text:
[it must be noted that certain severe forms of mental illness, which seriously impair health as to potentially lead to death, are also cause for the administration of Anointing]
Wednesday, July 6, 2011
Should Anointing of the Sick be given before surgery?
[it must be noted that certain severe forms of mental illness, which seriously impair health as to potentially lead to death, are also cause for the administration of Anointing]
51 comments:
Dear Fr. I am glad you are not my pastor. Nullity of the Sacrament! Holy smoke. Considering today that even a tooth extraction procedure can result in death I find it hard to believe that you vote for limiting the administration to those who are dying. Serious is not critical and I think Paul VI undeerstood the difference. Notice that in the letter of James is not "is some at death's door" but is anyone "sick" among you. No we should not see this administered to people who are not truly sick. But if one is having surgery it is fairly serious and they do ask you to sign a document that tells you you could die from the procedure alone. That is my book is danger of death. And soldiers going into a battle...Are you telling God "No healing needed here God cause I know better".
- July 6, 2011 at 12:47 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Two things ...
first, I doubt that you have actually read the article ... you certainly didn't read it carefully ... I never claimed that Anointing was only for those "at death's door" ... I only quoted the Instruction approved by Pope Paul VI.
second, you seriously misunderstand the nature of the sacrament of the sick ... it's not the sacrament of the dying, therefore it should not be given to those who are in danger of death but not seriously ill (i.e. soldiers).
[as you can see, your own logic turns back on itself ... first you say that the sacrament doesn't need to be connected with death; then you say that because surgery could cause death, the sacrament should be given!]
In any case, you are voicing your own personal opinion ... which is quite dangerous, since the sacraments are to be administered according to the mind of the Church.
My article is based on what the Church actually teaches ... and on what Pope Paul VI actually said ... Anointing can be given before surgery, only if a dangerous (i.e. serious) illness is the cause of the surgery.
To expose the sacrament to nullity is grave matter ... it could be a mortal sin if done with knowledge and consent ... I'm surprised you are so cavalier about it.
[regarding my worthiness to be a pastor of souls ... please avoid such slanderous remarks in the future] - July 6, 2011 at 1:07 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
From the Code of Canon Law:
"Can. 1004 §1 The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger of death by reason of illness or old age."
Notice, "danger of death by reason of ILLNESS or OLD AGE" ... not simply danger of death (as from surgery or war), nor simply illness (as a common cold) ... but danger of death by virtue of a serious illness or advanced age.
The mind of the Church is clear on this matter ... and many priests have led the flock astray over recent years. - July 6, 2011 at 1:16 PM
There is something that bothers me about the particular argument about surgery. As a general rule of thumb, surgery that has a serious risk of causing death will only be performed when the patient is sick enough that there is a serious risk of the patient dying without the surgery (though perhaps at a more distant point down the road). So applying that reasoning, I hope that someone going in to receive bypass surgery can receive the sacrament.
I guess the question is, what about serious, life threatening injury. In other words, if I were hit a car and had serious internal bleeding, would I be able to receive the sacrament?
Thanks. - July 6, 2011 at 1:36 PM
Great article. I've been trying to get our parish to get rid of the annual free-for-all anointing to no avail.
I would like to share a little anecdote regarding both avoiding extremes and the hand of our Blessed Mother. My father had always worn his scapular and attended Mother of Perpetual Help devotions at a different parish (until that priest) retired. He had been experiencing an upset stomach for about a week and on Sunday decided to stay home from Mass (VERY unusual). So, due to his age (73) we decided to take him to the ER. They couldn't do anything and checked him in. When he got to the room, the SAME retired priest who did the MPH was coming around and stopped in to say hi. He then asked if Dad wanted anointing. Normally, an upset stomach would not have warranted it, but given everything, he accepted. Turns out, the problem was not in the stomach, but an aggressive from of brain cancer, which got him within 10 weeks of diagnosis. Mary had made sure Dad got his Last Sacraments. - July 6, 2011 at 1:37 PM
In the event of a person facing surgery who is not currently suffering an illness...a hernia operation, say, or the dental surgery referred to above...it would seem the proper Sacrament to seek prior to undergoing the operation is Penance rather than Anointing of the Sick.
- July 6, 2011 at 1:39 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
The truth is that most of the surgeries that people consider "serious" enough for Anointing are not considered serious by the doctors ... for example, the use of anesthesia is not considered "life-threatening" by doctors (at least it is not "serious"), but many people are under the mistaken notion that anesthesia alone (regardless the lack of any serious illness) warrants Anointing.
Regarding an injury ... if it is serious (i.e. puts the person "in danger of death" [Can 1004]), then the injury can certainly qualify as an illness that warrants Anointing.
Good questions! + - July 6, 2011 at 1:48 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
It should also be noted that old age (perhaps even 73 years) can be cause for Anointing if the health of the individual is seriously impaired.
Hence, what might be not too serious for a 20 year old, can be very serious for an 80 year old.
Peace, and thanks for the beautiful story! + - July 6, 2011 at 1:50 PM
First, forgive me if this is a repeat, not sure I entered my first effort properly. My difficulty is seeing a distinction between serious surgery and serious illness. They seem to go together. Can you share a few examples where serious surgery is not simultaneous with serious illness? Thanks for the informative blog.
- July 6, 2011 at 2:22 PM
"In any case, you are voicing your own personal opinion ... which is quite dangerous, since the sacraments are to be administered according to the mind of the Church."
How well I know the danger of preferring one's own opinion over the mind of the Church.
Want to thank you, Father, for this blog. It is one of the few sane places left on the internet and a blog which does not dehydrate your heart and soul.
Veronica - July 6, 2011 at 2:28 PM
Jesus healed the sick. He didn't check to see if it was serious or not. In the early days of the Church this was also true. To withhold the sacrament depending on the severity of the patient's condition is in my view in error.
- July 6, 2011 at 4:17 PM
- Unknown said...
Would very high blood pressure at age 69 be considered "serious" if it is under control with lots of medication? I also have a history of heart problems.
- July 6, 2011 at 4:20 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Are you suggesting that Anointing of the Sick is identical to Jesus miraculous healings?
In any case, you are opposing the Christ and the Church ... as though the Church has abandoned the teaching of Christ ...
... what is quite clear to me is that you have little understanding of what actually occurred "in the early days of the Church" ... since the history of the sacrament of Anointing is quite complicated.
We have to think with the Church ... we simply have to stop forcing our own opinions and look instead to the actual teaching of the Church ...
[in other words ... I don't care what "in your view" is an error ... I want to know what is an error according to the teaching of the Church.] - July 6, 2011 at 4:42 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Ray from MN,
Generally, we say that a condition is "serious" if it puts the patient in a real danger of death and significantly impairs his health.
So, it would be good to consult with a doctor and ask if your high blood pressure puts you in a real danger of death.
Also, it is good to consider whether the blood pressure impairs your health -- does it keep you from fulfilling the normal actions of human life?
Also, we are told that -- when there is a real doubt as to whether or not an illness puts one in danger of death (whether it is serious) -- we ought to consult a doctor (and, of course, the parish priest) and err on the side of administering the sacrament.
{if there is no real doubt, i.e. if the illness is clearly not life-threatening or serious (or if there is no real illness at all, but only a surgery [e.g. removal of tonsils]), then we must not make us of the sacrament} - July 6, 2011 at 5:06 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Michael G.,
Regarding "serious surgery" ...
Unfortunately, many people speak of any surgery which uses anesthesia as "serious surgery" ... hence, people will receive Anointing of the Sick (in fact the sacrament is null) for surgeries like removal of tonsils, repair of a torn ACL, removal of wisdom teeth, etc.
This is the practice which I am criticizing in the article. It is contrary to the mind of the Church and the nature of the sacrament.
Thanks for the question, which helps me to clarify a bit as well! + - July 6, 2011 at 5:08 PM
Dear Reginaldus,
As a matter of fact I do have an understanding of healing in the early days of the Church, and it was quite commonplace.
As support for my opinion, I refer you to "The Healing Reawakening" by Francis MacNutt, PhD. Dr. MacNutt is a well respected author, lecturer, and founder of Christian Healing Ministries. ( christianhealingmin.org)
I highly recommend his thoroughly researched books.
Jesus told the apostles to cure the sick. I am suggesting that we should do as He said. - July 6, 2011 at 6:10 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
I am aware of the fact that there were many healings in the early days of the Church (indeed, there are many even now) ... thank you for the reference to MacNutt's book.
What has become clear from your two comments is that you completely collapse healing miracles and the Sacrament of the Sick into one reality ... you act as though they are one and the same.
However, the Church distinguishes the two (following St. Paul).
The miraculous healings are evidence of charisms of the Holy Spirit, while Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament.
Both the sacrament and the miracles are present in every age of the Church ... but you simply cannot claim that the miracles tell us how and when to administer the sacrament.
In any case, I am glad that you have cited Francis MacNutt ... for my part, I have cited Pope Paul VI, and the Instruction he approved (as well as the Code of Canon Law, and St. Thomas Aquinas [just for good measure]) ...
Let's BOTH cure the sick AND administer Anointing according to the mind of the Church and the nature of the sacrament.
Exposing the sacrament to nullity doesn't do anything to cure the sick, after all. - July 6, 2011 at 7:08 PM
I appreciate your post. I wonder, however, if you have fully accounted for the phrase "begins to be in danger" from the Code. This seems to open the Sacrament up to a wider application than the tenor of your post, which consistently uses phrases such as "those who are seriously ill," "those who are in danger of death," "Only those who suffer from a grave illness which puts the individual in a real danger of death...."
Perhaps I am splitting hairs.
Thanks for your time.
Dan - July 6, 2011 at 7:41 PM
I fully appreciate this discussion, having seen both sides, and hopefully following the Church's teaching as we understand it/ I suffered a TIA ("mini-stroke") at age 55 with no advance warning. While in the hospital for monitoring and tests, my pastor visited me and administered Annointing. I did not request it, but in his view, my future was very uncertain and unknown; hence I was "seriously sick." In fact, my symptoms cleared upon arrival at the hospital and I am convinced that the physical healing offered by the sacrament was realized in that rapid cessation of symptoms, in that I believe that God can act outside of time.
Two years ago my wife underwent laproscopic surgery to remove her gall bladder. She firmply believed that Annointing was not appropriate, did not ask for it, and did not receive it because the condition and the procedure were not seriously life-threatening.
I think both of these calls were correct, and seem to be in full agreement with the whole point of this discussion about the real Church teaching, and not some popular contemporary social interpretation.
Rich from Augusta - July 6, 2011 at 7:45 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
The reference to "serious illness" and those who are "seriously ill" does not come from the Code of Canon Law, but from the Instruction promulgated by Paul VI.
The words "danger of death" do come from the Code.
The word "serious" could be translated also as "grave" or "dangerous" ...
Certainly, if there is a real doubt, we can give the sacrament (after consultation with a doctor and priest).
However, far too often, when there is no doubt at all, the sacrament is given either to those who are not sick at all (but are going in for a simple surgery) or are not seriously sick (by any real definition of the term).
I hope this helps. For the record, I don't think you are splitting hairs, you are quite right to seek clarification regarding such an important issue!
Peace to you! + - July 6, 2011 at 8:09 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
It sounds like you and your wife made good decisions on both accounts!
Peace! + - July 6, 2011 at 8:10 PM
- Howard said...
I really think you should not leave the discussion simply at "no Anointing for surgeries no matter how dangerous" without including "But, by all means make a good Confession and worthily receive the Eucharist!" Whether or not anyone wants to call this reception of the Eucharist "viatecum" is completely unimportant.
- July 6, 2011 at 8:43 PM
- Deacon Steve said...
In my medical training we were taught that minor surgery could be defined as that which we were to perform on others. Serious surgery was defined as that which was going to be performed on us. ; )
One does not have to leave someone who is otherwise relatively healthy and is about to undergo a serious surgical procedure without a kind and pastoral encounter. A prayer with them and for them given with a comforting presence will go a long way to show them that the love of Christ, present in the minister of the Church, is with them as they endure their procedure. The "Pastoral Care of the Sick" book has various prayers which can be more fitting than anointing in many situations.
I suspect that the Sacrament of Penance is often neglected to be offered as part of the encounter for both the Sacrament of the Sick and the administration of viaticum in the hospital setting. Those who are truly sick and may be at risk of losing their mental faculties in the near future should not be deprived of the opportunity to receive absolution.
-Deacon Steve - July 6, 2011 at 9:40 PM
When I was pregnant the first time, I had an emergency c-section. All of my subsequent pregnancies have been c-sections. I have received Anointing of the Sick for the preborn babies not necessarily for myself. For myself, I go to confession!
My thinking now is that based on your article I should not be doing this (the Anointing of the sick not the confession!). Am I understanding you correctly? I'm still in my first decade as a Catholic so please bear with me and my elementary understanding of the faith.
Thanks so much for your time.
Jenny - July 7, 2011 at 4:10 AM
Thanks for the clarification Father. As an example, my wife had to have brain surgery to repair several anuerysms. She received Anointing of the Sick before the surgery. I had my Gall Bladder out. I did not receive the Sacrament (I did ask for it because of my mistaken belief and knowledge but see now that it wasn't necessary and am thankful that our Priest did not get to it).
George - July 7, 2011 at 5:25 AM
Dear Father,
You mentioned non serious surgeries like tonsils....I hemmoraged after my tonsilectomy and needed to go back into surgery. To me that could be serious and was a serious situation. High blood pressure is sometimes a wild card.....causes stroke unexpectedly if and elderly person forgets to take his medication. Does not the power of this Sacrament reach the inner most being of the person? The heart and soul that needs tending and strength to face the cross? How can we pick and choose when only God can read the soul? What will happen to 'healing masses;? I just feel that anything the church (through Jesus Christ) has to offer to strengthen our faith, will, mind, and soul is to be given and used. Many of our so called faithful flock are leaving to explore other faith congregations....could this be part of the reason? How about women who suffer from the turmoil and mental anguish of a past abortion? Don't they deserve this grace and oil to help them heal and forgive themselves....to give them strength and peace? Just some thoughts that this discussion has provoked in me.
Thank you and God bless you.
Mary - July 7, 2011 at 5:41 AM
- dans0622 said...
Thank you, Father. As a canon lawyer, I only paid attention to the Code :-). I agree 100% that this Sacrament has been widely abused. Even I, as a healthy 29 year-old, once got in a line for what I thought would be a blessing of some sort and walked away with the oil of the sick on my head and hands. On the other hand, people can "go in" for what is supposed to be minor, commonplace surgery (e.g., gall bladder removal) and it turns into something truly life-threatening. Such happened to my mother not long ago.
Without question, greater discretion should be used in the administration of this Sacrament. I appreciate your efforts to give guidance as to how to go about doing that.
Dan - July 7, 2011 at 5:47 AM
I do not understand how you take "it is fitting to receive the Anointing of the Sick just prior to a serious operation" to mean that one should not receive Anointing prior to a serious surgery? I understand that you make the distinction between the underlying cause of the surgery and the surgery itself, but as a physician, I have to tell you that we DO see any surgery and anesthesia as potentially life-threatening. I am not sure who you have talked to who told you not. General anesthesia ALWAYS carries the risk of death. Now, that may not mean that people should receive the Anointing, but I find the CCC to read pretty openly there, and that you are the one defining what they say based on the Holy Father's comments, where you again seem to be the one to define what "seriously ill" means and doesn't mean. Even the biblical quote, "Is ANY man sick among you etc" seems pretty wide open to me. I look forward to hearing your response, and appreciate the blog and your insights! - July 7, 2011 at 9:29 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Depending on the circumstance, I would think that a pregnancy that required a c-section could qualify as a "serious" condition (i.e. as a serious illness) -- certainly the pregnancy would be extremely dangerous to health without the surgical operation.
Therefore, though I am not a doctor, I would think that the condition (independent of the question of the seriousness of the surgery) may warrant the Sacrament of Anointing.
However, I must point out that Anointing of the Sick cannot be for your pre-born children ... for two reasons.
1) They are not yet baptized and therefore cannot receive any grace through the sacrament of Anointing.
2) Anointing is for those who have committed actual sins (it is a sort of 'second part' to confession) ... as your children had not committed any actual sins, they had no need for the graces of Anointing of the Sick. [in other words, it is a good thing that they cannot receive Anointing; because it means that they are free of actual sin ... and they will be washed of original sin in their baptism]
So, if you are going to receive Anointing before a c-section, be sure of a couple points:
1) The Anointing is not for the surgery itself, but for the "serious" complications associated with the pregnancy. [the surgery is a good occasion, but not the actual cause, of Anointing]
2) The Anointing is not for your child, but for you.
3) If there is a real doubt as to whether the condition is serious enough to warrant Anointing ... the Church instructs us to err on the side of receiving the Sacrament.
4) Finally, consultation with both a doctor and a priest can help with this.
I hope that this helps. You obviously have a great desire to learn the faith and a great openness to the Church's teaching authority ... this will most certainly serve you well!
Blessings to you, in Christ our Savior! + - July 7, 2011 at 2:28 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
While (for the most part) Anointing should not be given before a surgery for tonsils, it should most certainly be given in the case of a hemorrhage after the surgery.
I think the most important line in your comment is this: "I just feel that anything the church (through Jesus Christ) has to offer to strengthen our faith, will, mind, and soul is to be given and used."
I completely agree! And the Sacraments should be used according to the mind of the Church, according to the purpose for which Christ instituted them!
Hence, for post-abortative women (as per your example), the proper sacrament is not Anointing (which would do them NO GOOD), but Confession (indeed, multiple confessions, together with counseling).
[this is simply one example]
What I have written above is not my own opinion, but the very clear teaching of the Church -- from Canon Law, the Instruction of Paul VI, and (though not quite so directly) from the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
We simply must follow the mind of the Church in these matters -- for she reveals to us the will of Christ our Savior.
Peace! + - July 7, 2011 at 2:35 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Anonymous (9:29am),
In the future, please use a pseudonym (at least at the end of your comment) -- I ask this both on the main page and also in the comment box itself, just above where you leave your comment.
Regarding your question ... the quote from the Catechism needs to be interpreted in light of the clear teaching of the Church in both Canon Law and the Instruction promulgated by Pius VI. The Catechism is meant for catechesis, not for solving all the questions of theology...
[and the Catechism quote does not contradict the other documents, it only speaks more generally and with a specifically catechetical view]
Regarding the danger of anesthesia ... I fear that you have completely missed the whole point of the article.
IT IS NOT ABOUT WHETHER THE SURGERY IS SERIOUS ... the question is whether the illness that leads to the surgery is serious.
IT IS NOT ABOUT DANGER OF DEATH ... it is about SICKNESS (or old age) that puts one in danger of death.
Regarding the biblical passage ... "Is ANY man sick among you etc." ... to that I simply respond, "Is any man SICK among you etc."
Finally, please understand, I do not intend to limit what the Holy Father (and the Church) means by "serious illness" or "danger of death" ... the article isn't even about what counts as "serious"! Rather, the whole point is to say that "serious surgery" is not the same as "serious illness" and therefore is not a cause for Anointing.
I am very open to taking a wide view of what counts as "serious illness" or "old age" ... what I am not open to is the claim that the Sacrament of the Sick can be given to people for surgery or war or the death penalty (i.e. that it can be given to people for any other reason than serious sickness [or old age]).
Put simply ... it is the Sacrament of the Sick, not the "sacrament of those about to undergo surgery" nor the "sacrament of those about to die (i.e. from any cause)".
The sacrament is for sick people, and it is given for sickness.
Surgery is a good occasion for Anointing, in the sense that (if a person is seriously sick) we had better make sure that they get Anointed before undergoing a life-threatening surgery -- not on account of the surgery itself, but on account of the sickness.
I hope this clarifies my point (and the Church's teaching). Peace! + - July 7, 2011 at 2:50 PM
Our Church does an Anointing of the sick the first Saturday of the month and I see most of the members present is anointed by the Priest. I beleive ths reason for this is the Priest tells all that if you are sick from an illness or sick form sin you should be anointed. We are all sick from daily sin. Is this the correct response?
- July 7, 2011 at 4:23 PM
I had a serious blood clot two years ago that was life threatening. I survived but remain on Coumadin blood thinner for the rest of my life. On June 24th, 2011 I had prostate surgery for an enlarged prostate which was necessary so that I could urinate as it had gone to full retention and made it necessary that I wear a catheter for two months awaiting the surgery. The concern with this operation was that I would need to be removed from my blood thinning medication which meant that during the surgery or afterwards I could get another life threatening blood clot. Prior to the surgery I received the Annointing of the Sick sacrament. Did I qualify for that?
- July 7, 2011 at 4:30 PM
Before open-heart surgery my pastor suggested anointment and I agreed.
After 3 bypasses the surgeon started to close my chest, when the heart stopped. Shocking was not effective, so he opened me up again and massaged my heart by hand with good results. He then applied a fourth bypass, resulting in 8 hours in surgery instead of the routine 4 and went to ICU in critical condition.
Had it not been for the great skill of the surgeon and possibly the anointing, I would not be writing this, 8 years after the fact. - July 7, 2011 at 6:59 PM
- dcs said...
Dear Fr. Reginaldus,
Would it not be appropriate for one who is facing the death penalty to receive the other rites associated with dying, such as the Apostolic Pardon? - July 8, 2011 at 5:04 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Based on your description, I do not think that this is a proper use of Anointing of the Sick.
In particular, the idea that "we are all sick from daily sin" is being used to justify Anointing is quite troubling.
Anointing of the Sick requires the person to be physically sick -- the physical sickness (and perhaps the physical healing) is the sacramental sign which effects the spiritual healing of the spiritual sickness.
Thus, unless everyone (or most everyone) at that Saturday Mass is "seriously" ill and has "begun to be in danger of death", they should not be receiving Anointing.
Moreover, even for those who are seriously ill (or who have become seriously feeble due to old age), Anointing is to be repeated only upon the significance worsening of the condition.
So, if a person receives Anointing once for a serious illness, they should not receive Anointing a second time, until the illness worsens and their health becomes significantly more compromised.
[hence, the idea of receiving Anointing once a month (as on a scheduled basis) does not seem to make a lot of sense (at least, not in most cases)]
Peace! + - July 8, 2011 at 8:23 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Anonymous (4:30pm),
The key to answering your question is in the first six words of your comment:
"I had a SERIOUS blood clot" ...
The cause for Anointing was the blood clot (and, perhaps, also the enlargement of the prostate), the occasion of the Anointing was the surgery.
It sounds to me like you made the correct decision. + - July 8, 2011 at 8:25 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
It seems that the Apostolic Pardon is not so directly associated with sickness or old age, but is more connected with death itself.
The Handbook of Indulgences (#28) states: "Priests who minister the sacraments to the Christian faithful who are in a life-and-death situation should not neglect to impart to them the apostolic blessing, with its attached indulgence."
So, my thought is that it should be given to a person about to be executed (not months before, but rather close to the time and day of execution -- perhaps even a day or two beforehand, if necessary).
Also, it is to be noted that the Church herself extends the indulgence attached to the Apostolic Pardon to all the faithful who, with the proper dispositions, are unable to receive the blessing from a priest, but who desire this indulgence and have "regularly prayed in some way during their lifetime".
So that is great news! +
[likewise, Viaticum would be appropriate, together with a good confession (of course)] - July 8, 2011 at 8:43 AM
As an RN I agree with anonymous physician that I think you do not have a full understanding of surgical risk and I want to expound on that a little.
There is no surgery that involves general anesthesia and cutting of blood vessels that is not a potentially life threatening surgery, even tonsillectomies to use your example. In medicine, we speak of risk/benefit and most surgeries have a mortality statistic. A low risk of mortality, such as 2%, is a population statistic and not to be confused with it's seriousness for an individual. If you are one of the 2% it's 100% fatal! Very often there is no way to predict who will die, therefore every case must be considered serious.
To use another example you say that in the case of the woman having a C-section, her pregnancy, not the surgery is sufficient reason to receive the sacrament. Not really true if you use the same logic you've used elsewhere. Pregnancy, first of all, is not an illness although complications can arise. But, it is the danger of the C-section, not her pregnancy per se, that makes it serious and puts her in possible danger of death from hemmorhage. To complicate matters medically even further, many repeat C-sections are not even absolute requirements, but are precautionary choices after weighing risks/benefits. So potentially we can have a woman electively choosing to undergo a life endangering surgery for a condition that is not an illness.
Rationally speaking any illness that requires a dangerous surgery IS a dangerous illness - the neccessity of the surgical cure makes it so! I think your underlying point about abuse of the sacrament is good to make. But I think splitting such subjective hairs about serious illness vs serious surgery has rather muddied things more than clarified them.
With all due respect,
momor - July 12, 2011 at 5:45 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
First, you speak about how any surgery which involved anesthesia is a dangerous surgery ... this is irrelevant to the question. The Church is very clear: Only serious illness or old-age can be cause for Anointing of the Sick.
[example: Lethal injection, which is 100% fatal, is not cause for Anointing -- until, I suppose, after the poison has been given]
Second, you state, "Rationally speaking any illness that requires a dangerous surgery IS a dangerous illness" -- fine and good, but you seem to define "dangerous surgery" as any surgery using general anesthesia ...
I know of cases where people have used general anesthesia to remove a tooth ... hardly a "serious illness"!
In fact, it is quite clear that general anesthesia is not really thought by the medical world to necessarily make a surgery a "serious surgery". It is simply not that case that such surgeries are only done when the illness is so serious as to put the individual in danger of death.
Remove of tonsils (for example) is sometimes done with general anesthesia (at least, it used to be this way) ... this hardly a "serious illness".
Let me be clear: I am not so much debating what constitutes serious surgery ... what I am talking about is the fact that the surgery cannot be the cause of the Anointing, it has to be a "serious illness" which "seriously impairs health" and which puts the individual "in danger of death."
It is the sacrament of the SICK, and sickness (not surgery) is the cause of Anointing.
In any case, tomorrow an article will be posted on what constitutes a "serious illness".
Peace! + - July 12, 2011 at 6:59 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
An RN has pointed out to me that "general anesthesia" is a more specific process than most non-medical persons realize.
Apparently, "general anesthesia" is different from anesthesia which is administered through an IV and which puts the person to sleep. By "general anesthesia", the medical world refers to the use of a breathing tube/respirator etc.
Now, I had not said anything at all about "general anesthesia" ... until my comment on July 12 6:59pm.
Obviously, what most non-medical persons call "anesthesia" is used quite frequently -- however, medical persons call this "IV sedation" and it is used frequently (for very minor surgeries).
In any case, the point of the article is that no anesthesia, no matter how dangerous, can be the cause of Anointing of the Sick. It is the sickness (or age) which is the cause of the sacrament, and the surgery is only the occasion.
If there is a serious illness -- and this could (in certain circumstances) include broken bones and other such maladies -- or if the person is feeble and in danger of death due to old age, then the sacrament of Anointing should be given.
If the illness is not such that the individual is in danger of death and his health is not "seriously impaired" -- then Anointing is not appropriate, even if he is going into surgery (and even if this surgery involves sedation). - July 13, 2011 at 7:32 AM
Reading the comments of the doctor and nurse, who make the argument that all surgeries contain the risk of death, made me think that this cannot be the basis for when the Sacrament is administered, as Father Reginaldus has repeatedly stated.
People are at risk of death when they fly on an airplane, aren't they? We are in even more risk of death when we get into an automobile. Should we receive Anointing of the Sick every time we get into a car? Of course not.
Father made it quite clear, I thought, in his article that it is the reason for the surgery that determines whether the Sacrament is necessary. Not the risk involved.
In fact, Father begins with the reason for the Sacrament, which is spiritual healing. I assume this is because despair can set in, giving the Enemy a chance to tempt one into blaspheming the Holy Spirit. I will have to look that up in CCC.
Thank you, Father, for an excellent article. I will now read the others. - August 2, 2011 at 11:59 AM
- Unknown said...
I volunteer in a hospital where Annointing is offered on a regular basis (once a month and on the feast days of saints whose lives involved treating sick people).
I know that I for several years treated Anointing as a "blessing" that could be received as often as I wanted. Actually, it is more like the Sacrament of Confirmation in that it may be only received once (per incident of a serious illness).
After reading Father's post, and aection 1515 of the CCC, I see his point.
1515; "If during the same illness the person's condition becomes more serious, the sacrament may be repeated."
Thus, long term high blood pressure and heart problems that are stabilized with medication would not be considered a justification for repeating the sacrament unless they greatly worsened.
Thank you for bringing this to our attention, Father. - August 2, 2011 at 2:10 PM
Dear Father,
I am a Byzantine Catholic priest and I am surprised that you are not aware that in the Byzantine Church we administer the Sacrament of Anointing the Sick, Holy Unction, on every Great Wednesday of Holy Week, to every Catholic, spiritually disposed, who presents himself for the Sacrament. It has and is an ancient tradition of the Eastern Catholic Church. Our theologies and canons differ from the Latin Church on this Sacrament as they do for the Sacrament of Marriage.
God Bless you and your readers.
+In Christ - February 7, 2012 at 12:06 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Rev. Father Kolitsos,
I'm well aware of the practice in the East ... I suspect that you are ignorant of your own Canon Law ... which states:
Canon 737
1. By the sacramental anointing of the sick with prayers of a priest, the Christian faithful who are gravely ill and sincerely contrite receive grace, by which, strengthened by the hope of eternal reward and absolved from sins, they are disposed to correct their lives and are helped in patiently enduring their infirmity and suffering.
and Canon 738
The Christian faithful freely receive anointing of the sick whenever they are gravely ill; pastors of souls and persons who are close to the sick are to see to it that they are supported by this sacrament at an opportune time.
Your own canons require that the individual be "gravely ill".
Further, they must be above the age of reason so as to be "sincerely contrite".
Your problem is with your own Church ... not with me. - February 7, 2012 at 12:11 PM
I am having surgery to determine if the symptoms I am experiencing are cancer. If the surgery determines that it is cancer, I would have had a serious illness before the surgery. But I would not have known I had the serious illness at the time of surgery. Would anointing be appropriate before the surgery? I had surgery a few years ago to remove a mass in my abdomen. At the time of surgery, it was not known if it was cancer or not. My priest recommended the Anointing of the Sick. It turns out the mass was benign, but an artery was severed during the surgery, resulting in near death and a long ICU stay. I was so grateful I had received the sacrament before the surgery. But was it appropriate under what I am understanding above? I hope you do answers my questions, but please do with some pastoral kindness. Admittedly, I am very saddened to read the hostile tone in many of your responses above. Elizabeth
- September 20, 2014 at 12:42 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
In cases of real doubt about the seriousness of an illness, when it seems probable or at least very possible that an illness could be life threatening, anointing should be given. However, it is not given on account of a surgery, but because there is real reason to think the illness has put a man into danger of death.
Setting aside the case from the past, I will simply state that you must consider whether or not, right now with the information you currently have, you have reason to believe you have cancer. If yes, it is time for anointing. If not, then it is not yet time.
As to the tone of my comments -- I am more concerned to write clearly and concisely than to make people feel good. Yet, I do care very much for all who ask questions. + - September 20, 2014 at 1:11 PM
October 21, 2014
Dear Fr. Ryan,
Is it not true that both the clergy and the lay faithful of the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Churches have taught for nearly 2,000 years that the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick is for the healing of entire human person, body, mind, and spirit?
While Canon 737 and Canon 738 of the Eastern Code of Canon Law refer to "grave illness", do you believe that Eastern Bishops & Priests are wrong in administering the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick to those who have serious psychological illnesses, emotional illnesses, or spiritual illnesses, rather than being restricted to bodily illnesses?
If the theology of the sacraments is understood differently in other cases between the East and the West, could it not rightly be understood differently in this case as well? For example, in the Divine Liturgy in the Eastern Churches, transubstantiation is not understood to take place when the Priest says Christ's words of institution as in the celebration of the Latin Rite Mass, but rather when the Priest says the epiclesis.
Finally, your comment to Fr. Andrew, the Byzantine Catholic Priest above, reads in a very disrespectful tone. Why would you treat a Brother Priest with disrespect, Father Ryan?
In Christ's Love,
Constantine - October 21, 2014 at 4:57 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Constantine, correct, I am saying that the sacrament is invalid if the person has not begun to be in danger of death. Further, I affirm as a matter of faith that transubstantiation must be held, and that this occurs by the power of the words of consecration. Further, the best in the eastern tradition is in harmony with the west.
Finally, it is no disrespect to tell a brother priest to read canon law. + - October 21, 2014 at 6:04 PM
October 22, 2014
Thank you for your prompt response, Fr. Ryan.
Just to clarify, I meant in to way to imply that transubstantiation does not take place in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom or any of the other Eastern Divine Liturgies but rather that the Eastern Churches teach that transubstantiation takes place at the point of the prayer of Epiclesis rather than at Christ's words "Take eat...", which precede the Epiclesis. As transubstantiation is a matter of faith I honestly don't know any Eastern Catholics who would even attempt to deny transubstantiation. I don't understand why both the Latin and the Eastern teachings on the Sacred Liturgy could not both be correct while remaining distinct in the different Rites of the Church.
What about the differing theological understanding of the Sacrament of Matrimony in the East and the West that Fr. Andrew mentioned above? In CCC 1623 it states that in the Eastern Churches "...the priests (bishops or presbyters) are witnesses to the mutual consent given by the spouses, but for the validity of the sacrament their blessing is also necessary." Would you hold that the Eastern Theology is not legitimate because we require blessing of the priest but in the Latin Rite the spouses confer the Sacrament of Marriage upon one another without the Priestly blessing for validity? I think that both of these Sacramental Theologies are a rich and beautiful example of what the Eastern tradition and Western tradition have to offer the Church.
Fr. Ryan, with no disrespect to you or to your Priesthood, while the action of telling a brother priest to read canon law may not be disrespectful in it's own right, your words: "... I suspect that you are ignorant of your own Canon Law ...", could certainly be received in a disrespectful, demeaning, & hurtful manner by a brother priest. Likewise, the readers of your blog may perceive your words in this manner. I found it to be disrespectful and demeaning myself, Fr. Ryan, as the son of Fr. Andrew, your brother priest.
Fr. Andrew recently died, so I would appreciate your prayers for his blessed repose with Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Most Blessed Virgin Mary, and the Saints.
Αἰωνία ἡ μνήμη! Eternal Memory! Αἰωνία ἡ μνήμη!
With the saints, oh Christ, give rest to the soul of your servant, Andrew, the priest, where there is no pain nor sorrow nor suffering, but life everlasting.
Respectfully submitted, In Christ's Love,
Constantine - October 22, 2014 at 2:42 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Comstantine, I thought my response wa proper considering Fr Andrew professed to be "surprised" that I "do not know" the easter practice - that is an offensive way of speaking.
In any case, the eastern law is what it is -- again in the case of matrimony stating that the priest is not the minister but a witness. Your problem is with your own law.
Btw, you should know that the latin church does require the priest's reception of the vows for validity in catholic marriages.
Finally, though it is a red herring, I will simply state that, if a man is really a priest (and the eastern priests are), then he says the words "this is..." Over bread and wine he effects transubstantiation. In any rite or form or even outside any rite. That is what the power of the words means.
I am sorry to hear of your father's death - he will be in my prayers. + - October 22, 2014 at 3:19 PM
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Modular Design The Ohaus EX223 Explorer has a unique modular design that allows you to separate the display from the base of the scale. The touchscreen display allows for angular adjustment and can also mount on the wall or optional tower. The display "terminal" is attached to the scale base with a long cable that allows the terminal and base to communicate.
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WEST OCEAN CITY — A team of contractors and their crews, led by the local Home Depot, helped give a facelift to the Worcester County Humane Society (WCHS) last week.
"We had so many different people from so many different companies," said WCHS Director Kenille Davies.
Davies guessed that more than two dozen people volunteered time or materials to renovate the Human Society. The office and bathroom were completed remodeled, new floors were installed, a new roof was placed over the food shed, landscaping was added and a new sign was painted for the shelter, among other things.
"There were about 12 different projects," confirmed WCHS representative Carolyn Miller.
Miller thanked everyone who had volunteered to help renovate the Humane Society, but singled out Donna Kulyk of Home Depot for masterminding the effort.
"She organized all of the funds," said Miller.
According to Miller, Kulyk was responsible for pulling all of the individual contractors and companies together as well, which included Merial Select, Diversified Builders, Redwood Burl and the Home Depot Garden Department.
Many other individual volunteers from the Humane Society and the community also contributed while lunch was provided by Outback and Chick-fil-A.
"It was just wonderful," Davies said of the effort. "It was just a volunteer job on their part."
While the bulk of the project has been completed, Davies said that there are still a few new things that will be worked on by volunteers, including a "Memory Garden" for deceased pets.
The national Humane Society, according to its website, is the "largest and most effective animal protection organization" in the United States, with more than 11 million volunteers or other individuals offering support. In Worcester County, just like nationally, the primary goal is promoting the adoption of strays. WCHD, unlike others on the shore, is a "no-kill" facility.
"We do an awful lot for strays and unwanted pets," said Davies.
Though WCHS has several regular volunteers, they do continue to search for more support and Miller explained that, besides people volunteering their time to help with animals, community outreach like the Home Depot project is vital for the organization.
For more information or to volunteer at WCHS, call 410-213-0146.


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Don't Let Drops Or Scratches Sink Your Phone
Each detail of the Laguna has been designed for maximum protection and superior impact resistance. The Laguna case offers 6FT of drop protection.
Keep your phone at the intersection of style and sustainability with the iconic EcoBlvd V-Leaf Monogram design on our Laguna clear iPhone 12 case & iPhone 12 Pro case as it wraps your phone with a multi-color print across five vibrant colorways: Midnight Black, Cascade Blue, Foliage Green, Illuminating Yellow, and Wildflower Pink.
EcoBlvd phone cases are made entirely from 100% compostable and plastic-free InnoMaize , our proprietary corn and plant-based material.
As a tribute to the natural beauty of our coastal waters, estuaries, and wetlands, these clear cases highlight this beauty by adding a splash of color while keeping the rest of the case crisp and clear like ocean waves. Each detail of the Laguna clear cell phone case has been fine-tuned to provide maximum protection and superior impact resistance. The raised camera ring prevents damage to the camera lens, while the raised bezel protects your screen against front-on impacts. The ridged edges and cutouts make it easy to access all ports and buttons and give you a more comfortable grip without adding any bulk to your phone. Make a statement with this floral phone case that offers maximum protection and a playful look while helping protect our oceans. As members of 1% For The Planet, for every purchase of a Laguna case, we double down and donate 2% of the sale proceeds to the Ocean Conservancy.
All EcoBlvd phone cases can be sent back for recycling and composting through our Roundabout Recycling Program!
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NOTE: Laguna Cases are not MagSafe compatible.
Each detail of the Laguna has been designed for maximum protection and superior impact resistance. The Laguna case offers 6FT of drop protection.
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Keeping your style in check even when you need to charge. All of our Laguna Collection cases are Qi-compatible so that you can charge your phone wirelessly. Note: Laguna cases are not MagSafe compatible.
Our Laguna collection cases are constructed with InnoMaize™, a compostable bioplastic derived from cornstarch, sugar, and plant-based materials. We design our cases to be compostable, but they will only break down when exposed to high humidity, such as in a composter or in soil, so you can rest assured that your phone will remain safe despite everyday wear and tear.
For every purchase of a Laguna case, 2% of the sale proceeds are donated to The Ocean Conservancy, which has removed more than 300 million pounds of waste from the ocean since 1986.


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The last day of regular BR passenger train operations was on 1 July 1957.
Originally known as the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway Company, the railway was largely promoted by local land owners following the failure of the planned extension of the Wallingford branch through to Watlington. Construction of the branch was authorised by an Act of Parliament dated 26 July, 1869.
This authorised the construction of the branch as a Light Railway, commencing from the Great Western Railway Station at Princes Risborough and running for a distance of 8 miles 66 chains to a terminus at Pyrton just outside Watlington.
The Branch was opened on 15 August 1872 and had two intermediate stations at Chinnor and Aston Rowant. After opening, the company immediately ran into difficulties and for a period of time the company directors ran the line at their own expense. Finally after being offered the branch on more than one occasion, the Great Western Railway (GWR) acquired it on 01 July 1883 for the sum of £23,000, which was less than half the cost of its construction. Under the ownership of the GWR, track on the branch was re-laid, the original being in very poor condition laid directly on the chalk. Rail level halts were opened at Bledlow Bridge, Kingston Crossing and Lewknor Bridge in 1906 and Wainhill Crossing in 1925. After the Second World War the passenger traffic on the branch started to fall and by the mid 1950s had fallen to such a level that on 01 July 1957 the line was closed to passenger traffic.
The last train from Watlington was due to leave at 21.00, however it was nearly 10 minutes late leaving with a number of local dignitaries present. As had become the custom, the train left to the sound of detonators exploding on its last journey. The train finally arrived at Princes Risborough some 25 minutes late and so brought to an end the 85 year history of passenger carrying on the branch.
The various halts at Lewknor, Kingston Crossing, Wainhill and Bledlow Bridge were closed immediately, but the stations remained open for goods and parcel traffic until 02 January 1961, after which the section from Chinnor to Watlington was closed completely and the track lifted. The section from Chinnor to Princes Risborough was retained to serve the cement works and the wood yard in the village. The wood yard ceased to use freight by the beginning of 1961 and in the early 1970s the station building at Chinnor was demolished and the platform broken up. In 1989 British Rail declared the hopper wagons used to carry the cement works fuel obsolete. Set against the cost of new wagons and unloading system and given the effectiveness of having coal delivered by road, the service was declared non operational.
On 20 December 1989, a class 47 diesel (No.47258) together with 35 hopper wagons made the final journey into Chinnor cement works, with the locomotive sporting a headboard with the legend Last BR Train on the Watlington Branch. Maintenance of the branch from Chinnor to the junction with the Thame branch near Princes Risborough was given to the Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway Association from January, 1990.
The Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway (C&PRR) was granted a Transport and Works Order under section 6 of the Transport and Works Act 1992 on 04 July 1994, the order coming into force on 26 July 1994. Thus the legality of the C&PRR status was assured and passenger services could recommence.
To view this document click here: Transport and Works Order 19941803
A new platform suitable for two coaches was completed in May 1994 and the restoration of operational passenger and goods stock was also completed that year. 1994 was an historic year with the freehold of the branch purchased by the Association in August for £125,000, and the first public service since 1957 ran on 20 August with round trips to Wainhill Halt. In April 1995 the passenger carrying line was extended some 2 miles to Horsenden Lane. A further extension to Thame Junction opened at the start of the 1996 season, where a run round loop has been constructed.
To view this document click here: Transport and Works Order 19952458


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To register for an account with the Capitola Police Officers' Association, please provide us with your first and last name as well as a valid email address for identity verification purposes.
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Photo of a hectic intersection in Groningen, Netherlands by tup wanders
A common argument made to justify actions like Friday's terrible incident in Porto Alegre, Brazil is that people on bicycles have no right to share the road and don't deserve any courtesy from drivers until they obey all traffic laws. This is also a common argument made to argue against building proper bicycle infrastructure.
I always enjoy hearing this argument, because I actually get a laugh out of it because it is such blatant rubbish. The hypocrisy in this argument is astounding – particularly when argued by a motorist.
Although amusing, this argument lacks substance and unfortunately contributes to stifling any progress towards making bicycling safer in our cities.
To make matters worse, this argument is sometimes used even by people who would consider themselves *bicycle advocates*. They say they feel awful every time they see another bicyclist roll through a stop sign or red light, because we can never expect to be accepted on the streets unless we obey all of the rules.
If you honestly think that bicyclists need to obey every rule of the road in order to be "accepted" and not be intimidated by angry drivers, then you have bought into motorist propaganda and you are making excuses for road rage.
You have been fooled, and you are contributing to distracting the public from focusing on measures that will improve safety for bicyclists.
In fact, the notion that motorists have the right to threaten and intimidate all bicyclists because they saw a rogue bicyclist run a red light last week is completely absurd and unacceptable in a civilized society.
Motorists are angry because they are stuck in traffic. Traffic that is created by other automobiles, not by bicycles. They are angry at bicyclists because bicyclists take up less space and can bypass automobile traffic jams. They are angry because they don't think it's fair that a bicyclist can move forward while they are sitting idle in our congested cities.
These are the real reason they are angry, and telling you they are angry because some bicyclists break the law is simply an attempt to justify their own rage.
Motorists disobey the law every day
Imagine for a moment that the tables were turned, and we told motorists that they aren't allowed to use the roads unless they obey all traffic rules. We would not have ANY automobiles on the road. None. Zero. Zip.
Motorists disobey the rules of the road every single day. Here in Toronto you would be extremely hard pressed to find a *single* driver who *never* goes over the speed limit (excluding in traffic congestion). I once drove the speed limit (100km/h) on highway 401 (equivalent to an interstate highway) and people were angrily honking at me because I was going too slow. And this is in the far right lane of a 12-lane highway.
Virtually every driver on our highways breaks the law every single day. If you told me you knew someone who never breaks the law, I honestly wouldn't believe you.
And it isn't just the speed limit that drivers disobey every single day. I often ride my bike through side streets littered with 4-way stops to commute 10 kilometres to a client office in mid-town Toronto.
At these 4-way stops, you would be very hard pressed to find a *single* driver who makes a full stop without rolling through the stop sign. The rare time that you do see a driver make a complete stop only seems to be when another driver, bicyclist or pedestrian is impeding the motorist.
And the list doesn't end there. Motorists too frequently dangerously roll quickly through red lights while making right-hand turns. It's also illegal here to hold a cell phone or electronic device while driving, and a day doesn't go by where I don't see several motorists on their phone.
These motorists *are breaking the law*.
Society turns a blind eye
Our society has decided to turn a blind eye to these minor infractions because we feel the risk doesn't warrant the additional effort required to enforce it. But it's still breaking the law, plain and simple.
So to say that cyclists must obey the law if they want to use the roads is disingenuous and hypocritical.
The police have the means to hand out tickets to both drivers and bicyclists – and they often do. In fact, here in Toronto running a red light will cost you $315 – the same fee for both motorists and bicyclists.
However, the bicyclists that I see running red lights are doing it at quiet intersections when there is nobody in the way. They aren't putting anyone's life in danger, and they have an intrinsic incentive not to die so it's in their interest to be aware of everything around them.
Cars can be dangerous weapons
On the other hand, when a motorist runs a red light, they are putting other people's lives in danger. Cars can be dangerous weapons. So if an officer decides it isn't worth her time to write a ticket for a bicyclist at a quiet intersection, it's probably because the risk was so low (the same applies to pedestrians).
But that's not to say that bicyclists don't get ticketed here. Just a few days ago I saw a bicyclist getting a ticket for running a red on my way to work. It's not uncommon for police to hand out tickets here – and "blitzes" to crack down against drivers and bicyclists come and go.
But police also have the means to hand out tickets for drivers doing 15km over the *maximum* speed limit. But do they? Not here in Toronto. You won't get a speeding ticket unless you are doing at least 20km over the speed limit on the highway – and even that would be a stretch because so many people drive 30-40km over the limit.
Thus, the police have deemed 10-15km over the speed limit to be not worth their time to enforce, so they let it go.
So next time someone tells you that you don't deserve to use the roads with your bicycle until bicyclists obey all the rules of the road, ask them when they last obeyed all the rules of the road.
They will either become quiet, or they will be lying.
* To be clear, I am not advocating for breaking the law. Being courteous to other road users is important in a civilized society, so using common sense and courtesy to others is extremely important for us all to co-exist peacefully. However, when a motorist tells you that you don't deserve to use the roads because some bicyclists don't follow the rules, you should ask them to get their house in order.
James D. Schwartz is the editor of The Urban Country. You can contact James at email@example.com.
Related Articles:
- 25% Of Motorists Hate Their Commute (Jan 2011)
- Motorists Against Bicycle Infrastructure (Oct 2010)
- Enough Excuses: Cars Cause Death (Dec 2010)
- You're Welcome Mr. Motorist (Jan 2011)
- Car Culture Bleeds Our Society (Aug 2010)


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Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research journal stands out for its excellent contribution in dissemination of cutting edge research in the field of insect science, bird science, reptiles and amphibian science. Since its inception in the year 2012, it has published large number of research articles, reviews and case reports. The journal has become institution of knowledge for doctors, researchers, science students. Entomology is running in its 5th volume, with approximately 4 issues per year. It has achieved the confidence and interest of numerous researchers across the globe, to publish and propagate their exiting scientific findings through our journal.
Google Analytics has revealed an amazing statistics regarding the popularity of this journal. In the year 2015-2016 there were 16,594 page views. The total number of completed sessions was a staggering figure of 11,129. Moreover, globally 27,723 users have been accessed the journal website for information on the journal and the published articles.
Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research Web Metrics at Glance: Source: Google Analytics
• More than 29,468 Visitors visiting the journal site to read the published articles or submit their research outcomes
• Highest number of Visitors reporting both from the developed and developing nations
• Majority of the visitors have come from United States (13.62%), Mexico (7.15%), Japan (8.51%), Brazil (4.77%), Pakistan (5.79%) and India (21.79%).
• The Journal received tremendous attention from the researchers in terms of visits from Denver, Acapulco, Natal, Faisalabad, and Chennai etc.
• The observed percentage of new sessions recorded is 34.28%.
• The average Time spent by the visitor for each session is 1.12 Minute.
It was seen academic researchers are inclined towards the articles published in the journal along with their respective profiles and abstracts which are getting highest visibility and readership.
The most efficient way of growth for researchers is through their constant excellent scientific contributions which published in the respective suitable journal. Under the subject coverage Entomology was found one of such leading periodical which extensive attention from across the globe.
The journal renders authors an outstanding opportunity to publish their contributions in the field of dentistry to increase their visibility to the global scientific community and thus obtaining international recognition from their fellow researchers.
The articles published in this journal since 5 years are receiving attention from the entomologists, ornithologists, herpetologists and related professionals as well as receiving regular citations.
The journal considers the value of each article contribution and therefore, generates excellent profile sites for the each author and Institution which helps the author and the respective Institution to grab attention from all over the world.
Journals published OMICS International is frequently receiving responses from the authors and readers globally. Multiple journals published in various subjects including Medical, Pharma, Engineering, Sciences, Technology and Business attracting more than 14,026,825 users with more than 44,743, 084 page views. The observed analytics values are sufficient to quantifyour journals popularity among the scientific community. Moreover, our authors and Editors profiles are also receiving tremendous visibility from their fellow colleagues through our online portals and getting recognition worldwide.
A Glance at omicsonline.org Web Metrics: (Source: Google Analytics)
• 25 Million+ Visitors
• 14,026,825 + users
• 44,743,084 + page views
Our journals have received 20,064,835+ sessions so far with a rate of 69.91% of new sessions which confirms the outstanding pool of new users and visitors for OMICS International journals. Open Access publishing is model has become the best choice for the authors worldwide. Due to fast and constructive peer review process, avoiding unnecessary time delay in production, and incredible ever growing visibility of the published article along with branding and promotional activity revolutionized the publishing system. OMICS journals are serving as one of the pioneer publishing medium in this context.
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The metrics of these websites represents more than 25+ Million visitors in addition to this we also equipped with 10 additional scientific websites represents 10+ Million visitors traffic to our conference websites.


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Larimar Heart Pendant
- Complimentary 16" - 18" Chain
- Jewelry Box
- Polishing Cloth
- Free Shipping & Returns
- Limited Lifetime Warranty
- Sustainable & Reusable Packaging
Images shown are for style suggestion only and may not reflect your purchase. Please select your options carefully.
- Description
- Details
- Gemstone/Metal
- Product Care
This 925 sterling silver heart pendant features a hand-selected larimar gemstone.
The heart motif was originally worn in the Victorian era. Since then, it become ever popular. Hearts generally symbolize love and deep affection. Gifting a heart pendant shows your great affection for your loved one.
Each larimar is unique and may vary slightly in color.
- Brand: Alamea
- Materials: 925 Sterling Silver, rhodium-plated
- Gemstone: Larimar
- Polished Finish
- Part of a Set
*Contact our customer support for more details.
Complete the look:
Larimar Heart French Hook Earrings
Out of stockContact Us
High-Quality & Responsibly Sourced
Our transparent and responsible sourcing practices are part of what makes our jewelry sustainable. Gemstones are hand-selected to be of the finest quality and ingenious handcrafting methods allow our jewelry to last a lifetime. We've paired our values with a dedication to quality and style. Rest assured, you've found the brand that matches your values when it comes to shopping responsibly!
Carbon Free Shipping with EcoCart
Normally, shipping produces carbon emissions. What we do is offset this carbon footprint with EcoCart by contributing to various projects that reduce carbon dioxide in the world. This year, we are focusing on the Afognak Forest Project which will reduce around 1.5 million tons of carbon to help combat climate change.
Giving Back to the Community
We believe supporting our community is essential. That can mean volunteering our time to help with beach cleanups, giving to organizations we support, or helping our customers connect with a particular jewelry piece that they'll cherish for years. We aim to create our own community through designs that are inspired by the ocean and by our home of Hawaii.


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- Home
- Smart Data
Smart Data
Actionable intelligence on energy and water use:
- Helps users identify inefficencies, and waste
- Provides real-time feedback on conservation
Right data for the right audience:
- Facility managers identify when and where energy is wasted
- CFO's can track and verify financial savings from initiatives
- Company knows its carbon and water footprint
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- Smart User
Smart User
Smart users leverage real-time data and reduce energy and water use by:
- Continuously identifying opportunities
- Acting on opportunities
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- Sustaining savings
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- Smart Community
Smart Community
A smart community is one where all stakeholders are engaged in energy and water conservation. A smart community can be achieved by:
- Showing people precisely how much they are using
- Providing real-time feedback on conservation actions
- Effectively communicating efficiency results
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- Smart Grid
Smart Grid
Smart grid, as we define it, is a "green grid", with efficient resource use and the key to a low-carbon future. We help our customers prepare for the smart grid by:
- Engaging users with smart data
- Enabling smart users to increase resource efficiency
- Educating & empowering smart communities
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- Smart Buildings
Smart Buildings
Smart buildings maximize resource (energy, water, capital) efficiency. These buildings are optimized using energy and water management process with high data visibility which lead to reduced energy and water spending.
- Higher operating income and higher asset values for owners
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- Lower carbon footprint for the community


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- Something to say
- Listing things in a list
- Pay close attention to number 4
- What happens next will shock you