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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Please check back later for the full article.
Children are and have been active media users for decades. Historically, the focus on children and media issues have centered on the concerns and consequences of media use, generally around violence. In the last 40 years, we have seen a shift to study children and media from a more holistic approach, to understand both the positive and negative relationships between children and media use. Further, the recognition of the very important developmental differences that exist between children of different ages and the use of grand developmental theories, including those by Piaget and Vygotsky, have supported the field's understanding of the unique ways in which children use media and the effects it has on their lives. Three important constructs related to a more complete understanding of children's media use are the ABCs (attention, behavior, and comprehension). The first construct, attention, focuses on the way in which children's attention to screen media develops, how factors related to parents and children can direct or influence attention to media, and how media may distract attention. The second construct is the behavioral effect of media use, including the relationship between media use and aggressive behavior, but importantly, the positive effect of prosocial media on children's behavior and moral development. Finally, the third construct is the important and dynamic relationship between media and comprehension and learning. Taken together, these constructs describe a wide range of experiences that occur within children's media use.
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The ABCs of Media and Children: Attention, Behavior, and Comprehension
Ellen A. Wartella, Alexis R. Lauricella, Leanne Beaudoin-Ryan, and Drew P. Cingel
Absent Information in Integrative Environmental and Health Risk Communication
Jari Lyytimäki and Timo Assmuth
Communication is typically understood in terms of what is communicated. However, the importance of what is intentionally or unintentionally left out from the communication process is high in many fields, notably in communication about environmental and health risks. The question is not only about the absolute lack of information. The rapidly increasing amount and variability of available data require actors to identify, collect, and interpret relevant information and screen out irrelevant or misleading messages that may lead to unjustified scares or hopes and other unwanted consequences. The ideal of balanced, integrative, and careful risk communication can only rarely be seen in real-life risk communication, shaped by competition and interaction between actors emphasizing some risks, downplaying others, and leaving many kinds of information aside, as well as by personal factors such as emotions and values, prompting different types of responses. Consequently, risk communication is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the risks themselves, the kinds of knowledge on them and related uncertainties, and the psychological and sociocultural factors shaping the cognitive and emotive responses of those engaged in communication. The physical, economic, and cultural contexts also play a large role. The various roles and factors of absent information in integrative environmental and health risk communication are illustrated by two examples. First, health and environmental risks from chemicals represent an intensively studied and widely debated field that involves many types of absent information, ranging from purposeful nondisclosure aimed to guarantee public safety or commercial interests to genuinely unknown risks caused by long-term and cumulative effects of multiple chemicals. Second, light pollution represents an emerging environmental and health issue that has gained only limited public attention even though it is associated with a radical global environmental change that is very easy to observe. In both cases, integrative communication essentially involves a multidimensional comparison of risks, including the uncertainties and benefits associated with them, and the options available to reduce or avoid them. Public debate and reflection on the adequacy of risk information and on the needs and opportunities to gain and apply relevant information is a key issue of risk management. The notion of absent information underlines that even the most widely debated risk issues may fall into oblivion and re-emerge in an altered form or under different framings. A typology of types of absent information based on frameworks of risk communication can help one recognize its reasons, implications, and remediation.
A Case Study of Sesame Workshop's Cleaner, Happier, Healthier Intervention in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria: Reporting on Exposure and Impact
Dina L. G. Borzekowski
The Cleaner, Happier, Healthier hygiene intervention was developed and tested in 2013, featuring the Sesame Workshop characters. Through broadcast television, four public service announcements (PSAs) addressed washing hands with soap, using a latrine, wearing sandals, and drinking clean water. The main audiences were young preschool children and their parents or guardians.
Research occurred in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria, exploring the reach and impact of these PSAs. Although low percentages, from well-drawn samples of extremely vulnerable populations in these countries, reported awareness and recall of these messages, such percentages can reflect large numbers of viewers. Considering data from the participating children, measures of knowledge and attitudes were associated with engaging in several of the behavioral outcomes. As well, awareness and recall of the PSA messages predicted "all the time" for several of the hygiene behaviors. In contrast, parents' reports of PSA awareness and recall were not associated with reports of children's hygiene behaviors.
Conducting reach studies is extremely difficult, especially in developing countries and communities. Despite the challenges, this study is encouraging. Participants reported seeing the messages, and in several models, this "reach" predicted reports of hygiene and health behaviors. Lessons learned from this case study and research can offer valuable insight into the production of future health PSAs, especially with harder-to-reach populations.
A Case Study: Targeting the Stop.Think.Connect. Cybersecurity Campaign to University Campuses
Matthew W. Savage, Sarah E. Jones, Jenna E. Reno, and Shari Veil
University students, faculty, and staff are among those most vulnerable to cybersecurity risks due to their reliance on modern technologies, the nature of their online activities, and the open infrastructure of institutional networks. Furthermore, cyberbullying has emerged as a public health concern by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which first warned of electronic aggression in 2008, or any type of harassment or bullying that occurs via email, chat, instant messaging, websites, blogs, or text messaging. Roberto and Eden emphasized the communicative nature of cyberbullying, defining it as the "deliberate and repeated misuse of communication technology by an individual or group to threaten or harm others" in 2010 (p. 201). In response to serious cybersecurity concerns and growing evidence of cyberbullying behavior, the national Stop.Think.Connect. (STC) campaign was developed to educate Americans on cybersecurity risks and equip citizens with tools for safe, respectful, and appropriate online behavior; however, it lacks targeted messaging for those on university campuses. Formative research is needed to ascertain the specific cybersecurity risks and challenges identified by those living and working on large university campuses. Research by Noar in 2006 demonstrates that formative evaluation leads to more successful campaigns. The process involves learning about target populations, discovering communicative determinants of behavior change, and testing message concepts. To that end, this case study is a first step in targeting STC campaign messages to university students, faculty, and staff. Specifically, we sought to identify the distinct cybersecurity needs faced by university students and personnel, their perceptions of the saliency of the problem, and potential motives for increasing their cybersecurity-enhancing behaviors. These activities are needed to implement the campaign on college campuses and to increase the likelihood of any future outcome evaluation efforts that yield evidence of campaign effectiveness. Currently, we are unaware of any outcome evaluation.
Focus group methodology was conducted to examine the target audiences' knowledge, interests, needs, and attitudes regarding the management of cybersecurity threats. Additionally, practical recommendations for enhancing STC campaign implementation on university campuses were ascertained. Results emphasized key ways to improve the theoretical underpinnings of the campaign using the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM). We identified how determinants of behavior change can be utilized to strengthen campaign messaging. Students displayed laissez-faire attitudes toward cybersecurity, while faculty and staff attitudes demonstrated a much higher level of concern. Social norms for personal cybersecurity action taking were notably low among students as well as faculty and staff. Students displayed limited personal agency in regards to enacting cybersecurity measures, while faculty and staff had greater knowledge of steps they could take, but little faith that these actions would be efficacious. Finally, thematic recommendations for implementing an effective cybersecurity campaign on a university campus were identified.
Accountability in Journalism
Susanne Fengler
In the past decade, academic and professional debates about media accountability have spread around the globe – but have done so in a fundamentally different framework. In many Western democracies, trust in media – along with trust in politics and trust in institutions – as eroded dramatically. Fundamental shifts regarding the patterns of media use and the structure of media and revenue markets have made media and journalism more exposed to criticism from various stakeholders, and more vulnerable to the strategic influence of national and international actors. While many "Western" media professionals have reacted to these challenges to its credibility by new initiatives to demonstrate accountability and transparency, policy makers in other countries even in the "Global North" have tightened their grip on independent media and gradually weakened the concept of self-control. At the same time, an ongoing democratization in many parts of the world, along with a de-regulation of media markets, has created a growing demand for self-regulation and media accountability in countries formerly characterized by rigid press control.
Claude-Jean Bertrand defined the development and current structures of accountability in journalism as "any non-State means of making media responsible towards the public." Key aims of media accountability are "to improve the services of the media to the public; restore the prestige of media in the eyes of the population; diversely protect freedom of speech and press; obtain, for the profession, the autonomy that it needs to play its part in the expansion of democracy and the betterment of the fate of mankind." Journalists and news outlets have a wide array of responses to professional, public, and political criticisms via press councils, ombudsmen, media criticism, and digital forms of media accountability, while online and offline media accountability instruments have distinct traditions in different media systems and journalism cultures.
Acculturation and Intergroup Communication
Richard Y. Bourhis
Acculturation is the process of bidirectional change that occurs when two ethnolinguistic groups come in sustained contact with one another. Acculturation usually occurs between groups of unequal power, status, and demographic background. At stake for the unity of multilingual states are intergroup relations between language minorities and majorities that yield harmonious to conflictual outcomes. The Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM) is adapted to intergroup relations between language communities in four parts. The first part of the model provides an overview of the ethnolinguistic vitality framework accounting for the strength of minority/majority language communities as they struggle to gain the institutional support they need to develop as distinctive and thriving language communities. The second part of the IAM offers an analysis of the pluralist, civic, assimilationist, and exclusionist ideologies that underpin language policies regulating the co-existence of minority/majority language communities. The third part examines the acculturation orientations endorsed by majority and minority language group speakers. The fourth part of the IAM proposes that the interaction of majority and minority acculturation orientations yield intergroup communication outcomes that may range from harmonious, problematic, to conflictual. Taken together, the IAM model offers a conceptual tool for analyzing the fate of linguistic minorities as they seek to survive in the dominant majority group environments of post-modern globalizing states.
Accuracy in Journalism
Colin Porlezza
Accuracy is a central norm in journalism and at the heart of the journalistic practice. As a norm, accuracy developed out of objectivity, and has therefore an Anglo-American origin. Nevertheless, the commitment to the rule of getting it right is shared among journalists across different journalistic cultures. The history of accuracy is closely related to other central concepts in journalism like truthfulness, factuality and credibility, because it raises epistemological questions of whether and how journalism is capable of depicting reality accurately, truthfully and based on fact. Accuracy plays a particularly important role with regard to the factuality of the journalistic discourse, as it forces journalists not only to ground their reporting on facts, but to check whether presented facts are true or not—which is reflected both in the description of the journalistic profession as the discipline of verification as well as the central relevance of accuracy for instruments of media self-regulation like press councils and codes of ethics.
Accuracy is an important standard to determine the quality of the news reporting. In fact, many studies, most of them carried out Western democracies, have investigated the accuracy of journalistic reporting based on the number of errors that sources mentioned in the articles perceived. As journalism moved online and the immediacy of the news cycle requested a faster pace of publication, news outlets often adopted the strategy to publish first and to verify second, although research has shown that the accuracy of journalistic reporting and trustfulness are related. Especially in the current debate on disinformation, many online fact-checking and verification services have thus seen a global rise of attention and importance.
Active Involvement Interventions in Health and Risk Messaging
Kathryn Greene, Smita C. Banerjee, Anne E. Ray, and Michael L. Hecht
Results of national epidemiologic surveys indicate that substance use rates among adolescents remain relatively steady or even show slight declines; however, some substance use rates, such as electronic cigarettes, are actually rising. Thus, the need for efficacious drug prevention efforts in the United States remains high. Active Involvement (AI) interventions are a promising avenue for preventing and reducing adolescent substance use, and they create opportunities for adolescents to experience a core feature of engagement that is common to these interventions, such as producing videos, posters, or radio ads; or generating themes and images for messages such as posters.
Existing interventions grounded in theories of Active Involvement include programs delivered face-to-face and via e-learning platforms. Narrative Engagement Theory and the Theory of Active Involvement guide the components of change in AI interventions. Youth develop message content during participation in Active Involvement interventions. Advanced analytic models can be applied to address new research questions related to the measure of components of AI interventions.
Actor-Network Theory and Journalism
Victor Wiard
Actor-network theory (ANT) is a sociological approach to the world that treats social phenomena as network effects. This approach focuses on the evolution of interactions within networks over time and is useful for studying situations of change, unsettled groups, and evolving practices such as current developments in the world of journalism. Journalism is a messy and complex social practice involving various actors, institutions, and technologies, some of which are in a state of crisis or are undergoing rapid change due to digitization. ANT has gained momentum in journalism studies among researchers analyzing journalists' relationships with the diverse agents they in contact with on a daily basis (e.g., technologies, institutions, audiences, other news producers) and the relationships between news production, circulation, and usage.
ANT practitioners use a set of simple concepts referred to as an infra-language, which allows them to exchange ideas and compare interpretations while letting the actors they are studying develop their own range of concepts (i.e., to speak in their own words). These concepts include actants, actor networks, obligatory passage points, and translation. ANT also proposes a set of principles for researchers to follow. These include considering all entities as participants in a phenomenon (e.g., people can make other people do things, and objects, such as computers or institutions, can as well) and following actors as they trace associations with others. Therefore, journalism scholars who use this approach conduct qualitative studies focusing on the place of a particular technology within a network or situation by following who and what is involved and how entities connect. They collect data such as the content produced, direct observations of news production, or statements from interviews during or after the case is over.
Using ANT, journalism scholars have extended their comprehension of news production by highlighting technology's role in journalistic networks. Although journalists naturalize technologies through daily use (e.g., search engines, content management systems, cell phones, cameras, email), these tools still influence journalistic practices and outputs. ANT practitioners also consider the diversity of agents participating in news production and circulation: professional journalists, politicians, activists, and diverse commercial and noncommercial organizations. If this diversity is becoming more active and connected in this networked environment, it seems that legacy media is still an obligatory passage point for anyone willing to bring information to the general public. Recent societal changes, such as the generalization of news consumption on smartphones and the rise of platform journalism on multiple apps, indicate that ANT may be useful in the collective endeavor to provide a clear picture of what journalism is and what it will become.
Adherence and Communication
Teresa L. Thompson and Kelly Haskard-Zolnierek
Patient adherence (sometimes referred to as patient compliance) is the extent to which a patient's health behavior corresponds with the agreed-upon recommendations of the healthcare provider. The term patient compliance is generally synonymous with adherence but suggests that the patient played a more passive role in the healthcare professional's prescription of treatment, whereas the term adherence suggests that the patient and healthcare professional have come to an agreement on the regimen through a collaborative, shared decision-making process. Another term related to the concept of adherence is persistence (i.e., taking a medication for the recommended duration). Some patients are purposefully or intentionally nonadherent, whereas others are unintentionally nonadherent due to forgetfulness or poor understanding of the regimen. Patients may be intentionally nonadherent because of a belief that the costs of the regimen outweigh the benefits, for example. Nonadherence behaviors in medication taking include never filling a prescription, taking too much or too little medication, or taking a medication at incorrect time intervals. Patient adherence is relevant not only in medication-taking behaviors, but also in health behaviors such as following a specific dietary regimen, maintaining an exercise program, attending follow-up appointments, getting recommended screenings or immunizations, and smoking cessation, among others.
A number of factors predict patient adherence to treatment, but the relationship between provider-patient communication and adherence to treatment will be stressed. Focusing on recent research, the article examines the concept of patient adherence, describes how provider-patient communication can enhance patient adherence, explains what elements of communication are relevant for adherence, and illustrates how interventions to improve communication can improve adherence.
Adopting the Internet in Urban China
Jianbin Jin, Xiaoxiao Cheng, Jing Yang, and Hui Wang
This century is marked by a burgeoning information society around the globe; accordingly, the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in general and the Internet in particular have been one of the most fruitful domains in the broader field of communication sciences. The observed persistent academic interest can, to a large extent, be attributed to the polymorphic nature of ICTs of various modalities, functioning as ICTs technology clusters and/or meta operating systems that accommodate numerous technologies, functions and applications. Beyond that, ICTs or Internet adoption is reflective of a social process of development, during which the informational mode of development is interwoven with other social systems and varies across diverse social settings. Most existing empirical research and theoretical approaches have overwhelmingly focused on the Internet adoption in developed economies, but in-depth investigations on the developing economies such as China are scarce, if any. Compared to most developed countries, China's informatization-urbanization model marks a unique path of modernization, which further provides a huge opportunity to build momentum for the rapid and large-scale Internet adoption in urban China. In order to present a whole-range holistic portrait of China's Internet development, the intrinsic logics and social outcomes of China's informatization-urbanization model necessitate in-depth investigations.
Advertisers as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Michael Mackert and Marie Guadagno
Advertising as a field and industry often has a contentious relationship with both health communication and public health due to legitimate concerns about how advertising for certain products, such as alcohol and tobacco, could contribute to less-healthy decisions and behaviors. While acknowledging such concerns, advertisers and their approach to solving communication problems could also provide valuable lessons to those working in health communication. Indeed, advertising agencies are designed to develop creative and effective messages that change consumer behavior—and health communication practitioners and scholars aim to change population-level behavior as well. The perspective and approach of the account planner in the advertising agency—a role whose chief responsibility is to bring the consumer perspective into every step of the advertising development process and inspire effective and creative campaigns—would be particularly valuable to those working in health communication. It was account planning work that shifted traditional milk advertising from promoting it as a healthy drink to the iconic "got milk?" campaign, which positioned milk as a complement that makes other food better—an approach that drove positive sales after years of declining milk consumption. Yet many who work in health communication and public health often know little of how advertising agencies work or their internal processes that might be productively adopted. This lack of understanding can also lead to misperceptions of advertisers' work and intentions. As an example, one might assume dense medical language in prescription drug advertising is intended to add unnecessary complexity to the advertisements and obscure side effects; instead, advertising professionals who work on prescription drug advertising have often been trained on clear communication—but cannot fully utilize that training because of regulations that require medically accurate terminology that might not be comprehensible to most viewers. Improved understanding of how advertisers can act as agents of change, and increased dialogue between the fields of advertising and health communication, could contribute to improved health communication research, practice, and policy.
Advertising and Journalism
Corinna Lauerer
News is produced primarily to inform readers and viewers. However, audiences are charged only a fraction of the high production costs or not asked to pay at all. The reason is subsidy by advertising revenue. Since the beginning of professional journalism, news has been bundled with advertisements. This way, media companies can sell the attention of audiences attracted by journalistic content to advertising companies, which in return seek to attract consumers to their products and brands. Beyond distributing both simultaneously, advertising and journalism can intermingle, which causes ethical concerns. From a normative point of view, news and advertisements should be separated clearly in regard to the production process and the content itself. The separation of "church and state" or the "Chinese Wall" between the newsroom and the business side within a media company are commonly used metaphors used to express the ideal of separation. This principle aims to protect journalistic autonomy from economic influences such as advertising considerations. Nevertheless, advertising interests may influence journalism in different forms and to various degrees. They are regularly discussed as influence on journalistic selection of topics as well as writing style, and as the source of attempts to blend advertising and editorial content. Scholarly concerns are increasingly consumer oriented and less critical journalism, biased reporting on advertisers' brands or products, and the potential deception of audiences, for example, when hybrid forms of advertising such as native ads camouflage their commercial nature. The relationship between journalism and advertising has been treated as an orphan compared to the relationship to public relations or politics. However, the media organizations' struggles for sustainable business models in the 21st century fuel discussions in media economics and journalism studies about whether advertising is a blessing or curse to journalism. In a nutshell, the relationship between advertising and journalism is as long-standing as it is ambivalent (see "Evolution of the Relationship"). On the one hand, advertising revenue largely lays the financial foundation for prospering professional journalism (see "Funding Journalism"). On the other hand, this financial dependency causes potential threats to journalistic autonomy (see "Influencing Journalism").
Advertising and Persuasion
Kevin D. Thomas
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Please check back later for the full article.
When discussing the relationship between advertising and persuasion the focus typically centers on the intended effects of advertising, which include increasing brand awareness, piquing brand interest, promoting brand use, and fostering brand loyalty. As such, the impact of advertising and persuasion is generally discussed in terms of market metrics. Did the advertising campaign lead to increased brand awareness, more favorable attitudes toward the brand, or increased consumer trial or retention? Structuring the relationship between advertising and persuasion in such a narrow fashion dismisses the broad array of unintended social effects associated with advertising, such as how race, gender, class, and sexuality are perceived and lived. While the goals of advertising explicitly exist within the realm of marketplace economics, its pervasive use of cultural symbols as a tool of persuasion squarely places it beyond the confines of mere business logic and in the domain of social learning. So while the messages communicated by advertisers are deliberately designed to impact how individuals relate to brands, those same messages also influence how individuals perceive themselves and relate to each other. Given the ways in which advertising serves as a marketing tool and socialization agent, the depth and breadth of its persuasive reach can only be understood when the intended and unintended effects of its output are examined in tandem.
Advice: Communicating to Support and Influence
Erina MacGeorge and Lyn Van Swol
Advice is a recommendation for action that includes both suggestions for behavior and ways of feeling and thinking about the problem. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon in personal and professional settings, and functions as a form of both social support and social influence. Advice often improves coping and decision-making outcomes but can also be perceived as intrusive, threaten recipient's sense of competence and autonomy, and damage relationships.
Although advisors often have expertise that can benefit the recipient, advice recipients often discount and underutilize advice, to their disadvantage. Recipients are more likely to utilize advice from advisors they trust, who engender confidence, and who have more expertise or experience. They are also more likely to seek and use it when they have not thought of solutions independently. Recipients who are overconfident, have more expertise, or have more power than an advisor are much less likely to seek and utilize advice. When giving advice, advisors often consider different factors than they would if they were making decisions for themselves, resulting in advice that is more normative and less tailored to individual preferences.
Advice can be delivered in a variety of ways, and this stylistic variation has consequences for recipient outcomes. For example, highly direct or blunt forms of advice underscore the advisor's implicit claim to status and often generate more negative evaluations of the advice and advisor. Advice message content also influences recipients' advice evaluation. Content that emphasizes efficacy of the action, feasibility, and limitations of the advice tends to improve evaluation and utilization of advice. This research is synthesized in advice response theory (ART), which indicates that advice outcomes are influenced by message content and style, interaction qualities, advisor characteristics, recipient traits, and features of the situation for which or in which advice is sought. Behaviors that co-occur with advice, such as argumentation, emotional support, and planning, also influence outcomes. The sequencing of advice in interaction also matters; the integrated model of advice (IMA) indicates that advice in supportive interactions is best placed after emotional support and problem analysis.
The contexts in which advice are given influence the exchange and outcomes of advice. These include personal and professional relationships, in which relational cognitions and professional norms affect the process and outcomes of advising; groups and organizations, in which advising processes become complex due to the multiplicity of relationships, goals, and expectations; cultures, in which advice-seeking and advice-giving varies in perceived appropriateness; and digital environments, which are often valued for advice that is unobtainable elsewhere.
Advocacy Groups as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Jen Ptacek, Kirstin N. Dolick, and Marifran Mattson
Advocacy can be defined as the systematic process set in motion by an individual or group of individuals to encourage, support, and empower others surrounding a topic in need of change. Individuals may become an advocacy group in support of an issue, such as health care, civil rights, environment, or labor. Advocacy groups often serve as mediators between vulnerable/underprivileged populations and policymakers or decision-makers. The Health Communication Advocacy Model (HCAM) is a tested advocacy model comprising five phases including assembling the team, formative research, message development, message implementation, and evaluation. HCAM also includes a correction loop allowing for revisions of campaign messages. The HCAM is an adaptable model that offers a perspective in which advocacy groups may be considered a dynamic framework for building successful campaigns. Once the advocacy group is established, members can agree upon goals and responsibilities and craft a position statement. The group can then develop messages to reach the intended target audience(s). Target audiences may include legislators, the population affected by the issue, and media organizations. When crafting messages, care should be taken to ensure messages are stimulating, motivational, culturally consistent, resource contingent, and without barriers. Advocacy groups may use a number of channels to send messages through, such as social media, rallies, press releases, and other media outlets. Overall, advocacy groups must address a variety of needs to effectively reach the target audiences and impact change.
Advocacy Journalism
Ingrid Bachmann Cáceres
A contested term with defenders and critics, advocacy journalism refers to a genre of journalism that combines reporting with a point of view. With roots as far as the origins of journalism itself, as a contemporary practice it can be found—to varying degrees—in all kinds of media outlets across the globe. Its key premise is that journalists participate in the mass-mediated public sphere and that their work deliberately and transparently stands for specific perspectives, with stories actively championing for certain ideas and values. While some authors have labeled advocacy as the binary opposite of objective (factual) reporting, in recent decades several journalism scholars and practitioners have argued that this is not the case, and that advocacy and informing are not necessarily mutually exclusive. At the core of this discussion are normative considerations of how journalism should be, the role of objectivity in news reporting, and professional models shaping news cultures and news content in different regions. Ethical concerns are also common arguments in this debate.
Advocate journalists do not necessarily dismiss objectivity—although some do—and insist they adhere to professional standards nonetheless, since they still do journalism rather than propaganda. Promoters of advocacy also argue that having a situated viewpoint is more transparent, whereas critics argue against what they deem news reporting with an agenda or promoting an ideological campaign. More recently, advocacy journalism has been adopted—and adapted—by nongovernmental organizations and civic movements, which highlights the constant redefinitions of journalism practice outside of legacy media and traditional contexts.
A Fanonian Philosophy of Race
Armond Towns
Frantz Fanon was one of the most important voices in decolonial and black liberation struggles of the mid-20th century. Writing about race and colonialism in Martinique, France, and Algeria, he articulated the importance of blackness to Western frameworks of the human. The black studies scholarship influenced by Fanon has continued in a similar vein, arguing that much of modern, Western thought either does not discuss race at all or considers race as an add-on to the larger discussion of Western subjectivity. Alternatively, Fanon and his interlocutors argue that race is the central function of the larger fields of Western philosophy and science, even if race is not mentioned at all. To make this claim, they largely point toward two tendencies in Western thought. First, Fanon and his interlocutors often examine the centrality of time and space in modern Western philosophy. Indeed, much of Western philosophy and science has implicitly and explicitly examined time as a linear trajectory that is largely monopolized by the Western European and North American white male subject; alternatively, space has been theorized as the static and nondynamic measure of the Western subject's capacity to progress. Second, Fanon and his interlocutors also critically interrogate the related discussion of mutual recognition that is assumed in much of Western thought. As such, Western thinkers have often contended that, historically, the self recognizes itself in the other, and vice versa, and that self/other relationship is the basis for concepts of subjectivity. Yet, Fanon and his interlocutors have also pointed out that the lack of recognition of black people as human or as subjects has done little to foreclose whiteness as the position overrepresented as the human. Rather than recognition, white people have historically enacted racial violence against black bodies as a central mode through which to enter into humanity. As such, time and space and the lack of recognition as outlined by Fanon and his interlocutors suggest that nonwhite bodies have always provided a crisis for Western concepts of universality and subjecthood.
Affect in Critical Studies
Brian L. Ott
Affect has historically been conceptualized in one of two dominant ways. The first perspective, which has its roots in psychology and neuroscience, tends to view affect as an elemental state. This tradition is reflected in Silvan S. Tomkins's theory of primary affects and Antonio Damasio's theory of basic emotions. Recent extensions of this tradition include the work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Lisa Cartwright, and Teresa Brennan. The second perspective, which is typically associated with developments in philosophy and the humanities, treats affect as an intensive force. This tradition, whose most famous proponent is Gilles Deleuze, is evident in Brian Massumi's theory of autonomous affect and Nigel Thrift's non-representational theory. Recent extensions of this tradition tend to emphasize the importance of materiality, or what Jane Bennett has called "thing-power." A number of scholars working in communication and cultural studies have created a third, hybrid tradition that attempts to bridge or mediate the two dominant historical accounts. This third perspective includes Lawrence Grossberg's notion of affective investments, Christian Lundberg's Lacanian-inspired view of affect, Sara Ahmed's work on the sociality of emotion, and Gernot Böhme's theory of atmospheres.
Affection Exchange Theory
Kory Floyd and Benjamin E. Custer
Affectionate communication constitutes verbal behaviors (e.g., saying "I love you"), nonverbal gestures (e.g., hugging, handholding), and socially supportive behaviors (e.g., helping with a project) that humans employ to develop and maintain close relationships with others. In addition to its relational benefits, affectionate communication contributes to health and wellness for both senders and receivers. Affection exchange theory (AET) addresses the questions of why humans engage in affectionate communication and why diverse benefits are associated with such behaviors. A robust empirical literature supports AET's contention that both expressing and receiving affectionate behavior are associated with physical and mental health benefits. Despite these contributions, however, some compelling questions about affectionate communication remain to be addressed, and AET can provide a useful framework for doing so.


text:
Your Eminence,
Dear Brother Bishops,
Dear Young Friends,
"Proclaim the Lord Christ and always have your answer ready for people who ask the reason for the hope that is within you" (1 Pet 3:15). With these words from the First Letter of Peter I greet each of you with heartfelt affection. I thank Cardinal Egan for his kind words of welcome and I also thank the representatives chosen from among you for their gestures of welcome. To Bishop Walsh, Rector of Saint Joseph Seminary, staff and seminarians, I offer my special greetings and gratitude.
Young friends, I am very happy to have the opportunity to speak with you. Please pass on my warm greetings to your family members and relatives, and to the teachers and staff of the various schools, colleges and universities you attend. I know that many people have worked hard to ensure that our gathering could take place. I am most grateful to them all. Also, I wish to acknowledge your singing to me Happy Birthday! Thank you for this moving gesture; I give you all an "A plus" for your German pronunciation! This evening I wish to share with you some thoughts about being disciples of Jesus Christ — walking in the Lord's footsteps, our own lives become a journey of hope.
In front of you are the images of six ordinary men and women who grew up to lead extraordinary lives. The Church honors them as Venerable, Blessed, or Saint: each responded to the Lord's call to a life of charity and each served him here, in the alleys, streets and suburbs of New York. I am struck by what a remarkably diverse group they are: poor and rich, lay men and women – one a wealthy wife and mother – priests and sisters, immigrants from afar, the daughter of a Mohawk warrior father and Algonquin mother, another a Haitian slave, and a Cuban intellectual.
Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini, Saint John Neumann, Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha, Venerable Pierre Toussaint, and Padre Felix Varela: any one of us could be among them, for there is no stereotype to this group, no single mold. Yet a closer look reveals that there are common elements. Inflamed with the love of Jesus, their lives became remarkable journeys of hope. For some, that meant leaving home and embarking on a pilgrim journey of thousands of miles. For each there was an act of abandonment to God, in the confidence that he is the final destination of every pilgrim. And all offered an outstretched hand of hope to those they encountered along the way, often awakening in them a life of faith. Through orphanages, schools and hospitals, by befriending the poor, the sick and the marginalized, and through the compelling witness that comes from walking humbly in the footsteps of Jesus, these six people laid open the way of faith, hope and charity to countless individuals, including perhaps your own ancestors.
And what of today? Who bears witness to the Good News of Jesus on the streets of New York, in the troubled neighborhoods of large cities, in the places where the young gather, seeking someone in whom they can trust? God is our origin and our destination, and Jesus the way. The path of that journey twists and turns — just as it did for our saints — through the joys and the trials of ordinary, everyday life: within your families, at school or college, during your recreation activities, and in your parish communities. All these places are marked by the culture in which you are growing up. As young Americans you are offered many opportunities for personal development, and you are brought up with a sense of generosity, service and fairness. Yet you do not need me to tell you that there are also difficulties: activities and mindsets which stifle hope, pathways which seem to lead to happiness and fulfillment but in fact end only in confusion and fear.
My own years as a teenager were marred by a sinister regime that thought it had all the answers; its influence grew — infiltrating schools and civic bodies, as well as politics and even religion — before it was fully recognized for the monster it was. It banished God and thus became impervious to anything true and good. Many of your grandparents and great-grandparents will have recounted the horror of the destruction that ensued. Indeed, some of them came to America precisely to escape such terror.
Let us thank God that today many people of your generation are able to enjoy the liberties which have arisen through the extension of democracy and respect for human rights. Let us thank God for all those who strive to ensure that you can grow up in an environment that nurtures what is beautiful, good, and true: your parents and grandparents, your teachers and priests, those civic leaders who seek what is right and just.
The power to destroy does, however, remain. To pretend otherwise would be to fool ourselves. Yet, it never triumphs; it is defeated. This is the essence of the hope that defines us as Christians; and the Church recalls this most dramatically during the Easter Triduum and celebrates it with great joy in the season of Easter! The One who shows us the way beyond death is the One who shows us how to overcome destruction and fear: thus it is Jesus who is the true teacher of life (cf. "Spe Salvi," 6). His death and resurrection mean that we can say to the Father "you have restored us to life!" (Prayer after Communion, Good Friday). And so, just a few weeks ago, during the beautiful Easter Vigil liturgy, it was not from despair or fear that we cried out to God for our world, but with hope-filled confidence: dispel the darkness of our heart! dispel the darkness of our minds! (cf. Prayer at the Lighting of the Easter Candle).
What might that darkness be? What happens when people, especially the most vulnerable, encounter a clenched fist of repression or manipulation rather than a hand of hope? A first group of examples pertains to the heart. Here, the dreams and longings that young people pursue can so easily be shattered or destroyed. I am thinking of those affected by drug and substance abuse, homelessness and poverty, racism, violence, and degradation — especially of girls and women. While the causes of these problems are complex, all have in common a poisoned attitude of mind which results in people being treated as mere objects — a callousness of heart takes hold which first ignores, then ridicules, the God-given dignity of every human being. Such tragedies also point to what might have been and what could be, were there other hands — your hands — reaching out. I encourage you to invite others, especially the vulnerable and the innocent, to join you along the way of goodness and hope.
The second area of darkness — that which affects the mind — often goes unnoticed, and for this reason is particularly sinister. The manipulation of truth distorts our perception of reality, and tarnishes our imagination and aspirations. I have already mentioned the many liberties which you are fortunate enough to enjoy. The fundamental importance of freedom must be rigorously safeguarded. It is no surprise then that numerous individuals and groups vociferously claim their freedom in the public forum. Yet freedom is a delicate value. It can be misunderstood or misused so as to lead not to the happiness which we all expect it to yield, but to a dark arena of manipulation in which our understanding of self and the world becomes confused, or even distorted by those who have an ulterior agenda.
Have you noticed how often the call for freedom is made without ever referring to the truth of the human person? Some today argue that respect for freedom of the individual makes it wrong to seek truth, including the truth about what is good. In some circles to speak of truth is seen as controversial or divisive, and consequently best kept in the private sphere. And in truth's place — or better said its absence — an idea has spread which, in giving value to everything indiscriminately, claims to assure freedom and to liberate conscience. This we call relativism. But what purpose has a "freedom" which, in disregarding truth, pursues what is false or wrong? How many young people have been offered a hand which in the name of freedom or experience has led them to addiction, to moral or intellectual confusion, to hurt, to a loss of self-respect, even to despair and so tragically and sadly to the taking of their own life? Dear friends, truth is not an imposition. Nor is it simply a set of rules. It is a discovery of the One who never fails us; the One whom we can always trust. In seeking truth we come to live by belief because ultimately truth is a person: Jesus Christ. That is why authentic freedom is not an opting out. It is an opting in; nothing less than letting go of self and allowing oneself to be drawn into Christ's very being for others (cf. "Spe Salvi," 28).
How then can we as believers help others to walk the path of freedom which brings fulfillment and lasting happiness? Let us again turn to the saints. How did their witness truly free others from the darkness of heart and mind? The answer is found in the kernel of their faith; the kernel of our faith. The Incarnation, the birth of Jesus, tells us that God does indeed find a place among us. Though the inn is full, he enters through the stable, and there are people who see his light. They recognize Herod's dark closed world for what it is, and instead follow the bright guiding star of the night sky. And what shines forth? Here you might recall the prayer uttered on the most holy night of Easter: "Father we share in the light of your glory through your Son the light of the world inflame us with your hope!" (Blessing of the Fire). And so, in solemn procession with our lighted candles we pass the light of Christ among us. It is "the light which dispels all evil, washes guilt away, restores lost innocence, brings mourners joy, casts out hatred, brings us peace, and humbles earthly pride" (Exsultet). This is Christ's light at work. This is the way of the saints. It is a magnificent vision of hope — Christ's light beckons you to be guiding stars for others, walking Christ's way of forgiveness, reconciliation, humility, joy and peace.
At times, however, we are tempted to close in on ourselves, to doubt the strength of Christ's radiance, to limit the horizon of hope. Take courage! Fix your gaze on our saints. The diversity of their experience of God's presence prompts us to discover anew the breadth and depth of Christianity. Let your imaginations soar freely along the limitless expanse of the horizons of Christian discipleship. Sometimes we are looked upon as people who speak only of prohibitions. Nothing could be further from the truth! Authentic Christian discipleship is marked by a sense of wonder. We stand before the God we know and love as a friend, the vastness of his creation, and the beauty of our Christian faith.
Dear friends, the example of the saints invites us, then, to consider four essential aspects of the treasure of our faith: personal prayer and silence, liturgical prayer, charity in action, and vocations.
What matters most is that you develop your personal relationship with God. That relationship is expressed in prayer. God by his very nature speaks, hears, and replies. Indeed, Saint Paul reminds us: we can and should "pray constantly" (1 Thess 5:17). Far from turning in on ourselves or withdrawing from the ups and downs of life, by praying we turn towards God and through him to each other, including the marginalized and those following ways other than God's path (cf. "Spe Salvi," 33). As the saints teach us so vividly, prayer becomes hope in action. Christ was their constant companion, with whom they conversed at every step of their journey for others.
There is another aspect of prayer which we need to remember: silent contemplation. Saint John, for example, tells us that to embrace God's revelation we must first listen, then respond by proclaiming what we have heard and seen (cf. 1 Jn 1:2-3; "Dei Verbum," 1). Have we perhaps lost something of the art of listening? Do you leave space to hear God's whisper, calling you forth into goodness? Friends, do not be afraid of silence or stillness, listen to God, adore him in the Eucharist. Let his word shape your journey as an unfolding of holiness.
In the liturgy we find the whole Church at prayer. The word liturgy means the participation of God's people in "the work of Christ the Priest and of His Body which is the Church" ("Sacrosanctum Concilium," 7). What is that work? First of all it refers to Christ's Passion, his Death and Resurrection, and his Ascension — what we call the Paschal Mystery. It also refers to the celebration of the liturgy itself. The two meanings are in fact inseparably linked because this "work of Jesus" is the real content of the liturgy. Through the liturgy, the "work of Jesus" is continually brought into contact with history; with our lives in order to shape them. Here we catch another glimpse of the grandeur of our Christian faith. Whenever you gather for Mass, when you go to Confession, whenever you celebrate any of the sacraments, Jesus is at work. Through the Holy Spirit, he draws you to himself, into his sacrificial love of the Father which becomes love for all. We see then that the Church's liturgy is a ministry of hope for humanity. Your faithful participation, is an active hope which helps to keep the world — saints and sinners alike — open to God; this is the truly human hope we offer everyone (cf. "Spe Salvi," 34).
Your personal prayer, your times of silent contemplation, and your participation in the Church's liturgy, bring you closer to God and also prepare you to serve others. The saints accompanying us this evening show us that the life of faith and hope is also a life of charity. Contemplating Jesus on the Cross we see love in its most radical form. We can begin to imagine the path of love along which we must move (cf. "Deus Caritas Est," 12). The opportunities to make this journey are abundant. Look about you with Christ's eyes, listen with his ears, feel and think with his heart and mind. Are you ready to give all as he did for truth and justice? Many of the examples of the suffering which our saints responded to with compassion are still found here in this city and beyond. And new injustices have arisen: some are complex and stem from the exploitation of the heart and manipulation of the mind; even our common habitat, the earth itself, groans under the weight of consumerist greed and irresponsible exploitation. We must listen deeply. We must respond with a renewed social action that stems from the universal love that knows no bounds. In this way, we ensure that our works of mercy and justice become hope in action for others.
Dear young people, finally I wish to share a word about vocations. First of all my thoughts go to your parents, grandparents and godparents. They have been your primary educators in the faith. By presenting you for baptism, they made it possible for you to receive the greatest gift of your life. On that day you entered into the holiness of God himself. You became adoptive sons and daughters of the Father. You were incorporated into Christ. You were made a dwelling place of his Spirit. Let us pray for mothers and fathers throughout the world, particularly those who may be struggling in any way – socially, materially, spiritually. Let us honor the vocation of matrimony and the dignity of family life. Let us always appreciate that it is in families that vocations are given life.
Gathered here at Saint Joseph Seminary, I greet the seminarians present and indeed encourage all seminarians throughout America. I am glad to know that your numbers are increasing! The People of God look to you to be holy priests, on a daily journey of conversion, inspiring in others the desire to enter more deeply into the ecclesial life of believers. I urge you to deepen your friendship with Jesus the Good Shepherd. Talk heart to heart with him. Reject any temptation to ostentation, careerism, or conceit. Strive for a pattern of life truly marked by charity, chastity and humility, in imitation of Christ, the Eternal High Priest, of whom you are to become living icons (cf. "Pastores Dabo Vobis," 33). Dear seminarians, I pray for you daily. Remember that what counts before the Lord is to dwell in his love and to make his love shine forth for others.
Religious Sisters, Brothers and Priests contribute greatly to the mission of the Church. Their prophetic witness is marked by a profound conviction of the primacy with which the Gospel shapes Christian life and transforms society. Today, I wish to draw your attention to the positive spiritual renewal which Congregations are undertaking in relation to their charism. The word charism means a gift freely and graciously given. Charisms are bestowed by the Holy Spirit, who inspires founders and foundresses, and shapes Congregations with a subsequent spiritual heritage. The wondrous array of charisms proper to each Religious Institute is an extraordinary spiritual treasury. Indeed, the history of the Church is perhaps most beautifully portrayed through the history of her schools of spirituality, most of which stem from the saintly lives of founders and foundresses. Through the discovery of charisms, which yield such a breadth of spiritual wisdom, I am sure that some of you young people will be drawn to a life of apostolic or contemplative service. Do not be shy to speak with Religious Brothers, Sisters or Priests about the charism and spirituality of their Congregation. No perfect community exists, but it is fidelity to a founding charism, not to particular individuals, that the Lord calls you to discern. Have courage! You too can make your life a gift of self for the love of the Lord Jesus and, in him, of every member of the human family (cf. "Vita Consecrata," 3).
Friends, again I ask you, what about today? What are you seeking? What is God whispering to you? The hope which never disappoints is Jesus Christ. The saints show us the selfless love of his way. As disciples of Christ, their extraordinary journeys unfolded within the community of hope, which is the Church. It is from within the Church that you too will find the courage and support to walk the way of the Lord. Nourished by personal prayer, prompted in silence, shaped by the Church's liturgy you will discover the particular vocation God has for you. Embrace it with joy. You are Christ's disciples today. Shine his light upon this great city and beyond. Show the world the reason for the hope that resonates within you. Tell others about the truth that sets you free. With these sentiments of great hope in you I bid you farewell, until we meet again in Sydney this July for World Youth Day! And as a pledge of my love for you and your families, I gladly impart my Apostolic Blessing.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On or about May 13, the fate of the bid battle over the Kings franchise will be decided, and either Sacramento or Seattle "is going to be disappointed," NBA commissioner David Stern told the annual meeting Thursday of the Associated Press Sports Editors in New York.
While the declaration was not new, it was the repetition that made it clearer the NBA isn't seriously considering expansion as a solution. The date was the most precise the NBA has been about an outcome when the Board of Governors (owners) vote.
The NBA also said a recommendation from the combined finance/relocation committees is expected to be completed Monday and forwarded to all 30 owners for their consideration.
Stern on #Kings: Our concern is that there has to b a loser. .. One of the cities is going to b disappointed. That's the hard part." #Sonics
— APSE (@APSE_sportmedia) April 25, 2013
The May 13 date will give owners two weeks to deliberate on the recommendation, which is more than the minimum seven business days required by league's by-laws.
The Kings owners, the Maloof family, have agreed to sell their 65 percent share to Seattle native Chris Hansen and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer for an improved offer of $357 million, on a franchise valuation of $550 million.
Stern three months ago permitted a counter-offer from Sacramento, which is led by Silicon Valley billionaire Vivek Ranadive. The Maloofs complained by letter last week that the Ranadive offer was inadequate. Stern disagreed a week ago, saying that the two bids are "in the same ballpark with respect to the net result to the selling family."
Wednesday in Sacramento, state Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg (D-Sacramento), unveiled a long-awaited proposal to rewrite California's environmental law. His plan would help speed up construction of a new Kings' arena at Downtown Plaza (see drawings here).
In Seattle, Ballmer, who has been publicly silent since the announcement of the purchase agreement in January, spoke positively about his bid's chances before a fundraising luncheon for the A PLUS Youth Program at Zion Preparatory Academy.
"We've got our fingers crossed, Chris Hansen's worked really, really hard, and, I think, really intelligently," he told KING5. "Seattle's got a great bid, we've got a great arena plan, I think we have the better arena plan.
"We've got a good offer, it's been accepted by current owners, we've got a great market, it seems like they'll never be a better opportunity. But it'll be up to the NBA owners."


text:
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text:
getaddrinfo, freeaddrinfo, gai_strerror - network address and service translation
Standard C library (libc
, -lc
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
int getaddrinfo(const char *restrict node,
const char *restrict service,
const struct addrinfo *restrict hints,
struct addrinfo **restrict res);
void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *res);
const char *gai_strerror(int errcode);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
getaddrinfo(), freeaddrinfo(), gai_strerror():
Since glibc 2.22:
glibc 2.21 and earlier:
Given node
and service
, which identify an Internet
host and a service, getaddrinfo() returns one or more
structures, each of which contains an Internet address
that can be specified in a call to bind(2) or
connect(2). The getaddrinfo() function
combines the functionality provided by the
gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3)
functions into a single interface, but unlike the latter functions,
getaddrinfo() is reentrant and allows programs to
eliminate IPv4-versus-IPv6 dependencies.
The addrinfo
structure used by
getaddrinfo() contains the following fields:
struct addrinfo {
int ai_flags;
int ai_family;
int ai_socktype;
int ai_protocol;
socklen_t ai_addrlen;
struct sockaddr *ai_addr;
char *ai_canonname;
struct addrinfo *ai_next;
The hints
argument points to an addrinfo
that specifies criteria for selecting the socket address structures
returned in the list pointed to by res
. If hints
not NULL it points to an addrinfo
structure whose
, ai_socktype
, and ai_protocol
specify criteria that limit the set of socket addresses returned by
getaddrinfo(), as follows:
This field specifies the desired address family for the returned
addresses. Valid values for this field include AF_INET
and AF_INET6. The value AF_UNSPEC
indicates that getaddrinfo() should return socket
addresses for any address family (either IPv4 or IPv6, for example) that
can be used with node
and service
This field specifies the preferred socket type, for example SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM. Specifying 0 in this field indicates that socket addresses of any type can be returned by getaddrinfo().
This field specifies the protocol for the returned socket addresses. Specifying 0 in this field indicates that socket addresses with any protocol can be returned by getaddrinfo().
This field specifies additional options, described below. Multiple flags are specified by bitwise OR-ing them together.
All the other fields in the structure pointed to by hints
must contain either 0 or a null pointer, as appropriate.
Specifying hints
as NULL is equivalent to setting
and ai_protocol
to 0; ai_family
to AF_UNSPEC; and ai_flags
(AI_V4MAPPED | AI_ADDRCONFIG). (POSIX specifies
different defaults for ai_flags
; see NOTES.) node
specifies either a numerical network address (for IPv4, numbers-and-dots
notation as supported by inet_aton(3); for IPv6,
hexadecimal string format as supported by
inet_pton(3)), or a network hostname, whose network
addresses are looked up and resolved. If hints.ai_flags
contains the AI_NUMERICHOST flag, then node
must be a numerical network address. The AI_NUMERICHOST
flag suppresses any potentially lengthy network host address
If the AI_PASSIVE flag is specified in
, and node
is NULL, then the returned
socket addresses will be suitable for bind(2)ing a
socket that will accept(2) connections. The returned
socket address will contain the "wildcard address"
(INADDR_ANY for IPv4 addresses,
IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for IPv6 address). The wildcard
address is used by applications (typically servers) that intend to
accept connections on any of the host's network addresses. If
is not NULL, then the AI_PASSIVE flag is
If the AI_PASSIVE flag is not set in
, then the returned socket addresses will be
suitable for use with connect(2),
sendto(2), or sendmsg(2). If
is NULL, then the network address will be set to the
loopback interface address (INADDR_LOOPBACK for IPv4
addresses, IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT for IPv6 address);
this is used by applications that intend to communicate with peers
running on the same host.
sets the port in each returned address structure. If
this argument is a service name (see services(5)), it
is translated to the corresponding port number. This argument can also
be specified as a decimal number, which is simply converted to binary.
If service
is NULL, then the port number of the returned socket
addresses will be left uninitialized. If AI_NUMERICSERV
is specified in hints.ai_flags
and service
is not
NULL, then service
must point to a string containing a numeric
port number. This flag is used to inhibit the invocation of a name
resolution service in cases where it is known not to be required.
Either node
or service
, but not both, may be
The getaddrinfo() function allocates and initializes
a linked list of addrinfo
structures, one for each network
address that matches node
and service
, subject to any
restrictions imposed by hints
, and returns a pointer to the
start of the list in res
. The items in the linked list are
linked by the ai_next
There are several reasons why the linked list may have more than one
structure, including: the network host is multihomed,
accessible over multiple protocols (e.g., both AF_INET
and AF_INET6); or the same service is available from
multiple socket types (one SOCK_STREAM address and
another SOCK_DGRAM address, for example). Normally, the
application should try using the addresses in the order in which they
are returned. The sorting function used within
getaddrinfo() is defined in RFC 3484; the order can be
tweaked for a particular system by editing /etc/gai.conf
(available since glibc 2.5).
If hints.ai_flags
includes the AI_CANONNAME
flag, then the ai_canonname
field of the first of the
structures in the returned list is set to point to the
official name of the host.
The remaining fields of each returned addrinfo
structure are
initialized as follows:
The ai_family
, ai_socktype
, and
fields return the socket creation parameters (i.e.,
these fields have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments of
socket(2)). For example, ai_family
return AF_INET or AF_INET6;
might return SOCK_DGRAM or
SOCK_STREAM; and ai_protocol
returns the
protocol for the socket.
A pointer to the socket address is placed in the ai_addr
field, and the length of the socket address, in bytes, is placed in the
If hints.ai_flags
includes the
AI_ADDRCONFIG flag, then IPv4 addresses are returned in
the list pointed to by res
only if the local system has at
least one IPv4 address configured, and IPv6 addresses are returned only
if the local system has at least one IPv6 address configured. The
loopback address is not considered for this case as valid as a
configured address. This flag is useful on, for example, IPv4-only
systems, to ensure that getaddrinfo() does not return
IPv6 socket addresses that would always fail in
connect(2) or bind(2).
If hints.ai_flags
specifies the AI_V4MAPPED
flag, and hints.ai_family
was specified as
AF_INET6, and no matching IPv6 addresses could be
found, then return IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses in the list pointed to by
. If both AI_V4MAPPED and
AI_ALL are specified in hints.ai_flags
, then
return both IPv6 and IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses in the list pointed to
by res
. AI_ALL is ignored if
AI_V4MAPPED is not also specified.
The freeaddrinfo() function frees the memory that
was allocated for the dynamically allocated linked list
Starting with glibc 2.3.4, getaddrinfo() has been extended to selectively allow the incoming and outgoing hostnames to be transparently converted to and from the Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) format (see RFC 3490, Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)). Four new flags are defined:
If this flag is specified, then the node name given in node
is converted to IDN format if necessary. The source encoding is that of
the current locale.
If the input name contains non-ASCII characters, then the IDN encoding is used. Those parts of the node name (delimited by dots) that contain non-ASCII characters are encoded using ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) before being passed to the name resolution functions.
After a successful name lookup, and if the
AI_CANONNAME flag was specified,
getaddrinfo() will return the canonical name of the
node corresponding to the addrinfo
structure value passed back.
The return value is an exact copy of the value returned by the name
resolution function.
If the name is encoded using ACE, then it will contain the
prefix for one or more components of the name. To convert
these components into a readable form the AI_CANONIDN
flag can be passed in addition to AI_CANONNAME. The
resulting string is encoded using the current locale's encoding.
Setting these flags will enable the IDNA_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED (allow unassigned Unicode code points) and IDNA_USE_STD3_ASCII_RULES (check output to make sure it is a STD3 conforming hostname) flags respectively to be used in the IDNA handling.
getaddrinfo() returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following nonzero error codes:
The specified network host does not have any network addresses in the requested address family.
The name server returned a temporary failure indication. Try again later.
contains invalid flags; or,
included AI_CANONNAME and
was NULL.
The name server returned a permanent failure indication.
The requested address family is not supported.
Out of memory.
The specified network host exists, but does not have any network addresses defined.
The node
or service
is not known; or both
and service
are NULL; or
AI_NUMERICSERV was specified in hints.ai_flags
and service
was not a numeric port-number string.
The requested service is not available for the requested socket type.
It may be available through another socket type. For example, this error
could occur if service
was "shell" (a service available only on
stream sockets), and either hints.ai_protocol
IPPROTO_UDP, or hints.ai_socktype
SOCK_DGRAM; or the error could occur if
was not NULL, and hints.ai_socktype
SOCK_RAW (a socket type that does not support the
concept of services).
The requested socket type is not supported. This could occur, for
example, if hints.ai_socktype
and hints.ai_protocol
are inconsistent (e.g., SOCK_DGRAM and
IPPROTO_TCP, respectively).
Other system error; errno
is set to indicate the error.
The gai_strerror() function translates these error codes to a human readable string, suitable for error reporting.
The following programs demonstrate the use of getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror(), freeaddrinfo(), and getnameinfo(3). The programs are an echo server and client for UDP datagrams.
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 500
main(int argc, char *argv[])
int sfd, s;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
ssize_t nread;
socklen_t peer_addrlen;
struct addrinfo hints;
struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
struct sockaddr_storage peer_addr;
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s port\n", argv[0]);
memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */
hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE; /* For wildcard IP address */
hints.ai_protocol = 0; /* Any protocol */
hints.ai_canonname = NULL;
hints.ai_addr = NULL;
hints.ai_next = NULL;
s = getaddrinfo(NULL, argv[1], &hints, &result);
if (s != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
/* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures.
Try each address until we successfully bind(2).
If socket(2) (or bind(2)) fails, we (close the socket
and) try the next address. */
for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp->ai_next) {
sfd = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype,
if (sfd == -1)
if (bind(sfd, rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen) == 0)
break; /* Success */
freeaddrinfo(result); /* No longer needed */
if (rp == NULL) { /* No address succeeded */
fprintf(stderr, "Could not bind\n");
/* Read datagrams and echo them back to sender. */
for (;;) {
char host[NI_MAXHOST], service[NI_MAXSERV];
peer_addrlen = sizeof(peer_addr);
nread = recvfrom(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE, 0,
(struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr, &peer_addrlen);
if (nread == -1)
continue; /* Ignore failed request */
s = getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr,
peer_addrlen, host, NI_MAXHOST,
service, NI_MAXSERV, NI_NUMERICSERV);
if (s == 0)
printf("Received %zd bytes from %s:%s\n",
nread, host, service);
fprintf(stderr, "getnameinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
if (sendto(sfd, buf, nread, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr,
peer_addrlen) != nread)
fprintf(stderr, "Error sending response\n");
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 500
main(int argc, char *argv[])
int sfd, s;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
size_t len;
ssize_t nread;
struct addrinfo hints;
struct addrinfo *result, *rp;
if (argc < 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s host port msg...\n", argv[0]);
/* Obtain address(es) matching host/port. */
memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */
hints.ai_flags = 0;
hints.ai_protocol = 0; /* Any protocol */
s = getaddrinfo(argv[1], argv[2], &hints, &result);
if (s != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\n", gai_strerror(s));
/* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures.
Try each address until we successfully connect(2).
If socket(2) (or connect(2)) fails, we (close the socket
and) try the next address. */
for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp->ai_next) {
sfd = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype,
if (sfd == -1)
if (connect(sfd, rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen) != -1)
break; /* Success */
freeaddrinfo(result); /* No longer needed */
if (rp == NULL) { /* No address succeeded */
fprintf(stderr, "Could not connect\n");
/* Send remaining command-line arguments as separate
datagrams, and read responses from server. */
for (size_t j = 3; j < argc; j++) {
len = strlen(argv[j]) + 1;
/* +1 for terminating null byte */
if (len > BUF_SIZE) {
"Ignoring long message in argument %zu\n", j);
if (write(sfd, argv[j], len) != len) {
fprintf(stderr, "partial/failed write\n");
nread = read(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE);
if (nread == -1) {
printf("Received %zd bytes: %s\n", nread, buf);
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
Interface | Attribute | Value |
Thread safety | MT-Safe env locale | |
freeaddrinfo(), gai_strerror() |
Thread safety | MT-Safe |
According to POSIX.1, specifying hints
as NULL should cause
to be assumed as 0. The GNU C library instead assumes
a value of (AI_V4MAPPED | AI_ADDRCONFIG) for this case,
since this value is considered an improvement on the specification.
glibc 2.3.3.
glibc 2.3.4.
getaddrinfo() supports the
notation for
specifying the IPv6 scope-ID.
getaddrinfo_a(3), gethostbyname(3), getnameinfo(3), inet(3), gai.conf(5), hostname(7), ip(7)


text:
Victron SCC020035000 BlueSolar MPPT 150/35
Victron SCC020035000 BlueSolar MPPT 150/35
- Voltage: 12/24/48V
- Rated Charge Current: 35A
- Nominal PV Power 12V: 500W
- Max. PV Short Circuit Current: 40A
- Max. PV Open Circuit Voltage: 150V absolute maximum coldest conditions 145V start-up and operating maximum
- Protection Category: IP43 (electronic components) IP22 (connection area)
- Efficiency: 98%
- Bluetooth Enabled: No
- Dimensions: H130 x W186 x D70mm
- Weight: 1.25Kg
- Warranty: 5 Years
A solar charger gathers energy from your solar panels and stores it in your batteries. Using the latest fastest technology BlueSolar maximises this energy-harvest driving it intelligently to achieve full charge in the shortest possible time. BlueSolar maintains battery health extending its life.
Ultrafast Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
Especially in case of a clouded sky when light intensity is changing continuously an ultra-fast MPPT controller will improve energy harvest by up to 30% compared to PWM charge controllers and by up to 10% compared to slower MPPT controllers.
Advanced Maximum Power Point Detection in case of partial shading conditions
If partial shading occurs two or more maximum power points may be present on the power-voltage curve. Conventional MPPTs tend to lock to a local MPP which may not be the optimum MPP. The innovative BlueSolar algorithm will always maximize energy harvest by locking to the optimum MPP.
Outstanding conversion efficiency
No cooling fan. Maximum efficiency exceeds 98%. The full output current up to 40°C (104°F).
Flexible charge algorithm
Fully programmable charge algorithm (see the software page on our website) and eight pre-programmed algorithms selectable with a rotary switch (see manual for details).
Extensive electronic protection
Over-temperature protection and power derating when temperature is high. PV short circuit and PV reverse polarity protection. PV reverse current protection.
Internal temperature sensor
Compensates absorption and float charge voltage for temperature.
Real-time data display options
- ColorControl GX or other GX devices.
- A smartphone or other Bluetooth-enabled device: VE.Direct Bluetooth Smart dongle needed.


text:
Dry: Sylvaneth Bark by Games Workshop
- Description
Brand New. As Supplied by Games Workshop
Due to the Games Workshop trade terms we regret to inform customers that we can only ship this product to the following countries: Austria, Belgium, BFPO Addresses, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Orders containing Games Workshop products being shipped countries other than those listed will result in the item being cancelled from the order and your payment for it refunded.
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text:
Take the hassle out of finding car insurance by getting connected to a top local insurance agent today.
Explore affordable auto insurance policies that meet your needs while giving you great value for money.
Find trusted auto insurance providers that can assist you in choosing a plan that is right for you.
Get great insurance coverage quickly without spending hours of your time researching policies online..
Car Insurance
Auto insurance financially protects you and your family from car repair and medical expenses involved with an auto accident. Most states require you to have basic car insurance such as liability coverage. However, opting for additional auto insurance coverage that goes beyond state requirements can give you greater peace of mind and financial protection in case something happens such as a collision, theft, or personal injury.
Compare auto insurance quotes, get answers to all your questions, and find the right level of coverage. Through our services, you can get easy access to the leading auto insurance providers in your area.
Auto Insurance Coverage
Comparing and buying auto insurance is often troublesome; the various terms used, what to look for, how to determine what will best suit you, and considerations to make about potential future problems can be confusing. However, your choice doesn't have to be difficult. By understanding the basics of auto insurance coverage, you can make a decision that will work for you.
To cut through the various aspects of buying and comparing auto insurance policies, we will explore the different types of auto insurance policies available to residents of Cutler California, which are often required by state law, and what to consider when looking at what policies you want to add to your auto insurance coverage.
First, the terms used in auto insurance such as deductibles, limits, and premiums will be explained in short, followed by an in-depth explanation below. Auto insurance premiums are what you will pay monthly to receive your insurance coverage. Should you not be able to make payments, then your insurance coverage may end. Premiums must be paid regardless of whether you claim or not and should be one of the deciding factors when comparing auto insurance coverage.
A deductible in auto insurance is the money that you have to pay when making a policy claim, and until you've paid the deductible, your insurance won't be able to pay anything. Finally, car insurance limits refer to the total amount that an insurance policy will pay for a qualified claim. Any expense that goes beyond your policy limits will have to be paid out-of-pocket.
In most cases, higher deductibles and lower limits will result in a reduced monthly premium. Low deductibles and high limits may result in higher monthly payments. These cost factors should be carefully considered when comparing car insurance because it should match your budget while also giving you a level of coverage that you are comfortable with.
We understand that the many Cutler California car insurance options available may feel overwhelming at times, but we are more than happy to help you narrow down your decision and connect you with an insurance provider that can satisfy your auto insurance coverage needs. Get in touch to be connected with a top Cutler California insurance agent who can answer all your questions.
Common Auto Insurance
Discounts are common in the auto insurance industry. However, it's sometimes necessary to inquire about discounts because they may not always be brought to your attention. These discounts can make Cutler California car insurance more affordable, allowing you to receive better coverage that you may not have been able to afford before.
One of the most common discounts is called the safe driver discount. If you haven't had an accident, don't have excessive tickets, don't drive as often as some people might, and if you are generally a safe driver, then you may be eligible for safe driver discounts. This type of auto insurance discount may be required to be offered by law to help give an incentive for safe driving practices in Cutler California.
Other types of common discounts that you may be able to take advantage of include early renewal discounts, multi-car discounts (bundled discounts), low-income household discounts, senior discounts, and low-mileage discounts.
Over a few years, these discounts can add up and make a considerable difference in your insurance cost. If you would like help finding discounts for auto insurance, we can help you locate a Cutler California insurance provider with eligible discounts.
Cutler California
Collision Coverage
When one thinks of car insurance, it's often about car accidents and having insurance coverage to help you to replace or repair your vehicle. This form of insurance is known as collision coverage.
Collision coverage helps to cover accidents that involve another motor vehicle. It also provides insurance coverage in the event of an accident involving objects such as a lamp post or a tree. Furthermore, it can also cover accidents where your car flips or an accident that doesn't involve another vehicle or object.
Collision coverage can help pay for the costs involved with the repair of your car or replace it if it is totaled. Collision coverage isn't required by law but it can be required if you get a loan to buy your car.
Cutler California
Comprehensive Coverage
While your collision insurance policy can help to take care of the damage that has been caused during an accident on the road, comprehensive insurance coverage can cover things that happen when you aren't driving.
While each policy may vary, you can expect most comprehensive insurance policies to cover the damage caused by fire, hail, and vandalism depending on what you want and what a particular Cutler California insurance company offers. It can also help you to replace your vehicle in case of theft based on the insured value of your car.
Comprehensive and collision insurance together can ensure that any damage to your car or theft of your vehicle can be covered in part or completely depending on the limits of the policies. Buying a car through a loan or leasing your car often requires that you have both comprehensive insurance coverage and collision insurance.
Cutler California
Property Damage Liability Insurance
Liability coverage is a form of auto insurance that provides you with financial protection from damage caused to another person's car that you are liable for. Generally, you will be liable for the cost of their car repairs or potentially replacing their car if you were found to be the cause of the accident. For example, if you rear-end the driver in front of you, then you usually have to cover their expenses to get their car fixed. Property damage can extend to more than just a car, such as damage caused to someone's wall during an accident.
The law in most states requires all motorists to have some form of property damage liability coverage.
Cutler California
Bodily Injury Liability
The second form of liability insurance coverage is bodily injury liability coverage. You are required to have this form of insurance in many states. Instead of focusing on property damage, bodily injury liability insurance coverage helps to protect you financially from the medical expenses that someone may incur from an accident that you caused.
You may have to pay for expenses such as the other person's surgery, hospital visits, and any other medical expenses that they may have as a result of the accident. Even if they don't suffer a serious injury, you may still have to pay for tests they need such as x-rays.
Cutler California
Medical Payment Insurance
Medical payment insurance coverage is designed to help you pay for medical costs after an accident and can also cover the medical costs of your passengers in many cases. Unlike many other forms of auto insurance, you will receive cover even if you caused the accident or are "at fault". It is therefore a good insurance policy to include in your auto insurance plan as it can help you with potentially substantial medical costs after being involved with a motor vehicle accident.
Medical payment insurance cover can help you to pay for medical treatments and services such as nursing care, health insurance copays and deductibles, hospital stays and visits, emergency services, and ambulance charges.
Not all states offer medical payment insurance and it is usually an optional insurance policy that provides greater financial protection in the event of serious injury while driving. What makes it a good choice is that it will pay even if you are at fault
Uninsured Motorist
If a person were to rear-end your vehicle, their insurance will usually pay for your repairs and potential medical expenses. However, even in the states where liability insurance is required, not all motorists have auto insurance. In this situation, you may be left with the cost of repairs and medical service expenses.
An uninsured motorist policy, however, can provide insurance coverage if the driver who is at fault is uninsured. This type of Cutler California insurance policy doesn't just help to cover your expenses caused by an uninsured motorist, but it can also cover the excess expenses that you have when the motorist at fault is underinsured. The at-fault driver's insurance limit may not cover all your expenses, and in this situation, uninsured motorist insurance can cover the rest.
Roadside Assistance
Roadside assistance is something that every Cutler California driver should consider. In the likely event that you break down on the side of the road, run out of fuel, or have some problem with your car that you need help with, you will want to have emergency roadside assistance.
With emergency roadside coverage, you can gain access to needed services such as fuel delivery, breakdown services, tire change, and towing services to make sure that you or your family are not left stranded on the side of the road.
Personal Injury Protection
Personal injury protection insurance is different from medical payment insurance coverage in that it covers more than just your medical expenses in the event of an accident. Personal injury protection insurance (PIP coverage) is a required insurance policy for motorists in several states.
PIP coverage can cover some of your medical bills from a car accident, but it can also cover injuries suffered when not in a car, such as on the side of the road while jogging. It can also offer protection for your income if you are no longer able to work during your recovery from an accident. Other coverage that it offers includes substitute services that may be required to run your day-to-day, such as house cleaning services. It also offers coverage for funeral expenses for the worst-case scenarios.
The different plans that are offered for personal injury protection insurance inCutler California can vary depending on your state and the insurer that offers it.
Personal Umbrella
Due to the limits that all auto insurance policies have and the sometimes-significant costs that can be involved with medical and repair or replacement costs for both yourself and other motorists, it can be a good idea to include a personal umbrella insurance plan.
This type of plan is designed to cover your expenses once you've reached the limits of your coverage. It essentially provides you with extra protection for potentially devastating expenses that can be incurred from an accident or theft.
A personal umbrella insurance policy will kick in once a qualified claim limit is reached on an existing Cutler California auto insurance policy. You can have the peace of mind knowing that you have greater coverage than most auto insurance plans have, and it may be cheaper for you to have an umbrella insurance policy instead of opting for high limits on every one of your auto insurance plans.
Reimbursement for
Rental Car
When your car is being repaired after an accident, you may have to pay for the cost of the rental car or transport fees while you are without a mode of transport, unless your policy includes reimbursement for renting a car or Cutler California transport costs. Adding rental reimbursement coverage will mean that you don't even have to worry about rental costs taking you by surprise, which can be costly if you need to rent a car by the day.
Of course, rental reimbursement coverage doesn't cover your rental or transport fees if your car is in for regular service or you rent a car while on vacation - only claims that are covered under your auto insurance policies will be eligible for rental reimbursement coverage.
Gap Insurance
When you first buy a new car, the value of it depreciates right after your purchase. This can create a situation where the money you owe on your car loan isn't the same value as your potential insurance claim on a stolen car or irreparable damage to your vehicle. This is where Cutler California gap insurance coverage can help.
Gap insurance coverage, or lease/loan gap coverage, can provide financial protection if you have your car stolen or totaled in an accident but still owe money on it and the insured value in your insurance plan isn't enough to cover it in full. If you buy a car through financing or lease a car, then you can add gap insurance coverage together with comprehensive and collision insurance, which is usually required by the lender.
Boat Insurance
A boat can be a great asset to have, but as with any valuable property, there is a risk of losing it and the costs involved with repairing it from damage. Boat insurance coverage can help to protect your asset by providing you with coverage for problems such as theft, fire damage, and a range of accidental damage.
Boat insurance coverage is usually affordable and therefore a sound choice. Ensure that you understand the limits, deductibles, and how much your monthly premiums will be based on these factors before deciding on a plan.
Motorcycles, like other road-worthy vehicles, require that you purchase insurance such as liability insurance depending on which state you live in. It works in the same way that car insurance policies do, meaning that you can get collision insurance, comprehensive coverage, gap insurance, and uninsured motorist coverage among others listed above.
Whether you ride your motorcycle on an infrequently basis or your use it as your main form of transportation, you will likely need to purchase some form of insurance and may want to be better protected financially for potential medical expenses, repair or replacement costs, and things that can happen when you aren't riding it such as vandalism or theft.
A motorhome or RV can be a great way to spend time with family or a way to experience adventure during your retirement. Getting Cutler California insurance coverage for your RV, whether it's a towable or motorized RV, can help you to rest easy knowing that you are covered in case of an accident, theft, or damage caused when you are not driving or towing it.
Some of the insurance coverage options that are available include collision coverage, liability coverage, personal injury protection, contents coverage, medical payments coverage, comprehensive coverage, and liability coverage. For a motorized RV, you will need to follow state laws that require certain insurance policies such as liability coverage in California.
Specialty Car
Insurance Policies
Not all vehicles fall under the standard Cutler California auto insurance policies, and you may need to get specialized car insurance to be properly covered for non-traditional coverage or vehicles. You may also require specialty car insurance if you plan to drive your car across the border to Mexico.
Specialty auto insurance policies can be used for several reasons including insuring a non-traditional vehicle such as a classic car, during seasonal travel or long-distance travel, and limited use coverage for a vehicle that you seldom use but need insurance coverage for. Specialty car insurance policies can also apply with ranch and farming insurance for non-traditional vehicles used.
Auto Insurance
Auto insurance deductibles are an important part of a Cutler California car insurance policy that can affect your out-of-pocket expenses. While you may pay a monthly premium to get and maintain your insurance coverage regardless of whether you make claims or not, an auto insurance deductible must also be paid to make a claim.
A deductible in an insurance policy is the amount of money that you have to pay up-front when making any claim. The insurance company doesn't have to pay for a qualified claim unless you pay your deductibles first.
As an example, if you were in an accident and the repairs to your vehicle come to $5,500 and your deductible is $500, then you will have to make a payment of $500 before your insurance company pays the remaining $5,000 on your vehicle repairs. The deductibles on a policy should be carefully considered as you may have to suddenly pay it, which means that if you opt for an insurance policy with high deductibles to get a lower monthly premium, it can end up working against you.
Generally, you will be able to select your deductible amount for each section of the Cutler California auto insurance policy that you are considering. Decide what you are comfortable with paying on your deductibles and compare that with the premiums you will have to pay each month.
Car Insurance
Coverage Limits
There are limits to insurance coverage. Car insurance coverage limits are essentially the maximum amount of money that you are covered for in any given Cutler California car insurance policy. You will have to pay whatever is left once you reach your policy limits.
For example, if you were the at-fault driver in an accident and the other motorist's medical expenses came to $50,000 but your bodily injury liability coverage limit is only $45,000, then you would have to pay $5,000 out-of-pocket.
You have the option to set policy limits. When a policy limit is low, you will receive a reduction in your monthly premiums. However, you must consider the possibility of reaching that limit and being liable for the remaining amount. A personal umbrella insurance policy can also help to pay the remaining amount but there will be another premium that will need to be paid each month.
Getting the right level of auto insurance coverage is not just about being covered for the financial strain that accidents, theft, or other damage such as hail can cause, it's also about your and your family's peace of mind. Whether you just want to get the Cutler California required auto insurance or want to have greater coverage for potential future events, we can assist you by connecting you with a local insurance agent in Cutler California to help you decide on an auto insurance policy that matches your needs and your budget. Call today to be connected with an agent for more information or to get started with your coverage.