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perlxstut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
This tutorial will educate the reader on the steps involved in creating a Perl extension. The reader is assumed to have access to perlguts, perlapi and perlxs.
This tutorial starts with very simple examples and becomes more complex, with each new example adding new features. Certain concepts may not be completely explained until later in the tutorial in order to slowly ease the reader into building extensions.
This tutorial was written from a Unix point of view. Where I know them to be otherwise different for other platforms (e.g. Win32), I will list them. If you find something that was missed, please let me know.
This tutorial assumes that the make program that Perl is configured to use is called make
. Instead of running "make" in the examples that follow, you may have to substitute whatever make program Perl has been configured to use. Running perl -V:make should tell you what it is.
When writing a Perl extension for general consumption, one should expect that the extension will be used with versions of Perl different from the version available on your machine. Since you are reading this document, the version of Perl on your machine is probably 5.005 or later, but the users of your extension may have more ancient versions.
To understand what kinds of incompatibilities one may expect, and in the rare case that the version of Perl on your machine is older than this document, see the section on "Troubleshooting these Examples" for more information.
If your extension uses some features of Perl which are not available on older releases of Perl, your users would appreciate an early meaningful warning. You would probably put this information into the README file, but nowadays installation of extensions may be performed automatically, guided by CPAN.pm module or other tools.
In MakeMaker-based installations, Makefile.PL provides the earliest opportunity to perform version checks. One can put something like this in Makefile.PL for this purpose:
eval { require 5.007 }
or die <<EOD;
### This module uses frobnication framework which is not available
### before version 5.007 of Perl. Upgrade your Perl before
### installing Kara::Mba.
It is commonly thought that if a system does not have the capability to dynamically load a library, you cannot build XSUBs. This is incorrect. You can build them, but you must link the XSUBs subroutines with the rest of Perl, creating a new executable. This situation is similar to Perl 4.
This tutorial can still be used on such a system. The XSUB build mechanism will check the system and build a dynamically-loadable library if possible, or else a static library and then, optionally, a new statically-linked executable with that static library linked in.
Should you wish to build a statically-linked executable on a system which can dynamically load libraries, you may, in all the following examples, where the command "make
" with no arguments is executed, run the command "make perl
" instead.
If you have generated such a statically-linked executable by choice, then instead of saying "make test
", you should say "make test_static
". On systems that cannot build dynamically-loadable libraries at all, simply saying "make test
" is sufficient.
For threaded builds, perl requires the context pointer for the current thread, without PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT
, perl will call a function to retrieve the context.
For improved performance, include:
#define PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT
as shown below.
For more details, see perlguts.
Now let's go on with the show!
Our first extension will be very simple. When we call the routine in the extension, it will print out a well-known message and return.
Run "h2xs -A -n Mytest
". This creates a directory named Mytest, possibly under ext/ if that directory exists in the current working directory. Several files will be created under the Mytest dir, including MANIFEST, Makefile.PL, lib/Mytest.pm, Mytest.xs, t/Mytest.t, and Changes.
The MANIFEST file contains the names of all the files just created in the Mytest directory.
The file Makefile.PL should look something like this:
use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
# See lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm for details of how to influence
# the contents of the Makefile that is written.
NAME => 'Mytest',
VERSION_FROM => 'Mytest.pm', # finds $VERSION
LIBS => [''], # e.g., '-lm'
DEFINE => '', # e.g., '-DHAVE_SOMETHING'
INC => '', # e.g., '-I/usr/include/other'
The file Mytest.pm should start with something like this:
package Mytest;
use 5.008008;
use strict;
use warnings;
require Exporter;
our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( 'all' => [ qw(
) ] );
our @EXPORT_OK = ( @{ $EXPORT_TAGS{'all'} } );
our @EXPORT = qw(
our $VERSION = '0.01';
require XSLoader;
XSLoader::load('Mytest', $VERSION);
# Preloaded methods go here.
# Below is the stub of documentation for your module. You better
# edit it!
The rest of the .pm file contains sample code for providing documentation for the extension.
Finally, the Mytest.xs file should look something like this:
#define PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT
#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
#include "XSUB.h"
#include "ppport.h"
MODULE = Mytest PACKAGE = Mytest
Let's edit the .xs file by adding this to the end of the file:
printf("Hello, world!\n");
It is okay for the lines starting at the "CODE:" line to not be indented. However, for readability purposes, it is suggested that you indent CODE: one level and the lines following one more level.
Now we'll run "perl Makefile.PL
". This will create a real Makefile, which make needs. Its output looks something like:
% perl Makefile.PL
Checking if your kit is complete...
Looks good
Writing Makefile for Mytest
Now, running make will produce output that looks something like this (some long lines have been shortened for clarity and some extraneous lines have been deleted):
% make
cp lib/Mytest.pm blib/lib/Mytest.pm
perl xsubpp -typemap typemap Mytest.xs > Mytest.xsc && \
mv Mytest.xsc Mytest.c
Please specify prototyping behavior for Mytest.xs (see perlxs manual)
cc -c Mytest.c
Running Mkbootstrap for Mytest ()
chmod 644 Mytest.bs
rm -f blib/arch/auto/Mytest/Mytest.so
cc -shared -L/usr/local/lib Mytest.o -o blib/arch/auto/Mytest/Mytest.so
chmod 755 blib/arch/auto/Mytest/Mytest.so
cp Mytest.bs blib/arch/auto/Mytest/Mytest.bs
chmod 644 blib/arch/auto/Mytest/Mytest.bs
Manifying blib/man3/Mytest.3pm
You can safely ignore the line about "prototyping behavior" - it is explained in "The PROTOTYPES: Keyword" in perlxs.
Perl has its own special way of easily writing test scripts, but for this example only, we'll create our own test script. Create a file called hello that looks like this:
#! /opt/perl5/bin/perl
use ExtUtils::testlib;
use Mytest;
Now we make the script executable (chmod +x hello
), run the script and we should see the following output:
% ./hello
Hello, world!
Now let's add to our extension a subroutine that will take a single numeric argument as input and return 1 if the number is even or 0 if the number is odd.
Add the following to the end of Mytest.xs:
int input
RETVAL = (input % 2 == 0);
There does not need to be whitespace at the start of the "int input
" line, but it is useful for improving readability. Placing a semi-colon at the end of that line is also optional. Any amount and kind of whitespace may be placed between the "int
" and "input
Now re-run make to rebuild our new shared library.
Now perform the same steps as before, generating a Makefile from the Makefile.PL file, and running make.
In order to test that our extension works, we now need to look at the file Mytest.t. This file is set up to imitate the same kind of testing structure that Perl itself has. Within the test script, you perform a number of tests to confirm the behavior of the extension, printing "ok" when the test is correct, "not ok" when it is not.
use Test::More tests => 4;
BEGIN { use_ok('Mytest') };
# Insert your test code below, the Test::More module is use()ed here
# so read its man page ( perldoc Test::More ) for help writing this
# test script.
is(&Mytest::is_even(0), 1);
is(&Mytest::is_even(1), 0);
is(&Mytest::is_even(2), 1);
We will be calling the test script through the command "make test
". You should see output that looks something like this:
%make test
PERL_DL_NONLAZY=1 /usr/bin/perl "-MExtUtils::Command::MM" "-e"
"test_harness(0, 'blib/lib', 'blib/arch')" t/*.t
All tests successful.
Files=1, Tests=4, 0 wallclock secs ( 0.03 cusr + 0.00 csys = 0.03 CPU)
The program h2xs is the starting point for creating extensions. In later examples we'll see how we can use h2xs to read header files and generate templates to connect to C routines.
h2xs creates a number of files in the extension directory. The file Makefile.PL is a perl script which will generate a true Makefile to build the extension. We'll take a closer look at it later.
The .pm and .xs files contain the meat of the extension. The .xs file holds the C routines that make up the extension. The .pm file contains routines that tell Perl how to load your extension.
Generating the Makefile and running make
created a directory called blib (which stands for "build library") in the current working directory. This directory will contain the shared library that we will build. Once we have tested it, we can install it into its final location.
Invoking the test script via "make test
" did something very important. It invoked perl with all those -I
arguments so that it could find the various files that are part of the extension. It is very important that while you are still testing extensions that you use "make test
". If you try to run the test script all by itself, you will get a fatal error. Another reason it is important to use "make test
" to run your test script is that if you are testing an upgrade to an already-existing version, using "make test
" ensures that you will test your new extension, not the already-existing version.
When Perl sees a use extension;
, it searches for a file with the same name as the use
'd extension that has a .pm suffix. If that file cannot be found, Perl dies with a fatal error. The default search path is contained in the @INC
In our case, Mytest.pm tells perl that it will need the Exporter and Dynamic Loader extensions. It then sets the @ISA
and @EXPORT
arrays and the $VERSION
scalar; finally it tells perl to bootstrap the module. Perl will call its dynamic loader routine (if there is one) and load the shared library.
The two arrays @ISA
and @EXPORT
are very important. The @ISA
array contains a list of other packages in which to search for methods (or subroutines) that do not exist in the current package. This is usually only important for object-oriented extensions (which we will talk about much later), and so usually doesn't need to be modified.
The @EXPORT
array tells Perl which of the extension's variables and subroutines should be placed into the calling package's namespace. Because you don't know if the user has already used your variable and subroutine names, it's vitally important to carefully select what to export. Do not export method or variable names by default without a good reason.
As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object-oriented then don't export anything. If it's just a collection of functions and variables, then you can export them via another array, called @EXPORT_OK
. This array does not automatically place its subroutine and variable names into the namespace unless the user specifically requests that this be done.
See perlmod for more information.
The $VERSION
variable is used to ensure that the .pm file and the shared library are "in sync" with each other. Any time you make changes to the .pm or .xs files, you should increment the value of this variable.
The importance of writing good test scripts cannot be over-emphasized. You should closely follow the "ok/not ok" style that Perl itself uses, so that it is very easy and unambiguous to determine the outcome of each test case. When you find and fix a bug, make sure you add a test case for it.
By running "make test
", you ensure that your Mytest.t script runs and uses the correct version of your extension. If you have many test cases, save your test files in the "t" directory and use the suffix ".t". When you run "make test
", all of these test files will be executed.
Our third extension will take one argument as its input, round off that value, and set the argument to the rounded value.
Add the following to the end of Mytest.xs:
double arg
if (arg > 0.0) {
arg = floor(arg + 0.5);
} else if (arg < 0.0) {
arg = ceil(arg - 0.5);
} else {
arg = 0.0;
Edit the Makefile.PL file so that the corresponding line looks like this:
'LIBS' => ['-lm'], # e.g., '-lm'
Generate the Makefile and run make. Change the test number in Mytest.t to "9" and add the following tests:
$i = -1.5; &Mytest::round($i); is( $i, -2.0 );
$i = -1.1; &Mytest::round($i); is( $i, -1.0 );
$i = 0.0; &Mytest::round($i); is( $i, 0.0 );
$i = 0.5; &Mytest::round($i); is( $i, 1.0 );
$i = 1.2; &Mytest::round($i); is( $i, 1.0 );
Running "make test
" should now print out that all nine tests are okay.
Notice that in these new test cases, the argument passed to round was a scalar variable. You might be wondering if you can round a constant or literal. To see what happens, temporarily add the following line to Mytest.t:
Run "make test
" and notice that Perl dies with a fatal error. Perl won't let you change the value of constants!
We've made some changes to Makefile.PL. In this case, we've specified an extra library to be linked into the extension's shared library, the math library libm in this case. We'll talk later about how to write XSUBs that can call every routine in a library.
The value of the function is not being passed back as the function's return value, but by changing the value of the variable that was passed into the function. You might have guessed that when you saw that the return value of round is of type "void".
You specify the parameters that will be passed into the XSUB on the line(s) after you declare the function's return value and name. Each input parameter line starts with optional whitespace, and may have an optional terminating semicolon.
The list of output parameters occurs at the very end of the function, just after the OUTPUT: directive. The use of RETVAL tells Perl that you wish to send this value back as the return value of the XSUB function. In Example 3, we wanted the "return value" placed in the original variable which we passed in, so we listed it (and not RETVAL) in the OUTPUT: section.
The xsubpp program takes the XS code in the .xs file and translates it into C code, placing it in a file whose suffix is .c. The C code created makes heavy use of the C functions within Perl.
The xsubpp program uses rules to convert from Perl's data types (scalar, array, etc.) to C's data types (int, char, etc.). These rules are stored in the typemap file ($PERLLIB/ExtUtils/typemap). There's a brief discussion below, but all the nitty-gritty details can be found in perlxstypemap. If you have a new-enough version of perl (5.16 and up) or an upgraded XS compiler (ExtUtils::ParseXS
3.13_01 or better), then you can inline typemaps in your XS instead of writing separate files. Either way, this typemap thing is split into three parts:
The first section maps various C data types to a name, which corresponds somewhat with the various Perl types. The second section contains C code which xsubpp uses to handle input parameters. The third section contains C code which xsubpp uses to handle output parameters.
Let's take a look at a portion of the .c file created for our extension. The file name is Mytest.c:
if (items != 1)
Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Usage: Mytest::round(arg)");
PERL_UNUSED_VAR(cv); /* -W */
double arg = (double)SvNV(ST(0)); /* XXXXX */
if (arg > 0.0) {
arg = floor(arg + 0.5);
} else if (arg < 0.0) {
arg = ceil(arg - 0.5);
} else {
arg = 0.0;
sv_setnv(ST(0), (double)arg); /* XXXXX */
Notice the two lines commented with "XXXXX". If you check the first part of the typemap file (or section), you'll see that doubles are of type T_DOUBLE. In the INPUT part of the typemap, an argument that is T_DOUBLE is assigned to the variable arg by calling the routine SvNV on something, then casting it to double, then assigned to the variable arg. Similarly, in the OUTPUT section, once arg has its final value, it is passed to the sv_setnv function to be passed back to the calling subroutine. These two functions are explained in perlguts; we'll talk more later about what that "ST(0)" means in the section on the argument stack.
In general, it's not a good idea to write extensions that modify their input parameters, as in Example 3. Instead, you should probably return multiple values in an array and let the caller handle them (we'll do this in a later example). However, in order to better accommodate calling pre-existing C routines, which often do modify their input parameters, this behavior is tolerated.
In this example, we'll now begin to write XSUBs that will interact with pre-defined C libraries. To begin with, we will build a small library of our own, then let h2xs write our .pm and .xs files for us.
Create a new directory called Mytest2 at the same level as the directory Mytest. In the Mytest2 directory, create another directory called mylib, and cd into that directory.
Here we'll create some files that will generate a test library. These will include a C source file and a header file. We'll also create a Makefile.PL in this directory. Then we'll make sure that running make at the Mytest2 level will automatically run this Makefile.PL file and the resulting Makefile.
In the mylib directory, create a file mylib.h that looks like this:
#define TESTVAL 4
extern double foo(int, long, const char*);
Also create a file mylib.c that looks like this:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "./mylib.h"
foo(int a, long b, const char *c)
return (a + b + atof(c) + TESTVAL);
And finally create a file Makefile.PL that looks like this:
use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
$Verbose = 1;
NAME => 'Mytest2::mylib',
SKIP => [qw(all static static_lib dynamic dynamic_lib)],
clean => {'FILES' => 'libmylib$(LIB_EXT)'},
sub MY::top_targets {
all :: static
pure_all :: static
static :: libmylib$(LIB_EXT)
libmylib$(LIB_EXT): $(O_FILES)
$(AR) cr libmylib$(LIB_EXT) $(O_FILES)
$(RANLIB) libmylib$(LIB_EXT)
Make sure you use a tab and not spaces on the lines beginning with "$(AR)" and "$(RANLIB)". Make will not function properly if you use spaces. It has also been reported that the "cr" argument to $(AR) is unnecessary on Win32 systems.
We will now create the main top-level Mytest2 files. Change to the directory above Mytest2 and run the following command:
% h2xs -O -n Mytest2 ./Mytest2/mylib/mylib.h
This will print out a warning about overwriting Mytest2, but that's okay. Our files are stored in Mytest2/mylib, and will be untouched.
The normal Makefile.PL that h2xs generates doesn't know about the mylib directory. We need to tell it that there is a subdirectory and that we will be generating a library in it. Let's add the argument MYEXTLIB to the WriteMakefile call so that it looks like this:
'NAME' => 'Mytest2',
'VERSION_FROM' => 'Mytest2.pm', # finds $VERSION
'LIBS' => [''], # e.g., '-lm'
'DEFINE' => '', # e.g., '-DHAVE_SOMETHING'
'INC' => '', # e.g., '-I/usr/include/other'
'MYEXTLIB' => 'mylib/libmylib$(LIB_EXT)',
and then at the end add a subroutine (which will override the pre-existing subroutine). Remember to use a tab character to indent the line beginning with "cd"!
sub MY::postamble {
$(MYEXTLIB): mylib/Makefile
cd mylib && $(MAKE) $(PASSTHRU)
Let's also fix the MANIFEST file so that it accurately reflects the contents of our extension. The single line that says "mylib" should be replaced by the following three lines:
To keep our namespace nice and unpolluted, edit the .pm file and change the variable @EXPORT
to @EXPORT_OK
. Finally, in the .xs file, edit the #include line to read:
#include "mylib/mylib.h"
And also add the following function definition to the end of the .xs file:
int a
long b
const char * c
Now we also need to create a typemap because the default Perl doesn't currently support the const char *
type. Include a new TYPEMAP section in your XS code before the above function:
const char * T_PV
Now run perl on the top-level Makefile.PL. Notice that it also created a Makefile in the mylib directory. Run make and watch that it does cd into the mylib directory and run make in there as well.
Now edit the Mytest2.t script and change the number of tests to "4", and add the following lines to the end of the script:
is( &Mytest2::foo(1, 2, "Hello, world!"), 7 );
is( &Mytest2::foo(1, 2, "0.0"), 7 );
ok( abs(&Mytest2::foo(0, 0, "-3.4") - 0.6) <= 0.01 );
(When dealing with floating-point comparisons, it is best to not check for equality, but rather that the difference between the expected and actual result is below a certain amount (called epsilon) which is 0.01 in this case)
Run "make test
" and all should be well. There are some warnings on missing tests for the Mytest2::mylib extension, but you can ignore them.
Unlike previous examples, we've now run h2xs on a real include file. This has caused some extra goodies to appear in both the .pm and .xs files.
In the .xs file, there's now a #include directive with the absolute path to the mylib.h header file. We changed this to a relative path so that we could move the extension directory if we wanted to.
There's now some new C code that's been added to the .xs file. The purpose of the constant
routine is to make the values that are #define'd in the header file accessible by the Perl script (by calling either TESTVAL
or &Mytest2::TESTVAL
). There's also some XS code to allow calls to the constant
The .pm file originally exported the name TESTVAL
in the @EXPORT
array. This could lead to name clashes. A good rule of thumb is that if the #define is only going to be used by the C routines themselves, and not by the user, they should be removed from the @EXPORT
array. Alternately, if you don't mind using the "fully qualified name" of a variable, you could move most or all of the items from the @EXPORT
array into the @EXPORT_OK
If our include file had contained #include directives, these would not have been processed by h2xs. There is no good solution to this right now.
We've also told Perl about the library that we built in the mylib subdirectory. That required only the addition of the MYEXTLIB
variable to the WriteMakefile call and the replacement of the postamble subroutine to cd into the subdirectory and run make. The Makefile.PL for the library is a bit more complicated, but not excessively so. Again we replaced the postamble subroutine to insert our own code. This code simply specified that the library to be created here was a static archive library (as opposed to a dynamically loadable library) and provided the commands to build it.
The .xs file of "EXAMPLE 4" contained some new elements. To understand the meaning of these elements, pay attention to the line which reads
MODULE = Mytest2 PACKAGE = Mytest2
Anything before this line is plain C code which describes which headers to include, and defines some convenience functions. No translations are performed on this part, apart from having embedded POD documentation skipped over (see perlpod) it goes into the generated output C file as is.
Anything after this line is the description of XSUB functions. These descriptions are translated by xsubpp into C code which implements these functions using Perl calling conventions, and which makes these functions visible from Perl interpreter.
Pay a special attention to the function constant
. This name appears twice in the generated .xs file: once in the first part, as a static C function, then another time in the second part, when an XSUB interface to this static C function is defined.
This is quite typical for .xs files: usually the .xs file provides an interface to an existing C function. Then this C function is defined somewhere (either in an external library, or in the first part of .xs file), and a Perl interface to this function (i.e. "Perl glue") is described in the second part of .xs file. The situation in "EXAMPLE 1", "EXAMPLE 2", and "EXAMPLE 3", when all the work is done inside the "Perl glue", is somewhat of an exception rather than the rule.
In "EXAMPLE 4" the second part of .xs file contained the following description of an XSUB:
int a
long b
const char * c
Note that in contrast with "EXAMPLE 1", "EXAMPLE 2" and "EXAMPLE 3", this description does not contain the actual code for what is done during a call to Perl function foo(). To understand what is going on here, one can add a CODE section to this XSUB:
int a
long b
const char * c
RETVAL = foo(a,b,c);
However, these two XSUBs provide almost identical generated C code: xsubpp compiler is smart enough to figure out the CODE:
section from the first two lines of the description of XSUB. What about OUTPUT:
section? In fact, that is absolutely the same! The OUTPUT:
section can be removed as well, as far as CODE:
section or PPCODE:
section is not specified: xsubpp can see that it needs to generate a function call section, and will autogenerate the OUTPUT section too. Thus one can shortcut the XSUB to become:
int a
long b
const char * c
Can we do the same with an XSUB
int input
RETVAL = (input % 2 == 0);
of "EXAMPLE 2"? To do this, one needs to define a C function int is_even(int input)
. As we saw in "Anatomy of .xs file", a proper place for this definition is in the first part of .xs file. In fact a C function
is_even(int arg)
return (arg % 2 == 0);
is probably overkill for this. Something as simple as a #define
will do too:
#define is_even(arg) ((arg) % 2 == 0)
After having this in the first part of .xs file, the "Perl glue" part becomes as simple as
int input
This technique of separation of the glue part from the workhorse part has obvious tradeoffs: if you want to change a Perl interface, you need to change two places in your code. However, it removes a lot of clutter, and makes the workhorse part independent from idiosyncrasies of Perl calling convention. (In fact, there is nothing Perl-specific in the above description, a different version of xsubpp might have translated this to TCL glue or Python glue as well.)
With the completion of Example 4, we now have an easy way to simulate some real-life libraries whose interfaces may not be the cleanest in the world. We shall now continue with a discussion of the arguments passed to the xsubpp compiler.
When you specify arguments to routines in the .xs file, you are really passing three pieces of information for each argument listed. The first piece is the order of that argument relative to the others (first, second, etc). The second is the type of argument, and consists of the type declaration of the argument (e.g., int, char*, etc). The third piece is the calling convention for the argument in the call to the library function.
While Perl passes arguments to functions by reference, C passes arguments by value; to implement a C function which modifies data of one of the "arguments", the actual argument of this C function would be a pointer to the data. Thus two C functions with declarations
int string_length(char *s);
int upper_case_char(char *cp);
may have completely different semantics: the first one may inspect an array of chars pointed by s, and the second one may immediately dereference cp
and manipulate *cp
only (using the return value as, say, a success indicator). From Perl one would use these functions in a completely different manner.
One conveys this info to xsubpp by replacing *
before the argument by &
. &
means that the argument should be passed to a library function by its address. The above two function may be XSUB-ified as
char * s
char &cp
For example, consider:
char &a
char * b
The first Perl argument to this function would be treated as a char and assigned to the variable a, and its address would be passed into the function foo. The second Perl argument would be treated as a string pointer and assigned to the variable b. The value of b would be passed into the function foo. The actual call to the function foo that xsubpp generates would look like this:
foo(&a, b);
xsubpp will parse the following function argument lists identically:
char &a
char & a
However, to help ease understanding, it is suggested that you place a "&" next to the variable name and away from the variable type), and place a "*" near the variable type, but away from the variable name (as in the call to foo above). By doing so, it is easy to understand exactly what will be passed to the C function; it will be whatever is in the "last column".
You should take great pains to try to pass the function the type of variable it wants, when possible. It will save you a lot of trouble in the long run.
If we look at any of the C code generated by any of the examples except example 1, you will notice a number of references to ST(n), where n is usually 0. "ST" is actually a macro that points to the n'th argument on the argument stack. ST(0) is thus the first argument on the stack and therefore the first argument passed to the XSUB, ST(1) is the second argument, and so on.
When you list the arguments to the XSUB in the .xs file, that tells xsubpp which argument corresponds to which of the argument stack (i.e., the first one listed is the first argument, and so on). You invite disaster if you do not list them in the same order as the function expects them.
The actual values on the argument stack are pointers to the values passed in. When an argument is listed as being an OUTPUT value, its corresponding value on the stack (i.e., ST(0) if it was the first argument) is changed. You can verify this by looking at the C code generated for Example 3. The code for the round() XSUB routine contains lines that look like this:
double arg = (double)SvNV(ST(0));
/* Round the contents of the variable arg */
sv_setnv(ST(0), (double)arg);
The arg variable is initially set by taking the value from ST(0), then is stored back into ST(0) at the end of the routine.
XSUBs are also allowed to return lists, not just scalars. This must be done by manipulating stack values ST(0), ST(1), etc, in a subtly different way. See perlxs for details.
XSUBs are also allowed to avoid automatic conversion of Perl function arguments to C function arguments. See perlxs for details. Some people prefer manual conversion by inspecting ST(i)
even in the cases when automatic conversion will do, arguing that this makes the logic of an XSUB call clearer. Compare with "Getting the fat out of XSUBs" for a similar tradeoff of a complete separation of "Perl glue" and "workhorse" parts of an XSUB.
While experts may argue about these idioms, a novice to Perl guts may prefer a way which is as little Perl-guts-specific as possible, meaning automatic conversion and automatic call generation, as in "Getting the fat out of XSUBs". This approach has the additional benefit of protecting the XSUB writer from future changes to the Perl API.
Sometimes you might want to provide some extra methods or subroutines to assist in making the interface between Perl and your extension simpler or easier to understand. These routines should live in the .pm file. Whether they are automatically loaded when the extension itself is loaded or only loaded when called depends on where in the .pm file the subroutine definition is placed. You can also consult AutoLoader for an alternate way to store and load your extra subroutines.
There is absolutely no excuse for not documenting your extension. Documentation belongs in the .pm file. This file will be fed to pod2man, and the embedded documentation will be converted to the manpage format, then placed in the blib directory. It will be copied to Perl's manpage directory when the extension is installed.
You may intersperse documentation and Perl code within the .pm file. In fact, if you want to use method autoloading, you must do this, as the comment inside the .pm file explains.
See perlpod for more information about the pod format.
Once your extension is complete and passes all its tests, installing it is quite simple: you simply run "make install". You will either need to have write permission into the directories where Perl is installed, or ask your system administrator to run the make for you.
Alternately, you can specify the exact directory to place the extension's files by placing a "PREFIX=/destination/directory" after the make install (or in between the make and install if you have a brain-dead version of make). This can be very useful if you are building an extension that will eventually be distributed to multiple systems. You can then just archive the files in the destination directory and distribute them to your destination systems.
In this example, we'll do some more work with the argument stack. The previous examples have all returned only a single value. We'll now create an extension that returns an array.
This extension is very Unix-oriented (struct statfs and the statfs system call). If you are not running on a Unix system, you can substitute for statfs any other function that returns multiple values, you can hard-code values to be returned to the caller (although this will be a bit harder to test the error case), or you can simply not do this example. If you change the XSUB, be sure to fix the test cases to match the changes.
Return to the Mytest directory and add the following code to the end of Mytest.xs:
char * path
int i;
struct statfs buf;
i = statfs(path, &buf);
if (i == 0) {
} else {
You'll also need to add the following code to the top of the .xs file, just after the include of "XSUB.h":
#include <sys/vfs.h>
Also add the following code segment to Mytest.t while incrementing the "9" tests to "11":
@a = &Mytest::statfs("/blech");
ok( scalar(@a) == 1 && $a[0] == 2 );
@a = &Mytest::statfs("/");
is( scalar(@a), 7 );
This example added quite a few new concepts. We'll take them one at a time.
The INIT: directive contains code that will be placed immediately after the argument stack is decoded. C does not allow variable declarations at arbitrary locations inside a function, so this is usually the best way to declare local variables needed by the XSUB. (Alternatively, one could put the whole PPCODE:
section into braces, and put these declarations on top.)
This routine also returns a different number of arguments depending on the success or failure of the call to statfs. If there is an error, the error number is returned as a single-element array. If the call is successful, then a 7-element array is returned. Since only one argument is passed into this function, we need room on the stack to hold the 7 values which may be returned.
We do this by using the PPCODE: directive, rather than the CODE: directive. This tells xsubpp that we will be managing the return values that will be put on the argument stack by ourselves.
When we want to place values to be returned to the caller onto the stack, we use the series of macros that begin with "XPUSH". There are five different versions, for placing integers, unsigned integers, doubles, strings, and Perl scalars on the stack. In our example, we placed a Perl scalar onto the stack. (In fact this is the only macro which can be used to return multiple values.)
The XPUSH* macros will automatically extend the return stack to prevent it from being overrun. You push values onto the stack in the order you want them seen by the calling program.
The values pushed onto the return stack of the XSUB are actually mortal SV's. They are made mortal so that once the values are copied by the calling program, the SV's that held the returned values can be deallocated. If they were not mortal, then they would continue to exist after the XSUB routine returned, but would not be accessible. This is a memory leak.
If we were interested in performance, not in code compactness, in the success branch we would not use XPUSHs
macros, but PUSHs
macros, and would pre-extend the stack before pushing the return values:
The tradeoff is that one needs to calculate the number of return values in advance (though overextending the stack will not typically hurt anything but memory consumption).
Similarly, in the failure branch we could use PUSHs
without extending the stack: the Perl function reference comes to an XSUB on the stack, thus the stack is always large enough to take one return value.
In this example, we will accept a reference to an array as an input parameter, and return a reference to an array of hashes. This will demonstrate manipulation of complex Perl data types from an XSUB.
This extension is somewhat contrived. It is based on the code in the previous example. It calls the statfs function multiple times, accepting a reference to an array of filenames as input, and returning a reference to an array of hashes containing the data for each of the filesystems.
Return to the Mytest directory and add the following code to the end of Mytest.xs:
SV * paths
AV * results;
SSize_t numpaths = 0, n;
int i;
struct statfs buf;
if ((!SvROK(paths))
|| (SvTYPE(SvRV(paths)) != SVt_PVAV)
|| ((numpaths = av_top_index((AV *)SvRV(paths))) < 0))
results = (AV *)sv_2mortal((SV *)newAV());
for (n = 0; n <= numpaths; n++) {
HV * rh;
STRLEN l;
char * fn = SvPV(*av_fetch((AV *)SvRV(paths), n, 0), l);
i = statfs(fn, &buf);
if (i != 0) {
av_push(results, newSVnv(errno));
rh = (HV *)sv_2mortal((SV *)newHV());
hv_store(rh, "f_bavail", 8, newSVnv(buf.f_bavail), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_bfree", 7, newSVnv(buf.f_bfree), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_blocks", 8, newSVnv(buf.f_blocks), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_bsize", 7, newSVnv(buf.f_bsize), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_ffree", 7, newSVnv(buf.f_ffree), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_files", 7, newSVnv(buf.f_files), 0);
hv_store(rh, "f_type", 6, newSVnv(buf.f_type), 0);
av_push(results, newRV_inc((SV *)rh));
RETVAL = newRV_inc((SV *)results);
And add the following code to Mytest.t, while incrementing the "11" tests to "13":
$results = Mytest::multi_statfs([ '/', '/blech' ]);
ok( ref $results->[0] );
ok( ! ref $results->[1] );
There are a number of new concepts introduced here, described below:
This function does not use a typemap. Instead, we declare it as accepting one SV* (scalar) parameter, and returning an SV* value, and we take care of populating these scalars within the code. Because we are only returning one value, we don't need a PPCODE:
directive - instead, we use CODE:
and OUTPUT:
When dealing with references, it is important to handle them with caution. The INIT:
block first calls SvGETMAGIC(paths), in case paths is a tied variable. Then it checks that SvROK
returns true, which indicates that paths is a valid reference. (Simply checking SvROK
won't trigger FETCH on a tied variable.) It then verifies that the object referenced by paths is an array, using SvRV
to dereference paths, and SvTYPE
to discover its type. As an added test, it checks that the array referenced by paths is non-empty, using the av_top_index
function (which returns -1 if the array is empty). The XSRETURN_UNDEF macro is used to abort the XSUB and return the undefined value whenever all three of these conditions are not met.
We manipulate several arrays in this XSUB. Note that an array is represented internally by an AV* pointer. The functions and macros for manipulating arrays are similar to the functions in Perl: av_top_index
returns the highest index in an AV*, much like $#array; av_fetch
fetches a single scalar value from an array, given its index; av_push
pushes a scalar value onto the end of the array, automatically extending the array as necessary.
Specifically, we read pathnames one at a time from the input array, and store the results in an output array (results) in the same order. If statfs fails, the element pushed onto the return array is the value of errno after the failure. If statfs succeeds, though, the value pushed onto the return array is a reference to a hash containing some of the information in the statfs structure.
As with the return stack, it would be possible (and a small performance win) to pre-extend the return array before pushing data into it, since we know how many elements we will return:
av_extend(results, numpaths);
We are performing only one hash operation in this function, which is storing a new scalar under a key using hv_store
. A hash is represented by an HV* pointer. Like arrays, the functions for manipulating hashes from an XSUB mirror the functionality available from Perl. See perlguts and perlapi for details.
To create a reference, we use the newRV_inc
function. Note that you can cast an AV* or an HV* to type SV* in this case (and many others). This allows you to take references to arrays, hashes and scalars with the same function. Conversely, the SvRV
function always returns an SV*, which may need to be cast to the appropriate type if it is something other than a scalar (check with SvTYPE
At this point, xsubpp is doing very little work - the differences between Mytest.xs and Mytest.c are minimal.
XPUSH args AND set RETVAL AND assign return value to array
Setting $!
You would think passing files to an XS is difficult, with all the typeglobs and stuff. Well, it isn't.
Suppose that for some strange reason we need a wrapper around the standard C library function fputs()
. This is all we need:
#define PERLIO_NOT_STDIO 0
#define PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT
#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
#include "XSUB.h"
#include <stdio.h>
fputs(s, stream)
char * s
FILE * stream
The real work is done in the standard typemap.
But you lose all the fine stuff done by the perlio layers. This calls the stdio function fputs()
, which knows nothing about them.
The standard typemap offers three variants of PerlIO *: InputStream
(T_IN), InOutStream
(T_INOUT) and OutputStream
(T_OUT). A bare PerlIO *
is considered a T_INOUT. If it matters in your code (see below for why it might) #define or typedef one of the specific names and use that as the argument or result type in your XS file.
The standard typemap does not contain PerlIO * before perl 5.7, but it has the three stream variants. Using a PerlIO * directly is not backwards compatible unless you provide your own typemap.
For streams coming from perl the main difference is that OutputStream
will get the output PerlIO * - which may make a difference on a socket. Like in our example...
For streams being handed to perl a new file handle is created (i.e. a reference to a new glob) and associated with the PerlIO * provided. If the read/write state of the PerlIO * is not correct then you may get errors or warnings from when the file handle is used. So if you opened the PerlIO * as "w" it should really be an OutputStream
if open as "r" it should be an InputStream
Now, suppose you want to use perlio layers in your XS. We'll use the perlio PerlIO_puts()
function as an example.
In the C part of the XS file (above the first MODULE line) you have
#define OutputStream PerlIO *
typedef PerlIO * OutputStream;
And this is the XS code:
perlioputs(s, stream)
char * s
OutputStream stream
RETVAL = PerlIO_puts(stream, s);
We have to use a CODE
section because PerlIO_puts()
has the arguments reversed compared to fputs()
, and we want to keep the arguments the same.
Wanting to explore this thoroughly, we want to use the stdio fputs()
on a PerlIO *. This means we have to ask the perlio system for a stdio FILE *
perliofputs(s, stream)
char * s
OutputStream stream
FILE *fp = PerlIO_findFILE(stream);
if (fp != (FILE*) 0) {
RETVAL = fputs(s, fp);
} else {
Note: PerlIO_findFILE()
will search the layers for a stdio layer. If it can't find one, it will call PerlIO_exportFILE()
to generate a new stdio FILE
. Please only call PerlIO_exportFILE()
if you want a new FILE
. It will generate one on each call and push a new stdio layer. So don't call it repeatedly on the same file. PerlIO_findFILE()
will retrieve the stdio layer once it has been generated by PerlIO_exportFILE()
This applies to the perlio system only. For versions before 5.7, PerlIO_exportFILE()
is equivalent to PerlIO_findFILE()
As mentioned at the top of this document, if you are having problems with these example extensions, you might see if any of these help you.
In versions of 5.002 prior to the gamma version, the test script in Example 1 will not function properly. You need to change the "use lib" line to read:
use lib './blib';
In versions of 5.002 prior to version 5.002b1h, the test.pl file was not automatically created by h2xs. This means that you cannot say "make test" to run the test script. You will need to add the following line before the "use extension" statement:
use lib './blib';
In versions 5.000 and 5.001, instead of using the above line, you will need to use the following line:
BEGIN { unshift(@INC, "./blib") }
This document assumes that the executable named "perl" is Perl version 5. Some systems may have installed Perl version 5 as "perl5".
For more information, consult perlguts, perlapi, perlxs, perlmod, and perlpod.
Jeff Okamoto <email@example.com>
Reviewed and assisted by Dean Roehrich, Ilya Zakharevich, Andreas Koenig, and Tim Bunce.
PerlIO material contributed by Lupe Christoph, with some clarification by Nick Ing-Simmons.
Changes for h2xs as of Perl 5.8.x by Renee Baecker


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text:
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text:
Previous Lesson
Complete and Continue
CASA: Cloud and Security Architecture v4
Update to version 5 in progress!
Welcome to Cloud and Security Architecture (CASA)
Teachable platform tips
Meet your instructor
Initial survey: where do you come from, where do you want to go?
Don't study alone, many people want to help you!
Pre-class v4 AWS setup instructions
CSA Cloud Security Guidance document
ENISA Cloud Computing Security Risk Assessment
CCSK by module and by domain
The big WHY of cloud computing
CCSK Official Student Handbook and slide deck
A bit of relaxation
Preparation for online training
5 day online program
Online training sessions on Adobe Connect - date and time schedule
Tips for online sessions: tests and sound
Tools for online training, offline study and labs
Introduction - background refresher
Stuff you should know before you begin studying
Computer Science explained in 17 minutes
Networking 101
Basics of DNS
Understand public and private keys
Data storage background
NAS, SAN and storage networks
Containers and Docker
Organization of IT services - Phoenix Project
Governance, a business story
Day 1 starting up
Classroom training - Pitch your neighbour
Virtual classroom - Introduction into the CCSK sprint sessions
Day 1 Section 1 Introduction and Architecture
Study and learning approach
Cloud Computing is changing all jobs in IT
CCSK Official Module 1
The AWS story
Demo video: getting started on AWS EC2 (8:53)
A hybrid IT supply chain example (3:55)
What is cloud computing? Essential characteristics.
Service models
Virtualization versus cloud (2:41)
Activity: Service models
Deployment and private cloud
AWS Isolation features drilldown (3:48)
Hybrid cloud definition
Summary CCSK D1 Architecture (3:06)
Quiz CCSK Domain 1
More Domain 1 test questions
Reading guide section 1
Lab 1 Core account security
Links to day 1 live session and recordings
Section 1 Extra material beyond CCSK exam
20 years of Amazon's journey - a case study
Bonus course: Cloud business value
Courseware on the major cloud providers
Cloud concepts reference documents
Cloud brokers (and the business model canvas)
Section 2 Infrastructure Security
CCSK Official Module 2
Cloud infrastructure (15:57)
Cloud Saas/Paas architecture (10:51)
Types of PaaS and a brief intro to APIs (8:57)
Summary D7 Infrastructure Security (2:36)
Summary D8 Virtualization and Containers (0:52)
Summary D6 Management Plane and Business Continuity
CCSKv4 Domain 7 test questions
CCSKv4 Domain 8 test questions
CCSKv4 Domain 6 test questions
Reading guide section 2
Lab 2 IAM and monitoring in-depth
Lab 3 Network and instance security
Links to day 2 live session and recordings
Section 2 Extra material beyond CCSK exam
Software defined networking (SDN) (8:52)
Interoperability and Portability
OpenStack Security Guide
Public cloud provider comparison: names for services
A deeper dive into AWS networking
Lab: infrastructure hardening to the next level
Gartner on Infrastructure security (2016)
Docker, Containers and Container Security (23:09)
Section 3 Risk and Governance
5 elements of cloud security (5:11)
CCSK Official Module 3
Risk and IT security
Governance and enterprise risk management
Summary D2 Governance and ERM
CCSKv4 Domain 2 test questions
Activity D3: legal roles
Activity D3: legal roles - answer unit
Service Agreements
Data protection in the EU (GDPR) (1:21)
Summary D3 Legal, Contracts and E-discovery
CCSKv4 Domain 3 test questions
Audit and Compliance
Summary D4 Compliance and Audit Management
CCSKv4 Domain 4 test questions
CCM AND CAIQ overview
Summary CCM & CAIQ
CCSKv4 CCM test questions
ENISA top risks
ENISA summary of 35 risks
Summary ENISA
CCSKv4 Domain ENISA questions
Reading guide section 3
CCM Cloud Controls Matrix download
Lab 6 Risk and provider assessment
Links to day 3 live session and recordings
Section 3 Extra material beyond CCSK exam
CCM/CAIQ version 4
SaaS security, with examples, and more podcasts
SaaS security in 2020
Cloud Governance Resources (5:05)
Cloud migration strategies and their impact on security and governance
A pragmatic perspective on the GDPR
CSA Security, Trust & Assurance Registry (STAR)
Bonus course: CAIQ, CCM and STAR
The Notorious 'Right to Audit'
Bonus course: Cloud Adoption Essentials and business cases
Section 4 Data and Application Security
CCSK Official Module 4 (extended)
Data protection
Encryption Architectures (5:35)
Summary D11 Data Security and Encryption
CCSKv4 Domain 11 questions
Data Security Lifecycle
Summary D5 Information Governance
CCSKv4 Domain 5 questions
CCSK Official Module 5
Application security
Summary D10 Application security
CCSKv4 Domain 10 questions
Federated Identity Management
Summary D12 Identity, Entitlement and Access Management
CCSKv4 Domain 12 questions
Reading guide section 4
Lab 4 Encryption and storage security
Lab 5 Application security and federation
Links to day 4 live session and recordings
Section 4 Extra material beyond CCSK exam
Four good books to read on DevOps (7:41)
The Capital One breach - case study
Data Security resources
Identity management resources
Encryption (key) management steps
Cloud Encryption - AWS and Azure
PEP, PDP and XACML
A sketch of the continous deployment toolchain (3:52)
API gateway products according to Gartner
Lab: API management with Zapier (Ref 31)
Security in the software supply chain
SBOM and SCA (Software Composition Analysis)
Lab & Demo: Continuous deployment (Ref 35) (4:16)
Google Cloud Function full cloud native example
Docker, Kubernetes and ArgoCD for software deployment at scale (13:58)
Section 5 Cloud Security Operations
CCSK Official Module 6
Incident response
Summary D9 Incident Response
CCSKv4 Domain 9 questions
Security as a Service
Summary D13 SecaaS
CCSKv4 Domain 13 questions
Private cloud example: solvency
Domain 14 Related Technologies
Summary D14 Related Technologies
Reading guide section 5
CCSKv4 Domain 14 questions
Links to day 5 live session and recordings
Section 5 Extra material beyond CCSK exam
SecaaS offerings
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Providing Exhaust Replacement Services To All Of The King County Area
We're Your #1 Sammamish Exhaust Repair Shop
Goodmon's Auto Repair is an exhaust shop near me that services all makes and models of vehicles in Sammamish, WA. We have been in business for over 40 years. We pride ourselves in honesty, integrity, and always practicing good business with our customers in partner locations. All exhaust repairs we perform on customer vehicles are held to the absolute highest standard. You can always be certain you're getting high-quality work on your car or truck at one of our locations.
Having a car mechanic you know and trust in Sammamish is extremely important. Here at Goodmon's Auto Repair, we understand that our customers are people just like us. They heavily depend on their vehicles for getting to and from work, school events, grocery shopping, and more. That's why our ASE Certified Technicians constantly undergo the most current automotive training and re-certification every 5 years. We want to ensure their skills are always up-to-date with the newest vehicles.
What kind of exhaust shop does this produce? The most knowledgeable exhaust repair mechanics in Sammamish who keep your car quiet and running at peak performance. We're dedicated to making your vehicle exhaust safe for you & your family at every partner facility we have. We don't want anyone to ever stress over vehicle safety or dependability.
D You Need Exhaust Repair? Call Goodmon's Exhaust Shop Today: (855) 557-7329
We provide our customers with the highest quality exhaust repair shop services available. Some examples of exhaust problems we can quickly solve for you include:
- Exhaust repair
- O2 sensor replacement
- Exhaust replacement (front-to-back)
- Catalytic converter repair
- Muffler repair
- Exhaust manifold repair
- Catalytic converter replacement
- Exhaust leak repair
- Muffler replacement
- Exhaust welding
- O2 sensor cleaning
- Exhaust installation
- Custom exhaust
How To Fix An Exhaust Leak? Call Goodmon's @ (855) 557-7329
An exhaust leak can be dangerous for everyone inside your vehicle for multiple reasons. To start, a leak can fill your car with toxic carbon monoxide. This can make you feel sick or even fall asleep while driving. Another bad thing about a leaking exhaust is that it increases emission levels, causes a bunch of noise, and can even make your check engine light come on. Due to just these three reasons, it's highly recommended that you get any exhaust leaks fixed immediately. Here are a few things you can do to try to fix it yourself.
First, you're going to need to locate the leak. Safely jack the car up and inspect the piping for damage like scrapes, rust holes, cracks, or broken exhaust clamps. You can start the vehicle to help you locate it if you're having a tough time. With the car running, cup your hands around your exhaust piping and feel for air escaping. Once you've located the source of the leak, scrub the area with a steel brush (or something similar) to clear any debris away. Depending on how badly it's damaged you have a few things you can try to fix it.
Exhaust Repair 101
Your first option, if the hole is small enough, is to use epoxy. Sand down the area and use acetone to clean any oil or grease. Then mix some epoxy together and apply it to the leak. Allow it to dry and, if done properly, your leak should be sealed. If you have a bigger hole that epoxy won't cover, you'll need to patch it. You can try laying down a piece of aluminum (like from a pop can), or cutting a coffee can then wrapping it around the damage exhaust pipe. Finally, secure it in place with hose clamps.
If none of this has worked, don't worry! Call Goodmon's Auto Repair today and we'll connect you to a Sammamish exhaust repair shop who can fix your leaking exhaust correctly. They may need to completely cut out that piece of pipe and weld in a new one. However, you won't need to worry about a loud and dangerous leak anymore!
When Do I Need to Replace My Muffler?
The muffler is one of the key components to your exhaust system. It does exactly what the name implies – it "muffles" the loud engine sounds. It also helps to direct the exhaust gases out to the rear of your vehicle. A defective muffler means a lot of distracting noise while you're driving. It can also cause very serious health problems from carbon monoxide for everyone inside the car.
There are some signs you can watch for if you think you're due to replace your muffler. The most noticeable sign that your muffler is shot is when your vehicle becomes extremely loud all of the sudden. Further indicators that you need muffler repair is if you see any large pieces of pipe dragging under the car. Finally, if you notice large amounts of water leaking from the muffler then you may have a problem. Some condensation is normal, but a steady leak is not. This could also indicate bigger problems with the engine, especially if it's green or red in color
Trying to crawl under your car to perform a muffler or exhaust system inspection can be intimidating. Plus, without the proper tools, you likely won't be able to replace the muffler yourself. Don't worry though! Just give Goodmon's a call at (855) 557-7329. We'll connect you with a local Sammamish exhaust shop who can handle any and all muffler problems you're having with ease.
Do I Need A New Catalytic Converter On My Vehicle?
If you're experiencing catalytic converter problems with your exhaust system, like a check engine light, then your catalytic converter or oxygen sensors may be to blame. Your catalytic converter (or "cats") are a vital part to your exhaust that regulates the emissions produced by your engine. However, it's pretty tucked away so it's something that most people don't think about or even know exists until something goes wrong with it.
There are a couple of things you should be on the lookout for if you're thinking you may need catalytic converter repair. The first sign of trouble is the check engine light. The codes given from a check engine light could be numerous. A misfire detection, oxygen sensor problems, or an emissions malfunction can all be signs that you need a new catalytic converter. Further signs you may have a problem with your cats is if you notice a sharp decrease in performance or if your fuel consumption has increased.
Your catalytic converters are likely towards the very front of the car and often look like small mufflers. Their location usually makes them difficult to get a good look at to inspect for any problems. This shouldn't worry you though. Goodmon's has the expertise and equipment to thoroughly inspect your catalytic converter(s). Our Sammamish exhaust shop near me can replace these if need be. There's no need to stress – Goodmon's has your back!


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We produce suspension springs for off road bikes. For almost every bike we have the most suitable spring, fits on motorbikes used in the motocross. Take a look at the list to find your motor type and rider weight.
Shock spring: 64.66-255-43
Rider weight: 50-65 kg
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November 25, 2003
His Excellency Mikulas Dzurinda
Prime Minister
Republic of Slovakia
Bratislava, Slovakia
Dear Prime Minister Dzurinda:
We write as a follow-up to the letter dated March 7, 2003 sent by nine Members of the Helsinki Commission regarding reports that Romani women were sterilized without informed consent. We were heartened by your March 20 letter, in which you stated so strongly your commitment to ensure respect for human rights in Slovakia.
Unfortunately, we believe that there were significant deficiencies in the Slovak Government's recently concluded investigation into this matter: conflicts of interest were not adequately addressed; human rights activists and possible victims were threatened with criminal charges for speaking out; investigators failed to evaluate whether consent, when given, was informed; and some Romani women and their lawyers were blocked from accessing their own medical records. The attached memorandum summarizes these shortcomings.
Against this backdrop, Deputy Prime Minister Pal Csaky's assertion that "illegal sterilizations" have not taken place rings hollow, especially as a closer examination of your government's own reports confirms that some women, including minors, were in fact sterilized without consent. Moreover, such denials detract from the positive steps your government is taking–which we welcome–to implement reforms in the health care system intended to ensure that, in the future, sterilizations are only performed when informed consent is given.
Mr. Minister, we hope that your government will indeed press ahead with planned changes to the health care system, as recommended by the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights. In addition, we urge you to institute legal changes that will guarantee patients' rights to their medical records and allow independent expert medical testimony so that individual victims may pursue their cases in court, should they wish to do so.
As is the case in every country, including our own, the protection and promotion of human rights requires constant vigilance. To that end, we once again urge your government to adopt and implement comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation, consistent with Slovakia's commitment in the 1999 Istanbul OSCE Summit Document.
LOUISE McINTOSH SLAUGHTER, M.C.
Shortcomings of the Slovak Government's Investigation
into Reports of Sterilization without Informed Consent (concluded October 2003)
Conflict of interest. In organizing its investigation, the government failed to address the inherent conflict of interest that exists when a government investigates the alleged wrongdoing of its own agents. Although there are no indications that sterilizations without informed consent occurred as a result of a state policy, the state may have been negligent in ensuring that the past practice of targeting Romani women for sterilizations had ceased. In addition, the majority of sterilizations are reportedly performed in public hospitals by medical doctors who are public employees.
Documented violations brushed aside. Although government officials have generally denied–particularly in statements to the press–that "illegal sterilizations" were performed, a closer examination of the government's own reports confirms that 1) some minors were sterilized without parental consent as required; and 2) other women were sterilized without consent based on the mistaken theory that the sterilizations performed at the time of their caesareans were necessary to save their lives. (Revised regulations for conducting sterilizations, still being drafted, would appear to prevent sterilizations being performed under such circumstances in the future.)
Failure to determine if consent was informed. In general, the government limited its investigation to the question of whether sterilized women had a signed consent form in their files. While a signed consent form may constitute prima facie evidence of consent, it does not conclusively demonstrate that the consent was informed or voluntary. In fact, a key argument advanced by non-governmental groups was that some forms were signed by Romani women who could not read or understand the forms; who were in advanced stages of labor; who were under sedation for surgery; or who signed the forms because they were given incorrect medical information regarding the necessity of sterilization. In such cases, informed consent was not obtained.
Threats of criminal charges against human rights activists and possible victims. Human rights activists who investigated and reported this issue were threatened with criminal charges for "spreading alarming information." Police investigators also threatened possible victims with criminal charges during the course of interrogations supposedly conducted to obtain their testimony regarding sterilizations. The constant threat to bring criminal charges against anyone who alleges that sterilizations had been performed without informed consent cannot be reconciled with the investigation's stated goal of getting at the truth.
Access to medical records blocked. In some cases, Romani women and their attorneys were denied access to their medical files. In one case, a hospital refused to comply with two court decrees ordering the hospital to provide access to records. Some doctors have also refused to cooperate with procedural requirements necessary for civil suits to proceed, effectively blocking that possible avenue for redress.


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Add your logo, colours, fonts & content on
clean, simple, grid-based themes.
Easily manage sites, domains, email or stats.
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Mungo & Jemima is a clothing store based in Cape Town's bustling Long Street.
Marian Park-Ross of Good and Kirsty Bannerman of Coppelia opened Mungo & Jemima in March 2008. A sophisticated retail space on Cape Town's bustling Long Street, Mungo & Jemima's cool and elegant interior provides a perfect backdrop for the girls' own labels as well as a further collection of South Africa's new and established designers.
Capsule Projects is an external stimulus to the imagination.
Each Capsule Projects dosage is composed of an aesthetic concept and a collective of creative spirits that engage with the concept. It is supplied in the form of exhibition and/or presentation and as such acts as a catalyst for a range of artistic co-operations. Recommended to take one, unless otherwise directed.
Faith47 is a self-taught artist who draws inspiration from her own intuitive political and existential questions.
Faiths images reconstruct lost objects, broken-down cars, old factories and dusty side roads of forgotten towns. She investigates how humans interact with their enviroment, what scratches and memories they leave behind. Her interactions resonate with our fragility, with our inate understanding of symbols, dreams, textures and inevitable imperminance.
Visioneers is a boutique branding agency based in Cape Town, South Africa.
Visoneers provide businesses with a value for money alternative for creating or refreshing a brand. Their team is made up of marketing and branding specialists from around South Africa and come from top brand and agency backgrounds. This large skills base and simple approach has helped them grow their business to where they now offer a complete marketing solution to all they clients.
Rhys Jones is a furniture designer based in Canberra, Australia.
Rhys starts from the inside, where structure and material are married: in the detail one can see the lawful meetings, the articulate relationship that holds the whole together – the material, the structure, and the forces running through it. He is currently at ANU studying a Bachelor of Design Arts with Honours. Within this degree he has experimented with unusual materials, forms and methods of construction. Rhys is trying to push himself as both a designer and maker.
An affordable monthly payment that includes everything*.
Upgrade anytime, cancel anytime: pay-as-you-go with no set-up costs and no contractual lock-in.
An annual payment that saves money, time & trouble.
(No refunds for early cancellation though: we don't draw the line elsewhere but here we have to.)
Unlimited pages, posts, albums & images – and no setup fee when your site is created. We impose no limitations on the amount of anything you add to your site: you can upload as many images – or other files – to each page, post & album as you require.
In a nutshell it's unlimited, uncapped & unmetered. Unreal, compared to other services out there.
There is no need to find a host for your site; blazing fast hosting is built into the app. You don't have to spend another cent anywhere else.
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All media on your site is uploaded to a scalable and secure infrastructure provided by the Amazon S3 cloud service.
All media on your site is downloaded from a reliable and fast infrastructure provided by the Amazon S3 cloud service.
Is there a setup fee?
There isn't a setup fee involved.
Is there a trial period?
No trial period is necessary as you only pay once you upgrade your site.
Do I need a credit card to sign up?
No credit card is required to sign up; all you need is an email address.
Can I cancel at any time?
Yes; you can cancel any time. We'd like it if you stuck around but you can cancel whenever it suits you.
What plans are available?
There is only one plan available: the unlimited one. Let's keep things nice & simple.
What billing options are available?
You can select either monthly or yearly billing once you upgrade your site.
Do I need a domain to get started?
No domain is required; you can kick off your site on our domain and register or configure your own domain later on.
How many sites can I create?
As many as you require; we don't limit the amount of sites you can create.
And you only start charging me once I upgrade?
We'll charge you when you upgrade your site to your own domain.
(This means you can take as long as you want to build your site as its effectively free until you decide to go live at your own domain.)
How much is it again?
R99/mo or R999/yr for pretty much everything*.
thisarmy is a design and development company based in Cape Town. We've put over 5 years of experience building web products, services and sites into Tank, and hope you enjoy using it as much as we did building it.
Our products and services include:
Tank – build a site;
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Trooper – manage a domain;
Thing – changing everything, changes everything.
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"Thank you for a brilliant app! We've just finished our site (well, at least 95% done) using Tank. With little experience of web design I managed to pull it off with Tank's simple setup. Love it!"Tsai
"Thank you for (an) awesome application. We really feel that it has allowed us to showcase our work to its full potential on our new website."Jared Vorster


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If you're only a member of one shemale site, this should be it. All types of models,
mainly from the US/Canada. Updates weekly with about 9 new sets per week
(do the math thats over 450 sets per year!).
An absolute must!!!
All models of shemaleyum are 18 or over and in compliance with 18 USC 2257. http://www.shemaleyum.com/compliance.html


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Accessibility Statement
K-12 Tech is committed to making its website usable by all people, including those with disabilities by meeting or exceeding the requirements of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 Level A/AA (WCAG 2.0 A/AA). We strive in making our site an equal playing field for everyone.
We continue to monitor our site and make sure that all content provided is accessible to all visitors. In order to help us in this process, we have engaged The Bureau of Internet Accessibility (BoIA.org), an accessibility consulting company, to conduct a full accessibility audit consisting of both automated and manual testing of our website using BoIA's A11Y® platform which provides us with specific recommendations that will assist us in ensuring that our Web presence is in conformance with the WCAG 2.0 A/AA.
It is important to note that efforts to the website are ongoing as we work to implement the relevant improvements to meet WCAG 2.0 A/AA guidelines over time.
Our Commitment to Help
We are dedicated to meeting all of your accessibility needs. Should you have specific questions or concerns about the accessibility of this site or need assistance in using the processes found within this site, we have trained individuals here at K-12 Tech to assist you.
Please contact us directly at at (800) 630-4955. We would be happy to assist in making your visits to our site as convenient as possible.
Third Party Applications
While you are visiting our site, you will notice that we make use of third-party sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to provide information about K-12 Tech. Though individuals may have challenges with access to these particular sites, K-12 Tech does not control or remedy the way content is portrayed.


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Burlington Impaired Driving Lawyer
Impaired Driving Defence Lawyer in Burlington, Ontario
Due to the severe and harsh punishments handed out to Burlington DUI offenders charged with impaired driving, it is always advisable to contact an experienced and reliable DUI Lawyer.
What To Do If Your Facing Impaired Driving Charges in Burlington
Getting arrested for impaired driving charges is a frightening experience, especially for first-time offenders. Failing to act immediately can result in you losing your case at trial and you might be subjected to the maximum punishment for your impaired driving charges.
It is always advisable to contact an experienced DUI lawyer when one is in such a situation. Speed is of essence if a good defence on behalf of the accused is to be planned. We employ a team of investigators that gather evidence first-hand to evaluate whether the charter rights of the accused have been honored. Our defence lies on utilizing this evidence at trial as well as cross examinating the Crown witnesses.
The Laws Constituting Impaired Driving Charges in Burlington, ON
Impaired Driving Charges are centered around Section 253 (1) which states that everyone commits an offence who operates a motor vehicle or vessel; or operates or assists in the operation of an aircraft or railway equipment; or has the care or control of a motor vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment, whether it is in motion or not.
(a) While the person's ability to operate the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment is impaired by alcohol or a drug; or
(b) Having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the concentration in the person's blood exceeds eighty milligrams of alcohol in one hundred milliliters of blood.
However, for an experienced impaired driving attorney in Burlington, ON he/she will find all the necessary information to get you off the impaired driving charges. All you need is to do is contact Burlington DUI Lawyer today.
Do Not Hesitate To Contact Us If You Have Received A DUI Offence in Burlington
Types Of DUI Charges:
Consequences Of A DUI:
Successful Impaired Driving Defence Strategies Used in Burlington, ON
Defence of the accused in impaired driving cases in Burlington begins with gathering evidence at the site as well as establishing that all the charter issues have been strictly followed by the officer who has imposed the charges on the accused. These include s.9 (arbitrary detention), s.10 (a) (right to be informed of the reason why) and s.10 (b) (the right to counsel). In cases where the officer stops you without warrant, then a defence may be raised based on (s.8) (unreasonable search and seizure).
Another crucial section in these cases is s. 11 (b) which is the right to be tried within a reasonable time and the entitlement to full disclosure (s.7, fundamental justice). This is in addition to studying prosecution evidence and cross-examining Crown witnesses.
Our Approach As An Experienced Burlington Driving Impaired Lawyer
One of the primary facets that need to be established in your case is proof of offence. Our experienced impaired driving lawyer will undertake several procedures to evaluate whether all laws have been strictly followed. Apart from the essential elements such as time and date, the identity of the accused and the jurisdiction, the officer should also have reasonable grounds to suspect that the accused impaired ability is caused by the consumption of alcohol or drugs.
In addition, it should be determined whether the accused had been in control of the vehicle over the past three hours. In this case, a demand can be made for physical coordination tests to check for sobriety. Based on these tests, a further demand can then be made for an approved instrument check, a blood test or one for drug evaluation. An experienced driving impaired lawyer will seek to determine whether all the legal procedures were followed before the DUI charges are imposed.
The Professional Evidence Evaluations Conducted By An Impaired Driving Attorney
The process of confirming the impaired driving offence is also carried out by our driving impaired lawyer to determine if the laws in this regard have been followed. For proving that Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) was above the limit of 80mg in 100ml of blood, the first sample should have been drawn as soon as possible and in any case not later than 2 hours after being pulled over. Subsequent samples should have been taken in 15 minutes intervals. For breath samples, an approved instrument should have been used and operated by a certified technician whose report will be placed on trial.
Hire An Elite Impaired Driving Lawyer in Burlington
For defence against impaired driving charges in Burlington, get in touch with us. DUI cases are amongst the most litigated in Burlington courts and we have consistently shown successful results in defending our clients off these charges. Our team of lawyers has vast experience and professional expertise in this field. To learn more about our outstanding services, give us a call.


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Additional information
Weight | 11.3 kg |
Select technique | |
misure |
To see the price and start a purchase, first select the technique and then the measure. Try different combinations to see prices.
Weight | 11.3 kg |
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misure |
Depending on the technique of realisation, delivery time could vary.
Please check the estimated time for your purchase in the product information area.
Are you in a hurry to receive your merchandise? If so, contact us immediately and we will do our best to meet your requests.
At Mariani Affreschi, buying online is easy and safe. Select a product, design it according to your needs then add it to your cart.
Indicate your country of destination and our program will automatically calculate shipping fees.
Continue with the order by creating an account: enter the data requested and billing information.
Check the data and complete the purchase by paying with your credit card, PayPal or bank transfer.
You will immediately receive a confirmation email with a summary of your order.
If you decide to customize your product, click "Talk to us" and a consultant of Mariani's Team will be glad to assist you.


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- 2410 W Red Bird Ln, Dallas, TX 75237
The FTD® Simply Enchanting™ Rose Bouquet
E4-4822The FTD® Simply Enchanting™ Rose Bouquet brings together lush red roses to make a lasting impression. Gorgeous red roses are simply accented with a variety of fresh greens and perfectly situated in a classic clear glass vase to create a flower bouquet that conveys your hearts deepest desires for love and romance.
- For U.S. and Canada deliveries only
- Delivery Information
All items featured on this site represent the types of arrangements we offer and may vary depending upon availability in certain regions. Substitution Policy


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We provide services to you subject to the notices, terms, and conditions set forth in this agreement. Besides, you will obey the rules, guidelines, policies, terms, and conditions applicable to such services before you use them. We reserve the right to change this site and these terms and conditions at any time.
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You shall not upload, distribute, or otherwise publish through this Site any Content, information, or other material that (a) includes any bugs, viruses, worms, trap doors, Trojan horses, or other harmful code or properties; (b) is libelous, threatening, defamatory, obscene, indecent, pornographic, discriminatory, or could give rise to any civil or criminal liability under the laws of the U.S. or the laws of any other country that may apply; or (c)violates or infringes upon the copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets, or other proprietary rights of any person. theocswebstore.com may give you an account identification and password to enable you to access and use certain portions of this Site. Each time you use a password or identification, you are deemed to be authorized to access and use the Site in a manner consistent with the terms and conditions of this agreement, and theocswebstore.com has no obligation to investigate the source of any such access or use of the Site.
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