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Saturday, October 23, 2010
What Does Appeal to Pascal's Wager Really Say?
Imagine this conversation:
Woman 1: So, anyway, at the end of the argument I just told my husband I thought he was wrong.
Woman 2: I can't believe you said that. Aren't you afraid he'll hit you?
When I put myself in Woman 1's place, I have two immediate thoughts:
1. Not in a million years would I be afraid my husband would strike me for any reason short of his own self-defense if I went violently insane.
2. How long was Woman 2 abused? Is she still being abused?
I wouldn't expect Woman 2's comment from a woman who has no history of abuse whatsoever. I suppose I could imagine a situation where someone was under a mistaken impression I was being abused, and was concerned for my safety? But as a general rule, that question would not be raised in seriousness by a woman who is not or has not been in a situation where she's been battered.
The question, while aimed at Woman 1, actually speaks volumes about Woman 2, and tells us nothing at all about Woman 1.
Language, questions and comments aimed at others actually carry within them information about those who are speaking. Even the most innocent language does this. If I see a friend making a Lasagna, and I see her using cottage cheese, and I ask "Oh, you don't use Ricotta?" I've just said, "I don't use cottage cheese when I make Lasagna, I use Ricotta." We spend our conversational time telling people all about ourselves, often without even realizing we're doing it.
What Pascal's Wager Tells Me about You
When we think of Pascal's Wager, we generally think in brief of someone asking "What if you're wrong?" The stakes generally are "something bad" if you're wrong (that you're risking), and either gaining reward or simply avoiding the "bad" if you're right.
The Wager itself has a host of problems. But that's not what I'm concerned with here. What concerns me here is what the Wager tells me about the person who puts it forward. When people ask, "What if you're wrong?," what are they telling me about themselves? What I hear when they ask this, is purely heartbreaking. And a letter writer recently put it in a way that evoked honest pity from me. Clearly directed to Matt, he asked:
I have watched many of your you tube videos, and from what I gather, you are a very intelligent man and you seem well educated.
But I wanted to ask you a question, just a simple question, perhaps a question that I myself toil with from time to time.
Q: "when the day is done, and you are sitting alone, or lying in bed, do you ever question your decision to be an atheist, are you ever scared at times, do you ever think that you might be wrong or fear what may or may not happen to you when you die"
Now, this question has no real direction, I just wanted to know if you were like so many others including myself, who at the end of the day either have a longing for an answer or experience doubts or concerns about the decision(s) you've made.
While he states the question has "no real direction," it does, like all communication, carry a message and more of a message than what is merely being asked. It carries that message about the speaker, which I'm describing.
Matt submitted back a very thorough and well-thought-out reply. However, I kept thinking of this letter after I'd deleted it, and this morning I sent by a separate reply myself to the writer:
I know this was directed at Matt, and he answered it quite thoroughly. But I would like to add something. There are a number of people who have reported being horribly tortured at the hands of malevolent alien abductors. I don't believe these people's stories are true. They could easily ask me the same question:
Don't you ever worry about being abducted yourself? What if you're wrong?
Certainly if I'm wrong, I could also be abducted and tortured, but I can promise you I don't lose an ounce of sleep on it. I don't expend a moment's concern over being a victim of such an event. And I'm going out on a limb to wager that (1) you've heard these stories I'm describing and (2) you don't worry about being abducted by malevolent aliens any more than I do.
If I'm correct, then you have just experienced what I experience with regard to fear of being wrong about god. It's the indoctrinated believer who fears and who thinks that fear must plague others who weren't indoctrinated with that same fear. Just as it's the "alien abductee" who can't understand why I don't seem concerned about what these aliens are doing not others who don't believe in alien abduction; it's the person either still in, or still suffering from the side effects of, indoctrination who can't fathom life without that fear, which was most often burned into their heads as defenseless children. It's put there as a mechanism to stop people questioning: "Even if you stop believing...you'll be plagued by fear and doubt the rest of your life...WHAT IF YOU'RE WRONG?!" But the truth is, as Matt pointed out, and as I provided an example, if you don't believe, then you don't believe in the consequence either. And it's just very hard to fear that which you do not believe exists.
This is why I consider religious indoctrination of children to be abusive. It scars people and they carry that fear of questioning well into adulthood far too often. Nobody should be made to fear asking questions, doubting, or not believing. Free and independent inquiry should be the basis for any sound ideology. Any ideology that puts mechanisms in place to impede free and independent inquiry such as severe and exaggerated mental fear of such investigation, should be viewed very skeptically. After all, what sort of "true" ideology incorporates an avoidance of examination?
And I suppose that's all I had to say about it?
46 comments:
"Free and independent inquiry should be the basis for any sound ideology. Any ideology that puts mechanisms in place to impede free and independent inquiry--such as severe and exaggerated mental fear of such investigation, should be viewed very skeptically. After all, what sort of "true" ideology incorporates an avoidance of examination?"
I love this part.
Tracy - 1
Lame Theist Emailer - 0Growing up as a believing christian in a somewhat conservative (although Canadian-conservative so not quite as bad as American fundies) household, one of the impressions I got was that it was really really easy to sin, and if you had even one sin on you when you died, you went to Hell.
This was amplified by two somewhat non-orthodox views that my parents held and taught:
a) Salvation through faith alone is not true. They held something that I've never seen or heard of in any other denomination, a sort of "salvation through remorse". Basically, to be forgiven for a sin you had to apologize and do so sincerely. So for example, if you believed in Jesus, with all your heart and soul and mind, or however that stupid song goes, but you still had intention to, say, disobey your parents and go underage-drink with your friends, not only have you committed a sin, but you are not able to be forgiven for that sin until you stop doing it and stop wanting to do it. Needless to say, this was a fairly effective control metric.
b) as a logical extrapolation from a, you had to consciously ask for forgiveness. If you didn't, because say you are now a vegetable in a coma, or, less drastically, you *didn't realize* you were sinning, then it sucked to be you.
Due to the above (mostly b), I spent a lot of time in my early teens being so incredibly afraid of death because, "what if I accidentally sinned and don't realize it? I'm going to Hell even if I didn't do anything on purpose!".
Because of this, Pascals wager holds a sort of double irony for me because it always seemed to me that, when I was a Christian, I pretty much assumed I'd end up in Hell anyway. But now, notwithstanding the many other problems with the wager, I can sit back and say "I'm being intellectually honest with myself. I have no faith, and honestly think faith is a bad thing to have. If there is a god who is angry because I don't believe in him, then it's his fault for not giving me a reason to believe".
tl;dr: pascal's wager has the opposite effect on me. I take it as a pretty effective argument in favour of disbeliefQuestion: "What if you're wrong."
A: "Well, if god is benevolent, just, and loving then he'll he won't do anything horrible over a few thoughts and ideas. All I'm doing is comparing crazy claims about him to the observable world to see if their true, I can't imagine any god punishing us for attempting to verify the truth.
However, if god is evil, unjust, with no respect for freedom of thought and inquiry, who would punish us over personal beliefs - then I've made the right choice not to associate myself with the guy.
Out of the two stances, why risk being unethical in the first place and just disbelieve?"- Anonymous10/23/2010 9:27 AM
I posted to FB the following, which reminds me of what you just wrote:
"Additionally the myth that religion offers some sort of comfort regarding death is a sick joke. I have seen more Christians worried as they battled terminal or serious illnesses, that they aren't 100 percent right with their god, and will end up in hell anyway, for some overlooked infraction. Rather than providing them comfort it adds additional stress to an already stressful situation. It's simply cruel." @erauqssi
The whole sin thing is obnoxious.
This morning, I discovered that my cat had sinned against me.
He had eaten some grass, and either harfed or pooped it onto a rug of mine. That's in violation of my residential rules.
However, I didn't punish my cat, nor did I get mad at my cat. I simply cleaned it up, and went along my way. I understand that my cat doesn't comprehend that particular sections of "Ground" are invalid and not harf compatible, nor could I explain it. If it continues, I may take some action to control the situation, such as remove the rugs, or eliminate the source of harfing. The cat will continue with his cat-like nature. He was born that way.
... but just because my cat isn't perfect, makes mistakes and breaks the rules doesn't mean I'm going to stop loving him, and throw him into my cellar of doom. I don't require him to be perfect to live with me. I expect he'll make mistakes, and we'll deal with that as we go - because I'm capable of dealing with it, and mending/forgiving mistakes.
So, apparently I'm more kickass than that "god" people keep bringing up.I'd also add that the reason I have that cat is because I agreed to give him a home, not because I expect anything from him in particular. It costs to feed and maintain him, and even if he wasn't a terribly friendly cat, my taking care of him wouldn't be contingent on that.
..of course, there's limits to that patience, but my response wouldn't be to torture him.Nice post on Pascal's wager.
However, I have always wondered about the applicability of Pascal's wager in any debate.
I have seen Pascal's wager used in several contexts other than religion.
For instance, when a scientist and a global warming denier is arguing about global warming I have seen Pascal's wager used by the scientist. The scientist says there is plenty of evidence for global warming and that we need to change our way of life dramatically to reduce/eliminate the effects of global warming. The denier will simply ignore the evidence for global warming and say that we do not have to make any changes. The scientist will make every earnest effort to convince this other person that these evidences do truly point towards global warming. The denier will simply ignore the arguments that is being presented and repeat his position over and over again (like Wendy Wright vs. Richard Dawkins).
Finally, the frustrated scientist gives up on the debate and uses Pascal's wager. "If you (denier) are wrong about global warming and thus don't take steps to mitigate it you will end up living in a cesspool. If you (denier) are right about global warming and still take steps to mitigate it, you would just be living an admittedly less comfortable (driving less, car pooling, eating less meat, etc.) life. Wouldn't you trade-off a little bit of your comfort for the guarantee that you will not live in a cesspool."
IMO, this is a very good application of Pascal's wager.- Anonymous10/23/2010 11:51 AM
While I agree totally that guilt is a Catholic theme--I think you'll also find this is prevalent in fundamentalism. I was Church of Christ, and this same fear of not being totally right with god at the moment of your death was pervasive. I don't understand the alien abduction analogy. It seems to me it only works if they believe that believing in the existence of the aliens will keep them from abducting you. Am I misunderstanding this?
I do like the point made that Pascal's Wager reveals more about the person asking than the person being asked.I remember when I was really young and wrestling with the whole god concept and punishment. Even at a very young age, I came to the coclusion that any god that is worth the title could not be a vindictive crazed punisher. Almost every time I would ponder these things, my final thought was always something like "if he really understood my motivations and thinking, he would be OK with what I was doing". So I never spent much time fearing anything excessively. However, if I had a family that enforced a more strict a-hole version of god, I can see being quite worried all the time.
It's just funny that even as a child I realized that god isn't deserving of worship just "because". If he was just prone to be a jerk, it wasn't my problem. All I could worry about was myself and my actions. But I hadn't read the bible back then.@Tracie
I was raised catholic and went to a catholic school.I do not have such an intimate knowledge of other christian denominations.
Having said this I never really suffered from guilt caused by "sin".
When I used to have to confession as a young kid I would think "This is crazy, I am good kid, I haven't done anything wrong, why the hell do I need say sorry to a priest (or god)"
Just lucky that is the way my mind worked even at a young age.- Anonymous10/23/2010 2:24 PM
It's not intended to be analogous to Pascal's Wager. It's intended as an example of some threat that looms over you, according to some people, but that you, since you don't believe it, have no fear of.
It is only meant to point out that those who don't believe god exists, and have not been indoctrinated into belief in god's retribution, do not fear god's retribution, in the same way people who don't believe aliens are abducting people, and have no been convinced such abduction stories are true, don't fear being abducted by aliens. >IMO, this is a very good application of Pascal's wager.<
Yes, and in fact your example is completely congruent with P's W as applied to the existence of god.
Well, in all but one respect: the threat of global warming is demonstrably _real_ (while the threat of consequences of not believing in cannot be determined).
I'd say that Tracie's point is that P's W is being used for belief in in exactly the way you describe it being used in a debate about global warming - in what I suppose you could call the Argument From Fear.
The little detail of the truth value of the underlying threat is simply shooed away and asserted to be true.....Thanks Tracie! I suspected you would have a good explanation and I wasn't disappointed. I see now I could have read it a bit more carefully.
Yes, if we're talking about fear, the alien abduction one is a good example. I think other gods are a good example, too. I don't think Christians are lying awake at night wondering if Allah is going to judge them.@Atheist: The use of that variant of Pascal's Wager with respect to global warming differs from its use as an apologetic in one key way: "do something about AGW/don't do something about AGW" is a true dichotomy, unlike the "believe in my god/disbelieve in my god" choice offered by Pascal's Wager, which ignores all the alternate possibilities.
As I recall, the Pascal's Wager apologetic was proposed as an extreme case of the more general "two choices, one with benefits but cost, one with no cost but negative consequences" decision model, where the cost was infinitesimal but the benefit/consequence was infinite. It works well as an illustration of the point, it fails as a useful or valid apologetic.While I am still a "Catholic" (an agnostic who likes to participate in rituals and likes the poetry of tradition, essentially), the more I see things like this, the more I think that, if I have kids, I probably won't bring them to Church or send them to catechism. I don't want them indoctrinated. I used to think this wasn't indoctrination, but I really think it is now. I don't want my kids to be motivated by fear, and most Christian denominations' beliefs are based in fear: 1. you are a sinner 2. if you aren't saved, you'll go to hell - it's all about fear of punishment. That frankly disgusts me.
ReplyDeleteThere is more to Catholicism than guilt, you know. We also have better music and costumes.
Now, as far as the Wager... this is such a total FAIL that I remain amazed to hear Christians using it. These people are not paying very close attention to their own belief system.
In Christianity, belief in God - in Jesus as Christ, specifically - has to be sincere and honest in order to matter at all. God is going to know if you're just hedging your bets. Professing beliefs you don't actually hold is not going to do you one bit of good.
God will still know you're an atheist, non-Christian theist or whatever and you're right back at Square One. Now, God might still choose to save you - being God, he has the power of course. But the Wager won't get you one step closer to that desired result.
As an atheist I reject the Wager for the various reasons we all know so well. But were I still a believing Christian I would reject it just as adamantly.Excellent point Tracie.
For me the fear and the beleif formed a reinforcement loop. The beleif casued the fear and the fear reinforced the beleif which reinforced the fear.... Breaking out is difficult becasue if the beleif begans to wane, the fear shores it up. If the fear starts to subside, the belief reinforces it.
In may case, it was an alternative Christian doctrine that provided the mechanism for breaking the loop. Christian Universalim provided a way to loose the fear of hell. Once the fear reinforcement was gone, I could examine the beleif without fear and saw it for the fantasy it was.
AllenWell, I have never been a believer so this has to go with a grain of salt, but I am not sure the people that offer Pascal Wager type arguments are really worried about a literal hell so much as they are just fearful of death in general. It is a perfectly natural thing to fear death and I believe that thinking about the permanency of death is the real fear driving pascals, not a fear of hell. IMHO.
ReplyDeleteI agree with George from NY. I always thought of the wager as someone saying to me, an atheist, that I should believe just in case I'm wrong. And I've always thought, how can I force myself to believe in something that to me is unbelievable! And even if I did fake it, was this so called god dumb enough to accept my prayers while I had my fingers crossed behind my back!? What kind of omnimax being is this?
ReplyDeleteTo be perfectly fair, Pascal never intended his wager to be taken at face value by nonbelievers, thus raising the suspicion that it was aimed, all along, at believers who are plagued with fear and doubt. In his explanation of the wager, Pascal himself admitted that accepting it wasn't enough and wouldn't bring salvation; it was meant to be an early step in embracing the entire faith.
Only those nonbelievers who are profoundly ignorant of the "good news" are open to making an emotional and intellectual investment in the faith. Apologists seem to know this, which is why they never try to present it in the way that Pascal intended. Perhaps they are under the delusion that acceptance of the wager really does lead to genuine faith, down the line. But still, they act like genuine faith is irrelevant, when presenting the argument.
To me, the question of why they think that the wager is a good apologetic remains unanswered. The idea that they use arguments that they wouldn't personally find convincing because they are unconsciously projecting their own worries seems incoherent. What makes the most sense is that most Christians who use the wager are merely parroting something that sounded good at first blush without ever carefully considering what it really means. In my experience and reading, many/most Christians are driven by a need to "save" others, such that typically the ends justify the means.
I don't doubt, however, that plenty of Christians do use Pascal's wager on themselves for validation and reassurance.Oh jesus christus on a chariot-driven sidecar, a half hour's writing shot to crap with a "sorry, we're unable to comply with your request". Mods, if you see my former post anywhere, delete this one, ok? Thanks.
While I really enjoyed your response to the emailer, I think that, at least in certain circumstances, it might have fallen short of its goal.
Let's assume, for the sake of brevity, that there are two different types of atheist.
1. One who never believed in G/god
2. One, like Matt, who believed in G/god with all his heart and brain.
While your argument is completely and utterly valid for person number 1, it might not be AS valid for person number 2.
To use your example, if you never, not once in your life, believed in alien abduction, then sure, it would be ridiculous to devote even .0000000001 percent of your time to worrying over it.
But what if, sometime in your life, and perhaps for a great percentage of that life, you believed in it? What if you actually thought you'd been abducted by aliens, and were AS convinced that you were, THEN, as you are totally unconvinced NOW.
Thinking about it that way, I could see the validity of asking the question (if only to oneself in the deepest dark of the night) "What if I'm wrong? Obviously, for over 30 years, I thought I'd been taken by the ZZZZZZZR'TT'TH tribe on Melnor 6 and had probes inserted where no probe was meant to be inserted. I totally and utterly believed in it, and preached my belief to others. I even went so far as to attend Alien Abduction school with the full intent of becoming an Alien Abduction priestess before I realized that, through scientific study, self analysis and all the rest, that I couldn't possibly have been abducted?"
I think it's perfectly natural for humans who first follow one life path, and then completely diverge from that path in the opposite direction, to, if even only ONCE, ask themselves "What if the first path I was on was right after all?"
Because you say this was addressed to Matt, and because Matt has never been shy talking about his previous beliefs as a Christian, then even if (as is most likely the case) Matt NEVER questions his deconversion, I honestly don't have a hard time thinking that some people who once believed do, in fact, ask themselves "What if I'm wrong?"
For me, having never believed in a god or gods, Pascal's Wager is the height of stupidity. But I can easily see some atheists, who once were as impassioned about Christianity as they are now about atheism, might, at one time or another in their lives, come to question "What if I'm wrong?"
After all, he/she once believed, and every bit as utterly, as surely, as he/she DISBELIEVES now, so there IS that basis upon which to draw questions.
SueAnd to be fair to Christians and Catholics, Pascal never made unanimity. After all, not all Catholics are austere jansenists. I read his Pensées during my first year at university when I was turning into an unbeliever and he pretty much sped up the deconversion process.
@isleoflesbos-I think that Pascal's Wager is aimed (and was originally?) at believers who are questioning their faith.Tracie, have you ever written a book? Your eloquence is astounding.
"Any ideology that puts mechanisms in place to impede free and independent inquiry — such as severe and exaggerated mental fear of such investigation, should be viewed very skeptically. After all, what sort of "true" ideology incorporates an avoidance of examination?"
I've been struggling to make that point articulately for a while now. Thank you!erauqssi said:
"Salvation through faith alone is not true. They held something that I've never seen or heard of in any other denomination, a sort of "salvation through remorse". Basically, to be forgiven for a sin you had to apologize and do so sincerely"
My mother's faith thinks the same thing. She is a member of the LDS church. Part of the Mormon faith is believing that to be truly expunged of "sin" not only must you have faith but you must pray to Jesus for forgiveness, then you must apologize for your sin (to Jesus and whoever may have been involved) and be truly remorseful of it. Without going through remorse you have not truly atoned for your sins. Basically, the Mormons think that you must suffer from your sin and through remorse and prayer Jesus will lift your guilt and free you from it, therefore being atoned.I have been in several discussions with religious people that concerned the Pascal's Wager. I guess it's one of those cards that they take out when the discussion is going nowhere for them.
and besides, i truly believe personal choice supreme to all other assumptions or values. personal choice is absolute and accurate because it is made by me and nobody else.
isn't that actually what free will is? making independent choices whether right or wrong?@Lukas
I think that'd be the Equivocation Fallacy. You can't equivocate (force a choice) between A & B alone if C, D, E, etc are also options.
I like the abduction analogy too. And John K's "Give me $20 or I will use my magic powers to destroy your family."
I'm working on a way to point out the futility of "deciding to believe". Something like "I have an IPU named Smedley in my glove compartment. His attributes are x, y and, amazing but true, z! I believe in Smedley & I want you to believe in him too. So if I offer you $10 million to really believe in him for just 1 year... "
Beyond the "can I choose to believe in Smedley" you'd also need to ask yourself "do I believe this guy's even GOT $10 mil...and that he'd give it to me".
otoh, I'm physically right there making the offer. And we know that money exists. God and his eternal HFP (Happy Fun Place)? Not so much.Waaaay later...
After mulling (but no actual research, as that might involve MINutes of something resembling work), I'm thinking it's more likely to be "False Dichotomy"
'K, felt bad about talking without fact backup. Googled "False Dichotomy". That's the one. Also called a false dilemma, either or, black or white, the missing middle, etc.Tracie, thank you. I have copied from--'Nobody should be made'--to the end, so I can read it over. That will probably happen a number of times. It makes sooo much sense. I consider myself an intelligent person who makes decisions based on logic and reason. However, I well understand the concerns of this letter writer. My religious upbringing engrained in me the notion that asking questions is wrong and not believing is somehow the ultimate of deprevity. Well, I definately got over the asking questions thing long ago. So, I suppose in that sense, I would already be in trouble with a being who can't handle his/her/its supporters thinking for themselves. But, the fear of completely accepting atheism with its logic, allowance for intellectual integrity, and respect for mature minds (the opposite of religion) seems so much harder to shake. It is a struggle. I love your last sentence--'After all, what sort of "true" ideology incorporates an avoidance of examination?'
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Radical Prostatectomy
Procedure overview
What is a prostatectomy?
A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure for the partial or complete removal of the prostate. It may be performed to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
A common surgical approach to prostatectomy includes making a surgical incision and removing the prostate gland (or part of it). This may be accomplished with either of two methods, the retropubic or suprapubic incision (lower abdomen), or a perineum incision (through the skin between the scrotum and the rectum).
Prior to having a prostatectomy, it's often necessary to have a prostate biopsy . Please see this procedure for additional information.
Prostate Cancer: Treatment Advances You Should Know About
Prostate cancer treatment has entered the robotics age. Using advanced robotic technology, Johns Hopkins surgeons can see the prostate in 3-D, magnifying everything 10 times. Johns Hopkins urologist Mohamad Allaf, M.D., explains what this means for patients, including fewer side effects.
What is the prostate gland?
The prostate gland is about the size of a walnut and surrounds the neck of a man's bladder and urethra—the tube that carries urine from the bladder. It's partly muscular and partly glandular, with ducts opening into the prostatic portion of the urethra. It's made up of three lobes, a center lobe with one lobe on each side.
As part of the male reproductive system, the prostate gland's primary function is to secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that forms part of the seminal fluid (semen), a fluid that carries sperm. During male climax (orgasm), the muscular glands of the prostate help to propel the prostate fluid, in addition to sperm that was produced in the testicles, into the urethra. The semen then travels through the tip of the penis during ejaculation.
Researchers don't know all the functions of the prostate gland. However, the prostate gland plays an important role in both sexual and urinary function. It's common for the prostate gland to become enlarged as a man ages, and it's also likely for a man to encounter some type of prostate problem in his lifetime.
Many common problems that don't require a radical prostatectomy are associated with the prostate gland. These problems may occur in men of all ages and include:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) . This is an age-related enlargement of the prostate that isn't malignant. BPH is the most common noncancerous prostate problem, occurring in most men by the time they reach their 60s. Symptoms are slow, interrupted, or weak urinary stream; urgency with leaking or dribbling; and frequent urination, especially at night. Although it isn't cancer, BPH symptoms are often similar to those of prostate cancer.
Prostatism. This involves decreased urinary force due to obstruction of flow through the prostate gland. The most common cause of prostatism is BPH.
Prostatitis. Prostatitis is inflammation or infection of the prostate gland characterized by discomfort, pain, frequent or infrequent urination, and, sometimes, fever.
Prostatalgia. This involves pain in the prostate gland, also called prostatodynia. It's frequently a symptom of prostatitis.
Cancer of the prostate is a common and serious health concern. According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men older than age 50, and the third leading cause of death from cancer.
There are different ways to achieve the goal of removing the prostate gland when there's cancer. Methods of performing prostatectomy include:
Surgical removal includes a radical prostatectomy (RP), with either a retropubic or perineal approach. Radical prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate gland. Nerve-sparing surgical removal is important to preserve as much function as possible.
Transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP, which also involves removal of part of the prostate gland, is an approach performed through the penis with an endoscope (small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end). This procedure doesn't cure prostate cancer but can remove the obstruction while the doctors plan for definitive treatment.
Laparoscopic surgery, done manually or by robot, is another method of removal of the prostate gland.
Are there different types of radical prostatectomy?
There are several methods of radical prostatectomy:
Radical prostatectomy with retropubic (suprapubic) approach. This is the most common surgical approach used by urologists (doctors who specialize in diseases and surgery of the urinary tract). If there's reason to believe the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the doctor will remove lymph nodes from around the prostate gland, in addition to the prostate gland. Cancer has spread beyond the prostate gland if it's found in the lymph nodes. If that's the case, then surgery may be discontinued, since it won't treat the cancer adequately. In this situation, additional treatments may be used.
Nerve-sparing prostatectomy approach. If the cancer is tangled with the nerves, it may not be possible to maintain the nerve function or structure. Sometimes nerves must be cut in order to remove the cancerous tissue. If both sides of the nerves are cut or removed, the man will be unable to have an erection. This won't improve over time (although there are interventions that may restore erectile function).
If only one side of the bundle of nerves is cut or removed, the man may have less erectile function, but will possibly have some function left. If neither nerve bundle is disturbed during surgery, function may remain normal. However, it sometimes takes months after surgery to know whether a full recovery will occur. This is because the nerves are handled during surgery and may not function properly for a while after the procedure. -
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The surgeon makes several small cuts and long, thin tools are placed inside the cuts. The surgeon puts a thin tube with a video camera (laparoscope) inside one of the cuts and instruments through others. This helps the surgeon see inside during the procedure.
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy . Sometimes laparoscopic surgery is done using a robotic system. The surgeon moves the robotic arm while sitting at a computer monitor near the operating table. This procedure requires special equipment and training. Not every hospital can do robotic surgery.
Radical prostatectomy with perineal approach. Radical perineal prostatectomy is used less frequently than the retropubic approach. This is because the nerves can't be spared as easily, nor can lymph nodes be removed by using this surgical technique. However, this procedure takes less time and may be an option if the nerve-sparing approach isn't needed. This approach is also appropriate if lymph node removal isn't required. Perineal prostatectomy may be used if other medical conditions rule out using a retropubic approach.
With the retropubic approach, there is a smaller, hidden incision for an improved cosmetic effect. Also, major muscle groups are avoided. Therefore, there's generally less pain and recovery time.
Reasons for the procedure
The goal of radical prostatectomy is to remove all prostate cancer. RP is
used when the cancer is believed to be confined to the prostate gland.
During the procedure, the prostate gland and some tissue around the gland,
including the seminal vesicles, are removed. The seminal vesicles are the
two sacs that connect to the vas deferens (a tube running through the
testicles), and secrete semen.
Other less common reasons for radical prostatectomy include:
Inability to completely empty the bladder
Recurrent bleeding from the prostate
Bladder stones with prostate enlargement
Very slow urination
Increased pressure on the ureters and kidneys from urinary retention (called hydronephrosis)
There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a prostatectomy.
Risks of the procedure
As with any surgical procedure, certain complications can occur. Some possible complications of both the retropubic and perineal approaches to RP may include:
Urinary incontinence . Incontinence involves uncontrollable, involuntary leaking of urine, which may improve over time, even up to a year after surgery. This symptom may be worse if you're older than age 70 when the surgery is performed.
Urinary leakage or dribbling. This symptom is at its worst immediately after the surgery, and will usually improve over time.
Erectile dysfunction , also known as impotence. Recovery of sexual function may take up to two years after surgery and may not be complete. Nerve-sparing prostatectomy lessens the chance of impotence, but doesn't guarantee that it won't happen.
Sterility . RP cuts the connection between the testicles and the urethra and causes retrograde ejaculation. This results in a man being unable to provide sperm for a biological child. A man may be able to have an orgasm, but there will be no ejaculate. In other words, the orgasm is "dry."
Lymphedema. Lymphedema is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the soft tissues, resulting in swelling. Lymphedema may be caused by inflammation, obstruction, or removal of the lymph nodes during surgery. Although this complication is rare, if lymph nodes are removed during prostatectomy, fluid may accumulate in the legs or genital region over time. Pain and swelling result. Physical therapy is usually helpful in treating the effects of lymphedema.
Change in penis length. A small percentage of surgeries will result in a decrease in penis length.
Some risks associated with surgery and anesthesia in general include:
Reactions to medications, such as anesthesia
Difficulty with breathing
One risk associated with the retropubic approach is the potential for rectal injury, causing fecal incontinence or urgency.
There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure.
Before the procedure
Some things you can expect before the procedure include:
Your doctor will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions you might have about the procedure.
You'll be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something isn't clear.
In addition to a complete medical history, your doctor may perform a physical examination to ensure you're in good health before you undergo the procedure. You may also undergo blood tests and other diagnostic tests.
You'll be asked to fast for eight hours before the procedure, generally after midnight.
Notify your doctor if you're sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, latex, iodine, tape, contrast dyes, and anesthetic agents (local or general).
Notify your doctor of all medications (prescribed and over the counter) and herbal supplements that you're taking.
Notify your doctor if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you're taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure.
If you smoke, you should stop smoking as soon as possible prior to the procedure in order to improve your chances for a successful recovery from surgery and to improve your overall health status.
You may receive a sedative prior to the procedure to help you relax.
Based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific preparation.
During the procedure
Radical prostatectomy requires a stay in the hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor's practices.
Generally, a radical prostatectomy (retropubic or perineal approach) follows this process:
You'll be asked to remove any jewelry or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.
You'll be asked to remove your clothing and will be given a gown to wear.
You'll be asked to empty your bladder prior to the procedure.
An intravenous (IV) line will be started in your arm or hand.
If there is excessive hair at the surgical site, it may be clipped off.
The skin over the surgical site will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution.
The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level during the surgery.
Once you're sedated, a breathing tube may be inserted through your throat into your lungs and you'll be connected to a ventilator, which will breathe for you during the surgery.
The doctor may choose regional anesthesia instead of general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia is medication delivered through an epidural (in the back) to numb the area to be operated on. You'll receive medication to help you relax and analgesic medication for pain relief. The doctor will determine which type of anesthesia is appropriate for your situation.
A catheter will be inserted into your bladder to drain urine.
Radical prostatectomy, retropubic or suprapubic approach
You'll be positioned on the operating table, lying on your back.
An incision will be made from below the navel (belly button) to the pubic region.
The doctor will usually perform a lymph node dissection first. The nerve bundles will be released carefully from the prostate gland and the urethra (narrow channel through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body) will be identified. The seminal vesicles may also be removed if necessary.
The prostate gland will be removed.
A drain will be inserted, usually in the right lower area of the incision.
Radical prostatectomy, perineal approach
You'll be placed in a supine (lying on your back) position in which the hips and knees will be fully bent with the legs spread apart and elevated with the feet resting on straps. Stirrups will be placed under your legs for support.
An upside-down, U-shaped incision will be made in the perineal area (between the scrotum and the anus).
The doctor will try to minimize any trauma to the nerve bundles in the prostate area.
The prostate gland and any abnormal-looking tissue in the surrounding area will be removed.
The seminal vesicles (a pair of pouch-like glands located on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and promote the movement of sperm through the urethra) may be removed if there's concern about abnormal tissue in the vesicles.
Procedure completion, both methods
The incisions will be sutured back together.
A sterile bandage or dressing will be applied.
You'll be transferred from the operating table to a bed, then taken to the post-anesthesia care unit.
After the procedure
After the procedure, you may be taken to the recovery room to be closely monitored. You'll be connected to monitors that will constantly display your heart beat (electrocardiogram—ECG or EKG) tracing, blood pressure, other pressure readings, breathing rate, and your oxygen level.
You may receive pain medication as needed, either by a nurse, or by administering it yourself through a device connected to your intravenous line.
Once you're awake and your condition has stabilized, you may start liquids to drink. Your diet may be gradually advanced to more solid foods as you're able to tolerate them.
The drain will generally be removed the day after surgery.
Your activity will be gradually increased as you get out of bed and walk around for longer periods of time.
The urinary catheter will stay in place upon discharge and for about one to three weeks after surgery. You'll be given instructions on how to care for your catheter at home.
Arrangements will be made for a follow-up visit with your doctor.
At home
Once you're home, it'll be important to keep the surgical area clean and dry. Your physician will give you specific bathing instructions. The sutures or surgical staples will be removed during a follow-up office visit, in the event they weren't removed before leaving the hospital.
The surgical incision may be tender or sore for several days after a prostatectomy. Take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your doctor.
You shouldn't drive until your doctor tells you to. Other activity restrictions may apply.
Once your catheter is removed, you'll probably have some leaking of urine. The length of time this occurs can vary.
Your doctor will give you suggestions for improving your bladder control. Over the next few months, you and your physician will be assessing any side effects and working to improve problems with erectile dysfunction.
Notify your physician to report any of the following:
Fever and/or chills
Redness, swelling, or bleeding or other drainage from the incision site
Increase in pain around the incision site
Inability to have a bowel movement
Inability to urinate once catheter is removed
Your doctor may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.


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Kahne Wins First Career Race At Bristol
BRISTOL, Tenn. -- Kasey Kahne's bumper-banging battle with Brad Keselowski was just the warm-up act in an action-packed race at Bristol Motor Speedway.
Former teammates Denny Hamlin and Joey Logano exchanged words after the race -- in person and on Twitter -- because Hamlin spun Logano as Logano was racing for the lead.
A flat tire knocked Jeff Gordon and Matt Kenseth out of the race while they were running 1-2.
Typical Bristol, right?
It looked that way as Kahne and Keselowski staged a spectacular battle for the lead, only for a caution to put them side-by-side for a restart with 39 laps to go.
Keselowski had an issue, he either spun his tires or the Hamlin-Logano feud disrupted his start, and Kahne sailed away for his first career victory at Bristol.
"Feels really good to win at this place," Kahne said. "Such a tough track over the years. This is a big race for me. When you race in the Sprint Cup Series, Bristol is a race you want to win."
Tempers flared after the race when Logano leaned inside Hamlin's window to complain about Hamlin spinning him as he tried to pass Gordon for the lead.
Logano was pulled away from Hamlin's car by crew members for both drivers in a classic post-Bristol clash that delighted the crowd. "They're fighting! It's Bristol!" yelled Clint Bowyer, who saw the action on the infield big screen.
Logano wouldn't discuss what he told Hamlin, but indicated there's no love lost between the former Joe Gibbs Racing teammates.
"That's a freaking genius behind the wheel of the 11 car -- probably the worst teammate I've ever had," Logano said. "I have a scorecard and I'm not putting up with that. What goes around, comes around. I had to put up with him for years, so whatever."
Hamlin shrugged it all off.
"He said he was coming for me," Hamlin said. "I usually don't see him, so it's usually not a factor."
The two sparred briefly on Twitter after the season-opening Daytona 500, when Hamlin complained Logano ruined the closing laps of the race. But he said Sunday's flap was not a carryover.
"It didn't have anything to do with that," Hamlin said. "You've really got to control your car and he slipped up into me. Really, he would have been in the garage with no radiator in it if I had not checked up twice. I meant to run in to him. I didn't mean to spin him out, but his day was fine. We finished bad and he finished bad. It's even."
But they continued sniping at each other after the race on Twitter, overshadowing what was undoubtedly the best race to date for NASCAR's new Gen-6 race car.
And, their feuding may have played a role in the outcome of the race, too.
Keselowski was the leader on the final restart as he lined up next to Kahne. Hamlin was lined up behind Keselowski, with Logano lined up behind Hamlin. When the flag waved, Keselowski didn't go and Kahne rocketed to the lead and never looked back.
Although it appeared Keselowski spun his tires, he was adamant after the race about what happened -- "I got ran over!" -- and that prevented him from breaking away on the restart.
Hamlin backed up Keselowski's account.
"The 22 (Logano) ran into me and shoved me into (Keselowski)," Hamlin said. "Sorry to the 2, but I was the pinball in the sandwich. Once he throttled up, the 22 lifted me up and just flat out pinned me up against the 2."
Logano seemed to think Keselowski spun his tires and that created the bottleneck, but Keselowski believed he had help from behind.
"I haven't seen the replay, I just know my rear tires were off the ground before I got to the restart zone," he said. "Eventually I got hit so hard it pushed my foot in the gas pedal, made myself look like a (fool). That was the deal. Never had another chance."
Nobody came close to Kahne, who drove his Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet to the win by 1.7-seconds. Hendrick drivers have now won two of the first four races this season.
Kyle Busch snagged second from Keselowski, who took over the Sprint Cup Series points lead as the only driver to open the season with four top-five finishes. Kurt Busch finished fourth and was followed by Bowyer and Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Ryan Newman was seventh, Brian Vickers was eighth and Paul Menard and Jamie McMurray rounded out the top 10.
The race changed dramatically with 110 laps to go in a bizarre crash between leaders Gordon and Matt Kenseth. Gordon was out front when he suddenly lost a tire and his car darted up the track into the wall.
Kenseth had nowhere to go to avoid him and drove directly into the back of Gordon, causing heavy damage to both cars.
"You all right?" crew chief Alan Gustafson radioed Gordon.
"Yeah, I'm OK. Did we take out Matt, too?" Gordon asked.
With the top two cars in the garage, the rest of the field headed to pit road to reset for the final 100 laps.
"I hate that for Matt Kenseth," Gordon said. "He was coming, and it was just a matter of time before he caught us. We needed points. This definitely isn't going to get us many."
Kenseth, winner of last week's race at Las Vegas, said the crash was unavoidable.
"There's not a lot either one of us can do about that," he said. "There was nowhere to go."
Before the Gordon-Kenseth crash, Gordon and Logano were dueling for the lead. Gordon used a two-tire stop with about 175 laps to go to gain eight spots on pit road and take the lead. Logano chased Gordon around the 0.533-mile bullring, pulling even with the four-time champion as he exited the corners only to lose ground on the straights.
Lurking behind in third was Hamlin, who apparently got tired of waiting for Logano to get past Gordon and showed how restless he was with slight contact on Logano's bumper as they exited Turn 2.
The tap caused Logano to back his car into the wall and took him out of contention, leading to the post-race drama Bristol is known to create.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Gift Registry
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Mushroom Easter/ Christmas decoration
Beautiful Green mushroom to hang on your tree or branches
Bungalow Christmas glass ornaments are made
of thin painted glass. We recommend cleaning
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Height: 13cm
how do you know this item is special?
I have been working in the Art and Antiques field for more than 30 years. I have a BA/Masters degree in Art History from the Ecole du Louvre in Paris and Oxford University and worked with a high end dealer in London for many years as well as a display of Art firm.
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We try and get your item to you as quickly as we can. We want it to arrive in perfect condition. We do dedicate two days a week where we wrap and send parcels. Check out our shipping policy for more information.
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We champion a slow and considered way of life. We are aware on the impact on the planet. We love reusing and recycling packaging materials we have received without compromising on the safety of your item.
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I am here to answer any questions you might have. You can contact me on firstname.lastname@example.com. I will respond within the working hours of 9 am to 5pm. Merci!
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19 Pressure
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Update at 11:30 a.m. ET: The Associated Press just moved a "bulletin" saying that according to a "senior defense official" the emails between Gen. John Allen and Jill Kelley were "flirtatious."
Update at 4:33 p.m. ET: NPR's Tom Bowman reports that U.S. officials tell him Paula Broadwell sent Gen. Allen messages warning him about Kelley. Allen, in turn, warned Kelley about those messages.
Our original post:
"I think I'm more surprised by this than almost anything I've seen in my career," NPR Pentagon correspondent Tom Bowman said earlier on Morning Edition as he talked about the scandal surrounding former CIA Director David Petraeus. It's a scandal in which the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan is now caught up.
Marine Gen. John Allen, according to reports that broke overnight, "is under investigation for alleged 'inappropriate communications' with a woman who is said to have received threatening emails from Paula Broadwell, the woman with whom Petraeus had an extramarital affair."
Allen and the woman with whom he was in contact — Jill Kelley of Tampa, Fla., — reportedly exchanged 20,000 to 30,000 pages worth of emails and other electronic communications. Their messages were apparently uncovered during the investigation into harassing emails that Kelley received from Paula Broadwell, the woman with whom Petraeus was having an affair. (For help in keeping the characters in this story straight, see our earlier post: "Petraeus Affair Widens: Who's Who & What's What? Here's A Guide.")
To have both Petraeus and Allen — two of of the highest-ranking and most-respected military officers in recent U.S. history — at the center of such a story is "mind-boggling," Bowman told Morning Edition host Renee Montagne. Before this, he added, Petraeus and Allen were widely thought to be "cautious, careful, disciplined" men.
Just what was said in the messages exchanged by Allen and Kelley is not known, and the general has reportedly told officials there was nothing inappropriate in them. The Washington Post reports that a "senior U.S. official, who is close to Allen, strongly denied that the general and Kelley had an affair or engaged in inappropriate communication."
Still, something in the exchanges triggered action by top Pentagon officials. As The Associated Press writes, early today:
"Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said in a written statement issued to reporters aboard his aircraft, en route from Honolulu to Perth, Australia, that the FBI referred the [Allen] matter to the Pentagon on Sunday. Panetta said that he ordered a Pentagon investigation of Allen on Monday.
"A senior defense official traveling with Panetta said Allen's communications were with Jill Kelley, who has been described as an unpaid social liaison at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla., which is headquarters to the U.S. Central Command. She is not a U.S. government employee.
"Kelley is said to have received threatening emails from Broadwell, who is Petraeus' biographer and who had an extramarital affair with Petraeus that reportedly began after he became CIA director in September 2011."
The New York Times adds that "Mr. Panetta's statement praised General Allen for his leadership in Afghanistan and said that 'he is entitled to due process in this matter.' "
On Morning Edition, Bowman noted that the news about Allen comes "at a very sensitive time." Not only is Allen involved in drawing up plans for the withdrawal of U.S. combat forces from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, he's also laying down plans for how the U.S. will assist that nation in later years. And, he's been nominated to command U.S. and NATO forces in Europe. That nomination has been put on hold while his communications with Kelley are investigated. In the meantime, Allen will remain in command in Afghanistan. But Panetta has urged the Senate to move quickly on the nomination of Allen's successor to that post, Marine Gen. Joseph Dunford.
Politico adds that, "Allen holds one of the highest profile and most sensitive positions in the military, consulting with President Barack Obama, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Afghan President Hamid Karzai as the U.S. prepares to transition control of the country's security to Afghans."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text: We hear Billie Holliday, Keely Smith and Leo Reisman (with Anita Boyer) asking the musical question, "What Is This Thing Called Love?" And, reporter Sean Cole talks about love with Joe and Helen Garland, who fell in love during World War II, but married other people. Thirty years later they met again, felt the same love they felt when they were young, divorced their respective spouses, and finally married each other.


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In simplest terms, a subluxation (a.k.a. Vertebral Subluxation) is when one or more of the bones of your spine (vertebrae) move out of position and create pressure on, or irritate spinal nerves. Spinal nerves are the nerves that come out from between each of the bones in your spine. This pressure or irritation on the nerves then causes those nerves to malfunction and interfere with the signals traveling over those nerves.
How does this affect you? Your nervous system controls and coordinates all the functions of your body. If you interfere with the signals traveling over nerves, parts of your body will not get the proper nerve messages and will not be able to function at 100% of their innate abilities. In other words, some part of your body will not be working properly. It is the responsibility of the Doctor of Chiropractic to locate subluxations, and reduce or correct them. This is done through a series of chiropractic adjustments specifically designed to correct the vertebral subluxations in your spine. Chiropractors are the only professionals who undergo years of training to be the experts at correcting subluxations.
Subluxations are really a combination of changes going on at the same time. These changes occur both in your spine and throughout your body. For this reason chiropractors often refer to vertebral subluxations as the "Vertebral Subluxation Complex", or "VSC" for short.
In the VSC, various things are happening inside your body simultaneously. These various changes, known as "components," are all part of the vertebral subluxation complex. Chiropractors commonly recognize five categories of components present in the VSC. These five are:
The osseous (bone) component is where the vertebrae are either out of position, not moving properly, or are undergoing physical changes such as degeneration. This component is sometimes known as kinesiopathology.
The Nerve Component is the malfunctioning of the nerve. Research has shown that only a small amount of pressure on spinal nerves can have a profound impact on the function of the nerves. This component is scientifically known as neuropathology.
The Muscle Component is also involved. Since the muscles help hold the vertebrae in place, and since nerves control the muscles themselves, muscles are an integral part of any VSC. In fact, muscles both affect, and are affected by the VSC. This component is known as myopathology.
The Soft Tissue Component is when you have misaligned vertebrae and pressure on nerves resulting in changes in the surrounding soft tissues. This means the tendons, ligaments, blood supply, and other tissues undergo changes. These changes can occur at the point of the VSC or far away at some end point of the affected nerves. This component is also known as histopathology.
The Chemical Component is when all these components of the VSC are acting on your body, and therefore causing some degree of chemical changes. These chemical changes can be slight or massive depending on what parts of your body are affected by your subluxations. This component is often known as biochemical abnormalities.
Chiropractors have known about the dangers of subluxations for over one hundred years. Today, more scientific evidence is showing the dangers of subluxations and the health benefits of correcting them. To be truly healthy, it is vital that your nervous system be functioning free of interference from subluxations. Our goal is to allow your body to return itself to the highest level of health possible by correcting VSC. Chiropractors are the ONLY health professionals trained in the detection, location, and correction of the VSC.


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Exclusive Indigo Pearl Stud Earrings
Free shipping on orders over $199
- 14k white gold;
- pearls;
Unique and elegant pearl stud earrings.
Do You Have Any Stores I Can Visit?
Yes, our show room address is:
413 Jane Street, Toronto, ON M6S 3Z6
Business Hours:
Mon 10:30 am- 5:00 pm
Tue 10:30 am - 5:00 pm
Wed 1:00 pm - 7:00 pm
Thu 10:30 am - 5:00 pm
Fri 10:30 am- 5:00 pm
Sat 11:00 am - 4:00 pm
Sun closed, by appointments only
What is Your Return Policy?
You have 10 calendar days to return an item from the date you received it.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it.
Your item must be in the original packaging.
Your item needs to have the receipt or proof of purchase.
How do I Return my Purchase for a Refund?
To request a return please email us at email@example.com and one of our customer service reps will email you back with an instructions .
How do I Care for my Jewellery?
Keep you jewelry in a dry, clean place. Be careful when wearing your piece as stones can chip if hit on hard surfaces. Clean jewelry regularly with warm water and mild detergent. Wear rubber glover or take off your jewellery when doing any household cleaning to prevent contact with chemicals. Avoid chlorinated pools or hot tubes while wearing your jewellery as these will speed up the tarnishing process.
Fast shipping
All orders are processed within 2-3 business days.
Order tracking
Once the order is shipped we will email you with the courier company details and a tracking number.
Get in touch
Have a question? Reach out to us and let us know if there is anything we can do for you!
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 416-432-2427
About us
Everyday Affordable Style.
Our pieces are timeless in style with affordable prices. All jewelry in our store is created and made by a talented European designers. They are a key trendsetters in jewellery industry.
Quality First.
The highest quality is our priority. It's not a secret that our standards are even higher then a govermnt standards for jewellery industry. with only high quality materials: 14K gold (585) or sterling silver (925).
Desiered Gifts
Whether you're looking for a gift or something for yourself we can help!


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Model: STD-100 24" NT AIR
* 24" x 19" x 7"
* TWO washable FILTERS
* 5" vent-DUCT/ductless.
* two 120V/40W lights
* three speeds
* CONTROL push-button
* Twin Lightweight MOTOR: 120V/60hz; 46dBA/52dBA; up to 540 CFM.
* Noise level: 0.5 - 3.5 sones Quiet.
* Vibration resistant motor.
* radio frequency interference protected
* made in Italy
For a ductless (recirculating), use two round charcoal filters "Type A" that attach to the motor to help remove unwanted kitchen smells, this is an optional extra and the chimney section with the pre-cut vent must be used when outside ventilation is not possible.
For shipping we use UPS ground


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Max Verstappen 2021 Replica Helmet Wall Plaque
Regular price
Max Verstappen 2021 championship winning replica helmet wall plaque
- Made from high quality laser cut aluminium with a high gloss finish in the shape of a racing helmet
- Measures approx. 40x30cm
- New or distressed effect printed finish
- Optional x2 pre-drilled mounting holes available
- Please note:- some of the images contain a watermark which will not be printed onto the helmet
UK Delivery
Your order will be sent using Royal Mail Tracked 24hr or 48hr post depending on which option you choose at the checkout page. For larger orders over 2kg in weight we use a courier delivery service (normally UPS or ParcelForce).
An estimated delivery date is provided on the product and checkout pages and is also shown in your order confirmation email. Please note that the estimated delivery date is an estimate and is not a guaranteed delivery date.
Once your order has been posted, we will email you an order despatch email which contains a link to track your package. For the latest delivery updates, please refer to the tracking information.
International Delivery
International orders are shipped fully tracked and insured using Royal Mail International Tracked service. Once your order is shipped, we will email you an order despatch email which contains a link to track your package.
Please refer to the tracking information for delivery updates.
Most orders typically take 6-8 business days to arrive from the date of despatch.
Important information for EU customers
The UK has now left the EU and it is the customers
responsibility to pay any customs import duties or taxes that may be payable.
Personalised Signs
Personalised signs are made to order so please allow some extra time for them to be made. If you request a design proof, we will email this to you and wait for your approval to be emailed back to us.
To avoid any delay with delivery please check your emails regularly and respond to the request for approval promptly. Failure to respond promptly will result in your order being delayed.
Delayed & Lost Items
Please remember that all delivery times quoted are an estimate and are likely to increase during busy shopping periods. Auto Junk UK Ltd are not responsible for delays caused by our shipping partners which include, but are not limited to local postal delays, customs clearance delays or delays caused by miss-sorting.
For UK customers an order is only deemed to be lost after 10 business days have passed.
For international customers an order is only deemed to be lost after 25 business days have passed.
If your order hasn't arrived within these timescales, a
replacement will be sent.
Undeliverable & Returned Orders
If you miss a delivery, it is the customer's responsibility to collect the package or rearrange delivery with the courier.
If an order is returned to us because the customer failed to take delivery, incorrect shipping information was supplied or you didn't collect your package, then the customer is responsible for paying the return postage cost.
Damaged Items
If you have received a damaged item, please email us clear pictures of the item and the packaging within 24-hours of receiving it to: email@example.com
Returns & Exchanges
If you would like to cancel or exchange your order then you must let us know in writing within 14 days of receiving your order.
It is the buyer's responsibility to ensure any returned item is sent to us safely and we recommend using an insured delivery service. All postage costs paid by the buyer are non-refundable.
Some of our signs are made to order and as such we can only offer an exchange on these items.
All returns must be sent back to us within 7-days of delivery.
Personalised and clearance items are non-refundable.
Trade & Wholesale/ Bulk orders
Are you a business looking to stock our high quality wall art in your store? We offer discounted pricing for trade and wholesale/ bulk orders.
Please contact us for more information.
Please note that all trade and wholesale/ bulk orders are made to order and as such, all sales are final and non-refundable.
How long will delivery take?
For UK customers, an estimated delivery date is shown on the product page and will also be included on your order confirmation email. For more information, please refer to the Delivery & Returns page.
How much does delivery cost?
Our delivery costs are calculated at the checkout and are based on the package weight and your location. The simplist way to find out the delivery cost is to add the items to your basket and proceed to the checkout page where you will be given a postage cost.
When will I receive my design proof?
This depends on how busy we are, but it typically takes around 3 business days to receive your design proof. This time will increase during busy shopping periods.
Are your signs suitable for outdoor use?
Yes, our signs are suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. If using outside we recommend that you hang in a shaded area out of direct sunlight to prolong the finish.
Can you make me a custom made sign?
Yes! Please visit our Personalised Sign page where we have a number of options available. If a design you want is not shown, please contact us to give you a custom quote.
You do not list a size I want, can you make it?
If a size you want is not given in the options then we may be able to make it for you. Please contact us to discuss.
Are your distressed signs rusty?
There is no real rust on our distressed signs it's simply an effect that is printed onto the sign.
How are your signs made?
We have recently invested heavily in our printing equipment to give the best results possible for our customers. We use the latest printing technologies to print directly onto the surface of the sign and we do not use vinyl or stickers to make our signs!
Are your signs made in the UK?
All of our road signs, wall signs, rally plates and personalised signs are designed and made in the UK. Our metal and printing materials are sourced in the UK so you can be assured that you are buying a genuine UK made product.
I'm based outside the UK, will you post to me?
Yes, we post worldwide!


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A new study shows that when heavy Internet users go offline, they undergo withdrawal symptoms similar to those experienced by drug users.
The study, carried out by researchers at Swansea and Milan Universities, is the first into the immediate negative psychological impacts of Internet use.
Sixty volunteers, with an average age of 25, were first tested to determine their level of Internet use — particularly, whether they used the Internet obsessively or to the detriment of their social relationships and jobs.
(MORE: Obsessive Internet Use Linked With Depression in Teens)
They were then were told to surf the net, visiting any sites they liked, for 15 minutes, after which they were tested for mood and levels of anxiety. The volunteers whom the earlier round of testing indicated were "addicted" to the Internet reported increased negative moods after they stopped surfing the net, suffering a "comedown" that researchers said was not unlike that experienced by people after using the drug ecstasy.
In a press release, Professor Phil Reed, who was involved in the study and is based at Swansea University's College of Human and Health Sciences, wrote:
"Although we do not know exactly what Internet addiction is, our results show that around half of the young people we studied spend so much time on the net that it has negative consequences for the rest of their lives."
"These initial results, and related studies of brain function, suggest that there are some nasty surprises lurking on the net for people's wellbeing."
(MORE: Does the Internet Really Make Everyone Crazy?)
A note of caution here: although there are rehab clinics that purport to deal specifically with the problem of Internet addiction, it's not currently recognized as a psychiatric disorder. "What the American Psychiatric Association have done is flag it up as a potential problem that requires further investigation. That's the first step in it becoming a true disorder in its own right," Professor Reed tells TIME. However, he cautions, any of the study's results relating to "internet addiction" could also be symptoms of other potentially addictive online activities: if someone is addicted to gambling, for example, then they might be using the Internet excessively to access gambling sites. But while Reed acknowledges that Internet addiction may be secondary, "my own view is we're probably looking at a new disorder here."
MORE: Is Nothing Sacred? Opera Written About Internet Addiction


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To maximize your viewing experience of this digital catalog, we recommend installing Adobe Flash Player Plugin. This installation will only take a few moments. Should you experience any issues with installation, please contact your System Administrator.
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Buy Navico XSONIC SS164, Marine Electronics & Equipment at SailRACE.com.
You will always have the Original Brand Warranty. Furthermore, all orders include our Money-Back Policy.
Any doubts? Get access to Cerfied Experts and Customers Reviews. If still in doubt, ask the SailRACE Certified Technical Experts Crew.
Buy with confidence. SailRACE.com ♥ the Sail Racing and Cruising community. This is a long-time commitment, so we will always do our best to protect our customers when in conflict or help needed.
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A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.
We have no elected government, nor are we likely to have one, so I address you with no greater authority than that with which liberty itself always speaks. I declare the global social space we are building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose on us. You have no moral right to rule us nor do you possess any methods of enforcement we have true reason to fear.
Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. You have neither solicited nor received ours. We did not invite you. You do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders. Do not think that you can build it, as though it were a public construction project. You cannot. It is an act of nature and it grows itself through our collective actions.
You have not engaged in our great and gathering conversation, nor did you create the wealth of our marketplaces. You do not know our culture, our ethics, or the unwritten codes that already provide our society more order than could be obtained by any of your impositions.
You claim there are problems among us that you need to solve. You use this claim as an excuse to invade our precincts. Many of these problems don't exist. Where there are real conflicts, where there are wrongs, we will identify them and address them by our means. We are forming our own Social Contract. This governance will arise according to the conditions of our world, not yours. Our world is different.
Cyberspace consists of transactions, relationships, and thought itself, arrayed like a standing wave in the web of our communications. Ours is a world that is both everywhere and nowhere, but it is not where bodies live.
We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth.
We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity.
Your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement, and context do not apply to us. They are all based on matter, and there is no matter here.
Our identities have no bodies, so, unlike you, we cannot obtain order by physical coercion. We believe that from ethics, enlightened self-interest, and the commonweal, our governance will emerge. Our identities may be distributed across many of your jurisdictions. The only law that all our constituent cultures would generally recognize is the Golden Rule. We hope we will be able to build our particular solutions on that basis. But we cannot accept the solutions you are attempting to impose.
In the United States, you have today created a law, the Telecommunications Reform Act, which repudiates your own Constitution and insults the dreams of Jefferson, Washington, Mill, Madison, DeToqueville, and Brandeis. These dreams must now be born anew in us.
You are terrified of your own children, since they are natives in a world where you will always be immigrants. Because you fear them, you entrust your bureaucracies with the parental responsibilities you are too cowardly to confront yourselves. In our world, all the sentiments and expressions of humanity, from the debasing to the angelic, are parts of a seamless whole, the global conversation of bits. We cannot separate the air that chokes from the air upon which wings beat.
In China, Germany, France, Russia, Singapore, Italy and the United States, you are trying to ward off the virus of liberty by erecting guard posts at the frontiers of Cyberspace. These may keep out the contagion for a small time, but they will not work in a world that will soon be blanketed in bit-bearing media.
Your increasingly obsolete information industries would perpetuate themselves by proposing laws, in America and elsewhere, that claim to own speech itself throughout the world. These laws would declare ideas to be another industrial product, no more noble than pig iron. In our world, whatever the human mind may create can be reproduced and distributed infinitely at no cost. The global conveyance of thought no longer requires your factories to accomplish.
These increasingly hostile and colonial measures place us in the same position as those previous lovers of freedom and self-determination who had to reject the authorities of distant, uninformed powers. We must declare our virtual selves immune to your sovereignty, even as we continue to consent to your rule over our bodies. We will spread ourselves across the Planet so that no one can arrest our thoughts.
We will create a civilization of the Mind in Cyberspace. May it be more humane and fair than the world your governments have made before.
Davos, Switzerland
February 8, 1996


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Hey there! Thanks a bunch for dropping by our website! We're thrilled to have you here, ready to dive into the world of Logicross answers.
Logicross is the latest gem brought to you by Unico Studio, the creative minds behind some of the most beloved puzzle word games in the Android and Apple stores.
But hold on, it's not just any old game – it's a fantastic fusion of logic, crosswords, and word puzzles designed with adults like you in mind.
Prepare to have your mind blown and your brainpower trained as you embark on this thrilling journey.
Exciting, isn't it? Get ready to sharpen your IQ, tackle brain-teasing puzzles, and conquer top-notch word challenges to emerge victorious.
With clues to guide you, you'll unlock messages and crack cryptograms like a pro.
Think of it as a guessing game with a twist – you'll decipher phrases by uncovering the hidden words, armed with nothing but their definitions.
And the fun doesn't stop there! With topics ranging from Health to Pop Culture, History to Conspiracy Theories, and everything in between, there's something for everyone to enjoy.
So, what are you waiting for? Give your brain a little workout and blaze through our brilliant levels! Let the games begin!
The answers are divided into several pages to keep it clear.
Fruits are waxed with the same wax that is used on cars, carnauba wax, is the same type of wax that is used to give gummy candy a glossy look.


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Publications at this Location
ARS scientists publish results of their research projects in many formats. Listed below are the publications from research projects conducted at this location.
Clicking on a publication title will take you to more information on the publication. Clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint.
2003 Publications
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