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Determining the right marketing budget for your small business is a strategic decision that requires careful consideration.
Website Design and Development for South Riding, VA
Small businesses need a website.
Hi, I'm Jay Forde, owner of JF Designs and I am pleased to offer South Riding, Virginia area businesses and nonprofit organizations with my professional branding and mobile-optimized responsive web design services. Please note that while I assist clients nationwide remotely, it's essential to mention that I don't have a physical presence South Riding. I have a genuine passion for creating branding packages that authentically represent your identity and work. And I firmly believe it doesn't have to break the bank.
My primary focus is to create functional and custom websites for small businesses across various budgets and industries, from manufacturing to retail and professional services. If you're a nonprofit in South Riding, feel free to reach out for a personalized quote. Let's collaborate to make your project not only cost-effective but also a standout success in Loudoun County.
Branding and Design
Identifying what makes you focused and different in South Riding and then help you communicate that to your customers. #BeYou
Web Development
Making your web pages responsive so they render well on a variety of devices and screen sizes to capture more customers. Get an instant estimate!
Ongoing Improvement
Boost your company success by continually improving your website to serve your customers online, and in South Riding – and grow your bottom line. Learn more
What our customers are saying
Don't just take it from us, let our customers do the talking!
JF Designs has and continues to surpass expectations by performing the highest quality of work for Soniq over the past 17 years. Jay's skillset, knowhow and talents are a tremendous asset, dovetailed with his outstanding communication and follow-up that has led to more than satisfying results, every time.
A true talent in terms of both web design and functionality. Jay Forde guides you to articulate the story of your brand. He's extremely professional, and most importantly, accessible. He's the designer you need to go with.
Here are some FREE strategic Mini Boosts for your small business branding
Top 10 Low-Cost Small Business Marketing Strategies in 2024
What are the best small business marketing and low-cost promotional strategies for 2024? Here are the Top 10 small business marketing ideas.
Top 5 Priorities for a Successful 2024
A successful 2024 means each step we take is purposeful, our aspirations are met with dedication, and where success becomes a way of life.
Top 5 Small Business Concerns and How to Overcome Them
Discover the top 5 small business concerns and strategies to address them from cash flow management to staying competitive, get actionable insights for success.
Unlocking Customer Loyalty: 7 Strategies to Beat Competition
Unlocking customer loyalty isn't just about offering a product or service; it's about creating an experience that resonates deeply.
Strategic Neutrality: Thriving Beyond Social Politics in Modern Business
Strategic neutrality within social politics in modern business is advantageous within the landscape of customer engagement and marketing.


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Pepsi Men's Heather Socks is the perfect addition to your Pepsi collection. Officially Licensed by Odd Sox, it is brand new in its original packaging and is 100% Authentic - straight from the manufacturer or distributor. This mens apparel merchandise is in stock and ready to ship. Order now before it sells out! Quantities are limited


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Terms and Conditions
1. Acceptance of Terms and Conditions These Terms and Conditions govern your use of the Bag Borrow or Steal website (the "Site") and all Bag Borrow or Steal services and sales of products (the "Service"). By joining our email list, you acknowledge and represent that you have read and understand these Terms and Conditions and that they become a binding agreement ("Agreement") between you and Bag Borrow or Steal, you agree to receive all communications from Bag Borrow or Steal under this Agreement electronically via email, you agree to keep your current email address updated under Profile on the Site at all times and you agree that you will be deemed to have received any notice we send to that email address. By visiting or browsing the Site, you accept these Terms and Conditions and any modifications made to them from time to time. 2. Modifications to Terms and Conditions Bag Borrow or Steal ("BBOS", "we," "us," and "our") reserves the right, to change or terminate this Agreement. Please check this section of the Site before using the Site to determine whether a change has been made to these Terms and Conditions. If you do not agree to any changes in the Terms and Conditions as they may occur, please arrange to terminate your account (a) by notifying Bag Borrow or Steal of your unwillingness to accept the changes to the Terms and Conditions by emailing email@example.com or calling us at 1-866-922-2267; and (b) by immediately returning all outstanding items and discontinuing your use of the Service and the Site. 3. The Bag Borrow or Steal Service The Service allows registered members to access the Site and BUY or BORROW products from Bag Borrow or Steal in accordance with these Terms and Conditions. Members also agree to comply with any terms, conditions, or policies that Bag Borrow or Steal may provide to users from time to time on the site. The member can choose products to borrow from our expansive on-line selection, and have them shipped to the member's address. All of this with no due dates or limits on the number of times a member can borrow. However, we reserve the right to ask for a deposit and/or limit the number of items that a member may borrow at any time and/or to require the return of any or all borrowed items in your possession in the event you fail to make required payments on time or in the event other factors arise which, in our sole discretion, increase the risk of non-timely payment by you. The current monthly borrowing rates are outlined in detail on the Site. Also, the current shipping policies governing the delivery and return of products are detailed on the Site. Delivery time for products you have selected to borrow may vary based upon (a) inventory availability, (b) your delivery address, (c) when you place an order, and (d) other circumstances impacting delivery. Accordingly, Bag Borrow or Steal makes no guarantees as to actual delivery time. We will send you an email letting you know when your product is shipped. The borrowing period begins the date of UPS delivery scan. The risk of loss for items shipped passes to you upon delivery by UPS. All UPS confirmed deliveries are the sole responsibility of the recipient and you will be charged borrowing fees until the item is returned. If you are unable to locate a confirmed delivery, you are required to contact Bag Borrow or Steal immediately to place a tracer investigation with UPS and to temporarily suspend the borrowing period. All tracers take 8-12 business days to complete and until the results of the investigation are received, we are not able to proceed with the resolution of a lost item. If you return an item with excessive or abusive damage exceeding normal wear and tear, as determined by Bag Borrow or Steal in its sole discretion, you agree that Bag Borrow or Steal may charge your payment method (we currently accept Visa, MasterCard, Amex, Discover and PayPal) and collect either the full MSRP replacement fee or a damage fee equal to one month's rent depending on the extent of the damage. You are also responsible in the event of a theft or loss of an item and therefore you will be responsible for the full retail price immediately upon notification of the loss of the item. BORROW fees will continue to accrue until the payment is received in full. Also Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to close your account at any time if we notice multiple cases of excessive damage or abuse to the items you have borrowed. Resellers- All Resellers must register with Bag Borrow or Steal. If a Reseller fails to register, their account will be terminated immediately. In addition, Resellers, registered or un-registered, will be subject to the following provisions: (a) No rewards will be earned, (b) all sales are Final Sale and cannot be returned, (c) Resellers cannot use the Bag Borrow or Steal trademarks, and (d) we reserve the right to terminate the relationship at any time without notice. Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to cancel any order at any time prior to delivery to the customer. In the event an order is canceled, the funds authorized or charged are released by Bag Borrow or Steal and are then subject to the rules of your financial institution, in determining the time that you will have the funds back. 4. Becoming a Member and Obtaining an Account Before you can begin use of the Service, you must register through the Site to obtain an account. By registering as a member through the Site you are providing 'written instructions' to Bag, Borrow, or Steal under the Fair Credit Reporting Act authorizing Bag, Borrow, or Steal to obtain information from your personal credit profile or other information from Experian. You authorize Bag, Borrow, or Steal to obtain such information solely to confirm your identity to avoid fraudulent transactions in your name. Typically this is done when requesting a "Credit Check Required" item HOWEVER we reserve the right to perform this at any time an order is placed. You must be 18 years of age or older to register as a member and use the Service. You agree to provide true, accurate, current and complete information about yourself as prompted by the Site's registration form (such information being the "Registration Data"), and you agree to maintain and promptly update the Personal Information section of the site to keep it true, accurate, current and complete. If you provide any information that is untrue, inaccurate, not current or incomplete, or we have any reasonable grounds to suspect that such information is untrue, inaccurate, not current or incomplete, we may suspend or terminate your Account and refuse to offer you any and all current or future use of the Service and the Site. You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your Account and password and for restricting access to your computer. You are solely responsible for any activity related to your Account. If you suspect any unauthorized use of your Account, notify us immediately. In order to provide you with ease of access to your Account, we may place a cookie (a small text file) on the computers from which you access the Site. When you revisit the Site, this cookie will enable us to recognize you as the Account holder and allow you to more easily access your Account. 5. Gift Cards We offer Gift Cards that can vary in amount and be applied toward any Bag Borrow or Steal service or item. In purchasing a Gift Card, you authorize us to charge your payment method. Gift Cards are subject to the additional terms and conditions set forth on the "Gift Card" page. 6. Billing When you join as a member you will be required to provide Bag Borrow or Steal with accurate, complete and current information for a valid payment method that you are authorized to use. By signing up for the Service, you authorize Bag Borrow or Steal or its agent to bill your payment method for the applicable per-item purchases or borrowing fees, shipping charges, any and all applicable taxes, and any other charges you may incur in connection with your use of the Service. Other fees will be charged to your payment method as you incur them. If Bag Borrow or Steal does not receive payment from your payment method provider or if your payment method expires or is rejected, you agree to pay all amounts due upon demand. Following any such non-payment, we may require you to provide a second valid payment method before continuing to use the Services and you authorize Bag Borrow or Steal to charge outstanding fees and other amounts due us against any payment method you have on file with us. Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to take all steps necessary to collect amounts due from you, including but not limited to legal action and/or using third party collection agencies. Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to correct any errors or mistakes that it makes even if it has already requested or received payment. By providing us with your landline or cell phone number(s), you give your consent for us, our agents, and to our collection agents, to contact you at these numbers, or, at any number that is later acquired for you, and, to leave live, or pre-recorded messages regarding any accounts or services. For greater efficiency, calls may be delivered by an autodialer. You are solely responsible for any and all fees charged to your payment method by the issuer, bank, or financial institution including, but not limited to, overdraft, insufficient funds, and over the credit limit fees. You agree to notify us about any billing problems or discrepancies within 90 days after they first appear on your Account statement. If you do not bring them to our attention within 90 days, you agree that you waive your right to dispute such problems or discrepancies. We may modify the price, content, or nature of the Service at any time. Upon users becoming a member, that membership continues indefinitely until terminated. Bag Borrow or Steal or the member can terminate at any time at their discretion. We may provide notice of any such changes by email, notice to you upon log-in, or by publishing them on the Site. Borrow terms are for 30-day periods and renewals are automatically processed every 30 days. 7. Authorizations We reserve the right to determine whether your payment method(s) is/are pre-authorized to accept a minimum charge equal to each handbag and/or accessory BORROW or BUY. In the event we feel the amount of available credit is not sufficient to cover these amounts, we may request the immediate return of all outstanding items and/or that you provide a second valid payment method before continuing to use the Service. Typically an initial authorization for $1.00 is processed; this is to verify the validity of the payment method. There will then be a second authorization for the actual amount of the BORROW or BUY. Once the order has gone through and shipped, only the actual amount of the order and any applicable taxes/fees will be charged. In the event an order is canceled, the funds authorized are released by Bag Borrow or Steal and are then subject to the rules of your financial institution, in determining the time that you will have the funds back. 8. Reward-Loyalty Points Reward points are accrued by: 1 Reward point for every dollar spent on all BORROWS and BUYs. Every 1000 points converts to $10 in Loyalty Rewards. These can be used towards the first borrow term of an in-stock item. Reward points cannot be used towards BUYs, expedited shipping, return shipping of a purchased item, or BORROW renewal fees. Reward points do not have cash value, cannot be exchanged for store credit, and cannot be transferred to another account. Your reward points will expire after 12 months if there are no transactions in your account. The 12 month period begins with the most recent transaction in your account. All reward points will be forfeited when an account is terminated for any reason or if an account goes into default or outstanding status, owing any fees for current borrow items. 9. Refunds/Returns BUY RETURNS Customers are responsible for return shipping and insurance. Original expedited shipping fee is non-refundable. There will be no exceptions for returns outside this policy and Bag Borrow or Steal is not responsible for those items. Any item stated FINAL SALE is not eligible for any return or refund. BORROW RETURNS For BORROW end of term and renewals, once the return label is printed from the Borrowing Now section of My Account and scanned by UPS, the item will be considered returned and no further renewals will be charged. Items that are scanned after the renewal date will be charged the BORROW fee and will not be eligible for a refund. An item may be returned earlier than renewal date, however the charge stands and no prorate or refund will be made for the unused time. For any refunds/credits of returned items, please allow 2-3 business days after the item has arrived at our Fashion House, in order for us to inspect and process the return. After the return is confirmed valid, the refund will be issued. All refunds/credits will only be issued to the original form of payment. 10. Actual Damages, Liquidated Damages, Attorneys' Fees and Costs Actual Damages- In the case of a failure to pay any debts or to return any item(s) when due to Bag Borrow or Steal (hereinafter, a "default"), you will be liable to Bag Borrow or Steal for its ACTUAL DAMAGES, including but not limited to the then-current borrow payment for each item until said item is received by Bag Borrow or Steal in an undamaged condition. If said item has not been returned in an undamaged condition before the expiration of 90 days after the date of default, then Bag Borrow or Steal at its option may alternatively charge you the MSRP as maintained by Bag Borrow or Steal for that item, plus 90 days rent from the date of default, or seek to recover the wrongfully-retained item plus all rent owed to the date of recovery of the undamaged item. If suit is filed, Bag Borrow or Steal may assert these measures of damage simultaneously. If an item is not recovered, or if it is recovered in a damaged condition, then Bag Borrow or Steal will charge you the MSRP as maintained by Bag Borrow or Steal for said item, plus 90 days rent from the date of default. Liquidated Damages- Bag Borrow or Steal spends significant internal resources on its efforts to reduce and recover losses flowing from customer non-payments, from the theft and/or wrongful retention of its products, and from other improper, negligent or fraudulent acts. Because the amount of these internal losses are extremely difficult to calculate, you agree that Bag Borrow or Steal is also entitled to collect LIQUIDATED DAMAGES-IN ADDITION TO ITS ACTUAL DAMAGES-if Bag Borrow or Steal commences collection or legal action to recover any amounts due from you, and/or to recover property wrongfully retained by you. In all cases, the LIQUIDATED DAMAGES will consist of a $500 per-item charge for each item that remains unpaid and/or unreturned at the time that Bag Borrow or Steal commences collection or legal action, which sum is intended to compensate for the expenditure of Bag Borrow or Steal's internal resources as a result of your breach of contract, fraud or other wrongful or negligent acts. In cases where Bag Borrow or Steal has been unsuccessful in recovering its merchandise in an undamaged condition prior to the entry of a judgment against you, then Bag Borrow or Steal's LIQUIDATED DAMAGES will also include an additional 90-day BORROW charge to cover the period from day 91 through day 180 following your default. This second, 90-day BORROW period is intended to provide a reasonable estimate of Bag Borrow or Steal's additional lost BORROW income caused by your wrongful retention of Bag Borrow or Steal's property. It will be charged to you at the same rate as was actually charged for the first 90-day default BORROW period. You understand and agree that the LIQUIDATED DAMAGES of (i) $500 per item plus (ii) the second, 90-day borrow period for items that are not recovered in an undamaged condition, are not a penalty, but instead are reasonable and necessary estimates of the sums needed to compensate Bag Borrow or Steal for the loss of its internal resources and for the loss of its future BORROW income. Attorneys' Fees, Costs and Interest- If Bag Borrow or Steal commences litigation to recover its property from you, to recover ACTUAL DAMAGES, and/or to recover LIQUIDATED DAMAGES; you agree that the substantially prevailing party will be entitled to recover its reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation. You further agree that Bag Borrow or Steal will be entitled to recover prejudgment interest on its ACTUAL DAMAGES and it's LIQUIDATED DAMAGES from the date of default to the date of judgment entry at the rate of 12% per annum. Reservation of Rights- Bag Borrow or Steal expressly reserves its right to seek additional elements of actual damages other than those expressly identified above. 11. Privacy Any information submitted on the Site is subject to our Privacy Policy, the terms of which are incorporated into these Terms and Conditions. Our Privacy Policy may be found at Privacy. Please review our Privacy Policy carefully. 12. Submissions The Site may allow you and other third parties to post reviews or comments concerning the Service or the products we distribute. Any opinions, advice, statements, services, offers, or other information that constitutes part of the content expressed or made available by third parties on the Site are those of the respective authors or producers and not of Bag Borrow or Steal, or its shareholders, directors, officers, or employees. Bag Borrow or Steal may review and delete any content, in whole or in part, that in the sole judgment of Bag Borrow or Steal violate these Terms and Conditions or which might be offensive, illegal, or that might violate the rights of or harm any third parties. Nonetheless, under no circumstances will Bag Borrow or Steal, or its shareholders, directors, officers, or employees be held liable for any loss or damage caused by your reliance on information obtained through the Site. It is your responsibility to evaluate the information, opinion, advice, or other content available through the Service or the Site. We are free to use any comments, information, ideas, concepts, reviews, or techniques or any other material contained in any communication you may send to us (each, a "Submission"), including, without limitation, responses to questionnaires or through postings on message boards on the Site without further compensation, acknowledgement or payment to you for any purpose whatsoever including, but not limited to, developing, manufacturing and marketing products and creating, modifying or improving the Site and the Service. Furthermore, by posting any Submission on the Site, submitting information to us, or in responding to questionnaires, you grant us a perpetual, non-exclusive, fully paid, royalty-free, irrevocable, sublicenseable, worldwide license and right to display, use, perform, reproduce, modify, distribute and create derivative works of the Submission or information submitted in any media, software, or technology of any kind now existing or developed in the future. By posting or providing a Submission or information, you represent and warrant that public posting and use of your Submission or information by Bag Borrow or Steal will not infringe on or violate the rights of any third party. Be advised that we do not accept unsolicited materials or ideas for use or publication, and are not responsible for the similarity of any of our content to materials or ideas transmitted to us. Should you send any unsolicited materials or ideas, you do so with the understanding that no additional consideration of any sort will be provided to you, and you are waiving any claim against us and our affiliates regarding the use of such materials and ideas, even if material or an idea is used that is substantially similar to the idea you sent. 13. Use Restrictions You will not use the Site or Service to: 14. Access Limits Unless otherwise specified, the content on the Site is for your personal and non-commercial use; Bag Borrow or Steal grants you a limited license to access the Site solely for that purpose. You may not download (other than through page caching necessary for personal use), modify, copy, distribute, transmit, display, perform, reproduce, duplicate, publish, license, create derivative works from, offer for sale, or use in any other way the Service, or any information contained on, or obtained from, the Site without the express written consent of Bag Borrow or Steal. Any and all unauthorized uses of the Site or the contents therein will terminate the limited license granted to you. Without our express written consent, you may not: 15. Disclaimers of Warranties; Limitations on Liability The Service (including the products provided under the Service or purchased through the Site), and the Site and its contents, are provided "as is"; Bag Borrow or Steal makes no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to the Service, gift cards, products provided with or sold by the Service, the Site, or any contents therein. Bag Borrow or Steal assumes no liability or responsibility for any errors or omissions in providing the Service or in the content of the Site, any failures, delays, or interruptions in the shipment of products, delivery of any content contained on the Site, any losses or damages arising from the use of the content provided on the Site, goods or services provided by Bag Borrow or Steal, or any conduct by users of the Site. Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to refuse to ship products in its sole discretion. BAG BORROW OR STEAL EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES RELATING TO THE SERVICE, THE PRODUCTS, AND THE SITE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUALITY, ACCURACY, TITLE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. In addition, Bag Borrow or Steal does not represent or warrant that the information on or accessible via the Site or through the Service is complete or current. BAG BORROW OR STEAL AND ITS AFFILIATES', SUPPLIERS', AND THEIR RESPECTIVE OFFICERS', DIRECTORS', SHAREHOLDERS', EMPLOYEES' AND AGENTS' LIABILITY UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE AND ANY OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS (INCLUDING GIFT CARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS) IS LIMITED TO DIRECT, OBJECTIVELY MEASURABLE DAMAGES. BAG BORROW OR STEAL AND ITS AFFILIATES, SUPPLIERS, AND THEIR RESPECTIVE OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, SHAREHOLDERS, EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS WILL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT OR SPECULATIVE DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, AND SPECIAL DAMAGES) INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF USE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTIONS, AND LOSS OF PROFITS, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THESE PARTIES HAD ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ANY SUCH DAMAGES. BAG BORROW OR STEAL AND ITS AFFILIATES', SUPPLIERS', AND THEIR RESPECTIVE OFFICERS', DIRECTORS', SHAREHOLDERS', EMPLOYEES' AND AGENTS' TOTAL LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THE SERVICE, THE PRODUCTS, GIFT CARDS, THE SITE OR THESE TERMS OF USE, WHETHER IN CONTRACT OR IN TORT, SHALL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNTS PAID TO BAG BORROW OR STEAL BY YOU UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE. EACH PROVISION OF THESE TERMS OF USE THAT PROVIDES FOR A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES, OR EXCLUSION OF DAMAGES IS TO ALLOCATE THE RISKS UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE BETWEEN THE PARTIES. THIS ALLOCATION IS REFLECTED IN THE PRICING OFFERED BY BAG BORROW OR STEAL TO YOU AND IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE BASIS OF THE BARGAIN BETWEEN THE PARTIES. EACH OF THESE PROVISIONS IS SEVERABLE AND INDEPENDENT OF ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. THE LIMITATIONS IN THIS SECTION WILL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING THE FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY IN UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE. Some states do not allow the foregoing limitations of liability, so they may not apply to you. 16. Indemnity You agree to indemnify and hold Bag Borrow or Steal, its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, agents, and other partners and employees, harmless from any loss, liability, claim, or demand, including reasonable attorney's fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of your use of the Service in violation of these Terms and Conditions and/or arising from a breach of these Terms and Conditions. 17. Intellectual Property BAG BORROW OR STEAL is a trademark of Bag Borrow or Steal. All Bag Borrow or Steal graphics, logos, page headers, button icons, scripts and service names are trademarks or trade dress of Bag Borrow or Steal. Any trademarks not owned by Bag Borrow or Steal that appear on the Site are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by Bag Borrow or Steal. All content and compilation thereof on the Site, including, but not limited to, text, graphics, logos, designs, photographs, button icons, images, data compilations, and software, is the property of Bag Borrow or Steal, its licensors, or its product suppliers, and is protected by United States and international copyright laws. No material, including, but not limited to, the material listed above, should be reproduced or used without our express written permission. 18. Termination You agree that we, in our sole discretion, may terminate your password, Account, or use of the Service or the Site, and remove and discard any of your Submissions from the Site, for any reason, including, without limitation, for lack of use or if we believe that you have violated or acted inconsistently with the letter or spirit of these Terms and Conditions. Also, we may, in our sole discretion and at any time, discontinue providing the Service or the Site, or any part thereof, with or without notice. You agree that any termination of your access to the Service or the Site may be effected without prior notice, and you acknowledge and agree that we may immediately suspend, deactivate or delete your Account and all related information and Submissions made from your Account and bar any further access to such information or to the Site. Further, you agree that we will not be liable to you or any third-party for any suspension or termination of the Service or your access to the Site. 19. Links and Advertising We may provide, or third parties may provide, links to other Web sites or resources that are beyond our control. We make no representations as to the quality, suitability, functionality, or legality of any sites to which links may be provided, and you hereby waive any claim you might have against us, with respect to such sites. BAG BORROW OR STEAL IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTENT ON THE INTERNET OR WEB PAGES THAT ARE CONTAINED OUTSIDE THE SITE. Your correspondence or business dealings with, or participation in promotions of, advertisers or partners found on or through the Site, including payment and delivery of related goods or services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such advertiser or partner. You agree that we are not responsible or liable for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings or as the result of the presence of such advertisers or partners on the Site. 20. Service Tests Bag Borrow or Steal tests aspects of its Service from time to time. Bag Borrow or Steal reserves the right to include you in such tests without notice. 21. Governing Law, Jurisdiction, Venue and Arbitration These Terms and Conditions are governed in all respects by the laws of the State of Washington as such laws are applied to agreements entered into and to be performed entirely within Washington between Washington residents. BY ACCEPTING THIS AGREEMENT AND USING THE SERVICE, YOU ACCEPT AND CONSENT TO THE PERSONAL JURISDICTION AND VENUE OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS IN KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON, FOR ANY COURT ACTION OR PROCEEDING DEEMED NECESSARY BY BAG BORROW OR STEAL TO COLLECT AMOUNTS DUE HEREUNDER, TO RECOVER ITS PROPERTY, AND/OR TO PROTECT BAG BORROW OR STEAL FROM THEFT OR FRAUD. AT BAG BORROW OR STEAL'S SOLE OPTION, BAG BORROW OR STEAL MAY ALSO COMMENCE ANY COURT ACTION OR PROCEEDING TO COLLECT AMOUNTS DUE HEREUNDER, TO RECOVER ITS PROPERTY, AND/OR TO PROTECT BAG BORROW OR STEAL FROM THEFT OR FRAUD, IN THE FEDERAL OR STATE COURTS IN THE STATE WHERE YOU RESIDE, OR IN THE STATE WHERE THE PROPERTY IS LOCATED. Any other controversy or claim arising out of or relating to these Terms and Conditions, the Service, the Products, or the Site shall be settled by binding arbitration in accordance with the commercial arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association. Any such controversy or claim shall be arbitrated on an individual basis, and shall not be consolidated in any arbitration with any claim or controversy of any other party. The arbitration shall be conducted in King County, Washington, and judgment on the arbitration award may be entered into any court having jurisdiction thereof. The award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon the parties without appeal or review except as permitted by Washington law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, either party may seek any interim or preliminary injunctive relief from any court of competent jurisdiction, as necessary to protect the party's rights or property pending the completion of arbitration. 22. Claims of Copyright Infringement It is our policy to respect the intellectual property rights of others. We do not promote, foster or condone any infringing activity. If you believe your work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, are aware of any infringing material on the Site, or know of someone who is making unauthorized use of the content of the Site, please contact our registered agent for notice of copyright infringement under the DMCA and notify us of your concern by submitting a written notice to us at the following address: 23. Taxes All applicable local, city, and state taxes are your responsibility. You agree to pay these taxes. 24. General Bag Borrow or Steal's failure to act in a particular circumstance does not waive its ability to act with respect to that circumstance or similar circumstances. By using the Site or the Service, you consent to receiving electronic communications from Bag Borrow or Steal. These communications will include notices about your Account (e.g., shipping and receiving emails and other transactional information) and information concerning or related to the Service. You agree that any notice, agreements, disclosure or other communications that we send to you electronically will satisfy any legal communication requirements, including that such communications be in writing. Bag Borrow or Steal is excused for any failure to perform to the extent that its performance is prevented by any reason outside of its control. These Terms and Conditions comprise the entire agreement between you and Bag Borrow or Steal and supersede all prior agreements between the parties regarding the subject matter contained herein. Effective November 14, 2016 Privacy Policy
Bag Borrow or Steal Online Privacy Policy This privacy policy applies to Web sites owned and operated by Bag Borrow or Steal, Inc. ("Bag Borrow or Steal"), including BagBorrowOrSteal.com and formerly "BBOSPrivateSale.com" (each, a "Site," and collectively, the "Sites"). Your privacy is important to us. Safeguarding your privacy and the security of your personal information is important to us. Please take a few minutes to read the following policy so that you understand how we treat your personal information. As we continuously improve and expand our services, this policy might change. Please check it out periodically. If you have questions about our policy, please contact us using the information provided at the end of the policy. How we collect information about you. We collect information in the following ways:
Further details are provided below. What personal information we collect. When you register on one of our Sites you are required to provide us your username/email address and password. In order to rent or purchase any item or service on our Sites you must also provide us with your full legal name, valid payment method information, and a full street address including city, state and zip code, and telephone number. To protect ourselves and our customers from fraud, we may also collect additional information about our registered users from credit bureaus and other consumer information services. Every time you use our service, we collect information about your usage. For example, we collect information regarding the products you browse and the orders you place on our Sites. If you contact us by letter, phone, online chat, or email, we will collect your sender information and may collect the other information you voluntarily disclose to us. Our use of cookies. Like many websites on the Internet, our Sites use cookies. Cookies are small strings of data placed on a user's hard drive during the exchange of data that happens when the user's browser points to one of our Sites. Our cookies assist us in collecting information on what pages of the Site you access or visit, and in recording any preferences you indicate on the Site. We also use cookies to make your experience on our Sites more personalized and convenient. Our cookies cannot and do not retrieve any other data from your hard drive. If you are just browsing one of our Sites, a cookie identifies your browser and an anonymous user id. If you place orders with us, we use cookies to assist in storing your preferences and recording other session information (a "session" is a single visit by you to one of our Sites). Third-party advertisers. We may work with third-party advertisers that use cookies, web beacons, or other technologies to serve advertisements when you come to one of our Sites, and to generate statistics and metrics related to the delivery of those advertisements. We also may work with third-party advertising networks that use cookies, web beacons, and other technologies to collect non-personally identifiable information about your visits to and interactions with our Sites, and/or other websites, in order to provide targeted advertisements to you across their networks of websites (which may or may not include one or more of our Sites). These third parties also may use this information for determining or predicting the characteristics and preferences of their respective advertising audiences, for measuring the effectiveness of their advertising and for other purposes. If you would like more information about the information collection practices of some of these third-party advertising companies, and to learn which of these companies allow you to opt out of this type of information collection, please click here: http://www.dotomi.com/privacy.html How we store the information we collect. We store the information you provide to us and the information we collect electronically in our computer databases. We maintain and operate our computer servers containing our databases. We maintain a variety of security measures to protect personal information in our control from unauthorized loss, misuse, alteration, or destruction. For example, we use firewalls and other security measures to restrict access to our computer servers. Please be aware, however, that although we make good faith efforts to maintain the security of personal information in our control, we cannot guarantee that it will remain free from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, or alteration. How we use the information we collect. We use the personal information about you stored in our member database in various ways to provide our services to you, to communicate with you, and to otherwise conduct our business. For example, if you are a registered Bag Borrow or Steal user, we can pull up personal information you have provided to us, such as your shipping and billing addresses, from our database during the checkout process to make processing your order faster and easier. We also use information about your activities on our Sites, such as your brand preferences and choices of clothing and accessories, to contact you with special advertisements, offers and notices regarding brands and bags that we believe may fit with your preferences. We also use non-personally identifiable "aggregate" information about how our service is used to improve our service, to make it more responsive to our customers' preferences, and for other internal purposes. We also make such aggregate information (which does not identify any specific individual) available to third parties. When and How We Share Information Collected We may share your personal information with third party vendors who help us provide our services to you, such as email providers, mail houses, shipping firms, companies that provide us with marketing services, and other such third parties, but such sharing is always done pursuant to a contract that requires the third party to protect the confidentiality of such information and which prohibits them from using the information for any other purposes. We may also disclose your personally identifiable information as we believe is reasonably necessary to comply with law, regulation or other governmental authority, to determine your credit status or enable debt collection, initiate legal proceedings to recover losses of or otherwise protect our rights or property, or for insurance claim processing, or to prevent harm to yourself or others. From time to time, we may make our list of registered Bag Borrow or Steal users available for use by select third-party companies whose products or services we believe may be of interest to our registered users. These third-party companies are only permitted to send limited email or postal mailings to our registered users regarding the company's products or services. Our users' contact information is provided to a company who manages this process and arranges for the messages to be sent, and is not provided to the third-party advertiser. If you prefer to have your name withheld from receiving email and postal mail from these third-party advertisers, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com and let us know. Lastly, in the event we merge with another company, or we or our assets are acquired by another company, your personally identifiable information would likely be among the assets transferred or shared with such other company. You can control what information we send to you. You can limit the communications that we send to you. If you have a Bag Borrow or Steal account and do not want to receive emails telling you about our great deals in the future, please let us know. You can change your preferences, or opt out of receiving promotional emails from us at any time by going to My Account. There you can update your email address, phone numbers, and address. If you no longer wish to receive email updates, simply click the unsubscribe link at the bottom of any email. Our promotional emails to you will stop within 7 to 10 business days. We may from time to time send non promotional email to all registered users, including those who have opted out from promotional email, for the purpose of gathering and dispersing data to provide better services to our customers. Registered users will be under no obligation to reply or answer questions in non promotional email. Non promotional email will include, but will not be limited to, surveys, maintenance notices and system updates. Our policies may change. This is our current privacy policy, but we reserve the right to change any of our Sites, and this policy, at any time. If we update this policy, we will post the updated version on our Sites and will update the "last updated" date at the bottom of the policy. If we make a change to our policies regarding collection, storage and use of your information that is materially less restrictive in our use and disclosure of personal information that we collected prior to the update, we will provide you with prior notice of the pending update and seek your consent by posting notice on our Sites or by contacting you using contact information maintained in your Bag Borrow or Steal account. The information collected under the prior policy will continue to be governed by the prior policy, unless we obtain your consent to use that information in new ways. You can access your information. Registered users have the ability to access and update certain categories of personal information, such as name, email address, postal address, and telephone number, while logged in to their Bag Borrow or Steal accounts. A note about password security. Certain personal information in your Bag Borrow or Steal account is password-protected. In order to maintain this protection, we caution you not to provide your password to anyone. We recommend that, if you share your computer with other people, you close your browser window when your session is completed. Signing off will help protect your information if you share a computer with someone else or are using a computer in a public place like a library. Please contact us with any questions or comments. We want you to enjoy your use of our Sites. If you have any questions about this privacy policy or our practices, or believe that a violation of this policy may have occurred, please let us know by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Updated February 6, 2012 promotional code limitations and exclusions
what is ccv #
To further protect your security, we request your credit card security code. We do not store this number. Here's where you'll find the credit card security code:
Visa, MasterCard, Discover & Diner's Club
On the back of your card: Three-digit, non-embossed number printed on the signature panel immediately following your account number.
American Express
On the front of your card: Four-digit, non-embossed number printed above your account number. about couture limits
We assign "couture" status to any item with a retail value over $1099, and we allow rental of those items as follows:
| ||||||||||
Now rent or buy as many items as you wish - and only pay one flat fee to ship everything. There's no limit to the size of your order. And as always, free return shipping on all rentals is included. |


text:
Good morning. I'm David Greene. If you're on the younger side, do you ever feel like your parents treat you like their own personal IT support? Well, one woman decided to send her dad an invoice. She posted it online. It comes from a company called Your Awesome Daughter.
For replacing a hard drive the amount due is pizza. Backing up files, fountain drink. Restoring files, parmesan twists. Total due: dinner at a pizzeria. I mean, couldn't Dad turn this around and say here's the bill for raising you? You're listening to MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
First, and probably the most impressive of them all, is this bit of awesomeness by Edward and Antoni Frys of European Cake Gallery:
Ed sent this in last week, explaining that as a Trekkie it's something he's always wanted to do. (I'm pretty sure he was referring to the construction of the cake, though, not his attempt to eat his way through the saucer section.) The support structure took him and his brother 3 days to weld, and lest any of you should question his Trekkie status, he also tells me the ship design is the NCC-1701 "refit" used in the first three movies. Ok, Edward, I think we believe you. ;)
Ed also sent along some progress shots, so you can see all the work that went into this masterpiece. First, the body set in a specially carved foam support base:
And the nacelles, made from a mixture of Rice Krispy treats and white chocolate:
And lastly, a nice shot that really shows off the detail work on the saucer:
And while we're geeking out here - you guys don't mind, do you? Yes? Well, tough cookies - I have to share with you the fantastically geeky wedding cake topper from Trekkie/Wreckie* Storm:
Yes, that's a Vulcan groom and a Klingon bride.
Think that's a bit odd? Then clearly you don't know any Trekkers OR Trekkies. Oh, and you haven't seen the group wedding portrait:
And Maggie A. sent in this simple-but-elegant groom's cake:
Here's a whole spread found by Nina B. at Cakery Bakery:
The top cake has the date and "Make It So" written on it, and the miniature wormhole says "To Boldly Go". I'm pretty sure the cupcakes are supposed to be Tribbles, too. Heh.
And lastly, I'd be remiss if I didn't include the cake Duff made:
Although I'm pretty sure everyone on the planet has seen this thing by now, considering the slight amount of controversy it caused. Thanks to Jennifer W. for being the first to send it in.
That's all I've got for now, but I'm sure there are more Trek Sweets out there. If you have one you'd like to share, send it to me at Sunday Sweets [at] Cake Wrecks [dot] com.
*And that really is an excellent combination, if I do say so myself.


text:
JavaDoc Help
Starting from the Overview page, you can browse the documentation using the links in each page, and in the navigation bar at the top of each page. The Index and Search box allow you to navigate to specific declarations and summary pages, including: All Packages, All Classes and InterfacesSearch
You can search for definitions of modules, packages, types, fields, methods, system properties and other terms defined in the API. These items can be searched using part or all of the name, optionally using "camelCase" abbreviations, or multiple search terms separated by whitespace. Some examples:
matches "java.lang.Object""InpStr"
matches "java.io.InputStream""math exact long"
matches "java.lang.Math.absExact(long)"
Refer to the Javadoc Search Specification for a full description of search features.
Kinds of Pages
The following sections describe the different kinds of pages in this collection.Overview
The Overview page is the front page of this API document and provides a list of all packages with a summary for each. This page can also contain an overall description of the set of packages.
Each package has a page that contains a list of its classes and interfaces, with a summary for each. These pages may contain the following categories:
- Interfaces
- Classes
- Enum Classes
- Exception Classes
- Annotation Interfaces
Class or Interface
Each class, interface, nested class and nested interface has its own separate page. Each of these pages has three sections consisting of a declaration and description, member summary tables, and detailed member descriptions. Entries in each of these sections are omitted if they are empty or not applicable.
- Class Inheritance Diagram
- Direct Subclasses
- All Known Subinterfaces
- All Known Implementing Classes
- Class or Interface Declaration
- Class or Interface Description
- Nested Class Summary
- Enum Constant Summary
- Field Summary
- Property Summary
- Constructor Summary
- Method Summary
- Required Element Summary
- Optional Element Summary
- Enum Constant Details
- Field Details
- Property Details
- Constructor Details
- Method Details
- Element Details
Note: Annotation interfaces have required and optional elements, but not methods. Only enum classes have enum constants. The components of a record class are displayed as part of the declaration of the record class. Properties are a feature of JavaFX.
The summary entries are alphabetical, while the detailed descriptions are in the order they appear in the source code. This preserves the logical groupings established by the programmer.
Other Files
Packages and modules may contain pages with additional information related to the declarations nearby.
Tree (Class Hierarchy)
There is a Class Hierarchy page for all packages, plus a hierarchy for each package. Each hierarchy page contains a list of classes and a list of interfaces. Classes are organized by inheritance structure starting with java.lang.Object
. Interfaces do not inherit from java.lang.Object
- When viewing the Overview page, clicking on TREE displays the hierarchy for all packages.
- When viewing a particular package, class or interface page, clicking on TREE displays the hierarchy for only that package.
Deprecated API
The Deprecated API page lists all of the API that have been deprecated. A deprecated API is not recommended for use, generally due to shortcomings, and a replacement API is usually given. Deprecated APIs may be removed in future implementations.
Constant Field Values
The Constant Field Values page lists the static final fields and their values.
Serialized Form
Each serializable or externalizable class has a description of its serialization fields and methods. This information is of interest to those who implement rather than use the API. While there is no link in the navigation bar, you can get to this information by going to any serialized class and clicking "Serialized Form" in the "See Also" section of the class description.
All Packages
The All Packages page contains an alphabetic index of all packages contained in the documentation.
All Classes and Interfaces
The All Classes and Interfaces page contains an alphabetic index of all classes and interfaces contained in the documentation, including annotation interfaces, enum classes, and record classes.
The Index contains an alphabetic index of all classes, interfaces, constructors, methods, and fields in the documentation, as well as summary pages such as All Packages, All Classes and Interfaces.
This help file applies to API documentation generated by the standard doclet.


text:
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If you have more specific service-related questions, please contact us. We'd love to hear from you. We invite you to complete the contact form and then we'll be able to call or email you with the information you've requested. We strive to understand and exceed your expectations.


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text:
Prezentare generală
I2P's netDb is a specialized distributed database, containing just two types of data - router contact information (RouterInfos) and destination contact information (LeaseSets). Each piece of data is signed by the appropriate party and verified by anyone who uses or stores it. In addition, the data has liveliness information within it, allowing irrelevant entries to be dropped, newer entries to replace older ones, and protection against certain classes of attack.
The netDb is distributed with a simple technique called "floodfill", where a subset of all routers, called "floodfill routers", maintains the distributed database.
When an I2P router wants to contact another router, they need to know some key pieces of data - all of which are bundled up and signed by the router into a structure called the "RouterInfo", which is distributed with the SHA256 of the router's identity as the key. The structure itself contains:
- The router's identity (an encryption key, a signing key, and a certificate)
- The contact addresses at which it can be reached
- When this was published
- A set of arbitrary text options
- The signature of the above, generated by the identity's signing key
Expected Options
The following text options, while not strictly required, are expected to be present:
- caps
(Capabilities flags - used to indicate floodfill participation, approximate bandwidth, and perceived reachability)
- D: Medium congestion (as of release 0.9.58)
- E: High congestion (as of release 0.9.58)
- f: Floodfill
- G: Rejecting all tunnels (as of release 0.9.58)
- H: Ascuns
- K: Under 12 KBps shared bandwidth
- L: 12 - 48 KBps shared bandwidth (implicit)
- M: 48 - 64 KBps shared bandwidth
- N: 64 - 128 KBps shared bandwidth
- O: 128 - 256 KBps shared bandwidth
- P: 256 - 2000 KBps shared bandwidth (as of release 0.9.20)
- R: Accesibil
- U: Indisponibil
- X: Over 2000 KBps shared bandwidth (as of release 0.9.20)
For compatibility with older routers, a router may publish multiple bandwidth letters, for example "PO". - netId = 2 (Basic network compatibility - A router will refuse to communicate with a peer having a different netId)
- router.version (Used to determine compatibility with newer features and messages)
Notes on R/U capabilities: A router should usually publish the R or U capability, unless the reachability state is currently unknown. R means that the router is directly reachable (no introducers required, not firewalled) on at least one transport address. U means that the router is NOT directly reachable on ANY transport address.
Deprecated options:
coreVersion(Never used, removed in release 0.9.24)stat_uptime= 90m (Unused since version 0.7.9, removed in release 0.9.24)
These values are used by other routers for basic decisions. Should we connect to this router? Should we attempt to route a tunnel through this router? The bandwidth capability flag, in particular, is used only to determine whether the router meets a minimum threshold for routing tunnels. Above the minimum threshold, the advertised bandwidth is not used or trusted anywhere in the router, except for display in the user interface and for debugging and network analysis.
Valid NetID numbers:
Usage | NetID Number |
Reserved | 0 |
Reserved | 1 |
Current Network (default) | 2 |
Reserved Future Networks | 3 - 15 |
Forks and Test Networks | 16 - 254 |
Reserved | 255 |
Opțiuni suplimentare
Additional text options include a small number of statistics about the router's health, which are aggregated by sites such as stats.i2p for network performance analysis and debugging. These statistics were chosen to provide data crucial to the developers, such as tunnel build success rates, while balancing the need for such data with the side-effects that could result from revealing this data. Current statistics are limited to:
- Exploratory tunnel build success, reject, and timeout rates
- 1 hour average number of participating tunnels
These are optional, but if included, help analysis of network-wide performance. As of API 0.9.58, these statistics are simplified and standardized, as follows:
- Option keys are stat_(statname).(statperiod)
- Option values are ';' -separated
- Stats for event counts or normalized percentages use the 4th value; the first three values are unused but must be present
- Stats for average values use the 1st value, and no ';' separator is required
- For equal weighting of all routers in stats analysis, and for additional anonymity, routers should include these stats only after an uptime of one hour or more, and only one time every 16 times that the RI is published.
stat_tunnel.buildExploratoryExpire.60m = 0;0;0;53.14 stat_tunnel.buildExploratoryReject.60m = 0;0;0;15.51 stat_tunnel.buildExploratorySuccess.60m = 0;0;0;31.35 stat_tunnel.participatingTunnels.60m = 289.20
Floodfill routers may publish additional data on the number of entries in their network database. These are optional, but if included, help analysis of network-wide performance.
The following two options should be included by floodfill routers in every published RI:
- netdb.knownLeaseSets
- netdb.knownRouters
netdb.knownLeaseSets = 158 netdb.knownRouters = 11374
The data published can be seen in the router's user interface, but is not used or trusted by any other router.
Family Options
As of release 0.9.24, routers may declare that they are part of a "family", operated by the same entity. Multiple routers in the same family will not be used in a single tunnel.
The family options are:
- family (The family name)
- family.key The signature type code of the family's Signing Public Key (in ASCII digits) concatenated with ':' concatenated with the Signing Public Key in base 64
- family.sig The signature of ((family name in UTF-8) concatenated with (32 byte router hash)) in base 64
RouterInfo Expiration
RouterInfos have no set expiration time. Each router is free to maintain its own local policy to trade off the frequency of RouterInfo lookups with memory or disk usage. In the current implementation, there are the following general policies:
- There is no expiration during the first hour of uptime, as the persistent stored data may be old.
- There is no expiration if there are 25 or less RouterInfos.
- As the number of local RouterInfos grows, the expiration time shrinks, in an attempt to maintain a reasonable number RouterInfos. The expiration time with less than 120 routers is 72 hours, while expiration time with 300 routers is around 30 hours.
- RouterInfos containing SSU introducers expire in about an hour, as the introducer list expires in about that time.
- Floodfills use a short expiration time (1 hour) for all local RouterInfos, as valid RouterInfos will be frequently republished to them.
RouterInfo Persistent Storage
RouterInfos are periodically written to disk so that they are available after a restart.
It may be desirable to persistently store Meta LeaseSets with long expirations. This is implementation-dependent.
See Also
The second piece of data distributed in the netDb is a "LeaseSet" - documenting a group of tunnel entry points (leases) for a particular client destination. Each of these leases specify the following information:
- The tunnel gateway router (by specifying its identity)
- The tunnel ID on that router to send messages with (a 4 byte number)
- When that tunnel will expire.
The LeaseSet itself is stored in the netDb under the key derived from the SHA256 of the destination. One exception is for Encrypted LeaseSets (LS2), as of release 0.9.38. The SHA256 of the type byte (3) followed by the blinded public key is used for the DHT key, and then rotated as usual. See the Kademlia Closeness Metric section below.
In addition to these leases, the LeaseSet includes:
- The destination itself (an encryption key, a signing key and a certificate)
- Additional encryption public key: used for end-to-end encryption of garlic messages
- Additional signing public key: intended for LeaseSet revocation, but is currently unused.
- Signature of all the LeaseSet data, to make sure the Destination published the LeaseSet.
Lease specification
LeaseSet specification
Lease Javadoc
LeaseSet Javadoc
As of release 0.9.38, three new types of LeaseSets are defined; LeaseSet2, MetaLeaseSet, and EncryptedLeaseSet. See below.
Unpublished LeaseSets
A LeaseSet for a destination used only for outgoing connections is unpublished. It is never sent for publication to a floodfill router. "Client" tunnels, such as those for web browsing and IRC clients, are unpublished. Servers will still be able to send messages back to those unpublished destinations, because of I2NP storage messages.
Revoked LeaseSets
A LeaseSet may be revoked by publishing a new LeaseSet with zero leases. Revocations must be signed by the additional signing key in the LeaseSet. Revocations are not fully implemented, and it is unclear if they have any practical use. This is the only planned use for that signing key, so it is currently unused.
LeaseSet2 (LS2)
As of release 0.9.38, floodfills support a new LeaseSet2 structure. This structure is very similar to the old LeaseSet structure, and serves the same purpose. The new structure provides the flexibility required to support new encryption types, multiple encryption types, options, offline signing keys, and other features. See proposal 123 for details.
Meta LeaseSet (LS2)
As of release 0.9.38, floodfills support a new Meta LeaseSet structure. This structure provides a tree-like structure in the DHT, to refer to other LeaseSets. Using Meta LeaseSets, a site may implement large multihomed services, where several different Destinations are used to provide a common service. The entries in a Meta LeaseSet are Destinations or other Meta LeaseSets, and may have long expirations, up to 18.2 hours. Using this facility, it should be possible to run hundreds or thousands of Destinations hosting a common service. See proposal 123 for details.
Encrypted LeaseSets (LS1)
This section describes the old, insecure method of encrypting LeaseSets using a fixed symmetric key. See below for the LS2 version of Encrypted LeaseSets.
In an encrypted LeaseSet, all Leases are encrypted with a separate key. The leases may only be decoded, and thus the destination may only be contacted, by those with the key. There is no flag or other direct indication that the LeaseSet is encrypted. Encrypted LeaseSets are not widely used, and it is a topic for future work to research whether the user interface and implementation of encrypted LeaseSets could be improved.
Encrypted LeaseSets (LS2)
As of release 0.9.38, floodfills support a new, EncryptedLeaseSet structure. The Destination is hidden, and only a blinded public key and an expiration are visible to the floodfill. Only those that have the full Destination may decrypt the structure. The structure is stored at a DHT location based on the hash of the blinded public key, not the hash of the Destination. See proposal 123 for details.
LeaseSet Expiration
For regular LeaseSets, the expiration is the time of the latest expiration of its leases. For the new LeaseSet2 data structures, the expiration is specified in the header. For LeaseSet2, the expiration should match the latest expiration of its leases. For EncryptedLeaseSet and MetaLeaseSet, the expiration may vary, and maximum expiration may be enforced, to be determined.
LeaseSet Persistent Storage
No persistent storage of LeaseSet data is required, since they expire so quickly. Howewver, persistent storage of EncryptedLeaseSet and MetaLeaseSet data with long expirations may be advisable.
Encryption Key Selection (LS2)
LeaseSet2 may contain multiple encryption keys. The keys are in order of server preference, most-preferred first. Default client behavior is to select the first key with a supported encryption type. Clients may use other selection algorithms based on encryption support, relative performance, and other factors.
The netDb is decentralized, however you do need at
least one reference to a peer so that the integration process
ties you in. This is accomplished by "reseeding" your router with the RouterInfo
of an active peer - specifically, by retrieving their routerInfo-$hash.dat
file and storing it in your netDb/
directory. Anyone can provide
you with those files - you can even provide them to others by exposing your own
netDb directory. To simplify the process,
volunteers publish their netDb directories (or a subset) on the regular (non-i2p) network,
and the URLs of these directories are hardcoded in I2P.
When the router starts up for the first time, it automatically fetches from
one of these URLs, selected at random.
The floodfill netDb is a simple distributed storage mechanism. The storage algorithm is simple: send the data to the closest peer that has advertised itself as a floodfill router. When the peer in the floodfill netDb receives a netDb store from a peer not in the floodfill netDb, they send it to a subset of the floodfill netDb-peers. The peers selected are the ones closest (according to the XOR-metric) to a specific key.
Determining who is part of the floodfill netDb is trivial - it is exposed in each router's published routerInfo as a capability.
Floodfills have no central authority and do not form a "consensus" - they only implement a simple DHT overlay.
Floodfill Router Opt-in
Unlike Tor, where the directory servers are hardcoded and trusted, and operated by known entities, the members of the I2P floodfill peer set need not be trusted, and change over time.
To increase reliability of the netDb, and minimize the impact of netDb traffic on a router, floodfill is automatically enabled only on routers that are configured with high bandwidth limits. Routers with high bandwidth limits (which must be manually configured, as the default is much lower) are presumed to be on lower-latency connections, and are more likely to be available 24/7. The current minimum share bandwidth for a floodfill router is 128 KBytes/sec.
In addition, a router must pass several additional tests for health (outbound message queue time, job lag, etc.) before floodfill operation is automatically enabled.
With the current rules for automatic opt-in, approximately 6% of the routers in the network are floodfill routers.
While some peers are manually configured to be floodfill, others are simply high-bandwidth routers who automatically volunteer when the number of floodfill peers drops below a threshold. This prevents any long-term network damage from losing most or all floodfills to an attack. In turn, these peers will un-floodfill themselves when there are too many floodfills outstanding.
Floodfill Router Roles
A floodfill router's only services that are in addition to those of non-floodfill routers are in accepting netDb stores and responding to netDb queries. Since they are generally high-bandwidth, they are more likely to participate in a high number of tunnels (i.e. be a "relay" for others), but this is not directly related to their distributed database services.
Kademlia Closeness Metric
The netDb uses a simple Kademlia-style XOR metric to determine closeness. To create a Kademlia key, the SHA256 hash of the RouterIdentity or Destination is computed. One exception is for Encrypted LeaseSets (LS2), as of release 0.9.38. The SHA256 of the type byte (3) followed by the blinded public key is used for the DHT key, and then rotated as usual.
A modification to this algorithm is done to increase the costs of Sybil attacks. Instead of the SHA256 hash of the key being looked up of stored, the SHA256 hash is taken of the 32-byte binary search key appended with the UTC date represented as an 8-byte ASCII string yyyyMMdd, i.e. SHA256(key + yyyyMMdd). This is called the "routing key", and it changes every day at midnight UTC. Only the search key is modified in this way, not the floodfill router hashes. The daily transformation of the DHT is sometimes called "keyspace rotation", although it isn't strictly a rotation.
Routing keys are never sent on-the-wire in any I2NP message, they are only used locally for determination of distance.
Network Database Segmentation - Sub-Databases
Traditionally Kademlia-style DHT's are not concerned with preserving the unlinkability of information stored on any particular node in the DHT. For example, a piece of information may be stored to one node in the DHT, then requested back from that node unconditionally. Within I2P and using the netDb, this is not the case, information stored in the DHT may only be shared under certain known circumstances where it is "safe" to do so. This is to prevent a class of attacks where a malicious actor can try to associate a client tunnel with a router by sending a store to a client tunnel, then requesting it back directly from the suspected "Host" of the client tunnel.
Segmentation Structure
I2P routers can implement effective defenses against the attack class provided a few conditions are met. A network database implementation should be able to keep track of whether a database entry was recieved down a client tunnel or directly. If it was recieved down a client tunnel, then it should also keep track of which client tunnel it was recieved through, using the client's local destination. If the entry was recieved down multiple client tunnels, then the netDb should keep track of all destinations where the entry was observed. It should also keep track of whether an entry was recieved as a reply to a lookup, or as a store.
In both the Java and C++ implementations, this achieved by using a single "Main" netDb for direct lookups and floodfill operations first. This main netDb exists in the router context. Then, each client is given it's own version of the netDb, which is used to capture database entries sent to client tunnels and respond to lookups sent down client tunnels. We call these "Client Network Databases" or "Sub-Databases" and they exist in the client context. The netDb operated by the client exists for the lifetime of the client only and contains only entries that are communicated with the client's tunnels. This makes it impossible for entries sent down client tunnels to overlap with entries sent directly to the router.
Additionally, each netDb needs to be able to remember if a database entry was recieved because it was sent to one of our destinations, or because it was requested by us as part of a lookup. If a database entry it was recieved as a store, as in some other router sent it to us, then a netDb should respond to requests for the entry when another router looks up the key. However, if it was recieved as a reply to a query, then the netDb should only reply to a query for the entry if the entry had already been stored to the same destination. A client should never answer queries with an entry from the main netDb, only it's own client network database.
These strategies should be taken and used combined so that both are applied. In combination, they "Segment" the netDb and secure it against attacks.
Storage, Verification, and Lookup Mechanics
RouterInfo Storage to Peers
I2NP DatabaseStoreMessages containing the local RouterInfo are exchanged with peers as a part of the initialization of a NTCP or SSU transport connection.
LeaseSet Storage to Peers
I2NP DatabaseStoreMessages containing the local LeaseSet are periodically exchanged with peers by bundling them in a garlic message along with normal traffic from the related Destination. This allows an initial response, and later responses, to be sent to an appropriate Lease, without requiring any LeaseSet lookups, or requiring the communicating Destinations to have published LeaseSets at all.
Floodfill Selection
The DatabaseStoreMessage should be sent to the floodfill that is closest to the current routing key for the RouterInfo or LeaseSet being stored. Currently, the closest floodfill is found by a search in the local database. Even if that floodfill is not actually closest, it will flood it "closer" by sending it to multiple other floodfills. This provides a high degree of fault-tolerance.
In traditional Kademlia, a peer would do a "find-closest" search before inserting an item in the DHT to the closest target. As the verify operation will tend to discover closer floodfills if they are present, a router will quickly improve its knowledge of the DHT "neighborhood" for the RouterInfo and LeaseSets it regularly publishes. While I2NP does not define a "find-closest" message, if it becomes necessary, a router may simply do an iterative search for a key with the least significant bit flipped (i.e. key ^ 0x01) until no closer peers are received in the DatabaseSearchReplyMessages. This ensures that the true closest peer will be found even if a more-distant peer had the netdb item.
RouterInfo Storage to Floodfills
A router publishes its own RouterInfo by directly connecting to a floodfill router and sending it a I2NP DatabaseStoreMessage with a nonzero Reply Token. The message is not end-to-end garlic encrypted, as this is a direct connection, so there are no intervening routers (and no need to hide this data anyway). The floodfill router replies with a I2NP DeliveryStatusMessage, with the Message ID set to the value of the Reply Token.
In some circumstances, a router may also send the RouterInfo DatabaseStoreMessage out an exploratory tunnel; for example, due to connection limits, connection incompatibility, or a desire to hide the actual IP from the floodfill. The floodfill may not accept such a store in times of overload or based on other criteria; whether to explicitly declare non-direct store of a RouterInfo illegal is a topic for further study.
LeaseSet Storage to Floodfills
Storage of LeaseSets is much more sensitive than for RouterInfos, as a router must take care that the LeaseSet cannot be associated with the router.
A router publishes a local LeaseSet by sending a I2NP DatabaseStoreMessage with a nonzero Reply Token over an outbound client tunnel for that Destination. The message is end-to-end garlic encrypted using the Destination's Session Key Manager, to hide the message from the tunnel's outbound endpoint. The floodfill router replies with a I2NP DeliveryStatusMessage, with the Message ID set to the value of the Reply Token. This message is sent back to one of the client's inbound tunnels.
Like any router, a floodfill uses various criteria to validate the LeaseSet or RouterInfo before storing it locally. These criteria may be adaptive and dependent on current conditions including current load, netdb size, and other factors. All validation must be done before flooding.
After a floodfill router receives a DatabaseStoreMessage containing a valid RouterInfo or LeaseSet which is newer than that previously stored in its local NetDb, it "floods" it. To flood a NetDb entry, it looks up several (currently 3) floodfill routers closest to the routing key of the NetDb entry. (The routing key is the SHA256 Hash of the RouterIdentity or Destination with the date (yyyyMMdd) appended.) By flooding to those closest to the key, not closest to itself, the floodfill ensures that the storage gets to the right place, even if the storing router did not have good knowledge of the DHT "neighborhood" for the routing key.
The floodfill then directly connects to each of those peers and sends it a I2NP DatabaseStoreMessage with a zero Reply Token. The message is not end-to-end garlic encrypted, as this is a direct connection, so there are no intervening routers (and no need to hide this data anyway). The other routers do not reply or re-flood, as the Reply Token is zero.
Floodfills must not flood via tunnels; the DatabaseStoreMessage must be sent over a direct connection.
Floodfills must never flood an expired LeaseSet or a RouterInfo published more than one hour ago.
RouterInfo and LeaseSet Lookup
The I2NP DatabaseLookupMessage is used to request a netdb entry from a floodfill router. Lookups are sent out one of the router's outbound exploratory tunnels. The replies are specified to return via one of the router's inbound exploratory tunnels.
Lookups are generally sent to the two "good" (the connection doesn't fail) floodfill routers closest to the requested key, in parallel.
If the key is found locally by the floodfill router, it responds with a I2NP DatabaseStoreMessage. If the key is not found locally by the floodfill router, it responds with a I2NP DatabaseSearchReplyMessage containing a list of other floodfill routers close to the key.
LeaseSet lookups are garlic encrypted end-to-end as of release 0.9.5. RouterInfo lookups are not encrypted and thus are vulnerable to snooping by the outbound endpoint (OBEP) of the client tunnel. This is due to the expense of the ElGamal encryption. RouterInfo lookup encryption may be enabled in a future release.
As of release 0.9.7, replies to a LeaseSet lookup (a DatabaseStoreMessage or a DatabaseSearchReplyMessage) will be encrypted by including the session key and tag in the lookup. This hides the reply from the inbound gateway (IBGW) of the reply tunnel. Responses to RouterInfo lookups will be encrypted if we enable the lookup encryption.
(Reference: Hashing it out in Public Sections 2.2-2.3 for terms below in italics)
Due to the relatively small size of the network and flooding redundancy, lookups are usually O(1) rather than O(log n). A router is highly likely to know a floodfill router close enough to the key to get the answer on the first try. In releases prior to 0.8.9, routers used a lookup redundancy of two (that is, two lookups were performed in parallel to different peers), and neither recursive nor iterative routing for lookups was implemented. Queries were sent through multiple routes simultaneously to reduce the chance of query failure.
As of release 0.8.9, iterative lookups are implemented with no lookup redundancy. This is a more efficient and reliable lookup that will work much better when not all floodfill peers are known, and it removes a serious limitation to network growth. As the network grows and each router knows only a small subset of the floodfill peers, lookups will become O(log n). Even if the peer does not return references closer to the key, the lookup continues with the next-closest peer, for added robustness, and to prevent a malicious floodfill from black-holing a part of the key space. Lookups continue until a total lookup timeout is reached, or the maximum number of peers is queried.
Node IDs are verifiable in that we use the router hash directly as both the node ID and the Kademlia key. Incorrect responses that are not closer to the search key are generally ignored. Given the current size of the network, a router has detailed knowledge of the neighborhood of the destination ID space.
RouterInfo Storage Verification
Note: RouterInfo verification is disabled as of release 0.9.7.1 to prevent the attack described in the paper Practical Attacks Against the I2P Network. It is not clear if verification can be redesigned to be done safely.
To verify a storage was successful, a router simply waits about 10 seconds, then sends a lookup to another floodfill router close to the key (but not the one the store was sent to). Lookups sent out one of the router's outbound exploratory tunnels. Lookups are end-to-end garlic encrypted to prevent snooping by the outbound endpoint(OBEP).
LeaseSet Storage Verification
To verify a storage was successful, a router simply waits about 10 seconds, then sends a lookup to another floodfill router close to the key (but not the one the store was sent to). Lookups sent out one of the outbound client tunnels for the destination of the LeaseSet being verified. To prevent snooping by the OBEP of the outbound tunnel, lookups are end-to-end garlic encrypted. The replies are specified to return via one of the client's inbound tunnels.
As of release 0.9.7, replies for both RouterInfo and LeaseSet lookups (a DatabaseStoreMessage or a DatabaseSearchReplyMessage) will be encrypted, to hide the reply from the inbound gateway (IBGW) of the reply tunnel.
Exploration is a special form of netdb lookup, where a router attempts to learn about new routers. It does this by sending a floodfill router a I2NP DatabaseLookup Message, looking for a random key. As this lookup will fail, the floodfill would normally respond with a I2NP DatabaseSearchReplyMessage containing hashes of floodfill routers close to the key. This would not be helpful, as the requesting router probably already knows those floodfills, and it would be impractical to add all floodfill routers to the "don't include" field of the DatabaseLookup Message. For an exploration query, the requesting router sets a special flag in the DatabaseLookup Message. The floodfill will then respond only with non-floodfill routers close to the requested key.
Notes on Lookup Responses
The response to a lookup request is either a Database Store Message (on success) or a Database Search Reply Message (on failure). The DSRM contains a 'from' router hash field to indicate the source of the reply; the DSM does not. The DSRM 'from' field is unauthenticated and may be spoofed or invalid. There are no other response tags. Therefore, when making multiple requests in parallel, it is difficult to monitor the performance of the various floodfill routers.
Destinations may be hosted on multiple routers simultaneously, by using the same private and public keys (traditionally stored in eepPriv.dat files). As both instances will periodically publish their signed LeaseSets to the floodfill peers, the most recently published LeaseSet will be returned to a peer requesting a database lookup. As LeaseSets have (at most) a 10 minute lifetime, should a particular instance go down, the outage will be 10 minutes at most, and generally much less than that. The multihoming function has been verified and is in use by several services on the network.
As of release 0.9.38, floodfills support a new Meta LeaseSet structure. This structure provides a tree-like structure in the DHT, to refer to other LeaseSets. Using Meta LeaseSets, a site may implement large multihomed services, where several different Destinations are used to provide a common service. The entries in a Meta LeaseSet are Destinations or other Meta LeaseSets, and may have long expirations, up to 18.2 hours. Using this facility, it should be possible to run hundreds or thousands of Destinations hosting a common service. See proposal 123 for details.
Threat Analysis
Also discussed on the threat model page.
A hostile user may attempt to harm the network by creating one or more floodfill routers and crafting them to offer bad, slow, or no responses. Some scenarios are discussed below.
General Mitigation Through Growth
There are currently around 1700 floodfill routers in the network. Most of the following attacks will become more difficult, or have less impact, as the network size and number of floodfill routers increase.
General Mitigation Through Redundancy
Via flooding, all netdb entries are stored on the 3 floodfill routers closest to the key.
All netdb entries are signed by their creators, so no router may forge a RouterInfo or LeaseSet.
Slow or Unresponsive
Each router maintains an expanded set of statistics in the peer profile for each floodfill router, covering various quality metrics for that peer. The set includes:
- Average response time
- Percentage of queries answered with the data requested
- Percentage of stores that were successfully verified
- Last successful store
- Last successful lookup
- Last response
Each time a router needs to make a determination on which floodfill router is closest to a key, it uses these metrics to determine which floodfill routers are "good". The methods, and thresholds, used to determine "goodness" are relatively new, and are subject to further analysis and improvement. While a completely unresponsive router will quickly be identified and avoided, routers that are only sometimes malicious may be much harder to deal with.
Sybil Attack (Full Keyspace)
An attacker may mount a Sybil attack by creating a large number of floodfill routers spread throughout the keyspace.
(In a related example, a researcher recently created a large number of Tor relays.) If successful, this could be an effective DOS attack on the entire network.
If the floodfills are not sufficiently misbehaving to be marked as "bad" using the peer profile metrics described above, this is a difficult scenario to handle. Tor's response can be much more nimble in the relay case, as the suspicious relays can be manually removed from the consensus. Some possible responses for the I2P network are listed below, however none of them is completely satisfactory:
- Compile a list of bad router hashes or IPs, and announce the list through various means (console news, website, forum, etc.); users would have to manually download the list and add it to their local "blacklist".
- Ask everyone in the network to enable floodfill manually (fight Sybil with more Sybil)
- Release a new software version that includes the hardcoded "bad" list
- Release a new software version that improves the peer profile metrics and thresholds, in an attempt to automatically identify the "bad" peers.
- Add software that disqualifies floodfills if too many of them are in a single IP block
- Implement an automatic subscription-based blacklist controlled by a single individual or group. This would essentially implement a portion of the Tor "consensus" model. Unfortunately it would also give a single individual or group the power to block participation of any particular router or IP in the network, or even to completely shutdown or destroy the entire network.
This attack becomes more difficult as the network size grows.
Sybil Attack (Partial Keyspace)
An attacker may mount a Sybil attack by creating a small number (8-15) of floodfill routers clustered closely in the keyspace, and distribute the RouterInfos for these routers widely. Then, all lookups and stores for a key in that keyspace would be directed to one of the attacker's routers. If successful, this could be an effective DOS attack on a particular I2P Site, for example.
As the keyspace is indexed by the cryptographic (SHA256) Hash of the key, an attacker must use a brute-force method to repeatedly generate router hashes until he has enough that are sufficiently close to the key. The amount of computational power required for this, which is dependent on network size, is unknown.
As a partial defense against this attack, the algorithm used to determine Kademlia "closeness" varies over time. Rather than using the Hash of the key (i.e. H(k)) to determine closeness, we use the Hash of the key appended with the current date string, i.e. H(k + YYYYMMDD). A function called the "routing key generator" does this, which transforms the original key into a "routing key". In other words, the entire netdb keyspace "rotates" every day at UTC midnight. Any partial-keyspace attack would have to be regenerated every day, for after the rotation, the attacking routers would no longer be close to the target key, or to each other.
This attack becomes more difficult as the network size grows. However, recent research demonstrates that the keyspace rotation is not particularly effective. An attacker can precompute numerous router hashes in advance, and only a few routers are sufficient to "eclipse" a portion of the keyspace within a half hour after rotation.
One consequence of daily keyspace rotation is that the distributed network database may become unreliable for a few minutes after the rotation -- lookups will fail because the new "closest" router has not received a store yet. The extent of the issue, and methods for mitigation (for example netdb "handoffs" at midnight) are a topic for further study.
Bootstrap Attacks
An attacker could attempt to boot new routers into an isolated or majority-controlled network by taking over a reseed website, or tricking the developers into adding his reseed website to the hardcoded list in the router.
Several defenses are possible, and most of these are planned:
- Disallow fallback from HTTPS to HTTP for reseeding. A MITM attacker could simply block HTTPS, then respond to the HTTP.
- Bundling reseed data in the installer
Defenses that are implemented:
- Changing the reseed task to fetch a subset of RouterInfos from each of several reseed sites rather than using only a single site
- Creating an out-of-network reseed monitoring service that periodically polls reseed websites and verifies that the data are not stale or inconsistent with other views of the network
- As of release 0.9.14, reseed data is bundled into a signed zip file and the signature is verified when downloaded. See the su3 specification for details.
Query Capture
See also lookup (Reference: Hashing it out in Public Sections 2.2-2.3 for terms below in italics)
Similar to a bootstrap attack, an attacker using a floodfill router could attempt to "steer" peers to a subset of routers controlled by him by returning their references.
This is unlikely to work via exploration, because exploration is a low-frequency task. Routers acquire a majority of their peer references through normal tunnel building activity. Exploration results are generally limited to a few router hashes, and each exploration query is directed to a random floodfill router.
As of release 0.8.9, iterative lookups are implemented. For floodfill router references returned in a I2NP DatabaseSearchReplyMessage response to a lookup, these references are followed if they are closer (or the next closest) to the lookup key. The requesting router does not trust that the references are closer to the key (i.e. they are verifiably correct. The lookup also does not stop when no closer key is found, but continues by querying the next-closet node, until the timeout or maximum number of queries is reached. This prevents a malicious floodfill from black-holing a part of the key space. Also, the daily keyspace rotation requires an attacker to regenerate a router info within the desired key space region. This design ensures that the query capture attack described in Hashing it out in Public is much more difficult.
DHT-Based Relay Selection
(Reference: Hashing it out in Public Section 3)
This doesn't have much to do with floodfill, but see the peer selection page for a discussion of the vulnerabilities of peer selection for tunnels.
Information Leaks
(Reference: In Search of an Anonymous and Secure Lookup Section 3)
This paper addresses weaknesses in the "Finger Table" DHT lookups used by Torsk and NISAN. At first glance, these do not appear to apply to I2P. First, the use of DHT by Torsk and NISAN is significantly different from that in I2P. Second, I2P's network database lookups are only loosely correlated to the peer selection and tunnel building processes; only previously-known peers are used for tunnels. Also, peer selection is unrelated to any notion of DHT key-closeness.
Some of this may actually be more interesting when the I2P network gets much larger. Right now, each router knows a large proportion of the network, so looking up a particular Router Info in the network database is not strongly indicative of a future intent to use that router in a tunnel. Perhaps when the network is 100 times larger, the lookup may be more correlative. Of course, a larger network makes a Sybil attack that much harder.
However, the general issue of DHT information leakage in I2P needs further investigation. The floodfill routers are in a position to observe queries and gather information. Certainly, at a level of f = 0.2 (20% malicious nodes, as specifed in the paper) we expect that many of the Sybil threats we describe (here, here and here) become problematic for several reasons.
Moved to the netdb discussion page.
Future Work
End-to-end encryption of additional netDb lookups and responses.
Better methods for tracking lookup responses.


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