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This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Ari Shapiro in Washington; Neal Conan is away. Year by year, cities are raising fees and cutting public services to stay out of financial trouble. For some cities, that's just not enough. Detroit projects a $200 million deficit this year, and the city owes $14 billion in long-term obligations. The state's Republican governor, Rick Snyder, says there's probably no city more financially challenged in the entire United States.
So last week Snyder announced that an emergency manager will try to bring the city out of the red. Whoever gets the task will have the authority to make huge structural changes in Detroit. And this is not unprecedented. From Stockton, California to Jefferson County, Alabama, many cities are going through similar shakeups.
This hour we'll try to learn what's worked in the past and how emergency managers are trying to get cities out of the mess they're in. If your city is cutting back on services, tell us your story. How has it affected your daily life? And when does it cross the line from inconvenience to crisis? And what can you sacrifice to keep your town afloat? Our number is 1-800-989-8255. Our email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. And you can join the conversation at our website. Go to npr.org, and click on TALK OF THE NATION.
Later in the program, we'll talk to Jon Crispin, a photographer, about his project to capture hundreds of abandoned suitcases from insane asylum patients in New York. But first to Detroit. Joining us now is Jerome Vaughn. He's the news director at member station WDET in Detroit. We're talking to him from a studio there. Thanks for joining us, Jerome.
JEROME VAUGHN: Good to be with you, Ari.
SHAPIRO: What's the reaction to the city reaching this crisis point where an emergency manager has to be appointed?
VAUGHN: I don't think anybody is really stunned by this reaction, by what has happened. There's different reactions. You've got people here in Detroit who are very much in favor of the measure, very much in favor of things getting fixed and quickly. And you've got folks, on the other hand, who are against it. They're against the idea that democracy is not foremost in Detroit if this emergency manager gets appointed shortly.
SHAPIRO: Because the manager can override the mayor, the city council and so on?
VAUGHN: That's exactly right. You know, the emergency manager will come in. He or she will make determinations of where to cut the budget, what departments will or will not exist anymore and will even be able to do some things with union contracts to make sure that the city is back on a track towards solvency. The emergency manager can use the city council and the mayor as much as he or she would like.
Maybe they're very important partners in getting things moving. Maybe they are unimportant to this manager. And so that's one of the concerns of residents.
SHAPIRO: And I understand there's also partisan dynamics, since the mayor is a Democrat, it's a largely Democratic city, a lot of African-American residents, a white governor who is a Republican appointing this emergency manager. How is that tension playing out?
VAUGHN: Oh, there is no lack of tension over that. You know, Governor Snyder was elected back in 2010, was very much seen to be a moderate Republican until late last year. He championed right-to-work legislation that really set off Democrats. Detroit an overwhelmingly Democratic city. You know, there is not a Republican on the ballot in Detroit that can hope to do well in the city.
So there's that dynamic, and as you mentioned, there's also the dynamic of race. You know, the city is 80 percent African-American. All of the government elected officials in this city are African-American. And there's a real concern about the African-Americans losing power to this emergency manager who we don't know what he or she will be racially speaking. But that a white governor is imposing this power, that is one of the dynamics at play here.
SHAPIRO: How did Detroit get into this situation in the first place? What are the biggest contributors to the deep, deep debt that the city is in right now?
VAUGHN: Well, I'll try to keep this under two hours...
SHAPIRO: I'm sure we could fill an hour with a list of the reasons.
VAUGHN: Putting it briefly, Detroit had 1.8 million people back in 1950. The city has been shrinking continually since then. It's down to around 700,000 now. Many of the people who are left in the city, you know, are near the poverty line. So taxes have dwindled from income tax. We've gone through the foreclosure crisis, so many foreclosures have decimated Detroit neighborhoods. That means property taxes have dropped.
In addition, the city's bureaucracy has not been that good at collecting those taxes that do exist and are owed to the city. That's been a problem. So it just goes on and on and on like that. And in many ways you could say it's become this perfect storm as we've gotten to this point. The city is getting to the point where it is unable to pay its bills.
SHAPIRO: Detroit is certainly the biggest Michigan city to be going through this, but it's not the first. What's been happening elsewhere in the state, and how has it worked out?
VAUGHN: Well, there's been a mixed record, at best, in other cities: Benton Harbor, Pontiac, Ecorse, Allen Park and Flint are other cities that are in one layer or another of having an emergency manager. The results have really been mixed. There have been some cities like Ecorse who have had emergency managers previously, got out of that and went back into that system.
Probably the best situation so far has been Pontiac. They've been working to sell off assets and revive parts of their downtown. So critics of emergency managers are saying, look, no city has been perfect coming out of this, and that's a reason to avoid getting one for the city of Detroit. I think the situation is so dire now that the city government here has not been able to do what it needs to do to turn things around quickly enough.
SHAPIRO: Let's take a call. We're going to go to Doug(ph) in San Leandro, California. Hi, Doug, go ahead.
DOUG: So in my town, San Leandro, there's been a discussion about the city budget. And the entire discussion has been driven in a way that it blames the deficits in the city budgets on public-sector pensions. Now, there's been a number of things here in California that have happened in recent years. Proposition 13 started slowly withdrawing the amount of revenue that comes into cities from state government.
That's been a chief thing in the budget deficit in San Leandro, California. But because ideologically it serves the mayor and certain people in the city council in San Leandro to drive the discussion entirely around pensions, pensions which are problematic, more problematic in the out years. They're not as significant a problem towards this year's, next year's budget.
But ideologically there's a whole bunch of people that are using this discussion to say these workers are going to accept wholesale cuts to their jobs, their hours, their pensions, or we're going to cut services.
SHAPIRO: Interesting.
DOUG: It's really dangerous and highly offensive when in reality the state withdrawing funds to the cities is the main cause of this problem. And I know that's the cause in Michigan as well.
SHAPIRO: Thanks for the call, Doug. I want to bring in somebody who has the national perspective on this issue, Michael Pagano, dean of the University of Illinois Chicago College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs. He has tracked this across the country. He's author of the National League of Cities annual report on fiscal conditions and has been looking at finances in America's big cities for more than 20 years. Welcome to the show, Michael.
MICHAEL PAGANO: Thank you, thank you (unintelligible).
SHAPIRO: So talk about the tension between these long-term pension and other obligations and the short-term, you know, shortage of tax revenue as an economy crunches.
PAGANO: The caller, I think, has a very good point, and that is that most pension obligations are in the out years, not in the current year, and most of the budget conversations we are confronted with today is a budget conversation about this current year's fiscal position. And I think the problem with the current-year fiscal position is that, as Mr. Vaughn said earlier, that we are confronting what seems to be a perfect storm.
And the perfect storm is that property values have been declining for a number of years now, which means that property tax receipts on the part of municipalities have been challenged and that the property tax receipts actually reflect the value of property some one, two, sometimes five years in the past.
And that means that we, we probably haven't hit the bottom of the property tax receipt trough yet in the cycle. Second...
SHAPIRO: And - sorry.
PAGANO: I'm sorry.
SHAPIRO: Does that explain why we see cities doing poorly even as the national economy is slowly improving?
PAGANO: That's mostly the reason. It's because of the property tax foundation for most municipalities around the country. The value of property, even if it picks up tomorrow and continues to surge ahead in the next year, won't be reflected in the city treasury for another couple of years because if you look at your property tax bill for today, it says something like what the value of your property was 18 months to two years ago.
SHAPIRO: Interesting. I'm going to take another call. This is Mike in Benicia, California. Hi, Mike, go ahead.
MIKE: Yeah, hi. I just wanted to make a comment. I live in Benicia, which is right next to Vallejo, and a lot of people in the Bay Area are probably aware that Vallejo went into bankruptcy. And one of the results that I saw was with the police department, and it's not their fault, but you know, they really had to pare down what they could respond to.
And there were two incidents that I encountered when I was driving through Vallejo. I called the police once because I was at a stoplight, and the person next to me was smoking pot. I mean, it was clearly obvious that they were smoking marijuana...
SHAPIRO: And what did the police say when you called?
MIKE: To tell you the truth, the dispatcher actually got irritated with me, you know, and I understand on the one hand, but she basically said, you know, I'm paraphrasing, of course, but she said we are responding to, you know, high emergency calls like shootings because Vallejo has a high crime rate.
SHAPIRO: Wow.
MIKE: And another incident was late at night, probably about 11 p.m., I saw a guy standing on a corner next to a set of railroad tracks with what appeared to be a three-year-old child, right in that age range, right on the curb on a busy street next to railroad tracks. And I called the police, and I just said, hey, maybe you should check this out. And I basically got the same type of response.
SHAPIRO: Wow.
MIKE: And so I just said, hey, I did my part of being a good citizen, and that's all I could do...
SHAPIRO: Thanks for the call, and Michael Pagano, briefly, is this what cities going through these sorts of financial crises can expect, no police available to respond?
PAGANO: Well... Yeah, I think they can expect that they're going to prioritize the services that they provide and what's an emergency and what is something that can wait. It's not unusual now for fender-benders now to self-report and do it later rather than having a police officer come out immediately. You see a lot of re-priorities.
SHAPIRO: All right, Michael Pagano and Jerome Vaughn, please both stay with us. And if you live in a place where an emergency financial manager has taken the reins, tell us how it's affected your life. The number is 1-800-989-8255. Or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll be back in just a minute with more. I'm Ari Shapiro, and this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
SHAPIRO: This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm Ari Shapiro. In Michigan, Governor Rick Snyder will soon name an emergency financial manager to square away the books in Detroit. When that happens, Motown will be the 13th city, town or school district in Michigan to have one.
And cities across the U.S. have turned to financial managers who have had varying degrees of success. So if you live somewhere where an emergency financial manager has taken over, tell us what's changed. How has it affected your life? Our number is 800-989-8255. Our email address is firstname.lastname@example.com. And you can join the conversation at our website. Go to npr.org, and click on TALK OF THE NATION.
My guests are Jerome Vaughn of member station WDET and Michael Pagano of the UIC College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs. And joining us now is Bob Deis, he's the city manager for Stockton, California. He was brought on in 2010, when that city was deep in debt. Bob joins us by phone from his office in Stockton. Welcome to the program.
BOB DEIS: I'm glad to be here.
SHAPIRO: So how much does your city's situation have in common with Detroit? Any advice for those folks in Michigan?
DEIS: Well, I haven't been listening to the program.
SHAPIRO: That's all right. You've got a lot on your plate. Describe what the situation in Stockton looks like and how it's different from when you came in a couple years ago.
DEIS: Sure, we're different from Detroit in the sense that we are in bankruptcy, and we're operating under Chapter 9 protection. We don't have a receivership law in California, so I'm the appointed city manager, appointed by the city council. When I came, it was in the midst of the recession.
There's three years of cuts to our general fund that pays for police and fire and things like library and parks. And we've been cutting and cutting both compensation and services and privatizing some services, and eventually it got to the point where we couldn't cut any more while still maintaining the health and safety of our citizens. So we filed Chapter 9 and stopped paying some of the debt that we were obligated to.
SHAPIRO: If I could just read from an op-ed that you wrote in the Wall Street Journal, you say since 2009, the council has cut police officers by 25 percent, fire staffing by 30 percent, other general fund workers by 43 percent while cutting employee pay by nine percent to 23 percent. And then later you note that Stockton is the 10th most violent city in America. What does life look like in the town right now?
DEIS: Well, it is not as bad as what you might see on TV.
SHAPIRO: It sounds pretty bad from what you wrote in the Wall Street Journal.
DEIS: Well, it is more challenging than other communities. There's clearly more crime. And we have very low staffing levels and service levels. And so we have reached a tipping point where we can't cut any more. But it's not like, you know, there's complete anarchy in the streets or, you know, you can't - it's not like you can't walk down the street and be safe.
But clearly there is still violence occurring at unacceptable levels.
SHAPIRO: Is bankruptcy in some ways a light at the end of the tunnel, or is it a worst-case scenario?
DEIS: Well, it's a little bit of both. Bankruptcy is not the disease. It's a possible cure for the disease. What I say, it's almost like chemotherapy, where you hope it will cure the disease. Sometimes you question whether it's actually worse than the disease itself. But it's not something anybody should consider as an option unless it's your only option. And that's the way it was here in Stockton.
SHAPIRO: When do you hope to be able to resign from your job? How soon do you hope Stockton will be on solid footing again?
DEIS: Well, I'm hoping this next year will be a good bellwether year for us. We have a court trial to determine eligibility for bankruptcy. We expect to prevail on that court decision. And then we're hoping that creditors will sit down with us and negotiate a plan of adjustment.
We also have just completed a draft Stockton recovery plan. That is something that hasn't been done, that I know of, that takes the issue of crime in Stockton head-on. And we hope to implement that once we come out of bankruptcy.
SHAPIRO: I also want to ask what your relationship has been like with the local city government because as we heard in Michigan, there's been a lot of tensions and clashes when somebody comes in with the authority to override the local officials.
DEIS: Right, and that's clearly something I don't have. I don't have the authority to - like a receiver in Michigan. But the cuts required to get us to today have been very difficult on everybody: retirees, employees, businesses, the community. It is a very tense time. It's been very difficult on everybody. And it's been tough. But I think we've turned the corner, and I think things are improving.
SHAPIRO: Bob Deis, thanks for joining us. He's city manager of Stockton, California, since July 2010. Good to have you on the program.
DEIS: Thank you.
SHAPIRO: We're going to go now to Caroline(ph), a caller from Oakland, California. Hi, Caroline, go ahead.
CAROLINE: Hi, thank you. Oakland, California, is I still think the best place in the world to live. However, we're going to have someone, a federal - federally appointed person take over our police department for a lot of very good reasons. I guess my concern is I am concerned about the pension obligations. And that's usually not discussed.
We are way down in terms of police officers, and part of me thinks that we should bring in an outsider who isn't beholden to the public service employees for elections of politicians.
SHAPIRO: Yeah, and it sounds like you would be willing to see other cuts made first in order to staff back up the police.
CAROLINE: I think we - all of us in Oakland have acknowledged that.
SHAPIRO: All right, well, thanks for the call. And we have an email here from Gavin(ph), who writes: San Carlos, California, disbanded the police department and turned over policing to the San Mateo County sheriff department. He writes: So far, so good. Michael Pagano of the UIC College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, is what you're hearing from these callers and from our guest in Stockton similar to what you're seeing in cities around the country?
PAGANO: Well, there's a great variation in how cities are adjusting to their underlying fiscal conditions. And California, in part because of an extraordinarily restrictive law called Proposition 13 that restricts the city's capacity to tax property values, so as property value increases, it doesn't much matter to their treasuries, when those sorts of things happen at that level, then you have the situations that the two callers have identified.
But is it a national problem? The national problem is that there is - this is the fifth or sixth year of very difficult times for municipalities. But municipalities are adapting and adjusting the best way they can. As draconian as those measures were, in which a police department is disbanded and taken over by the county, that can happen in maybe a few cases.
Is that the choice that municipalities are going to choose? Not typically, because they have other options, and they're not as hamstrung as the municipalities in California are. So really, I think the answer to your question is that it varies across the country. It depends on what states allow their municipalities to do and the fiscal or the economic base of those municipalities, whether they're shrinking, whether the city has the authority to tax users or charge users of municipal services or whether the city essentially subsides users of services who don't happen to live there.
SHAPIRO: Turning back to the crisis of the moment in Detroit, we have Jerome Vaughn with us from member station WDET. And an emailer named Dave(ph) in Fresno asks: By contrast, how are the Detroit suburbs and exurbs doing financially? How many might organically have been part of the city except for incidental history? Jerome, any idea?
VAUGHN: Well, some of the suburbs, especially the ones a bit further out, are doing better comparatively, but kind of who isn't compared to the situation in Detroit. Some of the inner-ring suburbs are really being affected by some of the same issues that have affected Detroit: you know, being sprawl, being older infrastructure, folks want to move further out to bigger homes, nicer yards and things like that.
So that has been a factor in what's been going on. Some of the cities who have emergency financial managers are those older suburbs. Ecorse is a suburb of Detroit. Pontiac is a suburb of Detroit. Allen Park is a suburb of Detroit. So it's a mixed bag. One of the other factors which has led to this whole problem has been the great recession and the impact it had on the auto industry.
GM downsized. Chrysler downsized back in 2008, 2009. And that's had an impact on the region, as well.
SHAPIRO: What about all of President Obama's talk about a rebound in the auto industry? Just spin, or is it rebounding yet just not quite enough?
VAUGHN: Well, the industry is rebounding, the automakers are rebounding. They're making profits, but they're smaller and meaner and leaner. So, you know, not as many people are working for the automakers as used to, and the same thing can be said for suppliers to the auto industry, and as well as the, you know, the restaurant on the corner that used to feed 5,000 workers at a plant maybe is only feeding 2,000 workers at that same plant. So it's had a real ripple effect.
SHAPIRO: If you're listening and you live somewhere where an emergency financial manager has taken over, tell us what's changed and how it's affected your life. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, or you can email us at email@example.com.
And, Michael Pagano, we're talking about these cities in deep financial crises that are going into, you know, emergency oversight managers being appointed. Yet I imagine there are all sorts of levels of crisis that fall perhaps just slightly shy of that and yet are still extremely serious for the people living in those cities.
PAGANO: Oh, absolutely. And some municipalities don't have the opportunity to go into something like a Chapter 9. In fact, most municipalities don't have that. Their states don't allow them to move into that level. But states are responsible because states are - essentially have created the municipalities. And so the authority that they give them to manage themselves is, I think, determinant in a lot of ways about how well the cities actually can cope with the crisis.
So we're seeing that there are municipalities that aren't at that level that we're hearing in Detroit and in Stockton and Vallejo, but they are struggling. And the way they cope with the struggle is by adjusting their spending and their taxing and by collaborating with neighboring municipalities to jointly offer services, to find ways of charging for the consumption of a particular good or service.
There are even some municipalities who are charging people whose house is on fire when the fire department comes, actually charging them a fee to put out the fire.
SHAPIRO: Wow.
PAGANO: So they're - that - not something I would necessarily recommend but something that municipalities have adopted as a way of coping with this long-term decline in their economic base and their fortunes.
SHAPIRO: You know, you've been covering these issues for decades. Is this just something that happens with the boom-bust cycle of the economy, or is this a really unique time in America? Have we ever seen this before?
PAGANO: Well, we've probably seen this back in - during the Great Depression, but I don't think we've seen anything since World War II, and the reason is that it - typically, what happens in recessionary periods is that, as I said earlier, the property tax receipts aren't affected for maybe two years or so after the trough in the recession or the - or when the property values hit their lowest because of the way we collect revenue on property.
And by the time you feel the downturn in the property cycle, you've seen a pickup in retail sales and income taxes, and that's what some municipalities rely on, is retail sales. To a much less extent, income, but retail sales is rather prevalent across the country. So that all three of these revenue sources are being affected in a negative way at the same time, it is something that is unprecedented since the Great Depression.
SHAPIRO: And I imagine that it's a feedback loop where as cities cut back on public services, people move out, and that reduces the tax base even more.
PAGANO: Well, it can, and I think that raises the second issue. One issue is that, you know, property values may decline and you receive fewer resources. Where the other part of it, though, is how does the municipality pay for services that are provided, and who consumes those services?
And the places that I think are affected most readily in the way you've just identified - that if the taxes go up enough, they'll move out - are those municipalities that don't have the authority to charge the users for the services they're providing. By that I mean what I refer to as employment cities. Cities that have a larger daytime population provide more police and fire protection, more transportation, sidewalks, lighting and whatever else.
But the charge for those services can be distributed to all the users, and that is the people who commute into the city to work as well as to the residents. Or if cities are prevented from doing that, the full cost is borne by those who live in the city, which raises their tax burden - that is, how much they have to pay to the city - more than what they are receiving in services from the city, and effectively they're subsidizing the commuters.
SHAPIRO: We're talking about cities in financial crisis, and you're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
We have an email here from Rob in San Ramon, California, who says: Michigan voters have overturned the original emergency manager law, only to have the legislature and Governor Snyder pass a new one that is harder or even impossible for voters to overturn again.
Jerome Vaughn at member station WDET in Detroit, tell us the story behind this. What happened?
VAUGHN: Well, what happened was there was an emergency financial manager law, which was passed back in 1990, and this was to give cities some resources when they fell on hard times, like Pontiac and Detroit and other cities have. A stronger measure came into being a couple of years ago which allowed the emergency manager - different term - to get in and monkey with union contracts and really impose some things that an emergency financial manager could not impose.
Voters in November of 2012 said, we don't like that law, and they overturned it. And so that law disappeared. So that is why if someone is appointed in Detroit, it will be an emergency financial manager. The legislature and Governor Snyder came up with a new law, a new type of emergency manager. That happened in December, and that won't take effect until the end of this month.
So an emergency financial manager is appointed in Detroit. He or she will turn into an emergency manager at the end of March, and he or she will have some stronger powers, especially when it comes to dealing with unions.
SHAPIRO: OK. Michael Pagano, fact check time. Governor Snyder in Michigan says there's probably no city that is more financially challenged in the entire United States than Detroit. Do they win the prize? Is he right?
PAGANO: Well, if he's not right, he certainly has the right category. There are a few that are - have been challenged for a long time. East St. Louis is one of those; Flint, who's turned around a little bit. But for a large city, I think he's absolutely right.
SHAPIRO: And cities have done it right, who've gotten out of it. What's the solution?
PAGANO: Well, it's not a single silver bullet, that's for sure. There are a lot of elements that go into building a fiscally healthy municipality. One is, certainly, the employment base and - which is - which helps and is reflected in the value of properties. And properties - property values are what cities rely on to a large extent. So there has to be a good employment base. There has to be good economic opportunities, but there also has to be a willingness on the part of the city to offer services that it can afford to offer today and in the future.
SHAPIRO: Without cutting them too deep. Michael Pagano there, co-author of the National League of Cities' annual report on fiscal conditions. And also, we spoke with Jerome Vaughn, a Detroit native and news director at member station WDET in Detroit. Thanks to both of you for joining us.
PAGANO: Thank you very much.
VAUGHN: Good to be with you.
SHAPIRO: Coming up, stories of a shuttered asylum's former patients told through belongings they left behind in suitcases. Stay with us. I'm Ari Shapiro. It's TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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25. Indiana 1818 House of Representatives, Daviess, Knox, Sullivan and Vigo Counties
26. Indiana 1818 House of Representatives, Harrison County
27. Indiana 1818 House of Representatives, Jefferson County
28. Indiana 1818 Sheriff, Jefferson County
29. Indiana 1818 State Senate, Harrison County
30. Indiana 1818 U.S. House of Representatives
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Indiana was originally part of the Northwest Territory, established under the Ordinance of 1787. In the earliest stage of the Northwest Territory, most of the European Americans in what would become Indiana were the French inhabitants of Vincennes, and they were ruled by a governor, Arthur St. Clair; a secretary; and three judges, all appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate. The governor and judges had the power to pass all necessary laws by adopting laws from the already established states; the governor also had the power to appoint all civil officers at the county level. In 1798 the Northwest Territory entered into its second stage, permitting the establishment of a bicameral General Assembly, which, meeting in joint session, would select a nonvoting delegate to the U.S. Congress. One half of the General Assembly was a House of Representatives, made up of men who were elected for two-year terms by all free men over twenty-one holding fifty or more acres of land. The second half was a Legislative Council, whose membership was selected as follows: The House would draw up a list of ten candidates, from whom the resident would select five. In this second stage, the governor retained the right to select county officials, but the General Assembly defined the powers of these offices. For most of modern Indiana, this second stage of self-government was short-lived; in 1800, the Indiana Territory, which included present-day Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, and the western half of Michigan, most of the state was split from the Northwest Territory. Because few European Americans lived in this new territory, it was organized once again without representative government, with William Henry Harrison appointed governor (1800–1813) and governing much as the Northwest Territory had been governed in its first stage. In 1803 the state of Ohio was formed from the Northwest Territory, and a small "gore" east of the Greenville Treaty line was added to Indiana Territory, together with the eastern half of present-day Michigan.
The 1800 act establishing Indiana Territory provided for the residents of Indiana to move to the second stage of territorial government without regard to population, if the move was the will of the people. In 1804, in an election in which only 400 hundred votes were cast, Indiana residents signaled their desire to move into the second stage, and in 1805, Governor Harrison set into motion the creation of a General Assembly with seven members in the House of Representatives. In the midst of moving to the second stage, Michigan was established as a separate territory by Congress in 1805. In accommodating the desires of European American residents, Harrison showed greater wisdom than Arthur St. Clair, who had attempted to slow the progression of the Northwest Territory into statehood until two Federalist states could be created. Harrison, though initially appointed by Federalist Adams, won the favor of Jeffersonian Republicans and was reappointed by both Jefferson and Madison. Despite his ability to navigate national politics, Harrison was unable to avoid the distrust of his executive power that lay at the heart of the earlier conflicts with St. Clair; much of this suspicion revolved around the issue of the introduction of slavery into the territory. Even before Harrison's arrival in Indiana, some in the territory had sought to repeal the Ordinance of 1787's ban on slavery in the territory, and Harrison allied himself with the effort to repeal. Congress was deaf to these petitions, but in both the first and the second stage, Harrison and his allies passed laws that introduced African American servitude. As the territory became more settled, a regional split appeared; those living in southeastern and south central Indiana tended to oppose slavery, whereas those living in the Wabash Valley and the Illinois country tended to support slavery. Eventually, the supporters of slavery themselves were split: Illinois country supporters believed that being a separate territory, and ultimately a separate state, would best bring slavery to their communities. Thus Harrison and his Wabash Valley allies were left in a minority in Indiana Territory when Illinois Territory was created in 1809, leaving Indiana with approximately its modern boundaries, plus a segment of the Upper Peninsula of modern Michigan. The easterner-versus-westerner split in Indiana politics would remain evident for some time.
Indianans repeatedly petitioned the U.S. Congress for a more democratic territorial government. In 1808 Congress extended the suffrage to those owning town lots and those in the act of purchasing public lands, but the act specifically excluded nonwhites. In 1809 Congress provided for the direct election of the Legislative Council and of the nonvoting delegate to the Congress. In 1811 Congress further extended the suffrage to all white men over twenty-one who had paid a local tax and who had resided in the territory for one year. In 1811 the territorial General Assembly changed the method of voting from viva voce to ballot. About this time, Harrison, who had been accused abusing his power over local officials, acceded to popular will and began holding extralegal elections for sheriff when vacancies occurred, appointing the winners. Harrison resigned in the midst of the War of 1812, and Madison appointed Thomas Posey governor (1813–1816); Virginian Posey reassured Indianans that he opposed slavery. The forces that had opposed slavery in Indiana Territory had already begun to drive toward statehood, coalescing behind congressional delegate (1809–1816) Jonathan Jennings. As early as 1811, Indiana petitioned to become a state, which in the minds of many residents would assure them of their full rights as citizens of a democratic republic.
In 1816 Congress authorized Indiana to write a state constitution. Responding to the belief that the territorial governors exercised excessive powers, the framers of this constitution provided for a weak governor, one whose vetoes could be overridden by a simple majority in both houses of the state legislature, which was a General Assembly composed of a Senate, one-third of whose members were elected each year, and a House of Representatives, whose members were elected annually. The governor was also elected for a three-year term, and there was a separate elected office of lieutenant governor. The other executive officers (secretary of state, auditor, and treasurer and the presiding judges of the circuit courts were elected by joint ballot of both houses of the legislature. The governor did appoint, with the consent of the Senate, the three justices on the state supreme court. County officials, including the associate judges for each county, were popularly elected. The suffrage was further extended to all white men over twenty-one who had lived in the state for one year, and all voting was to take place by ballot. (The state constitution gave the 1821 legislature the one-time option of changing the voting to viva voce; that option was not exercised.)
Rewarded for his shepherding in Congress of Indiana's democratic desires, Jonathan Jennings was elected the new state's first governor. By his second term, concerns about his improper exercise of executive power began to coalesce. Jennings was closely allied with the State Bank created in 1816, and concerns over its failure in the wake of the Panic of 1819 raised concerns about Jennings as well. He nevertheless was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1822, taking the place of Williams Hendricks, who had resigned the congressional seat to become governor (1822–1825). Jennings was concurrently elected to one of the three new congressional seats established after the 1820 census redistricting. This horse-trading of offices, combined with the bank's failure and the use of patronage by both Hendricks and Jennings, stirred dissatisfaction among an unorganized cohort of Indiana voters. Such dissatisfaction began to coalesce around the presidential candidacy of Andrew Jackson, and in 1824, the voters in Indiana had their first opportunity to vote for presidential electors (the legislature had picked Indiana's Monroe electors in 1816 and 1824), and Jackson captured 47 percent of the vote. Despite supporting either Clay or Adams, men such as Jennings, Hendricks, and James Noble (U.S. Senator, 1816–1831) retained sufficient popular appeal because of their role in leading Indiana to statehood.
- Barnhart, John D. and Dorothy Riker.
Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period. Volume 1 of The History of Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1971. - Carmony, Donald F.
Indiana, 1816–1850: The Pioneer Era. Volume 2 of The History of Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau and Indiana Historical Society, 1998. - Mills, Randy Keith.
Jonathan Jennings: Indiana's First Governor. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 2005. - "Indiana Documents Leading to Statehood." Indiana Historical Bureau.
- "Road to Indiana Statehood." The Digital Collections of IUPUI Library.
- Nation, Richard F.
At Home in the Hoosier Hills: Agriculture, Politics, and Religion in Southern Indiana, 1810–1870. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.


text:
Geocaching Adventures and other interesting or unusual cache trips and misadventures.
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text:
Bronze 204 Embroidered Dupioni Silk
Code: MED-090/31
Color: Golden Bronze
Width: 50"
Content: 100% silk
Fabric Care: Dry cleaning is recommended for all silks. If you prefer to wash at home, you must test a swatch before laundering the fabrics at home to avoid damaging the fabric. NY Designer Fabrics does not accept responsibility for fabrics that are incorrectly laundered.
Pattern: Diamond, Embroidered, Pintuck
Suitable For: Evening wear, blazer, jackets, skirts, pants, and blouses
Fabric Estimator: click here
*We highly encourage you to purchase a swatch prior to placing a yardage order.


text:
Client Was Too Sensitive To Massage
Author: Marilyn P.
Skill: Massage Therapist
Date: 08-18-2009
Views: 2,946
Word Count: 122
Questions Received: 0
Testimonial ID: 3719-MO
Brand Neutral: No
Scientific Studies: 7
Note: Not all essential oil brands are the same, and you get what you pay for. If you expect to achieve results similar to those described in this testimonial, then ensure that you are using oils from pesticide-free plants. Also, the brand should use 100% pure, high-quality essential oils that do not contain any synthetic additives. Do your own research or ask a trusted friend to find a brand that is reputable. Buyer beware.
As a massage therapist I work on a number of people. One person needed some work on their back.
When I started working the back it was obvious the person was ticklish. I took the Valor oil blend thinking it might help.
After sprinkling a few drops of it on the back I then had to work it in somehow. As I worked the area I noticed that the person was no longer ticklish and the person could then enjoy the rest of the massage.
Also, being a nail tech I have since used Valor on people who show signs of ticklish feet and all are amazed at how the feeling disappears after applying the oils and can then enjoy a wonderful pedicure.
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Supporting Scientific Studies | ||
1. | Associated topics: skin — "Local application of frankincense essential oil may provide a non-surgical treatment alternative, with no or minimal side effect for carcinoma in situ, minimally invasive carcinoma and pre-cancerous conditions such as actinic keratosis." | Link |
2. | Associated topics: skin — "[M]any curative properties attributed to various plants in indigenous medicine are also present in their essential oils.... These oils exert a number of general effects from the pharmacological viewpoint. When applied locally, the essential oils mix readily with skin oils, allowing these to attack the infective agents quickly and actively.... In vitro studies [were] conducted by the author on antimicrobial and anthelmintic [destructive to parasitic worms] properties of some essential oils...." | Link |
3. | Associated topics: skin — "[One] method employed for wound healing is the application of lavender oil. Due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, it is thought to prevent wound infections and to play a role in reducing pain by lowering inflammation.... Lavender oil is known to have antibacterial, antifungal, sedative, and/or antidepressant effects.... In addition to its antimicrobial effects, the anti-inflammatory analgesic properties of lavender oil have also been emphasized... The use of L. Angustifolia [lavender] is particularly recommended in chronically infected wounds due to its immune-stimulating and antimicrobial effects. There are also reports that lavender oil reduces scar tissue." | Link |
4. | Associated topics: skin — "Tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca alternifolia) has been used recently as an effective topical application for the treatment of skin infections due to a variety of aetiological microbial agents, including mainly bacterial infections. We detail... the successful treatment with TTO of a paediatric patient with warts on her right middle finger. TTO was applied topically once daily to the lesions for 12 days, with a successful outcome, including complete re-epithelization of the infected areas. The case highlights the potential use of TTO in the treatment of common warts due to human papilloma virus." | Link |
5. | Associated topics: skin — "Tea tree oil... has become increasingly popular as an antimicrobial for the treatment of conditions such as tinea pedis [athlete's foot] and acne....[T]ea tree oil can reduce histamine-induced skin inflammation." | Link |
6. | Associated topics: skin — "Herbalists treat skin ailments, such as fungal infections (like candidiasis), wounds, eczema, and acne, with lavender oil. It is also used in a healing bath for joint and muscle pain. One study evaluating treatments for children with eczema found [that] it was therapeutic touch from the mother that improved symptoms; in other words, massage with and without essential oils (including lavender) both reduced the dry, scaly skin lesions. Another study found that lavender oil may improve pain control after surgery." | Link |
7. | Associated topics: skin — "[A] pulverized mixture of four herbs including Agrimonia Eupatoria (A), Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn (N), Boswellia Carteri (B) [Frankincense], and Pollen Typhae Angustifoliae (P)... was first described in Chinese canonical medicine about 2000 years ago for treatment of various trauma disorders, such as hemostasis [bleeding], anti-inflammatory, analgesia [pain], and wound healing, etc.... [W]e showed that local ANBP treatment not only significantly enhanced wound healing by relieving inflammation, increasing formation of granulation tissue, and accelerating re-epithelialization, but [it] also reduced scar formation by decreasing collagen production [and] protuberant height and volume of scars and [by] increasing collagen maturity.... [Results show that ANBP] promot[es] wound healing and alleviat[es] scar formation, which may be an effective therapy for human wounds at the earliest stage." | Link |
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text:
latest news 18thApr2024
Web Shop & Products
Designer: Billinton Configuration: 0-6-2 tank Cylinders: 2 inside Recordings: 473
Choose which project variant you want...
Function Key assignments listed above are the defaults for this locomotive type. If you would like a different configuration, or features swapping out (such as replacing sounds with others in the YouChoos library, or even your own sounds), then please contact us with your preferences at time of order.
Some sounds in a project may be 'generic', but the key parts of a project are always genuine sounds from the correct locomotive, unless otherwise stated.
Active Braking Option
All Zimo sound decoders now provide a facility called Active Braking. This means that the loco will coast gently to a halt if the throttle is simply backed-off, using the default CVs for momentum, and in addition (CV#3 and CV#4), a dedicated Function Key is defined as the brake key, which will slow the loco at a greater rate (defined in CV#349) - just like the real thing - you have to use the brakes to slow down quickly! The longer you hold the brake key down for, the harder the braking effect.
By default, YouChoos immersiveDrive projects DO include this feature (braking on F2), but YouChoos Traditional projects do NOT define a brake key (they provide throttle-based deceleration, which is traditionally better understood in model railway circles). However, the Active Braking feature can be included/excluded as you wish - please email us with this requirement, together with which Function Key you would like it to appear on (F2 is most commonly used), and we can easily customise the project for your order.
Quick Select Option
Zimo sound decoders provide the facility to switch between 2 engine schemes on-the-fly at the press of a Function Key (normally F5). For example, switching between light and heavy chuffs on a steam loco, or switching between diesel and electric engines on a hybrid (like the Class 73). In fact, the project may have many engine sets loaded, but only 2 are accessible from the Quick Select feature.
Many YouChoos Traditional projects include this feature (primarily steam) and others will be added as projects are updated in the future. All YouChoos immersiveDrive steam projects include this feature where QuickSelect will change from the default of a 'heavy' engine to a 'light' engine, where the chuffs are quieter.
Shunting Option
A Function Key may be defined to activate the Shunting feature, which normally has the effect of reducing the effects of momentum (CV#3 and CV#4) to 1/4 the normal rate, thus accelerating and decelerating is more responsive - suitable for shunting the loco when it is not pulling a load. In addition, we usually reduce the requested speed to half when shunting mode is activated - this is true of all of the immersiveDrive projects, which have this feature as standard, normally on F20.
Where a project includes a light engine feature (see Quick Select above), it can be effective to have the same Function Key activate Shunting.
Many of our YouChoos Traditional projects also include a Function Key dedicated for this purpose, but not all, so let us know if the one you want doesn't have it and we can pre-configure it for you at the time of ordering.
web site designed and maintained by John Gymer, YouChoos. All content (c) Copyright YouChoos 2011-2023


text: Good morning. I'm Steve Inskeep. First, they taxed the rich, and the people said nothing. Then they went after the Nutella. The French Senate approved a measure tripling the tax on palm oil and other vegetable oils. It would sharply raise the cost of making Nutella, a popular chocolate and hazelnut spread. The tax is meant to cut down on obesity, but has prompted an outcry from Nutella lovers. And the maker of the spread promises the recipe will not change. It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
I thought all of these were pretty persuasive, but perhaps the most MOVING (get it?!?) is that it will help you make #2 (number two):
4. Boost your bowels
According to experts from Bristol University, the benefits of cycling extend deep into your core. "Physical activity helps decrease the time it takes food to move through the large intestine, limiting the amount of water absorbed back into your body and leaving you with softer stools, which are easier to pass," explains Harley Street gastroenterologist Dr Ana Raimundo.
In addition, aerobic exercise accelerates your breathing and heart rate, which helps to stimulate the contraction of intestinal muscles. "As well as preventing you from feeling bloated, this helps protect you against bowel cancer," Dr Raimundo says.
If the Nobel Prize committee is worth a darn they'll recognize Harley Street gastroenterologist Dr. Ana Raimundo for her tireless research, which apparently involved making people ride bikes a bunch and then sit on the toilet.
I'm not sure I agree with the "preventing you from feeling bloated" part though, since apparently Dr. Raimundo has never experienced the stomach-distending effects of consuming Clif Bars and gels.
Here's another great reason to ride the bicycle bikes:
20. Make creative breakthroughs
Writers, musicians, artists, top executives and all kinds of other professionals use exercise to solve mental blocks and make decisions – including Jeremy Paxman, Sir Alan Sugar and Spandau Ballet. A study found that just 25 minutes of aerobic exercise boosts at least one measure of creative thinking. Credit goes to the flow of oxygen to your grey matter when it matters most, sparking your neurons and giving you breathing space away from the muddle and pressures of 'real life'.
Wow, that's quite a list of creative people they've assembled. Apparently Jeremy Paxman is "the question master of University Challenge," which is only meaningful to Americans who have that "Young Ones" episode with Motörhead, and which I suppose makes him the British Alex Trebek. (It's worth noting that Alex Trebek is Canadian, which means there isn't actually an American Alex Trebek, because few if any Americans possess the necessary intellectual gravitas to host a game show that doesn't involve 5th graders or running really fast with shopping carts. The only reason the United States still allows Canada to exist is that we need a steady supply of smart people.) As for Sir Alan Sugar, I had to look him up too, and he's basically the London version of your typical ridiculously wealthy self-made Jew, which is old hat if you're a New Yorker. Most impressive though is Spandau Ballet, and I'm assuming since they're mentioned collectively that the band always rides in toto. The blistering speed of the Spandau Ballet paceline is legendary, and the "Huh-huh-huh-huuuh-huuuh..." from their international mega-hit "True" was inspired by a sigh emitted at the top of an "epic" climb.
Sadly, the list omits several notable personages who also experienced moments of world-changing inspiration as a direct result of sticking a bicycle in their crotches, including:
Sadly, if Albert Einstein were still with us today, everybody would give him a bunch of crap for not wearing a helment, which would have inspired this theorum:
Speaking of lists, in the past week there have been at least two motor vehicle-related incidents in New York City that are so depressing I can't even bring myself to link to them. The short version is that in one instance someone got killed on the sidewalk by a driver who supposedly passed out due to diabetes, and in another someone got maimed on the sidewalk by a parallel parker who supposedly mistook the gas pedal for the brake.
It should go without saying that both of these are perfectly valid excuses in New York, and the only reason the parallel parker is in any trouble at all is that he proceeded to flee the scene. (You also don't get in trouble for fleeing the scene in New York, but only if the person you ran down was riding a bike.) Still, it never hurts to have a few more excuses at the ready, so here's a list fresh new excuses so you can renew your licence to kill:
Shifting blame onto the auto maker is always a wise move, but what if you don't own a Toyota? Well, I don't know about you, but I think equipping cars with metronomic windshield wipers is grossly irresponsible, and as far as I know all automakers do it. There you are waiting at a light, and the next thing you know the back-and-forth, back-and-forth coupled with the grey weather has transported you into a reverie and suddenly there's a cyclist under your front bumper. This excuse will be valid at least until the automakers start installing new "alert wipers" that sound like an Elvin Jones drum solo.
Thanks to draconian laws that prohibit you from using your smartphone while driving, you may find yourself forced to use hands-free technology. If you have an iPhone this might include using Siri, which will inevitably play out thusly:
And so on. Not only is this a great excuse for running people over, but you also have grounds for a lucrative suit against Apple--especially if you also emasculate yourself in a tragic shaving accident.
In other news, yesterday I mentioned crabon, and that could be the reason I received this email from some PR firm about a flask for douchebags:
The Macallan, the luxury whisky brand, is launching a limited edition flask as part of a unique design collaboration with Oakley on the 27th February. Made of Carbon Fibre, the Flask is almost indestructible and with only 500 available it is sure to become a collectors item.
Please note all information is under embargo until 00.01am 27th February and the video will not be live in the public domain until 2pm tomorrow. Let me know if you would like any further information or hi-res images.
Yeah, right, "collectors item" my scranus--though this should go great with your Tapout sweatshirt. It also makes a great groomsman's gift if you're having a Fred wedding, in which case you're also going to want a crabon wedding ring, forwarded by a reader:
When I think of two bike dorks being bound in Fredly matrimony and exchanging crabon fiber rings I actually tear up a bit, but only because it's so depressing. Hopefully they can keep the passion alive--which, as it happens, is the only thing keeping Italian bike racing going:
Presumably this means the riders are being paid in passion, and Italy should have plenty to go around as long as it is being secreted by the gallon by this man:
Speaking of passion, here's another one of those dirty bike maintenance videos:
BITCHY TUTORIAL VOL.3 "SADDLE UP" from GASH-ROUGE on Vimeo.
Remember to use plenty of lube, or else it can get stuck in there.


text:
Irene Sheri – Before the Lesson
- Prezzo regolare
- £450.00
- Prezzo di vendita
- £450.00
- Prezzo regolare
- Prezzo unitario
- /per
Aggiunta del prodotto al carrello
This is a Limited Edition giclee on canvas measuring 24" x 20" (inches). It has been hand-signed by the artist. Just 95 of these incredible canvases will ever be produced in this edition!
Each canvas in the Limited Edition is also individually hand-numbered. The canvas you receive will be numbered out of the total limited edition size of 95 pieces (e.g. 37/95).
Your canvas will also arrive with an official Disney Certificate of Authenticity which references your unique edition number.
As a signed- and numbered- limited edition, this is a highly collectable work of art. Each canvas is also personally hand-embellished with unique application of additional paint strokes and detailing. This makes every canvas unique and adds incredible dimension, texture and depth to the canvas.
How will my canvas arrive?
You must select from one of three options:
- Rolled Canvas - your canvas will be carefully rolled and securely shipped to you in a tube.
- Stretched Canvas - your canvas will be "stretched" across wooden stretcher bars and then stapled and held in place on the back. A hanging wire may then be affixed to the back of the artwork for easy wall hanging.
Deluxe Studio Framed Canvas - your canvas will be stretched as outlined above and then assembled into a custom, hand-built frame. You should contact us to discuss the frame style options available for this art piece. We can offer a variety of frame styles to suit your personal preference and tastes and will email you sample images for your review. If you purchase this artwork framed without first contacting us, your artwork will be framed in the default frame style, that has been specially and carefully chosen to complement and accentuate the colours and style of this artwork.
Choose your preferred option from the drop-down menu above.
What is a "giclee"?
Giclees are art pieces created using archival quality inks. The French term "Giclée" – literally meaning "spray of ink" – is used to describe these fine artwork creations. Multiple precision nozzles spray and mix up to ten million microscopic droplets of paint per second onto the fine art canvas. The giclee printing process therefore provides incredible colour accuracy and sensational high-definition detail. It's a rich feast for the eyes and creates a true museum-quality finish.
How do I care for my canvas?
Each canvas is meticulously hand-produced using the very finest, museum-quality archival inks and materials. Additionally, the canvas is specially treated with a UV coating to preserve its colours over time. We suggest keeping your canvas clean using a dry, lint free cloth. Never use a wet or moist cloth to clean your canvas.
- La scelta di una selezione comporta un aggiornamento della pagina intera.
- Premere la barra spaziatrice ei tasti freccia per effettuare una selezione.


text:
Bobby Womack Has Alzheimer's
Bobby Womack has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member told the BBC in a recent interview the diagnosis comes after he began having difficulty remembering his songs and the names of people he's worked with.
A spokeswoman did not immediately reply to a message left by the Associated Press.
The soul singer has cut a wide path through the music business as a performer and songwriter in his 50-year career and recently launched another act with "The Bravest Man in the Universe," the Damon Albarn-produced comeback album that recently made several best-of lists.
Alzheimer's is a degenerative brain disease characterized by memory loss. It's the latest health problem for the 68-year-old singer, who's also been fighting cancer and other maladies.


text:
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2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "I needed to find a professional company that could remove wax from an engineered hardwood floor. I am so pleased with the service and the outcome of my Floors. I was so nervous to trust anyone with this tedious project however Kendrick made me feel comfortable throughout the whole process. The floors look amazing!"
Beverly H., Floor Cleaning in Atlanta, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "We had a great experience with K&D. We just purchased our first home and our carpet and tile needed some TLC. K&D did a great job with both, and their prices were very reasonable. Lawrence was also great to work with—very responsive and professional. I would definitely use this company again!"
Carley T., Tile & Grout Cleaning in Atlanta, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "This company is TOP! The service is excellent and I would highly recommend this company !!!"
Shirley L., Carpet Cleaning in East Point, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "Highly recommend and certainly will be using in the future!"
Faye M., Upholstery Cleaning in Brookhaven, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "Hey Lawrence, thank you and your brother again for the carpet cleaning service! We are very happy! Looking forward to getting the hardwood floors and upholstery cleaned!! Thanks!"
Tracey B., Carpet Cleaning in Powder Springs, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "Would highly recommend K&D carpet cleaning!! They did a great job, super easy to work with, and their pricing is very reasonable. On top of all that, they fit me into the schedule last minute, which was so helpful. Definitely give them a call!"
Laura S., Area Rug Cleaning in Atlanta, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "Lawrence was very PROFESSIONAL. My house looks AMAZING!! I will definitely be using this service again!!!"
Aneesah S., Carpet Cleaning in Atlanta, GA
2022-10-25 -
★★★★★ - "The BEST! Excellent customer service, our carpet looks fantastic!!!"
Anonymous in Acworth, GA
2021-12-06 -
★★★★★ - "Lawrence & his brother did a fantastic job of cleaning my carpets & braided area rug. Everything went beautifully. Highly recommend!"
2021-09-01 -
★★★★★ - "From setting the appointment to post-job clean-up, K&D is professional in every way. My 21-year-old carpets look like NEW following the SUPER cleaning service offered by K&D. On-time and price was right!"
Suzanne C Husting
2021-05-27 -
★★★★★ - "Hey Lawrence, thank you and your brother again for the carpet cleaning service! We are very happy! Looking forward to getting the hardwood floors cleaned! Thanks!"
Tracey B.
2021-03-24 -
★★★★★ - "My service was EXCEPTIONAL.. Lawrence was very professional. I will definitely be using this service again."
2020-11-20 -
★★★★★ - "Very flexible, I booked at the last minute and they were able to accommodate me."
2020-10-19 -
★★★★★ - "We had an awesome experience with the team! Lawrence and his wife did a fantastic job doing our cleaning for moving out of our house. They were really personable, friendly, thorough, and easy to work with. Make your life easier, have them come clean up for you. You won't regret it!"
Kenzie in Mableton, GA
2020-10-12 -
★★★★★ - "Excellent customer service and did a very good & thorough job!"
2020-08-03 -
★★★★★ - "K&D Carpet Cleaning was so amazing from the moment they arrived to provide the quote for service to completing the job. Kendrick & Drennen were knowledgeable about what was needed to bring the luster back to our wood floors. They arrived at the scheduled time and even placed a courtesy call to confirm they were en route. Our floors look beautiful and we would definitely hire them again. Thank you, guys! The Smith Family"
Heather Smith in Dallas, GA
2020-06-01 -
★★★★★ - "Wow! Wonderful interaction and trust completely with my home! I will definitely be referring to friends and family."
Maria in Atlanta, GA
2020-03-12 -
★★★★★ - "Thank you for your exceptionally efficient and professional service! Your expertise has definitely brought our hardwood floors back to life! We will definitely be using your services again!"
R. Jackson in Jonesboro, GA
2020-03-12 -
★★★★★ - "Great job"
2020-02-18 -
★★★★★ - "Lawrence was friendly, polite, professional and did a superb job on cleaning my furniture!"
Valerie Robinson in Riverdale, GA
2020-02-12 -
★★★★★ - "The service was excellent. The gentleman was kind and professional. On-time and finished. The job was great."
2020-02-10 -
★★★★★ - "They did a great job! I would highly recommend them and will definitely be using them again."
Lindsay and Timmy in Griffin, GA
2020-02-10 -
★★★★★ - "Very friendly and professional company. I was able to get the carpet cleaned the same day the estimate was done. I will recommend them to friends and family."
Katina in Mc Donough, GA
2020-01-16 -
★★★★★ - "Good personable guy and on time for the appointment. Made quick work of the stain and completely removed it. Not too expensive for the service. Made a short-notice appointment with no issues. 5/5 stars, I would only use and recommend Lawrence Kendrick!"
Ivory in Atlanta, GA
2019-12-17 -
★★★★★ - "Great service! Our carpets and rug look great."
2019-12-10 -
★★★★★ - "Professional and knowledgeable. Pleasant experience from booking to the actual service. Will definitely use Lawrence's company again."
Terese and Jheanelle in Atlanta, GA
2019-12-05 -
★★★★★ - "Super clean, very professional and easy to work with!"
Jo in Atlanta, GA
2019-08-26 -
★★★★★ - "Having moved into a home, we needed lining of cabinets & cleaning of baseboards. This was not a big job, but we weren't able to do it. K & D completed the job timely &
professionally. We'll certainly use them for future services. Very satisfied."Teresa D.
2019-08-21 -
★★★★★ - "I received a text prior to them arriving on site. They were professional and efficient. I loved how wonderful my furniture look!"
LEK in Atlanta, GA
2019-08-21 -
★★★★★ - "K&D Carpet Cleaning is my go-to company for carpet cleaning and full detail house cleaning services. The customer service and professionalism are great! I had a home that had been vacant for months and needed an extreme deep cleaning. I reached out to several cleaning services including Molly Maids who all declined to provide services. When I reached out to K&D Cleaning they immediately came out to assess the home and we scheduled an appointment for them to clean within a couple of days. They were extremely thorough and meticulous and the home was ready for move-in immediately after. I highly recommend K&D Carpet Cleaning for all of you residential and commercial cleaning needs."
Anonymous in Atlanta, GA
2019-08-21 -
★★★★★ - "Lawrence did a very good job on the kitchen and bathrooms floors.
He was on time and gave us a good price."Anonymous
2019-08-21 -
★★★★★ - "I recently purchased a car from an auto dealer and I needed the seats cleaned very thoroughly. Lawrence came on time with a great and professional attitude and went above and beyond. The interior of the car looked brand new once he was done, I was so impressed. My family will definitely be calling this company for our next carper cleaning needs. Thank you!"
Cynthia in Atlanta, GA
2019-07-29 -
★★★★★ - "Great communication. Friendly. Professional. Reliable. Excellent job!
Thank you, Lawrence."Mike K. in East Point, GA
2019-07-08 -
★★★★★ - "Lawrence did an amazing job with my carpets! Just moved into a new place and wanted to make sure that they were cleaned properly before moving my stuff in and they did not fail to satisfy! Will definitely be calling again the next time when I feel that this carpet is filthy!"
2019-06-26 -
★★★★★ - "They did a great job cleaning and disinfecting a basement carpet. They were prompt, professional and reasonably priced."
2019-05-24 -
★★★★★ - "Excellent customer service!"
Joci J in Atlanta, GA
2019-04-22 -
★★★★★ - "We have a cat at home and we had some issues with cat pee in 2 of the rooms in our house. As everyone knows, that smell is very hard to lift as it's bery strong. I found this company online and decided to give it a try. I happy to say I made the right decision as Lawrence was VERY profesional and friendly! He was able to clean and get that nasty odor out and he also made sure we were happy and satisfied before he left! I would 100% recommend this company and I would 100% use their services again. Thank you so much Lawrence!"
Valerie K. in Buford, GA
2019-04-12 -
★★★★★ - "I received a phone call an hour prior to arrival letting me know they are on the way. When he arrived he was very professional. My sofa was a challenge to clean with spots to remove, he wasn't phased and kept at it until they were removed. I actually had to ask him to stop cleaning the sofa because I was completely satisfied. When it dried, it looked brand new. Mind you the quote I was given was sight unseen and it didn't change based on the tough stains. I would highly recommend his services, very professional and attention to detail."
Anonymous in Peachtree City, GA
2019-03-25 -
★★★★★ - "Truly professional and reasonably priced. Thorough and very friendly and personable"
Russell in Atlanta, GA
2019-03-14 -
★★★★★ - "KD Carpet Cleaning was very professional and courteous. He wanted to make sure we were completely satisfied and followed up days later to ensure we were pleased and we were. Highly recommend them!"
Anonymous in Stone Mountain, GA
2019-03-14 -
★★★★★ - "Great experience...great customer service"
2019-03-06 -
★★★★★ - "Excellent professional service and went the extra mile."
2019-01-29 -
★★★★★ - "K&D Carpet Cleaning was very professional, polite and patient. We received a call to let us know of their arrival. He was on time. It was done with perfection and in a timely manner which didn't take all day. We woke up to dry nice clean carpet and furniture. We will MOST definitely recommend K&D to anyone we know and most definitely back in our home. Thank K&D, y'all we're awesome!!!"
Mesha in Ellenwood, GA
2018-12-20 -
★★★★★ - "I think Kendrick did a great job! Our floor was really nasty from the previous tenants. He bought the floor back to life."
Anonymous in Douglasville, GA
2018-12-17 -
★★★★★ - "Good thorough cleaning."
Anonymous in Covington, GA
2018-12-17 -
★★★★★ - "I hired K&D to clean my furniture at my commercial building and he also cleaned my car interior. Both times he did an excellent job. They're professional, on time, and have spectacular work."
Cassie in McDonough, GA
2018-10-16 -
★★★★★ - "The carpet cleaning was a wonderful experience! The prices for the carpet and upholstery were great as well. Will definitely recommend them for a job well done!"
Nya in Atlanta, GA
2018-10-15 -
★★★★★ - "They came out and cleaned the carpets at our radio station, did the best job I have ever seen! Very professional, we will be using them again and recommending them on our station!!!"
Steve in Atlanta, GA
2018-08-20 -
★★★★★ - "Service was excellent, will use him again"
2018-08-15 -
★★★★★ - "Awesome Job!! K&D Carpet Cleaning Services is truly the best I've experienced in quite some time."
Anonymous in Riverdale, GA
2018-08-13 -
★★★★☆ - "Lawrence was very professional, he cleaned my carpet very good, thank you, Lawrence."
Anonymous in Jonesboro, GA
2018-08-13 -
★★★★★ - "I have very light colored carpet which had not been cleaned in over a year. Needless to say, with four people living in the house it was in desperate need of cleaning. After K&D Carpet and Cleaning Services came in and worked their magic, the carpet looks practically brand new. The customer service and professionalism was fantastic. I will definitely be a repeat customer."
Anonymous, Carpet Cleaning
2018-06-07 -
★★★★★ - "I was pleased with the service I received."
Bev in Lithonia, GA
2018-05-21 -
★★★★★ - "I love it!!!! Best company around!!!! I recommend everybody!!! Try them and you will love it"
Faatimah in Conyers, GA
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "Excellent service! Quality work and also quick. I highly recommend!"
Deandre in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "This is a great company."
Keith in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "Top notch professionalism and quality work"
Hosea Martin in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "I am extremely impressed with the service I received. My carpet was restored beyond my expectations and the gentleman who cleaned my carpet was very professional. I've already referred K&D to my family and friends."
Venus in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "What a great job. So progessional."
2018-05-14 -
★★★★★ - "Had an amazing experience. Staff was extremely professional. Service that was provided was well done"
Homeowner in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Great service!"
Danielle in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Definitely will hire a this company again."
Ashley W. in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
Tinna in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "I was very pleased with the job. Great job. I will never used anyone else."
Msgee in Conyers, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "I absolutely love this company. I would recommend them to anyone. Every since i started using them i have not looked away. They are very precise and detailed. I am definitely going to keep using this svc."
Shakeya in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Very Nice and Professional. Got the job done very well. Will definitely call for more services!"
Jesse in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Great"
Lewis Yeaden in Loganville, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Kd carpet did a great job on cleaning my carpet and upholstery!"
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Amazing job on my hardwood floors, the service was amazing, very professional. Will use K&D again for sure."
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Wow this company is amazing and does great work they have my carpet looking brand new - thanks guys!!!"
Mica N. in Sandy Springs, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Very professional & got everything clean & fresh !!! Highly recommend! !!!"
Tifinie Mathews in Lithonia, GA
2018-05-11 -
Tammy Benton in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Amazing and to the T"
Zachary in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "K&D worked a miracle on my carpet stains, very good work and super friendly! Definitely will hire a this company again."
Homeowner in Atlanta, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "First of all the crew was on time and professional. I had everything that was asked to do before arrival. My carpet looked like I had gotten new carpet.
I highly recommend kd carpet cleaning service."Antoinette Cooper in Morrow, GA
2018-05-11 -
★★★★★ - "Very knowledgeable in the services offered and customer service is top notch"
Jackie B. in Tucker, GA


text:
Dusk Float is an 11" x 14" acrylic painting by Irene Klar created on canvas.
We are committed to providing a comprehensive range of services to assist you with purchasing original artwork. If you're interested in Dusk Float or have any questions, please:
We believe in transparency and want you to make an informed choice. Read our Terms of Service, and Return Policy and Shipping Policy. Questions? We're here to help! Contact us or call 780.488.4892 or 250.388.0009.
Please contact us if you have a question or wish to purchase this work of art by Irene Klar. We will reply as soon as possible with an answer to your question and purchase availability.
West End Gallery respectfully acknowledges that our gallery is situated on Treaty 6 territory, a traditional gathering place for diverse Indigenous peoples, including the Cree, Blackfoot, Metis, Nakota Sioux, Iroquois, Dene, Ojibway/Saulteaux/Anishinaabe, and Inuit.


text:
Product Description
Decorate your room with this Living Room Decals Map Of The World. Fully removable, self-adhesive, easy to install, with matt finish and beautiful vibrant colors, look like a real painting on your wall. Each sticker is hand-cut, made of high-quality vinyl, with certificate for safe indoor use and 9 years of warranty. For successful application, please follow the instructions carefully. Our products require a smooth, clean and dust free surface. You will receive in the package detailed set of instructions and squeegee for free.
We ship within 1-2 business days after your order.
If you are not happy with your item order for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of order date. We will make full refund, unless the item has been damaged or in bad condition. Please note that Artollo does not reimburse shipping expenses.


text:
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text:
Nasiba's 3 piece Suit
- sizes available 36,38,40,42
All orders are shipped from Jeddah - Saudi Arabia via one of our courier services company to anywhere in the World.
After you place an order on www.NasibaHafiz.com, you will receive an email confirming that we have received your order and are processing it. To keep you informed about the progress of your order, we will send further email notifications as we dispatch your goods, which will include our courier tracking numbers. You can track the progress of your order by clicking on the on our courier tracking number sent in the email(s). If you have any questions about your order please contact us
Shipping Zone | Days |
2-4 |
Middle East | 5-7 |
Rest of the World | 7-14 |
Our courier service companies deliver directly to your doorstep during regular working hours/days in your country. Alternatively, you can pick up your order from your delegated local courier office; make sure that you have your tracking number on hand.
In most cases one of our courier services companies will call you to arrange for delivery; however, if you are not available at the time of delivery, our courier will call again. To set up a date to collect your package or arrange a re-delivery.
Duties & Taxes
This delivery fee is to cover domestic delivery and service charges only. Nasiba Hafiz will cover all international transport & clearance fees from our warehouse in KSA to your country.
Please keep in mind that our shipping times should be used as a guide only and are based on time from dispatch. Nasiba Hafiz cannot take responsibility for customs clearance delays or failed payment approval, though we will try to minimize any potential delays.
Shipping Fees
Region | Shipping Cost |
Middle East | 60.00 SAR |
USA & Europe | 100.00 SAR |


text:
If you know anything about Ipe hardwood, it is truly an amazing wood. It has a Janka rating of over 3600, making it one of the densest woods that are currently available on the hardwood flooring market. Ipe has a lot of very positive characteristics, but it also has its issues!
It is so dense that with even a marginal finish applied to the surface, most spills will pool on the top rather than penetrate below. And it survives the abuse from the even a 100 pound sheep dog with limited wear marks.
Ipe Hardwood Flooring is referred to by many names depending on the country of origin and who is making the flooring. Brand names like Ironwood(TM) and Pau Lope(TM) are common as are "consumer names" like Brazilian Walnut. For some reason, North American retailers think referring to it as a walnut will make it more understandable to today's consumers.
Ipe is really a cluster of many trees from the Bignoniaceae family (Tabebuia, spp) that share a common appearance and physical characteristics. They are all dense and rather straight grained. Some pieces look quite similar to teak. It is very resistant to decay, termite and dry insect attack, although this is not significant (I hope) when choosing ipe as interior flooring. It is VERY fire resistant as well.
Colour range varies from a medium straw with olive green overtones to a reddish brown with darker black streaks common in some boxes of ipe hardwood. Flooring samples can then have a very large range of colours. Make sure that you understand this, and don't buy, expecting colour uniformity. It is always best, if possible to visit a customer that has had this type of flooring in use for a number of years. You can then judge not only the appeal of the colouring but also the durability of the finish.
For installation it will require a very good quality grade of carbide blade on your miter saw to even attempt any trimming to length. If you have a large expanse of ipe flooring to cover, a second blade made be necessary. All holes, like those that you need to install for the first few rows of flooring will have to be drilled close to the size of the finishing nail you intend to use, otherwise you will split the wood. Experiment first, to save a few pieces of ipe flooring.


text:
Former Bears Coach Mike Ditka was hospitalized after suffering a minor stroke on Friday. The Hall of Famer says doctors have assured him the stroke was slight, and he told The Chicago Tribune, "I feel good right now and it's not a big deal." As the Tribune explains:
"Ditka was at a suburban country club playing cards Friday when he noticed his hands 'weren't working quite right,' and then he had a problem speaking."
These days, the 73-year-old former tight end is an analyst at ESPN, but will be taking this weekend off, according to network producers, who tweeted that Ditka "wanted everyone to know he's OK."
It's been a long while since Ditka has suffered any major health problems. While coaching the Bears, he suffered a heart attack in 1988 at the age of 49. The Tribune notes that Ditka was back in the office eight days later — "and back on the sidelines in 11 days against doctor's orders."
Ditka's legendary career began with the Bears as a player when he was the fifth overall pick in the 1961 draft out of Pittsburgh. He was named rookie of the year, made five straight Pro Bowls, and went on to play for the Eagles and the Cowboys before returning to the Bears as coach in 1982. He took the team to a Super Bowl victory before being fired in 1992 after a losing season.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
Wrong Fuel? Petrol in Diesel? From £120.00 Bounds Green, Greater London
Have You Put Petrol in a Diesel or Diesel in a Petrol Car by Mistake?
In Bounds Green And Mistakenly Filled Up With The Wrong Fuel And Need Recovery?
Call one of our friendly advisors now on 0333 344 1908
- Should you have put petrol in a diesel, or diesel in a petrol then please ensure that the engine is not running and call one of our advisors.
- If you have driven the vehicle, don't worry! We'll get you on the road again
- If possible, just pull over where it's safe and call us. You may have a fuel contamination problem now. Most of the time there will not be any damage to your vehicle but it will require a fuel drain.
If you're stuck with the Wrong Fuel in Bounds Green call us now!
Our technicians are fully licensed and fully insured for you peace of mind. Along with our 10 years experience in draining fuel from every make and model of car you can be sure that you will be on your way again with the minimum of hassle.
What people say about our Fuel Drainage Service in Bounds Green, Greater London
"Wrong Fuel Help were a god send" Amy commented when she thanked the engineer for fixing her horse box on the way to the local horse show in Bounds Green. "I was miles away, thinking about the competition when I accidentally filled the horse box up with petrol not diesel". Everything was ok though, it took the engineer less than 25 minutes to arrive and he soon drained the tank and had us on the way again".
Struggling to keep power? You maybe faced with a fuel contamination problem; petrol maybe in your diesel car.
"The car just didn't seem right, it was really struggling so I pulled over straightaway". Mr Fox realized he'd just put the wrong fuel in his new Passat. He was faced with a fuel contamination problem. Luckily he knew of Wrong Fuel Help so it just took a quick phone call and they were on their way to Bounds Green – "fabulous service, I would recommend them to anyone, they drained the fuel without any fuss and I was back on the road in no time".
Out for the day and ended up with a wrong fuel problem? Petrol in a diesel by mistake?
The Smith family were on their way to pick up a new sofa, when they had to call for petrol. "We chugged into the car park and soon realised we'd just put the wrong fuel in"…Mr Smith was beside himself! Thankfully the staff in the shop in Bounds Green were so helpful – luckily they knew about Wrong Fuel Help so it just took a quick call and the engineer was out to us in 25 minutes. "Great efficient service" said Mr Smith.
If you are wondering what do I do if I've put petrol in a diesel car? Then just call a professional Fuel Recovery service, like Wrong Fuel Help.
So if you're in Bounds Green, Greater London local friendly technicians are always on hand should you have a wrong fuel problem, for example filling up with petrol in a diesel car.