text:
Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
Description: | Provides a rule-based rewriting engine to rewrite requested URLs on the fly |
Status: | Extension |
Module Identifier: | rewrite_module |
Source File: | mod_rewrite.c |
The mod_rewrite
module uses a rule-based rewriting
engine, based on a PCRE regular-expression parser, to rewrite requested URLs on
the fly. By default, mod_rewrite
maps a URL to a filesystem
path. However, it can also be used to redirect one URL to another URL, or
to invoke an internal proxy fetch.
provides a flexible and powerful way to
manipulate URLs using an unlimited number of rules. Each rule can have an
unlimited number of attached rule conditions, to allow you to rewrite URL
based on server variables, environment variables, HTTP headers, or time
operates on the full URL path, including the
path-info section. A rewrite rule can be invoked in
or in .htaccess
. The path generated
by a rewrite rule can include a query string, or can lead to internal
sub-processing, external request redirection, or internal proxy
Further details, discussion, and examples, are provided in the detailed mod_rewrite documentation.
offers detailed logging of its actions
at the trace1
to trace8
log levels. The
log level can be set specifically for mod_rewrite
using the LogLevel
directive: Up to
level debug
, no actions are logged, while trace8
means that practically all actions are logged.
will slow down your Apache HTTP Server dramatically! Use a log
level higher than trace2
only for debugging!
LogLevel alert rewrite:trace3
Those familiar with earlier versions of
will no doubt be looking for the
and RewriteLogLevel
directives. This functionality has been completely replaced by the
new per-module logging configuration mentioned above.
To get just the mod_rewrite
-specific log
messages, pipe the log file through grep:
tail -f error_log|fgrep '[rewrite:'
Description: | Sets the base URL for per-directory rewrites |
Syntax: | RewriteBase URL-path |
Default: | None |
Context: | directory, .htaccess |
Override: | FileInfo |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteBase
directive specifies the
URL prefix to be used for per-directory (htaccess)
directives that
substitute a relative path.
This directive is required when you use a relative path in a substitution in per-directory (htaccess) context unless any of the following conditions are true:
(as opposed to reachable by other means, such as
suffixed by the relative
substitution is also valid as a URL path on the server
(this is rare).Alias
or mod_userdir
. In the example below, RewriteBase
is necessary
to avoid rewriting to http://example.com/opt/myapp-1.2.3/welcome.html
since the resource was not relative to the document root. This
misconfiguration would normally cause the server to look for an "opt"
directory under the document root.
DocumentRoot "/var/www/example.com" AliasMatch "^/myapp" "/opt/myapp-1.2.3" <Directory "/opt/myapp-1.2.3"> RewriteEngine On RewriteBase "/myapp/" RewriteRule "^index\.html$" "welcome.html" </Directory>
Description: | Defines a condition under which rewriting will take place |
Syntax: | RewriteCond
TestString CondPattern [flags] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Override: | FileInfo |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteCond
directive defines a
rule condition. One or more RewriteCond
can precede a RewriteRule
directive. The following rule is then only used if both
the current state of the URI matches its pattern, and if these conditions are met.
TestString is a string which can contain the following expanded constructs in addition to plain text:
(0 <= N <= 9). $1 to $9 provide access to the grouped
parts (in parentheses) of the pattern, from the
which is subject to the current
set of RewriteCond
conditions. $0 provides
access to the whole string matched by that pattern.
(0 <= N <= 9). %1 to %9 provide access to the grouped
parts (again, in parentheses) of the pattern, from the last matched
in the current set
of conditions. %0 provides access to the whole string matched by
that pattern.
See the documentation for
RewriteMap for more details.
where NAME_OF_VARIABLE can be a string taken
from the following list:
HTTP headers: | connection & request: | |
server internals: | date and time: | specials: |
These variables all
correspond to the similarly named HTTP
MIME-headers, C variables of the Apache HTTP Server or
struct tm
fields of the Unix system.
Most are documented here
or elsewhere in the Manual or in the CGI specification.
SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT depend on the values of
Those that are special to mod_rewrite
include those below.
is loaded).IS_SUBREQ
is referenced. Otherwise,
such as when used in virtual host context, the same
value as REQUEST_URI
. Depending on the value of
, the
server may have only used some leading components of the
to map the request to a file.
/index.html HTTP/1.1
"). This does not
include any additional headers sent by the
browser. This value has not been unescaped
(decoded), unlike most other variables below.If the TestString has the special value expr
the CondPattern will be treated as an
ap_expr. HTTP headers referenced in the
expression will be added to the Vary header if the novary
flag is not given.
Other things you should be aware of:
The variables SCRIPT_FILENAME and REQUEST_FILENAME
contain the same value - the value of the
field of the internal
structure of the Apache HTTP Server.
The first name is the commonly known CGI variable name
while the second is the appropriate counterpart of
REQUEST_URI (which contains the value of the
field of request_rec
If a substitution occurred and the rewriting continues, the value of both variables will be updated accordingly.
If used in per-server context (i.e., before the
request is mapped to the filesystem) SCRIPT_FILENAME and
REQUEST_FILENAME cannot contain the full local filesystem
path since the path is unknown at this stage of processing.
Both variables will initially contain the value of REQUEST_URI
in that case. In order to obtain the full local filesystem
path of the request in per-server context, use an URL-based
look-ahead %{LA-U:REQUEST_FILENAME}
to determine
the final value of REQUEST_FILENAME.
, where variable can be
any environment variable, is also available.
This is looked-up via internal
Apache httpd structures and (if not found there) via
from the Apache httpd server process.%{SSL:variable}
, where variable is the
name of an SSL environment
variable, can be used whether or not
is loaded, but will always expand to
the empty string if it is not. Example:
may expand to
. These variables are available even without
setting the StdEnvVars
option of the
, where header can be
any HTTP MIME-header name, can always be used to obtain the
value of a header sent in the HTTP request.
Example: %{HTTP:Proxy-Connection}
the value of the HTTP header
If a HTTP header is used in a condition this header is added to the Vary header of the response in case the condition evaluates to true for the request. It is not added if the condition evaluates to false for the request. Adding the HTTP header to the Vary header of the response is needed for proper caching.
It has to be kept in mind that conditions follow a short circuit
logic in the case of the 'ornext|OR
' flag
so that certain conditions might not be evaluated at all.
can be used for look-aheads which perform
an internal (URL-based) sub-request to determine the final
value of variable. This can be used to access
variable for rewriting which is not available at the current
stage, but will be set in a later phase.
For instance, to rewrite according to the
variable from within the
per-server context (apache2.conf
file) you must
use %{LA-U:REMOTE_USER}
- this
variable is set by the authorization phases, which come
after the URL translation phase (during which
On the other hand, because mod_rewrite
its per-directory context (.htaccess
file) via
the Fixup phase of the API and because the authorization
phases come before this phase, you just can use
in that context.
can be used to perform an internal
(filename-based) sub-request, to determine the final value
of variable. Most of the time, this is the same as
LA-U above.CondPattern is the condition pattern, a regular expression which is applied to the current instance of the TestString. TestString is first evaluated, before being matched against CondPattern.
CondPattern is usually a perl compatible regular expression, but there is additional syntax available to perform other useful tests against the Teststring:
' character (exclamation mark) to negate the result
of the condition, no matter what kind of CondPattern is used.
(two quotation marks) this
compares TestString to the empty string.RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} "=This Robot/1.0"
.Is existing URL, via subrequest.
Checks whether or not TestString is a valid URL,
accessible via all the server's currently-configured
access controls for that path. This uses an internal
subrequest to do the check, so use it with care -
it can impact your server's performance!
This flag only returns information about things like access control, authentication, and authorization. This flag does not return information about the status code the configured handler (static file, CGI, proxy, etc.) would have returned.
RewriteCond /var/www/%{REQUEST_URI} !-f RewriteRule ^(.+) /other/archive/$1 [R]
If the TestString has the special value expr
, the
CondPattern will be treated as an
In the below example, -strmatch
is used to
compare the REFERER
against the site hostname,
to block unwanted hotlinking.
RewriteCond expr "! %{HTTP_REFERER} -strmatch '*://%{HTTP_HOST}/*'" RewriteRule "^/images" "-" [F]
You can also set special flags for CondPattern by appending
as the third argument to the RewriteCond
directive, where flags is a comma-separated list of any of the
following flags:
(no case)ornext|OR
(or next condition)RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host1" [OR] RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host2" [OR] RewriteCond "%{REMOTE_HOST}" "^host3" RewriteRule ...some special stuff for any of these hosts...Without this flag you would have to write the condition/rule pair three times.
(no vary)Example:
To rewrite the Homepage of a site according to the
'' header of the request, you can
use the following:
RewriteCond "%{HTTP_USER_AGENT}" "(iPhone|Blackberry|Android)" RewriteRule "^/$" "/homepage.mobile.html" [L] RewriteRule "^/$" "/homepage.std.html" [L]
Explanation: If you use a browser which identifies itself as a mobile browser (note that the example is incomplete, as there are many other mobile platforms), the mobile version of the homepage is served. Otherwise, the standard page is served.
Description: | Enables or disables runtime rewriting engine |
Syntax: | RewriteEngine on|off |
Default: | RewriteEngine off |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Override: | FileInfo |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteEngine
directive enables or
disables the runtime rewriting engine. If it is set to
this module does no runtime processing at
all. It does not even update the SCRIPT_URx
environment variables.
Use this directive to disable rules in a particular context,
rather than commenting out all the RewriteRule
Note that rewrite configurations are not
inherited by virtual hosts. This means that you need to have a
RewriteEngine on
directive for each virtual host
in which you wish to use rewrite rules.
of the type prg
are not started during server initialization if they're defined in a
context that does not have RewriteEngine
set to
Description: | Defines a mapping function for key-lookup |
Syntax: | RewriteMap MapName MapType:MapSource
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
Compatibility: | The 3rd parameter, MapTypeOptions, in only available from Apache 2.4.29 and later |
The RewriteMap
directive defines a
Rewriting Map which can be used inside rule
substitution strings by the mapping-functions to
insert/substitute fields through a key lookup. The source of
this lookup can be of various types.
The MapName is the name of the map and will be used to specify a mapping-function for the substitution strings of a rewriting rule via one of the following constructs:
MapName :
LookupKey }
MapName :
LookupKey |
When such a construct occurs, the map MapName is consulted and the key LookupKey is looked-up. If the key is found, the map-function construct is substituted by SubstValue. If the key is not found then it is substituted by DefaultValue or by the empty string if no DefaultValue was specified. Empty values behave as if the key was absent, therefore it is not possible to distinguish between empty-valued keys and absent keys.
For example, you might define a
RewriteMap examplemap "txt:/path/to/file/map.txt"
You would then be able to use this map in a
as follows:
RewriteRule "^/ex/(.*)" "${examplemap:$1}"
The meaning of the MapTypeOptions argument depends on particular MapType. See the Using RewriteMap for more information.
The following combinations for MapType and MapSource can be used:
utility. (Details ...)RewriteMap
: toupper, tolower, escape or
unescape. (Details ...)Further details, and numerous examples, may be found in the RewriteMap HowTo
Description: | Sets some special options for the rewrite engine |
Syntax: | RewriteOptions Options |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Override: | FileInfo |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteOptions
directive sets some
special options for the current per-server or per-directory
configuration. The Option string can currently
only be one of the following:
This forces the current configuration to inherit the
configuration of the parent. In per-virtual-server context,
this means that the maps, conditions and rules of the main
server are inherited. In per-directory context this means
that conditions and rules of the parent directory's
configuration or
sections are inherited. The inherited rules are virtually copied
to the section where this directive is being used. If used in
combination with local rules, the inherited rules are copied behind
the local rules. The position of this directive - below or above
of local rules - has no influence on this behavior. If local
rules forced the rewriting to stop, the inherited rules won't
be processed.
Like Inherit
above, but the rules from the parent scope
are applied before rules specified in the child scope.
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.3.10 and later.
If this option is enabled, all child configurations will inherit
the configuration of the current configuration. It is equivalent to
specifying RewriteOptions Inherit
in all child
configurations. See the Inherit
option for more details
on how the parent-child relationships are handled.
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.
Like InheritDown
above, but the rules from the current
scope are applied before rules specified in any child's
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.
This option forces the current and child configurations to ignore
all rules that would be inherited from a parent specifying
or InheritDownBefore
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.8 and later.
By default, mod_rewrite
will ignore URLs that map to a
directory on disk but lack a trailing slash, in the expectation that
the mod_dir
module will issue the client with a redirect to
the canonical URL with a trailing slash.
When the DirectorySlash
is set to off, the AllowNoSlash
option can be enabled to ensure
that rewrite rules are no longer ignored. This option makes it possible to
apply rewrite rules within .htaccess files that match the directory without
a trailing slash, if so desired.
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.0 and later.
When RewriteRule
is used in VirtualHost
or server context with
version 2.2.22 or later of httpd, mod_rewrite
will only process the rewrite rules if the request URI is a URL-path. This avoids
some security issues where particular rules could allow
"surprising" pattern expansions (see CVE-2011-3368
and CVE-2011-4317).
To lift the restriction on matching a URL-path, the
option can be enabled, and
will apply the rule set to any
request URI string, regardless of whether that string matches
the URL-path grammar required by the HTTP specification.
Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.3 and later.
Enabling this option will make the server vulnerable to
security issues if used with rewrite rules which are not
carefully authored. It is strongly recommended
that this option is not used. In particular, beware of input
strings containing the '@
' character which could
change the interpretation of the transformed URI, as per the
above CVE names.
With this option, the value of RewriteBase
is copied from where it's explicitly defined
into any sub-directory or sub-location that doesn't define its own
. This was the
default behavior in 2.4.0 through 2.4.3, and the flag to restore it is
available Apache HTTP Server 2.4.4 and later.
When a relative substitution is made
in directory (htaccess) context and RewriteBase
has not been set, this module uses some
extended URL and filesystem context information to change the
relative substitution back into a URL. Modules such as
and mod_alias
supply this extended context info. Available in 2.4.16 and later.
Prior to 2.4.26, if a substitution was an absolute URL that matched
the current virtual host, the URL might first be reduced to a URL-path
and then later reduced to a local path. Since the URL can be reduced
to a local path, the path should be prefixed with the document root.
This prevents a file such as /tmp/myfile from being accessed when a
request is made to http://host/file/myfile with the following
RewriteRule /file/(.*) http://localhost/tmp/$1
This option allows the old behavior to be used where the document root is not prefixed to a local path that was reduced from a URL. Available in 2.4.26 and later.
Description: | Defines rules for the rewriting engine |
Syntax: | RewriteRule
Pattern Substitution [flags] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess |
Override: | FileInfo |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_rewrite |
The RewriteRule
directive is the real
rewriting workhorse. The directive can occur more than once,
with each instance defining a single rewrite rule. The
order in which these rules are defined is important - this is the order
in which they will be applied at run-time.
Pattern is
a perl compatible regular
expression. What this pattern is compared against varies depending
on where the RewriteRule
directive is defined.
In VirtualHost
The Pattern will initially be matched against the part of the
URL after the hostname and port, and before the query string (e.g. "/app1/index.html").
This is the (%-decoded) URL-path.
In per-directory context (Directory
and .htaccess),
the Pattern is matched against only a partial path, for example a request
of "/app1/index.html" may result in comparison against "app1/index.html"
or "index.html" depending on where the RewriteRule
The directory path where the rule is defined is stripped from the currently mapped filesystem path before comparison (up to and including a trailing slash). The net result of this per-directory prefix stripping is that rules in this context only match against the portion of the currently mapped filesystem path "below" where the rule is defined.
Directives such as DocumentRoot
and Alias
, or even the
result of previous RewriteRule
substitutions, determine
the currently mapped filesystem path.
If you wish to match against the hostname, port, or query string, use a
with the
, or
variables respectively.
sections, with some additional
complexity.RewriteEngine On
" and
"Options FollowSymLinks
" must be enabled. If your
administrator has disabled override of FollowSymLinks
a user's directory, then you cannot use the rewrite engine. This
restriction is required for security reasons.RewriteBase
directive for more information regarding what prefix will be added back to
relative substitutions.%{REQUEST_URI}
variable in
a RewriteCond
matches in per-directory context.<Location>
and <Files>
(including their regular expression counterparts), this
should never be necessary and is unsupported. A likely feature
to break in these contexts is relative substitutions.If
follow the rules of the directory context.RewriteOptions
directive can change this behavior,
for example using the Inherit setting.RewriteOptions
also regulates the
behavior of sections that are stated at the same nesting level of the configuration. In the
following example, by default only the RewriteRules stated in the second
are considered, since the first ones are overridden. Using RewriteOptions
Inherit forces mod_rewrite to merge the two
sections and consider both set of statements, rather than only the last one.<If "true"> # Without RewriteOptions Inherit, this rule is overridden by the next # section and no redirect will happen for URIs containing 'foo' RewriteRule foo http://example.com/foo [R] </If> <If "true"> RewriteRule bar http://example.com/bar [R] </If>
For some hints on regular expressions, see the mod_rewrite Introduction.
In mod_rewrite
, the NOT character
') is also available as a possible pattern
prefix. This enables you to negate a pattern; to say, for instance:
``if the current URL does NOT match this
pattern''. This can be used for exceptional cases, where
it is easier to match the negative pattern, or as a last
default rule.
in the substitution string!
The Substitution of a rewrite rule is the string that replaces the original URL-path that was matched by Pattern. The Substitution may be a:
-relative path to the
resource to be served. Note that mod_rewrite
tries to guess whether you have specified a file-system path
or a URL-path by checking to see if the first segment of the
path exists at the root of the file-system. For example, if
you specify a Substitution string of
, then this will be treated as a
URL-path unless a directory named www
exists at the root or your file-system (or, in the case of
using rewrites in a .htaccess
file, relative to
your document root), in which case it will
be treated as a file-system path. If you wish other
URL-mapping directives (such as Alias
) to be applied to the
resulting URL-path, use the [PT]
flag as
described below.mod_rewrite
checks to see whether the
hostname matches the current host. If it does, the scheme and
hostname are stripped out and the resulting path is treated as
a URL-path. Otherwise, an external redirect is performed for
the given URL. To force an external redirect back to the
current host, see the [R]
flag below.-
(dash)In addition to plain text, the Substitution string can include
) to the RewriteRule
) to the last matched
RewriteCond pattern%{VARNAME}
)Back-references are identifiers of the form
(N=0..9), which will be replaced
by the contents of the Nth group of the
matched Pattern. The server-variables are the same
as for the TestString of a
directive. The mapping-functions come from the
directive and are explained there.
These three types of variables are expanded in the order above.
Rewrite rules are applied to the results of previous rewrite
rules, in the order in which they are defined
in the config file. The URL-path or file-system path (see "What is matched?", above) is completely
replaced by the Substitution and the
rewriting process continues until all rules have been applied,
or it is explicitly terminated by an
or other flag which implies immediate termination, such as
By default, the query string is passed through unchanged. You
can, however, create URLs in the substitution string containing
a query string part. Simply use a question mark inside the
substitution string to indicate that the following text should
be re-injected into the query string. When you want to erase an
existing query string, end the substitution string with just a
question mark. To combine new and old query strings, use the
Additionally you can set special actions to be performed by
appending [
as the third argument to the RewriteRule
directive. Flags is a comma-separated list, surround by square
brackets, of any of the flags in the following table. More
details, and examples, for each flag, are available in the Rewrite Flags document.
Flag and syntax | Function |
B | Escape non-alphanumeric characters in backreferences before applying the transformation. details ... |
backrefnoplus|BNP | If backreferences are being escaped, spaces should be escaped to %20 instead of +. Useful when the backreference will be used in the path component rather than the query string.details ... |
chain|C | Rule is chained to the following rule. If the rule fails, the rule(s) chained to it will be skipped. details ... |
cookie|CO=NAME:VAL | Sets a cookie in the client browser. Full syntax is: CO=NAME:VAL:domain[:lifetime[:path[:secure[:httponly[samesite]]]]] details ... |
discardpath|DPI | Causes the PATH_INFO portion of the rewritten URI to be discarded. details ... |
END | Stop the rewriting process immediately and don't apply any more rules. Also prevents further execution of rewrite rules in per-directory and .htaccess context. (Available in 2.3.9 and later) details ... |
env|E=[!]VAR[:VAL] | Causes an environment variable VAR to be set (to the value VAL if provided). The form !VAR causes the environment variable VAR to be unset. details ... |
forbidden|F | Returns a 403 FORBIDDEN response to the client browser. details ... |
gone|G | Returns a 410 GONE response to the client browser. details ... |
Handler|H=Content-handler | Causes the resulting URI to be sent to the specified Content-handler for processing. details ... |
last|L | Stop the rewriting process immediately and don't apply any more rules. Especially note caveats for per-directory and .htaccess context (see also the END flag). details ... |
next|N | Re-run the rewriting process, starting again with the first rule, using the result of the ruleset so far as a starting point. details ... |
nocase|NC | Makes the pattern comparison case-insensitive. details ... |
noescape|NE | Prevent mod_rewrite from applying hexcode escaping of special characters in the result of the rewrite. details ... |
nosubreq|NS | Causes a rule to be skipped if the current request is an internal sub-request. details ... |
proxy|P | Force the substitution URL to be internally sent as a proxy request. details ... |
passthrough|PT | Forces the resulting URI to be passed back to the URL
mapping engine for processing of other URI-to-filename
translators, such as Alias or
Redirect . details ... |
qsappend|QSA | Appends any query string from the original request URL to any query string created in the rewrite target.details ... |
qsdiscard|QSD | Discard any query string attached to the incoming URI. details ... |
qslast|QSL | Interpret the last (right-most) question mark as the query string delimiter, instead of the first (left-most) as normally used. Available in 2.4.19 and later. details ... |
redirect|R[=code] | Forces an external redirect, optionally with the specified HTTP status code. details ... |
skip|S=num | Tells the rewriting engine to skip the next num rules if the current rule matches. details ... |
type|T=MIME-type | Force the MIME-type of the target file to be the specified type. details ... |
When the substitution string begins with a string
resembling "/~user" (via explicit text or backreferences), mod_rewrite
home directory expansion independent of the presence or configuration
of mod_userdir
This expansion does not occur when the PT
flag is used on the RewriteRule
Here are all possible substitution combinations and their meanings:
Inside per-server configuration
for request ``GET
Given Rule | Resulting Substitution |
^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 | invalid, not supported |
^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] | invalid, not supported |
^/somepath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] | invalid, not supported |
^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 | /otherpath/pathinfo |
^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] | http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^/somepath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] | doesn't make sense, not supported |
^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 | /otherpath/pathinfo |
^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] | http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^/somepath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] | doesn't make sense, not supported |
^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant) |
^/somepath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy |
Inside per-directory configuration for
, with
RewriteBase "/somepath"
for request ``GET
Given Rule | Resulting Substitution |
^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 | /somepath/otherpath/pathinfo |
^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [R] | http://thishost/somepath/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^localpath(.*) otherpath$1 [P] | doesn't make sense, not supported |
^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 | /otherpath/pathinfo |
^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [R] | http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^localpath(.*) /otherpath$1 [P] | doesn't make sense, not supported |
^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 | /otherpath/pathinfo |
^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [R] | http://thishost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^localpath(.*) http://thishost/otherpath$1 [P] | doesn't make sense, not supported |
^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection |
^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [R] | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via external redirection (the [R] flag is redundant) |
^localpath(.*) http://otherhost/otherpath$1 [P] | http://otherhost/otherpath/pathinfo via internal proxy |


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subset: commoncrawl


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SA 1993 Pizza Bash Skit, May 20, 1993.
- C08-v000015
- Pièce
- 1993-05-20
Fait partie de BCIT historical audio, video and film collection
Videorecording of a skit performed at the 1993 Student Association Pizza Bash. The skit was performed to demonstrate negative student experiences from the academic orientation and what the ideal experience is for students.
BCIT. Student Association


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Thinking about selling land? You might be surprised to learn that selling land is not like selling a house. In this blog post, you'll read about why selling land is different than selling your house in North Carolina…
When you own a property, you might not give a lot of thought to whether it has a house on it or if it's just raw land. However, there are differences and they can affect the sales process. Here are 4 reasons why selling land is different than selling your house in North Carolina.
4 Reasons Why Selling Land Is Different Than Selling Your House In North Carolina
#1. You'll Need A Geological Survey
Selling a house is really about selling the structure; but selling land is more involved because the buyer might want to buy the land for development, farming, mining, recreation, or some other purpose. So, when selling land, you'll probably need to provide the buyer with geological data, perhaps including soil samples, water samples, grading, and landscaping, etc. A survey will help the buyer understand the make-up of the property so they can determine if the property meets their needs.
#2. You Can Skip The Structure Inspection
When selling a house, the focus is on how good the structure is and whether or not it will continue to be a safe structure for its users. So, if you're selling a house, the focus is on fire and flood potential, upgrades, risks like mold or termites, etc. But when you're selling land, these factors don't matter.
#3. You'll Need To Identify The Development Potential
The secret to selling a house is to get people to see themselves living there; the secret to selling land is to get people to see the development potential of the land in the future. For example, you might want to tell buyers about how the city is growing toward the empty land, so it will be perfect to develop a new community someday, or you might show the potential buyer a geological sample that proves the land is ideal for farming.
#4. It's A Different Type Of Buyer
When selling a house to someone, you're usually talking to a "retail buyer" – that is, someone who is thinking about buying a home that they can live in. But when selling land to someone, it's a very different kind of buyer – if you're selling the land for recreation then it's a retail buyer who wants to enjoy some wide open spaces; if you're selling the land for development potential then it's an investor who is thinking of buying the land because they can make money from it. When you know who you are selling to, it becomes much easier to tell the right people about the potential of the property.
Do you have land you want to sell in Raleigh? If you're thinking of selling and if you're wondering why selling land is different than selling your house in North Carolina, then you might like this: we are currently buying land and would like to make you an offer for your land.


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Button Closure, Front Pockets, Low Rise, Ankle Lenght, Black Culottes
*The product prices advertised on our website are valid for shipping within İstanbul (F. O. B.), all other shipping and customs fees are reverse-charged to the client.
*Please note that you need to be informed on import tax policies in your country, and Los Banditos claims no responsibility for any hidden charges.
*As soon as you receive your order confirmation, you need to supply us with the details of your preferred courier company or any other intermediary, so that we can deliver your order through them.
*Los Banditos would be glad to assist you in case you don't have a courier company. We have a corporate agreement with DHL Express, and manage to get the best shipping quotations for your convenience.
*Shipping charges vary, depending on the weight and package dimentions of your order, also the country and the preferred method of shipment (standard or fast). We can calculate the shipping cost upon confirming and packing your order. Therefore, we cannot quote specific shipping costs for any unconfirmed orders.
*Within 1 or 2 working days following the confirmed order, the shipping charges are calculated, added to the price of the order and the final cost is e-mailed to the receiving party for confirmation.
*The shipping procedure begins on the day Los Banditos receives the payment (except for official holidays and Sundays)
*Upon shipment, you can track the condition of your shipment using the tracking number given to you.
*The process of supplying necessary documents and the confirmation of the authorities for the shipments to Customs Union countries that hold ATR Certificates can take 2-3 business days. This certificate grants you the exemption of duties for the trade with our country.
*The list of Free Trade Agreement countries that qualify for ATR Certificate shippings are as follows: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Czech Republic, England, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Croatia, Holland, Luxemburg, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia.
*The orders placed on weekend days or official holidays are processed on the first following business day.
*The delivery periods for Europe and USA will be 2-7 days, depending on the preferred method of shipment (standard or express).
*Los Banditos products can be shipped to all countries included in the İstanbul based shipment network of international courier companies.
*Please make sure that the address and contact information you provide with your confirmed order is accurate. Los Banditos cannot be held responsible for any loss or damages due to incorrect information.
Please keep in mind that we do not impose any quota! Even if you order one piece you can get it at wholesale prices.
You can choose bank transfer, credit card, or Western as your payment method!
This website is secured by the SSL Digital Certificate, where you can safely use all credit and debit cards!
Please note that Paypal System is not available in Turkey since 2016, due to bureaucratic reasons. So, unfortunately, you can not complete your payments by Paypal!
Regarding bank transfers, the shipping process will start as soon as we receive your payment, and you will be duly informed via email.
Bank Information:
Bandito Giyim Tekstil İth. İhr. Ltd Şti.
Vakıf Bank
*** Your confirmed order will be canceled in case no payment is made within 1 week.
First things first, you need to fill out the membership form and become a member of our website, so that we get to know you better!
Always preferring to establish healthy and long-lasting relations, Los Banditos does not sell its products to different companies that are located in the same region, so as to prevent unfair competition and protect its customers' rights; there are preset limits for all commercial outlets in each region. Thus, as soon as your form is scrutinized, your confirmation status is e-mailed to you.
You can start adding products into your basket immediately after you receive your membership confirmation mail!
We do not impose any quota! Even if you order one piece you can get it at wholesale prices.
You may also choose any color, model, and size as you wish, you don't need to buy any whole series at Los Banditos!
So if you want to get your hands on the colorful, bohemian Los Banditos products, all you need to do is fill out the registration form, and we'll get started in no time!
Registration Form Click
We are an Istanbul based company, meticulously involved in all levels of production, from manufacturing the fabrics to packaging, so that we can guarantee the best quality as Los Banditos.
Customer satisfaction has always been our top priority.
Any return requests will be considered and authorized for defective or mismatched items only!
All requests must be made by e-mail to [email protected], attaching the picture of the item as evidence.
You need to open an account on our website by selecting the "Register" button from "My Account" tab on the top right side of the page and complete our registration form.
In case there are no stores featuring Los Banditos in your vicinity, we will confirm your membership and inform you via email.
Once your membership has been confirmed you will be able to start adding products to your cart.
Please note that your order may contain different sizes& colors of any models- you do not have to buy the whole series!
We only sell our products to those who own a retail shop or wholesale business.
You can only make changes to your order before it has been packaged.
Please note that once an order has been processed or has been shipped, you can no longer edit it.
All prices featured on the website do not include VAT and shipping costs.
Shipping costs including duty, custom, taxes and/or brokerage fees are solely the customer's responsibility and will be paid by the customer.
The order is prepared for shipment upon receipt of payment and shipped within 24 hours in normal conditions (weather, public holidays, etc).
Orders placed over the weekend or on a holiday will be processed and shipped the following working business day.
We are based in İstanbul, Turkey and all products are shipped from our warehouse in İstanbul.
All orders will be charged the actual shipping costs.
When you confirm your order, please allow 1-2 business days for us to pack your order and get shipment quotation from the courier.
We will then inform you about shipping cost and total payment by email.
Once we received the total payment and ship your order we will inform you by email on the tracking number and the courier's link to track it online.
We accept credit cards, bank transfers, and Western Union as payment methods.
Unfortunately, Paypal System is no longer available in Turkey since 2016, due to bureaucratic reasons.
Yes, completely safe! This website is secured by the SSL Digital Certificate.
Any return requests will be considered only for defective items or mismatching of ordered goods and prior to authorization.
All requests must be made by email to [email protected] attaching their photo as evidence.
Yes, you can use all pictures of products and models for free to increase your business on your web page and social media channels.
Sorry, we do not allow our brand to be resold on eBay, Etsy, Amazon or other online marketplaces.
All our products are made in İstanbul, Turkey and from weaving to packing we track each process by ourselves to maintain the quality level.
Los Banditos is among the leading producers in the field of Bohemian& Ethnic style clothing in Turkey.
We usually use woven cotton/woven viscose as main materials, occasionally we supply different types of fabrics (velvet, knit fabric etc.) for some seasonal models.
No, sorry we do not have a printed catalog. You can view all our available products as featured on our web page.


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Last updated : July 22, 2024
Want to enforce a safe and drug-free workplace in the Union Point, GA area? A drug testing program can help you accomplish exactly that so that you can boost workplace safety, increase productivity, and you may even get a discount on your workers' comp insurance. Many states currently offer the incentive, and the savings can range from four up to ten percent.
USAMDT provides a wide range of drug screening services in the Union Point, GA area that enable you to screen out new employees who use drugs, discourage current employees from using drugs, and identify those who do. All while ensuring compliance with DOT regulations if you're regulated, or just freeing you up to focus on other areas of your business if you're not. And we can conduct drug screening at your location or ours, 24/7/365.
As opposed to traditional laboratories, USA Mobile Drug Testing is available 24/7—and we travel to your company to minimize downtime. When we're managing your entire drug testing program, you enjoy all of the advantages without having to deal with the administrative details. With us in charge, you can be sure your workplace drug testing is performed on time, every time, no matter where your staff are or when you need them tested.
You don't need to interrupt your staff's sleep cycle to visit a drug testing center during normal business hours. Now you won't need to pull employees off-site for drug testing at a facility leaving your crew short staffed. We roll up on-site—no matter where it is—totally prepared to professionally administer the test.
When to conduct a drug test
If your company is regulated by the Department of Transportation, you are required to follow specific laws in regard to employee drug testing. Many employers of non-DOT-regulated companies follow those guidelines when creating their own drug testing policies and procedures.
USAMDT offers Union Point businesses a program that customizes your drug testing policies to meet your specific needs. We'll also create and then implement your policy, and provide employee education and staff training at your request.
There are a number of reasons for workplace drug testing, such as:
Pre-employment drug testing
The DOT requires that a negative drug test result is on file before a driver is allowed to drive. Many employers of non-DOT-regulated companies require pre-employment drug testing before a new employee begins work as well.
Random drug testing
Most people associate random drug testing with Department of Transportation regulations, however, it's used in other industries too. The department requires all safety-sensitive staff to have their names added to a random pool. The pool is used to randomly generate a list of employees who are required to take a drug test.
DOT drug testing
The Department of Transportation requires that all safety-sensitive employees have been drug tested before they operate a commercial motor vehicle (CMV). In addition, drivers are placed into the random test pool and may be called up for drug testing regularly throughout the year. Post-accident, probationary, reasonable suspicion, and return to duty testing are also required.
The DOT requires a urine test and tests for the following drugs:
- Amphetamines and methamphetamines
- Cocaine
- Marijuana
- Opiates including synthetic opiates
- Oxycodone
- Oxymorphone
- Hydrocodone
- Hydromorphone
Reasonable suspicion drug testing
Your management personnel must be trained to identify substance impairment. If they believe someone is impaired, they should know the company policy and have everything documented before approaching the employee. The suspected employee must then report for a drug test immediately.
Post-accident drug testing
If there is an accident on-site, drug testing all employees involved can help determine who is to blame and defend you from legal liability.
Return to duty drug testing
A certified SAP (Substance Abuse Professional) works with the driver, or other safety-sensitive employees, who have tested positive for drugs. The SAP signs them off as able to return to work after the safety-sensitive employee has a negative drug test result.
Drug testing methods
We can administer drug tests throughout Union Point with a variety of different methods, depending on your situation. Each method has pros and cons, and you should talk to one of our specialists if you need help deciding which is best for you.
All test specimens go through an initial screening. The immunoassay (IA) test identifies a positive or negative result. The majority of drug tests are negative and this cost-efficient test saves employers money because no further testing is needed.
Tests registering a positive result go on for confirmation testing. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) test confirms the positive result by identifying the drug and the level contained in the sample.
The industry standard is still a urinalysis. (This is currently the only method approved for DOT drug testing.) Urinalysis is fast, easy, and inexpensive, but it does come with a few drawbacks.
You need to secure a private restroom, and you have to disable the sink and toilet, and place a bluing agent in the water in the toilet bowl. Privacy concerns could also be an issue because a test must be performed by a collector of the same gender.
In addition, the privacy factor also provides an opportunity to attempt to cheat the test by adding adulterants, which creates a negative dillute or positive dillute drug test result, or even substituting the specimen entirely. However, technological advances in both testing procedures and lab equipment make it increasingly difficult for dishonest employees to succeed.
This testing method identifies drug use from about a half-hour of ingestion up to several weeks after discontinuing use. Chronic marijuana use is an exception to the rule. Regular users can test positive for over thirty days. You can learn more here: How Long Does Marijuana Stay in Your System?
Employers receive test results in a few days.
Mouth swab / oral fluid
This method of drug testing is somewhat newer than other methods, but is still just as accurate as urine drug testing. It's also just as fast, easy, and inexpensive. It provides the smallest detection window though. Still, it drug-testing most drugs within just a few minutes of use. It only identifies drug use for a period of up to 72 hours prior to the test.
The most powerful advantage of mouth swab drug testing is that it can be performed literally anywhere—even in plain view of other employees. The test only requires placing a mouth swab between the lower cheek and gum. The employee holds it in place until it becomes saturated. The entire process rarely takes more than 5 minutes. Despite the claims we hear many drug users make, the only way to pass a mouth swab drug test is to not use drugs.
Results are received in just a couple of days.
Because it can detect recent drug use, it's becoming a popular choice for random drug testing. In fact, the HHS (The Health and Human Services Administration) approved the use of this test as an alternative drug testing method for all federally mandated employers as of January 1, 2020.
At this time, it's uncertain whether or not the DOT will approve this method into its regulations.
The less common hair follicle drug testing method offers the same convenience as mouth swab testing, however, it's more expensive.
The fact that it provides a 90-day period of detection overrides the added cost in the eyes of more and more business owners. In fact, the DOT officially requested that the hair test replace the urinalysis. The request is working through the chain-of-command and many expect to hear the final word soon.
This test requires the collector to clip a small (less than 1" wide) section of hair, ideally from near the base of the scalp, and secure it in a zipper-lock plastic baggie. While this testing method is easy and convenient, some employees may have an issue with having their hair cut.
No worries.
Body hair can be taken instead and is tested by volume rather than length. Administrators gather enough hair to equal the size of a cotton ball about an inch in diameter.
Body hair offers a longer detection window than head hair. Hair collected from an employee's head can detect drug use for up to 90-days, while hair collected from the body will detect drug use for up to a year.
The hair test can't detect current impairment or very recent drug use.


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MD PhD,(CABMM) and University Hospital Zurich
Mr Ajit is an Expert Biomedical Researcher trained in Biomedical engineering and Clinical Medicine. he had working experience with multidisciplinary international basic and clinical researchers.He had also worked in independent project management in clinical research.His outclass contribution in publications related to his field also counts in for his specialization.
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Card Holder - Mint Green
Our Signature Cardholder made of sustainable up-cycled embossed leather off-cuts with a secret message.
A perfect gift for any occasion.
Our signature use of laboratory-grown and created gemstones are of the highest quality and durability, designed to last a lifetime and beyond. Every laboratory-grown and created gemstone is carefully selected for its beauty and optical qualities, determined by its brilliance, colour, clarity, hardness, durability and pricing. The gemological composition and chemical structure of the stones we use can be identical (known as synthesised) or different (known as simulated) to its natural mined counterparts.
From the rough stone, it is then cut, faceted, polished and set painstakingly by hand using traditional artisan techniques.
For almost all of our simulated diamond creations, it is possible to custom-made for you in laboratory-grown synthesised diamonds, or recycled natural mined diamonds. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
24k gold
Gold purity content is categorized using the karat system. Pure gold is 24k, it is extremely soft, it bends, warps and scratches easily making it an unlikely metal for jewellery that needs to retain its shape.
18k gold
18 karat gold is made up of 75% gold and 25% alloy. This type of gold is referred to as 18 karat because 18 out of the 24 parts that make up the gold are pure gold. 18K gold is usually the most pure form of gold used for rings, watches and other wearable jewellery.
14k gold
14 karat gold is made up of 58.3% gold and 41.7% alloy, or 14 out of 24 parts gold. 14K gold is a popular gold for jewellery, its colour is slightly less saturated and intense than 18 karat gold, with greater durability and affordability.
18k gold vermeil
18k gold vermeil is a 2-3microns thick coating of 18k gold on sterling silver, usually 10-times the thickness of standard plating for greater durability, hardness and affordability.
Rhodium vermeil
Rhodium is a member of the platinum family, and rhodium vermeil is an electroplated coating of rhodium on sterling silver. Rhodium is a silvery-white, hard and corrosion-resistant precious metal that reflects 80% of light, giving one of the best sheens achievable on white gold or sterling silver jewellery.
Recycled Aluminium
Our Aluminium Blooms Collection pioneers the use of recycled aluminium refined from soda cans, a lightweight silvery-white metal that can be cast into fine jewellery creations through the artisanal method of lost-wax casting. Aluminium can be coloured into a wide spectrum of hues through the process of anodising and physical vapour deposition as used in the automobile and horology industries.
We offer complimentary shipping worldwide with Fedex International Priority Service and Tracked Shipping available via DHL for UK delivery.
We do not offer refunds on our creations purchased in person. We are happy to exchange or offer a credit note for unworn items with security tags untouched within 7 days of in-store purchase.
Refunds for online orders can be requested within 14 days of the date of delivery, and exchanged within 30 days from the date of despatch. If you choose to exchange your item outside of the 14 day refund policy, a refund will not be offered for the exchanged item unless the product is faulty. Please kindly note a return shipping fee of £30 will be deducted from the refund amount/credit note.
Unfortunately, we cannot accept returns of pierced jewellery. This is for hygiene reasons and doesn't affect your statutory rights. We cannot accept items that have been engraved, personalised or altered.
For full information on our returns policy, please read our full RETURNS POLICY for details about our returns procedure.
Thank you for choosing an Anabela Chan Joaillerie creation. In order to preserve your jewel over time we suggest taking a few precautions in using and maintaining it.
We advise using a very soft brush and tepid soapy water to clean your jewellery regularly, even at times you are not wearing it. Please wipe it with a jewellery cloth we provide with every purchase after cleaning.
You are welcome to bring or post your creations to us annually to have them complimentary checked and professionally cleaned.
We suggest removing your creations before going to sleep, playing any sport, washing your hands, swimming or using corrosive materials. Avoid contact with perfume, alcohol, cosmetics, ammonia, chlorine and extreme temperature changes.
Prevent damage or loss of your creations by storing them individually in their original box or pouch with anti-tarnish stick intact after wearing them. Please be advised that contact with other jewellery pieces could cause scratches.
If your jewellery suffers any impact, the stone setting may become compromised and may need to be checked.
Please be sure to check that the clasps and safety catches on bracelets and necklaces close properly.
If you have any concerns, you should not wear your creation until you have had it checked in our atelier. We hope you enjoy wearing our unique and joyful creations for many years to come.


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Tech companies that cooperated with government intelligence-gathering efforts by allowing access to their databases say they did so only reluctantly and that it never involved 'direct access' to servers, according to The New York Times.
Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, Facebook, AOL, Apple and Paltalk all negotiated with the government under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to provide the National Security Agency with user data as part of a program code-named PRISM, the Times reports, quoting people familiar with the discussions. Google owns Youtube, while Microsoft owns Hotmail and Skype.
Each of the nine companies named in media reports of PRISM, which first appeared in The Guardian and The Washington Post, have denied turning over direct access to their servers.
Instead, the NYT says:
"In at least two cases, at Google and Facebook, one of the plans discussed was to build separate, secure portals, like a digital version of the secure physical rooms that have long existed for classified information, in some instances on company servers. Through these online rooms, the government would request data, companies would deposit it and the government would retrieve it, people briefed on the discussions said."
The newspaper says that the data is only only shared after company lawyers reviewed the government's FISA request according to company practice. "It is not sent automatically or in bulk, and the government does not have full access to company servers," the Times says.
Larry Page, the CEO of Google and Mark Zuckerberg, who heads Facebook, have denied reports that the Internet giants were willing participants in the spying.
"The U.S. government does not have direct access or a 'back door' to the information stored in our data centers," Google's chief executive, Larry Page, and its chief legal officer, David Drummond, said in blog post co-written by the company's chief legal officer, David Drummond. "We provide user data to governments only in accordance with the law."
"Press reports that suggest that Google is providing open-ended access to our users' data are false, period," Page wrote.
Zuckerberg called the media accounts about Facebook's involvement "outrageous."
Twitter, meanwhile, has said it did not respond to government requests to peer into its databases. Users "have a right to fight invalid government requests, and we stand with them in that fight," the company was quoted by the Times as saying.
NPR's Dina Temple-Raston, reporting on Weekend Edition Saturday , says PRISM is part of a new effort to mine so-called 'Big Data' to handle very large volumes of information to winnow out some bits with significance that might otherwise be lost.
"Stores like Target have been using huge volumes of sales information to try to predict customer behavior ... now the intelligence community is trying to do that, too," Dina says.
"The intelligence community says that until they actually analyze the data — which requires a judge's permission — they are merely housing the information, not looking at it, so privacy isn't an issue," she says.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Part of a series on |
Eastern Christianity |
Christianity portal |
The Divine Liturgy is the primary worship service of the Eastern Christianity and some Eastern Rite Catholic churches. The Divine Liturgy is a eucharistic service. It contains two parts: the Liturgy of the Catechumens, sometimes called the Liturgy of the Word, at which the Scriptures are proclaimed and expounded, and the Liturgy of the Faithful, sometimes called the Liturgy of the Eucharist, in which the gifts of bread and wine are offered and consecrated. The Church teaches that the gifts truly become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, but it has never dogmatized a particular formula for describing this transformation. The Prothesis (or proskomedia), the service of preparing the holy gifts, can be considered a third part which precedes the beginning of the Liturgy proper.
Before the Divine Liturgy begins, the priest and a deacon, if one is serving, begin by preparing the gifts of bread and wine for use in the service. This preparation is itself a considerable service. More than simply setting aside the bread and wine, a robust ritual has developed with elaborate symbolism. Though the main outline is similar for most Orthodox churches, there may be some differences based on which typicon a jurisdiction uses.
During the prothesis, the priest cuts out a square called the Lamb from the main loaf of bread (prosphora). This will be consecrated during the Liturgy of the Faithful to become the holy Body of Christ. He also removes small particles and places them on the diskos (or paten) in commemoration of the Theotokos, various saints, and the living and departed faithful. The remainder of the bread is blessed and distributed to parishioners and visitors after the service; this bread is called antidoron.
During the prothesis, the priest also blesses wine and water, which are poured into the chalice. Warm water will be added to the chalice after the epiclesis.
Naturally, the gifts are censed several times during the prothesis. The conclusion of the prothesis leads directly into the beginning of the Divine Liturgy.
Liturgy of the Catechumens[]
Rites of Entrance[]
After a more or less quiet exchange between the priest and deacon, if one is serving, the Divine Liturgy begins with the memorable exclamation from the priest, "Blessed is the kingdom of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages." The assembled faithful respond, "Amen."
The deacon (or priest, if no deacon is serving) continues with the Great Litany, so called because it is longer than most litanies and its petitions touch on the needs of the world: peace and salvation, the Church, her bishops, her faithful, captives and their health and salvation, deliverance from anger and need. It is concluded, as with most litanies, by calling to the remembrance of the faithful the witness of the Theotokos and the saints. In light of that powerful witness, the faithful are charged to commend one's life to Our Lord Jesus Christ. A closing prayer is exclaimed by the priest.
There follow three antiphons which vary by day and jurisdiction. The first two anitphons are followed by a shorter litany and a prayer. The third is followed by the Little Entrance, at which is sung, "Come, let us worship God, our King! Save us, O Son of God, who sing to you! Alleluia." "Son of God" is normally followed by an insertion, such as "risen from the dead" or "wondrous in your saints."
Troparia and kontakia prescribed for the day, season, and temple follow next.
Having fully entered the church liturgically and gathered together around the Word, the gathered body chants the Thrice-Holy Hymn to the holy Trinity: "Holy God, holy mighty, holy immortal: have mercy on us."
Rites of Proclamation[]
The proclamation of Scripture is announced with the prokeimenon, a psalm or canticle refrain sung in responsorial fashion. Then, a reader proclaims the apostolic reading from an epistle or from the Acts of the Apostles. This reading is usually chanted, but a spoken reading may be allowed out of economy for local situations. (In some traditions, the reader starts the chant in a very low voice, and steps up to end of the reading with a high voice. This is a reminder of how the Young Church rose up from the catacombs.)
A triple alleluia is sung, also with verses as at the prokeimenon. This alleluia announces the Gospel reading. Following the alleluia, there is a short exchange between the priest and the people, after which he or a deacon chants the Gospel.
Following the Gospel, the priest will often give a homily, a short or medium-length excursus on the Scripture, the season, or the present festival or commemoration, roughly equivalent to the Protestant sermon. The homily may also be given after the communion or even after the dismissal.
The service continues with the Litany of Fervent Supplication, which is marked by an insistent triple repitition of "Lord, have mercy."
The Liturgy of the Catechumens is concluded by a litany praying for the continued growth of the catechumens in faith, leading up to the day of their baptism. Though many churches do not have catechumens in attendance, this litany remains in the liturgy and serves as a constant reminder of the Great Commission, the foundation of the Church as mission to the world.
Liturgy of the Faithful[]
The Great Entrance[]
As the assembly begins chanting the Cherubic Hymn, the celebrants go to the prothesis or table of preparation. The priest presents the diskos to the deacon and takes the chalice himself. The deacon leads the priest through the north door of the icon screen. The clergy bring the gifts in procession to the holy doors, the central doors of the icon screen, while the deacon calls the faithful to attention, asking that the Lord will remember all people in his kingdom. As the holy gifts are carried solemnly through the holy doors, the assembled faithful conclude the Cherubic Hymn. (Note: if a deacon is not present, the priest makes this entrance with the discos and chalice alone.)
After the priest blesses the faithful the deacon exclaims, "The doors! The doors!" This famous exclamation once marked the point in the service at which the doors to the temple were locked, only faithful Christians remaining. Over the centuries, visitors have been allowed to stay, though the solemnity of what follows is still recalled with this phrase.
Then, the Church professes its common faith by reciting the Creed. The liturgical name for this creed is the Symbol of Faith, indicating its importance to early Christians in determining the Orthodoxy of persons claiming to be of the Church.
The Eucharistic Prayer[]
Following the Creed, the priest begins the anaphora, the great eucharistic prayer over the gifts, so called because of the initial phrase: "Let us lift up our hearts." The two principal anaphoras in use in the Orthodox Church are those of St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great.
After remembering the history of our fall and redemption and the institution of the eucharistic meal, the priest invokes the Holy Spirit, asking that he be sent down on the gifts. It is sometimes noted that this invocation, the epiclesis, is the moment of transformation of the gifts of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, but there is not total agreement among Orthodox scholars whether the transformation can actually be pinpointed to a single moment in the service. It is certainly true that the prayers of the service treat the gifts as consecrated and transformed after this point.
Having invoked the Holy Spirit and consecrated the gifts, the priest commemorates the saints, beginning with the Theotokos. At this point, the assembled faithful chant the ancient hymn in honor of the Virgin, "It is truly meet to bless you, O Theotokos, ever blessed and most pure, and the Mother of our God. More honorable than the cherubim, beyond compare more glorious than the seraphim, without corruption you gave birth to God, the Word. True Theotokos, we magnify you."
The priest prays the the bishop, in whose name he is celebrating the Liturgy, will be kept in the Orthodox Faith and preserved in health and years.
The Communion and Dismissal[]
After consecrating the gifts, commemorating the saints and praying for the local bishop, the priest lifts up the consecrated gifts, exclaiming, "The holy things are for the holy!" To which the faithful respond, "One is holy, one is Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father, amen." This phrase unfortunately loses something in English, since we have two words for holy and saint. In most other languages, this dialogue has a connotation of, "The holy things are for the saints! / Only one is a saint! Only one is Lord: Jesus Christ...." This is a rather prominent reminder that our holiness finds its source in God alone, and particularly in our participation in this communion.
The faithful communicate in Orthodox tradition by receiving in both kinds (bread intincted in the wine) from a spoon, a tradition which dates to the fourth century. Having received the body and blood of the Savior, they take a small piece of bread, antidoron, which is a part of the same loaf from which the Lamb was taken. Antidoron is not consecrated to be the Eucharist, but it is blessed and so it is treated with reverence. In Russian tradition, a small cup of wine is also offered.
After a dismissal common to the services of the Church, the faithful come forward to venerate the cross and leave the church. Renewed by the eucharistic meal, they are sent forth as witnesses to Christ in the world.
Bibliographical Resources[]
- Bradshaw, Paul, ed. Essays on Early Eastern Eucharistic Prayers (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1997) ISBN 081466153X
- Essays on eucharistic prayers (anaphoras) from various periods and locales.
- Cuming, Geoffrey J. and R. C. D. Jasper. Prayers of the Eucharist: Early and Reformed (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1987) ISBN 0814660851
- Includes the texts of eucharistic prayers no longer extant as well as early redactions of the anaphoras of St. James, St. Basil the Great, and St. John Chrysostom.
- Schmemann, Alexander. The Eucharist (Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1987) ISBN 0881410187
- A classic reflection on the meaning of the Divine Liturgy from one of the pioneers of liturgical theology.
- Taft, Robert, SJ. Divine Liturgies — Human Problems in Byzantium, Armenia, Syria and Palestine (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2001) ISBN 0860788679
- Taft, Robert, SJ. A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chysostom (Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute)
- This is a multi-volume work in progress. Currently, no ISBN are available. See the SVS Press website.
- Volume II: The Great Entrance
- Volume IV: The Diptychs
- Volume V: The Precommunion Rites
External Links[]
- Priest's Service Book with links to the Prothesis (Proskomede), the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, the Prayers of Thanksgiving, and the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great. Translation by His Eminence, Dmitri (Royster), Archbishop of Dallas and the South (OCA).
- Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, according to the use of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America
- Liturgy of Jerusalem or Liturgy of St. James
- SYNAXIS is dedicated to providing resources for those who are liturgists


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So with those plans thwarted, I have clicked onto a random post in my 'to be posted about' mailbox and found JHM, writing:
I've been on an Agatha Christie binge of late, and have subsequently been up to my eyeballs in potential questions on BrE. Seeing as these stories were written between the 30s and the 70s, however, it becomes complicated from your vantage, because even trying to compare fifty-year-old AmE usage to modern AmE would present problems.First, let me recommend that people who haven't read it click on the link to get to the post on (BrE) Welsh dresser, since it answers some questions. It's one of those sad posts from the beginning of the blog that would have received many more comments had I had readers at the time. Please feel free to comment on it there--it's never too late to comment on this blog's posts and it's one of those posts that gets a lot of hits via search engines, so your comment may help someone nice. Or possibly someone nasty. But if you help someone nasty, you're still being nice. Unless you're aiding and abetting in something nasty, that is. And I don't think anyone could hold you accountable and take away your niceness badge if your comment happens to lead to the Great Welsh Dresser Robbery of 2011 or the exploits of the Countertop Ripper in 2015.
Even so, one usage that seems fairly consistent over time, and that tends to confuse me, is the BrE use of "cupboard." I see that you've covered this to some degree, but I still have a few questions. [...] My word for the small, doored-off areas either hanging from the ceiling or under a [ed: AmE] countertop is cupboard (which I pronounce /cubbard/, making it a further annoyance when I see the word spelt, as the two seem not to match at all, and besides which, my "cups" usually hang from hooks below the cupboard, and are one of the few items not to be found inside one). So, first minor question is whether BrE by and large has the same pronunciation.
Now, it seems to me that BrE never seems to use closet, but prefers cupboard for just about anything that has a door. In my case, a cupboard is never something in which a corpse (at least one still in one piece) could be either found or put, but this seems commonplace in my stories. What are the bounds of the BrE cupboard, when does closet become more likely, and is all of this an artifact (ed: BrE artefact) of obsolete usage?
I expect JHM that your rendition/rendering of the pronunciation is a bit misleading in terms of the second vowel. Since the stress is on the first syllable, most people would pronounce it with schwa-type sound. So, it sounds more like the word bird than bard. Like you, the British do not say 'cup-board', so the word is pronounced similarly in AmE and BrE--except for the way in which you'd expect it to differ: in what is done with an /r/ after a vowel.
On the meaning, one of the reasons why one doesn't hear closet much in BrE is because there just aren't many of them. Our current (three-bedroom) home has none. Our last (two-bedroom home) had none. My first (one-bedroom) home here had none. Instead, people generally keep their clothes in free-standing wardrobes, which move from house to house with them. (I have met/needed this beast only once in my dozen or so past American abodes.) Most Americans will be familiar with the furniture sense of the word just from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe--but I'm not sure that all reading the book would recogni{s/z}e that the wardrobe isn't a closet. Closets are becoming more popular in the UK in new-build/remodel(l)ed homes.
But that aside, BrE has held on to other meanings of closet to a greater degree/longer than AmE has. The original meaning was 'a private room' and this has been extended in various ways to refer to small rooms in general or small rooms of particular types. The OED tells me that this meaning is (or was when that entry was written) common in the North of England, Scotland and Ireland, where bed-closet means 'a small bedroom'. That meaning seems to have gone by the wayside in AmE, probably because there are so many storage-closets there. So, the small rooms in American homes are for storage, the word for small rooms closet is applied to them, there are no smaller rooms in the homes, so it's odd to refer to bigger rooms as closets too, and eventually people no longer reali{s/z}e that they could be using the word for other types of rooms. At least, that looks like a likely progression of events.
This has some knock-on effects idiom-wise. A skeleton in the closet (which goes back at least to the 19th century in BrE) transmogrifies into a skeleton in the cupboard in modern BrE, while it stays in the closet in AmE. On the other hand, (orig. AmE) come out of/be in the closet (as gay, etc.) has been imported directly into BrE. One can find a few instances of come out of the cupboard or come out of the wardrobe (as gay) on UK websites but they're few and far between. It's possible, though, that the imagery for the two is not quite the same in AmE and BrE minds. Do Americans imagine the closet-dweller as hunched among hangers and clothes and shoes and British people imagine them as just being in a small, private room? I imagine that the range of imaginings on an individual level vary a lot no matter where one lives.
Some types of closets in AmE are cupboards in BrE (or vice versa), such as a broom closet/cupboard. But this discussion reminds me that RMWG (another of my frequent, initial[l]ed correspondents) wrote a long time ago:
My American colleague is having problems with the concept of airing cupboards. I have done my best to explain, but as an American who presumably now has experience of them, perhaps you could do better.Airing cupboards are called the same thing in the US, there are just far fewer of them. I got to know them in old houses in New England. More Americans would have a (non-airing) linen closet, which in BrE would be a linen cupboard.
On our recent trip to the US, Better Half didn't know what I meant when I said that I wanted to give a donation to the local food closet, which is run by a friend of our family. Food closet is essentially the same as (orig. AmE) food bank, the term that has come to be used in the UK (and is still used in the US too). I read with some surprise the Swindon Food Bank's claim that food banks are a 'ground-breaking concept'--since they've been around for decades in the US. But the first one in the UK was founded only in 1999.
Of course, closet is also found in the BrE term water closet, but please go back here to discuss that.
Back to JHM, he followed up his first email with:
[...] my reading has introduced me to the boxroom which, aside from their being convenient places to try to hide potentially incriminating evidence, seem to answer to an American's description of a closet. Is boxroom still in use? is it readily recognizable, if not commonplace?I've never come across box(-)room in the wild, and the OED defines it only as 'a room for storing boxes, trunks, etc.'. It looks like it has developed in meaning a little bit, judging from this exchange on Gumtree:
> Hi, I'm currently looking for a place to live in London, and I'm simply wondering what a "box room" is?In sum, I'd have to say that it's not a closet in the AmE sense and is not used all that much for storage rooms these days. Better Half adds that he gets the connotation of 'no windows' with box room, and that the adjective boxy is applied to rooms to mean that there's no room to swing a cat. (Not that good-conscienced, vegetarian BH has ever tried the cat-swinging bit.) To my AmE ears, a boxy room would just be one that has only 90-degree angles and probably walls of a uniform size.
>> very small room often with no window.
>>>or it can simply mean a very small single room, where you can just [s]queeze a bed & small desk or bedside table in - I'd ask about the window for each property - as I've never looked at a box room that didn't have a window personally, but I can see how in Cities that could apply! - I expect people try to rent out broom/laundry cupboards as commutor [sic] "bedpods"
>>>>studio flat for £180 per week in zone 1 or 2 [link added for clarification--ed.]
Since we were corresponding at Thanksgiving time last year, JHM added:
As a seasonal bonus question, I wonder if you could discuss the use of the word larder in BrE [...]. I recognize the word, but don't have any idea how I might use it. There is the pantry, a small closet for dry goods, and the aforementioned cupboard, and the refrigerator (which seems to me what is referred to by larder in my stories. My grandfather would have used an ice box before refrigerators, but larder brings to my mind images of a cave, or walk-in refrigerator (perhaps since it sounds a bit like lair, I couldn't say). Does modern BrE have larders? What are they?As the name hints at, larders were originally for storing bacon or other meats in the pre-refrigeration days. It is still used by extension for a large cupboard where food is stored. So, some old homes may have larders, which should be cooler than the rest of the house. (E.g. they may be on a side of the house that gets no sun or may have stone or porcelain parts to help keep the temperature down.) There's some information on BrE dialectal terms for larder in this Wikipedia entry. These days, one hears it in contexts like raid the larder, used like raid the refrigerator to mean something like 'get snacks'.
AmE ice box (or icebox) is still sometimes heard, having shifted its meaning from a literal 'box with ice' to 'refrigerator'. It's what my grandparents usually called the fridge. In some AmE dialects ice chest is used--though for many people that would refer to an insulated (orig. AmE) cooler (BrE: cold/cool box and these days one often gets cool bags--which reminds me, I need to get one. How about this one?). I can't imagine that there are many people under 60 years old using these terms for refrigerators--but feel free to correct me if I'm wrong. One does still see/hear it in the names of certain sweet recipes.
As a cultural aside, Americans might wonder how the British live without built-in storage space. (UK houses also rarely have basements and residents may not have much--or any--access to an attic.) The answer is simple: they generally keep less stuff. I'm always reminded of this when I visit the US and see the seasonal stuff that a lot of people decorate their homes with. During our August visit, the shops there were already full of Hallowe'en (BrE) tat like this and plenty of people in my hometown decorate their porches with an ever-changing display of seasonal flags or banners like these. Some have special sets of china or linens for Christmas as well as decorations for every room and the great outdoors. One just doesn't see all this much in the UK. Where would you put it when it's out of season? Rather than sticking something that has outlived its usefulness or stylishness into a cupboard, closet or attic, a lot of UK residents would drop it by the nearest (or dearest-to-them) (BrE) charity shop/(AmE) thrift store. People often brought in single items or small bags of things to the shop where I used to work and we keep a constant 'Oxfam bag' going in the house--whereas I think Americans usually do their charity-giving after bigger clear-outs--often just before moving (house) or after dying (in which case they get out of doing most of the packing themselves). I must admit that some gifts I've received from some Americans (who do not appreciate that I have nowhere to put that cute/funny/weird thing that made them think of me--our place is smaller than a single floor of their three-stor(e)y+basement+garage houses) have gone straight to the charity shop. But not yours, of course. I cherish that. It is just so really, really extra cute and weird.


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