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Jan 25, 2016
Ghanaian artists and crafts people use a variety of media to express themselves. The most prominent media the artists and crafts people use are architecture, woodcarvings, textiles, metal casting, leather, baskets and pottery. We draw symbols from some of these media to show how the Ghanaian artists and crafts people convey meaning through what Cole and Ross (1977) refer to as "the verbal-visual nexus."
Ghanaians use various symbols in their architecture. Different symbols are used as base relief or plinths and walls. They may be used to give a honeycomb effect or serve as screen walls providing openings for ventilation while at the same time serving as protection against visual intrusion. Traditional buildings at Edweso Besease in the Ashanti Region and Abetifi in the Eastern Region (where Ramseyer of the Basel Mission stayed) are examples of architecture in which the Akan artists conveyed expressive meanings. The incorporation of symbols in Ghanaian architecture was traditionally limited to public buildings such as the king's palace (ahemfie) and shrine building (abosom dan), and, in some cases, the homes of high ranking community leaders. In contemporary times the symbols are incorporated in both private and public buildings in order to emphasize Akan aesthetics as well as the social significance of the buildings. Use is made of what is termed "designer block" in houses and public buildings and what is termed "fence wall."
Wall decorations in northern Ghana have become popular with the town of Sirigu. The wall decorations are a very unique expression of the cultural identity of Sirigu. Women take pride in making the houses of the husbands beautiful. During the rainy seasons the women come together in order to paint the houses. Newly built rooms have to be painted, but also older houses are repainted every three years as the colours are not durable. The designs are made of abstract geometrical and stylized animal figures or objects. They can be painted on a flat surface or in relief. The colours used are black, red and white.
In recent years, architects have utilized some of the symbols to resolve design problems associated with fenestration, balustrading, fencing and finishings in both private and public buildings. For example, the Children's Library Complex in Accra incorporates the symbol called mmabunu benyini (the young shall grow). The medical students hostel at the University of Science and Technology has a honeycomb wall that incorporates the yen yiedie (our well being) symbol. The Catholic Holy Spirit Cathedral in Accra, the Emmanuel Methodist Church at Labadi, Accra, Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Church at Community One, Tema, and the walls at the front gate, as well as the columns of the Nkonnuafieso Temple of the Kumasi National Cultural Center are other examples of public buildings that have incorporated several of the Ghanaian cultural symbols.
Sirigu, a small village about 30 km northwest of Bolga, is famous for the murals on the walls of their homes. After finely burnishing the walls of their mud houses, the houses are painted with brown, black and white earth pigments. The patterns, a combination of animals and geometric designs, all have symbolic meaning. Sirigu is also known for its pottery.
Wood is one of the most important materials Ghanaians use in their arts to express their thoughts. Wood is used to carve various items for household and utilitarian use as well as for ceremonial uses. In both their utilitarian and ceremonial usages wood carvings of the Ghanaian communicate symbolic, aesthetic and spiritual values.
Wood is either classified hardwood or softwood and both of them are used in Ghanaian wood carvings. Wood is carved as personal objects and these include comb (dua afe), doll (akuaba), jewelry box, stool (adwa), canes (poma), and chewing sticks. Wood is also carved for use as household and kitchen items. Household and kitchen items carved out of wood include bowls for preparing and serving food; grinders; trays (flat trays - apampaa or koro) and concave ones for winnowing grains; ladles and spoons (ta, kwanta); and, mortars (waduro) and pestles (womma). Wood carvings feature prominently in Akan architecture especially as carved doors and panels.
Carved doors and panels
First, they are used to adorn the entrance gates of family compounds and rooms to express the social status and beliefs of their owners. They are also used for decorative purposes.
The stool is one of the more ubiquitous types of carving in Ghana. Among the Akan, the stool has varied functions. First, it is an utilitarian object found in every household. Second, the stool is an object associated with rites of passage. The third function of a stool is the use of the stool as a sacred object. The fourth function of stool stems from its use as political symbol.
Royal regalia
In the political realm of Ghanaian traditional rulers, wood carvings are given prominence. The royal regalia include hilts of swords, umbrella finials (kyiniie ntuatire), linguist's staff (ɔkyeame poma) and stool (adwa). Specially carved drums (e.g., wompε and fontomfrom) are an example of musical wood carvings in the royal regalia.
Household and Personal Items
Wood is carved as personal objects and these include comb (dua afe), doll (akuaba), jewelry box, stool (adwa), canes (poma), and chewing sticks. Wood is also carved for use as household and kitchen items. Household and kitchen items carved out of wood include bowls for preparing and serving food; grinders; trays (flat trays - apampaa or koro) and concave ones for winnowing grains; ladles and spoons (ta, kwanta); and, mortars (woduro) and pestles (wɔmma).
Fishing gear - canoes, paddles
To the Ghanaian people the canoe is not just a boat to catch fish with; it is their history, a focal point in their lives; children grow up with them as models for toys, fathers become canoe fishermen and mothers sell or cure the fish. The canoe provides continuity and encompasses the hopes of much of their lives. The beached canoe acts as a meeting place and work place. The canoe is not simply a boat but a concept which permeates many facets of the fishing community's life, including the aesthetic and the sacred. Fishermen along the coast decorate their canoes with various symbols. The canoe is carved from a long trunk of a tree.
A burial in Ghana is by no means an ordinary one. That's because each coffin is a small art work, reflecting the fantasy of the local craftsmen. The local habit forces the family to spend a lot with the "throne" (coffin) so that to commemorate and tell the life story of the deceased person. Craftsmen around Accra, the capital of Ghana, specialize in making wooden imaginative coffins for this purpose. The coffins usually speak about a detail, a significant fact, a symbol of the dead, illustrating the profession, hobbies, social status of the dead
One of the most obvious features of the material culture of the Ghanaian is cloth. Ghanaians have used cloth not only for personal adornment, but they have also used it metaphorically as a powerful expressive medium of communication.
The Ghanaian cloths include the screen and block-printed adinkra, the hand-woven kente and batakari (fugu), tie and dye, the appliqued akunintam and asafo flags, and the factory-made Java and wax prints.
Metal Casting
One of the best documented traditional technologies of West Africa is the cire perdue or lost-wax metal-casting process of the Akan of Ghana. Historically, as early as the 1400s, the Akan people were known for their metal arts, casting in gold, iron, and brass.
The Akan employed the cire perdue "lost wax' method of casting when they made their gold weights. They could take items from nature like a crab's claw or a peanut, place the item to be copied in a mud wrapping, pour in molten brass which would burn out the claw or peanut or wax model and leave a molten replica in its place. After the cooling process the casting was then "cleaned" up, perhaps incised designs were added and the finished product was either a geometric weight or in later periods, the 18th and 19th centuries, the weights took figurative forms of animals and people in everyday life scenarios. It is difficult to date these miniature sculptures because until this century, artisans were making the same figurative weights the same way as their forebears had in centuries past.
Pottery - Ceramics
In Ghana, traditional potters in villages are women and contemporary potters, usually university trained, tend to be men. Pots are made for household as well as ceremonial uses. Pots are used in the house as cooking utensils, cups and dishes. Among the Akan, pots are made by individual women, who may be helped by a younger daughter who is learning. Ceramic production takes place in the courtyard of the compound, not in specific workshops or specialized activity areas. Pots are made for household as well as ceremonial uses. Pots are used in the house as cooking utensils, cups and dishes.
Among the Akan, ceramic vessels were commonly found in burials of the past. One Akan group the Kwahu, for example, is well known for the funerary ceramics (terracotta) found by archaeologists. Among the funerary rituals of the ancient Akan peoples are ceramic sculptures dedicated to the memory of their ancestors that served as grave markers. Although these ceramic sculptures are sometimes full figures, they are more often just heads. These heads are thought to commemorate royalty.
Baskets and Mat Weaving
Basket weaving is an art form and a skill which allows women and men across the country to express themselves and their imaginations. From toys to cups, from laundry baskets to lockable picnic baskets, basket weavers produce a variety of items for household use and decoration. Basketry is the weaving of un-spurn vegetable fibers, usually to form a container. Baskets have been made from any wood, vine, leaf, or fiber that could be formed into a desirable shape.
Since basketry is a handicraft found throughout the country, the choices and styles are endless. Each region and people has its own style of weaving, color, pattern and general design which make it unique.
Grasses, reeds and canes used to make basketry in Ghana vary from place to place. You will find everything from rattan to palm branches to millet to rattan. Differences in the grasses and reeds used changes a lot in a basket. The type of grass used determines what dyes are used, if any. It will also change the style itself as some grasses can be woven very tight and others more loosely.
Basket weaving tends to be female dominated in northern Ghana while it is male dominated in southern Ghana. Basket weaving around Bolgatanga in Upper East Region serves as an example of the craft skills of women in the north. Mat weaving is the work of both males and females in various communities.
For centuries the Fra-Fra people of the Bolgatanga region in Ghana have woven small containers from the abundant straw that grows in the northern savannah plains. These baskets are now internationally renowned for their quality, durability and utility. Only vegetable dyes are used in their colouring and with comfortable leather bound handles, each Bolga bag has its own unique pattern and colour.
In the south rattan and palm baskets are woven mostly by men, baskets woven from reeds in the south tend to be female activity. Rattan, palm and reed baskets were used in the past as storage containers and "boxes" for clothes. In the southern part of the Volta Region tight-layered mats are made from reeds.
Leather Works
Ghana has a distinctive leather tradition, producing many items from this durable and versatile material in a range of colors, textures and finishes. Leather is crafted into all types of products, including belts, shoes and bags, as well as cushions, rugs, jewelry boxes and a myriad more objects. These products can be found throughout Ghana, but it is in the north where the main tanneries, and hence better prices, are located.
People of the north have a nomadic tradition, so an animal skin is viewed as a versatile and invaluable possession. The skin serves as the chief's throne, equivalent to the stool in the south. The number of skins a chief sits upon is not an indication of status, but instead it is the type of skin. The more fierce the animal, the more powerful the chief.
Bolgatanga аnd іts surrounding villages аlsо comprise the largest producers оf leather works, straw baskets аnd smocks іn the country. In Tamale, the Zongo Leather Factory is an excellent place to see the leather making process.
Click here to visit gallery


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September 5, 2017
Over 1 billion people use WhatsApp every day to stay connected with their family and friends, and over time, more people are using the app to communicate with businesses they care about too. In fact, many connections are already taking place every day, whether it's someone placing an order with a local bakery or looking at new styles from a clothing store. But the way this happens now on WhatsApp is pretty rudimentary. We've heard stories of shopkeepers who use WhatsApp to stay in touch with hundreds of customers from a single smartphone, and from people who are unsure about whether or not a business on WhatsApp is authentic. In the coming months, we'll be testing new features that aim to solve some of these challenges, and make it easier for people to communicate with the businesses they want to reach on WhatsApp. Our approach is simple – we want to apply what we've learned helping people connect with each other to helping people connect with businesses that are important to them.
We know businesses have many different needs. For example, they want an official presence – a verified profile so people can identify a business from another person – and an easier way to respond to messages. We're building and testing new tools via a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies and an enterprise solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers, like airlines, e-commerce sites, and banks. These businesses will be able to use our solutions to provide customers with useful notifications like flight times, delivery confirmations, and other updates.
Whether someone is communicating with a business around the corner or around the globe, people expect WhatsApp to be fast, reliable, and secure. We'll be listening carefully to feedback during our test phase and keeping people informed as we make these tools more widely available. It's important that we get this right and are thoughtful about the new experiences we'll provide for businesses and our users. For more information, please read this FAQ.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cambridge Copyright Attorneys & Lawyers
How it Works
Seth Wiener
Ross Brandborg
Scott Stram
Jake Siciliano
Richard Gora
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Brig Ricks
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Cambridge Copyright Lawyers
Why use UpCounsel to hire a Cambridge Copyright Attorney?
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Legal Services Offered by Our On-Demand Cambridge Copyright Attorneys
Our Cambridge copyright attorneys & lawyers can help you register a copyright for your original work of authorship. This will ensure that you have documented proof of your copyright ownership. Because, if you don't file it, you can't sue if someone uses your work.
Once registered, the copyright lawyer you chose can also assist you with the development of licensing and/or distribution agreements so you can collect royalties on your original work of authorship. The copyright attorneys & lawyers on UpCounsel represent entrepreneurs, musicians, actors, artists, TV producers, and authors. Our Cambridge copyright attorneys can also assist you with fighting copyright infringement in the case a party infringes on any of your copyrights, as they'll seek to prevent it and seek damages from any and all infringers. Many attorneys also have expertise in defending clients against claims of infringement.
There are three types of copyright: usage, full, and unique. Usage means the buyer gets to use the article one time, but the writer can use it again or resell it. Full rights will give the buyer all rights; they can even place their name on the article, saying they wrote it. Your copyright attorney can explain further details about the different kinds of copyright.
Copyright ©, the least expensive form of protection, means literally "the right to copy" an original creation. Original works of authorship include: Movies, drawings, books, works of art, music, textile and jewelry designs, photographs, lyrics, computer programs, paintings, architectural works, including blue prints and maps.
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The Key Value Store
For the new version 2.0 of the engine please go to (http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/316816/RaptorDB-The-Key-Value-Store-V2) which is superior.
The code for RaptorDB is now on http://raptordbkv.codeplex.com/. I will do my best to keep this article and the source code there in sync.
RaptorDB is a extremely small size and fast embedded, noSql, persisted dictionary database using b+tree or MurMur hash indexing. It was primarily designed to store JSON data (see my fastJSON implementation), but can store any type of data that you give it. RaptorDB was inspired by the work done by Aaron Watters found at (http://sourceforge.net/projects/bplusdotnet/) although originally I used that code but I found it was too slow, memory consumption was excessive and the code was very hard to follow, so I rewrote the b+tree algorithm from scratch from what I could gather from the internet. Bear in mind that I'm not from a computer science background, so I had to go through a crash course in indexing techniques.
Interestingly, there are very few good resources on basic algorithms on the internet and most are from an academic perspective which does little for you when you want to make a practical application, but that's a different matter and it seems that they are "dark arts" reserved for RDMB vendors.
The name RaptorDB comes from a seeming tradition of naming databases after animals (HamsterDB, RavenDB, ...) but with a more sexy sounding name reflecting the performance attributes.
Here is a brief overview of all the terms used to describe RaptorDB:
The main reason for RaptorDB was the fact that there was no pure .NET implementation of a persisted dictionary which met the performance requirements, and regular databases like Microsoft SQL Server, MySql, etc. are dismally slow, and bloated for the job of storing JSON data. I even tried DBF files but most implementation in .NET lacked full memo support. Others like sqlite while having fast insert times lack multi thread support and lock databases on inserts.
RaptorDB was envisioned as a replacement storage system to RDBM storage for my own framework which has had a document centric design since 2003 and was built on RDBM storage at the time. The relational storage systems were extremely slow at storing BLOB data.
RaptorDB has been built with the following features in mind:
KeyValuePair<byte[], byte[]>
The following limitations are in this release:
There are a number competing storage systems, a few of which I have looked at are below:
Tests were performed on my notebook computer with the following specifications: AMD K625 1.5Ghz, 4Gb Ram DDRII, Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit, Win Index 3.9 (the above picture is a screenshot of the data transfer timings for my hard disk type which is a WD 5400 rpm drive):
As a general rule of thumb (on my test machine at least), b+tree indexing time increases linearly by 1 second per 600,000 keys indexed. MurMur hashing is consistent for every 1 million items and maxes out at 4 sec mostly because of writing all the buckets to disk which is around 60MB for the default values.
8.1 sec,
SaveIndex() = 0.9 sec
4.3 sec,
SaveIndex() = 1.1 sec
8.2 sec,
SaveIndex() = 1.5 sec
6.8 sec,
SaveIndex() = 1.4 sec
As you can see the in-memory index is very fast in comparison to the disk based index, as everything is done in memory and there is no flushing to disk for every MaxItemsBeforeIndexing items indexed. You still have the ability to save the index to disk and this is very fast also as the whole index is written at once. The down side to all this is the memory overhead for keeping all the index in RAM.
In version 1.7.5 a test for inserting 20,000,000 Guid items was added to stress test the system, again this test was done on the machine mentioned above, here is the results :
Total Insert time = 552 seconds Total Insert + Indexing time = 578 seconds Peak Memory Usage = 1.6 Gb Fetch all values time = 408 seconds
Using the code is straight forward like the following example:
RaptorDB.RaptorDB rap = RaptorDB.RaptorDB.Open("docs\\data.ext", 16,true, INDEXTYPE.HASH); Guid g = Guid.NewGuid(); rap.Set(g, new byte[]{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0}); byte[] bytes=null; if(rap.Get(g, out bytes)) { //data found and in bytes array }
The Open method takes the path for the data and index files (it will use the filename minus the extension for the data, index and log file names and create the directory if needed), the maximum key size (16 in the example for GUID keys), a Boolean to indicate allowing of duplicate key values, and the indexing method which is BTREE of HASH.
RaptorDB.RaptorDB rap = RaptorDB.RaptorDB.Open("docs\\data.ext", 16,true, INDEXTYPE.BTREE); rap.InMemoryIndex = true; // do some work rap.SaveIndex(); // will save the index in memory to disk
RaptorDB has two main parts; the in memory burst insert handler and the background indexer. When you start inserting values into RaptorDB, the system will instantly write the data to the storage file and to a numbered log file. This ensures that the data is consistent and safe from crashes, the log is kept in memory which is essentially a key and file pointer to the storage file for fast in memory access to data even when the indexer has not started. After MaxItemsBeforeIndexing count of items in the log file, a new log file is created and the old one is given to the background indexer queue.
The background indexer will start indexing the log file contents using the method you specify and when done will free the log file contents from memory. This design ensures maximum performance and a way round concurrency issues regarding index updates which is a bane for b+tree indexers (there is only one thread updating the index).
Searches for keys will first hit the current log file in memory, second the queued log files in memory and lastly the disk based index file.
There are a few parameters which can be tweaked to your individual requirements, these include the following:
As a general rule of thumb, if you have less than 1 million items (with the above default values), then go for the b+tree index as it is faster. If you have more than 2 million items, then MurMur hashing is faster and indexing time is constant within every 1 million records indexed.
For b+tree indexes, the only parameter to tweak is the DEFAULTNODESIZE, the more the value the less the overall height of the tree from the root to the leaf values which requires fewer seeks to the hard disk and page fetches, this increases the page size on disk and memory usage.
For MurMur indexes, you have two parameters to tweak DEFAULTNODESIZE and BUCKETCOUNT. The multiplication of these values gives you the maximum data count that is supported with direct indexing (additional data will overflow into new buckets and would require another disk seek). Again, DEFAULTNODESIZE will determine the page disk size.
Index files are proportional to the number of pages in the index. You can compute the page size from the following formula:
Page size = 23 + ( (max key size + 17) * items in page) ~ 23+(33*200) = 6,623 bytes [ for 16 byte keys ] File header = 19 + ( 8 * bucketcount) ~ 19+(8*10007) = 80,075 bytes
For b+tree indexes, leaf nodes/pages are statistically 70-80% full, and inner leaf nodes are about 30-50% full which averages out to about 75% full overall. So you would require about 25% more nodes/pages than your data count.
For MurMur hashing, the index file is allocated for the max number of data items anyway and overflows into additional buckets when you go over the limit. (e.g. 200*10007 ~ 2million data items limit which equates to 10007 * 6.6kb ~ 67Mb index file).
Burst inserting 1million records takes about 80Mb of memory for internal log file cache, that's 1million * (16byte key + 8 byte offset) + .NET dictionary overhead.
MurMur hash indexing will take about MaxItemsBeforeIndexing * [page size] + .NET overhead of memory + [overflow pages] * [page size] which for default values will be around 120Mb if the pages are full.
B+tree indexing memory usage will grow as the size of data increases and is hard to quantify but as a worse case MaxItemsBeforeIndexing * [page size]* (1+0.25 +0.1) + .NET overhead.
There are 4 types of failures:
Data is automatically flushed on inserts so the above scenarios are rare, but it does give piece of mind to know that RaptorDB is recoverable.
Ever since I started writing articles for CodeProject, I was amazed at how much of the code that we write is bloated and disproportionately large for the task at hand, cases in point are this article, my previous fastJSON article and even the mini log4net replacement. I would push this further and take a swipe at RDBM vendors and ask the question why when I can perform at 80% of my hard disk speed on a managed run-time language, their products have such dismal performance in comparison on native code? It could be argued that they do more, and they certainly do, but the question remains that they can do better, with less code and smaller executable sizes. I understand the position of developers in that they have to get the job done as fast as possible with managers and customers breathing down their necks, and they take the easiest path to ship things out in the least amount of time, to the detriment of quality, speed and size.
I propose that we, as developers, take a little pride in what we do and create / write better and more optimized programs, and in the short and long term better everyone in the process.
I'm planning to implement the following features in the general directions of a full fledged document database in the realm of mongodb and couchdb.
So if any one is interested in the above and is up to the challenge of writing non bloated and highly optimized code, drop me a line.
Most times, we have to see what is possible to believe, so show your love and vote 5.
Set(Guid, byte[])
Set(string, string)
Set(string, byte[])
Set(byte[], byte[])
Get(Guid, out byte[])
Get(string, out string)
Get(string, out byte[])
Get(byte[], out byte[])
IEnumerable< KeyValuePair<byte[], byte[]> >
The preindexing log information is stored in the following format :
A lot of changes were made in this version the biggest of which was the transition of internal structures to generics. Also unlimited key size is now supported with the RaptorDBString engine.
Input throttling has been removed as the log files reveal it is not needed ( see below).
Shutdown will now flush in memory logs to index on the setting of the Globals.SaveMemoryIndexOnShutdown to true. This will obvoiusly add time to the shutdown process.
Two new engines have been added one for unlimited key sizes RaptorDBString and one for fast Guid key handling RaptorDBGuid. These two engines take the input data and use the MurMur hash to generate a int32<code> which is used for the key of the b+trees.
This offers speed improvements and most importantly of all reduced memory usage. The downside is that because the keys are hashed then you loose sort order in the b+tree. For Guid keys this makes no difference, but you must be aware of this for string keys.
Because hashing is being used then there is a chance of hash conflicts, the engine will take care of this and give you back the correct data when needed (internally it is encoded as a duplicate key, so you must be aware of this when using GetDuplicates).
The RaptorDBString constructor can take a parameter which will be sensitive to string case.
var db = new RaptorDBGuid(@"c:\RaptorDbTest\RawFileOne"); var rap = new RaptorDBString(@"c:\raptordbtest\longstringkey", false); // case in-sensitive
A look at the log files generated in this version shows that the indexer thread is on average 3.8 logs behind the insert threads on 10,000,000 continous inserts (3.8 * 20,000= 76,000 items) [ on my test machine ]. This is quite respectable, why the throttling of the input was removed.
The conversion to generics required the creation of new data types to wrap int32, long and byte[] types. This is for the implementation of the interfaces needed, for the generic engine. With these 3 types you can store any other value type keys as they will map directly to one of these. As sample of the rdbInt is below with the implementation of the IRDBDataType<> interface.
public class rdbInt : IRDBDataType<rdbInt> { public rdbInt() { } public rdbInt(int i) { _i = i; } public rdbInt(uint i) { _i = (int)i; } private int _i; public int CompareTo(rdbInt other) { return _i.CompareTo(other._i); } public byte[] GetBytes() { return Helper.GetBytes(_i, false); } public bool Equals(rdbInt x, rdbInt y) { return x._i == y._i; } public int GetHashCode(rdbInt obj) { return obj._i; } public bool Equals(rdbInt other) { return this._i == other._i; } public rdbInt GetObject(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { return new rdbInt(Helper.ToInt32(buffer, offset)); } public override bool Equals(object obj) { return this._i == ((rdbInt)obj)._i; } public override int GetHashCode() { return _i; } }
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
Balanced tree is one of the data access techniques in the database. How does it work? How data can be inserted in. How data can be deleted from it; how data can be updated? And how data can be reviewed? By giving an example explain all of them. Your report must be prepared as seen the following template. 1. Literature review 2. Your contribution 3. Explanation of each process as detail as much on figures. 6. Summary 7. Future advice 8. References
public bool TryGetValue(TKey key, out TValue value) { return _Dictionary.TryGetValue(key, out value); }
public TValue this[TKey key] { get { return _Dictionary[key]; }...
public int Count { get { return _Dictionary.Count; } }
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AF-415 Grasshopper
Product Description
This color is part of the Affinity Color collection. A sophisticated palette of harmonious hues designed to express your color vision with confidence. Our most recent introduction of 144 beautiful colors was designed expressly so that each color works seamlessly on its own or in combination with any other color in the Affinity palette.


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A Lovely & Hard to Find Vintage Power-Loomed Wool Karastan Multicolor Panel Kirman #717 Runner. A great way to transform any space.
Construction Technique | Power-Loomed |
Materials | Wool |
Origin | USA |
Size (ft/inches) | 2' 6" x 12' |
Pile Height | 1/3" |
Color(s) | Red, Blue, Light Yellow, Light Green, Teal, Ivory, Multicolor | |
Age | 1980s |
Collection | Karastan Multicolor Panel Kirman #717 |
Rug Number | NIN3509-KH |
Condition/Notes | A beautiful vintage Karastan rug in very good condition. Free of stains, odors, discolorations, tears, etc. Good pile & fringes. Original Karastan label is attached. Recently cleaned and ready to be enjoyed in your space. |
Special Note for Buyers: We do our best to ensure that the product images are as accurate as possible. Due to differences in computer monitors and lighting conditions, some rug colors may vary slightly. Many of our items are vintage, antique, handmade, and one-of-a-kind, and thus it is not uncommon for some signs of usage or variations in wear, color, and dimensions to occur. If you have any questions about a particular item, please do not hesitate to contact us. Also, items not picked up upon delivery/refused by recipient, and then returned back to seller will be considered forfeited.


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Waltham Forest (choose a different area)
File Formats
Results are returned in Excel format or as Comma Separated Values (CSV) for easy re-use in your preferred application, e.g. spreadsheet, GIS system or database.
Data Output
The output file lists all the postcodes within the selected area, the Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) that the postcode falls within, and the deprivation data for that LSOA.
The following deprivation data are available for selection: deciles, ranks and, where appropriate, scores, for the Index of Multiple Deprivation, the seven domain indices and the Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Older People Indices. Find out more about these measures and the Indices of Deprivation on opendatacommunities.org and gov.uk.
Note that some postcodes cross over LSOA boundaries. The Office for National Statistics sets boundaries for LSOAs and allocates every postcode to one LSOA only: this is the one which contains the majority of residents in that postcode area (as at 2011 Census).


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Browse Packages in Hungary. Discover the magic of making memories for life!
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In the most anticipated and politicized Supreme Court ruling since Bush v. Gore, which decided the 2000 U.S. presidential contest, the high court on Thursday let stand, in a 5-4 decision, the centerpiece of President Obama's health care legislation.
Chief Justice John Roberts, providing the deciding vote and writing the majority opinion, laid out the rationale, which says that Congress under the Commerce Clause does not have the authority to require people to buy insurance — but it does have the authority to tax people who do not have coverage.
The so-called individual mandate embedded in the health care legislation, Roberts wrote, "must be construed as imposing a tax on those who do not have health insurance, if such a construction is reasonable."
He and four other justices from the more liberal wing of the court concluded that Congress, under its power to "lay and collect taxes," created a reasonable tax.
Roberts, delivering the opinion of the court, said that though the health care legislation language describes that "shared responsibility payment" as a "penalty" and not a tax, the "label is not fatal," and the "shared responsibility payment may for constitutional purposes be considered a tax."
The court also narrowed Congress's ability to require states to expand their Medicaid coverage for low-income people.
For legal analysis on this blockbuster decision, we turned to prominent scholars and lawyers on both sides of the issue:
Richard Garnett
Associate dean for faculty research and professor of law and political science at the University of Notre Dame and a former law clerk for the late Chief Justice William Rehnquist.
"The decision is complicated and interesting. Chief Justice Roberts' opinion opens with a five-page summary of basic, fundamental principles of constitutional law and the limits of power in a decision that, at the end of the day, upholds this sprawling, landmark federal law. It also found that Congress's power is limited, and courts can enforce those limits.
"The key to the mandate's survival appears to be that people who don't comply with the mandate still pay a fine. Existence of the pay-a-fine option permits the government to say that it functions like a tax, and so it's permissible. If the court had regarded this policy as a mandate, period, it appears that a majority would have thought it was unconstitutional. It's a mandate with an escape hatch, the court says, so it's permissible.
"For people like me, interested in Federalism and judicial review of federal power, the decision had a lot of emphasis of how the Commerce Clause does have limits. The Medicaid expansion decision puts teeth into the notion that the federal government can't coerce states. At the end of the day, the act is upheld, and that's a win for the administration. But there was strong emphasis from Chief Justice Roberts on the continuing importance of Federalism, the continuing importance of judicial review.
"In many ways, it echoes the Lopez opinion of (the late Chief Justice William) Rehnquist: The Commerce Clause is not a blank check, the Supreme Court has the power to enforce limits on commerce power regulations, and that's just as important as enforcing the bill of rights."
Erwin Chemerinsky
Founding dean of the School of Law, University of California, Irvine, and author of The Conservative Assault on the Constitution and other books. He has frequently argued before the Supreme Court.
"The Supreme Court's decision does not change the law in the way that striking down the law would have. Since 1937, not one federal taxing or spending program has been declared unconstitutional. Today's decision follows from that.
"The individual mandate really is a tax — it is a flat rate or a small percentage of income collected by the IRS on those who do not have health insurance. All will need health care and thus all should be paying for the system.
"Although the Obama administration did not call it a tax, many members of Congress did and that is what it is. At oral argument, Justice [Sonia] Sotomayor asked Paul Clement, why couldn't Congress simply tax everyone for health care and then give an exemption for those who already have health insurance. Clement, for all of his brilliance, did not have an answer to that question.
"That is exactly what the individual mandate does: impose a tax on those who do not have health insurance."
[Clement served as U.S. solicitor general during the George W. Bush administration and in March argued the case against the health care act before the Supreme Court.]
Ilya Shapiro
Cato Institute senior fellow in constitutional studies, editor-in-chief of the Cato Supreme Court Review and former law clerk to Appeals Court Judge E. Grady Jolly. Also worked as special assistant to the Multinational Force in Iraq on rule-of-law issues.
"Nobody expected this on either side. It's a baby-splitting ruling that rewrites the ACA in order to save it. Roberts rewrote the legislation in order to save it.
"I'm not questioning his motives. He did not want to strike it down. It is certainly gratifying that a majority rejected the government's dangerous insertion of power to force people to engage in activity in order to have government regulate activity. That vindicates the focus of those of us who have been fighting the case from the beginning.
"But justifying the individual mandate under Congress's taxing power in no way rehabilitates its excesses. In his dissent, Justice Anthony Kennedy said 'structure means liberty.' If Congress can flip constitutional structural limits by taxing anything it likes, its power is no more limited than what it could have done under the Commerce Clause.
"The state of health care and constitutional governance now returns to the people from whence it came. As the constitutional debate has been elevated, and people have come to understand the importance of keeping the government to limited and enumerated powers, they should keep these principles in mind, as they vote for president and Congress.
"There are lots of other cases that have been stayed pending the resolution of this one. Those continue now. [Among those cases: one that challenges an advisory board established to recommend ways to reduce health care spending, and the Catholic Church's challenge of contraception coverage requirements.] Those will now continue. The court has not given any guidance."
Jamal Greene
Columbia Law School associate professor of law who clerked for Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens. Also clerked for federal appeals court Judge Guido Calabrese.
"This is a very significant day for the court and especially for the legacy of Chief Justice Roberts. For everyone who has ever said the court is solely political, he can say he bucked the entire Republican Party establishment in a very big case. He can say he vindicated his principle of deference to the political branches and not engaging in what some would call judicial activism. That said, there are a number of surprising developments here.
"First, the bottom line upholding the mandate is not surprising to me — I have maintained this all along — but it was surprising to many people, reasonably, based on the tone of oral arguments.
"Second, Chief Justice Roberts joins the four more left-leaning members of the court on the bottom line without the vote of Justice Kennedy. Many observers assumed, as I did, that that was unlikely.
"Third, Chief Justice Roberts upholds based on the taxing power. This was urged by many in the scholarly community, but it has not been the focus of the public debate and it received relatively little attention at oral argument. But it makes a lot of sense in light of the fact that there are no criminal penalties attached to failure to purchase insurance, and the tax is collected by the IRS through its ordinary methods of tax collection.
"Fourth, Roberts says the mandate is upheld, but also says that it would have exceeded congressional power under the Commerce Clause. That's a bit odd. Roberts has famously been described as a 'minimalist,' once saying that 'if it is not necessary to decide a question, then it is necessary that the court not decide it.'
"It was not necessary to decide the Commerce Clause question, so why even discuss it? Roberts defends his doing this, but I don't find his defense very compelling."
Robert Alt
Senior legal fellow and deputy director of the Center for Legal and Judicial Studies at The Heritage Foundation, where he also directs the rule-of-law programs.
"Many people were stunned. I think the core phrase in the opinion was one in which looking at the tax question, the court essentially said it was good enough for government work, that we could read it as a tax, so we will. That said, there are a couple of things that have to be disappointing to the Obama administration and to the [those] that argued this was constitutional under the Commerce Clause.
"And the big sleeper issue: The court found some limitation to the spending power of Congress. The court found that the Congress couldn't withhold all funding from the states for Medicaid if states didn't agree to the new expansion in Obamacare. We hadn't seen much from Chief Justice Roberts in regard to the Commerce Clause.
"This tells us he does think there are limitations to the Commerce Clause. On the taxing power, it seemed like a very pragmatic approach to interpreting the statute. He didn't stretch the Constitution, but he stretched the statute in order to save it. I think it reaffirms something that has been said previously: that he tends to be relatively deferential to the other branches of government."
Neil Siegel
Duke University professor of law and political science who clerked for Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. He also served as special counsel to then-Sen. Joe Biden during the Senate confirmation hearings of John Roberts and Samuel Alito.
"It's a tax because it operates like a tax, giving people the choice to either obtain health insurance or else make a modest payment to the government if they choose to go without insurance. The payment discourages going without insurance without being so coercive as to remove all reasonable choice. The court has long said that it doesn't matter what label Congress affixes to an exaction."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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1965 Gibson SJ, Tobacco Sunburst, 1 & 11/16 inches wide at the nut, Nickel double line Kluson tuners, Adjustable bridge, Parallelogram inlays, Nice playing! Has some playwear but is a fine guitar, VG+, NSSC, $4,995
Payment can be made by Certified Check, Money Order, Bank Check, Wire Transfer or Credit Card. Outside US, please send US Dollars on a US Bank or Bank Wire Transfer.
We usually ship by FedEx or UPS. With the high quality of instruments that we offer it is recommended that you use this safe and reliable method of shipping. On special request, we will try to accommodate all special shipping requests. All shipments are fully insured. Customer pays all shipping, insurance and any bank charges, including any returned merchandise. All insurance claims are the responsibility of the customer.
Upon receipt if you are dissatisfied with your purchase, you must notify us within 24 hours and we will refund your money as soon as the merchandise is returned to us in the same condition as when shipped (except for layaways and COD's). Customer is responsible for all shipping, insurance and bank charges that may occur. Any guitar returned not in the same condition as sent is subject to 10% or more restocking fee at our sole discretion. All returns must be fully insured. There will be no approval period for items held in our shop for longer than 14 days from the point of purchase. The 48 hour approval period is available for items shipped within 14 days of purchase.


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Wallpaper: Quebec Artist Lawrence Dupuis – Beach Cliff
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NOMAD PRO – PREMIUM wallpaper. Repositionable self-adhesive vinyl mural for indoor use, moisture resistant, mildew resistant and very easy to clean. Matte finish and no reflection, textured canvas effect. Easy to install, no glue or no water. Perfect for any room in the house, even the bathroom and kitchen.
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Republican Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky doubled down Tuesday on a previous call for a path to citizenship, telling a major Hispanic business group that his message to the nation's illegal immigrants is: "If you wish to live and work in America, then we will find a place for you."
Conservatives, he told the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, must "become part of the solution" to immigration, including dealing with the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants now living in the U.S. In his Washington speech, Paul said:
"Let's start that conversation by acknowledging we aren't going to deport 12 million illegal immigrants.
"If you wish to work, if you wish to live and work in America, then we will find a place for you.
"In order to bring conservatives to this cause, however, those who work for reform must understand that a real solution must ensure that our borders are secure.
"But we also must treat those who are already here with understanding and compassion."
In a speech that the Texas native sprinkled with Spanish, Paul, considered a potential 2016 presidential candidate, predicted that his party would find itself permanently marginalized if it fails to lead on immigration.
"Republicans need to become parents of a new future with Latino voters, or we will need to resign ourselves to permanent minority status.
"The Republican Party has insisted for years that we stand for freedom and family values. I am most proud of my party when it stands for both.
"The vast majority of Latino voters agree with us on these issues, but Republicans have pushed them away with harsh rhetoric over immigration.
"Immigration is a contentious issue in American politics. In our zeal for border control, we have sometimes obscured our respect and admiration for immigrants and their contribution to America.
"Republicans have been losing both the respect and votes of a group of people who already identify with our belief in family, faith and conservative values. Hispanics should be a natural and sizable part of the Republican base.
"That they have steadily drifted away from the GOP in each election says more about Republicans than it does about Hispanics."
Paul joins Republican Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, also frequently mentioned as a possible 2016 presidential candidate, in calling for a path to citizenship — an anathema for many conservatives.
Rubio is part of a bipartisan group of eight senators writing an immigration overhaul proposal that includes a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants that would impose a decadelong waiting period for a green card, and citizenship opportunity three years after that.
Paul is not part of the Senate group, but his comments Tuesday did not come as a surprise. Here's what he wrote on Feb. 8 in his weekly column in The Washington Times:
"To those who complain that if anyone is allowed to stay without returning to Mexico that it amounts to amnesty, I say: What we have now is de facto amnesty. No undocumented immigrants are being sent home, and no one is seriously advocating rounding up and sending home 11 million people. Immigration reform begins the process of bringing these folks out of the shadows and making American taxpayers out of them."
Paul, a Tea Party favorite, recently grabbed the political spotlight with a nearly 13-hour, old-fashioned filibuster of John Brennan's nomination to be CIA director. And he shows no sign of relinquishing center stage while his party attempts to recover and reshape itself after a disastrous general election cycle.
Shortly after Paul's speech, the Iowa GOP chairman, citing the filibuster, announced that the Kentucky senator would be the featured speaker at the state Republican Party's annual "Lincoln Dinner" in May.
Iowa traditionally kicks off the presidential contest season with the first-in-the nation caucuses.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Columns Retired Columns & Blogs |
Really Stephen, it's been a long year for you and "now it's time to party"?
And what is it that you folks do 320 days a year? Listen to music and write dorky articles about the "pace, rhythm, and flow of amplifiers" or how a turntable "sweeps obvious vinyl surface noise to the side walls of the listening space"?
Yeah, right...
I'd say it's been a bit more than a long year - more like a very long decade waiting for some reality to seep back into the audio equipment review business. Your year end "best of" lists are a predictable case in point. Did anyone bother to look at the average cost of components in each list? How do you compare a $3k pair of Golden Ear Tritons to TAD "mini" monitors costing $40k or a $144,000 (gulp!) DartZeel to a "cheap" $1995 Rogue Audio Titan?
I know it might sound really complicated and revolutionary but... do you folks think you could actually break out a list of subcategories for each component category like:
Outrageously priced stuff, under $50,000, under $20,000, under $5000, under $1000
You see, some people might actually buy a copy of Stereophile to find the current recommendation for products in their particular search price bracket. Now maybe on your tremendous Stereophile contributor salary, Stephen, cost is no object for you. $150,000 for an amp is chump change. But take my word for it, that's not the case for a lot of other folks in the real world. They have these annoying things called budgets.


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Below are two tables showing the two problem classes that prevent co-installation of Multi-Arch:same binaries
For every M-A:same package we create a dummy package with the -pseudo prefix which depends on that package for amd64 and a dummy architecture generated from amd64 (called armhf here).
A machine parsable version can be retrieved in dose yaml format
Hover over a package name with your cursor for architecture and version information. Hovering over the arrows in the depchain columns will show the dependency that led from one package in the chain to the next.
The following is a summary of the full "missing" and "conflict" tables below. It only shows the first and last columns of the full tables and only displays the top 10 rows.
# of packages per conflict | Conflict |
7 | libvpl2:amd64 |
The packages in the third column cannot satisfy their (possibly transitive) dependencies because the last package(s) in the first depchain have an unsatisfied conflict which is shown in the last column. The second depchain column shows the dependency chain(s) to the package which the last package(s) in the first depchain conflict with. Sometimes, multiple dependency chains sharing the same conflict exist. Hovering over the arrows in the depchains column with your cursor will show the dependency that led from one package in the chain to the next.
The output is first grouped by the shared conflicting dependency (last column) and then by the shared dependency chains (fourth and fifth column). The groups are sorted by the number of packages sharing the conflict in the last column. Within each group, the output is sorted by the number of packages sharing the same dependency chains.
generated: 20240722T000000Z
The JSON data used to generate these pages was computed using botch, the bootstrap/build ordering tool chain. The source code of botch can be redistributed under the terms of the LGPL3+ with an OCaml linking exception. The source code can be retrieved from https://salsa.debian.org/debian-bootstrap-team/botch
The html pages were generated by code which can be retrieved from https://salsa.debian.org/debian-bootstrap-team/boott and which can be redistributed under the terms of the AGPL3+
For questions and bugreports please contact j [dot] schauer [at] email [dot] de.


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The Art of Moonalice
An exhibit of Rock Posters created for the band Moonalice.
Moonalice is a band that commissions a poster for every gig and gives them away for free. Since the band's formation in 2007, Moonalice has produced a unique series of almost 550 original gig posters with artwork from over 20 artists.
Moonalice posters feature artwork from many of the legendary poster artists of the psychedelic 60′s as well as today's top rock poster artists. Moonalice is a band that lets poster artists do what they do best – make art! Unencumbered by standard constraints, Moonalice posters are as diverse as the artists who create them.
On Sunday, October 28, 2012, Moonalice proudly presents their 2nd poster show at the Brooklyn Bowl. The full series of Moonalice posters will be on display and available for purchase at this FREEEast Coast event. Many Moonalice poster artists will be attending the event in-person. The poster show opens at noon, Moonalice's concert will follow the poster show in the evening. This event is listed on Facebook.
SUNDAY – October 28, 2012
Doors open at Noon!
Artists in attendance:
Wes Wilson • Alexandra Fischer
David Singer • Stanley Mouse
Chris Shaw • John Mavroudis
Dennis Larkins • Dave Hunter
Dennis Loren • John Seabury
Chuck Sperry • Wendy Wright
Carolyn Ferris • Gary Houston
Darrin Brenner • Winston Smith
Lee Conklin • Lauren Yurkovich
George and Patricia Sargent
Also featuring artwork by:
Ron Donovan • Claude Shade • Grace Slick
more info at MoonalicePosters.com & Moonalice.com
Brooklyn Bowl 61 Wythe Avenue, Brooklyn, NY
[googlemap address="Brooklyn Bowl, 61 Wythe Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11211″]


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We Are Here To Help you!! The images uploaded will not match exactly with the Original products as the images are Photoshoped. The White / Yellow / Rose / Black Gold Plating on this item can be effected by many elements. We advise removing this ring when being exposed to any type of substance or chemical. This includes, but not limited to: perfume, hairspray, water, lotions, cleaning products, etc.
Please note that all countries charge a duty on imported goods. We are not responsible for the amount of duty or any other related charges. If not, then please let us know before leaving any feedback and allow us to work with you to completely resolve any issues that you might be facing. The item must be in the original condition and with the original tags attached. Thank you & Visit again!
This item is in the category "Jewelry & Watches\Engagement & Wedding\Engagement & Wedding Ring Sets". The seller is "br925silverczjewelry" and is located in this country: IN.
This item can be shipped worldwide.


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William's Blog
Now that Rad Studio XE2 has been released, we can start planning supporting NexusDB releases.
We intend to release NexusDB 3.10 within a month. This update will as usual have some bug fixes, and also will have XE2 support for win32 compiling. At the same time, the new Secure Pack products are going to be released (link: https://www.nexusdb.com/support/index.php?q=node/27041).
Seems like I've missed out to post this announcement on our website. So here it goes:
We've just made a free RADPHP package as add-on to our PHP connector
available. The package implements access to NexusDB in the same way as the
shipped packages for MySQL, Oracle or IBase.
The package is available for download from here:
Some screenshots:
The NexusDB Security Pack is a new add-on for NexusDB which provides a number of highly secure industry standard data encryption engines. These engines are designed, implemented and documented under contract by highly regarded data security consultant Henrick Hellström of StreamSec HB (http://www.streamsec.com ), a Swedish company specialized in the development of highly secure data
We have been extremely busy in the past weeks, but we now have a collection of screenshots to show to all of you. This is a first glimpse at the vastly improved and extended upcoming NexusDB .NET integrations. Yes, not just one but several new exciting features that will make NexusDB even better.
Please note: I'm aware that some of the pictures flow out of the layout of the page. I will try and figure out why that is happening, as it should be auto-adjusted.
But first here's a quick glimpse at NexusDB Starter EditionDue to a temporary problem running a full test & release cycle we're experiencing a delay of the 3.06 release. We've thus decided to publish a pre-release version of the binaries (Server & Enterprise Manager). To access the libraries please log in to the customer pages & navigate to the binaries page.
Please note that V3.06 is not only a service release but also adds several new features, mainly in the SQL engine. To see the full list of fixes and features please take a look at:
Our current support (which was introduced shortly after the release of NexusDB V2.07 back in April
2008) is based on yearly product based support, which gives access to newly released minor upgrades of the product and provides general support according to the level (bronze, silver, gold or platinum). This scheme specifically excludes updates to major new releases for which an extra upgrade charge is
With a new major and exciting RAD Studio version just released and NexusDB V4 being worked on, we
We're currently working on getting a new major release of the ADO/.NET Provider ready. This new Version 3 has the following immediate goals for its release:
Major performance improvements over networks Possibility of out-of-phase releases in regards to NexusDB Support for "Embedded Mode" using one (or more) Server-DLLs Support for custom encrypted databases using and optional Encryption-DLL VS2010 support Data View/Object supportAdditionally we're targeting the following lifetime goals for the V3 Provider"
Moved to the manual.
With this format there is no longer a single (or multiple) files per table, instead there is a single file (-set, more about that later) per database which is at the same time the current state of the database and a full transaction log.
When a transaction is comitted, no changes are made to any information already in the file, instead the changed blocks are appended to the file. The only exception to this is a field in the header of the file which references he file offset where information about the last fully committed transaction can be found.
Ok, so this is not directly NexusDB related, just something that has been bugging me. Bear with me. :)


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Success Stories
- Libraries matter - Check out their brilliant wristband idea and the library success stories on the site.
- IFLA Success Stories Database International Federation of Library Associations has set up a database that aims to showcase the value of libraries to society as a whole.
- OhioLINK Marketing Toolkit OhioLINK's forum for sharing marketing success stories.
- Your Library : Inspiration for all New Zealanders - The MetroNet group of New Zealand public libraries has commissioned the creation of a national television campaign, that will be screened from 03 July to 28 August 2005. The campaign uses notable and successful New Zealanders to support all public libraries as warm and intellectual destinations. No specific libraries are referred to, but the campaign ends with the phrase "Your Libraries: On Site, On Line". The objective is to increase the profile and usage of New Zealand public libraries through conveying the promise that they are modern, on trend, relevant and inspiring.
- St. Charles Library Cart Capades Bookettes - A crazy group of librarians from Illinois who push carts down windy streets for fun.
- YouTube Book Trailers - What an interesting way to get people interested in reading! Book trailers are like movie trailers, but for books! You can find them all over the internet now, but here is a site that's featuring them on YouTube.
Marketing Plans
- @ your library
Comprehensive marketing toolkit for academic and research libraries from ALA
- Sample marketing plan from American University
- Sample plan from Rutgers
- Sample plan from University of Colorado Boulder
- Ideas of great marketing plan from the Winners of the John Cotton Dana awards given by American Library Association every year.
Marketing Tips
The St. Charles Library (IL) has discovered a great community marketing tool - synchronized book cart pushing. The Bookettes are extremely popular at all local parades, and have even been invited by the students to participate in the high school homecoming parades. It is a great way to develop a following AND keep the library at the forefront of the community. Tips: 1) organize early and keep the routine simple the first year; 2) have fun! 3) call the press and invite them to a practice, then get your photo on the front page of the newspaper; 3) create a theme, wear the same color shirts and/or decorate the carts; 4) make sure your wheels are on tight.
In a corporate library setting, a newsletter distributed by e-mail is an excellent way to market your library, particularly if your library serves several offices or departments in different locations. Some tips for a successful newsletter: 1) Keep it short and snappy; think about the average attention span of someone most likely experiencing e-mail overload. 2) Feature some members of your staff in each edition and don't be afraid to include a photograph and/or a brief personal profile. Since so many information transactions are done electronically, adding a personal touch is a great way to make a connection. 3) Highlight a success story. Did the information you provided help someone win an account or contribute significantly to the company's business? Tell people how. If the person you helped is willing to give a quote, even better! 4) Reiterate that you are here to help and encourage questions and feedback.
Check out GREAT DISPLAYS FOR YOUR LIBRARY STEP BY STEP by Susan P. Phillips. Published in 2008 by McFarland Publishing, this book includes 46 display ideas that will facilitate marketing your library. Each display includes background on the topic, the genesis and specific procedures for mounting. Categories include: Getting Ready, Authors, Pop Culture, Genres, Traditions, Patriotism, Art & Architecture, Cultures, People, Nature, Pastimes and The Mind. Ideas for expanding the display for larger spaces are included along with 77 topics for futures displays. School Library Journal June, 2008 review states "Phillips enthusiasm, creativity, and breadth of personal interests are evident throughout this book."
General Tips for Effective Marketing and Outreach
This wiki addresses ways to use technology for marketing and outreach in libraries. We're referring to marketing and outreach in a very broad sense: promoting and encouraging the use of services, raising awareness, and simply getting services to users where they are. Please add as you see fit!
- Marketing and promotional materials (whether they're using technology or not) aren't just about convincing patrons to use a certain service. It can also be about changing attitudes. For more on this, check out Promotion: It's not just for stuff by Jill Stover Heinze.
- Keep in mind that sometimes no amount of marketing and outreach is effective if the service or product being promoted is not something that your users want. Marketing and outreach is important; but the most important thing is creating relevant services designed by engaging in dialogue with your users.
Blogs/Websites to Watch
- Info*Nation - a website designed to promote the library and information professions in Canada (CLA)
- Info Today Marketing Library Services - a pay-subscription newsletter. Selected free articles, very timely and practical
- Library Marketing - Thinking Outside the Book - great blog by Jill Stover.
- Marketing the Library - a self-paced web-based training from the Ohio Library Council.
- Marketing Treasures - The free electronic newsletter with marketing ideas for information professionals. Published the 3rd Wednesday of each month, it is written by a librarian who is also a library marketing consultant. 12 years of back issues are available as PDF files on the Marketing Treasures web site. There are lots of ideas, resources, and practical advice for library and information service marketers.
- Market Your Library from Thomson/Gale
- Promote Your Library
- Smartest Card Campaign (PLA) - Goal: To make the library card the most valued and used card in every wallet!
- Why and How to Use Blogs to Promote Your Library's Services by Darlene Fichter in Marketing Library Services from November/December 2003
- The M Word Blog- Marketing ideas, tips and trends for librarians
- Market the Future- Hip, visual marketing ideas for libraries and non profits
Specific Blog Posts/Articles to Check Out
- Marylaine Block's Ex Libris has an ongoing series Profit, and Provocation: Library Promotion for the Over-Educated by Tia Dobi. Link is to Part 7 (July 1, 2005); see also the six earlier parts.
- O'Keefe, Claudia. "Publicity 101: How to Promote Your Library's Next Event." American Libraries Vol. 36 No. 6 June/July 2005, 52-55. This article includes a particularly useful sidebar on writing a compelling press release. If you are an ALA member, you can view this article on the American Libraries site by searching the archive and using the ebrary reader.
- McCracken, Linda D. and Zeiher, Lynne. The Library Book Cart Precision Drill Team Manual. McFarland & Company. 168 pages.
- Reaching Patrons: Online Outreach for Public Libraries is a slideshow presentation by Sarah Houghton-Jan with a 20-point checklist. It emphasizes libraries going to the new online locations to find clientel.
- Libraries, Retail, and Feel Good Marketing A discussion about what is good and what is annoying.
Technology in Outreach
Social Media
Social media has been used for marketing and outreach in libraries for some time now, but librarians and professionals in other fields continue to explore ways in which to use them most effectively. With that in mind, refer to the sources below for effective and creative uses of various social media tools for marketing and outreach. Also, check out these tips on generalized best practices for Social Media:
- Social Media Best Practices for Libraries by Kasia Grabowska; posted on "Tame the Web". This post offers great bite-sized tips for using social media effectively. A few examples? Consider social media as a way to engage users in conversations, not just broadcast information; use trackable links (like bit.ly) so you can see what users are responding to when you post links--this is a good assessment tool.
- Make it easy for your users to share what they like about your services. Use widgets like ShareThis or AddThis so your users can easily share resources in your catalog, upcoming events, or library news. test
- Blog Outreach - Still an Effective Strategy? by Jenni Brand, CEO of Bastille Marketing. Brand offers an interesting, non-library perspective on "blogger outreach" -- the process of identifying other institutions' blogs to promote your products/services and how to pitch your products/services to them successfully for inclusion.
RSS Feeds
RSS is a family of XML file formats used to track content updates on websites, blogs, databases, etc. By subscribing to "feeds," users can access new content through a reader or aggregator, as opposed to visiting each site of interest individually. For a great, plain-language introduction to RSS Feeds, check out the RSS: In Plain English Youtube video.
RSS feeds can be used to market library services, reach out to constituents, and connect patrons to collections. The RSS page on Library Success, a Best Practices Wiki lists a number of institutions using RSS to connect patrons with new materials in their collections, as well as a handful of institutions offering RSS feeds for their Events Calendars.
Promoting and teaching patrons about RSS feeds is an excellent way to assist patrons with managing their information, and also provides a convenient way to encourage patrons to start following feeds produced by your library. It's important for librarians to be aware of the current RSS readers/aggregators available. In the past, two of the most popular readers were Google Reader and Bloglines.
For information on creative uses of RSS Feeds in University libraries, check out the blog RSS4Lib. (In fact, subscribe to its RSS feed!)
There is not much debate these days as to whether or not libraries should have a presence on Facebook -- the question now is how to utilize Facebook most effectively. The authors in the articles and blog posts below offer their opinions.
- Libraries: Facebook Group, Fan Page or Friend Your Librarian? by The Krafty Librarian
- How to use Twitter for Marketing and PR. Good post from Hubspot, an internet marketing company.
- 10 Ways Twitter Will Make You a Better Employee, Better at Your Job and Benefit Your Library by Bobbi L. Newman (Librarian by Day)
- Five Steps to build a Twitter Marketing Strategy from TopRank Online Marketing Blog.
Screencasting / YouTube
- Online Tutorials (Screencasting) from [www.libsuccess.org/ Library Success: A Best Practices Wiki]. Excellent overview of available information on software packages and best practices. Pay special attention to the "Blogs/Websites to Watch" and the "Specific Blog Posts/Articles to Check Out."
- A Quick Guide to Screencasting for Libraries posted on iLibrarian. Although a little dated (August 2008), this post provides a great overview of information on Screencasting, including best practices and various software programs for creating screencasts.
- Podcasting from Library Success A Best Practices Wiki. Includes list of libraries creating podcasts and tips for creating effective podcasts.
Foursquare is one of the newest forms of social media librarians are currently exploring, and folks are using it in a variety of ways. Generally, putting your library on Foursquare is almost guaranteed free marketing. Your students will be "checking in" to your library and, in many cases, sharing it with all of their friends on Foursquare, Facebook, and Twitter. Since users can add tips/comments to any location, Foursquare offers a chance to hear what your users are saying (even if some of it is bad), and to engage with them through response.
- Foursquare and Libraries -- Definitely Something There! by David Lee King.
- Checking In: Location Services for Libraries by Melissa L. Rethlefsen
- Foursquare: Why it may be the next Twitter from Mashable. This article was written in March of 2009. Although a bit dated, it gives a great overview of what Foursquare is (sans changes since the time it was written) and how it can be used.
- Foursquare and the Vancouver Public Library by [dlbrows]
Gaming as Outreach
Check out what museums are doing
Museums often use innovative technologies for marketing and outreach. Most major museums (Smithsonian, Met, etc) have a strong presence in the majority of social media sites listed above.
- goSmithsonian.com


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