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What sort of argument could be made for wide, positive atheism, or the view that no gods or divine beings exist?
Here's one. Here's my list of 500 dead gods from a wide range of cultures and periods, revisited:
Aa, Aah, Abil Addu, Addu, Adeona, Adjassou-Linguetor, Adjinakou, Adya Houn'tò, Agassou, Agé, Agwé, Ahijah, Ahti, Aizen Myō-ō, Ajisukitakahikone, Ak Ana, Aken , Aker , Äkräs, Aku, Allatu, Altjira, Amano-Iwato, Ame-no-Koyane, Am-heh, Amihan, Amon-Re, Amun, Amurru, Anapel, Anath, Andjety, Anhur, Anit, Anu, Anubis, Anzambe, Apsu, Arianrod, Ash , Ashtoreth, Assur, Astarte, Aten, Atum, Ayida-Weddo, Ayizan, Azaka Medeh, Azaka-Tonnerre, Azumi-no-isora, Baal, Bacalou, Badessy, Bagadjimbiri, Bahloo, Baiame, Bakunawa, Bamapana, Banaitja, Ba-Pef, Baron Cimetière, Baron La Croix, Baron Samedi, Barraiya, Bata , Bathala, Bau, Beltis, Beltu, Belus, Bernardo Carpio, Bes, Biame, Biamie, Bilé, Bimbeal, Binbeal, Boli Shah, Bossou Ashadeh, Budai, Budai, Bugady Musun, Bugid Y Aiba, Bunjil, Bunjil, Cai Shen, Ceros, Chenti-cheti, Chi You, Chimata-No-Kami, Chun Kwan, Cihang Zhenren, City god, Clermeil, Congo (loa), Consus, Cronos, Cunina, Dagan, Dagda, Dagon, Daikokuten, Damballa, Dan Petro, Dan Wédo, Daramulum, Dauke, Dea Dia, Dhakhan, Diable Tonnere, Diana of Ephesus, Diejuste, Dimmer, Dinclinsin, Dragon King, Dragon King of the East Sea, Duamutef, Dumu-zi-abzu, Dzingbe, Ea, Ebisu, Edulia, Efile Mokulu, El, Elali, Elder Zhang Guo, Elum, Engurra, Enki, Enma, En-Mersi, Enurestu, Erlang Shen, Erzulie, Ezili Dantor, Fan Kuai, Fei Lian, Feng Bo, Four sons of Horus, Fu Lu Shou, Fu Xi, Fūjin, Fukurokuju, Furrina, Futsunushi, Gargomitch, Gasan lil, Gasan-abzu, Goibniu, Gong Gong, Govannon, Gran Maître, Grand Bois, Guan Yu, Guangchengzi, Gunfled, Gwydion, Hachiman, Hadad, Hakudo Maru, Han Xiang, Hapi, Hapy, Heka , Hemen, Hermanubis, Hermes , Heryshaf, Hoderi, Hongjun Laozu, Hoori, Horus, Houyi, Huang Feihu, Hung Shing, Iah, Ibong Adarna, Iho, Iku-Turso, Ilat, Ilmatar, Ilmatar, Imhotep, Imset, Iron-Crutch Li, Isis, Istar, Isum, Iuno Lucina, Izanagi, Jade Emperor, Jar'Edo Wens, Ji Gong, Julana, Jumala, Jupiter, Juroujin, Kaawan, Kagu-tsuchi, Kalfu, Kalma, Kara Khan, Karakarook, Karei, Kari, Karora, Kerridwen, Khaltesh-Anki, Khepri, Khnum, Khonsu, Kidili, Kini'je, Kitchen God, Kmvum, Kneph, Kōjin, Ksitigarbha, Kui Xing, Kuk, Kumakatok, Kuski-banda, Kuu, Ku'urkil, Lagas, Lan Caihe, Lei Gong, Leizhenzi, Lempo, Ler, Leza, Li Jing , L'inglesou, Llaw Gyffes, Lleu, Loco (loa), Lü Dongbin, Lugal-Amarada, Maahes, Ma-banba-anna, Mademoiselle Charlotte, Maîtresse Délai, Maîtresse Hounon'gon, Maman Brigitte, Mamaragan, Mami, Mamlambo, Manawyddan, Mandulis, Mangar-kunjer-kunja, Marassa Jumeaux, Marduk, Maria Cacao, Maria Makiling, Maria Sinukuan, Marinette, Mars, Marzin, Matet boat, Mawu, Mayari, Mbaba Mwana Waresa, Meditrina, Mehen, Melek, Memetona, Menthu, Merodach, Mider, Mielikki, Min , Molech, Mombu, Morrigu, Mounanchou, Mulu-hursang, Mu-ul-lil, Muzha , Na Tuk Kong, Naam, Nana Buluku, Naunet, Ndyambi, Nebo, Nehebkau, Nergal, Nezha , Nga, Ngai, Nin, Ninib, Ninigi-no-Mikoto, Nin-lil-la, Nin-man, Nio, Nirig, Ni-zu, Njirana, Nogomain, Nuada Argetlam, Numakulla, Num-Torum, Nusku, Nu'tenut, Nyan Kupon, Nyyrikki, Nzambi, Nzame, Odin, Ogma, Ogoun, Ogoun, Ogyrvan, Ohoyamatsumi, Ōkuninushi, Olorun, Omoikane (Shinto), Ops, Osiris, Pa-cha, Pangu, Papa Legba, Peko, Perkele, Persephone, Petbe, Pie (loa), Ple, Pluto, Potina, Ptah, Pugu, Puluga, Pundjel, Pwyll, Qarradu, Qebehsenuef, Qin Shubao, Qingxu Daode Zhenjun, Ra, Raijin, Randeng Daoren, Rauni , Resheph, Rigantona, Robigus, Royal Uncle Cao, Ruwa, Ryūjin, Saa, Sahi, Samas, Sarutahiko, Saturn, Sebek, Seker, Serapis, Sesmu, Shakpana, Shalem, Shangdi, Shango, Sharrab, Shen , Shennong, Shezmu, Shina-Tsu-Hiko, Simbi, Sin, Sirtumu, Sobek, Sobkou, Sōjōbō, Sokk-mimi, Sopdu, Sousson-Pannan, Statilinus, Suijin, Suiren, Suqamunu, Susanoo, Ta Pedn, Tagd, Taiyi Zhenren, Tala, Tam Kung, Tammuz, Tapio, Temaukel, Tenenet, Tengu, Tenjin, Theban Triad, Thoth, Ti Jean Quinto, Ti Malice, Tian, Ti-Jean Petro, Tilmun, Tirawa Atius, Todote, Toko'yoto, Tomam, Tororut, Tu Di Gong, Tu Er Shen, Tuonetar, Tuoni, Ubargisi, Ubilulu, U-dimmer-an-kia, Ueras, Ugayafukiaezu, U-ki, Ukko, UKqili, Umai, U-Mersi, Umvelinqangi, Ungud, Unkulunkulu, Ura-gala, U-sab-sib, Usiququmadevu, U-Tin-dir-ki, U-urugal, Vaisravana, Vaticanus, Vediovis, Vellamo, Venus, Vesta, Wadj-wer, Wen Zhong , Weneg, Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun, Wepwawet, Werethekau, Wollunqua, Wong Tai Sin, Wuluwaid, Xargi, Xaya Iccita, Xevioso, Xuan Wu , Yama, Yau, Yemaja, Youchao, Yuanshi Tianzun, Yuchi Jingde, Yunzhongzi, Zagaga, Zaraqu, Zer-panitu, Zhang Guifang, Zheng Lun, Zhongli Quan, Zhu Rong , Zonget.
What sort of view should we have about the existence of these beings?
I haven't carefully considered all of these gods, nor do I intend to. I've only thought about a handful of them, and I've only investigated a few of them. In those cases, it became clear that the being in question might have made perfect sense to someone living in a remote village in the jungles of Borneo a thousand years ago, but that god wouldn't make any sense as an explanation of the world now to me or to you. Gods don't control the weather. Shooting stars aren't religious events. The sun and the moon are just physical bodies, nothing more. The world didn't come from an egg hatched by a cosmic turtle. Given what we have learned now about the natural world, it looks like none of these gods is a reasonable thing to believe in any more. So I have concluded, while being prepared to change my mind in case some striking new evidence in favor of Sobek's existence comes to light or that the moon is the sun's brother, that none of these gods are real.
Here are some details about one of them: Puluga, the Sky God of the people of the Andaman Islands
"Puluga is the Supreme Being; he is thought of very anthropomorphically, but he dwells in the sky and his voice is the thunder,the wind his breath; hurricanes are the sign of his anger, for he sends thunderbolts to punish all those who infringe his commandments. Puluga knows everything, but only knows men's thoughts during the day. . . He created himself a wife and they have children. He lives in the sky near the sun (feminine) and the moon (masculine), with their children the stars. When Puluga sleeps there is a drought. When it is raining the god has come down to earth and is looking for food. Puluga created the world, and the first man, Tomo. Mankind multiplied and had to disperse, and after the death of Tomo grew ever more forgetful of its creator. One day Puluga got angry and a flood covered the whole earth and destroyed mankind: only four people escaped. Puluga had mercy on them, but men still remained recalcitrant. . . "
Eliade, Mircea. Patterns in Comparative Religion.
Is Puluga real? I'm pretty sure the answer is no. As a hypothesis about the world he's utterly implausible. If he was real, too many other things just wouldn't make sense. Puluga was a catchall theory to explain a lot of phenomena that people didn't have a better way to describe. The stars aren't divine offspring. The moon isn't masculine. There was no first human Tomo. Droughts are caused by weather patterns not sleeping gods. Rain is caused by the saturation of the atmosphere with water vapor not a god searching for food, and so on. Puluga is a magical being. There's no magic.
What others things don't exist that might help inform wide, positive atheism? Consider some other exotic beings that have been alleged to be real at one time or another. It's reasonable to believe that:
There are no witches. No ghosts. There are no elves, no pixies, no trolls, no unicorns, no goblins, no fairies, no malevolent spirits, no gnomes, no succubi, no incubi, and no leprechans. There is no Bigfoot. No Loch Ness Monster. No Chupacabras. No Yeti. The Mystery Spot isn't a Mystery. No houses are haunted. There are no werewolves, or vampires. There are no demons, and no demon possessions. It is not possible to cast a hex on someone and make something bad happen to them. If you step on a crack, you won't break your mother's back. Breaking a mirror does nothing negative to your future. Black cats crossing your path do not bring you bad luck. If you wear your lucky Raiders jersey while you watch the football game on television it will have no affect whatsoever on the outcome of the game. The human mind has no magical powers to act a distance. Your astrology forecast doesn't describe your day any more accurately than it does people who have the other 11 signs of the zodiac. Tarot cards don't work. There are no psychic powers. Dreams don't foretell the future. You are not a Sagittarius. It is not possible to read minds. There are no animate spirits that inhabit the moon, the stars, or any natural objects. Weather patterns are not caused by the moods of supernatural or divine entities. Predictions about future catastrophes on the basis of ancient mystical texts have not come true. Bad things don't happen on Friday the 13th. It is not possible to say some magical words and invoke supernatural forces in the world.
I take it that all of these claims are obviously true, but I'm not going to offer any justification for that here. If your wearing a Raiders jersey while watching tv in Natomas brought about their winning the game in Pittsburg, too many other things just wouldn't make sense.
There may be some who wish to quibble with my sweeping and hasty dismissals of all things supernatural, magical, and spiritual perhaps because there was this one time when you read your horoscope and what it said was, like, soooo true, and then your cousin said that it happened to her too. And there was this other time when you were camping in the woods with your friends and you heard something strange, and you got really freaked out. I doubt that any such experiences really were of anything supernatural, but in order to make the point I wish to make, I don't need to defend all of the claims on the list.
You'll most likely agree that at least a large majority of these claims are true. From that, I think we can draw some general implications. It would appear that in the overwhelming majority of cases, when people have subscribed to some sort of magical, supernatural, spiritual, paranormal, or god account of what is real, we have found another better natural explanation; one that wasn't anthropomorphic, and that doesn't invoke mysterious magical forces or gods.
Sometimes there just isn't any phenomena to describe at all, or in other cases we realized that there were only natural forces and entities at work and the supernatural account just didn't fit. The supernatural account didn't address all of the relevant information, or it didn't address it as well, it didn't make successful predictions, it required accepting too many other weird metaphysical claims that don't fit, or it didn't withstand critical analysis. Furthermore, people make mistakes, they get confused, they are hopeful, they distort, they misrepresent, they see what they want to see, and so on.
Notice that I am not arguing necessarily that people in ancient, less technologically advanced cultures than us were not justified in their beliefs. Depending upon their background beliefs, their education, and the common sense views of their culture, their belief in their god may well have made perfect sense. There's no way, afterall, that someone living in a tiny village in rural India centuries ago who couldn't read and who had little formal education, for example, could know what we all know now. So we can't fault them epistemically for believing as they did. But we can reasonably conclude that their account of the world is lacking. Medieval doctors thought that all disease was the result of an imbalance in the four basic humours—black bile, green bile, blood, and phlegm. Leeches were the cure for an excess of blood in your system. That was great for them, but that's why I don't go find a Medieval doctor when my green bile levels are out of whack.
On the basis of what you and I know, I think it is reasonable to conclude that spooky, magical, or supernatural explanations aren't the best account of what's true in the world. A good part of our reasons for thinking so are all of the cases where they have failed. The past has shown us that supernatural and spiritual explanations of reality are just barking up the wrong tree. They just don't pan out.
So where does that leave us? There is a huge burden of proof to be met by anyone claiming that some supernatural or spiritual entity is real in the light of all of these similar claims that have turned out to be mistaken. And all of these cases make it reasonable to conclude that no such beings, forces, or phenomena are real. Think of it this way: once you open that door to let one of these claims in, you've got an enormous amount of explaining to do about why we should expect this one to pan out. The followers of Paluga thought that, as did the Sobek-ites, and countless others.
The implication of the argument here is probably pretty clear. If all of those supernatural entities and forces aren't real, then wouldn't it be reasonable to apply the same reasoning to the gods that are familiar, like the God of Christianity? If there are enough similarities between the Christian God and the 500 gods, and between the role that the 500 gods played for their believers and the role that the Christian God played for its believers, then the same grounds for rejection should apply.
Of course, there are details that differ, but it sure looks like there's a problem here. In thousands, or even millions of instances, when people have believed that some supernatural entity was real, it turned out that it wasn't. The 500 gods on the list aren't real. And ghosts, magic spells, and leprechans are not real. So how is this one particular supernatural claim, maybe the one that you grew up believing, different, especially when it seems to be analogous in so many ways? All of those other bogus supernatural entities should teach us something. They should leave us with a great deal of skepticism about the likelihood that any other supernatural claim will turn out to be true. It's possible, of course. It's also possible that magic is real, or that there are goblins. But we should demand some pretty impressive evidence to budge us off of that skepticism, however. The mere possibility isn't enough to make them reasonable.
So the lesson we should learn from the countless specific gods, and cases of spooky, paranormal stuff that are not real is that magical, supernatural, spiritual stuff in general isn't real. Therefore, the Christian God isn't real, because no gods are real.
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
500 Dead Gods Plus 1.
38 comments:
- Eric Sotnak said...
Suppose a theist makes the following argument:
"The pervasiveness of belief in gods supports theism. Here is why. Belief in gods is so prevalent in human cultures and history that it is nearly universal. What is lacking in most cases are details. This is why special revelation has been necessary. Special revelation and natural theology have drawn humans closer to knowledge of God."
The stronger one's universalist tendencies, the stronger this line of argument is likely to seem. - December 3, 2008 at 9:39 AM
The mechanisms which lead to belief in God within a religion seem rather similar to those which lead my personnel beliefs about the universe. Mysticism aside, the general gist of religion is past down from authority figures, the same appears to be true about science and most general knowledge.
I personally have never seen the fossil record, or seen any other first hand evidence for evolution, but i believe in it. The same is true for my belief in galaxies, atoms, and Nepal. I appeal to what I have been told to confirm most of my beliefs, this doesn't seem any different than religion.
The claimed differences from my side of the divide are that religion doesn't rely on peer review, it doesn't have consistent (or any) predictive power, etc. These requirements objectively seem no different than faith or personnel experience of god. Presuppositions about what counts as evidence seems to play a bigger role in determining belief than the evidence. If that is the case then how can then how can we trust our beliefs to accurately represent the world? - December 3, 2008 at 9:52 AM
Here's an interesting opinion piece:
How to make me an atheist
by Nick Elledge
He does argue that pervasiveness of belief, even beliefs incompatible with his own, is evidence of the existence of the supernatural. He also says:
"For me to intellectually embrace atheism two things would have to occur: first, a denial of Christianity and second, a conviction that atheism is preferable to agnosticism, universal Unitarianism or a non-theistic religious system like Zen Buddhism."
I.e. atheism is the choice of last resort, and every other viewpoint would be preferable. He is attempting to invert the burden of proof. - December 3, 2008 at 9:53 AM
- Matt McCormick said...
All interesting comments. Thanks. On Eric's: the disposition to commit the Gambler's fallacy is nearly universal too, as is the mistake of underestimating one's own bias while faulting others for it. See my earlier posts about psych studies on bad reasoning. Universality doesn't imply much. You're right--many special revelation folks will make this move. Once they do, there's not much one can do to reason with them--they've left the context of any real discussion of reasons or evidence for the sake of the voice in their heads. Two thoughts: they certainly can't argue that atheism is unreasonable on these grounds or that the general argument I am making for skepticism about god stories is faulty. My point is that supernatural stories haven't worked out in countless cases--they're response: "Oh my special supernatural story about an invisible being who reads minds and grants wishes is different because I have a special feeling in my mind." Frankly, I'm surprised that any grown ups can defend a view like this with a straight face. But you're right, they do.
I also think that in order to zoom out to a sufficient level of generality to find anything common in all of these god stories you end up with a notion of God that is utterly vacuous. You can't even say that all of these traditions think that God is love, or God is reality, because they don't. More later.
MM - December 3, 2008 at 12:02 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
you write: "Therefore, the Christian God isn't real, because no gods are real."
Do they really let you teach philosophy after making statements like this? Seems rather circular.
I could come up with the names of 500 fictional people that have never existed. Would that mean the person on the other end reading this did not exist?
Quite frankly the Christian would tell you that those five hundred deities you mentioned did not exist. Our religion is fairly adamant about the monotheism thing, that there is only one true God. So naming 500 false gods people used to believe in is not a very convincing argument to the Christian. Some of us might even come up with the names of five hundred different gods people still believe in, but in which we don't. We tend to believe in God on the testimony of people who saw a man rise from the grave, a man who claimed to be God. Prove they were wrong, prove the Bible is fiction, and we might be going somewhere towards proving your negative. But making statements that are tantamount to saying: "I don't believe in gods, therefore God doesn't exist," really challenges your credibility as a teacher of Philosophy. I would have failed every course in Philosophy I ever took should I have made statements that silly. - December 3, 2008 at 1:46 PM
Bror Erickson: you are correct in your immediate interpretation of McCormick's statement, considered in isolation: the nonexistence of 500 gods does not prove the nonexistence of god 501.
Now let's move on to the next step: make a convincing case for why I should believe in god 501, when even Christians do not believe in 1 - 500. Show me that the evidence for the Christian God is more reliable than that presented for the other gods.
You say you believe a written account of a resurrection from the dead? Why then do you not believe other accounts of similar things, presented by believers in other religions? Quite frankly, the evidence presented by the Christian is of the same nature (scripture and revelation) and quality as that presented by believers in the other gods. - December 3, 2008 at 3:12 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
You write:"You say you believe a written account of a resurrection from the dead? Why then do you not believe other accounts of similar things, presented by believers in other religions? Quite frankly, the evidence presented by the Christian is of the same nature (scripture and revelation) and quality as that presented by believers in the other gods."
In actual fact, most other religions do not recount anyone claiming to be God who dies and comes back from the dead, showing himself to over 500 hundred people in the spatio temporal world we inhabit. That is why I don't believe them. Most of the other religions out there don't even concern themselves with events that have happened in this world. Some of those that do give considerably less evidence for those things as actually having occurred.
And then there is the fact that the one guy who did come back from the dead after claiming to be God, said He is the way, the truth, and the life, and no one can come to the father except through Him. So my believing Him tells me not to believe the others. Christianity is exclusive like that. But really the others do very little to convince me of there validity. - December 3, 2008 at 5:41 PM
And then there is the fact that the one guy who did come back from the dead after claiming to be God, said He is the way, the truth, and the life, and no one can come to the father except through Him.
Yes, but he also said, "I'm going out for a quart of milk, I'll be back in five minutes." (Matt 23:36, Matt 24:34and several other places in the gospels) and was never heard from again. So I'm not sure that I should trust him.
There are certainly other religions claiming to have exclusive knowledge. It appears to me that you are inconsistent in applying different criteria to Christianity than you do to other religions.
you write: "Therefore, the Christian God isn't real, because no gods are real."
Do they really let you teach philosophy after making statements like this? Seems rather circular.
I could come up with the names of 500 fictional people that have never existed. Would that mean the person on the other end reading this did not exist?
Upon further reflection, what Matt wrote, considered in isolation from all other arguments, still seems incorrect, but your objection to it doesn't stand up either. So you could name 500 fictional people. I could name any number of non-fictional people. So we would both presumably agree that people can exist, and we are merely bargaining over the existence of one particular putative person.
It is not so with gods. I could name 500 or more gods that we both agree are fictional. But you cannot name a single god that we would both agree is not fictional. The only god you claim is not fictional is the one under dispute, so it is not clear at all that any god could exist. - December 4, 2008 at 7:32 AM
- Bror Erickson said...
you write: "Yes, but he also said, "I'm going out for a quart of milk, I'll be back in five minutes." (Matt 23:36, Matt 24:34and several other places in the gospels) and was never heard from again. So I'm not sure that I should trust him."
To trust him you would first have to hear him. It is easy for me to see how all those things were fulfilled in that generation.
Then you write:
"It is not so with gods. I could name 500 or more gods that we both agree are fictional. But you cannot name a single god that we would both agree is not fictional. The only god you claim is not fictional is the one under dispute, so it is not clear at all that any god could exist."
Wait, I thought we were only debating whether we should trust Him or not.
But seriously you make precisely the point I wanted to make. We are debating over the existence of one God. Naming 500 or a million that don't exist has not bearing on whether this one exists.
Essentially the real question that an atheist finally has to argue with is "Is Jesus who he said he was." Prove he didn't come back after checking out for three days and you have made your case. - December 4, 2008 at 12:07 PM
To Bror Erickson:
Naming 500 or a million that don't exist has not bearing on whether this one exists.
I agree but i do not believe that was Matt's point. What the naming of 500 other gods does is shift the burden of proof to the theist. The question becomes: what is different about your claimed god that makes him any more believable than these other 500. If the common state of a claimed god is non-existence the theist is then forced to argue from there.
Essentially the real question that an atheist finally has to argue with is "Is Jesus who he said he was." Prove he didn't come back after checking out for three days and you have made your case.
I will argue that point in the same way Matt argued against the existence of god (this is completely plagiarized from the movie zeitgeist):
Horus-Egypt-3000 BC
-Born Dec 25th
-Born of a virgin
-His birth was heralded by a star in the east
-At his birth he was adorned by three kings
-He was a prodigal teacher at age 12
-He was baptized at the age of 30 and began his ministry
-He had 12 disciples with whom he traveled performing miracles such as healing the sick and walking on water
-He was known as: the truth, the light, and the lamb of god
- After being betrayed he was crucified
- He was dead for 3 days, then resurrected
Attis-Greece-1200 BC
-Born Dec 25th
-Born of a virgin
- Crucified
- Dead for 3 days
- Then resurrected
-He was known as: the truth, the light, etc
-Sacred day of worship was sunday
Mithra-Persia-1200 BC
-Born Dec 25th
-Born of a virgin
-He had 12 disciples with whom he traveled performing miracles
- Dead for 3 days
- Then resurrected
Dionysus-Greece-500 BC
-Born Dec 25th
-Born of a virgin
-Traveling teacher who preformed miracles such as turning water into wine
- Referred to as: king of kings, and the alpha and omega
- Upon death he was resurrected
I think you get the idea, if you want to do some more research on your own here is a list of other mythological figures who predated Jesus and share the same story:
Chrishna of Hindostan; Budha Sakia, and Krishna of India; Salivahana of Bermuda; Zulis, Osiris and Orus of Egypt; Odin of Scandinavia; Crite of Chaldea; Zoroaster of Persia; Baal and taut of Phenecia; Indra of Tibet; Bali of Afghanistan; Jao of Nepal; Wittoba of Bilingonese; Thammuz of Syria; Atys of Phrygia; Xamolxis of Thrace; Zoar of the Bonzes; Adad of Assyria; Deva Tat and Sammonocadam of siam; Alsides of Thebes; Mikado of the Sintoos; Beddru of Japan; Hesus and Bremrillah of the Druids; Thor of the gauls; Cadmus and adonisof Greece; Hil and Feta of the mandaites; Gentaut and quexalcote of mexico; Universal monarch of the sibyls; Ischy of Formosa; The divine teacher of Plato; The holy one of Xaca; Fohi and tien of china; Ixion and Quirinus of rome; Prometheus of Caucasus
That shifts the burden of proof to you. - December 4, 2008 at 11:41 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
Really? I though Atheists prided themselves on being rational and intelligent. You expect me to stop believing because of a conspiracy theory movie, the producer doesn't even want us to believe is true:http://www.boingboing.net/2007/08/06/jay-kinney-reviews-z.html
based on what it says about mythological characters? A cursury glance at Wikipedia (I know it itself is not the most reliable source of information, but could be a good place to start) will tell you that information is wrong. You have never actually studied those myths have you? Never picked up a book of Greek Myths have you? I read them in the third and fourth grade. My memory is a bit rusty with some of that, but I'll tell you your source is way off.
But Christianity doesn't purport to be myth it is backed with historical documentation of actual happenings. - December 5, 2008 at 8:07 AM
- Nani said...
Let me add a voice of agreement to person who expressed puzzlement at your characterization of these gods as "dead." The list of 500 includes quite a few Chinese deities whose worship is still very much alive today, and indeed has been _increasing_ recently with the Chinese government's relaxation of restrictions on religious practice. Your "500 Dead Gods" argument must be either reduced to "400 Dead Gods" or else converted to an argument from the plurality, rather than transience, of deities.
Besides, worship of the deities in the Chinese pantheon is generally considered non-exclusive: the gods' spheres of influence are seen as limited geographically (e.g., the City Gods) or by the personality of the worshiper (some deities have particular affinity for farmers, or businessman [Guan Yu], or heavy drinkers [Lu Dongbin]). Thus, from the point of view of someone who venerates one (or as is usually the case, several) of them, the existence of 500 other gods is no reason to abandon the veneration of any one.
Empirical observations against their role in the causation of observed events still hold, of course. - December 5, 2008 at 9:45 AM
- Matt McCormick said...
By "dead", of course, I don't mean "no one worships any more." My neighbor has a little plastic statue of the virgin Mary that she clutches and rubs and mutters to when she plays the slot machines in Reno. There are people all over the place worshipped all sorts of non-existent things. If someone's of the view that if there are people out there worshipping X, then we have to be agnostic about X's existence, then I don't know what to say. I take it as obvious, as do lots of Christians and other believers, that those beings do not exist. My argument is directed at the next question:
Given that there are all of these false gods, why should I think the Christian God is any different?
I'll post more on the answers I'm getting to that question shortly.
MM - December 5, 2008 at 10:21 AM
In actual fact, most other religions do not recount anyone claiming to be God who dies and comes back from the dead, showing himself to over 500 hundred people in the spatio temporal world we inhabit. That is why I don't believe them.
You expect me to stop believing because of a conspiracy theory movie, the producer doesn't even want us to believe is true:(link)
based on what it says about mythological characters? A cursury glance at Wikipedia (I know it itself is not the most reliable source of information, but could be a good place to start) will tell you that information is wrong.
Please do. The Wikipedia entry for Osiris gives a clear account of his resurrection. And to repeat myself, you do not have 500 independent accounts of witnesses to the resurrected Christ, you have one or a few accounts. If I write a book claiming that billions of people witnessed something, that is not the same as having billions of eyewitness accounts.
Never picked up a book of Greek Myths have you? ...
But Christianity doesn't purport to be myth it is backed with historical documentation of actual happenings.
Greek myths purported to be historical happenings as well. Unbelief in the gods of the city was a crime in classical Athens.
And Christianity is rather lacking in historical documentation. How is it that none of the historians working in and around the Eastern edge of the Roman Empire at the time of Jesus' purported death took note of the earthquakes and resurrected prophets walking the streets which are reported in the Gospels? (Matt 27:51-54) Your reasoning and your standards of evidence are ad hoc.
Prove he didn't come back after checking out for three days and you have made your case.
You have a bizarre notion of who bears the burden of proof. - December 5, 2008 at 11:51 AM
- Bror Erickson said...
You write:"And Christianity is rather lacking in historical documentation. How is it that none of the historians working in and around the Eastern edge of the Roman Empire at the time of Jesus' purported death took note of the earthquakes and resurrected prophets walking the streets which are reported in the Gospels? (Matt 27:51-54) Your reasoning and your standards of evidence are ad hoc. "
Funny you just quoted an historian who did. - December 5, 2008 at 2:19 PM
I can think of several dead scientific theories about the nature of matter. Are you argueing that our current theories should not be believed? 500 dead theories plus 1.
I think that you miss the point because you focus too much on what beliefs are, rather than what the beliefs do for societies that hold them.
Consider the evolution of the eye, a series of errors. An error (mutation) produced tissue that was sensitive to light, etc. And this error would have died a quiet death had it not proved beneficial. All these gods would have also died a quiet death if their associated value structure had not provided some advantage. If a new god incorporates the same advantages plus a few more, then will likely supercede the older one. Science will eventually show why many of these value choices increase evolutionary fitness, but until then "keeping the faith" is the only way of preserving the values that have proven beneficial in the past.
Will we ever be able to prove the universe is meaningful or meaningless? Is there really a different burden of proof on either side of that question? You can say that you won't believe the existance of the universe has any meaning unless it is proven to you, with the certitude that it never will be. But then you shouldn't be troubled by other people believing in gods, or all-star wrestling (as its all meaningless). If on the other hand you choose to believe (without proof) that there may be some meaning to the existance of the universe, its hard to fault theists for choosing to believe (without proof) whatever crap they choose to believe. - December 5, 2008 at 5:32 PM
I have a research paper due that i can use this as a topic for. When i finish it i will post it on my blog here and mention it in this comments section.
Bror, look up Justin Martyr, he was a theologian during the second century who was famous for attributing all the parallels to Satan. Essentially he admitted that was the only course of action. I believe he did it in 'the Discourse to the Greeks' though i may be mistaken.
Yeah, the christian section of Zietgiest is set up as satire of Christianity. That was the point. That is why the creator said not to believe it, it is supposed to serve as a catalyst for further research. I referenced him because i was only conveying what he began, he deserved credit not me. It purposely used some of the same fallacies used in christian thought. Notice how all sources aren't always referenced, though bible sources are always referenced inscrutably, etc. Watch it yourself, if you haven't, it can be found on Google video. Then argue against the points, rather than committing ad Hominem. - December 6, 2008 at 5:46 PM
I just occurred to me that we can all personally test the astrological claims in a couple of weeks. See if the sun really does what it is purported to do.
- December 6, 2008 at 7:28 PM
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- December 7, 2008 at 12:06 PM
(Matt 27:51-54)...
Funny you just quoted an historian who did.
"Matthew" has no standing outside of the Gospel bearing his pseudonym. To say that you consider his work to be reliable because he wrote it is an exercise in question-begging. - December 7, 2008 at 5:52 PM
...And this error would have died a quiet death had it not proved beneficial. All these gods would have also died a quiet death if their associated value structure had not provided some advantage. If a new god incorporates the same advantages plus a few more, then will likely supercede the older one. Science will eventually show why many of these value choices increase evolutionary fitness, but until then "keeping the faith" is the only way of preserving the values that have proven beneficial in the past.
Your understanding of evolution could use more sophistication. Traits which are not beneficial can most certainly become fixed in a population. For an introductory treatment of evolution, I would recommend Evolution, the Triumph of an idea by Carl Zimmer (Harper, 2006, ISBN-13 978-0061138409). For a more sophisticated treatment, you could try What Evolution is by Ernst Mayr (Basic Books 2002, ISBN-13 978-0465044269). - December 7, 2008 at 6:02 PM
Consider the evolution of the eye, a series of errors.... Science will eventually show why many of these value choices increase evolutionary fitness, but until then "keeping the faith" is the only way of preserving the values that have proven beneficial in the past.
Another objection to this approach: Most of those who consider the evolutionary aspects of religion do not consider the specific beliefs themselves as an evolutionary trait. Instead they consider religiosity, i.e. a tendency to accept religion, as an evolutionary trait. - December 8, 2008 at 6:25 AM
So, the claim that Christianity is a plagiary of Egyptian myths related to astrology was first put forth my Gerald Massey in his book Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World which is availible on google books for free here:
His book is the result of his personal translations of texts stored in the British museum, he published his book at age 97 claiming that it was a labor that made his life worth living.
He sites common themes, stories, and, in some instances, near verbatim plagiarized dialogue.
His wiki page carries a provocative ad hominem claiming that he was part of a druidic order, implying he was just arguing for sun worship. A response is made there aswell, that is here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Massey - December 8, 2008 at 12:39 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
"Matthew" has no standing outside of the Gospel bearing his pseudonym. To say that you consider his work to be reliable because he wrote it is an exercise in question-begging."
you might read Eusebius. - December 8, 2008 at 4:11 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
"Bror, look up Justin Martyr, he was a theologian during the second century who was famous for attributing all the parallels to Satan. Essentially he admitted that was the only course of action. I believe he did it in 'the Discourse to the Greeks' though i may be mistaken."
You crack me up. I don't have to look him up. I am very well aware of who he is.
I am not denying that there are some parallels here and there in Greek, Egyptian, Persian and so forth to the Christian history. However, they are never as exact as you tried to make them out.
However with the Christian history you not only have a man claiming to be God, dying, and coming back to life. You are also dealing with 4,000 years worth of prophecies being fulfilled in that one man. So test out the astrological signs if you want. But there are ways of checking into the Christian history also. - December 8, 2008 at 4:19 PM
There are many examples of the myths of chrisitanity being plagerazations of egyptian astro-mythology for example:
Horus, was betrayed by sut is bound, torutured, prierced and left to die, upon which he said "my god! why have you forsaken me"
Of the two names given to god by moses--ihuh an iah--the first name has no jewish root. It is egyptian.
The story of Job is a plagiary of the torment of Osiris by sut, even the symbology used.
In my reading of ancient egypt: the light of the east massey has already identified 37 psalms that are near verbatim plagiaries of Egyptian texts.
The ten commandments are plagiarized from the book of the dead: Upon judgment by Osiris one has to say a list of things:
I have not killed = thou shalt not kill, etc.
The parallels and plageries go on and on. the reason that the prophecies existed were because they where based on the story of horus which has existed for *gasp* 5000 years. Their fulfillment was scribes re-writing the horus story, plain and simple. - December 8, 2008 at 11:03 PM
Gerald Massey:
http://www.masseiana.org/aebk12.htm#738 - December 9, 2008 at 12:55 AM
you might read Eusebius.
You might acknowledge that your standards are arbitrary and ad hoc, and that you are making it up as you go along, and save us all some effort.
You might acknowledge that wise men from the East, following a star which they see in the East, would not travel West. (Matt 2:1-2).
You might acknowledge that the alleged killing of infants at teh order of Herod never happened (Matt 2:16)
You might acknowledge that all of the alleged Old Testament prophesies cited in the New Testament were investigated over two centuries ago and found to be lacking. Most are non-prophetic quotes pulled out of context. A few are simply fabricated. Since the Gospel writers, especially Matthew say "Jesus did X in order to fulfil the prophecy" (e.g. Matt 8:17, 12:17, 13:35, etc) that the simplest explanation is that the writers fabricated the stories to fit the perceived prophecies. (Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason)
You might acknowledge that the alleged tax scheme by Caesar Augustus requiring all Israelites to return the the home town of their distant ancestors is extremely unlikely. (Luke 2:1-5)
And so on. - December 9, 2008 at 6:34 AM
- Bror Erickson said...
Reginald Selkirk,
Actually no I might nor acknowledge all that. Seeing as much more recent scholarship has found those who supposedly investigated 200 years ago were very mistaken and used circular logic. Seeing as the you obviously can't read, or don't want to read. (I don't know much about astrology, or how one interprets stars. But just because they saw the star in the east does not mean it didn't tell them to travel west. The wise men seemed to know what they were doing, they at least found who they were looking for.) And it wasn't so unlikely that Ceaser Augustus would have a census taken that did precisely what Luke says it did. In fact recent archeology has shown that it is very likely that he did. If he hadn't Luke's Gospel would have been thrown out with the Gnostic Gospels some 2000 years ago. But I am supposed to believe you know more about the Ancient Roman World what was possible and not possible, what happened and didn't happen then the first people to read Luke's Gospel in the first century?
No I have seen those arguments before and they are lacking. So I won't acknowledge them. - December 9, 2008 at 1:02 PM
... And it wasn't so unlikely that Ceaser Augustus would have a census taken that did precisely what Luke says it did. In fact recent archeology has shown that it is very likely that he did...
I am consistently impressed with how little regard many Christians have for the ninth commandment. - December 9, 2008 at 1:45 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
Reginald you write:
"I am consistently impressed with how little regard many Christians have for the ninth commandment."
Thou shalt nor covet thy neighbors house? not sure what that has to do with the price of tea in china, but please do enlighten me. - December 9, 2008 at 3:39 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
By the way Reginald,
That is one that consistently sends me to confession. I often find myself a little jealous of what my neighbor has. But I am still kind of curious what that has to do with the topic at hand. - December 9, 2008 at 3:41 PM
It has to do with the current topic because that commandment is dirived from the 16th of the 42 declarations of innocence from the book of the dead:
Hail, Unem-Besek, who comest forth from Mabit, I have not stolen cultivated land.
If you look at them here:
Ten should look familiar - December 10, 2008 at 3:25 PM
I have an amendment to that, nine should look familiar. Thou shalt keep the sabbath holy is derived from the seventh day of the Egyptian lunar month, it was a day of feasting in honor of the sun hence= sunday.
- December 10, 2008 at 3:34 PM
- Bror Erickson said...
Saint Stockton,
You write:
"I have an amendment to that, nine should look familiar. Thou shalt keep the sabbath holy is derived from the seventh day of the Egyptian lunar month, it was a day of feasting in honor of the sun hence= sunday."
Listen, I don't think that that was what Reginald was getting at at all. Second, you show such extreme ignorance it is bordering on the point of embarrassing. Everyone knows that the Sabbath of the Old Testament is Saturday and not Sunday. Christians worship on Sunday because that is the day Christ rose from the dead.
Third if you want a complete list of the ten commandments as found in pagan sources go read C.S. Lewis "Mere Christianity." It is not so hard to believe that the basic morality given in the Ten Commandments is shared to one extent or another almost universally. Christians actually believe that God wrote his law on the hearts of all men. So it isn't so surprising to me to find others who think adultery is wrong though they aren't Christian. That is one reason Christianity isn't about the law, the law we basically share with all people and religions. I even find atheists to be generally moral people. It is the gospel, the forgiveness of sins on account of Christ's death and resurrection that marks as as different. - December 11, 2008 at 8:39 AM
I haven't read any of the comments but I want to comment.
I think the genius of Anselm's Ontological Argument, even if conceptions of the greatest conceivable being will have inconsistencies and perhaps contradictions, is that such a God is much more worthy to be a Supreme Being than most of the ones mentioned in this post of yours. So I don't think it's 500 dead Gods Plus 1. I think we need to talk in terms of worldviews. There is polytheism, pantheism, Deism, Theism, and Atheism, for instance.
Polytheism is compatible with tribal gods dying with the death of the tribe, I think. - January 13, 2009 at 7:38 AM
I think Phillip Jenkins has made a good case that even Christian gods died out when the people who espoused them didn't win in the early stages of the church.
- January 13, 2009 at 7:40 AM
To accept the argument that 500 dead gods makes no god more likely, is to argue that an analysis of guesses about what is inside a sealed container, can tell us the likelihood that the container is empty.
No number of abandoned guesses, can ever influence the actual container.
Or, after how many different atheistic world views have been abandoned, can we say with confidence that god exists. - March 12, 2010 at 10:55 AM


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Passaic Valley and Peapack Railroad Memorabilia Value Guide
The Passaic Valley and Peapack Railroad started operations in 1865 and stopped service in 1870 for a total period of operations of 5 years.
After the Civil War railroads exploded in the US with hundreds of lines starting service all over the country. This was the the age of steam locomotives and rail travel was still a luxury. Passaic Valley and Peapack Railroad items from this time period can be very valuable and items of most types that predate 1900 will be valuable if they are in good condition. Many collectors are looking for antique railroadiana that dates before 1900 so there is a strong market for anyone looking to sell.
Passaic Valley and Peapack Railroad only operated in 1 state which is indicative of smaller lines, or in some cases lines in larger states. Many one state railroads are short line railroads that didn't have large areas of coverage or large promotional budgets so items from them are likely to be somewhat rare and could be worth more if the railroad didn't exist for long or if it didn't produce many collectible items.
Passaic Valley and Peapack Railroad Operated Routes in the Following States: New Jersey

subset: commoncrawl


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We are a nation that puts apple pie above all other pies, and yesterday's survey confirms our audience falls right in line when it comes to the forbidden fruit. But that's not the whole scoop on popular pies.
As we reported yesterday, top American pies bought in the store are apple, pumpkin, cherry, blueberry, and Dutch apple.
In fact, 17 percent of the more than 14,000 people who took our survey picked apple as the top pie, which wasn't exactly a runaway victory. You threw us a few curves, too, like putting strawberry rhubarb up there as a close second to apple at 16 percent.
The next most popular pies were pumpkin (14 percent), cherry (11 percent), and blueberry (8 percent), respectively, according to our survey. But hundreds of you made strong write-in cases for pecan, peach and key lime pies to come out on top.
The top pies have remained the most popular for the last five years, says Jonna Parker, who studies bakery market trends account services at Nielsen's Perishables Group. "People like tradition, but more and more in the last five years, they want a change," she says. A change, like trying chocolate pie, or and blood orange, or regional flavors like sweet potato.
But these "new" flavors are nowhere near the popularity of apple or pumpkin, she says.
Pumpkin has had a couple of weird years due to shortages, as we've reported before, which may have contributed to it's slight drop (1.6 percent) in popularity from 2010 to 2011.
And cherry appears to be making a play for apple's crown. According to Nielsen, cherry pie sales grew by 7.8 percent in 2011 over 2010.
Parker attributes the cherry growth to the fruit's growing reputation as a " super fruit" — full of antioxidants. Blueberry may be getting some credibility here, too, for the same reason. "I think people are making that connection," she says.
Despite its broad appeal, there was nary an apple pie in sight at our in-house pie contest yesterday. Jessica Pavone in our development office won with Bubbe Pavone's Honey Caramel Peach Pie, second place went to The Picture Show's Claire O'Neill, with her Easy Peasy Key Lime Squeezy, and third place went to our own Maria Godoy, senior editor on the science desk, for her Medieval Pork Pie.
Stay tuned for more on pies and culture, pies and science, and pies and history right here and on Morning Edition during Pie Week July 2-7. Don't forget to share your favorite regional pies and insights using the hashtag #pieweek on Twitter.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Nurturing wealth so you can live a longer, better life in retirement
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- Sku: 039897332178
- Vendor: Jakks Pacific
The Smurfs Figures
The Smurfs Figures
All orders received by noon are delivered within 48 hours (excluding Sundays and Public Holidays).
Orders from Gozo received from Monday to Thursday before noon will be delivered within 48 hours (excluding Public Holidays).
Orders received on Friday, Saturday and Sunday will be delivered the following Monday / Tuesday.
DELIVERY FEE of €6 on all orders to Malta and Gozo under €50
Orders received by the 21st of December will be delivered on the 22nd/23rd. Orders received on the 23rd and after will be delivered on the 28th of December.
Personalised Rubber Stamp orders DO NOT qualify for next day delivery, for more info see the Personalised Rubber Stamp product description
Have a question?
The Smurfs Figures


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One of the reasons people choose us over other services is for the peace of mind of knowing we offer a healthier, safer carpet cleaning experience. We utilize the natural cleaning power of carbonation to release and lift dirt and grime from deep within your carpets so they can be whisked away with our powerful extraction equipment for a clean that lasts.
Similar to the way club soda removes stains from a shirt, we've evolved and adapted the use of carbonation into a superior carpet and upholstery cleaning process. We use the power of carbonating solutions to lift the dirt, dust and non-living allergens to the surface where they can be easily removed without using the excessive amounts of water other methods like steam cleaning use. With us, carpets dry faster, reducing the risk of mold growing underneath your carpet.
Carbonation isn't just for fizzy drinks anymore. Our process uses millions of tiny bubbles to penetrate the carpet fibers, dissolve dirt and stains quickly, and act as tiny propellants that actually lift dirt to the surface for extraction. Because the bubbles do most of the work for us, we do not need to use heavy amounts of water or soapy chemicals that other cleaners rely on to get your carpets clean. When soapy residues are left behind they attract dirt like a magnet, causing your carpet to get dirty again faster and requiring more frequent professional cleanings. Take a look for yourself at how it works in the video below.
Our revolutionary carpet cleaning process uses carbonation and ingredients copied from Mother Nature for its core carbonating cleaning solution, The Natural. It's called The Natural not just because it has an innate knack for getting out the toughest stains, but because it is made from ingredients whose equivalent can be found in nature. This carbonated cleaning solution is green and clean, requires less water than typical steam cleaning and works harder than most chemical-based carpet cleaners because it literally explodes the dirt and grime off of the carpet fiber surface. And because The Natural does not contain any soaps, detergents or any other harsh chemicals, so no soapy residues are left behind to attract dirt.
With us, carpets not only get cleaner, they stay cleaner longer. And you save money when your carpet stays cleaner longer because fewer cleanings means better value for your carpet cleaning investment. It also brings peace of mind from knowing that you and your family are living in a cleaner, healthier home.
Min. charges may apply. May not be combined with any other service. Expires 7/30/2024. Call Patrick Family Chem-Dry at (203) 874-4555.
Min. charges may apply. May not be combined with any other service. Expires 7/30/2024. Call Patrick Family Chem-Dry at (203) 874-4555.
Min. charges may apply. May not be combined with any other service. Expires 7/30/2024. Call Patrick Family Chem-Dry at (203) 874-4555.


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Taxes are an important consideration in distributing your estate because the money your estate pays in taxes will not be available to your heirs. Each estate is allowed a federal estate tax exclusion, an amount that can pass transfer-tax-free, either through lifetime gifts or at death. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 extended the federal estate tax with a top tax rate of 40 percent. In 2024, only estates valued at $13.61 million (or $27.22 million for some married couples) or more may be subject to the federal estate tax. If upon your death the total value of your estate is less than the applicable exclusion amount, no federal estate taxes will be due.
You can use this calculator to estimate the taxable value of your estate and the approximate amount of federal estate taxes that could be owed.
Based on your estimates, these hypothetical results show the amount of federal estate taxes that could be owed on your estate.
Are you comfortable with the amount you could pay in federal estate taxes? Keep in mind that many states and the District of Columbia have their own estate or inheritance taxes, or both, and many have exclusions less than the federal exclusion. There are steps you may be able to take to help reduce your estate tax burden. Review your individual situation and develop a strategy to help reduce your estate tax liability and leave more money to your heirs.
This is only an estimate of the federal estate taxes that could be owed on your estate.
This hypothetical example is used for illustrative purposes only. Actual results will vary.
This information is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security.
This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.


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Herbatint Permanent Hair Color Gel 7C Ash Blonde Description
100% Grey Cover
With 8 Certified Herbal extracts
Up To 2 Applications
Natural and Healthy Shine Vibrant, Long-Lasting Color
Sensitive Skin
No Ammonia, Alcohol or Parabens
This package contains:
1 bottle herbatint haircolor gel 60 ml/ 2fl oz.
1 bottle developer 60 ml/ 2 fl oz.
1 sample of Royal Cream 15 ml/ 0.5 fl oz.
1 leaflet containing directions for use and gloves.
40 Years of expertise dedicated to beauty and health of colored hair.
Herbatint Permanent Haircolor Gel covers your grey effectively while taking care of your hair thanks to
A gentle and unique formula
A carefully balanced formulation, result of rigorous testing, achieving for each shade the perfect color result in the most gentle manner possible.
Natural Ingredients:
The 8 organic herbal extracts, specifically selected to nourish and protect your hair and scalp, enhance your hair's color intensity and leave you with a natural, long lasting result.
Aloe Vera: Protects and nourishes hair during coloring
Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Moisturizes and adds shine to the hair.
Betula Alba (White birch) Toning and soothing properties
Cinchona Claisaya Strengthens and protects the scalp
Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) rich in flavonoids and essential oils, protects the scalp
Echinacea angustifolia Natural purifying agent and moisturizer
Juglans Regia (Walnut) Intensifies colors, purifying agent
Rheum Palmatun (Rhubarb) Color enhancer and skin conditioner.
Easy to Apply Herbatints gel based hair color is easier than ever to mix and apply.
Up to 2 Applications
Just use the amounts of color and developer you need! The leftover unmixed product can be stored for future applications.
40 Minutes for a Perfect Result:
Gentle and odorless formula creates a more pleasant coloring experience.
Before you start make sure you have your coloring tools! For first time users, please note that the Herbatint application kit, containing a brush, measuring cup and protection cape is sold separately. This reduces waste as all items included are make to be re-used.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Glycol Developer: water, hydrogen peroxide, etidronic acid, trideceth-9, cetrimonium chloride, simethicone, propylene glycol, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil.
Royal Cream conditioner: Water, citric acid, cetyl alcohol, behentrimonium chloride, aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf juice, moringa pterygosperma (moringa) seed extract triticum vulgare (wheat) germ oil, oryze sativa (rice) bran oil, simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil, PPG-3 benzyl ether myristate, methyl gluceth-20, ethoxydiglycol oleate, isopropyl alcohol, sodium dehydracetate, sodium enzoate, parfum (fragrance) imidazolidnyl urea, tocopheryl acetate, glycerin.
Hair colorants can cause severe allergic reactions. Read and follow the instructions carefully.
This product contains ingredients which may cause skin irritation on certain individuals. An allergy test should be performed 48 hours before use according to leaflet instructions. This product must not be used for dying the eyelashes or eyebrows. To do so may cause blindness. This product is not intended for persons under the age of 16. Temporary black henna tattoos may increase you risk of allergy.
Do not color your hair if:
You have a rash on your face of sensitive, irritated and damaged scalp
You have ever experienced any reaction after coloring your hair.
You have experienced a reaction to a temporary black henna tattoo in the past.
Wear suitable gloves. Avoid contact with eyes, rinse immediately, of product comes into contact with them .


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Infinity 3D Markers: Kiiutan Imposter (25mm Impersonation-2)
- Regular Price
- $3.00
- Sale Price
- $3.00
- Regular Price
- Unit Price
- per
Designed For
Silhouettes to represent Camouflage, Cybermask and Impersonation models in Infinity: the Game. Each is printed in full color from the original Corvus Belli Dossier Art and cut from 3mm clear acrylic, with the mimetism modifier printed on the base.
While these markers are themed from specific model dossiers, they may represent any camo troop type in the game of the same size.
*Due to product variance acrylic glue may be required to assemble to bases
Acrylic materials can vary greatly. Photos taken in optimal lighting conditions. Actual product may appear differently upon receipt.
These are intended to be used as markers and are not acceptable proxies for Corvus Belli miniatures.


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PostgreSQL 8.2.23 Documentation | ||||
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can be used
with SPI_cursor_open
or a similar functionThe Server Programming Interface (SPI) gives writers of user-defined C functions the ability to run SQL commands inside their functions. SPI is a set of interface functions to simplify access to the parser, planner, optimizer, and executor. SPI also does some memory management.
Note: The available procedural languages provide various means to execute SQL commands from procedures. Most of these facilities are based on SPI, so this documentation might be of use for users of those languages as well.
To avoid misunderstanding we'll use the term "function" when we speak of SPI interface functions and "procedure" for a user-defined C-function that is using SPI.
Note that if a command invoked via SPI fails, then control will not be returned to your procedure. Rather, the transaction or subtransaction in which your procedure executes will be rolled back. (This may seem surprising given that the SPI functions mostly have documented error-return conventions. Those conventions only apply for errors detected within the SPI functions themselves, however.) It is possible to recover control after an error by establishing your own subtransaction surrounding SPI calls that might fail. This is not currently documented because the mechanisms required are still in flux.
SPI functions return a nonnegative result on success (either via a returned integer value or in the global variable SPI_result, as described below). On error, a negative result or NULL will be returned.
Source code files that use SPI must include the header file executor/spi.h.


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What are cookies:
Cookies are small text files that are stored in our browser while browsing the web. Their purpose is to notify the site that the user visits for his previous activity. They typically describe our username and password when we visit the same site later, remember us and do not need to login.
Categories of cookies
1) Necessary Cookies
They allow you to perform basic site features, such as adding products to your cart, online payment, and storing products in the wish list. Without these absolutely necessary cookies, the smooth operation of your e-shop and your personal navigation experience is downgraded, as basic e-commerce functions are down.
2) Performance cookies
Performance cookies collect information about how visitors use the website. They allow us to see which pages visit more often or show us if they encounter a problem while navigating. These cookies do not collect information that identifies the visitor.
3) Function Cookies - Analytics
These cookies "memorize" your preferences while browsing our site so that we can offer you the right products according to your needs. They also enable us to evaluate the effectiveness of the various features of our site
4) Advertising Cookies
These cookies are used to provide ads more relevant to you and your interests. They are also used to send targeted advertising or bids to reduce mass, unwanted and unwanted advertising messages. At the same time, they help us measure the effectiveness of our advertising campaigns.
How to Disable Cookies:
You can set your browser to block or alert you to these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work properly.
If you use Internet Explorer:
Select from the "Tools" menu and then "Internet Options".
Click on the "Privacy" tab.
Select the setting for the appropriate setting.
If you use Google Chrome:
Select "Settings" and then "Advanced".
In the "Privacy and security" section, click "Content settings".
Click "Cookies".
If you use Safari:
Select "Preferences" and then "Privacy".
Click "Remove all site data".
If you use Mozilla Firefox:
Select from the "Tools" menu and then "Options".
Click the "Privacy" icon.
Find the "cookies" menu and select the relevant options.
Finally, if you are using Opera 6.0:
Select from the "Files" menu and then "Preferences".
Click on "Privacy".


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As "everyday" appliances, dependability is what you are looking for in a dryer. Our brand name appliances are an investment that the Rent-To-Own process makes attainable. We carry a selection of stackable washer/dryer combinations as well as high-efficiency dryers. Don't let your day get disrupted with the wrong appliance so make the right selection for your lifestyle with our affordable dryers.
This is going to be a description for all items
This is a rental-purchase, lease-purchase, or rent-to-own transaction. You do not obtain any ownership interest in the Property unless you pay the total amount necessary for ownership or exercise your early purchase option.
Offer good while supplies last and cannot be combined with any other promotion. The "Total of All Payments" does not include applicable sales taxes or optional fees and other charges (such as late charges) that you may incur. Pricing applies to new and used/pre-leased items as marked in the store. Product availability may vary by store. Free-rent offers will not reduce total rent or purchase-option amounts. You will not own the merchandise until the total amount necessary to acquire ownership is paid in full or you exercise your early purchase option. Ownership is optional. © 2020 The Premier Companies® All Rights Reserved All stores are independently owned and operated.


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Hello Kitty Nirvana Unisex Sweatshirt For Style Your Life | Theaffordableshirt.com
Welcome to The Affordable Shirt – Style Your Life | Theaffordableshirt.com. You've now found the staple Sweatshirt of your wardrobe. It's made of a thicker, heavier cotton, but it's still soft and comfy. And the double stitching on the neckline and sleeves add more durability to what is sure to be a favorite!. Hello Kitty Nirvana Unisex Sweatshirt is everything you've dreamed of and more. It feels soft and lightweight, with the right amount of stretch. It's comfortable and flattering for both men and women.
Unisex Sweatshirt Description :
- Loose fit
- 50% Cotton; 50% Polyester (fibre content may vary for different colors)
- Medium fabric (8.0 oz/yd² (271.25 g/m²))
- Sewn in label
- Runs true to size
Unisex Sweatshirt Sizing Chart:
- Small = 28″ body length x 18″ chest
- Medium = 29″ body length x 20″ chest
- Large = 30″ body length x 22″ chest
- XL = 31″ body length x 24″ chest
- 2XL = 32″ body length x 26″ chest
If you want to checkout either with Debit or credit card, please choose Checkout with Paypal Express Checkout, please go to "Pay with a debit or credit card, or Bill Me Later" option. You'll be led to regular Credit/ Debit card submit form.
Single or double orders prices are not including tracking number. Orders will be shipped within 2 working days or as fast as possible after we receive the payment. We will send you confirmation email of your order/ payment right after the purchasing. If you have any special shipping request, please tell us beforehand.
The delivery normaly takes 5-8 working days. If you don't get your order after 15 days, please inform us to resolve this matter. We'll send the replacement order via Registered mail right after we get your confirmation.


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"If you understood everything I said, you'd be me" - Miles Davis "There is much pleasure to be gained from useless knowledge." - Bertrand Russell "Take away the right to say fuck and you take away the right to say fuck the government." - Lenny Bruce "Facts are meaningless. You could use facts to prove anything that's even remotely true!" - Homer Simpson |
The Other Utility Fog
They link to me, I link to them, They link to me...
Safety Warning. Not for use as a stroller. May contain parts. Manufactured in a facility where one or more of the following may be present: Peanuts, almonds, unfiltered water, oxygen, ultaviolet and infrared radiation, sunlight. Use only as directed by your legal counsel. Do not use during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding or presidential election years. Use of handles may promote RSI, see your doctor or therapist before opening. May be flammable when exposed to open flame. Not for use as a stepping stool or adult seat. May cause injury if dropped from a height. Does not enable user to fly. Do not eat.
If erection lasts for over 4 hours call friends and brag. Persons attempting to find a motive in this blog will be prosecuted; persons attempting to find a moral in it will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot. We don't need no stinkin' badges.
Same-day service.
Unplug after use.
Slippery when wet.
Ignore this notice.
Use only as directed.
Consume in moderation.
Lather, rinse, repeat.
Your mileage may vary.
For external use only.
Don't try this at home.
No purchase is necessary.
You must be present to win.
Do not think of an elephant.
Other restrictions may apply.
Apply only to affected areas.
Part of a daily balanced diet.
No shirt, no shoes, no service.
You need not be present to win.
No user-serviceable parts inside.
Do not exceed recommended dosage.
Offer void where prohibited by law.
Do not remove under penalty of law.
You have the right to remain silent.
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting.
Valid only at participating locations.
Freshest if used before date specified.
Prices subject to change without notice.
Do not fold, staple, spindle or mutilate.
Contents may have settled during shipment.
Caution! The edge is closer than you think.
In emergency, break glass, pull down handle.
Product is sold by weight and not by volume.
Do not use if safety seal is torn or missing.
If condition persists, consult your physician.
Detach and include upper portion with payment.
Nutritional need is not established in humans.
Objects on screen are closer than they appear.
Satisfaction guaranteed; return for full refund.
Names have been changed to protect the innocent.
Anything you say can and will be used against you.
May be used as flotation device in case of emergency.
Please note locations of emergency exits upon arrival.
No animals were harmed in the production of this page.
Caution: Dates on calendar are closer than they appear.
Please leave as clean on leaving as you would like to find on entering.
Any resemblance to actual persons living or dead is purely coincidental.
Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to this product or any of its ingredients.
WARNING Business is unpredictable and unsafe. The Internet is dangerous. Many blogs have been written about these dangers, and there's no way we can list them all here. Read the blogs. The Internet is covered in slippery slopes with loose, slippery and unpredictable footing. The RIAA can make matters worse. Patent trolls are everywhere. You may fall, be spammed or suffer a DOS attack. There are hidden viruses and worms. You could break your computer. There is wild code, which may be vicious, poisonous or carriers of dread malware. These include viruses and worms. E-mail can be poisonous as well. We don't do anything to protect you from any of this. We do not inspect, supervise or maintain the Internet, blogsphere, ISP?s or other features, natural or otherwise. Real dangers are present even on the Web. E-commerce is not the mall. It can be, and is, steep, slippery and dangerous. Web features made or enhanced by humans, such as firewalls and spam filters (if any) can break, collapse, or otherwise fail catastrophically at any time. We don't promise to inspect, supervise or maintain them in any way. They may be negligently constructed or repaired. The web is unsafe, period. Live with it or stay away. Stay on trusted sites whenever possible. The terrain, in addition to being dangerous, is surprisingly complex. You may get lost. Carry food, water and an APU at all times. Ads for things you don't want and other objectionable content can arrive from nowhere. This can happen naturally, or be caused by people around you that are being used as bots. Spam and disgusting images of all sizes, including huge images, can arrive, or pop-up with no warning. Use of spam filters is advised for anyone approaching the Internet. They can be purchased or rented from us. They won't save you if you get hit by something big or on a port you left open. A whole DOS attack might collapse on you and squash you like a bug. Don't think it can't happen. Public opinion can be dangerous, regardless of the forecast. Be prepared with extra damage control, including press releases. Ticking off the blogsphere can kill you. The Streisand effect can turn a simple nastygram into a deathtrap. If you make hasty comments about those in high places (making unsupported comments that reduce the image of a person, often posted quickly and without thinking) without proper thought and, or allow your employees to do so, you are making a terrible mistake. Even if you know what you're doing, lots of things can go wrong and you may be sued for libel. It happens all the time. We do not provide rangers or security personnel. The other people on the web, including other visitors, our employees, agents, and guests, and anyone else who might sneak in, may be stupid, reckless, or otherwise dangerous. They may be mentally ill, criminally insane, drunk, using illegal drugs and/or armed with deadly malware and ready to use them. We aren't necessarily going to do anything about it. We refuse to take responsibility. If you surf at work, you may become pre-occupied with it. This is true whether you are experienced or not, trained or not, equipped or not, though training and equipment may help. It's a fact, surfing at work is extremely dangerous. If you don't like it, surf at home. You really shouldn't be doing it anyway. We do not provide supervision or instruction. We are not responsible for, and do not track how much time you surf at work (although we could if we wanted to.) As far as we know, your employer may find out and send you plunging to unemployment. There are countless tons of loose management staff ready to be dislodged and fall on you or someone else. There are any number of extremely and unusually dangerous conditions existing on and around the Web, and elsewhere on the Internet. We may or may not know about any specific hazard, but even if we do, don't expect us to try to warn you. You're on your own. Rescue services are not provided by us, and may not be available quickly or at all. Local computer geeks may not be equipped for or trained in hard drive recovery. If you are lucky enough to have somebody try to get rid of a virus or find that deleted file, they may be incompetent or worse. This includes your local computer store. We assume no responsibility. Also, if you decide to participate in a rescue of some other unfortunate, that's your choice. Don't do it unless you are willing to assume all risks. By entering our site, you are agreeing that we owe you no duty of care or any other duty. We promise you nothing. We do not and will not even try to keep the premises safe for any purpose. The premises are not safe for any purpose. This is no joke. We won't even try to warn you about any dangerous or hazardous condition, whether we know about it or not. If we do decide to warn you about something, that doesn't mean we will try to warn you about anything else. If we do make an effort to fix an unsafe condition, we may not try to correct any others, and we may make matters worse! We and our employees or agents may do things that are unwise and dangerous. Sorry, we're not responsible. We may give you bad advice. Don't listen to us. In short, ENTER AND USE THIS SITE AT YOUR OWN RISK. And have fun! Warning: This Product Warps Space and Time in Its Vicinity. Warning: This Product Attracts Every Other Piece of Matter in the Universe, Including the Products of Other Manufacturers, with a Force Proportional to the Product of the Masses and Inversely Proportional to the Distance Between Them. Caution: The Mass of This Product Contains the Energy Equivalent of 85 Million Tons of TNT per Net Ounce of Weight. Handle with Extreme Care: This Product Contains Minute Electrically Charged Particles Moving at Velocities in Excess of Five Hundred Million Miles per Hour. Consumer Notice: Because of the 'Uncertainty Principle,' It Is Impossible for the Consumer to Find Out at the Same Time Both Precisely Where This Product Is and How Fast It Is Moving. Advisory: There is an Extremely Small but Nonzero Chance That, Through a Process Known as 'Tunneling,' This Product May Spontaneously Disappear from Its Present Location and Reappear at Any Random Place in the Universe, Including Your neighbor's Domicile. The Manufacturer Will Not Be Responsible for Any Damages or Inconvenience That May Result. Read This Before Opening Package: According to Certain Suggested Versions of a Grand Unified Theory, the Primary Particles Constituting This Product May Decay to Nothingness Within the Next Four Hundred Million Years. This is a 100% Matter product: In the Unlikely Event That This Merchandise Should Contact Antimatter in Any Form, a Catastrophic Explosion Will Result. Public Notice as Required by Law: Any Use of This Product, in Any Manner Whatsoever, Will Increase the Amount of Disorder in the Universe. Although No Liability Is Implied Herein, the Consumer Is Warned That This Process Will Ultimately Lead to the Heat Death of the Universe. Note: The Most Fundamental Particles in This Product Are Held Together by a 'Gluing' Force About Which Little Is Currently Known and Whose Adhesive Power Can Therefore Not Be Permanently Guaranteed. Attention: Despite Any Other Listing of Product Contents Found Hereon, the Consumer Is Advised That, in Actuality, This Product Consists Of 99.9999999999% Empty Space. New Grand Unified Theory Disclaimer: The Manufacturer May Technically Be Entitled to Claim That This Product Is Ten-Dimensional. However, the Consumer Is Reminded That This Confers No Legal Rights Above and Beyond Those Applicable to Three-Dimensional Objects, Since the Seven New Dimensions Are 'Rolled Up' into Such a Small 'Area' That They Cannot Be Detected. Please Note: Some Quantum Physics Theories Suggest That When the Consumer Is Not Directly Observing This Product, It May Cease to Exist or Will Exist Only in a Vague and Undetermined State. Component equivalency notice: The Subatomic Particles (Electrons, Protons, etc.) Comprising This Product Are Exactly the Same in Every Measurable Respect as Those Used in the Products of Other Manufacturers, and No Claim to the Contrary May Legitimately Be Expressed or Implied. Health Warning: Care Should Be Taken When Lifting This Product, Since Its Mass, and Thus Its Weight, Is Dependent on Its Velocity Relative to the User. Important Notice to Purchasers: The Entire Physical Universe, Including This Product, May One Day Collapse Back into an Infinitesimally Small Space. Should Another Universe Subsequently Reemerge, the Existence of This Product in That Universe Cannot be Guaranteed. Use inside a nuclear power facility voids warranty.


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Buy Printed Nylon Cable Ties 4.8mm 250mm Natural
Printed Cable Ties
We offer 3 options for printed cable ties.
- Text: This allows you 36 characters - just type your requirements in the text box, text is printed in upper case only.
- Text & Number: This allows you 24 characters followed by a 7 digit sequential number, starting number of your choice
- Number: This allows you to have a 7 digit sequential number only, starting at the number of your choice
- Material Nylon 66
- Working Temperature Range -40°C to 85°C
- UL Flammability Rating UL94
- Oxygen Index 25% - 28%
- Water Absorption (24 hrs) 1.3%
- Smoke Density Flaming 35, Non Flaming 13
Printed Cable Ties 250mm x 4.8mm
NaturalItem description | Price per pack of 100 |
1+ Packs |
£13.35 |
10+ Packs |
£5.34 |
100+ Packs |
£4.64 |
Box (of 120) Packs |
£4.04 |
Pallet (of 1800) Packs |
£3.51 |
Total price £13.35
Product Detail
Our Custom Printed Cable Ties are offered in three widths and a full range of colours and lengths, our printed cable ties can be customised with your chosen text and sequentially numbered. Printed using a hot foil process, our cable ties are the ideal solution for specific applications such as the identification of electricity cables and the differentiation between utilities pipes. Printed cable ties are valuable for use in the healthcare industry (clinical waste disposal), food industry (traceability), police/fire service (evidence classification and tamper safety) and utilities industry. Our printed cable ties offer the perfect answer for anything requiring clear and succinct identification.
Great for tracability of clinical waste


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Do I Need a Business Owner Policy?
Your business may be running smoothly. You could be making money hand over fist. But don't be lulled into thinking that a catastrophe could never hit your business. Disasters can strike in many ways; even a minor one could wipe out a lifetime of hard work.
Fortunately, the appropriate business owner's insurance policy, sometimes called a BOP, can help protect your company in the event of property damage, business interruption, or legal troubles.
Property Coverage
A BOP can insure a company's buildings and equipment in much the same way as homeowners insurance covers a residence and its contents. A standard BOP policy helps protect against a specific list of perils, such as fire, wind, hail, water damage, and vandalism.
It's advisable to insure for "replacement value" rather than "actual value." That way, you might not have to come up with extra money to get back to business. The premiums will be higher, but the extra expense may well pay for itself if it means getting back to work in a matter of days rather than weeks or months. You may be able to offset the extra expense by working with the insurer to identify and reduce certain types of risks to help lower premiums.
Liability Coverage
This coverage is essential if someone were to become injured on your premises, by your employees, or by one of your products. It can be used to pay medical costs for the injured parties or to defend against liability claims, even if a claim is unfounded. Liability coverage also helps protect against claims of slander or libel.
Business Interruption
If your business operations cease because of a disaster, this coverage can help replace the lost income and expenses related to operating from a temporary location.
A natural disaster is only one of the many threats facing small businesses. In such a situation, a business owner policy can help put you back in business.
The information in this newsletter is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.