as you like since you make it at home on your own computer