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The Virgin Mary is the Theotokos, the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son and Word of God. She conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit. She was cared for by her betrothed husband, Joseph, who took the child and his mother into his home as his own. One very strong tradition in the Orthodox Church holds that the birth of Jesus was also miraculous and left Mary's virginity intact as a sign; it is also the tradition of the Church that Joseph and Mary did not have relations after the birth of Jesus. She is also called Panagia, the "All-Holy," indicating her closeness to God in her obedience.
The title Theotokos (in Greek, Θεοτόκος) is a Greek word that means "God-bearer" or "Birth-giver to God."
Feast days
The Orthodox Church remembers the life of the Theotokos with several feast days. The Liturgical year begins and ends with the feast days of the Theotokos. wonder working Icons of the Theotokos also have their own feast days.
- 1. The Nativity of the Theotokos is celebrated on September 8.
- 2. The Presentation of the Theotokos into the Temple is celebrated on November 21.
- 3. The Annunciation to the Theotokos is celebrated on March 25.
- 4. The Dormition of the Theotokos (Falling Asleep) of the Theotokos is celebrated on August 15.
Of these, the Annunciation and the Dormition are the most festal.
The title Theotokos
1. Adoption at the Third Ecumenical Council
As a title for the Virgin Mary, Theotokos was recognized by the Orthodox Church at Third Ecumenical Council held at Ephesus in 431. It had already been in use for some time in the devotional and liturgical life of the Church. The theological significance of the title is to emphasize that Mary's son, Jesus, is fully God, as well as fully human, and that Jesus' two natures (divine and human) were united in a single Person of the Trinity. The competing view at that council was that Mary should be called Christotokos instead, meaning "Birth-giver to Christ." This was the view advocated by Nestorius, then Patriarch of Constantinople. The intent behind calling her Christotokos was to restrict her role to be only the mother of "Christ's humanity" and not his divine nature.
Nestorius' view was anathematized by the Council as heresy, (see Nestorianism), since it was considered to be dividing Jesus into two distinct persons, one who was Son of Mary, and another, the divine nature, who was not. It was defined that although Jesus has two natures, human and divine, these are eternally united in one personhood. Because Mary is the mother of God the Son, she is therefore duly entitled Theotokos.
Calling Mary the Theotokos or the Mother of God (Μητηρ Θεου) was never meant to suggest that Mary was coeternal with God, or that she existed before Jesus Christ or God existed. The Church acknowledges the mystery in the words of this ancient hymn: "He whom the entire universe could not contain was contained within your womb, O Theotokos."
The title "Theotokos" continues to be used frequently in the hymns of the Orthodox Church.
2. Translating the word Theotokos
While some languages used by various Orthodox churches often have a single native word for Theotokos, it gets translated into English in a number of ways. The most common is Mother of God, though God-bearer and Birth-giver to God are also fairly common. There are difficulties with all these translations, however. The most literally correct one is Birth-giver to God, though God-bearer comes close. Theophoros (Θεοφορος) is the Greek term usually and more correctly translated as God-bearer, so using God-bearer for Theotokos in some sense "orphans" Theophoros when it comes time to translate that term (for St. Ignatius of Antioch, for instance). The main difficulties with both these translations for Theotokos is that they are a bit awkward and difficult to sing.
The most popular translation, Mother of God, is accurate to a point, but has the difficulty that Mother of God is the literal translation of another Greek phrase which is found on nearly all icons of the Theotokos: Μητηρ Θεου (Meter Theou), usually in the standard iconographic abbreviation of ΜΡ ΘΥ. A second problem withMother of God is that it is less precise than Theotokos since it can be misinterpreted as stating Mary is Mother of God from eternity, whereas Theotokos is more specific, limiting Mary's divine maternity to the Incarnation. Additionally, a number of hymns employ both Theotokos and Meter Theou—translating both as Mother of God can yield some rather nonsensical language, and it destroys the distinction that the hymnographer intended.
The usage that seems to be dominant in English-speaking Orthodox churches in North America is to adopt the original term itself into English (something English speakers have traditionally done with foreign words almost since the earliest known history of the language), transliterating it simply as Theotokos (or, occasionally, Theotocos). British usage gives preference to translating Theotokos as Mother of God.
Full title of Mary
The title Our All-holy, immaculate, most blessed and glorified Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary (Greek: Τῆς Παναγίας, ἀχράντου, ὑπερευλογημένης, ἐνδόξου, δεσποίνης ἡμῶν Θεοτόκου καὶ ἀειπαρθένου Μαρίας)[1] is often used in Orthodox services when Mary is mentioned.
- 1. All-holy
- The title Panagia (all-holy) never was a subject of dogmatic definition, but it is accepted and used by all Orthodox. This is because she is the supreme example of cooperation between God and the free will of man. "Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to your word" (Luke 1:38). Sometimes Mary is called the New Eve because her obedient submission to the will of God offset Eve's disobedience in Paradise.
- 2. Immaculate
- The Orthodox Church calls Mary "immaculate," "pure," or "spotless" (achrantos in Greek).
- As for original sin and the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, the Orthodox Church have rejected the doctrine, for it separates Mary from the rest of mankind, putting her in a completely different class from all the other righteous men and women of the Old Testament. It is important that Mary was the same as all mankind so that all Christians can follow her example and submit to God's will. Mary was born a sinner, a human with full human nature. Mary's Son, Jesus the Christ, took flesh from her. So as Son of God, He assumed fallen human nature from her and redeemed humanity by His Crucifixion and Resurrection. Also, the original doctrine of the Immaculate Conception (1869) implies an understanding of original sin not held by the Orthodox Church.
- 3. Most blessed and glorified Lady
- The Orthodox Church honors the Mother of God on account of the Son. St. Cyril of Alexandria, along with the Fathers of the Council of Ephesus, insisted on calling Mary "Theotokos" not just to glorify her, but to safeguard a right doctrine of Christ's person, the Incarnation. Orthodox Christians feel that one cannot really believe in the Incarnation and not honor Mary.
- 4. the Theotokos
- See above. This is often translated as "the Mother of God."
- 5. ever Virgin Mary
- See below. The Orthodox Church honors Mary as "ever Virgin." In iconography, her virginity before, during, and after the birth of Christ is represented by three stars on her shoulders and forehead.[2]
One of the more puzzling traditions regarding the Theotokos for modern Christians is the teaching that she is Ever-Virgin, that is, that she remained a virgin before, during, and eternally after the birth of Jesus Christ.
That the Holy Virgin Mary is Ever-Virgin (Aeiparthenos) is not to elevate her to some special status or to incite us to worship the creature rather than the Creator. Rather, it is an affirmation of who Christ Jesus is. Because He has chosen her to be his mother, to conceive Him, to give flesh to Him, to give birth to Him, we understand her as a finite dwelling place of the infinite God. Thus, because she is in this sense this new Holy of Holies, her ever-virginity is a natural characteristic of such an awesome reality.
The whole tradition of the Orthodox Christian Church has always held her to be in truth Ever-Virgin,[3][4] knowing her personally from the beginning and then passing the truths on from one generation to the next, never expanding nor subtracting from what was known in the beginning. Except for a few instances here and there in history, never have Christians regarded her in any other fashion until relatively late in the Protestant traditions. There are many testimonies to her ever-virginity, so let's consider a few:
Testimony from Scripture
The principal understanding of the Virgin Mary as Ever-Virgin in Scripture is expressed in terms of her being a new Ark of the Covenant, a created thing which somehow contained the uncontainable God. The reason that St. Joseph the Betrothed (as tradition names him) did not enter into marital relations with her is that he understood her as one would understand the Ark, that she had been set aside for use by God, and that her womb had in some sense been made into a temple. The language used for the Virgin in the New Testament parallels that used for the Ark in the Old:
From a Roman Catholic source:[5]
- For the first time God's presence has descended upon a person as the new ark of the Covenant. . . . Rene Laurentin speaks of the subtle use of ark imagery [early in Luke]. For instance, he shows how in II Samuel 6, there was a journey to the hill country of Judah that the ark of the covenant took. Likewise, the same phrase is used to describe Mary's journey to the hill country. . . . Both David and Mary "arose and made the journey." In II Samuel 6:2 and Luke 1:39. Laurent goes on to describe how when the Ark arrived and when Mary arrived, they were both greeted with "shouts of joy." And the word for shout or the word for Elizabeth's greeting, anafametezein, is very rare. It's only used in connection with the OT liturgical ceremonies that were centered around the Ark. It literally means to "cry aloud, to proclaim or intone."
- Elizabeth greets Mary the same way the Ark of the Covenant was greeted. The entrance of the Ark and the entrance of Mary are seen then as blessing an entire household. Like Obededom's household was blessed, so Elizabeth sees her household as blessed. Laurentin goes on to talk about how both David and Elizabeth react with awe. "How shall the Ark of the Lord come to me?" David says in II Samuel 6:9. And likewise Elizabeth says, "Why should the mother of the Lord come to me?" The Ark of the Covenant and the Mother of our Lord are in a sense two ways of looking at the same reality which is becoming clearer and more personal with Our Lady. Then finally, the Ark of the Covenant and Mary both remain in the respective houses for three months, II Samuel 6:11 and Luke 1:56.
- In Luke 1 and 2 we have the annunciation of Gabriel to Zachariah and six months later the annunciation by Gabriel to Mary, then nine months later Jesus is born, and thirty days later He is presented in the temple. You add up 180 days in the six months, 270 days in the nine months, and the 40 days in the presentation and it adds up to 490, which is a very rare number that is found in one of the most memorable prophecies in the OT, Daniel 9. . . . Luke is once again giving a surplus value, a surplus meaning to those who are really willing to dig deep into the text to see all of the inspired meanings behind what God has done to inaugurate the New Covenant salvation in Christ and in His Blessed Mother.
- This is the Ark of the Covenant. Now let's go back and conclude our time in Revelation 11 and 12. We have Mary the Ark of the Covenant. We have Mary the true tabernacle. We have in Mary a figure for the New Jerusalem because at the end of Revelation, how is the New Jerusalem described? As being a bride that is pure and yet also being a mother of God's children Well, how is it that you could be at the same time virginally pure and maternally fruitful? It seems impossible in human nature, but not for Mary, not only in mothering Jesus, but in John 19 at the cross and also in Revelation 12 where we read at the very end of the chapter, verse 17, we discover that Mary becomes by grace the mother of all God's children.
How is it that our Lord would have brothers? Many look at the story of Ss. Mary and Joseph and see a young couple about to embark on their married life together, but Church tradition holds differently. St. Joseph was a much older man, a widower, and had children by his previous marriage, thus his sons were in some sense Christ's step-brothers, and their being older than Jesus can also account for some of the way he is treated by them as being the baby of the family, somewhat out of his mind. Joseph takes in Mary as something like his ward, because in leaving her life as a Temple virgin, she could not go out into the world alone (cf. Protevangelion of James). That is why Joseph, a righteous, respected man, was chosen to take her in. His being much older than she also accounts for the notion that they should have had relations—she had already dedicated herself to a life of virginity, whereas he was a much older man who had already had his children and whose wife had died. Another possible understanding is that these "brothers" of our Lord were his cousins—St. Jerome holds this view, that these were the children of St. Joseph's brother Cleopas, who had died and left his children and widow in Joseph's care, according to Jewish custom.
Additionally, both the Hebrew and Greek terms for "brother" are often used to refer to relatives who are not necessarily what we in English would term "brothers," i.e., perhaps a cousin or an uncle, or some other relative. For example, Abraham and Lot are called adelphoi in Gen. 14:14 in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the OT used by the Apostles), though they are certainly not what we would call "brothers." Jacob and Laban are also called "brothers" (Gen. 29:15), though Laban would have been Jacob's uncle. In any event, the words do not mean the precise thing that the modern English "brother" does.
Beyond that, it is nowhere to be found in Scripture that any man other than the God-man Jesus Christ is called the child of Mary.
Some would cite the use of the "until" in Scripture ("...and he knew her not until (Greek eos) her having brought forth her firstborn son..." (Matthew 1:25; Luke 2:7)) to indicate that after she gave birth to the God-man, that St. Joseph then "knew" her maritally. Again, this is a translation problem.
From this webpage:
- This verse seems to be often translated as "he knew her not until after..." This is not, however, what is meant. The Greek original, eos, indicates the true meaning, of "he had no sexual relations with her prior to her giving birth." The Evangelist makes this statement in order to assure us that Joseph had no part in the conception of Jesus. The term eos ou does not require the understanding that he had relations with her after Christ was born. It merely indicates that, as regards the birth of Jesus, Joseph had not had relations with Mary prior to the birth, thus, he was not the father of Jesus. This is merely a usual turn of phrase, the use of a standard and familiar form of expression. This same term and meaning is used elsewhere in the Bible as a standard expression, and it clearly does not indicate what the heterodox (non-Orthodox) claim it does. At 2 Samuel 6:23, for instance, we read, "And Milchal, the daughter of Saul, had no child until [eos] her death. Did she, then, have children after her death? Of course not!, and neither did Joseph "know" Mary after the birth of Jesus. At Genesis 8:7, we read that Noah "sent forth a raven; and it went forth and did not return till [eos] after the water had gone from off the face of the earth." We know from Scripture that in fact, the raven never returned to the ark. It says that it did not return "until after," but in fact, it never returned at all. The Scripture says that "Joseph knew her not till after...", but in fact, he never "knew" her at all. In another example, the Bible says, 'The Lord said to my Lord, 'Sit at my right hand until [eos] I make Thine enemies Thy footstool" (Mark 12:36). Does this mean that Christ will cease to sit at the right hand of the glory of the Father once His enemies have been overcome? Of course not! Hence, the Bible does not say that "Joseph knew her not until after she brought forth her first born, but then he did." The Bible says, "He did not know her before (up until) she had brought forth her firstborn," meaning simply and clearly, "Joseph was not the father. He had not come together with her before her pregnancy, thus he was not involved in the conception of Jesus."
Another testimony from Scripture is that on the cross, our Lord gave his holy mother into the care of the Apostle John (John 19:26). This might seem a merely practical thing to do, but if we recall the Mosaic Law would have dictated that she be given into the care of other natural children, since her firstborn son was dying. Christ, who kept the Law perfectly, would not have violated it in any detail, and so when he gave his mother to the apostle to look after, he did so only because she had no other children who could take her in, St. Joseph having long since passed away.
Testimony from the ancient Church
The Church continued to call the Theotokos the "Virgin" even after the time when she supposedly would have had other children, as some say. It would be a rather odd thing to keep calling a woman "the Virgin" and even "Ever-Virgin" when one was standing next to her other offspring in Church.
Additionally, throughout the earliest liturgies of the Church, she is continually called "Ever-Virgin." One can also find references to her ever-virginity in the Fathers' writings, such as in those of Peter of Alexandria, Epiphanius, Athanasius, Didymus the Blind, Jerome, Cyril of Alexandria, Leo, Sophronius I of Jerusalem, John of Damascus, John Cassian, Ephrem of Syria, and the capitula of the II Council of Constantinople in 553 A.D. (In short, nearly everywhere.) One such example is in St. Ambrose of Milan (4th century): "The virgin did not seek the consolation of bearing another child" (See Letter 63; NPNF v. 10, p. 473). There are many other such quotations. Anyone familiar with the writings of the Church Fathers will see her being called "the Virgin" and "Ever-Virgin" frequently.
Hippolytus was a scholar, bishop, and martyr, who lived in or near Rome and wrote in Greek; he was martyred in A.D. 235. He is considered to be one of the most important witnesses as to how the early church worshipped.
This is a brief excerpt (ca. A.D. 210) regarding the Blessed Theotokos:
- But the pious confession of the believer is that, with a view to our salvation, . . . the Creator of all things incorporated with Himself a rational soul and a sensible body from the all-holy Mary, ever-virgin, by an undefiled conception, without conversion, and was made man in nature, but separate from wickedness: the same was perfect God, and the same was perfect man; the same was in nature at once perfect God and man (Against Beron and Helix, Frag VIII).
Notice that Hippolytus refers to Mary as all-holy, and ever-virgin. Since he does this in passing, we may be sure that he is introducing no new teaching about Mary, so that it was common to refer to Mary in these terms before Hippolytus wrote.
- Thus, too, they preached of the advent of God in the flesh to the world, His advent by the spotless and God-bearing Mary in the way of birth and growth, and the manner of His life and conversation with men, ... (A Discourse on the End of the World).
Here Hippolytus casually refers to Mary as spotless and God-bearing. I assume this latter term is the equivalent to Theotokos in the Greek, which means Bearer of God, commonly translated Mother of God (the Son). This title was that affirmed by the Council of Ephesus.
St. Ephrem (4th century):
- Some dare to claim that Mary became fully Joseph's wife after the Savior's birth. How could she who was the dwelling-place of the Spirit, who was overshadowed by the divine power, ever become the wife of a mortal and bear children in pain, according to the ancient curse? It is through Mary, "blessed among women," that the curses uttered in the beginning have been removed according to which a child in such torments cannot be called blessed. Just as the Lord entered through all closed doors, so he came out if an original womb, for this virgin bore him truly and really without pain.citation needed
The Second Council of Constantinople, 553, Capitula II:
- If anyone shall not confess that the Word of God has two nativities, the one from all eternity of the Father, without time and without body; the other in these last days, coming down from heaven and being made flesh of the holy and glorious Mary, Mother of God and always a virgin, and born of her: let him be anathema.[6]
The ancient Christian titles for Mary, Theotokos ("Birth-giver to God") and Meter Theou ("Mother of God"), are not to be understood in the sense that she somehow created God. Even mothers giving birth to exclusively human children do not create their children. Rather, these titles for the Virgin are an affirmation that the Christ contained in her womb is indeed God, the Theanthropos ("God-man"). She is not his origin nor the source of the Godhead, but she did quite literally give birth to God. If we affirm that Jesus Christ is God, then we must call her Theotokos, for she gave birth to God himself. Nestorius the heretic in the ancient Church refused to call her Theotokos, preferring instead Christotokos, because he could not understand the idea that a creature could give birth to the Creator, yet is this scandal not at the heart of the Incarnation? Nestorius's doctrines insisted on a separation between the divine Logos and the man Jesus, that somehow the Son of God had inhabited a man, not that God became man as the Christian faith has always held. Is the one who was in her womb God? Then we must call her Theotokos.
Testimony from the Protestant Reformers
Though the Orthodox Church does not follow the teachings of the Protestant Reformers, their views regarding the Theotokos's ever-virginity are a point of commonality with Orthodoxy. Many of the major figures amongst the Protestant fathers in the faith believed in the Theotokos's ever-virginity.
John Calvin:
- He says that she [Mary of Cleophas] was the sister of the mother of Jesus, and, in saying so, he adopts the phraseology of the Hebrew language, which includes cousins, and other relatives, under the term 'brothers.' - John Calvin, Commentary of the Gospel According to John, on John 19:25
- The word 'brothers', we have formerly mentioned, is employed, agreeably to the Hebrew idiom, to denote any relative whatever; and, accordingly, Helvidius displayed excessive ignorance in concluding that Mary must have had many sons because Christ's 'brother' are sometimes mentioned. - John Calvin, Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, vol. II, p. 215 (on Matthew 13:55)
[Note: Helvidius was a 5th-century Christian who denied the perpetual virginity of Mary and was rebuked and refuted by Jerome in his treatise, "On the Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary Against Helvidius"]
Huldrych Zwingli:
- I give an example: taught by the light of faith the Christ was born of a virgin, we know that it is so, that we have no doubt that those who have been unambiguously in error have tried to make a figure of speech of a real virgin, and we pronounce absurd the things that Helvidius and others have invented about perpetual virginity. - Huldrych Zwingli. "Friendly Exegesis, that is, Exposition of the Matter of the Eucharist to Martin Luther, February 1527," in Selected Writings of Huldrych Zwingli, Volume Two, trans. and ed. by H. Wayne Pipkin, Pickwick Publications, 1984 p.275.
- Then the pious mind finds wonderful delights in searching for the reasons why the lamb chose to be born of a perpetual virgin, but in this other case it finds nothing but a hopeless horror. [The other case that Zwingli here refers to is the Real Presence] - Huldrych Zwingli. "Subsidiary Essay on the Eucharist, August 1525," in Selected Writings of Huldrych Zwingli, Volume Two, trans. and ed. by H. Wayne Pipkin, Pickwick Publications, 1984 p.217.
Martin Luther:
- A new lie about me is being circulated. I am supposed to have preached and written that Mary, the mother of God, was not a virgin either before or after the birth of Christ, but that she conceived Christ through Joseph and had more children after that. - Martin Luther, "That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew," in Luther's Works, vol. 45, ed. Walther I. Brand, 1962, Muhlenberg Press, p. 199.
- The form of expression used by Matthew is the common idiom, as if I were to say, 'Pharaoh believed not Moses, until he was drowned in the Red Sea.' Here it does not follow that Pharaoh believed later, after he had drowned; on the contrary, it means that he never did believe. Similarly when Matthew says that Joseph did not know Mary carnally until she had brought forth her son, it does not follow that he knew her subsequently; on the contrary, it means that he never did know her. Again, the Red Sea overwhelmed Pharaoh before he got across. Here too, it does not follow that Pharaoh got across later, after the Red Sea had overwhelmed him, but rather that he did not get across at all. In like manner, when Matthew says, 'She was found to be with child before they came together,' it does not follow that Mary subsequently lay with Joseph, but rather that she did not lie with him. - Martin Luther, "That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew," in Luther's Works, vol. 45, ed. Walther I. Brand, 1962, Muhlenberg Press, p. 212.
John Wesley:
- I believe that he was made man, joining the human nature with the divine in one person; being conceived by the singular operation of the Holy Ghost, and born of the blessed Virgin Mary, who, as well after as before she brought him forth, continued a pure and unspotted virgin. - John Wesley "Letter to a Roman Catholic"
Protestants who deny the ever-virginity of the Theotokos are breaking even with their own fathers in faith.
Hymns to the Theotokos
There are many hymns that are sung to the Theotokos. The two following are from the Divine Liturgies of St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great. From the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom:
- It is truly meet and right to bless you, O Theotokos,
- Ever blessed and most pure, and the Mother of our God.
- More honorable than the Cherubim, and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim,
- Without defilement you gave birth to God the Word.
- True Theotokos, we magnify you!
From the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great:
- All of creation rejoices in you, O Full of Grace,
- The assembly of Angels and the race of men.
- O Sanctified Temple and Rational Paradise! O Glory of Virgins!
- From you, God was incarnate and became a child, our God before the ages.
- He made your body into a throne, and your womb He made more spacious than the heavens.
- All of creation rejoices in you, O Full of Grace! Glory to you!
- ↑ Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostomos (Greek) (GOARCH)
- ↑ The Most Holy Theotokos & Ever-Virgin Mary Mother of God at Come and See Icons
- ↑ The Ever-Virginity of the Mother of God by Fr. John Hainsworth (GOARCH)
- ↑ Mary Ever-Virgin: Perpetual Virginity of Mary
- ↑ Answering Common Objections: A Closer Look at Christ's Church: Mary, Ark of the Covenant "Parallel Between the Visitation and the Ark's Journey to Jerusalem" and "Parallel Between Daniel 9 and Luke 1&2" by Scott and Kimberly Hahn
- ↑ The Capitula of the Council
See also
- Theotokonymia
- Akathists relating to the Theotokos
- Icons of the Theotokos
- Magnificat - also called the Song of the Theotokos
- The Holy Family in Egypt
Published works
- Holy Apostles Convent. The Life of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. (ISBN 0944359035)
- Dr. Brian E. Daley (S.J.). "Woman of many names: Mary in Orthodox and Catholic theology." Theological Studies 71.4 (2010): pp.846+.
- Very Rev. Archimandrite Maximos Constas, trans. Mother of the Light: Prayers to the Theotokos. Newrome Press, 2018. ISBN 9781939028822.
External links
- Why is Mary Considered Ever-Virgin?
- An Orthodox View of the Virgin Mary
- Veneration of the Virgin Mary by Protopresbyter Michael Polsky
- Facing Up to Mary by Fr. Peter E. Gillquist
- Holy Fathers – The Most Holy Virgin Mary (Orthodox America)
- Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos
- Icons of the Theotokos
- Immaculate (Mis)Conception by Fr. Joseph Huneycutt
- Theological articles devoted to the Theotokos by Myriobiblos the Online library of the Church of Greece (Greek)
- Miriam Lambouras. "The Marian Apparitions: Divine Intervention or Delusion?" The Shepherd: An Orthodox Christian Pastoral Magazine 16, no.12 (September 1996) to 18, no.4 (December 1997).
- "Lourdes and Fatima: True or False?" Orthodox England
- The Icon of the Theotokos - History, Significance and Interpretation
- Our Lady of the perpetual help, an Orthodox perspective
From Our Life in Christ:
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Welcome to the MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® Painting Party! A group of awesome DIY bloggers, including myself, have all completed projects using MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® paint. Now we're giving you the chance to read our tutorials, gather inspiration, have fun and win prizes! Check out my project below and then jump to the other blogs in the party for even more inspiration!
I'm the last stop on the painting party train today, so if you're just joining us, please head on back to the beginning and see some other great projects from some very talented blog stars.
- Sarah @ Alderberry Hill *Go Back to the Beginning!*
- Cristi @ Charm Home
- Sara @ House Bella
- Jerusalem @ Jolly Goode Gal
- Katie @ Craptastic
- Ann Marie @ Twice Lovely *You Are Here!*
I've been chomping at the bit to jump into this project, but have been waiting for inspiration to hit. I wanted it to have every bit of WOW that it deserved. Check out those gorgeous ornate details, carved pulls and marble tops!
I knew I wanted to do a paint treatment that would highlight all those details. I decided to paint a base coat of white, add petroleum jelly over all the details, then paint a deep and vibrant blue over that. With the distressed white peeking through the details and just the right blue, I envisioned it looking like a piece of flow blue china. (Thank you MyColor, because Medieval Blue worked out to be the PERFECT flow blue!)
Sometimes these ideas are a little more exciting in the planning and disappoint in the executing, but let me tell you, I couldn't have been more pleased with how this project turned out. I was giddy!
First, when I began working on this piece, I thought I was going to have to recreate some missing moulding with my favorite JB Weld Kwikwood. So imagine my happy dance upon finding all the missing moulding pieces stashed in the drawers! Eeeeeeee!!!
After some repair work, including gluing back on the broken mouldings and removing the broken caster feet, I sprayed on a base coat of white primer. Confession: I used a canned spray primer this time. Why do I feel like I'm somehow cheating? I love Krylon spray primer! It's fantastic for bleed through control on old pieces like this. One of the best, really!
After the white primer base coat was on, I went back with a cheapo chip bristle brush and dabbed on some petroleum jelly over all the details: the handles, the key holes, the appliques, the corbels, and the moulding.
Then came MyColor's Medieval Blue! Because of all the nooks and crannies of all those details, I decided it would be most efficient to spray on the paint. The MyColor paint is thick, far too thick for the spray gun to handle, so it took significant thinning to get it to the right consistency for spraying. Thinning of paint to the correct consistency takes some practice with your particular gun, but after a while, it becomes second nature. If I had to guess, I would say I thinned this paint at least 1 part water to 2 parts paint. It might have even been as much as half and half.
The paint started to resist the petroleum jelly as soon as it was sprayed on, and did amazing things as it dried. I started to get very excited. And might have squeeled just a little.
So then I attacked the crackling, resisting paint with the scrubby side of an old sponge. And I definitely squeeled. A lot…
It turned out every bit as wonderfully chippy and authentically aged as I imagined, an ode to Flow Blue China.
The generous folks at MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® would like one of you to win 3 pots of MyColor™ paint to try it out for yourself! If you'd like a chance to win some MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® for your own project, simply comment on my post and share how you'd use MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® in your next project! Feel free to comment on the other blogs in the party too – they'll all be giving away samples! For a second chance to win, tweet your project ideas to @MyColorPaints using hashtag #PassItOn. Also check out and like the MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® Facebook page to get access to the schedule for today's parties as well as the rest of the parties going on this month! Share your project ideas there for one more chance to win! Make sure to leave a separate comment on this post for each entry!
The giveaway will be open through next Wednesday, October 31st.
Good luck!
MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® reached out to me to participate in the MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® Painting Party. My post represents my honest experience with MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® paint. I am not being paid for my answers, but I did receive MyColor™ inspired by Pantone® paint to use for this project.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Sizing Information
Ring Sizing Tips
Please note that ring sizing is a matter of comfort, above all: finger sizes fluctuate throughout the day and with temperature.
Additional information on ring sizing is available here: we recommend you check the size of a ring you currently love to wear against our sizing. We recommend you print out the attached pdf if you need help determining ring size: we do not recommend attempting to size using a mobile device.
Please note that most of our rings are classified as:
Sizable up or down by up to two sizes in half size increments: if the size you need is not available and falls within 2 sizes up or down of a ring we do have, we can likely size it for you. Charges will apply: see additional information on our ring sizing service available here
Sizable up by a half size: we can size the ring only up and only by about a half size: generally this is due to the detail on the piece and/or the setting of the stone. Charges will apply: see additional information on our ring sizing service available here
Unsizeable due to material or design constraints, the ring cannot be sized: the listed sizes are all that are available.
Additional Ring Sizing Advice
Temperature is Important
Don't measure when your body temperature is either too cold or too hot. A cold finger shrinks while a hot finger expands causing an inaccurate reading. Only measure when fingers are at room temperature.
When Two Sizes Seem to Fit
If you hesitate between two sizes, always go with the larger one.
A Wider Band Needs a Bigger Size
If you consider purchasing a wide band, move up a size from your measurement, for comfort's sake.
Don't Use Strings
When measuring your finger, always refrain from using a string, they tend to stretch, which can result in wrong size. ALWAYS use a paper strip about 1/2" in width.
Big Knuckles Can Affect Your Size
If your knuckle is a lot larger than the base of your finger, measure both the base of your finger and your knuckle and select a size in between the two.
For Best Results, Use a Plain Band
Extra wide band styles tend to run slightly small. If you're borrowing a ring for sizing and it has a narrower shaft than the one you wish to purchase, you may wish to order a ring a size larger than the normal size worn. Also, large stone rings may cause the shank to lift up when laid on its side on the display, slightly distorting the size measurements.
Is There a Difference Between Sizes for Men and for Women?
No: ring sizes range in a continuous scale used for both men and women.
Chain Selection
Our pendants are sold with a Metalsmiths Sterling™ chain with a secure lobster clasp and logo tag of quality - the price includes a chain selected to best coordinate with the pendant. For most pieces, the standard length is an 18" chain, but more petite pieces may include a 16" chain and larger pieces may include a 20" chain: you can select your preferred length for any pendant upon purchase.
As a general guideline, 16" chains are considered choker length - pendants on this length of chain tend to sit near the base of the throat: 18" is standard or classic length, and usually lets the pendant rest near the collarbone or clavicle, above the collar of most shirts. 22" - 24" chains tend to sit a little lower, but still above the chest. 28" - 36" chains usually result in the pendant resting below the bust line and make for a more dramatic statement. The actual fit will vary from person: this is only a general guide.


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Marlborough Tax Levy Lawyer
Do you have an outstanding tax debt you have failed to sort out with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) after a long time? If your answer is yes, you may be facing a tax levy which is the final action the IRS can take to collect your tax dues. You can still appeal the tax levy, but if you don't do it on time, you will lose your assets like vehicles, houses, and wages that will set you back financially.
Whether you have received a notice from the IRS that they will levy your properties due to your tax debt, don't worry. There are still ways to stop the levy from proceeding and protect your assets as you pay your tax debt. But, if you don't want to make a mistake in doing these ways, you should hire a competent and experienced Marlborough tax levy lawyer who can assist you.
At Defense Tax Partners, you don't have to worry about the complicated steps involved in sorting out ways of getting the tax levy prevented and your tax debt paid. We have handled many cases that required intense negotiations with the IRS to prevent asset levies from taking place and agree on a debt resolution plan that will get the taxes paid in the shortest amount of time possible. Our team will work fast to get the negotiations ongoing because we only have a maximum of 30 days after receiving a final levy notice from the agency. Defense Tax Partners will tailor the service to suit your needs and get the best result all parties can agree upon.
Call Defense Tax Partners at (860) 362-2738 for your Free Consultation with a Marlborough Tax Levy Lawyer!
What is a Tax Levy?
The IRS has several ways to collect a debt, but if the taxpayer continues to ignore these actions or fails to reach out to the agency for an alternative payment agreement, the agency has no choice but to call in a tax levy.
A tax levy involves the following process:
- The IRS will assess the tax debt.
- The tax bill or a Notice and Demand for Payment will be sent to the taxpayer.
- If the due is not paid or there is no attempt in negotiating for a better debt settlement plan, the agency will send a Final Notice of Intent to Levy and a Notice of Your Right to a Hearing to the taxpayer.
- The taxpayer is given 30 days to satisfy the debt or finalize a new debt settlement plan. If nothing happens in 30 days, the IRS will execute a levy on your assets.
Any asset that has high value and can be used to pay off the taxpayer's tax debt will be considered. A trusted Marlborough tax levy lawyer can guide you through the various types of tax levies the agency can impose, and they are as follows:
Bank Levies
Bank levies are the most common type of tax levies imposed on taxpayers who fail to pay off their debt. In this levy, the IRS will reach out to your bank and ask them to freeze your account for 21 days until you pay off your debt. If you fail to pay off your debt, the account will be seized, and any money in the account will be taken as tax debt. The process will continue until the debt is satisfied.
Property Seizure
Property seizures involve properties with high value, such as private vehicles, houses, dividends, licenses, cash loans, insurance policies, and other similar properties. After a certain period, these properties will be sold, and the money that will be received from the sale will be used to pay off your tax debt.
Reduced Tax Refunds
If you receive either state or federal tax refunds, the IRS will take them completely or a huge part of it for your tax payment.
Wage Garnishment
The levy can also be done through wage garnishment, an action that will lead to you receiving a reduced salary because part of your salary will be sent directly to the IRS by your company as a tax payment.
Wage garnishment ends if the entire debt is paid, you are able to get a new repayment scheme from the agency, and if your case falls under the statute of limitations.
Preventing a Tax Levy
If you are facing a tax levy, the best way to resolve it is by paying your tax debt in full. However, not everyone can pay off their tax debt because of their financial situation.
Fortunately, the government understands that there will be taxpayers who can't pay their taxes in full and offer a variety of tax debt relief programs they can avail themselves of. Defense Tax Partners can assist you in understanding each one of these programs and help you pick the best one for your situation. We will do our best to increase your chances of getting an approved relief program application and help you keep up with your new payment scheme.
Some of the tax debt relief programs we can help you with include:
- Offer in Compromise
- Innocent Spouse Relief
- Installment plans
- Currently Not Collectible (CNC) Status
But what if the IRS is already starting the levy? Don't worry! The levy can still be prevented, and you can still protect your properties and assets. We can appeal to the IRS about their decision and argue that the levy has put you in a very difficult financial situation that you can't recover from. We will also negotiate for a payment plan that you can follow for your taxes and get the agency to agree to it. Rest assured, we will do our best to reach a favorable settlement with the agency for your tax debt and protect your assets in the process.
Call Defense Tax Partners at (860) 362-2738 for your Free Consultation with a Marlborough Tax Levy Lawyer!
Professional Legal Representation
When the IRS indicates that they will levy your property for your failure to pay your taxes, you need to mobilize immediately because you only have a few weeks to stop them from taking your assets. However, if you reach out to a Marlborough tax levy lawyer who can negotiate with the IRS for a better tax payment scheme, you can prevent the levy from taking place.
At Defense Tax Partners, we can provide you with the legal representation you need to get the levy postponed even if you received the Notice and Demand for Payment from the agency. Once you reach out to us, we will immediately look at the possible options available to get your tax dues paid with the IRS and protect your assets from potential levies.
Defense Tax Partners also offers the following legal services for the following tax situations:
1. Passport Reinstatement
2. Tax Lien Removal
3. Innocent Spouse
4. Audit Representation
5. Tax Preparation
6. Penalty Abatement
7. Tax Resolution
8. Offer in Compromise
9. Wage Garnishment Removal
10. Bank Levy Removal
No matter what property is involved in the tax levy or how much your tax due is, our legal team is ready to provide you with all the legal services you need to get the case resolved and prevent the levy from being enforced. We will personalize our services to suit your situation and fight for the best possible result.
Let's Talk Now – Free Consultation
Before your property and wages are levied by the agency, get the help of a trusted Marlborough tax levy lawyer who can speak to the IRS for a different tax payment scheme and stop the levy from being enforced.
Defense Tax Partners can help you reach an ideal settlement with the IRS for your taxes and keep your property safe from possible seizures while you try to pay your taxes. Make us your tax law firm today, and we'll help you whenever you find yourself having tax issues at either the federal or state level.
Call Defense Tax Partners at (860) 362-2738 for your Free Consultation with a Marlborough Tax Levy Lawyer!


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Teeth for Life
Practicing good oral hygiene means maintaining your smile by visiting the dentist regularly and taking care of your teeth and gums between checkups. Our practice wants to make sure that you get the most out of your office visits, and that your teeth stay healthy for life! We'll work with you to provide complete dental care, and show you how to maintain your smile at home with the right dental products for you and your family.
Dental Cleanings and Regular Checkups
Regular dental checkups are an important part of maintaining your oral health. During your regular checkup, your hygienist will:
- Check for any problems that you may not see or feel
- Look for cavities or any other signs of tooth decay
- Inspect your teeth and gums for gingivitis and signs of periodontal disease
- Provide a thorough teeth cleaning, rinse, and polish
Visiting the dentist every six months gives you the chance to talk with your doctor and receive answers for any questions you may have about your oral health. Checkups are also a great way for you to find out about new treatments that may benefit your smile.
Choosing the Right Toothpaste and Toothbrush
From toothpaste and mouthwash to toothbrushes and dental floss, it's important to choose the right products for your smile. Keep in mind that when you're looking for a new toothpaste or toothbrush, be sure to choose one that has been approved by the American Dental Association (ADA). Your dentist can also help by recommending certain dental products for use at home.
Learn More
Did you know that at birth, people already have 20 primary (baby) teeth that begin erupting after six months, and that by age 21, there are no more primary teeth, and all 32 permanent teeth have erupted?
Getting to know your teeth can be fun and educational!


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The ring is a size 6.5 and 4.5mm at the widest point.
This ring is sizable to most finger sizes. Some size may have to be special ordered and will take 4-6 weeks to deliver.
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It is important to set out in writing the reasons that are motivating you to sell your current home. You might ask yourself, "Why am I selling my home and what do I expect to accomplish?" If you have a growing family and you need more space you may be under less pressure to get your house ready to sell than if you were, let's say, moving to a new city due to career opportunity.
Explore your short and long term goals and decide how selling your house fits into those goals. I will help you identify all of the variables within your individual goals and how best to achieve them in our local real estate market. I will apply all of my local knowledge to your particular needs and goals and then help you set a realistic time frame for the process. This will help you to establish a time management path for selling your home and finding your new Dream Home.
Your next objective is to consult with me, your real estate agent to determine the best possible selling price of your home. I will help you determine the state of our local market, the condition of your home, and show you sales of comparable homes in your neighborhood. I will then create a comparative market analysis by taking into consideration the type of market you are in and recent sales of area properties. Then we will be able to determine a fair market value that will help sell your home within your desired time frame.
Often, it can be hard for you, as a seller, to maintain objectivity, so remember to be reasonable about the price you set. You will always be better off setting a fair market value than setting your price high expecting that someone will come along and be willing to pay that inflated price. Do not use old logic that you will take a lower price when a prospective buyer is found, be objective and fair when you price the home and you will be far likely to receive better quicker offers avoiding having your home set on the market. If your home stays on the market too long because it was overpriced, potential buyers may think that something is wrong with it and you may end up selling it for less than what you could have gotten had you started out with your asking price based on a fair market analysis.
Now that your home is ready, it's time to put it up the For Sale Sign and market it. We will establish a marketing plan, or strategy and we will then work our plan. I will expose your home to the most potential buyers possible by using our marketing plan this will bringing not only the most buyers, but also the most qualified buyers, to your doorstep. There are many different ways to get the word out there that your home is for sale. A yard sign, flyers, virtual tours and direct marketing are just a few of the many options available. If you are in a buyer's market we will have to be extra careful when developing our plan. We do not want your home to sit with no one showing interest. You and I will structure our marketing strategy so that the first 3-6 weeks that your home is on the market will be the busiest.
It's time to get your home in "showing and selling" condition. Most of us don''t keep our homes in the condition it would need to be in to sell. Over the years those boxes in the corner of the garage just seem to multiply in some inconceivable way on their own. Things have broken that we just have never gotten around to fixing and some things have just plain worn out. We just accept the fact that they will always be this way. It is this frame of mind that you have to break out of in order to get your home ready to show. How your home looks will have an immense impact on how quickly it sells and whether or not you get full market value for it.
First impressions are very important and you only get to make one. I will help you to make a great first impression because I am out there interacting in the marketplace every day, so I can assist you in approaching your home from the buyer's standpoint. What needs to be changed to make a good first impression? This may mean that all you do is prune the trees and shrubs. On the other hand, it may mean that you completely repaint the house, inside and out. Do a "curb to door" check. Give the potential buyers a clear path to enter the home. The fewer obstacles between the buyer and the true appeal of your home the better. Keep in mind that over time we become accustomed to our surroundings. What's normal for you may be detrimental to the buyer.
Make your home look as spacious as possible. Organize your closets and kitchen cabinets, and if you have things stored in the attic or basement, make sure they are presentable. If you are showing during the day, pull back your curtains and drapes to show how bright and cheery your home is. If you are showing at night, turn on all of the lights to create a warm and welcoming environment for the prospective buyers. A home that is marked with your personality and style will be much easier to sell.
When a buyer decides to buy your home, an offer will be presented. I will then advise you as to whether or not the prospective buyer is qualified to purchase your home. After all, there is no reason to review an offer if the person(s) making it will not be able to actually buy your home. We will then review the written document, taking care to note what is required of both parties to execute the transaction. The contract should protect the best interests of all parties involved and should be comprehensive in nature. Once we accept the offer, it will be too late to make any changes.
The contract, though not limited to this list, should include the following:
• A legal description of the property
• The offering price
• The down payment
• Financing arrangements
• A list of fees and who will pay them
• Amount of the deposit
• Inspection rights and possible repair allowances
• The method of conveying the title and who will handle the closing
• A list of appliances and furnishings which will stay with the home
• The settlement date
• Any relevant contingencies Remember that the legalities of this phase are very important. If you have any questions or concerns, be certain to address them with me right away.
Most offers to purchase your home will require some level of negotiation to come to a win-win agreement. I am well versed on the legalities of the real estate contract used here in our area and will handle the responsibility of protecting you and your best interest throughout these negotiations. In addition, I have a thorough understanding of the contract itself, including what each contract clause means to you and our buyer, what you will net from the sale of your home, and what areas in the contract lend themselves easiest to negotiation. I will review the written offer with you to make sure that you thoroughly understand what the buyers are offering and what they are asking in return.
Some of the items that you may have to negotiate are:
• The price
• Financing
• Closing costs
• Repairs that need to be done
• Appliances and fixtures
• Landscaping
• Painting
• Occupancy time frame
To really gain some insight into why potential buyers are pursuing the purchase of your home and how they might proceed in the negotiations, it is also important to know as much about the buyer as possible, especially their motivation for buying. Once both parties have reached a point where the deal is acceptable, I will be certain that you have a legally executable contract.
Once you have accepted an offer to sell your home, I will inform you of all the procedures involved in order to proceed successfully to closing, as well as each parties responsibilities for completing those procedures. For instance, the property may need to be formally appraised, surveyed, inspected or repaired. Depending on the specifics reached during the negotiations, you may pay for all, some, or none of these items.
I will then coordinate with all the parties and keep you informed as to the results of the various procedures. If each procedure returns acceptable results as defined by the contract, then the sale may continue. If there are problems with the property the terms set forth in the contract will dictate your next step. Depending on the contract, you or the buyer may decide to walk away, open a new round of negotiations, or close. I will of course be there to advise you throughout this process and will help you coordinate any actions you must take to keep the sale moving forward.
There are some sales that go smoothly and some that require a lot of work to get to the closing table. Until you get into it, you won't know which one you have on your hands. Either way, I will be there with you every step of the way.
A few days before the closing, I will contact the title company closing the transaction to make sure that all of the necessary forms and documents have been prepared and are going to be available for you to sign on the appropriate date. I will also contact each party to the transaction to be certain that they have taken each action necessary for closing, so that the entire closing can proceed on the date and time planned. I will also prepare you in advance for the process of the closing, advising you of any documents you must bring to the closing, how much time to block off for the transaction, and any other information that is pertinent to the closing meeting.
"Closing" refers to the meeting where ownership of the property is legally transferred to the buyer. I will be present during the closing to help explain the process and forms to you and make sure everything goes as planned. By being present during the closing, I can mediate any last minute issues that may arise. As the seller, you will need to be prepared to give over any necessary documentation regarding the property and, depending on the arrangements made during negotiations, you may be required to have done something specific in order to close. Be sure to read all the documents and ask any questions you may have. It is important that you understand every document you are signing.
Now that, everything has gone smoothly and you will be closing and moving from your home in the time frame that you had anticipated. I will help you create a checklist of all the things you will need to do to turn the property over to the new owners. You will need to make sure that all of the local services (i.e. electricity, gas, lawn care, cable, etc.) have been cancelled or, if the new owner is going to retain some of the services, the name on the account should be changed. The property and anything assigned to the buyer according to the contract should be prepared appropriately for the new owners. This will make the transition as smooth and effortless as possible.


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Sell your complete Land Rover Discovery I, II, or Land Rover project but not individual parts. Posts listing parts for sale will be removed, and the users may be banned from posting. COMMERCIAL POSTING IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
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Goldston Low Lounge Accent Chair Black 30"H x 29.5"W x 33"D
About Us
TrendingHi strives to offer the trendiest and ever-changing products on the market. Specializing in NEW, CLEARANCE and OVERSTOCK goods at bargain prices. Get Inspired and explore the best buying experience. Shop today and awaken your creativity.
Copyright © 2018, TrendingHi. All Rights Reserved.


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Description & Details
Delivery & Returns
Book an Appointment
Description & Details
'Jaipur' Collection 18 karat Yellow Gold Necklet with mixed stones.
Total Item Weight: 10.84 grams
Length: 42cm
Reference: 080497
Delivery & Returns
All our deliveries are free of charge in Australia, and our expert courier service will ensure your jewellery reaches you as quickly as possible. Delivery is subject to stock availability and we aim to deliver within 3 to 5 working days.
We are confident you will love your McKinney's jewellery, but should you have made the wrong selection you can return your item within 7 days from the date you received and we will be happy to arrange an exchange or a full refund for you (please be aware on international deliveries we cannot refund any import duties or taxes).
Book an Appointment
For 137 years McKinney's Jewellers has taken pride in working with the finest jewels and master craftsmen to create pieces that will last a lifetime. Let us help make your dreams come true by making a private appointment with one of our expert staff!
Schedule a virtual appointment with one of our experts at a time that suits. You may also request to view a specific piece and our experts can have this organised for your virtual appointment.


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Vector Autumn Elegant Frame PowerPoint Background, Google Slide
We provide PowerPoint background Vector Autumn Elegant Frame for PowerPoint templates, which can be used for your PPT Slides, Use this for your presentation.
The downloadable file is available in JPEG, in large screen resolution 618x638.
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File Format: JPEGMaximum Size Available: 618x638
Category: Border and Frame Backgrounds
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Submitted: April 24, 2011
Author: Amaar
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The Obama administration continued walking a fine line today when describing the attack on the United States consulate in Benghazi, Libya.
"It is, I think, self-evident that what happened in Benghazi was a terrorist attack," White House spokesman Jay Carney said aboard Air Force One, according to Reuters. "Our embassy was attacked violently and the result was four deaths of American officials. So, again, that's self-evident."
But Carney — just like Matt Olsen, the director of the National Counterterrorism Center, before him — stopped short of saying the attacks were planned in advance.
NPR's Dina Temple-Raston reported this morning, Olsen was grilled on the issue yesterday on Capitol Hill.
Sen. Susan Collins, a Republican from Maine, told him bluntly that she believed the attack wasn't an impromptu reaction to an anti-Islam film, but a "premeditated, planned attack that was associated with the anniversary of 9/11."
This matters, Dina reported, because if the attack was premeditated "it means the U.S. should or could have stopped it."
Shortly after Carney made those comments, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced that she had formed an "accountability review board" to investigate the attack.
Reuters reports:
"Clinton told reporters that the panel would be chaired by Thomas Pickering, a highly regarded retired U.S. diplomat who served as ambassador to Russia, India, Israel, El Salvador, Nigeria, Jordan and at the U.S. Mission at the United Nations."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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What our customers are saying:
"Just a short note to thank you for the excellent service your company offers. I have ordered from you for many years and always with great results. It's nice to work with such a reliable organization. No one matches your supply, your prices, and the speed with which you are able to get product out the door."
M.L. from British Columbia, Canada


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The Pomeranian is the smallest dog of the spitz family of dogs. They are able to be traced back as a descendant of actual sled dogs from Lapland and Iceland. They get their name from areas in Poland and Germany, which is where they were originally bred. In the 1800s, after Queen Victoria of England praised these dogs, their popularity took off and never slowed down since. In 1888 they were officially recognized by the American Kennel Club. They remain a top dog today in the United States.
Many would describe their Pomeranians as fearless, loving, loyal, and caring. Despite this breed being a very small dog, they do not back down from anyone or anything. They have tiny bodies but huge loving hearts. For generations, this breed has topped the charts of popular dogs and remains a top breed in the United States. Their temperament is best described as happy, warm, and sometimes a bit stubborn.
The Pomeranian comes in more colors than most dogs. Thirteen to be exact, which range from light-colored cream to honeycomb to red to chocolate to black, as well as some with different variations and blends. With a soft and very fluffy coat, it is wise to take the time to brush and comb his fur routinely. Starting with slow and short strokes tends to free any knots this dog may have. The more often brushing takes place, the easier the process becomes. Keeping up with your dog's grooming needs is a very important aspect of his care. It is also recommended that routine nail clipping and teeth cleaning are conducted, as well as a weekly bath.
Feeding your puppy quality dog food in the right amounts is crucial. Pomeranians that are still growing should eat about one and a quarter cups of food in a 24-hour period. Mature Pomeranians should be fed one-half cups of food per pound of their body weight in a 24-hour period. Most would recommend that the food is divided into two portions and served about twelve hours apart. This breed does not require an excessive amount of care, however, basic care will make this dog look and feel his best.
Breed Size and Life Expectancy
Fact: The Pomeranian is a tiny dog that weighs less than fifteen pounds yet originates from a line of very large, strong, and physical dogs.
Fact: The Pomeranian has been spotted with some very famous people. These people include Mozart, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Michelangelo, who allowed his Pomeranian to watch as he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel!
Fact: This breed is known to be very loyal to his family, especially children.
Petland is honored to offer the highest quality Pomeranian puppies who will be an instant fit on your lap and in your family.
Top Ten Frequently Asked Questions about the Pomeranian
How can I care for Pomeranians?
Keep them active with toys and playtime. This is good for their mental health. Also, start a grooming routine with them as pups so that as they get older, they won't resist brushing or baths.
Where is the best place to keep Pomeranian?
Pomeranians are best kept indoors. They are prone to overheating and can suffer heat stroke if kept outside in the heat for too long. Their small size also requires that they are kept in a safe environment.
Should Pomeranians be spayed?
Yes. Pomeranians, especially the females, should be spayed yearly. Female Pomeranians begin to shed when they are due for spaying.
What is Pomeranians general behavior?
Pomeranians are generally active, playful and friendly.
What is the life expectancy of a Pomeranian?
Their lifespan ranges from 12-16 years
What are the common health problems of a Pomeranian?
Common health problems for Pomeranians include merle, tracheal collapse, luxating patella, and cryptorchidism. Most of these issues occur when their grooming is neglected. Frequent cleaning of the teeth, eye, and ear can keep these health issues at bay. When properly cared for, Pomeranians are healthy dogs.
How often should Pomeranians be fed?
Share a cup of high-quality dog food into two. Give them one half during the day and the other half at night.
How often should Pomeranians be bathed?
You can bathe your Pomeranian as frequently as you wish.
Can Pomeranians cohabit with other animals?
Yes. Pomeranians can live with cats, hamsters, birds, and other animals.
How can Pomeranians be kept active?
Buy them toys and play with them frequently.
If you want a dog that is lively and portable, the Pomeranian is the perfect choice for you!
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CCC is a nationwide certification program which establishes rigorous standards for breeders. The CCC's audit guidelines are the first to comprehensively focus on behavior and physical health of dogs.
Source: vet.purdue.edu/ccc/consumers.php


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If you're looking for answers to your Back Pain Episodic Soap Note Case Study, you've come to the right place. Here we have a team of experts who can help you understand your case study and provide the best guidance on treating your back pain.
This study provides detailed information about a person's back pain, including when it started, how long it lasts, and what treatment has been most effective. Several factors can contribute to back pain, and it's important to understand all the clues in your case study before beginning treatment.
Our experts can help you untangle the information and develop a personalized plan for addressing your back pain case study questions. We also provide correct answers to any questions you request. Below is a sample case study that we have correctly answered for students.
Back Pain Episodic Soap Note Case Study Question Description
I need support with this Health & Medical question so I can learn better. I have provided a template and an example of the episodic case study template that you would need to use
A 42-year-old male reports pain in his lower back for the past month. The pain sometimes radiates to his left leg. In determining the cause of the back pain, based on your knowledge of anatomy, what nerve roots might be involved? How would you test for each of them? What other symptoms need to be explored? What are your differential diagnoses for acute low back pain? Consider the possible origins using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines as a framework. What physical examination will you perform? What special maneuvers will you perform?
With regard to the case study you were assigned:
- Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study you were assigned.
- Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient's condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
- Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.
- Post an episodic/focused note about the patient in the case study to which you were assigned using the episodic/focused note template provided in the Week 5 resources.
- Provide evidence from the literature to support diagnostic tests that would be appropriate for each case.
- List five different possible conditions for the patient's differential diagnosis, and justify why you selected each.
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer's spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at "padding" to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
Discussion Questions (DQ)
- Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
- Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
- One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or "good post," and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
- I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation - Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
- In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
- Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else's work).
- Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
- APA Format and Writing Quality
Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes
I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters' level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters' level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else's words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy
For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a "final submit" to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else's thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy
The university's policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.