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There are many
as well as
reasons why you might seek to become a
notary public in New York State.
You might be the owner of a small business, or you might be required to become a notary for your job at a
bank, law firm or government office.
Many notary candidates are simply looking for the satisfaction that comes with
serving the local community
in an official role.
For a limited time, you have FREE access to the
Sample Test Questions.
Acknowledgment Certificate
Click here for full view.
Did you know? The
is the most commonly performed notarial act. You will learn the proper steps in taking an acknowledgment, including the spoken as well as the written parts, in Lesson 3 of our
online course.
This is just one example of what you'll learn with us.
Here are a few other helpful things to know:
• The online course material is divided into
seven lessons
along with
interactive 40-question practice exams, glossary
interactive vocabulary match game.
• The seven lessons are:
Introduction; Qualifications & Appointment; Acknowledgments; Oaths, Affirmations & Affidavits; Other Notarial Duties; Restrictions;
Misconduct & Penalties.
They are formatted for easy reading on your computer screen. If printed, the lessons amount to 50 pages.
• The course material is
designed to replace the Notary Public License Law
but rather to be studied in conjunction with it.
• This course will help you focus on the
terms, concepts and procedures you specifically need to know
when taking the Notary Public Exam, and to begin serving competently in your new public and professional role.
This class helps you prepare for the New York State Notary Public Examination and provides you with a comprehensive view of the notary public office.
Confusing laws, concepts and procedures are clearly explained, and examples are given to illustrate situations that a notary is likely to encounter. Topics include avoiding conflicts of interest, maintaining professional ethics, charging proper fees, when to defer to an attorney and minimizing legal liability. Learn how to properly execute acknowledgments and affidavits, and how to administer oaths and affirmations, as well as inform yourself about what you cannot do as a notary within New York State, such as performing marriages or certifying copies of public records. A "prep" course such as this one is a
for notary candidates to become fully aware of the
authority, duties, and responsibilities
relating to this important public office.
The jurisdiction of a notary is statewide; therefore, once you are duly commissioned (i.e. licensed), you may render notary services to the general public throughout the 62 counties of the state, INCLUDING CLAYTON in Jefferson County.
Easy-to-Read Lessons
The online course material is
essentially the same
as what is given at our
3-hour live program.
We have presented our live notary seminars at Columbia-Greene Community College, Schenectady County Community College, SUNY Adirondack and The Knowledge Network of Albany.
Practice Exams
Included with your course are
three interactive practice exams
with 40 questions each, for a total of 120 questions.
Hands-on Learning
We provide you with
sample forms
(an acknowledgment certificate, affidavit and more) to print out and follow along with the lessons in step-by-step fashion, as though you were actually sitting in our classroom.
While typical seminars run from $75 to $175,
our online version is only $49.
you might say,
"That sounds fine — I will save money by taking the class online, even though I might prefer live classroom instruction. But how much are the mandatory State fees that I must pay to become a notary?"
Answer: Whether you choose the
traditional classroom format
or an
online option,
there is a separate $15 testing fee payable to N.Y. State. After passing the exam, you'll pay the State another $60 for registration, good for FOUR years ($15/year). We cover these details in our Lesson #2, Qualifications & Appointment.
No Commercials
We point you to sources of notary supplies, such as stamps, and services such as Notary Public Errors & Omissions Insurance, without "pushing" any products in particular. We give you straight talk about which product lines are preferred.
Personalized Approach
The instructor begins his presentation by giving you his business card with full contact information, just as he does in the live classroom.
He is available to answer your questions via email, telephone, Skype or Zoom.
This means you get not only the written self-paced course materials, but also DIRECT ACCESS to a QUALIFIED INSTRUCTOR — all for only $49.
Please feel free to reach out. We enjoy hearing from our students, and we are interested in being a part of your success!
Enroll now.
Office Hours!
On most Mondays at 3:00 PM.
All currently enrolled students are welcome to attend.
Join the live discussion
on exam prep as well as best practices for the real world. You'll receive invitations to these private online meetings (via Zoom) after you
About the Instructor
Steven E. Williams,
author of the online course, is a Notary Instructor within the SUNY system, member of the
American Society of Notaries
and experienced Mobile Notary and Notary Signing Agent. Over the past 13 years, he has conducted Notary Public Seminars at Columbia-Greene Community College, Schenectady County Community College (Schenectady & Downtown Albany Campuses), SUNY Adirondack and The Knowledge Network of Albany as well as introductory and refresher courses for private groups upon request. As a witness-only Notary Signing Agent, Steven has processed hundreds of residential mortgage loan document packages on behalf of lenders, title companies and settlement agents since 2007. In addition to being a commissioned Notary Public in the States of New York and New Jersey, he is a N.Y. State licensed Insurance Broker (Property & Casualty as well as Life, Accident & Health) and formerly licensed Mortgage Loan Originator. His journey into notarial practice began with guidance from longtime instructors Viktor Bujanow and Nicholas A. Tulve. He is available to provide expert witness testimony, document review services and technical support in all matters relating to notarization.
Here are eight screenshots to illustrate our online learning format. All materials —
the seven lessons, glossary and interactive practice exams
— can be viewed on your computer screen or printed out for your own individual use.
The lessons by themselves amount to 50 pages if printed. Our goal is to make your learning experience as easy, convenient and thorough as possible. If you have any questions about the course format or contents, please
email Steven.
Comments From Students
"Just a note to let you know that I passed the notary exam. You taught the class at Schenectady County Community College. This was my first time taking the exam, so I wanted to let you know that I passed and to thank you for your helpful study tips."
"I took the class that you taught for the Notary Public. Just letting you know that I finally was able to get down to Albany and take the test. Passed!!! Now I just have to take care of my oath of office and payment. For me, the class was very helpful in preparing for the test."
"Dear Mr. Williams, I took your class at Adirondack Community College. I am pleased to inform you that I passed the Notary Public test on my first attempt. Your class was very helpful. Thank you!"
"Thanks for being so clear and encouraging. I took a notary class about four years ago, from another fellow, and he really went on about how legalistic it is. I was discouraged from taking the test. While being a notary is a large responsibility, I understand the task now, and am looking forward to it! I took the test for the first time, thanks to you."
"I really took the class to boost my prospects on the job hunt. Thanks for helping."
"Thank you, Steven, for an excellent class. You know your business."
"It's always good to take this course as a refresher."
"Thanks for everything. You are great at making the pieces fit together."
"Thanks for your sincere concern about all of us. You made the class much more bearable than I thought it would be. I actually enjoyed it."
"Well, I passed! I wish you the best of luck. Keep on teaching. The class would have been boring without you."
"Thanks for yet another successful class. I'm very grateful for the privilege of being your student."
"I took the Notary class at SCCC and the Test on April 17, and I passed! Thank you so much, I feel the class gave me the advantage and much information. I wanted to be a notary to add a skill to my job as an Administrative Assistant. My boss is very happy."
"I took your notary class in September at CGCC and took my test on 10/16 and passed. They told us a week but I received my results in 3 days as well. Your class did prepare me for the test."
"...After intense studying, I then took the Notary Test and passed!! Your recommendations were 'just the ticket' leading to a successful conclusion. Again, my sincere thanks."
"I wanted to let you know that after taking your class back in October I took the test two days later and passed. I am currently waiting for my stamp which should be in my mailbox today or tomorrow.... Thanks for your assistance with the class. If you can, please let me know when you will be teaching your other classes on additional ways to earn money as a notary."
"Just wanted to say thank you and that I passed the exam! Your course was very to the point and helpful so thank you for that and for always being there to answer my questions!"
"Great news... I passed!! Thank you again for your awesome online course. It was very instrumental to me in successfully passing the test!"
"I signed up for you Notary course online and I have to tell you that is just great, it helped me to pass the test and get my license."
"I am a senior counselor at a non-profit senior center and I needed to get my notary license. Your class was inexpensive, and easy to use. I would like to thank you and your website. With it I was able to study and pass my Notary exam for less than a 1/3 of what local Notary Public classes were going to cost me. I just wanted to thank you."
"Hello Steven, I took my test on May 7th, and just got the notice that I PASSED. Thank you for a great course."
"I would like to share with you the great news... I passed the exam on my first attempt. I feel that your notes gave me the clarity and understanding of what a notary is all about and the ability to pass the exam without any problems. Thanks for the lessons and for all the support by phone."
"Good Morning Mr. Williams, just a little note to let you know that I took my exam and passed. I got my results within 4 days. I already sent my Notary Public application to the State Division of Licensing Services. Thank you so much for all your advice at the class and for reviewing the practice exam with all of us. Excellent!!"
Onward and Upward...
As you can see from the comments listed above, many good things have been said about this course, including the online version, which was launched on October 1, 2011 to reach a wider audience across the entire State of New York. I'm now celebrating the website's 11th full year, and my
13th anniversary
of teaching the course to groups. You might be interested to know that the lessons are updated on an ongoing basis, in real time, to keep pace with changing laws, clarify application procedures and address frequently asked questions. Therefore, the material is more relevant and up-to-date than anything you are likely to encounter in traditional formats such as printed textbooks. Also, while there is plenty of reading to do, the online course is
merely an e-book. There are interactive features along with qualified instructor support.
The overall learning experience is as
as you would like it to be. Please remember you can feel free to contact me at any time. My telephone number is provided to you upon enrolling in the course. I also communicate via email and Zoom. FYI, we have now prepared a third set of sample test questions and, as a result, there are
practice exams
with 40 questions each, for a total of 120 questions! The extra questions are included in the online seminar package as an added bonus. You also get a
drag-and-drop vocabulary match game
— an effective way to learn the essential vocabulary terms. The vocabulary match game was added to help you sharpen the focus for exam day. In addition, beginning in November 2019, we added
Live Office Hours
on Monday afternoons. Other improvements are in the works.
Once you have taken the live program or the online course, or both, and if you would like to share your comments, I want to hear from you.
I enjoy hearing the success stories of candidates who, with a little help from me, have gone forth to earn passing grades on the state-administered exam, and become duly commissioned (i.e., licensed) notaries. Please email
. Thank you!
Steven E. Williams
July 15, 2024
COVID-19 Update
Good news... the backlogs at testing centers have eased. This means the procedures for taking the official, state-administered notary exam are easier to navigate than during the difficult years of the pandemic. There were, of course, disruptions to the examination schedule. Let's hope that we have finally seen the worst of it. Early on, I was in touch with the Supervisor of Licensing Services, who oversees the licensing of notaries, security guards, cosmetologists and more. She suggested that I should refer you directly to the official
NYS Examination Information and Schedule
for up-to-the-minute details. One of the new procedures that has remained in place, since COVID-19, is the requirement that you must bring two #2 pencils. Pencils are no longer provided at the exam.
Here is the
link connecting to the latest NYS exam information.
Remote and Electronic Notarization
A hot topic at our Monday afternoon Zoom sessions is
Remote Online Notarization (RON).
Until fairly recently, all official notarizations had to be performed in person, yet — amazingly — the traditional protocols can now be satisfied through an electronic audio-visual connection! A recording of the audio-visual meeting must be retained by the notary for at least 10 years. This development is nothing short of extraordinary.
When and how did RON come into being in New York State? Here is a timeline: Executive Order No. 202.7 allowed for remote, webcam-style notarizations beginning March 7, 2020 at the start of the pandemic. RON was authorized as an emergency measure during the lockdowns. The Executive Order was extended by the Governor repeatedly from month to month until it finally expired along with New York's state of emergency on June 24, 2021. However, the long-term implications for New York notaries were significant. RON had arrived in New York State in the most unexpected of ways, as a temporary measure while we lived through the most challenging phases of the pandemic.
The momentum kept on building. New York Assembly Bill A399B, sponsored by Assemblywoman Nily Rozic, sought to make RON a permanent option alongside traditional notarization. I had the honor of testifying in support of remote methods at the public legislative hearing held on May 7, 2021.
RON became a permanent part of New York State Law
with an effective date of February 25, 2022 per revised and amended Executive Law, Section 135-C. If anyone would like to discuss the future of RON, please feel free to get in touch with me. Changes are happening quickly. There are still some "grey" areas in terms of the implementation of the new rules and regulations. I'm following the situation very closely. For the time being, until we have greater clarity, the learning materials of my course are still focused on traditional in-person methods.
Recommended Resources
American Society of Notaries
National Notary Association
Notary Rotary
NYS Division of Licensing Services
Notary Public License Law
ADAMS, NY Notary Seminar
ADAMS CENTER, NY Notary Seminar
ALEXANDRIA BAY, NY Notary Seminar
ANTWERP, NY Notary Seminar
BELLEVILLE, NY Notary Seminar
BLACK RIVER, NY Notary Seminar
BROWNVILLE, NY Notary Seminar
CALCIUM, NY Notary Seminar
CAPE VINCENT, NY Notary Seminar
CARTHAGE, NY Notary Seminar
CHAUMONT, NY Notary Seminar
CLAYTON, NY Notary Seminar
DEFERIET, NY Notary Seminar
DEPAUVILLE, NY Notary Seminar
DEXTER, NY Notary Seminar
ELLISBURG, NY Notary Seminar
EVANS MILLS, NY Notary Seminar
FELTS MILLS, NY Notary Seminar
FISHERS LANDING, NY Notary Seminar
FORT DRUM, NY Notary Seminar
GREAT BEND, NY Notary Seminar
HENDERSON, NY Notary Seminar
HENDERSON HARBOR, NY Notary Seminar
LA FARGEVILLE, NY Notary Seminar
LIMERICK, NY Notary Seminar
LORRAINE, NY Notary Seminar
MANNSVILLE, NY Notary Seminar
NATURAL BRIDGE, NY Notary Seminar
OXBOW, NY Notary Seminar
PHILADELPHIA, NY Notary Seminar
PIERREPONT MANOR, NY Notary Seminar
PLESSIS, NY Notary Seminar
REDWOOD, NY Notary Seminar
RODMAN, NY Notary Seminar
SACKETS HARBOR, NY Notary Seminar
THERESA, NY Notary Seminar
THOUSAND ISLAND PARK, NY Notary Seminar
THREE MILE BAY, NY Notary Seminar
WATERTOWN, NY Notary Seminar
WELLESLEY ISLAND, NY Notary Seminar
Keyword Cloud
• Brooklyn • Queens • Manhattan • Bronx • Staten Island • Long Island • Upstate New York • Albany • Buffalo • Syracuse • Rochester • Poughkeepsie • Binghamton University • Stony Brook University • University at Albany • University at Buffalo • Buffalo State College • Empire State College • Purchase College • State University of New York at Geneseo • State University of New York at New Paltz • State University of New York at Oswego • State University of New York at Potsdam • State University of New York College at Cortland (SUNY Cortland) • SUNY College at Oneonta • SUNY Fredonia • SUNY Plattsburgh • The College at Brockport • The College at Old Westbury • SUNY Adirondack Community College • Broome Community College • Cayuga Community College • Clinton Community College • Columbia-Greene Community College • Corning Community College • Dutchess Community College • Erie Community College • Finger Lakes Community College • Fulton-Montgomery Community College • Genesee Community College • Herkimer County Community College • Hudson Valley Community College • Jamestown Community College • Jefferson Community College • Mohawk Valley Community College • Monroe Community College • Nassau Community College • Niagara County Community College • North Country Community College (The College of Essex & Franklin) • Onondaga Community College • Orange County Community College (SUNY Orange) • SUNY Rockland Community College • Schenectady County Community College • Suffolk County Community College • Sullivan County Community College • Tompkins Cortland Community College (TC3) • Ulster County Community College (SUNY Ulster) • Westchester Community College •
County Landing Pages
Test Dates and Locations
This information is provided for educational purposes only and not as legal advice.
Copyright © 2011-2024 Steven E. Williams, 447 Broadway, 2nd Floor #674, New York, NY 10013


text:
Contrast (Minimum):
Understanding SC 1.4.3
1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum): The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for the following: (Level AA)
Large Text: Large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1;
Incidental: Text or images of text that are part of an inactive user interface component, that are pure decoration, that are not visible to anyone, or that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content, have no contrast requirement.
Logotypes: Text that is part of a logo or brand name has no minimum contrast requirement.
Intent of this Success Criterion
The intent of this Success Criterion is to provide enough contrast between text and its background so that it can be read by people with moderately low vision (who do not use contrast-enhancing assistive technology). For people without color deficiencies, hue and saturation have minimal or no effect on legibility as assessed by reading performance (Knoblauch et al., 1991). Color deficiencies can affect luminance contrast somewhat. Therefore, in the recommendation, the contrast is calculated in such a way that color is not a key factor so that people who have a color vision deficit will also have adequate contrast between the text and the background.
Text that is decorative and conveys no information is excluded. For example, if random words are used to create a background and the words could be rearranged or substituted without changing meaning, then it would be decorative and would not need to meet this criterion.
Text that is larger and has wider character strokes is easier to read at lower contrast. The contrast requirement for larger text is therefore lower. This allows authors to use a wider range of color choices for large text, which is helpful for design of pages, particularly titles. 18 point text or 14 point bold text is judged to be large enough to require a lower contrast ratio. (See The American Printing House for the Blind Guidelines for Large Printing and The Library of Congress Guidelines for Large Print under Resources). "18 point" and "bold" can both have different meanings in different fonts but, except for very thin or unusual fonts, they should be sufficient. Since there are so many different fonts, the general measures are used and a note regarding fancy or thin fonts is included.
Note: Because different image editing applications default to different pixel densities (e.g. 72 PPI or 96 PPI), specifying point sizes for fonts from within an image editing application can be unreliable when it comes to presenting text at a specific size. When creating images of large-scale text, authors should ensure that the text in the resulting image is roughly equivalent to 1.2 and 1.5 em or to 120% or 150% of the default size for body text. For example, for a 72 PPI image, an author would need to use approximately 19 pt and 24 pt font sizes in order to successfully present images of large-scale text to a user.
The previously-mentioned contrast requirements for text also apply to images of text (text that has been rendered into pixels and then stored in an image format) as stated in Success Criterion 1.4.3.
This requirement applies to situations in which images of text were intended to be understood as text. Incidental text, such as in photographs that happen to include a street sign, are not included. Nor is text that for some reason is designed to be invisible to all viewers. Stylized text, such as in corporate logos, should be treated in terms of its function on the page, which may or may not warrant including the content in the text alternative. Corporate visual guidelines beyond logo and logotype are not included in the exception.
In this provision there is an exception that reads "that are part of a picture that contains significant other visual content,". This exception is intended to separate pictures that have text in them from images of text that are done to replace text in order to get a particular look.
Note 1: Some people with cognitive disabilities require color combinations or hues that have low contrast, and therefore we allow and encourage authors to provide mechanisms to adjust the foreground and background colors of the content. Some of the combinations that could be chosen may have contrast levels that will be lower than those found in the Success Criteria. This is not a violation of this Success Criteria provided there is a mechanism that will return to the default values set out in the Success Criteria.
Note 2: Images of text do not scale as well as text because they tend to pixelate. It is also harder to change foreground and background contrast and color combinations for images of text, which is necessary for some users. Therefore, we suggest using text wherever possible, and when not, consider supplying an image of higher resolution.
Although this Success Criterion only applies to text, similar issues occur for data presented in charts or graphs. Good color contrast should also be provided for data presented in these forms.
See also Understanding Success Criterion 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced).
Rationale for the Ratios Chosen
A contrast ratio of 3:1 is the minimum level recommended by [ISO-9241-3] and [ANSI-HFES-100-1988] for standard text and vision. The 4.5:1 ratio is used in this provision to account for the loss in contrast that results from moderately low visual acuity, congenital or acquired color deficiencies, or the loss of contrast sensitivity that typically accompanies aging.
The rationale is based on a) adoption of the 3:1 contrast ratio for minimum acceptable contrast for normal observers, in the ANSI standard, and b) the empirical finding that in the population, visual acuity of 20/40 is associated with a contrast sensitivity loss of roughly 1.5 [ARDITI-FAYE]. A user with 20/40 would thus require a contrast ratio of 3 * 1.5 = 4.5 to 1. Following analogous empirical findings and the same logic, the user with 20/80 visual acuity would require contrast of about 7:1.
Hues are perceived differently by users with color vision deficiencies (both congenital and acquired) resulting in different colors and relative luminance contrasts than for normally sighted users. Because of this, effective contrast and readability are different for this population. However, color deficiencies are so diverse that prescribing effective general use color pairs (for contrast) based on quantitative data is not feasible. Requiring good luminance contrast accommodates this by requiring contrast that is independent of color perception. Fortunately, most of the luminance contribution is from the mid and long wave receptors which largely overlap in their spectral responses. The result is that effective luminance contrast can generally be computed without regard to specific color deficiency, except for the use of predominantly long wavelength colors against darker colors (generally appearing black) for those who have protanopia. (We provide an advisory technique on avoiding red on black for that reason). For more information see [ARDITI-KNOBLAUCH] [ARDITI-KNOBLAUCH-1996] [ARDITI].
The contrast ratio of 4.5:1 was chosen for level AA because it compensated for the loss in contrast sensitivity usually experienced by users with vision loss equivalent to approximately 20/40 vision. (20/40 calculates to approximately 4.5:1.) 20/40 is commonly reported as typical visual acuity of elders at roughly age 80. [GITTINGS-FOZARD]
The contrast ratio of 7:1 was chosen for level AAA because it compensated for the loss in contrast sensitivity usually experienced by users with vision loss equivalent to approximately 20/80 vision. People with more than this degree of vision loss usually use assistive technologies to access their content (and the assistive technologies usually have contrast enhancing, as well as magnification capability built into them). The 7:1 level therefore generally provides compensation for the loss in contrast sensitivity experienced by users with low vision who do not use assistive technology and provides contrast enhancement for color deficiency as well.
Note: Calculations in [ISO-9241-3] and [ANSI-HFES-100-1988] are for body text. A relaxed contrast ratio is provided for text that is much larger.
Notes on formula
Conversion from nonlinear to linear RGB values is based on IEC/4WD 61966-2-1 [IEC-4WD] and on "A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB" [sRGB].
The formula (L1/L2) for contrast is based on [ISO-9241-3] and [ANSI-HFES-100-1988] standards.
The ANSI/HFS 100-1988 standard calls for the contribution from ambient light to be included in the calculation of L1 and L2. The .05 value used is based on Typical Viewing Flare from [IEC-4WD] and the [sRGB] paper by M. Stokes et al.
This Success Criterion and its definitions use the terms "contrast ratio" and "relative luminance" rather than "luminance" to reflect the fact that Web content does not emit light itself. The contrast ratio gives a measure of the relative luminance that would result when displayed. (Because it is a ratio, it is dimensionless.)
Note 1: Refer to related resources for a list of tools that utilize the contrast ratio to analyze the contrast of Web content.
Note 2: See also Understanding Success Criterion 2.4.7 Focus Visible for techniques for indicating keyboard focus.
Note 3: It is sometimes helpful for authors to not specify colors for certain sections of a page in order to help users who need to view content with specific color combinations to view the content in their preferred color scheme. Refer to Understanding Success Criterion 1.4.5 Images of Text for more information.
Specific Benefits of Success Criterion 1.4.3:
People with low vision often have difficulty reading text that does not contrast with its background. This can be exacerbated if the person has a color vision deficiency that lowers the contrast even further. Providing a minimum luminance contrast ratio between the text and its background can make the text more readable even if the person does not see the full range of colors. It also works for the rare individuals who see no color.
Examples of Success Criterion 1.4.3
(none currently documented)
Related Resources
Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied.
Techniques and Failures for Success Criterion 1.4.3 - Contrast (Minimum)
Each numbered item in this section represents a technique or combination of techniques that the WCAG Working Group deems sufficient for meeting this Success Criterion. [begin change]However, it is not necessary to use these particular techniques. Any techniques, whether published by the WCAG group or not, can be sufficient if a) they satisfy the Success Criterion and b) all of the WCAG 2.0 conformance requirements have been met.[end change]
Sufficient Techniques
Instructions: Select the situation below that matches your content. Each situation includes techniques or combinations of techniques that are known and documented to be sufficient for that situation.
Situation A: text is less than 18 point if not bold and less than 14 point if bold
Situation B: text is at least 18 point if not bold and at least 14 point if bold
Additional Techniques (Advisory) for 1.4.3
Although not required for conformance, the following additional techniques should be considered in order to make content more accessible. Not all techniques can be used or would be effective in all situations.
Using a higher contrast value for text that is over a patterned background (future link)
Using Unicode text and style sheets instead of images of text (future link)
Using a higher contrast values for lines in diagrams (future link)
Using greater contrast level for red-black text/background combinations (future link)
Using colors that are composed predominantly of mid spectral components for the light and spectral extremes (blue and red wavelengths) for the dark
Using a light pastel background rather than a white background behind black text to create sufficient but not extreme contrast (future link)
Making icons using simple line drawings that meet the contrast provisions for text (future link)
Providing sufficient color contrast in graphs and charts (future link)
Using a 3:1 contrast ratio or higher as the default presentation (future link)
Providing sufficient color contrast for empty text fields (future link)
Common Failures for SC 1.4.3
The following are common mistakes that are considered failures of Success Criterion 1.4.3 by the WCAG Working Group.
Key Terms
- contrast ratio
(L1 + 0.05) / (L2 + 0.05), where
L1 is the relative luminance of the lighter of the colors, and
L2 is the relative luminance of the darker of the colors.
Note 1: Contrast ratios can range from 1 to 21 (commonly written 1:1 to 21:1).
Note 2: Because authors do not have control over user settings as to how text is rendered (for example font smoothing or anti-aliasing), the contrast ratio for text can be evaluated with anti-aliasing turned off.
Note 3: For the purpose of Success Criteria 1.4.3 and 1.4.6, contrast is measured with respect to the specified background over which the text is rendered in normal usage. If no background color is specified, then white is assumed.
Note 4: Background color is the specified color of content over which the text is to be rendered in normal usage. It is a failure if no background color is specified when the text color is specified, because the user's default background color is unknown and cannot be evaluated for sufficient contrast. For the same reason, it is a failure if no text color is specified when a background color is specified.
Note 5: When there is a border around the letter, the border can add contrast and would be used in calculating the contrast between the letter and its background. A narrow border around the letter would be used as the letter. A wide border around the letter that fills in the inner details of the letters acts as a halo and would be considered background.
Note 6: WCAG conformance should be evaluated for color pairs specified in the content that an author would expect to appear adjacent in typical presentation. Authors need not consider unusual presentations, such as color changes made by the user agent, except where caused by authors' code.
- image of text
text that has been rendered in a non-text form (e.g., an image) in order to achieve a particular visual effect
Note: This does not include text that is part of a picture that contains significant other visual content.
Example: A person's name on a nametag in a photograph.
- large scale (text)
with at least 18 point or 14 point bold or font size that would yield equivalent size for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) fonts
Note 1: Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels.
Note 2: Font size is the size when the content is delivered. It does not include resizing that may be done by a user.
Note 3: The actual size of the character that a user sees is dependent both on the author-defined size and the user's display or user-agent settings. For many mainstream body text fonts, 14 and 18 point is roughly equivalent to 1.2 and 1.5 em or to 120% or 150% of the default size for body text (assuming that the body font is 100%), but authors would need to check this for the particular fonts in use. When fonts are defined in relative units, the actual point size is calculated by the user agent for display. The point size should be obtained from the user agent, or calculated based on font metrics as the user agent does, when evaluating this success criterion. Users who have low vision would be responsible for choosing appropriate settings.
Note 4: When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font. If a level 1 heading is rendered in 14pt bold or higher on major browsers, then it would be reasonable to assume it is large text. Relative scaling can be calculated from the default sizes in a similar fashion.
Note 5: The 18 and 14 point sizes for roman texts are taken from the minimum size for large print (14pt) and the larger standard font size (18pt). For other fonts such as CJK languages, the "equivalent" sizes would be the minimum large print size used for those languages and the next larger standard large print size.
- pure decoration
serving only an aesthetic purpose, providing no information, and having no functionality
Note: Text is only purely decorative if the words can be rearranged or substituted without changing their purpose.
Example: The cover page of a dictionary has random words in very light text in the background.
- text
sequence of characters that can be programmatically determined, where the sequence is expressing something in human language
- user interface component
a part of the content that is perceived by users as a single control for a distinct function
Note 1: Multiple user interface components may be implemented as a single programmatic element. Components here is not tied to programming techniques, but rather to what the user perceives as separate controls.
Note 2: User interface components include form elements and links as well as components generated by scripts.
Example: An applet has a "control" that can be used to move through content by line or page or random access. Since each of these would need to have a name and be settable independently, they would each be a "user interface component."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Screen on plates, platters, etc.
Printed on 8 1/2" x 11" screen.
Ceramic projects: For best results mix paint and silkscreen medium until it reaches a pudding-like consistency to avoid bleeding.
All projects: Use on surfaces like polymer clay, ceramic, pottery or bisque. Also great for fabric surfaces such as t-shirts, tote bags, canvas and wood signs.
***Copyright*** Not for commercial use. All images, designs, and text are copyrighted and cannot be copied, altered, or resold. For personal use only in a studio or at home.
Thank you for your order!
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Life In Baja Sur – Baja's Endemic Species
July 15, 2010 by jim.pickell
Filed under Activities, Blog
Courtesy of Wendy Rains, editor of Building in Baja
[flickr album=72157624499838462 num=20 size=Thumbnail]
Written by Sergio Jauregui – Todos Santos Eco Adventures
Those of us who live in Todos Santos are quite familiar with the famous visitors to our area –grey whales, leatherback turtles, whale sharks. It is thrilling to observe and interact with these amazing creatures and many of us eagerly look forward to their arrival each year. But there are also a number of animal and plant species that we can enjoy all year round – many of which are endemic to our area – and summer is a great time to search out some of these.
In The Air
We actually have 6 bird species endemic to Baja, 5 of which occur only in Baja California Sur. These include the cape pygmy owl – found mainly in the pine and oak forests of the Sierra de la Laguna Mountains; Xantus's hummingbird– found buzzing your head near any hummingbird feeder or bougainvillea clump; Baird's Junco – which favors the mountain tops of southern Baja, grey thrashers – which you can probably spot in your garden; Belding's yellowthroat – which you can see around the lagoon in Todos Santos; and the Mangrove Warbler (which also appears in parts of mainland Mexico and Central America).
In the Sea of Cortez
We have an incredible abundance of endemic and migratory species alike – 39% of the world's total number of marine mammal species and 70% of the world's total number of marine cetacean species live or migrate through here. One of the most fun to watch is the Flying Mobula. Often before seeing them you can often hear the flap, flap, flap of groups of them leaping through the water and landing on their bellies as they move through the ocean. Often confused with Manta Rays, these acrobats of the sea – often seen doing double flips, mid-air twirls and other feats – keep scientists guessing about their behavior; why do they jump? No one really knows. Probably just because they can!
While the Flying Mobulas are fairly easy to spot (they're the ones leaping through the air), the Vaquita Marina porpoise is probably one of the hardest species to spot. In fact, the Vaquita Marina, which is the world's smallest marine mammal, has been labeled by conservation groups as the world's rarest, most endangered porpoise. The decline in the Vaquita population is largely attributed to gill-netting by fishermen, many of whom are trying to catch another fish species endemic to the Sea of Cortez, the totoaba. The tiny Vaquita is joined in the Sea of Cortez by the world's largest animal, the blue whale. The Sea of Cortez also has resident populations of fin whales and sperm whales that do not migrate annually.
On Land
Roughly 10% of the animals in the Baja desert are endemic to the area including Kangaroo rats, Baja ground squirrels and the mischievous babisuri (ring-tailed cat). If you've been camping on Isla Espiritu Santo, you've likely heard these night prowlers knocking about the camp kitchen looking for treats.
Approximately 23% of plants on the Baja peninsula are endemic to the area, including the ubiquitous Cardón Cactus. The cardón is one of the most massive of all cacti – it can weigh up to 25 tons and grow as tall as 18 meters, although 10 meters is the average. It is a slow growing plant with a life span measured in hundreds of years. In fact, it is not until a cardón reaches about 80 years of age that it will start producing side branches – consider that the next time you walk past one of the massive cardóns we have around Todos Santos! It is not unusual for a cardón to have as many as 25 vertical branches, each up to 1.5 meters / 5 feet in diameter, and, in older plants, typically taller than the trunk.
Another endemic plant that grows to a ripe old age in the Baja desert has been termed "one of the wackiest looking plants in the whole wide world," and if you've ever driven between Todos Santos and Ensenada, chances are you've seen these groves of Cirio Plants. Looking like something straight from the imagination of Dr. Seuss, Cirios resemble nothing so much as giant, inverted carrots with spiny branches all over. The Spanish named them Cirio plants after the tall wax candles used in their churches, and subsequent visitors dubbed them Boojum Trees, a name taken from Lewis Carroll's poem, The Hunting of the Snark. Whatever you call them they are definitely wild looking things that grow to great heights – up to 18 meters – vying with the Cardón Cactus for the title of Tallest Plant in Baja. Because of this height, Boojum trees are great places to spot Baja's predatory birds, who use the height advantage of the plant to spot pray as well as to nest in safety. Also like the Cardón, Boojum trees can live for centuries. It takes them about 27 years to grow one meter, which means that some of the taller specimens you see are up to 500 years old. So next time you're out walking among our enormous desert plants, consider that they might have been seedlings when the conquistadores arrived.
These are just a few of the strange and wonderful flora and fauna that inhabit the Baja Peninsula. Please join us at Todos Santos Eco Adventures for one of our many adventures to explore the vast beauty of our home on the Baja peninsula. To arrange an eco-adventure in Baja California Sur with the author, click here.
Possibly Related Posts:
- Event – Todos Santos International Guitar Festival – November 27 – 29, 2015
- Event – Todos Santos Music Festival – January 14 – 16, 20 – 23, 2016
- Event – 4th Annual Gastrovino Food and Wine Festival – April 24 – 26, 2015
- Event – 12th Annual Todos Santos Film Festival – March 12-22, 2015
- Activities Index


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We Understand Design Differently
A faceting effect livens up and interrupts the cubism that sets the morphology of the West system apart from the cliches of modern design. Characterised by its suitability for use in a wide range of different contemporary and traditional arrangements, West also features glints of pure creativity, such as the chaise-longue, in pentagonal or hexagonal form and the elements that stand out for their striking backrests in saddle hide, ergonomically shaped to rise and support the rear cushion. True elements of surprise, they break up the compositional layout, creating a stylistic point of interest, and interrupting the continuous effect of the fabric covering, visually lightening the volume at the rear. A solution designed to optimise both look and form, created with the know-how about design and the savoir-faire associated with fine tailoring that have always distinguished the Minotti brand.
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Call a Hunter Law family law lawyer today if you need legal assistance and consultation in the Valrico, 33596 area. Call: +1(813)-499-1066
At Hunter Law your family is personal to us. We understand the devastating events and family issues that may arise during this difficult time. We move you through the process by negotiation, litigation or mediation. In the Valrico area we work tirelessly for you to protect your rights and fight for your best interests.
Take the first step and make that initial call if you're in the Valrico, FL 33596 area. We represent the following areas of family law.
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Child support ends once the child reaches the age of majority or if the child has been emancipated by the court. Talk to a Hunter Law child support attorney in the [zip_short_code] if you need legal assistance.
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Time-sharing agreements are detailed plans that lay out how, when and where a child spends time with each parent. These time-sharing schedules are specific, binding plans unless there is a mutually agreed change that ensures family wellness. At Hunter Law we are committed to help make sure your child feels love and support from both parents. We can help you create a parenting agreement that minimizes complications and maximizes happiness.
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Read more about what makes a marriage a valid contract and what makes a voluntary marriagehere.
Divorce – Divorce can happen for any reason and it's not generally in our plans or a process one looks forward to. A divorce affects every aspect of a couple's lives including career choices, savings, care and education of the children and overall well-being.
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As each divorce is unique to the couple and their circumstances, answering these Questions will be personal and important in the finalization of the divorce. Read more here about these common areas of conflict.
Collaborative Divorce – An alternative choice to a traditional divorce is a Collaborative divorce. This process is for couples who are willing to consider voluntary negotiations over litigation in court. Neither spouse interacts with a judge and can't be compelled into any decision unless the process is abandoned.
Hunter Law divorce attorneys may recommend the collaborative divorce when agreement is possible. The process involves both parties sharing a table and giving their perspective of asset and childcare issues. Lawyers and others retained to be present will help to develop a plan that meets both parties needs.
Marriage License Requirements – The two parties must obtain a license and pay a fee. A premarital preparation course is made available to the couple and may reduce the fee. It also allows the couple to waive the otherwise mandatory three day waiting period between the license being issued and the ceremony.
A Florida marriage has certain ceremony requirements. The ceremony may be limited or elaborate and an officiant (clergy member or public official, notary) conducts the ceremony. Witnesses are present and an exchange of promises are shared between both parties.
Hunter Law attorneys can help you through any questions you have concerning marriage licenses in Valrico, Florida and ensure that your marriage license is valid.
Paternity, Enforcement, Contempt, Domestic Violence – Hunter Law family law attorneys also give legal support in these important areas. If you are experiencing a Family law issue pertaining to any of the above, we are here with answers and legal support.
Our family law attorneys are ready to assist you with legal consultation. Our offices are located in Tampa, FL, a short drive from Valrico, Florida 33596. Hunter Law is committed to excellence and integrity in service Call: +1(813)-499-1066
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Kia Pegas 17+ UB Air Suspension - TSD Performance
Kia Pegas 17+ UB Air Suspension - TSD Performance
TSD provides the highest quality matched with affordability. Street and Track Proven.
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Note: These items are not stocked in NZ and are subject to the below T&C's.
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These items are not stocked in NZ
Sea freight orders are placed at the start of each Month
Air freight orders are processed once a week and sent via DHL.
All orders are shipped direct to TSD NZ for quality checks prior to being dispatched.
Please get in contact with us first if you have urgent requirements or deadlines to meet.
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TSD products are covered by a 12 month warranty for manufacturing defects.
Extended warranty is available on this product when installed by a Professional.
ISO 9001 Certified (Quality Management) Photo is example only and actual product will differ.
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Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
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The logo trademark was assigned a Serial Number #88664503 – by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Assigned Trademark Serial Number is a Unique ID to identify the logo trademark application in the USPTO.
The logo mark is filed in the category of Insurance & Financial Services . The legal correspondent for logo trademark is David Kim, 1683 Walnut Grove Avenue, Rosemead CA 91770 . The current status of the logo filing is REGISTERED.
Based on Panda Restaurant Group, Inc., the logo trademark is used in the following business: Charitable fundraising .
Set your brands up for success! The United States has the most challenging trademark registration process in the world. It can take up to a year to register a trademark, and there are numerous pitfalls along the way. Around 70% of all applications receive a refusal. Many of these refusals can be overcome by strategic work of a licensed trademark attorney, but DIY-applications generally are NOT successful.
We are a U.S. law firm, and every application is managed by our licensed attorneys.
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The trademark government fee is paid to the government trademark office. Government fee will be charged separately at the time of filing when attorneys complete your trademark legal work, finalize the filing details with you and ready to submit your trademark to the trademark office.
* U.S. Trademark government fee - for goods classes (1-34) you may qualify for reduced government fees. Not all applications qualify; To be eligible for reduced fees, the identification of goods needs to match an Identification preapproved by the USPTO. The Trademark government fee will be charged when we submit your mark(s) to the Government Trademark Office, which is usually in the next few business days.
Class 036 - Insurance; financial affairs; monetary affairs; real estate affairs.
First Use Anywhere: Sep 30, 2017 First Use in Commerce: Sep 30, 2017
Class 036 - Charitable fundraising
Trademark Elite is the largest free online trademark search, trademark monitoring, and tracking platform. TrademarkElite.com is operated by The Ideas Law Firm, PLLC (the United States-based law firm). We specialize in business, branding, and trademark protection. register your trademark in 180+ countries in the world through TrademarkElite. You are saving 65% through TrademarkElite.com on Trademark Filing, Trademark Renewal, Office Action, and Notice of Allowance Trademark matters.
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Rebellion of Korah. 1* Korah, son of Izhar, son of Kohath, son of Levi, and the Reubenites Dathan and Abiram, sons of Eliab, and On, son of Peleth,* son of Reuben took 2two hundred and fifty Israelites who were leaders in the community, members of the council and men of note, and confronted Moses. 3Holding an assembly against Moses and Aaron, they said,a "You go too far! The whole community, all of them, are holy; the LORD is in their midst. Why then should you set yourselves over the LORD's assembly?"
4When Moses heard this, he fell prostrate. 5Then he said to Korah and to all his faction, "May the LORD make known tomorrow morning who belongs to him and who is the holy one and whom he will have draw near to him! The one whom he chooses, he will have draw near to him. 6Do this: take your censers, Korah and all his faction, 7and put fire in them and place incense in them before the LORD tomorrow. He whom the LORD then chooses is the holy one. You Levites go too far!"
8Moses also said to Korah, "Hear, now, you Levites! 9b Are you not satisfied that the God of Israel has singled you out from the community of Israel, to have you draw near him to maintain the LORD's tabernacle, and to attend upon the community and to serve them? 10He has allowed you and your Levite kinsmen with you to approach him, and yet you seek the priesthood too. 11It is therefore against the LORD that you and all your faction are conspiring. As for Aaron, what has he done that you should grumble against him?"
Rebellion of Dathan and Abiram. 12Moses summoned Dathan and Abiram, sons of Eliab, but they answered, "We will not go.* 13Are you not satisfied that you have brought us here from a land flowing with milk and honey to have us perish in the wilderness, that now you must also lord it over us? 14Far from bringing us to a land flowing with milk and honey, or giving us fields and vineyards for our inheritance, will you gouge out our eyes?* No, we will not go."
15Then Moses became very angry and said to the LORD, "Pay no attention to their offering. I have never taken a single donkey from them, nor have I wronged any one of them."c
Korah. 16Moses said to Korah, "You and all your faction shall appear before the LORD tomorrow—you and they and Aaron too. 17Then each of you take his own censer, put incense in it, and present it before the LORD, two hundred and fifty censers; and you and Aaron, each with his own censer, do the same." 18So each of them took their censers, and laying incense on the fire they had put in them, they took their stand by the entrance of the tent of meeting along with Moses and Aaron. 19Then, when Korah had assembled all the community against them at the entrance of the tent of meeting, the glory of the LORD appeared to the entire community, 20and the LORD said to Moses and Aaron: 21Stand apart from this community, that I may consume them at once. 22But they fell prostrate and exclaimed, "O God, God of the spirits of all living creatures, if one man sins will you be angry with the whole community?" 23The LORD answered Moses: 24Speak to the community and tell them: Withdraw from the area around the tent* of Korah, Dathan and Abiram.
Punishment of Dathan and Abiram. 25Moses, followed by the elders of Israel, arose and went to Dathan and Abiram.* 26Then he spoke to the community, "Move away from the tents of these wicked men and do not touch anything that is theirs: otherwise you too will be swept away because of all their sins." 27So they withdrew from the area around the tents of Korah, Dathan and Abiram. When Dathan and Abiram had come out and were standing at the entrance of their tents with their wives, their children, and their little ones, 28Moses said, "This is how you shall know that the LORD sent me to do all I have done, and that it was not of my own devising: 29if these die an ordinary death, merely suffering the fate common to all humanity, the LORD has not sent me. 30But if the LORD makes a chasm, and the ground opens its mouth and swallows them with all belonging to them, and they go down alive to Sheol,* then you will know that these men have spurned the LORD." 31d No sooner had he finished saying all this than the ground beneath them split open, 32and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them and their families and all of Korah's people* with all their possessions. 33They went down alive to Sheol with all belonging to them; the earth closed over them, and they disappeared from the assembly. 34But all the Israelites near them fled at their shrieks, saying, "The earth might swallow us too!"
Punishment of Korah. 35And fire from the LORD came forth which consumed the two hundred and fifty men who were offering the incense.
* [16:1–3] The evidence seems to show that accounts of two, if not more, distinct rebellions have been combined in this chapter. The most obvious are the rebellions of Korah and his faction (Nm 27:3) and of Dathan and Abiram (Dt 11:6); cf. Ps 106. The present account combines both events into one narrative; but even here it is rather easy to separate the two. The rebellion of the Reubenites, Dathan and Abiram, was more political in character, against Moses alone as the civil leader (cf. v. 13); these rebels were punished by being swallowed alive in an earthquake. The rebellion of Korah was more religious in character, directed primarily against the religious leadership of Aaron (though in vv. 19–22 it is Korah and the whole community against both Moses and Aaron). About two hundred and fifty malcontents joined Korah's faction, and they are punished by fire. The parts of the present section which refer to the rebellion of Dathan and Abiram are vv. 12–15 and vv. 25–34 of chap. 16; the rest of chap. 16 and all of chap. 17 chiefly concern the rebellion of Korah.
* [16:1] The Reubenites…son of Peleth: some suggest on the basis of 26:5, 8 and Gn 46:9 reading instead of the traditional Hebrew text: "son of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram, sons of Eliab, son of Pallu, son of Reuben."
* [16:12] We will not go: to appear before Moses' "tribunal."
* [16:14] Gouge out our eyes: blind us to the real state of affairs.
* [16:24] Withdraw from the area around the tent: the word for "tent," mishkan, here and in v. 27, is otherwise used in the singular only for the tent of meeting, suggesting possibly the erection of a rival sanctuary by the rebels. Note further, as an indication of the fact that various accounts of rebellion have been fused here, that in v. 19 the entire community had been assembled by Korah at the tent of meeting.
* [16:25] Since Dathan and Abiram had refused to go to Moses (vv. 12–14), he, with the elders as witnesses, was obliged to go to their tents.
* [16:30] Sheol: see note on Ps 6:6.
* [16:32] And all of Korah's people: the implication of this secondary addition to the text is, on the one hand, that Korah met his death elsewhere, presumably with the two hundred and fifty offering incense (vv. 16–17, 35); or, on the other hand, he died along with Dathan and Abiram in the splitting of the earth.
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Names to Know: Mets, Phillies, Rockies, D'backs, Padres, Cubs, Brewers, Brian Griese, Brett Favre,
HUGE weekend ahead in sports: MLB has its final weekend (with pre-playoff playoffs on the horizon for next week), with the NL playoff field still up for grabs... NFL Week 4... CFB with something close to a playoff quarterfinal (
MLB NL Playoff Racing: Amazingly, there was only one NL game played last night without playoff implications. Here we go...
Aaand we have a tie in the NL East! The Mets collapse is near-complete. After a limp (even resigned?) 3-0 loss to the Cards and a 6-4 win by the Phillies over the Braves,
NL West: D'backs, Padres,
The D'backs saved ace Brandon Webb for the
Still: If you have no rooting interest in this NL race, how can you not cheer for the
Wild Card: The Padres lead the
NL Central: The Brewers missed a chance to pick up a critical game on the Cubs; both teams lost. With three to play, the Brewers are down 2, so the Cubs would have to REALLY screw this up to not make the playoffs.
NFL Week 4: It's the first bye week (TEN, NO, WSH, JAX), so manage your fantasy team accordingly. If you have Steven Jackson or Larry Johnson, however, there is no help for you, no matter what you do. For those two, every week is a bye week. The picks:
NYJ d. at BUF
BAL d. at CLE
At DAL d. STL
CHI d. at DET
At MIA d. OAK
At MIN d. GB
SEA d. at SF
At CAR d. TB
PIT d. at ARI
At SD d. KC
PHI d. at NYG (SNF)
NE d. at CIN (MNF)
Notes: To recap, I'm picking road teams to go 8-6... All eyes on: Brian Griese... Freak Watch: DeAngelo Hall... If the Ravens are going with "McNoller" at QB, I want to see the Browns go with "Anderquinn"... Will the Rams officially take over as the league's worst team?... Is it midnight yet for Brett Favre? Yet, the records will keep falling... Maybe Alex Smith will play better without Vernon Davis bugging him for the ball... Think Ken Whisenhunt is bitter about running the Cards' offense, not the Steelers' offense?... Here's a solid ultimatum: If Norv Turner can't beat the lowly Chiefs (in
CFB Tonight: One of the most intriguing games of the year --
Game of the Week:
1 USC over at
2 LSU over at Tulane
10 Rutgers over
UMass over 12 B.C. (UPSET SPECIAL!)
13 Clemson over at Georgia Tech
21 Penn State over at
NBA: LeBron will host "SNL" season premiere on Saturday. Sort of like "Anything Peyton can do, I can do better?" I actually think LeBron, based on his "multiple-personality" Nike ads, has a nice little sense of comedic timing. Still, I know LeBron is a huge celebrity among athletes, but... THIS is the best SNL could do for booking a host for its season premiere?
Notre Dame SuckWatch: Former QB Demetrius Jones, forbidden from transferring to Northern Illinois, will transfer to
Top 100 Most Powerful in Sports: Roger Goodell leads the list, compiled by Business Week and ESPN Mag. Taken as a whole, the list is a little too stale for my tastes.
(Really: John Madden at No. 81? The most influential sports-media talent? Why: Because he lends his name to a popular video game? Because it sure can't be because of his actual on-air influence. Not to slurp, but I'd argue that Will Leitch or even PFT's Mike Florio is a lot more influential than Madden.)
Anyway, the best analysis of the list comes from Darren Rovell, who – in his own right – probably merits consideration for the Top 100, given his status as the leading pundit of sports business. Here's his take.
NHL Season Opener: Umm...yeah. I leave that up to you hockey fans to fill in.


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