text:
Within This Page
Sustainability has become an increasing priority for facilities projects. However, since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 building owners and occupants have been paying more attention to facility security and safety issues. On the surface, it may appear that secure/safe design has little relationship to sustainable design. Yet, security and safety measures, such as those for anti-terrorism, must be considered within a total project context, including impacts on occupants and the environment, regardless of the level of protection deemed appropriate. Today's security design is based on a multi-hazard approach, that is, looking at the impact of all hazards on a project: natural, criminal, terrorist, chemical/biological, and accidental.
This Resource Page provides designers with an understanding of the interactions between security/safety and sustainability objectives by emphasizing the 'whole building' or integrated design process, identifying areas of synergy and potential conflicts between sustainable and security/safety approaches, and highlighting sustainability opportunities within certain security/safety strategies. With this information in hand, the project team can define and understand the interrelationships between the project's needs and achieve balanced design solutions that will minimize environmental impacts as well as ensure the health, safety, security, and comfort of building occupants.
A. Integrated Design Process
It is important to understand that secure/safe, sustainable facilities don't just happen. The level of security/safety and sustainability incorporated in a facility varies greatly from project to project. But achieving quality, high performance facilities has a lot to do with an integrated process that identifies and embraces the goals of the project—including security/safety, sustainability, productivity, accessibility, functionality, aesthetics, historic preservation, and cost-effectiveness—early on. Working as a team from the outset, planners, designers, engineers, and all project stakeholders are able to develop creative solutions to design challenges that yield multiple benefits. For example, a massive, reinforced concrete wall can serve as blast protection for its occupants and a passive solar device saving energy during facility operation, resulting in a more secure, comfortable working environment. Also, rather than optimizing individual systems, the project team must understand that the most effective results can be obtained by designing various building systems and components as interdependent parts of the entire structure. This conceptual framework starts at the planning phase and is carried out through design and construction to building activation and operation. See also 'Whole Building' Approach and Aesthetics—Engage the Integrated Design Process.
B. Secure/Safe and Sustainable Trade-offs and Synergies
Given budgetary and other constraints, integrating secure/safe and sustainable design objectives oftentimes requires compromise and tradeoffs. For example, increasing glazing area to provide daylighting can be incompatible with the desire to decrease glazing to minimize glass hazard. Similarly, designating surface parking away from a building to provide appropriate stand-off distance can limit the extent to which a project can meet its site disturbance reduction goals. These inherent conflicts challenge the project team to find creative solutions for the issues at hand.
Following are key areas of interaction between security/safety and sustainability goals and measures. The project team is advised to evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of pursuing these strategies, weighing them against the project's identified requirements and desired outcome in order to achieve a balanced design. Engaging integrated design will greatly facilitate this process.
With today's concern about climate change and emphasis on significantly reducing energy consumption while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon, it is more important than ever to incorporate secure/safe and sustainable trade-offs and synergies into building projects.
Security and sustainable site planning strategies can significantly affect each other. For example, a facility's risk can be increased and security can be compromised by siting it in an urban area to protect greenfields and preserve habitat and natural resources; locating carpool/vanpool parking and bike racks nearby to promote alternative transportation; constructing under-building parking to minimize habitat disturbance; and installing covered walkways and landscaping to reduce heat islands and control erosion. On the other hand, security measures such as building setbacks, or standoff distances, to create protective building perimeters and to restrict access; installing barriers (e.g., bollards, reinforced planters, and site furnishings) to withstand assaults by moving vehicles; and locating parking areas in remote areas and/or eliminating under-building parking areas to minimize blast effects from potential vehicle bombs, usually result in increased development of open space, habitat disturbance, and possibly erosion.
Erosion Control Measures: The erosion of soil caused by precipitation or wind can lead to destruction of vegetation, degradation of property, and sedimentation of local water bodies as well as unstable building foundations and potential loss of structural integrity. Erosion control measures can be implemented to stabilize the soil (e.g., seeding and mulching, installing pervious paving) and/or to retain sediment after erosion had occurred (e.g., earth dikes and sediment basins). These help to reduce the negative impacts on water and air quality as well as mitigate potential damage to a building's foundation and structural system due to floods, mudslides, torrential rainstorms, and other natural hazards. For more information on erosion control measures, see WBDG Achieving Sustainable Site Design through Low Impact Development Practices and Low Impact Development Technologies.
Landscaping: Keeping sustainability and safety goals in mind, designers can create landscaping schemes that can at once reduce environmental impacts and deter crime. For example, landscaping elements such as retention ponds and berms can be used to control erosion, manage stormwater, and reduce heat islands while also serving as physical barriers to control access to a building and to deflect the effects of a blast. Native or climate tolerant trees and plants help to improve the quality of the site as well as provide protection by obscuring assets and people. Note, however, that trees, large bushes, and shrubs, can also screen perpetrators from view. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a set of strategies that uses natural access control, natural surveillance, and territoriality and boundary definition to reduce the opportunities and fear of predatory stranger to stranger crime and improve the quality of life. Early coordination of sustainable site design with CPTED is critical to avoid conflicts between the two strategies. For more information on landscaping, see WBDG Sustainable—Optimize Site Potential; Achieving Sustainable Site Design through Low Impact Development Practices and Low Impact Development Technologies.
- Rainwater Collection Systems: Typically, rain collection systems consist of stand-alone, exterior rain collection tanks located near a building. These tanks can create concealment opportunities and vulnerable areas, especially when they are located within the unobstructed space and/or minimum standoff distance. Consider integrating rainwater collection and storage systems into the architecture of the facility, such as the building facade. For more information on rainwater collection systems, see WBDG Water Conservation.
Dry Fire Hydrants: One of the synergistic technologies for achieving water conservation and fire safety is a dry fire hydrant. Dry hydrants are non-pressurized suction pipe systems that are permanently installed in ponds or lakes and use the untreated water, instead of municipal water, to fight fires. Utilized in areas that lack conventional fire protection, areas that cannot handle the large volumes of water due to antiquated systems, or during peak use seasons when there is low water pressure, dry hydrants allow fire departments to be much more efficient by providing close water sources to fire risks. Since dry hydrants are installed below frost line and do not require electricity, they are capable of supplying water in the case of natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornadoes when electricity lines are knocked down, or during extreme cold or hot weather where conventional hydrant pipes can freeze or break. Also, dry fire hydrants help to save precious drinking water and conserve energy by using rainwater that does not need to be processed to be used for fighting fires. For more information, see The Dry Hydrant Concept .
Constructed Wetlands: Constructed wetlands, used for wastewater treatment, can be incorporated into perimeter protection strategies to control vehicular and pedestrian access. For more information on constructed wetlands, see WBDG Achieving Sustainable Site Design through Low Impact Development Practices and Low Impact Development Technologies.
Because the opportunity to reduce load and employ energy efficiency measures is dependent on the chosen project site and site design, a site planned for security may not be optimal for energy conservation. The installation of onsite power generation and fuel supply for back-up power and/or increased power reliability may increase noise and development of open space as well as habitat disturbance. Also, additional equipment and systems needed to mitigate natural hazards, protect against fires, and defend against terrorist attacks will increase the building's energy loads and may affect its energy performance. The roof of covered parking facilities could be used to mount photovoltaic modules to provide quiet onsite power, while eliminating the need to use additional open space for power generation.
Building Commissioning: Commissioning is the systematic process of ensuring and documenting that all building systems perform according to specification and design intent, consistent with the owner's operational needs. The goals of commissioning are to improve the building delivery process; to provide a safe and healthy facility; to improve energy performance; to reduce operating costs; to provide O&M staff orientation and training; and to improve systems documentation. According to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), commissioning can improve new building energy performance by 8% to 30%. The more complex the building type and the more integrated the building systems, the more likely that a formal building commissioning process will prove valuable. Use commissioning to verify that the project's safety and sustainability goals have been achieved.
Integrated Building Automation and Control Systems (BAS): BAS integrates and automates traditionally stand-alone building automation and control systems such as HVAC, fire, lighting, and security systems into one comprehensive system. This enables electronic monitoring and control of air flow, space temperature, system performance, energy conservation, fire alarms, security functions, etc. from a single, centralized location for optimized building operations, energy efficiency, indoor comfort, safety, and security. For example, a BAS can be programmed such that a duct sensor can monitor the efficiency of the air flow, but can also detect a contaminant in the ductwork and alarm the facility manager who can then reconfigure the HVAC system in that part of the building, notify the proper officials, and evacuate occupants safely.
Renewable Distributed Energy Technologies: The use of renewable distributed energy technologies (e.g., wind turbines, photovoltaics, geothermal heat pump, and biomass gasifiers) reduces environmental impacts associated with utility energy production and use such as natural resources destruction, air pollution, and water pollution. They also offer consumers the potential for lower cost, higher service reliability, high power quality, increased energy efficiency, and energy security.
Thermal Mass Walls (Trombe Walls): Trombe walls are used to passively heat a space. A typical Trombe wall consists of an 8- to 16-inch thick masonry, stone, adobe, or concrete wall coated with a dark, heat-absorbing material and faced with a single or double layer of glass. The glass is placed from about 3/4" to 6" away from the wall to create a small airspace. Heat from sunlight passing through the glass is absorbed by the dark surface and stored in the wall. As it cools gradually during the night, it slowly releases its stored heat indirectly into the space. Trombe walls can serve double duty to reduce energy consumption and provide blast protection if they are integrated into the structural system and are made of reinforced concrete—masonry walls break up readily and become secondary fragments during blasts.
Window Films: Dangerous glass shards caused by natural hazards, accidents, or explosions can harm building occupants and visitors. Certain window films are designed to help hold shattered glass together, and make the glass stronger, and more resistant to breakage for improved safety and security. In addition, these films can reduce solar heat gain, glare, and fading for energy conservation and occupant comfort.
Buildings should be safe places to live and work. However, only a few buildings need to be Level 5 secure (critical to national security). To prevent unneeded security upgrades, hence use of more resources and materials, a comprehensive threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, and risk analysis must be conducted to identify the appropriate level of security for the building.
There are some security and safety products made of materials with recycled content or other environmentally preferable characteristics. Examples include reinforced concrete site furniture made with slag (a by-product of steel production) and recycled content metal fencing (both could be used for perimeter access control).
Indoor Environmental Quality
Glazing and Daylighting: Daylighting improves indoor environment of buildings by exposing occupants to natural light. This can result in improved worker productivity and reduced energy costs. While daylighting can also contribute to the security of a building by shedding light on otherwise dark corners, it does increase the potential for glass hazard caused by natural disasters, accidents, or blast events. Size and locate windows with detonation points in mind. Understanding that extensive damage to conventional glazing can still result since blast pressures will wrap around buildings. Where appropriate, specify blast resistant glazing or window film that can also reject heat and glare. Avoid exterior ornamentation, including certain sun control and shading devices, that can break away easily. Also, note that the placement of windows and doors to allow for good visibility and surveillance may interfere with daylighting schemes.
Natural Ventilation vs. Mechanical Ventilation: Natural ventilation has become an increasingly energy-efficient and attractive method for providing acceptable indoor air quality and maintaining a healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more prevailing approach of using energy-intensive mechanical ventilation. Power sources are not needed to operate natural ventilation systems, so building occupants can maintain their level of comfort in the event of power shortages or blackouts. On the other hand, natural ventilation systems could bring outside contaminants inside. For critical and high-risk buildings, mechanical ventilation with special filters is recommended to protect against possible chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agents from entering interior spaces. Although more energy will be used, mechanical ventilation does allow for precise control of humidity, preventing the growth of mold and mildew. Under-floor air distribution systems should not be used in laboratories or other spaces containing hazardous materials that could spill onto the floor and contaminate the under-floor air.
Dedicated Ventilation and/or Exhaust Systems: Exposure of building occupants to potentially hazardous chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agents negatively impacts the indoor environment and can pose serious health threats. To help maintain superior indoor air quality and protect people's health, dedicated ventilation systems (aka. dedicated outdoor air systems [DOAS]) and dedicated exhaust systems can be installed. DOAS use separate air handlers to condition and deliver the minimum required constant volume of outdoor air. Be sure to protect all outdoor air intakes and locate discharge points away from them (see Figure to the right). For more information, see the Department of Health and Human Services / National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health publications Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, May 2002 and Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, April 2003.
Tight Building Envelope: In traditional construction, infiltration occurs through gaps and cracks in the building envelope. Excess infiltration of cold air in the winter and hot humid air during the summer can create uncomfortable indoor environments, including mold and mildew and raise heating and cooling costs by 20% to 40%. Such unintentional infiltration is also a concern for an exterior chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) release at some distance from a building, such as a large-scale attack. Decreasing infiltration improves comfort, saves energy, controls moisture, reduces indoor pollution, and promotes ventilation. Also, tight building construction in combination with building pressurization can be an effective CBR-protection strategy.
C. Sustainable Design Considerations and Opportunities
The table below identifies sustainable design considerations and opportunities when employing various safe design strategies.
Safety and Security Strategies | Sustainable Design Considerations/Opportunities |
Access Control* | |
Secure site perimeter | Integrate with sustainable landscaping scheme. See WBDG Sustainable—Optimize Site Potential and Achieving Sustainable Site Design through Low Impact Development Practices. |
Use barriers to prevent passage of vehicles | Use natural and/or environmentally friendly barriers (e.g., trees, retention ponds, etc.). Use reinforced site furniture, planters, etc. as vehicle barriers. See WBDG Achieving Sustainable Site Design through Low Impact Development Practices and Low Impact Development Technologies. |
Minimize public entrances into the building | Integrate with daylighting scheme. |
Secure vulnerable openings (e.g. doors, first floor windows) | Integrate with daylighting scheme. |
Install electronic access systems (e.g., parking, elevators) | Use energy-efficient systems. Consider renewable and/or distributed energy resources. See WBDG Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Distributed Energy Resources, Fuel Cell Technology, Microturbines. |
Secure critical functions (e.g., IT, mechanical systems) | Consider dedicated ventilation and/or exhaust systems. |
Surveillance* | |
Locate windows and doors to allow for good visibility | Integrate with daylighting scheme. |
Avoid spaces that permit concealment | Integrate with daylighting scheme. |
Define public versus private interior zones | Use signage and other directional devices manufactured from recycled material. Use barriers with low-VOC or no VOC finishes. |
Avoid blocking lines of sight with fencing and landscaping | Integrate with landscaping and daylighting schemes. |
Locate public areas (e.g., restrooms) where they can be easily observed | Integrate with water and energy efficient restroom fixtures scheme. |
Design lighting to reinforce natural surveillance | Integrate with building automation and control systems. Use energy-efficient systems. Consider renewable and/or distributed energy sources, such as solar power night lighting. See WBDG Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Distributed Energy Resources, Fuel Cell Technology, Microturbines. |
Install intrusion devices and video systems | Integrate with building automation and control systems. Use energy-efficient lighting and controls. Use low-light or no-light cameras for scene observation that minimize/eliminate the need for electrical lighting. Consider renewable and/or distributed energy sources. |
Use screen and tracking systems | Integrate with building automation and control systems. Use energy-efficient lighting. Consider renewable and/or distributed energy sources. |
Blast Protection* | |
Design structural systems to prevent or delay building collapse | Integrate with passive solar design (e.g., Trombe walls). Use sustainable materials (e.g., fly-ash concrete, slag concrete, steel columns, etc.). |
Use building configurations to better resist blast shock waves | Integrate with passive solar design and daylighting scheme. |
Maximize distances between parking and buildings | Integrate with alternative transportation plans. |
Size and locate windows with detonation points in mind | Integrate with daylighting scheme. Specify glazing or window films that reduce heat gain and glare and provide blast protection. |
Use blast or ballistic resistant glazing | Use blast or ballistic resistant window films that are also energy-efficient (reduce heat gain and glare). |
Increase strength of exterior cladding and nonstructural elements | Use sustainable materials. Consider thermal benefits of strengthened cladding options. |
Avoid exterior ornamentation that can break away | Integrate with sun control and shading devices. |
Chemical, Biological, Radiological Protection*. | |
Elevate fresh air intakes | Integrate with energy-efficient HVAC system. |
Prevent unauthorized access to fresh-air intakes | Specify bars and grates to be manufactured with recycled steel. |
Reduce need for utilities | Consider renewable such as daylighting, passive solar heating, photovoltaics, and geothermal; and/or distributed energy resources. |
Apply external air filtration and overpressurization techniques | Integrate with building automation and control systems. |
Use internal air filtration technologies | Integrate with building automation and control systems. |
Secure vulnerable areas (e.g., mail rooms, loading docks, mechanical rooms, storage) | Consider dedicated ventilation and/or exhaust systems. |
Establish mail-handling protocols and procedures | Utilize energy efficient equipment, machinery, and lighting. |
Establish emergency plans for biochemical attacks | Consider dedicated ventilation and/or exhaust systems. |
Energy Security* | |
Create redundant systems | Reduce energy loads. Use energy-efficient systems. Consider renewable and/or distributed energy resources. |
Occupant Safety and Health** | |
Provide designs that eliminate or reduce hazards in the work place to prevent mishaps | Integrate safety mechanisms with sustainable features. Use integrated building automation and control systems. |
Prevent occupational injuries and illnesses | Consider integrated natural and mechanical ventilation systems. Use integrated building automation and control systems. |
Prevent falls from heights | Use sustainable materials for guardrails and barriers. Operable windows should have safety measures to prevent falls. |
Prevent slips, trips, and falls | Integrate daylighting into illumination scheme. Use LED lamps and fixtures. Use electroluminescent devices which require no source of electricity. |
Ensure electrical safety | Follow standards and recommended practices for installing and operating photovoltaic systems and distributed energy resources, such as fuel cells and microturbines. |
Eliminate exposure to hazardous materials (e.g., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde, lead, and asbestos in older buildings) | Use sustainable materials (e.g., no-VOC paints, adhesives, and sealants, formaldehyde-free finish panels, etc.). Use dedicated ventilation and/or exhaust systems in copy rooms, labs, loading docks, and mailrooms. |
Provide good indoor air quality (IAQ) and adequate ventilation | Use daylighting. Consider integrated natural and mechanical ventilation systems. Use integrated building automation and control systems. |
Provide ergonomic work places to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) | Use sustainable materials, including furnishings with recycled content, recyclable or compostable materials, and reconditioned furniture. |
Perform proper building operations and maintenance | Implement total building commissioning. Use integrated building automation and control systems. |
Provide for proper receiving, storing, and handling of consumable materials | Implement total building commissioning. |
* Source: Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals, and their Clients by The American Institute of Architects. Washington, DC: AIA, p. 15.
** Source: WBDG Safe—Ensure Occupant Safety & Health
California's Office of Emergency Services Headquarters, Sacramento, California: Located on a 12-acre site, the complex is the anchor project for the adaptive reuse of the former Mather Air Force Base. It exemplifies the newest generation of open yet secure, safe, and sustainable buildings. Strategies and features include: use of landform to control vehicular access; open, daylit spaces for comfortable, productive work environments; and back-up fuel supply for energy security.
Pictured on right: Break out rooms surround the command and logistics room, shielding it from exposure to the outside, although clerestories allow a generous amount of daylight to enter the space.
Williams Communications' Headquarters, Tulsa, Oklahoma: At the core of the Williams Communications' headquarters building is a 47,000 sf highly secure network operations center that provides a spacious, daylit, dynamic work environment for its occupants.
Defense Intelligence Analysis Center (DIAC), Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, DC: The approximately $100 million project is a first-class, six story 450,000 sf office building designed to consolidate uniquely skilled intelligence personnel currently working in lease spaces throughout the region. Connected to an existing building via a corridor, the project successfully integrates security and sustainability features within the design, creating an energy-efficient, comfortable, yet very secure facility. For example, the design of the facility takes advantage of the earth berm behind so it would be able to withstand impact by a truck traveling at 40 MPH.
Pentagon Renovation, Arlington, Virginia: The energy management control system installed to efficiently manage the heating, cooling, and lighting systems throughout the Pentagon allowed officials to manipulate all the building systems in the first minutes after the 9/11 terrorist attack. This minimized the areas of the building that had to be entered to operate equipment, reducing risks to employees. Also, the Pentagon's new windows, installed for security and energy efficiency benefits, helped to contain damage from the attack.
Oklahoma City Federal Building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: The 181,000sf facility replaced the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Office Building, which was destroyed by a bomb in 1995. As the owner, the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) wanted the building to be transparent, open, and accessible to public as well as secure and sustainable. One of the primary strategies was using landscaping, including light fixtures and other streetscape items, to provide the appropriate setback distance and to serve as security barriers. For more information, see "Secure and Sustainable" by Gordon Wright. Building Design and Construction.
Relevant Codes and Standards
Federal Mandates
- Code of Federal Regulations, 10 C.F.R. § 434 "Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multifamily High-Rise Residential Buildings"
- Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
- Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT)
- Executive Order 12656, "Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities"
- Executive Order 12977, "Interagency Security Committee"
- Executive Order 13693, "Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade"
- Executive Order 14057, "Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries And Jobs Through Federal Sustainability", a broad sustainability plan for federal buildings and operations that includes "buy clean" provisions and the goal for all federal buildings to have net zero emissions by 2045 and a 50% emissions reduction from buildings by 2032.
Standards and Guidelines
- Air Force
- Air Force Sustainable Design and Development (SDD) Implementing Guidance Memorandum , 02 June 2011. Signatory: Maj Gen Timothy A. Byers, USAF, The Civil Engineer, DCS/Logistics, Installations & Mission Support
- Army
- Army Memorandum: Sustainable Design and Development Policy Update, 16 December 2013. Signatory: Katherine Hammack, Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment)
- FM 3-19.30 Physical Security—Sets forth guidance for all personnel responsible for physical security.
- Department of Defense
- UFC 1-200-02 High Performance and Sustainable Building Requirements
- UFC 3-210-10 Low Impact Development
- UFC 4-010-01 DoD Minimum Anti-Terrorism Standards for Buildings
- UFC 4-024-01 Security Engineering: Procedures for Designing Airborne Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Protection for Buildings
- Department of Health and Human Services
- Department of Homeland Security
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- General Services Administration
- Department of Homeland Security
Additional Resources
Federal Agencies
- Department of Defense
- Others
- "Building for a Secure Future: Bioterrorism" by Engineering News-Record and Architectural Record. Available: enr.com and archrecord.construction.com (03/25/02 issue)
- Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals, and their Clients by The American Institute of Architects. Washington, DC: AIA.
- Greening Federal Facilities Guide by U.S. Department of Energy, 2001.
- Protection of Federal Office Buildings Against Terrorism by the Committee on the Protection of Federal Facilities Against Terrorism, Building Research Board, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1988.
- Securing Buildings and Saving Energy: Opportunities in the Federal Sector by Jeffrey Harris, William Tschudi, and Beverly Dyer. U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program
- The American Institute of Architects (AIA)
- American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
- American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA)
- ASIS International
- Building Security Certifcation Program (BSCP)
- International Living Future Institute
- International Well Building Institute
- Protective Glazing Council (PGC)
- Society of American Military Engineers (SAME)
- Sustainable Sites Initiative
- The Infrastructure Security Partnership (TISP)
- U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
Rating Systems
- Green Globes—Green Globes® is a science-based, three-in-one building rating system that evaluates the environmental sustainability, health, wellness, and resilience of commercial buildings and portfolios.
- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®)—LEED is a third party certification program for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings.
- Living Building Challenge (LBC)—LBC is a philosophy, advocacy tool, and certification program defining the most advanced measure of sustainability in the built environment.
- SITES Rating System—provides a comprehensive framework for designing, developing, and managing sustainable and resilient landscapes and other outdoor spaces and is the ideal tool to support nature positive design.
- WELL Building Standard™—The WELL Building Standard version 2 (WELL v2™) is a vehicle for buildings and organizations to deliver more thoughtful and intentional spaces that enhance human health and well-being.


text:
Frankie makes dinner for Lily.
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.
Email Address
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Notify me of follow-up comments by email.
Notify me of new posts by email.
We have a magic shelf where dolls and action figures come to life. Join us each weekday to see a new snapshot, and look for a special scene each weekend. You can also follow us on Instrgram, Twitter, and Facebook.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Did you ever wonder what Regular Expressions are all about and want to gain a basic understanding quickly? My goal is to get you up and running with a basic understanding of regular expressions within 30 minutes. The reality is that regular expressions aren't as complex as they look. The best way to learn is to start writing and experimenting. After your first half hour, you should know a few of the basic constructs and be able to design and use regular expressions in your programs or web pages. For those of you who get hooked, there are many excellent resources available to further your education.
I'm sure you are familiar with the use of "wildcard" characters for pattern matching. For example, if you want to find all the Microsoft Word files in a Windows directory, you search for "*.doc", knowing that the asterisk is interpreted as a wildcard that can match any sequence of characters. Regular expressions are just an elaborate extension of this capability.
In writing programs or web pages that manipulate text, it is frequently necessary to locate strings that match complex patterns. Regular expressions were invented to describe such patterns. Thus, a regular expression is just a shorthand code for a pattern. For example, the pattern "\w+" is a concise way to say "match any non-null strings of alphanumeric characters". The .NET framework provides a powerful class library that makes it easy to include regular expressions in your applications. With this library, you can readily search and replace text, decode complex headers, parse languages, or validate text.
A good way to learn the arcane syntax of regular expressions is by starting with examples and then experimenting with your own creations. This tutorial introduces the basics of regular expressions, giving many examples that are included in an Expresso library file. Expresso can be used to try out the examples and to experiment with your own regular expressions.
Let's get started!
Suppose you spend all your free time scanning documents looking for evidence that Elvis is still alive. You could search with the following regular expression:
This is a perfectly valid regular expression that searches for an exact sequence of characters. In .NET, you can easily set options to ignore the case of characters, so this expression will match "Elvis", "ELVIS", or "eLvIs". Unfortunately, it will also match the last five letters of the word "pelvis". We can improve the expression as follows:
2. \belvis\b Find elvis as a whole word
Now things are getting a little more interesting. The "\b" is a special code that means, "match the position at the beginning or end of any word". This expression will only match complete words spelled "elvis" with any combination of lower case or capital letters.
Suppose you want to find all lines in which the word "elvis" is followed by the word "alive." The period or dot "." is a special code that matches any character other than a newline. The asterisk "*" means repeat the previous term as many times as necessary to guarantee a match. Thus, ".*" means "match any number of characters other than newline". It is now a simple matter to build an expression that means "search for the word 'elvis' followed on the same line by the word 'alive'."
3. \belvis\b.*\balive\b Find text with "elvis" followed by "alive"
With just a few special characters we are beginning to build powerful regular expressions and they are already becoming hard for we humans to read.
Let's try another example.
Suppose your web page collects a customer's seven-digit phone number and you want to verify that the phone number is in the correct format, "xxx-xxxx", where each "x" is a digit. The following expression will search through text looking for such a string:
4. \b\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d Find seven-digit phone number
Each "\d" means "match any single digit". The "-" has no special meaning and is interpreted literally, matching a hyphen. To avoid the annoying repetition, we can use a shorthand notation that means the same thing:
5. \b\d{3}-\d{4} Find seven-digit phone number a better way
The "{3}" following the "\d" means "repeat the preceding character three times".
Let's learn how to test this expression.
If you don't find regular expressions hard to read you are probably an idiot savant or a visitor from another planet. The syntax can be imposing for anyone, including those who use regular expressions frequently. This makes errors common and creates a need for a simple tool for building and testing expressions. Many such tools exist, but I'm partial to my own, Expresso, originally launched on the CodeProject. Version 2.0 is shown here. For later versions, check the Ultrapico website.
To get started, install Expresso and select the Tutorial from the Windows Program menu. Each example can be selected using the tab labeled "Expression Library".
Figure 1. Expresso running example 5
Start by selecting the first example, "1. Find Elvis". Click Run Match and look at the TreeView on the right. Note there are several matches. Click on each to show the location of the match in the sample text. Run the second and third examples, noting that the word "pelvis" no longer matches. Finally, run the fourth and fifth examples; both should match the same numbers in the text. Try removing the initial "\b" and note that part of a Zip Code matched the format for a phone number.
Let's explore some of the basics of regular expressions in .NET.
You should get to know a few characters with special meaning. You already met "\b", ".", "*", and "\d". To match any whitespace characters, like spaces, tabs, and newlines, use "\s" . Similarly, "\w" matches any alphanumeric character.
Let's try a few more examples:
6. \ba\w*\b Find words that start with the letter a
This works by searching for the beginning of a word (\b), then the letter "a", then any number of repetitions of alphanumeric characters (\w*), then the end of a word (\b).
7. \d+ Find repeated strings of digits
Here, the "+" is similar to "*", except it requires at least one repetition.
8. \b\w{6}\b Find six letter words
Try these in Expresso and start experimenting by inventing your own expressions. Here is a table of some of the characters with special meaning:
Match any character except newline
Match any alphanumeric character
Match any whitespace character
Match any digit
Match the beginning or end of a word
Match the beginning of the string
Match the end of the string
Table 1. Commonly used special characters for regular expressions
The special characters "^" and "$" are used when looking for something that must start at the beginning of the text and/or end at the end of the text. This is especially useful for validating input in which the entire text must match a pattern. For example, to validate a seven-digit phone number, you might use:
9. ^\d{3}-\d{4}$ Validate a seven-digit phone number
This is the same as example (5), but forced to fill the whole text string, with nothing else before or after the matched text. By setting the "Multiline" option in .NET, "^" and "$" change their meaning to match the beginning and end of a single line of text, rather than the entire text string. The Expresso example uses this option.
A problem occurs if you actually want to match one of the special characters, like "^" or "$". Use the backslash to remove the special meaning. Thus, "\^", "\.", and "\\", match the literal characters "^", ".", and "\", respectively.
You've seen that "{3}" and "*" can be used to indicate repetition of a single character. Later, you'll see how the same syntax can be used to repeat entire subexpressions. There are several other ways to specify a repetition, as shown in this table:
Repeat any number of times
Repeat one or more times
Repeat zero or one time
Repeat n times
Repeat at least n, but no more than m times
Repeat at least n times
Table 2. Commonly used quantifiers
10. \b\w{5,6}\b Find all five and six letter words
11. \b\d{3}\s\d{3}-\d{4} Find ten digit phone numbers
12. \d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4} Social security number
13. ^\w* The first word in the line or in the text
Try the last example with and without setting the "Multiline" option, which changes the meaning of "^".
It is simple to find alphanumerics, digits, and whitespace, but what if we want to find anything from some other set of characters? This is easily done by listing the desired characters within square brackets. Thus, "[aeiou]" matches any vowel and "[.?!]" matches the punctuation at the end of a sentence. In this example, notice that the "." And "?" lose their special meanings within square brackets and are interpreted literally. We can also specify a range of characters, so "[a-z0-9]" means, "match any lowercase letter of the alphabet, or any digit".
Let's try a more complicated expression that searches for telephone numbers.
14. \(?\d{3}[) ]\s?\d{3}[- ]\d{4} A ten digit phone number
\(?\d{3}[) ]\s?\d{3}[- ]\d{4}
This expression will find phone numbers in several formats, like "(800) 325-3535" or "650 555 1212". The "\(?" searches for zero or one left parentheses, "[) ]" searches for a right parenthesis or a space. The "\s?" searches for zero or one whitespace characters. Unfortunately, it will also find cases like "650) 555-1212" in which the parenthesis is not balanced. Below, you'll see how to use alternatives to eliminate this problem.
[) ]
Sometimes we need to search for a character that is NOT a member of an easily defined class of characters. The following table shows how this can be specified.
Match any character that is NOT alphanumeric
Match any character that is NOT whitespace
Match any character that is NOT a digit
Match a position that is NOT the beginning or end of a word
Match any character that is NOT x
Match any character that is NOT one of the characters aeiou
Table 3. How to specify what you don't want
15. \S+ All strings that do not contain whitespace characters
Later, we'll see how to use "lookahead" and "lookbehind" to search for the absence of more complex patterns.
To select between several alternatives, allowing a match if either one is satisfied, use the pipe "|" symbol to separate the alternatives. For example, Zip Codes come in two flavors, one with 5 digits, the other with 9 digits and a hyphen. We can find either with this expression:
16. \b\d{5}-\d{4}\b|\b\d{5}\b Five and nine digit Zip Codes
When using alternatives, the order is important since the matching algorithm will attempt to match the leftmost alternative first. If the order is reversed in this example, the expression will only find the 5 digit Zip Codes and fail to find the 9 digit ones. We can use alternatives to improve the expression for ten digit phone numbers, allowing the area code to appear either delimited by whitespace or parenthesis:
17. (\(\d{3}\)|\d{3})\s?\d{3}[- ]\d{4} Ten digit phone numbers, a better way
(\(\d{3}\)|\d{3})\s?\d{3}[- ]\d{4}
Parentheses may be used to delimit a subexpression to allow repetition or other special treatment. For example:
18. (\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3} A simple IP address finder
The first part of the expression searches for a one to three digit number followed by a literal period "\.". This is enclosed in parentheses and repeated three times using the "{3}" quantifier, followed by the same expression without the trailing period.
Unfortunately, this example allows IP addresses with arbitrary one, two, or three digit numbers separated by periods even though a valid IP address cannot have numbers larger than 255. It would be nice to arithmetically compare a captured number N to enforce N<256, but this is not possible with regular expressions alone. The next example tests various alternatives based on the starting digits to guarantee the limited range of numbers by pattern matching. This shows that an expression can become cumbersome even when looking for a pattern that is simple to describe.
19. ((2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|[01]?\d\d?)\.){3}(2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|[01]?\d\d?) IP finder
Figure 2. Expresso's analyzer view showing example 17
Expresso has a feature that diagrams expressions in a Tree structure, explaining what each piece means. When debugging an expression, this can help zoom in on the part that is causing trouble. Try this by selecting example (17) and then using the Analyze button. Select nodes in the tree and expand them to explore the structure of this regular expression as shown in the figure. After highlighting a node, you can also use the Partial Match or Exclude Match buttons to run a match using just the highlighted portion of the regular expression or using the regular expression with the highlighted portion excluded.
When subexpressions are grouped with parentheses, the text that matches the subexpression is available for further processing in a computer program or within the regular expression itself. By default, groups are numbered sequentially as encountered in reading from left to right, starting with 1. This automatic numbering can be seen in Expresso's skeleton view or in the results shown after a successful match.
A "backreference" is used to search for a recurrence of previously matched text that has been captured by a group. For example, "\1" means, "match the text that was captured by group 1". Here is an example:
20. \b(\w+)\b\s*\1\b Find repeated words
This works by capturing a string of at least one alphanumeric character within group 1 "(\w+)", but only if it begins and ends a word. It then looks for any amount of whitespace "\s*" followed by a repetition of the captured text "\1" ending at the end of a word.
It is possible to override the automatic numbering of groups by specifying an explicit name or number. In the above example, instead of writing the group as "(\w+)", we can write it as "(?<Word>\w+)" to name this capture group "Word". A backreference to this group is written "\k<Word>". Try this example:
21. \b(?<Word>\w+)\b\s*\k<Word>\b Capture repeated word in a named group
Test this in Expresso and expand the match results to see the contents of the named group.
Using parentheses, there are many special purpose syntax elements available. Some of the most common are summarized in this table:
Match exp and capture it in an automatically numbered group
Match exp and capture it in a group named name
Match exp, but do not capture it
Match any position preceding a suffix exp
Match any position following a prefix exp
Match any position after which the suffix exp is not found
Match any position before which the prefix exp is not found
Table 4. Commonly used Group Constructs
We've already talked about the first two. The third "(?:exp)" does not alter the matching behavior, it just doesn't capture it in a named or numbered group like the first two.
The next four are so-called lookahead or lookbehind assertions. They look for things that go before or after the current match without including them in the match. It is important to understand that these expressions match a position like "^" or "\b" and never match any text. For this reason, they are known as "zero-width assertions". They are best illustrated by example:
"(?=exp)" is the "zero-width positive lookahead assertion". It matches a position in the text that precedes a given suffix, but doesn't include the suffix in the match:
22. \b\w+(?=ing\b) The beginning of words ending with "ing"
"(?<=exp)" is the "zero-width positive lookbehind assertion". It matches the position following a prefix, but doesn't include the prefix in the match:
23. (?<=\bre)\w+\b The end of words starting with "re"
Here is an example that could be used repeatedly to insert commas into numbers in groups of three digits:
24. (?<=\d)\d{3}\b Three digits at the end of a word, preceded by a digit
Here is an example that looks for both a prefix and a suffix:
25. (?<=\s)\w+(?=\s) Alphanumeric strings bounded by whitespace
Earlier, I showed how to search for a character that is not a specific character or the member of a character class. What if we simply want to verify that a character is not present, but don't want to match anything? For example, what if we are searching for words in which the letter "q" is not followed by the letter "u"? We could try:
26. \b\w*q[^u]\w*\b Words with "q" followed by NOT "u"
Run the example and you will see that it fails when "q" is the last letter of a word, as in "Iraq". This is because "[^q]" always matches a character. If "q" is the last character of the word, it will match the whitespace character that follows, so in the example the expression ends up matching two whole words. Negative lookaround solves this problem because it matches a position and does not consume any text. As with positive lookaround, it can also be used to match the position of an arbitrarily complex subexpression, rather than just a single character. We can now do a better job:
27. \b\w*q(?!u)\w*\b Search for words with "q" not followed by "u"
We used the "zero-width negative lookahead assertion", "(?!exp)", which succeeds only if the suffix "exp" is not present. Here is another example:
28. \d{3}(?!\d) Three digits not followed by another digit
Similarly, we can use "(?<!exp)", the "zero-width negative lookbehind assertion", to search for a position in the text at which the prefix "exp" is not present:
29. (?<![a-z ])\w{7} Strings of 7 alphanumerics not preceded by a letter or space
(?<![a-z ])\w{7}
Here is one more example using lookaround:
30. (?<=<(\w+)>).*(?=<\/\1>) Text between HTML tags
This searches for an HTML tag using lookbehind and the corresponding closing tag using lookahead, thus capturing the intervening text but excluding both tags.
Another use of parentheses is to include comments using the "(?#comment)" syntax. A better method is to set the "Ignore Pattern Whitespace" option, which allows whitespace to be inserted in the expression and then ignored when the expression is used. With this option set, anything following a number sign "#" at the end of each line of text is ignored. For example, we can format the preceding example like this:
31. Text between HTML tags, with comments
(?<= # Search for a prefix, but exclude it
 <(\w+)> # Match a tag of alphanumerics within angle brackets
) # End the prefix
.* # Match any text
(?= # Search for a suffix, but exclude it
 <\/\1> # Match the previously captured tag preceded by "/"
) # End the suffix
When a regular expression has a quantifier that can accept a range of repetitions (like ".*"), the normal behavior is to match as many characters as possible. Consider the following regular expression:
32. a.*b The longest string starting with a and ending with b
If this is used to search the string "aabab", it will match the entire string "aabab". This is called "greedy" matching. Sometimes, we prefer "lazy" matching in which a match using the minimum number of repetitions is found. All the quantifiers in Table 2 can be turned into "lazy" quantifiers by adding a question mark "?". Thus "*?" means "match any number of repetitions, but use the smallest number of repetitions that still leads to a successful match". Now let's try the lazy version of example (32):
33. a.*?b The shortest string starting with a and ending with b
If we apply this to the same string "aabab" it will first match "aab" and then "ab".
Repeat any number of times, but as few as possible
Repeat one or more times, but as few as possible
Repeat zero or one time, but as few as possible
Repeat at least n, but no more than m times, but as few as possible
Repeat at least n times, but as few as possible
Table 5. Lazy quantifiers
I've described a rich set of elements with which to begin building regular expressions; but I left out a few things that are summarized in the following table. Many of these are illustrated with additional examples in the project file. The example number is shown in the left-hand column of this table.
Bell character
Normally a word boundary, but within a character class it means backspace
Carriage return
Vertical tab
Form feed
New line
Character whose ASCII octal code is nnn
Character whose hexadecimal code is nn
Character whose Unicode is nnnn
Control N character, for example carriage return (Ctrl-M) is \cM
Beginning of a string (like ^ but does not depend on the multiline option)
End of string or before \n at end of string (ignores multiline)
End of string (ignores multiline)
Beginning of the current search
Any character from the Unicode class named name, for example \p{IsGreek}
Greedy subexpression, also known as a non-backtracking subexpression. This is matched only once and then does not participate in backtracking.
(?<x>-<y>exp) or (?-<y>exp)
Balancing group. This is complicated but powerful. It allows named capture groups to be manipulated on a push down/pop up stack and can be used, for example, to search for matching parentheses, which is otherwise not possible with regular expressions. See the example in the project file.
Change the regular expression options for the subexpression exp
Change the regular expression options for the rest of the enclosing group
The subexpression exp is treated as a zero-width positive lookahead. If it matches at this point, the subexpression yes becomes the next match, otherwise no is used.
Same as above but with an empty no expression
This is the same syntax as the preceding case. If name is a valid group name, the yes expression is matched if the named group had a successful match, otherwise the no expression is matched.
Table 6. Everything we left out. The left-hand column shows the number of an example in the project file that illustrates this construct.
We've given many examples to illustrate the essential features of .NET regular expressions, emphasizing the use of a tool like Expresso to test, experiment, and learn by example. If you get hooked, there are many online resources available to help you go further. You can start your search at the Ultrapico web site. If you want to read a book, I suggest the latest edition of Mastering Regular Expressions, by Jeffrey Friedl.
There are also a number of nice articles on The Code Project including the following tutorials:
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
I have problem with my matching function actually I have to count number of lines with specific string and return line number ,so I have one dimensional array of string that contain the unique strings of text file {33,7,77,3 23,6} and text file with the same strings in array I have read lines of text file to array , but with duplicate of these strings ,when I use regex.match it works not bad expect when I check if line 2 contain 3 the function return True it's consider 3 in 23 as 3 , and the above explanation is just example of what I need any help please
Module Module1 Sub Main() Dim txt As String = File.ReadAllText("e:\ii.txt") ' Use regular expressions to replace characters ' that are not letters or numbers with spaces. Dim reg_exp As New Regex("[^a-zA-Z0-9]") txt = reg_exp.Replace(txt, " ") ' Split the text into words. 'Dim words() As String = txt.Split( _ ' New Char() {" "c}, _ ' StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries) Dim words = txt.Split(New String() {" ", Environment.NewLine}, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries) ' Use LINQ to get the unique words. Dim word_query = _ (From word As String In words _ Order By word _ Select word).Distinct() Dim stra() As String = word_query.ToArray() For i = 0 To stra.Length - 1 Console.WriteLine(" " & stra(i)) Next Dim lines() As String = IO.File.ReadAllLines("e:\ii.txt") For i = 0 To lines.Length - 1 Console.WriteLine(lines(1)) Dim linecount = 0 Dim regex As New Regex(stra(i), RegexOptions.ExplicitCapture) Dim match As Match = regex.Match(lines(1)) If match.Success Then linecount += 1 Console.WriteLine("linecount= " & linecount) Else Console.WriteLine("false") End If Next End Sub End Module
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages.


text:
Our Arizona Wildcats Wireless Fight Song Doorbell is portable, so you can take it out to the home, office, patio, backyard or even the R.V. and know when someone rings your door bell.
Put the transmitter near your door and the chime can be placed anywhere in the house.
With our unique wireless doorbell system, you can easily upload your own MP3 fight song music file via a USB cable that you attach to your Windows laptop or computer and easily upload your fight song to your horn…this programmable doorbell has an internal memory chip (2 meg. capacity) and works just like a portable thumb drive…simply plug it into any USB port and copy and paste your own MP3 fight song sound file…then go hook up your doorbell and your ready to go.
IMPORTANT: Our doorbells DO NOT come preloaded with sounds, that is your job to upload your own preferred school fight song.
Very easy to install and can replace your present doorbell, or can be an additional doorbell.
Customizable MP3 music capable, so you can actually upload more different sounds if you want.
You simply connect it to any windows computer with a USB port, then download or delete any of the MP3 sounds easily.
Complete step-by-step instructions are included.
Easy Set-up and Installation! This doorbell is wireless.
WIRELESS: Operates up to 500 feet away.
NO batteries needed…this unit is self powered…base unit connects to a 110 volt wall outlet and the button has a magnetic system that sends a signal to the base unit without the need for batteries.
This is the gift of a lifetime for any family member or friend!
8 level volume control
Operating range: 500 feet in open air
Excellent water resistant transmitter
Easy to install and ready to work
LED indicator on both transmitter and receiver
Low power consumption
NO batteries needed
Perfect for the home, office, or commercial buildings…
Specifications Receiver:
Working voltage: 110v
Sound volume: 20 – 100dB
Working frequency: 433.92MHz
Product size (L x W x H) : 4 x 3.5 x 2 inches
Package contents:
1 x MP3 Wireless Doorbell Receiver
1 x Push Button Transmitter (IP47 Waterproof)
1 x USB Data Cable (to upload your preferred sounds)
1 x English Manual


text:
- The Library Shop
- Privacy Policy
- Rules and Regulations
- Using the Internet
- Website Terms and Conditions
- Gifts of Materials to NYPL
© The New York Public Library, 2024
The New York Public Library is a 501(c)(3) | EIN 13-1887440
Among the riches of The Research Libraries is an enormous collection of pre-1920 illustrated zoologies from Europe and the Americas. Not generally well known, these impressive holdings are comparable to those in specialized natural history libraries. However, they do not comprise a discrete collection, but are distributed among various units of the Library, chiefly the department previously known as the Science and Technology Research Center (now part of the Science, Industry and Business Library), the George Arents Collection of Books in Parts, the Rare Books Division, the Stuart Collection, and the General Research Division.
Illustrated zoologies are both scientific documents and repositories of examples of reproductive printmaking before photomechanical processes became the primary method of producing book illustrations. These woodcuts and wood engravings, metal plate engravings, and lithographs constitute an enormous body of art. With the exception of the colorful prints of artists such as John James Audubon, Mark Catesby, and John Gould, this art is familiar mostly to specialists. Gross's bibliography was devoted to a selection of 201 of the most important and interesting titles, representing only a very small percentage of the Library's total holdings in natural history.
Zoological illustration is a specialized branch of art. Its primary purpose is scientific -- the accurate depiction of animals, usually, but not always, in partnership with descriptive text. It differs from animal portraiture, which is the artist's interpretation of an individual rather than a species, and, ideally, is free of narrative, moral, or theological messages. From a strictly scientific viewpoint, aesthetic considerations are secondary: if renderings are also decorative, that must be considered a bonus. But, in reality, the best and most effective illustrations are those that serve both art and science.
Despite the dominance of photography as a documentary tool in the twentieth century, only drawings can focus on and highlight details that the scientist needs; thus, zoological, botanical, and other technical illustrations continue to be created side by side with photographs (and films). The invaluable series of Peterson field guides are famous examples of contemporary zoological illustration.
As used here, the term "zoology" indicates a book about animals. In addition to works that are in the strictest sense zoologies -- such as monographs devoted to a specific animal group, or fauna of one region, or an encyclopedic work embracing all animals -- there are other literature formats on the subject. Reports of voyages and expeditions of exploration, catalogs of private and public collections, zoological journals, general encyclopedias, and reports of learned societies are all rich sources of zoological knowledge, and often are lavishly illustrated.
The classic zoologies and their illustrations serve more than historic purposes. They are documents referred to often by working zoologists, even when the information in their pages is incomplete or has been superseded or refuted by more recent research. The search for the first report and depiction of a species -- crucial information in ongoing zoological research -- may end with a description and an engraving located in an eighteenth-century, or even earlier, publication. And sadly, because of extirpation of species, this first record may also be the only one.
The modern science of zoology began with the work of five giants of the sixteenth century: Konrad Gesner, Pierre Bélon, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Guillaume Rondelet, and Ippolito Salviani. Although they perpetuated many pagan and religious superstitions, as well as earlier inaccuracies, these pioneers usually studied their subjects firsthand and then described what they saw. The often-crude illustrations accompanying the descriptions are integral to the texts, and even in this early period were in many cases amazingly accurate.
In early zoologies, as in those published later, artists drew most accurately those animals most familiar to them. This circumstance accounts for the greater attention paid to domestic and native mammals and birds, especially before voyages of exploration introduced new and sometimes improbable creatures from foreign lands. Before the development of better techniques of taxidermy in the eighteenth century, animal specimens were badly preserved. They could not yield the information that later became available when artists joined expeditions to draw their subjects in their native habitats, and when live animals were brought back for private menageries and, eventually, public zoos.
As subjects of the zoological artist's attentions, some animals are more equal than others. There is no doubt that bird illustrations predominate -- in quantity, arguably in quality, and certainly in popularity. This reflects the special fascination that birds have had for humans throughout the centuries, owing at least in part to their often colorful and sometimes spectacular plumage, as well as the awe inspired by their mastery of the skies.
Until the nineteenth century, many ornithological illustrations, usually drawn from skins or mounted specimens, showed a bird perched on a bare branch. Despite some noteworthy exceptions, it was the art of John James Audubon and of John Gould and his colleagues (particularly Josef Wolf) that first consistently imparted motion and life to bird illustrations.
Colored lithographs were an ideal medium to capture the vivid hues of a bird's plumage, with colored engravings running a close second.
Illustrations of mammals, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, have often achieved popularity as decorative art apart from their scientific functions. The highly colored, scenic lithographs and engravings of the nineteenth century are especially popular. Many striking mammal portraits of this period appear in breeders' manuals devoted to the improvement of domestic animals. Depictions of other land animals are not as well known as their artistic merits might warrant. Snakes in particular have, since biblical times, often evoked loathing and fear, despite their attractive colors and patterns and the inoffensive nature of most species. Many herpetologies are beautifully illustrated, but these images will probably never vie with those of birds, horses, and butterflies as living-room decoration.
Although 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered by water, home to representatives from nearly all twenty-nine phyla, or major divisions of the animal kingdom, zoological artists have devoted less attention to marine and fresh-water fauna. The relative inaccessibility of the ocean depths until this century was one reason. Another was the special fragility of aquatic creatures, which decay very rapidly. Colors fade quickly and boneless invertebrates collapse as soon as they are removed from the water.
Mollusks, because of their durable shells (and the tasty flesh of many) have long been familiar to humans, and thousands of species are documented in various multivolume conchologies. In many of these books, the artists grouped shells in geometric or otherwise highly ornamental patterns. Crustaceans such as lobsters and crabs (also longtime table fare) have also often been depicted. Illustrations of fish usually show them rather formally, in profile.
Until the seventeenth century, insects, which comprise more than four-fifths of all known living species, were generally considered too tiny and thus too insignificant to merit the attention paid to animals of the "higher" orders. The development and use of magnifying glasses and microscopes by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), Robert Hooke (1635-1703), and other pioneers opened the door to a new world. All the details of insect anatomy as well as previously invisible microbes could now be studied and illustrated. By the nineteenth century, microscopes had become standard tools of naturalists and zoological artists, and accompanied them on field trips and voyages. Engraving on metalplate, the dominant reproductive graphic method of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, was an ideal technique to capture the tiny details of microscopic creatures and highly magnified insect parts.
Because of their beauty of color and form, the lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) abound among illustrated entomologies. Numerous multivolume works were published, usually with many individuals illustrated life-size on each page. Sometimes the figures were simply arrayed in a grid pattern, a layout common in illustrations of beetles and other insects, but often, intricate geometric arrangements created pretty designs. Space was frequently conserved by flipping over one wing, thus showing both dorsal and ventral views simultaneously. Many artists also included the insects' food plants and all stages of their metamorphosis, from egg to adult. Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717) was the first to depict these spectacular transformations, in her famed study of the insects of Surinam.
The quality of published illustrations was dependent on the skills of the craftspeople involved in translating the artists' designs into a graphic medium. These essential middlemen (and women) have in general not been accorded the recognition due them: many prints do not display the engraver or lithographer's name, and many of these artisans were known only by their last names. Some zoological bibliographies do not even specify the medium of the illustrations, much less the identities of artists and printmakers. Those that focus on the art, such as the Bradley Martin catalogs and Nissen's bibliographies, are outstanding exceptions.
Although some artists cut their own woodblocks, or engraved or etched their own designs on the metal plate, it was lithography, invented at the end of the eighteenth century, and dominant in the second half of the nineteenth, that allowed artists to draw directly on the printing stone. Many zoological illustrators took advantage of this opportunity, creating what are sometimes termed artist lithographs. Others employed lithographers (who sometimes were illustrators in their own right) to transfer their drawings.
To produce colored illustrations, prints created by all of the above methods were colored by hand. Consequently, the quality of the coloring often varied from print to print. Even after techniques for printing in color were developed, retouching by hand was usual in the creation of a fine print.
The printmaker might or might not have been the person who actually printed the illustration (as opposed to cutting the design in the wood or metal, or drawing on the lithographic stone). Some illustrations credit not only the artist and engraver or lithographer, but also the printmaker. Those who hand-colored the prints were hardly ever mentioned, and were often female -- either members of the artist's family, or, especially in the nineteenth century, poorly paid artisans.
Gross, Miriam. "Classic Illustrated Zoologies (1550-1900) in the Research Collections of The New York Public Library: A Select Bibliography with Commentaries." Biblion: The Bulletin of The New York Public Library 2, no. 2 (Spring 1994): 19-123.
Works cited by Miriam Gross:
Anker, Jean. Bird Books and Bird Art (1938).
Balis, Jan. Merveilleux plumages. Dix siècles de livres d'oiseaux. Exhibition catalogue 1968-69. Trans. by Lambert Maka (1968).
Nissen, Claus. Die botanische Buchillustration (1952, 1966).
_____. Schöne Vögelbucher (1936).
_____. Die zoologische Buchillustration (1966-78).
Sotheby's, New York. The Library of H. Bradley Martin. Pt. 1: John James Audubon: Magnificent Books and Manuscripts (1989)
_____. The Library of H. Bradley Martin. Pt. 2: Magnificent Color-plate Ornithology (1989)
_____. The Library of H. Bradley Martin. Pt. 5: Highly Important and Scientific Ornithology (1989)
Wood, Casey A., comp. and ed. An Introduction to the Literature of Vertebrate Zoology; based chiefly on the titles in the...libraries of McGill University, Montreal (1931).
Zimmer, J. T. Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. 2 vols. (1926).


text:
Dependent on source, some Volkswagen Approved Used Cars may have had multiple users as part of a fleet and/or be ex-business use. In order to meet the strict Approved Used programme requirements, all cars are subject to no less than a comprehensive multipoint check by our trained Volkswagen Technicians to ensure that they meet the same exacting standards regardless of source. Volkswagen requires Volkswagen Retailers to ensure that information on previous vehicle ownership is correct based on the V5 logbook detail. The logbook may include the detail of the last owner only (and not any or all earlier owners), and will not detail how the owner used the vehicle. Neither Volkswagen or Volkswagen retailers can guarantee that vehicles have not been used for business or other purposes. For further information (including logbook details), please consult your Volkswagen Retailer.
Lithium-ion batteries, of the type used in most electric vehicles (including Volkswagen electric vehicles) have a restricted lifespan. Battery capacity will reduce over time, with use and charging. Reduction in battery capacity will affect the performance of the vehicle, including the range achievable, and is one of a number of factors that may impact resale value. New vehicle performance figures (including battery capacity and range) may be provided for the purposes of comparison between vehicles. You should not rely on new vehicle performance figures (including battery capacity and range), in relation to used vehicles with older batteries, as they will not reflect used vehicle performance in the real world. For further information on battery degradation/preservation and the Volkswagen 8 year/100,00 mile new car battery warranty, please see here.[Volkswagen New, Used & Extended Warranties | Volkswagen UK]. Exclusions and Warranty Terms Apply
Vertu Volkswagen (Hereford)
From prices are the lowest prices for each model of used vehicle currently available on the website. Pricing subject to change including in the event of change in the applicable VED or VAT rates. Images are for illustration purpose only, and are not reflective of the stated "From" price. Some equipment shown is optional. Please see individual used vehicle listings and consult your local Volkswagen Retailer for specific pricing.


text:
Picture 1 of 1
Picture 1 of 1
2019-20 NBA Hoops Premium Stock Veterans & Rookies #1-300 Pick Your Card
"Cards are Pack Fresh! In Nr-Mt to Mint Condition."
Please select a PYC
5 available353 sold
Located in: Urbana, Illinois, United States
Estimated between Mon, Aug 19 and Thu, Aug 22 to 20147
Please note the delivery estimate is greater than 20 business days.
Seller does not accept returns. If the item you received doesn't match the listing description, your purchase may be eligible for eBay Money Back Guarantee if the return request is made within 3 days from delivery. See details- for more information about returns
Special financing available. See terms and apply now- for PayPal Credit, opens in a new window or tab
Earn up to 5x points when you use your eBay Mastercard®. Learn moreabout earning points with eBay Mastercard
Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing.
eBay item number:224385914787
Item specifics
- Condition
- Used
- Seller Notes
- "Cards are Pack Fresh! In Nr-Mt to Mint Condition."
- Card Size
- Standard
- Autographed
- No
- Set
- 2019-20 NBA Hoops
- Certification Number
- Product
- Single
- Player/Athlete
- Coby White, LeBron James, Luka Doncic, Zion Williamson
- Year Manufactured
- 2020
- Vintage
- No
- Event/Tournament
- NBA Finals
- Card Thickness
- 35 Pt.
- Graded
- No
- Sport
- Basketball
- Language
- English
- Parallel/Variety
- Premium
- Card Name
- NBA Hoops Premium Stock
- Original/Reprint
- Original
- Manufacturer
- Panini
- Features
- Rookie
- Team
- Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers
- Season
- 2019-20
- League
- National Basketball Association (NBA)
- Player
- Zion Williamson
- Card Condition
- Near Mint
- Material
- Card Stock
- Original/Licensed Reprint
- Original
- Card Attributes
- Complete Your Set
- Series
- NBA Hoops Premium Stock
- Type
- Sports Trading Card
- Year
- 2020
- Era
- Modern (1970-Now)
- Theme
- Sport
- Professional Grader
- Not Professionally Graded
- Card Number
- #258
- Country/Region of Manufacture
- United States
- Card Manufacturer
- Panini
Item description from the seller
Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing.
eBay item number:224385914787
Shipping and handling
Item location:
Urbana, Illinois, United States
Ships to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan Republic, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde Islands, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Croatia, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Barbados, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Libya, Martinique, New Caledonia, Reunion, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Venezuela
Shipping and handling | Each additional item | To | Service | Delivery*See Delivery notes |
Free shipping | Free | United States | Standard Shipping (eBay Standard Envelope for Eligible Items up to $20) | Estimated between Mon, Aug 19 and Thu, Aug 22 to 20147 |
Handling time |
Will usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment. |
Taxes |
Taxes may be applicable at checkout. Learn moreLearn more about paying tax on eBay purchases. |
Sales Tax for an item #224385914787
Sales Tax for an item #224385914787
Seller collects sales tax for items shipped to the following states:
State | Sales Tax Rate |
Return policy
Return policy details |
Seller does not accept returns. If the item you received doesn't match the listing description, your purchase may be eligible for eBay Money Back Guarantee if the return request is made within 3 days from delivery |
Refer to eBay Return policyopens in a new tab or window for more details. You are covered by the eBay Money Back Guaranteeopens in a new tab or window if you receive an item that is not as described in the listing.
Payment details
Payment methods
Popular categories from this store
Seller feedback (3,951)
This item (247)
All items (3,951)
s***n (590)- Feedback left by buyer.
Past year
Verified purchase
Good transaction
g***o (108)- Feedback left by buyer.
More than a year ago
Verified purchase
Card was in excellent condition and shipped with care and super quick Will buy again from seller for sure. Buy with confidence
8***- (352)- Feedback left by buyer.
More than a year ago
Verified purchase
The quality of the wrapping was amazing. Delivery was remarkably speedy. The item was superior! Packaging was matchless. TOP SELLER FOR CARDS, TRUST ME, AND I HAVE ORDERD MULTIPLE CARDS ALL WERE GREAT QUALITY. (MY GO TO SELLER)
6***4 (140)- Feedback left by buyer.
Past 6 months
Verified purchase
Card came in a timely manner. Well packaged and in condition described. Great seller!
o***g- Feedback left by buyer.
Past 6 months
Verified purchase
Great seller, quick shipping, well packed and as described - thanks. A+++++
c***q (364)- Feedback left by buyer.
Past month
Verified purchase
Everything went very smoothly. Professional transaction and packed securely. Thanks!
More to explore :
- Basketball Trading Cards Sports 2019-20 Panini Prizm Set Rookie,
- NBA Rookie Basketball Trading Cards,
- National Basketball Association (NBA) Basketball Trading Cards 2019-20 Panini Prizm Set Sports,
- 2019 Season Sports Trading Cards & Accessories Rookie,
- Rookie Sports Trading Cards,
- Rookie Baseball Trading Cards,
- Rookie Football Card Lots,
- Rookie PSA Baseball Trading Cards,
- Rookie NFL Football Trading Cards,
- Kobe Bryant Rookie Basketball Cards


text:
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout
open 24 hours
700 Bayfront Pkwy
Pensacola, FL 32502
Service(s) offered: BDCheckout
Get DirectionsService(s) offered: BDCheckout
Store Hours
open 24 hours
How To Use BDCheckout
STEP 1: Download the App
Before you can use BDCheckout, you need to install the Bitcoin Depot mobile app.
STEP 2: Select a Location
Choose the retail location you wish to use. When you're ready, tap Load Cash.* *Only in participating states.
STEP 3: Select Purchase Amount
Enter the amount you'd like to load and select your wallet.
STEP 4: Generate Barcode
The app will generate a barcode for the retailer to scan. Head to the retailer to scan and pay.
STEP 5: Scan at Checkout
Take your barcode and cash to the retailer and provide them to the cashier.
STEP 6: Transaction Complete
Once your funds are added to your wallet, click "Buy BTC Now" to complete the transaction. You're done!
Nearby Locations
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout - 501 E Cervantes St
501 E Cervantes St
Pensacola, FL 32501
(678) 435-9604
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout - 5910 W Nine Wild Rd
5910 W Nine Wild Rd
Pensacola, FL 32526
(678) 435-9604
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout - 3013 E Cervantes St
3013 E Cervantes St
Pensacola, FL 32503
(678) 435-9604
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout - 3430 Barrancas Ave
3430 Barrancas Ave
Pensacola, FL 32507
(678) 435-9604
Bitcoin Depot - BDCheckout - 4501 North W Street
4501 North W Street
Pensacola, FL 32505
(678) 435-9604
Frequently Asked Questions
Ways To Buy Crypto With Cash
Bitcoin ATM
Securely buy Bitcoin with cash in minutes at one of over 7,000 Bitcoin Depot ATMs.
Visit a participating retailer to fund your Bitcoin wallet at the checkout counter.
About Bitcoin Depot
Since 2016, our mission has been to bring crypto to the masses by making it easy to buy Bitcoin. Today, we're the world's leading Bitcoin ATM (BTM) network, with thousands of locations across North America and multiple ways to buy. With Bitcoin Depot, you can make in-person transactions, fund your Bitcoin wallet, purchase crypto online and get discounts on larger crypto purchases with our BDConcierge service.


text:
An engagement ring is more than just a piece of jewellery: it signifies the beginning of a new life chapter and tells the greatest love story of our lives. Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge is a team of award-winning jewellers based in Sydney. We specialise in custom made engagement rings combined with a bespoke concierge-style approach. Experience our personal service and exquisite workmanship and book your appointment with us today.
Need Help Choosing?
There is a lot of information to take in when choosing an engagement ring. To make it easier, book a free no-obligation appointment with one of our jewellery concierges and to make things even easier, we meet you when and wherever you like.
Book An AppointmentCreate a diamond ring as unique as your love
A traditional engagement ring is set with diamonds on a gold or platinum band, but if you're looking for a band as unique as your love story, speak to the expert jewellers at Monty Adams. Be inspired by our designs to create your own custom design engagement ring, matched to your colours and taste.
If you're looking for only the custom jewellery in Sydney, explore our wide range of some of the most popular styles of engagement rings that we have to offer. We have designed many pieces over the years, including engagement rings in Sydney engagement rings in Melbourne and Brisbane. All our engagement rings are custom made so we can also adapt a design from our collection to your ideas, inspirations and budget. We also sell loose diamonds and coloured gemstones at wholesale prices, providing you the best for your budget.
Book an appointment today to connect with your very own jewellery concierge at Monty Adams and we will create a bespoke engagement ring for you to wear and treasure.
Diamond Engagement Rings
Diamonds are forever. Our stunning diamond engagement rings symbolise eternity, immortalised as a lustrous, beautiful gemstone.
Cushion Cut Engagement Rings
Cushion cut diamonds feature both large facets and rounded corners to allow for a soft and romantic feel whilst still achieving maximum brilliance.
Halo Engagement Rings
Halo engagement rings are some of the most stunning pieces available and allow brides-to-be to fully customise their perfect engagement rings.
Oval Engagement Rings
This elegant and timeless cut has seen a recent development in popularity since its inception during the turn of the 20th Century.
Pear Shaped Engagement Rings
This classic cut graced the fingers of brides-to-be centuries age, and it has continued to sustain its popularity for centuries that followed.
Rose Gold Engagement Rings
Rose gold engagement rings are a graceful celebration of romance and have observed a development in popularity in recent years.
Pink Diamond Engagement Rings
The opulence and rarity of pink diamonds make them a stunning and sought-after centrepiece for any engagement or wedding jewellery.
Sapphire Engagement Rings
Sapphires bring grace and elegance to every jewellery piece that they grace, and they can please anyone with their striking range of colours.
Yellow Diamond Engagement Rings
Yellow diamonds are some of the rarest gemstones available and their sheer beauty is prized and sought-after by brides-to-be, collectors and jewellers alike.
We bring the Monty Adams touch to all our handcrafted engagement rings. Here's what you can expect when you work with our team of friendly jewellery concierges in creating your custom designed engagement ring:
Appointments At Your Convenience
We travel to you, at a location of your choice and within your schedule. During our appointment, we'll assist you in creating your own unique custom engagement ring design by incorporating any ideas, pictures, budget or other design inspiration you bring with you to your appointment.
Save Thousands Off Retail Prices
All our engagement rings are custom made so we don't hold any stock or have a storefront. This means we pass the savings onto you. Expect to save up to 70% off normal retail prices.
Lifetime Warranty
We stand by our quality and will repair your jewellery for
as long as you own it.
Quality Certification
All our diamonds are conflict-free and certified
by one of the top grading laboratories.
Award-Winning Jewellers
Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge is proud to be multi-award-winning jewellers. We have won the Brides Choice Award for 4 years in a row.
Luxury Within Your Budget
Experience the Monty Adams difference with a budget from just $2,000.
We have created custom diamond engagement ringsfor clients from $2,000 and up to $200,000. We mean it when we say
we work with any budget!
Customer Testimonials
Find Out How We Help Our Customers
At Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge, we specialise in custom made fine jewellery in Nelson Bay. Experience our award-winning service and workmanship dealing directly with one of our friendly jewellery concierges of Nelson Bay. You can choose from our wide range of beautiful designs or create your own individual design, all upheld by our lifetime guarantee. We also sell loose diamonds and coloured gemstones at wholesale prices, providing you the best for your budget.
We aren't like traditional jewellery retail stores in Nelson Bay, we value our clients above anything else and always ensure they are 100% satisfied. Our award-winning service creates a personalised jewellery buying experience suitable for any budget.
We travel to our clients at a location of their choice to have private consultations to discuss their ideas, inspirations and budget. We design a bespoke piece of jewellery with them at a fraction of the cost of the traditional jeweller.
We specialise in custom diamond engagement rings Nelson Bay, wedding rings Nelson Bay and fine jewellery Nelson Bay. Book an appointment today to connect with your jewellery concierge and we will create a bespoke engagement ring Nelson Bay for you to wear and treasure.
Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge is an award-winning jewellery service in Nelson Bay. We specialise in custom-made engagement rings Nelson Bay, offering you the finest selection found in Australia. We also offer independent free expert advice to tailor your design to your exact preference and budget. Whether you are purchasing an engagement ring or crafting a unique, bespoke design, we are here to happily assist you to create the perfect piece of jewellery.
At Monty Adams Jewellery, we use only ethically-sourced, highest quality, precious stones and diamonds in our custom rings. That is the Monty Adams Difference and that is what makes every piece of jewellery the perfect piece for you.
If you are looking to custom design or remodel an item of jewellery, our award winning jewellery concierges and jewellery designers can help you turn your ideas into a one of a kind piece.
ENGAGEMENT RINGS Nelson Bay
An engagement ring is more than just a diamond ring, engagement rings signify the beginning of a new life chapter, and tells the greatest love story of our lives.
A traditional engagement ring is set with diamonds on a gold or platinum band, but for the non-traditional other gemstones can be used to match the colours and tastes of the wearer.
- Diamond Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Solitaire Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Emerald Cut Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Oval Cut Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Halo Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Art Deco engagement rings Nelson Bay
- Traditional Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Vintage Style Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Elegant Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
- Clean Design Engagement Rings Nelson Bay
This most intimate of personal possessions will last a lifetime. Choosing the right gemstone, setting and band requires patience, but much like falling in love, often we know 'the one' when we see it.
Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge only source the highest quality diamonds from the most highly regarded diamond suppliers in the world. All our diamonds and gemstones are ethically sourced and come with authenticity certificates for peace of mind.
Our jewellery designers and jewellery stylists Nelson Bay will take the time to help you design an engagement ring that is both timeless and personal.
From Vintage Engagement Rings to Diamond Halo Engagement Rings Nelson Bay, Monty Adams Jewellery Nelson Bay can make it all within your budget.
DIAMOND RINGS Nelson Bay
Engagement rings are the important promise of a bright future together, representing the love that you share for one another. They are displayed proudly and are kept and treasured for a lifetime and can be passed down through generations. Celebrate the next step in your journey together and find the perfect ring to reflect who you are from Monty Adams Jewellery Concierge.
From platinum, gold, white gold or rose gold, Monty Adams has a wide range of beautiful engagement jewellery to fall in love with. Choose from our designs of perfect cut diamonds available in brilliant cut shapes, princess cut shapes, round cut engagement rings, cushion cut engagement rings and radiant cut engagement rings.


text:
Medicare helps you get the coverage you need, but you should expect to pay some of the costs. If you choose Medicare Part A and Part B, you'll find gaps in the coverage. Many people enroll in a Medicare Advantage, Part D Prescription Drug and/or a supplemental plan to help pay for the costs and benefits that aren't covered by Original Medicare.
Parts A and B don't cover. As you get ready to join Medicare, it helps to know a little about when you become eligible for Medicare and who handles the paperwork when you join.
If you're turning 65, you have an opportunity to enroll in a Medicare plan. You can enroll three months before the month you turn 65, the month of your birthday and three months after. If you wait to enroll in a plan, there is a chance you'll have fewer plan choices, and you may have to pay more.
If your health care needs change over time. So will the health plans you want to choose. You're not locked into one plan permanently. You'll have an opportunity to change plans at least once a year.
Here are some things to know about the "age 65" rule.
If you have questions about when you will be eligible for Medicare, visit www.medicare.gov, or call your local Social Security Administration office for more information.
The Social Security Administration handles most of the paperwork for joining Medicare. The first letter you get in the mail about Medicare will probably come from Social Security. If you're drawing Social Security benefits when you turn 65, Social Security will automatically enroll you in Medicare Part A and Part B.
Social Security can also help you find out if you're eligible for extra help with the cost of Medicare coverage.
As you make your decisions about Medicare, keep your current health coverage in mind. This could be retiree health coverage from your former employer or your union, if you've retired.
If you're still working, you may have health coverage from your current job. Or you may have purchased your own health insurance.
You'll need to find out whether you can keep any coverage you currently have, and what your costs might be. You may have more choices available to you than the standard choices described in this guide.
Explore your options with someone who's familiar with the details of the coverage you have now. If it's coverage from an employer or a union, you can start with a human resources manager or a benefits specialist. Or talk to customer service at the insurance company that provides the plan. Do your research well. In some cases, if you keep your current coverage and wait until later to join Medicare, you may have fewer choices and pay more.
This content is republished with permission from medicaremadeclear.com


text:
Celebrate American Heart Month with heart-healthy snack recipes that also help your hearing.
Why is a hearing care provider talking to you about American Heart Month? Because hearing health is strongly linked to heart health! Problems with your heart affect the blood supply to your ears — a key component of your hearing. So we've put together a list of our favorite heart-healthy snack recipes to get you through this important month.
10 Heart-Healthy Snack Recipes
- Blueberry Yogurt Smoothie
Protein, fiber, antioxidants, vegetables — it doesn't get much more heart healthy than this powerhouse blueberry and yogurt smoothie, and prep time is minimal. It's good for a snack or even for a light breakfast. - Black Bean and Corn Salsa
What's the Big Game without the big snacks, right? But all too often, those snacks come with a heaping helping of sodium, which can lead to high blood pressure. This low-salt black bean and corn salsa is guaranteed to please your taste buds and your heart. - Edamame Hummus
The chickpea-based hummus we all know and love is heart healthy already, so it's a great addition to your football snack offerings. But why not try dipping veggies in this edamame hummus that's even more heart healthy? Edamame packs a greater protein punch, has fewer calories, and provides more essential amino acids than chickpeas, so your heart will be even happier. - Cucumber and Avocado Roses
Simple to make and packed with healthy fats and fiber, these cucumber and avocado roses have far more nutritional power than their size suggests. And the rose shape makes them a great Valentine's Day offering! - Creamy Chocolate Dippers and Fruit
Send your kids to school with a Valentine's Day treat you can feel good about! The probiotics and protein make this yogurt-based chocolate dip a healthy alternative to chocolate syrup. - Kale Brownies
You read correctly — kale brownies. Not only are they delicious, these brownies have both kale and flax, two heart-healthy superfoods. Something this sweet shouldn't be this healthy. - Italian Caprese Avocado Toast
Tomatoes, avocados, and whole grains combine in this heart-healthy trifecta. This avocado-toast concoction is simple to make and easy to experiment with — the recipe even has suggestions for Southwest- and Asian-inspired variations. - Skinny Baked Beignets
The official state doughnut of Louisiana, the beignet is required eating for any Mardi Gras celebration. These skinny baked beignets take the frying — and thus the extra fat and grease — out of the equation. Combine that with the unsalted butter, and this low-sodium sweet will be the hit of your Mardi Gras get-together. - Vegan King Cake
Yep, a cake. Because what's Mardi Gras without a king cake? This vegan king cake eliminates the butter, eggs, and cream for a tasty, healthier alternative. - 20 Easy Grab 'n' Go Options
Don't have time to whip up something tasty and heart healthy? There are plenty of things you can quickly cobble together or keep at the ready should the snack bug bite. These 20 snack ideas — as simple as peanut butter and raisins on an apple slice or a handful of almonds — will satisfy your hunger and your heart.
Contact us to learn more about the connection between your hearing and your health!


text:
Digital library Kramerius is a project of the National Library of the Czech Republic. The digital library contains more than 8 millions of scanned pages. Some of the documents are in German, Russian, English and other languages.
We warn users of the Kramerius Digital Library that there may be problems with displaying DjVu images while using new versions of Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. To learn how to install the necessary plug-ins for Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome, see HERE (last updated 15.5.2018) guide. In case of persistent difficulties please contact us via email or our FB site. Thank you for your understanding.
a) e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
b) tel.: +420 221 663 244 - service hall (information on loans, digital and printed copies)
tel.: +420 221 663 529 - content manager (technical issues, digital library content, accessibility of documents)
c) information portal Kramerius Info
d) follow our Facebook page
User Alerts:
The basic description of the standards, which will be used in the National Digital Library project, is available here.
Examples of scanned documents: