text:
Meet Our Founder & CEO
Founder's Message
"If you want to be healthy, you have to cook.
If you want your family to be healthy, you have to cook.
If you want to know what's in your food, you have to cook."
Cooking from scratch is simple. I created Epicure to help you cook confidently with the tools, ingredients, and recipes that inspire quick-to-prepare meals. I chose the direct selling business platform as the perfect way for you to share good food experiences while building a rewarding personal career.
I believe everyone can enjoy delicious, flavorful, home-cooked meals. It begins with a desire to make good food choices. And we can help you succeed from there. With wholesome products, we take the guesswork out of healthy eating. I know Epicure can contribute to your fulfilling life, whether it's in the kitchen, at a Cooking Class, or through the freedom and flexibility of a home-based business.
Our goal is to inspire healthy changes for our planet and our future. We have a shared responsibility to reset the way we eat—to help each other live healthy, fulfilling lives. Together, I know we can make a difference.
Sylvie Rochette
CEO's Message
"If we change what's on our plates, we can change the world."
I'm passionate about helping you put good food on the table for your family and friends. I believe the best way to be healthy and eat good food is by cooking—which doesn't have to be difficult or time consuming, thanks to our Good Food. Real Fast.™ meal solutions. It's always been our priority to provide clean, wholesome ingredients, which is why our products are non-GMO and gluten free. It's exciting how Good Food. Real Fast. brings healthy, delicious meals to your table, from raw to ready, in less than 20 minutes. It's that simple.
My goal is to help you succeed in the kitchen, in business, and in life. I believe in empowering you to find your unique talents and leadership potential and I'm committed to making your Epicure experience the best it can be.
I'm proud of the real contributions we're making to our communities through how our products transform the way people eat, and in so doing their health, and our charitable efforts such as the Epicure Foundation™. The Foundation is dedicated to enhancing the lives of thousands through grassroots food initiatives. I'm also excited about inspiring time-starved people to live healthy, fulfilling lives through enjoying real, delicious healthy food.
Amelia Warren


text:
Beff Baffer Construction
Consulting WP is a global strategy consulting firm with offices across Europe, the Americas and Asia-Pacific. We counsel our clients on their key strategic issues, leveraging our deep industry expertise and using analytical rigor to help them make informed decisions more quickly and solve their toughest and most critical business problems.
Founded in London in 1983 by three partners, we now employ more than 1,000 professionals worldwide. We advise and support global companies that are leaders in their industries.
SquareSparc Ltd.
December 11, 2019
Web Design, Web Development
Web Sitesi

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jayten Kitchen Textile Collection
Jayten Kitchen Textile Collection
Placemat: 18 x 13
Runner: 42 x 12
Our return policy lasts 15 days. If 15 days have gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a refund or exchange.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Non-returnable items:
- Sale items
- Gift cards
- Jewelry
- Custom design orders
To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If you are approved, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment, within 10 days. No shipping charges are eligible for a refund.
Returns can be mailed to the following address and tracking number MUST be provided by the customer.
104 NE 2nd Street
Concordia, MO 64020


text:
Your adventure begins right here, right now - let us Show you the Wales you might be missing and find your perfect place to stay, explore and visit our great attractions, events and activities.
Five reasons to Visit Wales:
- Wales was voted at No.8 in Rough Guides' top ten countries in the World to Visit
- Wales is a modern country with a magnificent heritage and with over 600 castles and monuments to remind you of two thousand years of history.
- Three Welsh National Parks – Snowdonia, Pembrokeshire Coast and Brecon Beacons – perfect for walking, cycling and active weekends.
- Weekend breaks and getaways - treat yourself to luxury break away and great Welsh cuisine, unwind with family and friends in a local B & B, holiday cottage or holiday park or get back to nature, camping or glamping.
- Explore our award-winning beaches, walk a section of the Wales Coast Path, take in the local wildlife at our nature reserves and find hidden treasures in our market towns.


text:
Penske is one of the leading providers of one-way and local truck rentals in the U.S.A. and Canada. With Penske Truck Rental youÆll enjoy the 10% Moving.com discount off every rental.
Get a QuoteMoving can be a stressful, time consuming and difficult process if not arranged properly. Choosing the best Boles truck rental company is one way to help make the ordeal easier. Some of the most important factors in choosing a Boles, IL rent a truck business are the duration of the rental, the size of the vehicle needed, what accessories may be needed to help with the move, and the charge per mile driven. All of these factors will determine the total rental price, which will allow you to budget more accurately.
There are different types of Boles van rental services that you can use when moving to a new place. However, you should check on the background of a company before making a final decision. You have to make sure that the rent a truck service you are going to sign a deal with is insured, as you need to secure all of the things you own. In the event that an incident happens on the road while moving to a new home, you will be assured of getting compensated if the company has standing insurance. However, if the truck rentals you decide on are not insured, you will have a difficult time getting paid for the damages incurred by your belongings. On the other hand, service from an insured truck rental company will help you move out easily, and comfortably settle into your new home without unnecessary worry.
People wishing to relocate tend to have many questions about all aspects of renting a truck, from safety of propery to the cost for varying service levels and truck types. Luckily, Moving.com is here to help. It is understandable to have questions, since moving affects so many aspects of your life. Will my property be safe? You should contact your truck rental company directly to know exactly what measures are taken to safeguard your property. You may decide go directly to the company's location in Boles to inspect the fleet.Is truck rental expensive? Moving companies and truck rental companies often offer packaged deals, which may be cheaper than organizing a move's components individually. For how long will I need to rent a truck? This mostly depends on the destination, and the amount of the property being moved. Work with your chosen truck rental company to determine exactly what size of vehicle you will need to rent.
Demographics | Income and Jobs | Ethnicity | Residential |


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text:
Dawn Toughey
Mortgage, Life and Health Adviser
Meet Dawn, your seasoned mortgage lending advisor with an impressive 16 years of industry experience. Dawn's journey in mortgage lending has been defined by her unwavering commitment to her clients and her innate passion for assisting others.
Throughout her career, Dawn has specialized in catering to the unique needs of self-employed business owners and individuals covered by ACC. Her expertise lies in navigating the intricacies of mortgage lending and personal insurance to ensure that her clients make well-informed decisions that not only provide financial security but also peace of mind.
Dawn's approach to mortgage lending is characterized by personalized care and polished guidance. With her by your side, you can trust that your insurance needs will be addressed with the utmost diligence and attention to detail.
Experience the difference that Dawn's expertise and dedication can make in your mortgage lending journey. Connect with her today and embark on a path towards financial empowerment and security.
Home Loans in New Zealand
I have access to home loans from a wide panel of major banks and secure lenders, and I truly understand home finance in a real estate context. Getting your home loan sorted out early can ensure you are in the best position to negotiate for your home on your own terms. And while the home loan application process can seem daunting, it is often simpler than most people think
Home Loan Deposits
Most banks and lenders will require a minimum deposit of 5 per cent of the value of the property you are purchasing, before they will approve you for a home loan. Depending on the lender and your individual situation, you may be able to fund your deposit from a range of sources, including genuine savings, monetary gifts, inheritances and first home owner incentives. However, most lenders will require at least a portion of your deposit to come from genuine savings.
If you don't have the deposit required, you may be able to make use of family equity, also known as a limited guarantor loan. The most common form of family equitey is where a family member offers their existing property as security for a portion of the home loan, generally around 20%.
First Home Buyers
Buying your first home is an exciting experience, but there is a lot to think about. I make the home loan application process as smooth and easy as possible, so you can concentrate on finding the right home. As part of my service, I will help you to understand the types of home loans available to you and will assist you in choosing the right one for your situation. If you are eligible for the First Home Owners Grant or any state government first home buyer assistance, I will help you fill in the paperwork.
Home Loan Pre-Approval
Home loan pre-approval is a great way to ensure you know how much you can afford to pay for a property before you even start looking. A written pre-approval can also give you an advantage when negotiating on a property with a vendor, as opposed to someone who has no pre-approval or finance in place. Home loan pre-approval is generally valid for about three months, and you will still need a satisfactory valuation on the property you intend to purchase before your pre-approval can progress to a full loan approval.
Property Investment Loans
Property investment can be a smart wealth creation strategy, if you get it right. And that doesn't just mean finding the right property – you need the right investment finance as well. Your investment loan package should be tailored to your investment strategy and goals. I work closely with your financial planner and accountant to make that happen. Whether you are an experienced property investor with a big portfolio, or just starting out with your first property, I can help you get the right investment loan for your circumstances.
Refinancing Loans
Refinancing your mortgage is something that takes careful consideration. The most important thing to look at is if refinancing will place you in a better position than you would be if you stuck with your current loan. I can go through the sums with you to show you the costs involved in changing home loans, as well as your projected costs over a set timeframe for both your current and proposed home loans. And if you decide that refinancing is the right move for you, I will help you complete all the necessary paperwork to make the change.
Debt Consolidation Loans
Debt consolidation can be a handy solution when you are struggling with repayments on several debts, such as your home loan, credit cards and personal loans. Debt consolidation works by combining all those debts into your home loan, which is generally the debt with the lowest interest rate. Because the interest rate is lower, and the loan term is usually longer, your monthly repayments will drop, giving you a bit of breathing space.
Business and Commercial Loans
Good business finance is invaluable when purchasing and growing your business. Business and commercial loan options vary depending on whether you are a start-up or existing business. Whether you are buying commercial property, undertaking property development, expanding your business or need some cash-flow funding, assistance from an expert commercial finance broker will be invaluable.
Self-Employed Borrowers and Low Doc Loans
Many self-employed borrowers need a loan that isn't quite standard, mostly because they don't have the full financial history required to get a regular loan. Low documentation, or low doc, loans fulfil the needs of many self-employed borrowers. You'll still need some financial history and paperwork – often about 12 months financial statements and be able to demonstrate your business has been active for at least 6-12 months.
Bridging Loans for Upgraders / New Property Buyers
Financing the move from one property to another can be quite stressful, especially if you are yet to sell your home – a bridging loan can help free up the funds that are tied up in your current property to purchase the next one. With a bridging loan, your lender will use both your current and new property as security and lend you enough to buy your new home.
While you are waiting for the sale and purchase process to be completed on both your current and new property, you make interest only repayments on the loan, or maybe even no repayments at all (referred to as capitalising the interest). Once you have sold your old home, the proceeds go towards paying off your bridging loan. The amount left over (known as the end debt) is then transferred to a standard home loan, becoming the home loan on your new property.


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McKinsey QuarterlyMore objects are becoming embedded with sensors and gaining the ability to communicate. The resulting information networks promise to create new business models, improve business processes, and reduce costs and risks.
By Michael Chui, Markus Löffler, et Roger Roberts, McKinsey & Company.
In most organizations, information travels along familiar routes. Proprietary information is lodged in databases and analyzed in reports and then rises up the management chain. Information also originates externally—gathered from public sources, harvested from the Internet, or purchased from information suppliers.
But the predictable pathways of information are changing: the physical world itself is becoming a type of information system. In what's called the Internet of Things, sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects—from roadways to pacemakers—are linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet. These networks churn out huge volumes of data that flow to computers for analysis. When objects can both sense the environment and communicate, they become tools for understanding complexity and responding to it swiftly. What's revolutionary in all this is that these physical information systems are now beginning to be deployed, and some of them even work largely without human intervention.
Pill-shaped microcameras already traverse the human digestive tract and send back thousands of images to pinpoint sources of illness. Precision farming equipment with wireless links to data collected from remote satellites and ground sensors can take into account crop conditions and adjust the way each individual part of a field is farmed—for instance, by spreading extra fertilizer on areas that need more nutrients. Billboards in Japan peer back at passersby, assessing how they fit consumer profiles, and instantly change displayed messages based on those assessments.
Yes, there are traces of futurism in some of this and early warnings for companies too. Business models based on today's largely static information architectures face challenges as new ways of creating value arise. When a customer's buying preferences are sensed in real time at a specific location, dynamic pricing may increase the odds of a purchase. Knowing how often or intensively a product is used can create additional options—usage fees rather than outright sale, for example. Manufacturing processes studded with a multitude of sensors can be controlled more precisely, raising efficiency. And when operating environments are monitored continuously for hazards or when objects can take corrective action to avoid damage, risks and costs diminish. Companies that take advantage of these capabilities stand to gain against competitors that don't.
The widespread adoption of the Internet of Things will take time, but the time line is advancing thanks to improvements in underlying technologies. Advances in wireless networking technology and the greater standardization of communications protocols make it possible to collect data from these sensors almost anywhere at any time. Ever-smaller silicon chips for this purpose are gaining new capabilities, while costs, following the pattern of Moore's Law, are falling. Massive increases in storage and computing power, some of it available via cloud computing, make number crunching possible at very large scale and at declining cost.
None of this is news to technology companies and those on the frontier of adoption. But as these technologies mature, the range of corporate deployments will increase. Now is the time for executives across all industries to structure their thoughts about the potential impact and opportunities likely to emerge from the Internet of Things. We see six distinct types of emerging applications, which fall in two broad categories: first, information and analysis and, second, automation and control (exhibit).
Information and analysis
As the new networks link data from products, company assets, or the operating environment, they will generate better information and analysis, which can enhance decision making significantly. Some organizations are starting to deploy these applications in targeted areas, while more radical and demanding uses are still in the conceptual or experimental stages.
1. Tracking behavior
When products are embedded with sensors, companies can track the movements of these products and even monitor interactions with them. Business models can be fine-tuned to take advantage of this behavioral data. Some insurance companies, for example, are offering to install location sensors in customers' cars. That allows these companies to base the price of policies on how a car is driven as well as where it travels. Pricing can be customized to the actual risks of operating a vehicle rather than based on proxies such as a driver's age, gender, or place of residence.
Or consider the possibilities when sensors and network connections are embedded in a rental car: it can be leased for short time spans to registered members of a car service, rental centers become unnecessary, and each car's use can be optimized for higher revenues. Zipcar has pioneered this model, and more established car rental companies are starting to follow. In retailing, sensors that note shoppers' profile data (stored in their membership cards) can help close purchases by providing additional information or offering discounts at the point of sale. Market leaders such as Tesco are at the forefront of these uses.
In the business-to-business marketplace, one well-known application of the Internet of Things involves using sensors to track RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags placed on products moving through supply chains, thus improving inventory management while reducing working capital and logistics costs. The range of possible uses for tracking is expanding. In the aviation industry, sensor technologies are spurring new business models. Manufacturers of jet engines retain ownership of their products while charging airlines for the amount of thrust used. Airplane manufacturers are building airframes with networked sensors that send continuous data on product wear and tear to their computers, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing unplanned downtime.
2. Enhanced situational awareness
Data from large numbers of sensors, deployed in infrastructure (such as roads and buildings) or to report on environmental conditions (including soil moisture, ocean currents, or weather), can give decision makers a heightened awareness of real-time events, particularly when the sensors are used with advanced display or visualization technologies.
Security personnel, for instance, can use sensor networks that combine video, audio, and vibration detectors to spot unauthorized individuals who enter restricted areas. Some advanced security systems already use elements of these technologies, but more far-reaching applications are in the works as sensors become smaller and more powerful, and software systems more adept at analyzing and displaying captured information. Logistics managers for airlines and trucking lines already are tapping some early capabilities to get up-to-the-second knowledge of weather conditions, traffic patterns, and vehicle locations. In this way, these managers are increasing their ability to make constant routing adjustments that reduce congestion costs and increase a network's effective capacity. In another application, law-enforcement officers can get instantaneous data from sonic sensors that are able to pinpoint the location of gunfire.
3. Sensor-driven decision analytics
The Internet of Things also can support longer-range, more complex human planning and decision making. The technology requirements—tremendous storage and computing resources linked with advanced software systems that generate a variety of graphical displays for analyzing data—rise accordingly.
In the oil and gas industry, for instance, the next phase of exploration and development could rely on extensive sensor networks placed in the earth's crust to produce more accurate readings of the location, structure, and dimensions of potential fields than current data-driven methods allow. The payoff: lower development costs and improved oil flows.
As for retailing, some companies are studying ways to gather and process data from thousands of shoppers as they journey through stores. Sensor readings and videos note how long they linger at individual displays and record what they ultimately buy. Simulations based on this data will help to increase revenues by optimizing retail layouts.
In health care, sensors and data links offer possibilities for monitoring a patient's behavior and symptoms in real time and at relatively low cost, allowing physicians to better diagnose disease and prescribe tailored treatment regimens. Patients with chronic illnesses, for example, have been outfitted with sensors in a small number of health care trials currently under way, so that their conditions can be monitored continuously as they go about their daily activities. One such trial has enrolled patients with congestive heart failure. These patients are typically monitored only during periodic physician office visits for weight, blood pressure, and heart rate and rhythm. Sensors placed on the patient can now monitor many of these signs remotely and continuously, giving practitioners early warning of conditions that would otherwise lead to unplanned hospitalizations and expensive emergency care. Better management of congestive heart failure alone could reduce hospitalization and treatment costs by a billion dollars annually in the United States.
Automation and control
Making data the basis for automation and control means converting the data and analysis collected through the Internet of Things into instructions that feed back through the network to actuators that in turn modify processes. Closing the loop from data to automated applications can raise productivity, as systems that adjust automatically to complex situations make many human interventions unnecessary. Early adopters are ushering in relatively basic applications that provide a fairly immediate payoff. Advanced automated systems will be adopted by organizations as these technologies develop further.
1. Process optimization
The Internet of Things is opening new frontiers for improving processes. Some industries, such as chemical production, are installing legions of sensors to bring much greater granularity to monitoring. These sensors feed data to computers, which in turn analyze them and then send signals to actuators that adjust processes—for example, by modifying ingredient mixtures, temperatures, or pressures. Sensors and actuators can also be used to change the position of a physical object as it moves down an assembly line, ensuring that it arrives at machine tools in an optimum position (small deviations in the position of work in process can jam or even damage machine tools). This improved instrumentation, multiplied hundreds of times during an entire process, allows for major reductions in waste, energy costs, and human intervention.
In the pulp and paper industry, for example, the need for frequent manual temperature adjustments in lime kilns limits productivity gains. One company raised production 5 percent by using embedded temperature sensors whose data is used to automatically adjust a kiln flame's shape and intensity. Reducing temperature variance to near zero improved product quality and eliminated the need for frequent operator intervention.
2. Optimized resource consumption
Networked sensors and automated feedback mechanisms can change usage patterns for scarce resources, including energy and water, often by enabling more dynamic pricing. Utilities such as Enel in Italy and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) in the United States, for example, are deploying "smart" meters that provide residential and industrial customers with visual displays showing energy usage and the real-time costs of providing it. (The traditional residential fixed-price-per-kilowatt-hour billing masks the fact that the cost of producing energy varies substantially throughout the day.) Based on time-of-use pricing and better information residential consumers could shut down air conditioners or delay running dishwashers during peak times. Commercial customers can shift energy-intensive processes and production away from high-priced periods of peak energy demand to low-priced off-peak hours.
Data centers, which are among the fastest-growing segments of global energy demand, are starting to adopt power-management techniques tied to information feedback. Power consumption is often half of a typical facility's total lifetime cost, but most managers lack a detailed view of energy consumption patterns. Getting such a view isn't easy, since the energy usage of servers spikes at various times, depending on workloads. Furthermore, many servers draw some power 24/7 but are used mostly at minimal capacity, since they are tied to specific operations. Manufacturers have developed sensors that monitor each server's power use, employing software that balances computing loads and eliminates the need for underused servers and storage devices. Greenfield data centers already are adopting such technologies, which could become standard features of data center infrastructure within a few years.
3. Complex autonomous systems
The most demanding use of the Internet of Things involves the rapid, real-time sensing of unpredictable conditions and instantaneous responses guided by automated systems. This kind of machine decision making mimics human reactions, though at vastly enhanced performance levels. The automobile industry, for instance, is stepping up the development of systems that can detect imminent collisions and take evasive action. Certain basic applications, such as automatic braking systems, are available in high-end autos. The potential accident reduction savings flowing from wider deployment could surpass $100 billion annually. Some companies and research organizations are experimenting with a form of automotive autopilot for networked vehicles driven in coordinated patterns at highway speeds. This technology would reduce the number of "phantom jams" caused by small disturbances (such as suddenly illuminated brake lights) that cascade into traffic bottlenecks.
Scientists in other industries are testing swarms of robots that maintain facilities or clean up toxic waste, and systems under study in the defense sector would coordinate the movements of groups of unmanned aircraft. While such autonomous systems will be challenging to develop and perfect, they promise major gains in safety, risk, and costs. These experiments could also spur fresh thinking about how to tackle tasks in inhospitable physical environments (such as deep water, wars, and contaminated areas) that are difficult or dangerous for humans.
What comes next?
The Internet of Things has great promise, yet business, policy, and technical challenges must be tackled before these systems are widely embraced. Early adopters will need to prove that the new sensor-driven business models create superior value. Industry groups and government regulators should study rules on data privacy and data security, particularly for uses that touch on sensitive consumer information. Legal liability frameworks for the bad decisions of automated systems will have to be established by governments, companies, and risk analysts, in consort with insurers. On the technology side, the cost of sensors and actuators must fall to levels that will spark widespread use. Networking technologies and the standards that support them must evolve to the point where data can flow freely among sensors, computers, and actuators. Software to aggregate and analyze data, as well as graphic display techniques, must improve to the point where huge volumes of data can be absorbed by human decision makers or synthesized to guide automated systems more appropriately.
Within companies, big changes in information patterns will have implications for organizational structures, as well as for the way decisions are made, operations are managed, and processes are conceived. Product development, for example, will need to reflect far greater possibilities for capturing and analyzing information.
Companies can begin taking steps now to position themselves for these changes by using the new technologies to optimize business processes in which traditional approaches have not brought satisfactory returns. Energy consumption efficiency and process optimization are good early targets. Experiments with the emerging technologies should be conducted in development labs and in small-scale pilot trials, and established companies can seek partnerships with innovative technology suppliers creating Internet-of-Things capabilities for target industries.
This article was originally published in McKinsey Quarterly, www.mckinseyquarterly.com. Copyright (c) 2010 McKinsey & Company. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission.
More on paristech review
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- Net Gains or Net Losses. Is the Internet Changing Human Nature?By ParisTech Review on June 24th, 2010
- Taking the Urban Pulse with Mobile NetworksBy Orangelabs on June 4th, 2010
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text:
File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
- require File::Spec::Mac; # Done internally by File::Spec if needed
Methods for manipulating file specifications.
On Mac OS, there's nothing to be done. Returns what it's given.
Concatenate two or more directory names to form a path separated by colons (":") ending with a directory. Resulting paths are relative by default, but can be forced to be absolute (but avoid this, see below). Automatically puts a trailing ":" on the end of the complete path, because that's what's done in MacPerl's environment and helps to distinguish a file path from a directory path.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Beginning with version 1.3 of this module, the resulting
path is relative by default and not absolute. This decision was made due
to portability reasons. Since File::Spec->catdir()
returns relative paths
on all other operating systems, it will now also follow this convention on Mac
OS. Note that this may break some existing scripts.
The intended purpose of this routine is to concatenate directory names. But because of the nature of Macintosh paths, some additional possibilities are allowed to make using this routine give reasonable results for some common situations. In other words, you are also allowed to concatenate paths instead of directory names (strictly speaking, a string like ":a" is a path, but not a name, since it contains a punctuation character ":").
So, beside calls like
- catdir("a") = ":a:"
- catdir("a","b") = ":a:b:"
- catdir() = "" (special case)
calls like the following
- catdir(":a:") = ":a:"
- catdir(":a","b") = ":a:b:"
- catdir(":a:","b") = ":a:b:"
- catdir(":a:",":b:") = ":a:b:"
- catdir(":") = ":"
are allowed.
Here are the rules that are used in catdir()
; note that we try to be as
compatible as possible to Unix:
The resulting path is relative by default, i.e. the resulting path will have a leading colon.
A trailing colon is added automatically to the resulting path, to denote a directory.
Generally, each argument has one leading ":" and one trailing ":" removed (if any). They are then joined together by a ":". Special treatment applies for arguments denoting updir paths like "::lib:", see (4), or arguments consisting solely of colons ("colon paths"), see (5).
When an updir path like ":::lib::" is passed as argument, the number of directories to climb up is handled correctly, not removing leading or trailing colons when necessary. E.g.
- catdir(":::a","::b","c") = ":::a::b:c:"
- catdir(":::a::","::b","c") = ":::a:::b:c:"
Adding a colon ":" or empty string "" to a path at any position
doesn't alter the path, i.e. these arguments are ignored. (When a ""
is passed as the first argument, it has a special meaning, see
(6)). This way, a colon ":" is handled like a "." (curdir) on Unix,
while an empty string "" is generally ignored (see
). Likewise, a "::" is handled like a ".."
(updir), and a ":::" is handled like a "../.." etc. E.g.
- catdir("a",":",":","b") = ":a:b:"
- catdir("a",":","::",":b") = ":a::b:"
If the first argument is an empty string "" or is a volume name, i.e. matches the pattern /^[^:]+:/, the resulting path is absolute.
Passing an empty string "" as the first argument to catdir()
like passingFile::Spec->rootdir()
as the first argument, i.e.
- catdir("","a","b") is the same as
- catdir(rootdir(),"a","b").
This is true on Unix, where catdir("","a","b")
yields "/a/b" and
is "/". Note that rootdir()
on Mac OS is the startup
volume, which is the closest in concept to Unix' "/". This should help
to run existing scripts originally written for Unix.
For absolute paths, some cleanup is done, to ensure that the volume name isn't immediately followed by updirs. This is invalid, because this would go beyond "root". Generally, these cases are handled like their Unix counterparts:
- Unix:
- Unix->catdir("","") = "/"
- Unix->catdir("",".") = "/"
- Unix->catdir("","..") = "/" # can't go beyond root
- Unix->catdir("",".","..","..","a") = "/a"
- Mac:
- Mac->catdir("","") = rootdir() # (e.g. "HD:")
- Mac->catdir("",":") = rootdir()
- Mac->catdir("","::") = rootdir() # can't go beyond root
- Mac->catdir("",":","::","::","a") = rootdir() . "a:" # (e.g. "HD:a:")
However, this approach is limited to the first arguments following
"root" (again, see Unix->canonpath()
). If there are more
arguments that move up the directory tree, an invalid path going
beyond root can be created.
As you've seen, you can force catdir()
to create an absolute path
by passing either an empty string or a path that begins with a volume
name as the first argument. However, you are strongly encouraged not
to do so, since this is done only for backward compatibility. Newer
versions of File::Spec come with a method called catpath()
below), that is designed to offer a portable solution for the creation
of absolute paths. It takes volume, directory and file portions and
returns an entire path. While catdir()
is still suitable for the
concatenation of directory names, you are encouraged to use
to concatenate volume names and directory
paths. E.g.
- $dir = File::Spec->catdir("tmp","sources");
- $abs_path = File::Spec->catpath("MacintoshHD:", $dir,"");
- "MacintoshHD:tmp:sources:" .
Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a complete path ending with a filename. Resulting paths are relative by default, but can be forced to be absolute (but avoid this).
IMPORTANT NOTE: Beginning with version 1.3 of this module, the
resulting path is relative by default and not absolute. This
decision was made due to portability reasons. Since
returns relative paths on all other
operating systems, it will now also follow this convention on Mac OS.
Note that this may break some existing scripts.
The last argument is always considered to be the file portion. Since
uses catdir()
(see above) for the concatenation of the
directory portions (if any), the following with regard to relative and
absolute paths is true:
- catfile("") = ""
- catfile("file") = "file"
- catfile("","") = rootdir() # (e.g. "HD:")
- catfile("","file") = rootdir() . file # (e.g. "HD:file")
- catfile("HD:","file") = "HD:file"
This means that catdir()
is called only when there are two or more
arguments, as one might expect.
Note that the leading ":" is removed from the filename, so that
- catfile("a","b","file") = ":a:b:file" and
- catfile("a","b",":file") = ":a:b:file"
give the same answer.
To concatenate volume names, directory paths and filenames,
you are encouraged to use catpath()
(see below).
Returns a string representing the current directory. On Mac OS, this is ":".
Returns a string representing the null device. On Mac OS, this is "Dev:Null".
Returns a string representing the root directory. Under MacPerl, returns the name of the startup volume, since that's the closest in concept, although other volumes aren't rooted there. The name has a trailing ":", because that's the correct specification for a volume name on Mac OS.
If Mac::Files could not be loaded, the empty string is returned.
Returns the contents of $ENV{TMPDIR}, if that directory exits or the current working directory otherwise. Under MacPerl, $ENV{TMPDIR} will contain a path like "MacintoshHD:Temporary Items:", which is a hidden directory on your startup volume.
Returns a string representing the parent directory. On Mac OS, this is "::".
Takes as argument a path and returns true, if it is an absolute path. If the path has a leading ":", it's a relative path. Otherwise, it's an absolute path, unless the path doesn't contain any colons, i.e. it's a name like "a". In this particular case, the path is considered to be relative (i.e. it is considered to be a filename). Use ":" in the appropriate place in the path if you want to distinguish unambiguously. As a special case, the filename '' is always considered to be absolute. Note that with version 1.2 of File::Spec::Mac, this does no longer consult the local filesystem.
- File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute("a"); # false (relative)
- File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute(":a:b:"); # false (relative)
- File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute("MacintoshHD:"); # true (absolute)
- File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute(""); # true (absolute)
Returns the null list for the MacPerl application, since the concept is usually meaningless under Mac OS. But if you're using the MacPerl tool under MPW, it gives back $ENV{Commands} suitably split, as is done in :lib:ExtUtils:MM_Mac.pm.
- ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
- ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );
Splits a path into volume, directory, and filename portions.
On Mac OS, assumes that the last part of the path is a filename unless $no_file is true or a trailing separator ":" is present.
The volume portion is always returned with a trailing ":". The directory portion is always returned with a leading (to denote a relative path) and a trailing ":" (to denote a directory). The file portion is always returned without a leading ":". Empty portions are returned as empty string ''.
The results can be passed to catpath()
to get back a path equivalent to
(usually identical to) the original path.
The opposite of catdir()
- @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );
$directories should be only the directory portion of the path on systems
that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates
files from directories. Consider using splitpath()
Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty directory names
) can be returned. Since catdir()
on Mac OS always appends a trailing
colon to distinguish a directory path from a file path, a single trailing colon
will be ignored, i.e. there's no empty directory name after it.
Hence, on Mac OS, both
- File::Spec->splitdir( ":a:b::c:" ); and
- File::Spec->splitdir( ":a:b::c" );
- ( "a", "b", "::", "c")
- File::Spec->splitdir( ":a:b::c::" );
- ( "a", "b", "::", "c", "::")
- $path = File::Spec->catpath($volume,$directory,$file);
Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. On Mac OS, $volume, $directory and $file are concatenated. A ':' is inserted if need be. You may pass an empty string for each portion. If all portions are empty, the empty string is returned. If $volume is empty, the result will be a relative path, beginning with a ':'. If $volume and $directory are empty, a leading ":" (if any) is removed form $file and the remainder is returned. If $file is empty, the resulting path will have a trailing ':'.
Takes a destination path and an optional base path and returns a relative path from the base path to the destination path:
- $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
- $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;
Note that both paths are assumed to have a notation that distinguishes a directory path (with trailing ':') from a file path (without trailing ':').
If $base is not present or '', then the current working directory is used.
If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs()
This means that it is taken to be relative to the current working directory.
If $path and $base appear to be on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return $path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of $base, which resulted in garbage results part of the time.
If $base doesn't have a trailing colon, the last element of $base is assumed to be a filename. This filename is ignored. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is relative, it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs()
This means that it is taken to be relative to the current working directory.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
Converts a relative path to an absolute path:
- $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
- $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;
Note that both paths are assumed to have a notation that distinguishes a directory path (with trailing ':') from a file path (without trailing ':').
If $base is not present or '', then $base is set to the current working
directory. If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form
using rel2abs()
. This means that it is taken to be relative to the
current working directory.
If $base doesn't have a trailing colon, the last element of $base is assumed to be a filename. This filename is ignored. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is already absolute, it is returned and $base is ignored.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
See the authors list in File::Spec. Mac OS support by Paul Schinder <firstname.lastname@example.com> and Thomas Wegner <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
See File::Spec and File::Spec::Unix. This package overrides the implementation of these methods, not the semantics.


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