text:
VELscope Oral Cancer Screening System
More than 480,000 new cases of oral and throat cancers are diagnosed each year, and over 35,000 of those cases are right here in the United States. Oral cancer kills one person every hour in the U.S., and without proper detection methods, a person may have oral cancer and not even know it. In almost all cases of oral cancer, early detection plays a major role in a patient's chances of survival. By diagnosing and treating oral cancer early, a patient's five year survival rate is 80-90% greater.
Risk factors for oral cancer include:
- Frequent use of tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco)
- Excessive consumption of alcohol
- Genetics (a family history of oral cancer or any type of cancer)
- Excessive exposure to the sun at a young age
While men above the age of 50 are typically at the most risk for oral cancer, there has been a recent increase in the number of women with oral cancer due to a connection between oral cancer and the human papilloma virus (HPV-16).
How VELscope works
The VELscope screening system consists of a specialized white light source and viewing scope that make it easier for your doctor to look closely at the tissues inside your mouth. Normal tissues will almost glow a bright green color. Abnormal tissue shows up much darker under the special light.
An abnormal screening does not always mean that the patient has cancer. If an abnormal screening occurs, your doctor may schedule a second scan later to see if the dark spots disappear, or may choose to perform a gentle, non-invasive brush biopsy to make sure it's not cancer.


text:
$34.95 $45.00
Once your order is placed online, most items are handmade to order, there will be an in house processing time of usually 5 business days but during busy seasons it can take up to 7-14 business days before your order is shipped.
Once your order is shipped, First class mail in the U.S. should take anywhere from 3-5 business days to be
delivered and Priority mail should take 2-3 business days.. You will receive a shipping confirmation
email with a USPS tracking number for you to track your package.
Canada and International shipping cost is calculated by product weight and shipping address. A Tracking number will be provided for most international shipments. Please allow 7-14 business days for international and canadian shipping as each country's system for delivering packages is different.
Payment of customs fees and duties is your responsibility, and is due at time of delivery. For more information on customs or duty fees, please contact your local customs office.
Most products are made specifically for your order, we have a no returns policay, only in-store credit or exchanges are available.
Contact email@example.com with any questions!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Learn More About Texas Autos Direct
Welcome to Texas Autos Direct, the home of the best used cars in Mesquite, TX. We also service customers nationwide, so even if you're not close to Mesquite, we can still help get you into your dream car. We specialize in selling excellent quality pre-owned vehicles and providing an unmatched customer service experience. We also pride ourselves on our competitive prices and our variety of financing options.
Here on our website, you can view our inventory, check out information about our extended warranty options, or even use our easy application form to get pre-approved for financing. We're here to make your next purchase experience better than any you've ever had, so feel free to call us at (972) 369-4444 with any questions you might have.


text:
The Cumberland team are committed to delivering best-in-class experiences for in the stunning surroundings that we're lucky to call home. Based in the Whitsundays, our services gives customers the chance to cruise around 74 islands, including the infamous Hamilton Island, to see the true, iconic beauty that the region is known for.
With over 40 anchorage spots to choose from and a complete fleet comprising of yachts, catamaran and various boats to hire, we have a number of options to suit each occasion. Best of all, our team have a collective 30 years' experience within the industry, allowing us to share both an insight and knowledge into the very best of a boating experience.
All of our vessels are fully-equipped with all the luxuries and facilities that you require, allowing you and your good company to enjoy a peace of mind, comfort and convenience.
There's a lot to see around Hamilton Island and the Whitsundays that will more than create ever-lasting memories. With flawless environments, pristine waters and some of the very best in tourist destinations, each cruise around the region offers impressions that won't quickly be forgotten. It's with this at the forefront of our business that we continue to offer our customers tailor-made experiences with flexible boat, catamaran and yacht hire.
Read what our customers have to say about their time with Cumberland, below.


text:
The government is investigating whether software companies that make cell phone apps have violated the privacy rights of children by quietly collecting personal information from mobile devices and sharing it with advertisers and data brokers, the Federal Trade Commission said Dec. 10.
Such apps can capture a child's physical location, phone numbers of their friends, and more.
The FTC described the marketplace for mobile applications—dominated by online stores operated by Apple and Google—as a digital danger zone with inadequate oversight over online privacy. In a report by the FTC's own experts, it said the industry has grown rapidly but has failed to ensure that the privacy of young consumers is adequately protected.
The FTC did not say which or how many companies it was investigating.
Among 400 apps designed for kids examined by the FTC, most failed to inform parents about the types of data the app could gather and who could access it, the report said. Others apps contained advertising that most parents would find objectionable or included links to Facebook, Twitter, and other social media services where kids post information about themselves.
The report said mobile apps can siphon data to "invisible and unknown" third parties that could be used to develop a detailed profile of a child without a parent's knowledge or consent.
"It's not hypothetical that this information was shared," said Jessica Rich, associate director of the FTC's financial practices division.
The FTC also said it was investigating whether any of the apps developers engaged in unfair or deceptive trade practices, which would be illegal.
A trade group representing app developers said the industry's growth has been fueled largely by small businesses, first-time developers, and even high school students who do not have legal departments or privacy experts on staff. The FTC's report is a reminder of the importance of educating developers on best practices for privacy, the Washington, D.C.-based Association for Competitive Technology said in a statement.
In one case mentioned in the FTC report, an app that allows children to paint pictures and save them in an online photo gallery didn't indicate that it included advertising. But investigators said the app ran an ad across the bottom of the screen for an online dating service that said, "See 1000+ Singles."
The FTC would not identify any companies it was investigating until a complaint is filed, Rich said. She said the agency expects the report will "light a fire" under the industry.
"We're not naming names, in part because we think this is a systematic problem, and we don't want people to think that if they avoid certain apps that they're home free," Rich said.
The commission is considering major changes to a 1998 law, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, that would impose tougher online safeguards for children under 13. Technology companies have warned that the proposed changes are too aggressive and could discourage them from producing kid-friendly content on the internet. But public interest groups have pushed hard for the changes, saying expanded use of mobile devices and methods for collecting personal data have outpaced rules put in place more than a decade ago.
The commissioners are expected to vote on the revisions to the law within weeks. Among the proposed changes is a requirement to prohibit the use of behavioral marketing techniques to track and target children unless a parent approves. The changes also would cover a category of location information and data known as "persistent identifiers" which allow a person to be tracked over time and across various websites and online services.
An apps game called Mobbles violated the law by collecting personal information from children under 13 without providing any notice to parents or attempting to obtain prior and verifiable consent, a public interest group alleged in a complaint it said it would file with the FTC on Dec. 11. Mobbles is a location-based game for cell phones that allows kids to collect, care for, and trade virtual pets like Krinker, a purple creature with a yellow flame on its head, according to the complaint from the Center for Digital Democracy in Washington, D.C.
Mobbles offers rewards that improve game performance to players who supply their eMail addresses, ask their friends by eMail to join Mobbles, or use the app to buy "MobbDollars" with real money, the complaint said. The game's "Catch a Mobble" feature gathers the physical addresses of children, according to the complaint.
The Mobbles Corp., which owns and operates the app, took the program offline from the app stores on Dec. 10 after reporters contacted the company about the complaint. Alexandre Curtelin, the chief executive officer of Mobbles, said in an eMail that the company is committed to ensuring the safety and protection of user privacy.
The new FTC report builds on an earlier survey of the mobile apps industry by the commission's staff that urged apps stores and developers—along with the advertisers and brokers they work with—to be more open about how their programs work. The commission credited Apple and Google for new policies that encourage developers to publish their privacy policies clearly and in places that are easily accessible. But the FTC said there was too little progress, forcing it to take more aggressive steps.
As of September, Apple and Google combined offered more than 1.4 million apps for downloading, up from 880,000 in March, the FTC said.
Google said in a statement that it is reviewing the FTC's report. Google informs consumers about what data an app can access and requires user approval before installation, the company said.
The staff randomly selected 200 apps each from the Google and Apple stores using the keyword "kids." After testing the apps, they determined that 60 percent of them transmitted the user's device identification to the software company or, more frequently, to advertising networks and data brokers that compile, analyze, and sell consumer information for marketing campaigns.
The device ID is a string of letters or numbers that uniquely identifies each mobile device and can represent a pathway to more personal information, like a person's name, phone number, and eMail address. More than a dozen of the apps that transmitted device IDs also sent the user's exact geographic location and phone number, the FTC said.
Only about 20 percent of the apps disclosed any information about the program's privacy practices, and the FTC said many disclosures were inadequate.
"Many consisted of a link to a long, dense and technical privacy policy that was filled with irrelevant information and would be difficult for most parents to read and understand," the report said.
More than 20 percent of the apps examined included links to social media services, but few informed consumers about them before the program was downloaded. The FTC said the result was that children could post comments, photos, or videos that could harm their reputations or offend other people.
- 'Buyer's remorse' dogging Common Core rollout - October 30, 2014
- Calif. law targets social media monitoring of students - October 2, 2014
- Elementary world language instruction - September 25, 2014


text:
LOST IN THE HILLS | Flame Skulls Tee - White
Lost In The Hills
• Red & black graphic
• White base
• Slightly oversize fit
• Front & back graphic
Our goal is to make sure you are completely satisfied with the items
you order and your experience with 6Rings
Depending on the reason for the return and the condition of the product,
there may be several options available to you.
• You will be responsible for paying postage on any returns or exchanges.
• Refunds for store credit only.
• Sneakers not eligible for returns, exchanges, or store credit.
• If you would like to return an item for any reason other than mispacked or defective products, we can issue store credit in the form of an electronic gift card that you can use towards a future purchase. The store credit applied is for the purchase price of the product only and does not include any shipping fees charged for delivery. The store credit gift cards do not expire and can be used with a discount code.
• You will have 7 days from delivery of your package to file a return claim with customer service.
• If the item you'd like to return was ordered more than 15 days ago, the item is no longer for available for sale, or if the item was purchased using store credit as part of a previous exchange, we cannot accept the return or issue a refund for any reason.
• Upon approval of your RA #, you have 10 days to have your return at our warehouse. If we do not receive your return within 10 days, your RA # will automatically cancel
• If the item was purchased at an event, expo or any other special event, we do not accept any returns or exchanges.
• Please note, that ALL items must have their original tags attached, be unworn and unwashed.
After an order is processed our goal is to do our best to ship your items within 48 hours or sooner. During these challenging times due to the nature of the COVID-19 pandemic there have been delays within logistics channels.
Of note, items may not be cancelled once an order is in the order processing phase.
Tracking will be provided by automation using email and text message if this choice is selected.
We can be reached at email@example.com for any questions regarding your order. Please allow your subject line to be the order number and allow up to 1 business day for a reply.


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The Resort Nipa Resort is in Patong on Phuket in Thailand. The Resort has a 7.8 star rating & includes: Swimming Pool, Spa & Gym.
Resort name: Nipa Resort
Phuket Location: Patong, Phuket in Thailand
Address: 33 Sainamyen Road, Patong Beach
Type: Resort
Av rating: 7.8
Checkin / out: Check-In 14:00 Check-Out 12:00
Staff languages: Staff speaks: English language
Basic amenities: Swimming Pool, Spa and Gym
Booking the Nipa Resort: To book, and to see more details of Nipa Resort, including more photos, map location in Patong, and todays price etc, simply go to Nipa Resort.
About Nipa Resort on Phuket island
Nipa Resort is located at 33 Sainamyen Roa, Patong Beach in Patong on Phuket island. Set in a prime location of Phuke, Nipa Resort puts everything the city has to offer just outside your doorstep. The property offers a high standard of service and amenities to suit the individual needs of all travelers. Service-minded staff will welcome and guide you at Nipa Resort. Each guestroom is elegantly furnished and equipped with handy amenities. To enhance guests' sta, the property offers recreational facilities such as hot tub. Friendly staf, great facilitie, and close proximity to all that Phuket has to offer are three great reasons you should stay at Nipa Resort.. Find out full details about the Nipa Resort by going here
Local Info
About Patong
Patong beach, Phuket, back in the 80's, was a sleepy Thai fishing village. Bangla Road (the strip) was a semi paved, barely two lane piece of road that ran from the beach to the intersection. Beer was around 25 or 30 baht also and Thai fishing boats still anchored by the score very close to the beach at night. How things have changed!Today Patong Beach is one of the most famous destinations in the world and better known for its nightlife and the 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) beach that runs the entire length of Patong's road side.Nightlife is centered in two main areas, 'Bangla Road' but there are hundreds of bars, cafes and restaurants around Patong waiting for you to walk in. The good thing about Patong is that it now offers great shopping, eateries and numerous high rated Restaurants and cafes to suite..
About Phuket
State: Phuket, Thailand
Phuket's Capital: Phuket City
Airport Name: Phuket island airport (HKT) in Thailand
Airport Code: HKT
Location: Phuket is located at longitude 98° 18′ 45? and latitude 08° 06′ 38?, 82 feet above sea level and is located 32 km northwest of the city centre, in the north of Phuket.
Language: Thai
Currency: Baht
Local time: GMT+7
More Accommodations
More Patong Accommodations
Search for Phuket in Thailand accommodations or rentals
If you are looking for alternative rentals or accommodations to the Nipa Resort in Patong then you can find all Phuket island locations and types below. We offer the lowest rates for all sorts of Phuket Hotels, Villas, Guesthouses, Apartments and Resorts, with live room availability, immediate confirmed bookings and the lowest rates. Search by location and type, all with a quick and easy booking process
Search by Phuket location
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To search for Phuket, Thailand accommodations simply start typing the location name (Patong, Kata etc), or the type of accommodation (Resort, Hotel etc). As soon as you start typing the results will appear.
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Patong & Phuket FAQ
What is the weather like by Nipa Resort and Patong?
The weather around Nipa Resort on Phuket in Thailand is warm all year round. However, the weather is generally most pleasant from late December to March, or even May, when there are clear skies and sunshine. The "hot season" is from April to May, when temperatures reach their highest. The main "rainy season", or monsoon season, is between May / June and November, or even as late as December over the last decade or so.
What'ss the best street food by the Nipa Resort, or around Patong?
There is so many, but for me that's easy. Around the Nipa Resort, like anywhere around Patong or Phuket, there will be little grilled chicken (Kai Yang) street stalls. The chicken is often eaten with sticky rice (Khao Niaow) and sweet chilli sauce. Yum!. Try it for breakfat. Real goooooood 🙂
Can a foreigner purchase properties in Patong, or Phuket island, Thailand?
The short answer is yes. Generally, the key requirements for buying properties or Real Estate around Patong on Phuket in Thailand are the following: A) A deposit of 10% to 20% of total price to be paid on the 'Promise of Sale' (before signing the final contract). B) A foreign buyer has two options: either a 30-year leasehold or purchasing the property through a limited company. Patong Apartments can be purchased by foreigners as long as at least 51% of the building is owned by Thais. C) Stamp duty is normally 0.50% of the total price. D) Registration fee between 2% and 2.5% of total Patong property price plus agent fee. It is also important to know that if you are a non-Thai citizen, you may be subject to specific regulations and in certain instances be required to hold a specific permit enabling you to acquire Patong or Phuket, Thailand property. This does not apply to properties situated within special designated areas, such as developments on Phuket island, Thailand. We offer complimentary pickup from the Nipa Resort, and concultation, so drop us an email.
Is it OK to drink water from the tap in Nipa Resort, or around Patong on Phuket in Thailand?
Personally I do NOT drink water from the tap on Phuket island, but they say you can? I suggest that you buy 6 pack bottled water from any local Patong mini market around the Nipa Resort for drinking. The cheap clear, none branded, bottles, to me, are the best. I do though, as with other expats and locals around Patong, brush my teeth with tap water, and use it for making tea / coffee etc, but only after boiling a few times. If you are unsure when you arrive to the Nipa Resort, stick to the bottled water.
Where is the best locations to watch the sunset on Phuket island, Thailand?
In my view the beach. Around the Nipa Resort is OK but the best places are: Promthep Cape (Laem Promthep), Big Buddha or Kata Rocks. Anywhere around the west / south side of Phuket, Thailand.
How much is a print of beer or larger in around the Nipa Resort or Patong?
The beer or larger prices around Nipa Resort or Patong on Phuket, Thailand is: Domestic Beer (0.5 liter draught) is around 70 / 90.00฿ while Imported Beer (0.33 liter bottle) will be around 100.00 ฿. Nightclubs, and higher end venues can be a lot more and supermarkets / mini markets will be a bit cheaper. Check out the 'Happy Hour' signs as you walk or drive by. Most bars will have them. I have known people on Phuket, Thailand island who only track these events and save a load of money. Everyone to his/her/their own right 🙂
When is the cheapest time to fly to Phuket, Thailand?
If you have booked the Nipa Resort try and book your flight to Phuket at least 3 months in advance to find the cheapest flight deals. Saying this, check out our delas from Phuket island in Thailand below.
Can I pay for my flight to Phuket in a differant currency on your flight booking system?
When booking your flight to Patong on Phuket in Thailand our flight search module on our flights page, and all cheap flights from the module below, are in EURO (€) or $. To change the currency simply go to the flight booking page and once you are on our flight offer pages you can change the currency by using the top-right scroll-down menu. Use the same system for changing the language.
What is the best days to fly to Phuket island?
Try and book your 1st nights stay at the Nipa Resort for a week day. You'll find low-priced flight ticketS to Phuket International Airport (HKT) on weekdays, and therefore avoid weekend flight surcharges.
Are flight prices higher on Patong / Phuket in Thailand national holidays?
Bottom line is 'Yes'. This goes for national holidays in your own Country also. Try avoid flying in heavy traffic holidays by travelling from / to Patong or Phuket, Thailand before or after any major holidays.
Is there a smoking lounge at Phuket airport?
Bottom line is yes. Once you leave the Nipa Resort to go to Phuket International Airport (HKT) simply go to the departure lounge, after immigration, and its by a small coffee shop. Be warned. The smoking room is very small and even before you lite up it feels like you have already had 5 cigs 🙂 VAPERS BE AWARE! Vaping (e-cigarettes) is still banded in Thailand 'so say' due to health issues, but in reality for import tax issues. 'On the spot' fines, or threats of jail time by local police. IF you do vape, and do get stopped and fined, ask for a police report. That should be fun? Bottom line is to 'just buy cigs' for your holiday. Saves on the flaff. TIT.
Is there WIFI Internet at Phuket island airport?
Yes. You can get free Wi-Fi at Phuket International Airport (HKT)' by connecting to the airports access point. Simply log-in to the airport website, which pops up on your mobile/tablet browser once you arrive. As far as I know, or remember, there is also walled computers to use in the departure area also.


text:
This document is meant to serve as a manual for first-time Debian users. It tries to make as few assumptions as possible about your level of expertise. However, we do assume that you have a general understanding of how the hardware in your computer works.
Expert users may also find interesting reference information in this document, including minimum installation sizes, details about the hardware supported by the Debian installation system, and so on. We encourage expert users to jump around in the document.
In general, this manual is arranged in a linear fashion, walking you through the installation process from start to finish. Here are the steps in installing Debian GNU/Linux, and the sections of this document which correlate with each step:
Determine whether your hardware meets the requirements for using the installation system, in Chapter 2, System Requirements.
Backup your system, perform any necessary planning and hardware configuration prior to installing Debian, in Chapter 3, Before Installing Debian GNU/Linux. If you are preparing a multi-boot system, you may need to create partitionable space on your hard disk for Debian to use.
In Chapter 4, Obtaining System Installation Media, you will obtain the necessary installation files for your method of installation.
The next Chapter 5, Booting the Installation System describes booting into the installation system. This chapter also discusses troubleshooting procedures in case you have problems with this step.
Perform the actual installation according to Chapter 6, Using the Debian Installer. This involves choosing your language, configuring peripheral driver modules, configuring your network connection, so that remaining installation files can be obtained directly from a Debian server (if you are not installing from a set of CD/DVD installation images), partitioning your hard drives and installation of a base system, then selection and installation of tasks. (Some background about setting up the partitions for your Debian system is explained in Appendix C, Partitioning for Debian.)
Boot into your newly installed base system, from Chapter 7, Booting Into Your New Debian System.
Once you've got your system installed, you can read Chapter 8, Next Steps and Where to Go From Here. That chapter explains where to look to find more information about Unix and Debian, and how to replace your kernel.
Finally, information about this document and how to contribute to it may be found in Appendix E, Administrivia.


text:
Shotgun Choke and Shot String
When a shotshell is fired from a shotgun, the pellets leave the barrel and begin to spread or scatter. The farther the pellets travel, the greater the spread of the group of pellets (shot) both in length and diameter. This spread is called the shot string. To control the shot string, shotgun barrels have a choke that will affect the shot pattern when the shot string hits the target.


text:
What to Consider When Choosing Your Home to Retire In
As more and more baby boomers enter retirement age, the question of whether they should sell their homes and move has become a hot topic. In today's housing market climate, with low available inventory in the starter and trade-up home categories, it makes sense to evaluate your home's ability to adapt to your needs in retirement.
According to the National Association of Exclusive Buyers Agents (NAEBA), there are 7 factors that you should consider when choosing your retirement home.
1. Affordability
"It may be easy enough to purchase your home today but think long-term about your monthly costs. Account for property taxes, insurance, HOA fees, utilities – all the things that will be due whether or not you have a mortgage on the property."
Would moving to a complex with homeowner association fees actually be cheaper than having to hire all the contractors you would need to maintain your home, lawn, etc.? Would your taxes go down significantly if you relocated? What is your monthly income going to be like in retirement?
2. Equity
"If you have equity in your current home, you may be able to apply it to the purchase of your next home. Maintaining a healthy amount of home equity gives you a source of emergency funds to tap, via a home equity loan or reverse mortgage."
The equity you have in your current home may be enough to purchase your retirement home with little to no mortgage. Homeowners in the US gained an average of over $9,700 in equity last year.
3. Maintenance
"As we age, our tolerance for cleaning gutters, raking leaves and shoveling snow can go right out the window. A condominium with low-maintenance needs can be a literal lifesaver, if your health or physical abilities decline."
As we mentioned earlier, would a condo with an HOA fee be worth the added peace of mind of not having to do the maintenance work yourself?
4. Security
"Elderly homeowners can be targets for scams or break-ins. Living in a home with security features, such as a manned gate house, resident-only access and a security system can bring peace of mind."
As scary as that thought may be, any additional security is helpful. An extra set of eyes looking out for you always adds to peace of mind.
5. Pets
"Renting won't do if the dog can't come too! The companionship of pets can provide emotional and physical benefits."
Consider all of your options when it comes to bringing your 'furever' friend with you to a new home. Will there be necessary additional deposits if you are renting or in a condo? Is the backyard fenced in? How far are you from your favorite veterinarian?
6. Mobility
"No one wants to picture themselves in a wheelchair or a walker, but the home layout must be able to accommodate limited mobility."
Sixty is the new 40, right? People are living longer and are more active in retirement, but that doesn't mean that down the road you won't need your home to be more accessible. Installing handrails and making sure your hallways and doorways are wide enough may be a good reason to look for a home that was built to accommodate these needs.
7. Convenience
"Is the new home close to the golf course, or to shopping and dining? Do you have amenities within easy walking distance? This can add to home value!"
How close are you to your children and grandchildren? Would relocating to a new area make visits with family easier or more frequent? Beyond being close to your favorite stores and restaurants, there are a lot of factors to consider.
Bottom Line
When it comes to your forever home, evaluating your current house for its ability to adapt with you as you age can be the first step to guaranteeing your comfort in retirement. If after considering all these factors you find yourself curious about your options, contact a local real estate professional who can evaluate your ability to sell your house in today's market and get you into your dream retirement home!


text:
perlfaq8 - System Interaction
version 5.20240218
This section of the Perl FAQ covers questions involving operating system interaction. Topics include interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface (keyboard, screen and pointing devices), and most anything else not related to data manipulation.
Read the FAQs and documentation specific to the port of perl to your operating system (eg, perlvms, perlplan9, ...). These should contain more detailed information on the vagaries of your perl.
The $^O
variable ($OSNAME
if you use English
) contains an indication of the name of the operating system (not its release number) that your perl binary was built for.
(contributed by brian d foy)
The exec
function's job is to turn your process into another command and never to return. If that's not what you want to do, don't use exec
. :)
If you want to run an external command and still keep your Perl process going, look at a piped open
, fork
, or system
How you access/control keyboards, screens, and pointing devices ("mice") is system-dependent. Try the following modules:
Term::Cap Standard perl distribution
Term::ReadKey CPAN
Term::ReadLine::Gnu CPAN
Term::ReadLine::Perl CPAN
Term::Screen CPAN
Term::Cap Standard perl distribution
Curses CPAN
Term::ANSIColor CPAN
Tk CPAN
Wx CPAN
Gtk2 CPAN
Qt4 kdebindings4 package
Some of these specific cases are shown as examples in other answers in this section of the perlfaq.
In general, you don't, because you don't know whether the recipient has a color-aware display device. If you know that they have an ANSI terminal that understands color, you can use the Term::ANSIColor module from CPAN:
use Term::ANSIColor;
print color("red"), "Stop!\n", color("reset");
print color("green"), "Go!\n", color("reset");
Or like this:
use Term::ANSIColor qw(:constants);
print RED, "Stop!\n", RESET;
print GREEN, "Go!\n", RESET;
Controlling input buffering is a remarkably system-dependent matter. On many systems, you can just use the stty command as shown in "getc" in perlfunc, but as you see, that's already getting you into portability snags.
open(TTY, "+</dev/tty") or die "no tty: $!";
system "stty cbreak </dev/tty >/dev/tty 2>&1";
$key = getc(TTY); # perhaps this works
sysread(TTY, $key, 1); # probably this does
system "stty -cbreak </dev/tty >/dev/tty 2>&1";
The Term::ReadKey module from CPAN offers an easy-to-use interface that should be more efficient than shelling out to stty for each key. It even includes limited support for Windows.
use Term::ReadKey;
$key = ReadKey(0);
However, using the code requires that you have a working C compiler and can use it to build and install a CPAN module. Here's a solution using the standard POSIX module, which is already on your system (assuming your system supports POSIX).
use HotKey;
$key = readkey();
And here's the HotKey
module, which hides the somewhat mystifying calls to manipulate the POSIX termios structures.
# HotKey.pm
package HotKey;
use strict;
use warnings;
use parent 'Exporter';
our @EXPORT = qw(cbreak cooked readkey);
use POSIX qw(:termios_h);
my ($term, $oterm, $echo, $noecho, $fd_stdin);
$fd_stdin = fileno(STDIN);
$term = POSIX::Termios->new();
$oterm = $term->getlflag();
$echo = ECHO | ECHOK | ICANON;
$noecho = $oterm & ~$echo;
sub cbreak {
$term->setlflag($noecho); # ok, so i don't want echo either
$term->setcc(VTIME, 1);
$term->setattr($fd_stdin, TCSANOW);
sub cooked {
$term->setcc(VTIME, 0);
$term->setattr($fd_stdin, TCSANOW);
sub readkey {
my $key = '';
sysread(STDIN, $key, 1);
return $key;
END { cooked() }
The easiest way to do this is to read a key in nonblocking mode with the Term::ReadKey module from CPAN, passing it an argument of -1 to indicate not to block:
use Term::ReadKey;
if (defined (my $char = ReadKey(-1)) ) {
# input was waiting and it was $char
} else {
# no input was waiting
ReadMode('normal'); # restore normal tty settings
(contributed by brian d foy)
To clear the screen, you just have to print the special sequence that tells the terminal to clear the screen. Once you have that sequence, output it when you want to clear the screen.
You can use the Term::ANSIScreen module to get the special sequence. Import the cls
function (or the :screen
use Term::ANSIScreen qw(cls);
my $clear_screen = cls();
print $clear_screen;
The Term::Cap module can also get the special sequence if you want to deal with the low-level details of terminal control. The Tputs
method returns the string for the given capability:
use Term::Cap;
my $terminal = Term::Cap->Tgetent( { OSPEED => 9600 } );
my $clear_screen = $terminal->Tputs('cl');
print $clear_screen;
On Windows, you can use the Win32::Console module. After creating an object for the output filehandle you want to affect, call the Cls
my $OUT = Win32::Console->new(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
my $clear_string = $OUT->Cls;
print $clear_screen;
If you have a command-line program that does the job, you can call it in backticks to capture whatever it outputs so you can use it later:
my $clear_string = `clear`;
print $clear_string;
If you have Term::ReadKey module installed from CPAN, you can use it to fetch the width and height in characters and in pixels:
use Term::ReadKey;
my ($wchar, $hchar, $wpixels, $hpixels) = GetTerminalSize();
This is more portable than the raw ioctl
, but not as illustrative:
require './sys/ioctl.ph';
die "no TIOCGWINSZ " unless defined &TIOCGWINSZ;
open(my $tty_fh, "+</dev/tty") or die "No tty: $!";
unless (ioctl($tty_fh, &TIOCGWINSZ, $winsize='')) {
die sprintf "$0: ioctl TIOCGWINSZ (%08x: $!)\n", &TIOCGWINSZ;
my ($row, $col, $xpixel, $ypixel) = unpack('S4', $winsize);
print "(row,col) = ($row,$col)";
print " (xpixel,ypixel) = ($xpixel,$ypixel)" if $xpixel || $ypixel;
print "\n";
(This question has nothing to do with the web. See a different FAQ for that.)
There's an example of this in "crypt" in perlfunc. First, you put the terminal into "no echo" mode, then just read the password normally. You may do this with an old-style ioctl()
function, POSIX terminal control (see POSIX or its documentation the Camel Book), or a call to the stty program, with varying degrees of portability.
You can also do this for most systems using the Term::ReadKey module from CPAN, which is easier to use and in theory more portable.
use Term::ReadKey;
my $password = ReadLine(0);
This depends on which operating system your program is running on. In the case of Unix, the serial ports will be accessible through files in /dev
; on other systems, device names will doubtless differ. Several problem areas common to all device interaction are the following:
Your system may use lockfiles to control multiple access. Make sure you follow the correct protocol. Unpredictable behavior can result from multiple processes reading from one device.
If you expect to use both read and write operations on the device, you'll have to open it for update (see "open" in perlfunc for details). You may wish to open it without running the risk of blocking by using sysopen()
and O_RDWR|O_NDELAY|O_NOCTTY
from the Fcntl module (part of the standard perl distribution). See "sysopen" in perlfunc for more on this approach.
Some devices will be expecting a "\r" at the end of each line rather than a "\n". In some ports of perl, "\r" and "\n" are different from their usual (Unix) ASCII values of "\015" and "\012". You may have to give the numeric values you want directly, using octal ("\015"), hex ("0x0D"), or as a control-character specification ("\cM").
print DEV "atv1\012"; # wrong, for some devices
print DEV "atv1\015"; # right, for some devices
Even though with normal text files a "\n" will do the trick, there is still no unified scheme for terminating a line that is portable between Unix, DOS/Win, and Macintosh, except to terminate ALL line ends with "\015\012", and strip what you don't need from the output. This applies especially to socket I/O and autoflushing, discussed next.
If you expect characters to get to your device when you print()
them, you'll want to autoflush that filehandle. You can use select()
and the $|
variable to control autoflushing (see "$|" in perlvar and "select" in perlfunc, or perlfaq5, "How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?"):
my $old_handle = select($dev_fh);
$| = 1;
You'll also see code that does this without a temporary variable, as in
select((select($deb_handle), $| = 1)[0]);
Or if you don't mind pulling in a few thousand lines of code just because you're afraid of a little $|
use IO::Handle;
As mentioned in the previous item, this still doesn't work when using socket I/O between Unix and Macintosh. You'll need to hard code your line terminators, in that case.
If you are doing a blocking read()
or sysread()
, you'll have to arrange for an alarm handler to provide a timeout (see "alarm" in perlfunc). If you have a non-blocking open, you'll likely have a non-blocking read, which means you may have to use a 4-arg select()
to determine whether I/O is ready on that device (see "select" in perlfunc.
While trying to read from his caller-id box, the notorious Jamie Zawinski <email@example.com>
, after much gnashing of teeth and fighting with sysread
, sysopen
, POSIX's tcgetattr
business, and various other functions that go bump in the night, finally came up with this:
sub open_modem {
use IPC::Open2;
my $stty = `/bin/stty -g`;
open2( \*MODEM_IN, \*MODEM_OUT, "cu -l$modem_device -s2400 2>&1");
# starting cu hoses /dev/tty's stty settings, even when it has
# been opened on a pipe...
system("/bin/stty $stty");
if ( !m/^Connected/ ) {
print STDERR "$0: cu printed `$_' instead of `Connected'\n";
You spend lots and lots of money on dedicated hardware, but this is bound to get you talked about.
Seriously, you can't if they are Unix password files--the Unix password system employs one-way encryption. It's more like hashing than encryption. The best you can do is check whether something else hashes to the same string. You can't turn a hash back into the original string. Programs like Crack can forcibly (and intelligently) try to guess passwords, but don't (can't) guarantee quick success.
If you're worried about users selecting bad passwords, you should proactively check when they try to change their password (by modifying passwd(1), for example).
(contributed by brian d foy)
There's not a single way to run code in the background so you don't have to wait for it to finish before your program moves on to other tasks. Process management depends on your particular operating system, and many of the techniques are covered in perlipc.
Several CPAN modules may be able to help, including IPC::Open2 or IPC::Open3, IPC::Run, Parallel::Jobs, Parallel::ForkManager, POE, Proc::Background, and Win32::Process. There are many other modules you might use, so check those namespaces for other options too.
If you are on a Unix-like system, you might be able to get away with a system call where you put an &
on the end of the command:
system("cmd &")
You can also try using fork
, as described in perlfunc (although this is the same thing that many of the modules will do for you).
Both the main process and the backgrounded one (the "child" process) share the same STDIN, STDOUT and STDERR filehandles. If both try to access them at once, strange things can happen. You may want to close or reopen these for the child. You can get around this with open
ing a pipe (see "open" in perlfunc) but on some systems this means that the child process cannot outlive the parent.
You'll have to catch the SIGCHLD signal, and possibly SIGPIPE too. SIGCHLD is sent when the backgrounded process finishes. SIGPIPE is sent when you write to a filehandle whose child process has closed (an untrapped SIGPIPE can cause your program to silently die). This is not an issue with system("cmd&")
You have to be prepared to "reap" the child process when it finishes.
$SIG{CHLD} = sub { wait };
You can also use a double fork. You immediately wait()
for your first child, and the init daemon will wait()
for your grandchild once it exits.
unless ($pid = fork) {
unless (fork) {
exec "what you really wanna do";
die "exec failed!";
exit 0;
waitpid($pid, 0);
See "Signals" in perlipc for other examples of code to do this. Zombies are not an issue with system("prog &")
You don't actually "trap" a control character. Instead, that character generates a signal which is sent to your terminal's currently foregrounded process group, which you then trap in your process. Signals are documented in "Signals" in perlipc and the section on "Signals" in the Camel.
You can set the values of the %SIG
hash to be the functions you want to handle the signal. After perl catches the signal, it looks in %SIG
for a key with the same name as the signal, then calls the subroutine value for that key.
# as an anonymous subroutine
$SIG{INT} = sub { syswrite(STDERR, "ouch\n", 5 ) };
# or a reference to a function
$SIG{INT} = \&ouch;
# or the name of the function as a string
$SIG{INT} = "ouch";
Perl versions before 5.8 had in its C source code signal handlers which would catch the signal and possibly run a Perl function that you had set in %SIG
. This violated the rules of signal handling at that level causing perl to dump core. Since version 5.8.0, perl looks at %SIG
after the signal has been caught, rather than while it is being caught. Previous versions of this answer were incorrect.
If perl was installed correctly and your shadow library was written properly, the getpw*()
functions described in perlfunc should in theory provide (read-only) access to entries in the shadow password file. To change the file, make a new shadow password file (the format varies from system to system--see passwd(1) for specifics) and use pwd_mkdb(8)
to install it (see pwd_mkdb(8) for more details).
Assuming you're running under sufficient permissions, you should be able to set the system-wide date and time by running the date(1)
program. (There is no way to set the time and date on a per-process basis.) This mechanism will work for Unix, MS-DOS, Windows, and NT; the VMS equivalent is set time
However, if all you want to do is change your time zone, you can probably get away with setting an environment variable:
$ENV{TZ} = "MST7MDT"; # Unixish
$ENV{'SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL'}="-5" # vms
system('trn', 'comp.lang.perl.misc');
If you want finer granularity than the 1 second that the sleep()
function provides, the easiest way is to use the select()
function as documented in "select" in perlfunc. Try the Time::HiRes and the BSD::Itimer modules (available from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 Time::HiRes is part of the standard distribution).
(contributed by brian d foy)
The Time::HiRes module (part of the standard distribution as of Perl 5.8) measures time with the gettimeofday()
system call, which returns the time in microseconds since the epoch. If you can't install Time::HiRes for older Perls and you are on a Unixish system, you may be able to call gettimeofday(2)
directly. See "syscall" in perlfunc.
You can use the END
block to simulate atexit()
. Each package's END
block is called when the program or thread ends. See the perlmod manpage for more details about END
For example, you can use this to make sure your filter program managed to finish its output without filling up the disk:
close(STDOUT) || die "stdout close failed: $!";
The END
block isn't called when untrapped signals kill the program, though, so if you use END
blocks you should also use
use sigtrap qw(die normal-signals);
Perl's exception-handling mechanism is its eval()
operator. You can use eval()
as setjmp
and die()
as longjmp
. For details of this, see the section on signals, especially the time-out handler for a blocking flock()
in "Signals" in perlipc or the section on "Signals" in Programming Perl.
If exception handling is all you're interested in, use one of the many CPAN modules that handle exceptions, such as Try::Tiny.
If you want the atexit()
syntax (and an rmexit()
as well), try the AtExit
module available from CPAN.
Some Sys-V based systems, notably Solaris 2.X, redefined some of the standard socket constants. Since these were constant across all architectures, they were often hardwired into perl code. The proper way to deal with this is to "use Socket" to get the correct values.
Note that even though SunOS and Solaris are binary compatible, these values are different. Go figure.
In most cases, you write an external module to do it--see the answer to "Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]". However, if the function is a system call, and your system supports syscall()
, you can use the syscall
function (documented in perlfunc).
Remember to check the modules that came with your distribution, and CPAN as well--someone may already have written a module to do it. On Windows, try Win32::API. On Macs, try Mac::Carbon. If no module has an interface to the C function, you can inline a bit of C in your Perl source with Inline::C.
Historically, these would be generated by the h2ph tool, part of the standard perl distribution. This program converts cpp(1)
directives in C header files to files containing subroutine definitions, like SYS_getitimer()
, which you can use as arguments to your functions. It doesn't work perfectly, but it usually gets most of the job done. Simple files like errno.h, syscall.h, and socket.h were fine, but the hard ones like ioctl.h nearly always need to be hand-edited. Here's how to install the *.ph files:
1. Become the super-user
2. cd /usr/include
3. h2ph *.h */*.h
If your system supports dynamic loading, for reasons of portability and sanity you probably ought to use h2xs (also part of the standard perl distribution). This tool converts C header files to Perl extensions. See perlxstut for how to get started with h2xs.
If your system doesn't support dynamic loading, you still probably ought to use h2xs. See perlxstut and ExtUtils::MakeMaker for more information (in brief, just use make perl instead of a plain make to rebuild perl with a new static extension).
Some operating systems have bugs in the kernel that make setuid scripts inherently insecure. Perl gives you a number of options (described in perlsec) to work around such systems.
The IPC::Open2 module (part of the standard perl distribution) is an easy-to-use approach that internally uses pipe()
, fork()
, and exec()
to do the job. Make sure you read the deadlock warnings in its documentation, though (see IPC::Open2). See "Bidirectional Communication with Another Process" in perlipc and "Bidirectional Communication with Yourself" in perlipc
You may also use the IPC::Open3 module (part of the standard perl distribution), but be warned that it has a different order of arguments from IPC::Open2 (see IPC::Open3).
You're confusing the purpose of system()
and backticks (``). system()
runs a command and returns exit status information (as a 16 bit value: the low 7 bits are the signal the process died from, if any, and the high 8 bits are the actual exit value). Backticks (``) run a command and return what it sent to STDOUT.
my $exit_status = system("mail-users");
my $output_string = `ls`;
There are three basic ways of running external commands:
system $cmd; # using system()
my $output = `$cmd`; # using backticks (``)
open (my $pipe_fh, "$cmd |"); # using open()
With system()
, both STDOUT and STDERR will go the same place as the script's STDOUT and STDERR, unless the system()
command redirects them. Backticks and open()
read only the STDOUT of your command.
You can also use the open3()
function from IPC::Open3. Benjamin Goldberg provides some sample code:
To capture a program's STDOUT, but discard its STDERR:
use IPC::Open3;
use File::Spec;
my $in = '';
open(NULL, ">", File::Spec->devnull);
my $pid = open3($in, \*PH, ">&NULL", "cmd");
while( <PH> ) { }
waitpid($pid, 0);
To capture a program's STDERR, but discard its STDOUT:
use IPC::Open3;
use File::Spec;
my $in = '';
open(NULL, ">", File::Spec->devnull);
my $pid = open3($in, ">&NULL", \*PH, "cmd");
while( <PH> ) { }
waitpid($pid, 0);
To capture a program's STDERR, and let its STDOUT go to our own STDERR:
use IPC::Open3;
my $in = '';
my $pid = open3($in, ">&STDERR", \*PH, "cmd");
while( <PH> ) { }
waitpid($pid, 0);
To read both a command's STDOUT and its STDERR separately, you can redirect them to temp files, let the command run, then read the temp files:
use IPC::Open3;
use IO::File;
my $in = '';
local *CATCHOUT = IO::File->new_tmpfile;
local *CATCHERR = IO::File->new_tmpfile;
my $pid = open3($in, ">&CATCHOUT", ">&CATCHERR", "cmd");
waitpid($pid, 0);
seek $_, 0, 0 for \*CATCHOUT, \*CATCHERR;
while( <CATCHOUT> ) {}
while( <CATCHERR> ) {}
But there's no real need for both to be tempfiles... the following should work just as well, without deadlocking:
use IPC::Open3;
my $in = '';
use IO::File;
local *CATCHERR = IO::File->new_tmpfile;
my $pid = open3($in, \*CATCHOUT, ">&CATCHERR", "cmd");
while( <CATCHOUT> ) {}
waitpid($pid, 0);
seek CATCHERR, 0, 0;
while( <CATCHERR> ) {}
And it'll be faster, too, since we can begin processing the program's stdout immediately, rather than waiting for the program to finish.
With any of these, you can change file descriptors before the call:
open(STDOUT, ">logfile");
or you can use Bourne shell file-descriptor redirection:
$output = `$cmd 2>some_file`;
open (PIPE, "cmd 2>some_file |");
You can also use file-descriptor redirection to make STDERR a duplicate of STDOUT:
$output = `$cmd 2>&1`;
open (PIPE, "cmd 2>&1 |");
Note that you cannot simply open STDERR to be a dup of STDOUT in your Perl program and avoid calling the shell to do the redirection. This doesn't work:
open(STDERR, ">&STDOUT");
$alloutput = `cmd args`; # stderr still escapes
This fails because the open()
makes STDERR go to where STDOUT was going at the time of the open()
. The backticks then make STDOUT go to a string, but don't change STDERR (which still goes to the old STDOUT).
Note that you must use Bourne shell (sh(1)
) redirection syntax in backticks, not csh(1)
! Details on why Perl's system()
and backtick and pipe opens all use the Bourne shell are in the versus/csh.whynot article in the "Far More Than You Ever Wanted To Know" collection in http://www.cpan.org/misc/olddoc/FMTEYEWTK.tgz . To capture a command's STDERR and STDOUT together:
$output = `cmd 2>&1`; # either with backticks
$pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>&1 |"); # or with an open pipe
while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To capture a command's STDOUT but discard its STDERR:
$output = `cmd 2>/dev/null`; # either with backticks
$pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>/dev/null |"); # or with an open pipe
while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To capture a command's STDERR but discard its STDOUT:
$output = `cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null`; # either with backticks
$pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null |"); # or with an open pipe
while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To exchange a command's STDOUT and STDERR in order to capture the STDERR but leave its STDOUT to come out our old STDERR:
$output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-`; # either with backticks
$pid = open(PH, "cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-|");# or with an open pipe
while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To read both a command's STDOUT and its STDERR separately, it's easiest to redirect them separately to files, and then read from those files when the program is done:
system("program args 1>program.stdout 2>program.stderr");
Ordering is important in all these examples. That's because the shell processes file descriptor redirections in strictly left to right order.
system("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1");
system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile");
The first command sends both standard out and standard error to the temporary file. The second command sends only the old standard output there, and the old standard error shows up on the old standard out.
If the second argument to a piped open()
contains shell metacharacters, perl fork()
s, then exec()
s a shell to decode the metacharacters and eventually run the desired program. If the program couldn't be run, it's the shell that gets the message, not Perl. All your Perl program can find out is whether the shell itself could be successfully started. You can still capture the shell's STDERR and check it for error messages. See "How can I capture STDERR from an external command?" elsewhere in this document, or use the IPC::Open3 module.
If there are no shell metacharacters in the argument of open()
, Perl runs the command directly, without using the shell, and can correctly report whether the command started.
Strictly speaking, nothing. Stylistically speaking, it's not a good way to write maintainable code. Perl has several operators for running external commands. Backticks are one; they collect the output from the command for use in your program. The system
function is another; it doesn't do this.
Writing backticks in your program sends a clear message to the readers of your code that you wanted to collect the output of the command. Why send a clear message that isn't true?
Consider this line:
`cat /etc/termcap`;
You forgot to check $?
to see whether the program even ran correctly. Even if you wrote
print `cat /etc/termcap`;
this code could and probably should be written as
system("cat /etc/termcap") == 0
or die "cat program failed!";
which will echo the cat command's output as it is generated, instead of waiting until the program has completed to print it out. It also checks the return value.
also provides direct control over whether shell wildcard processing may take place, whereas backticks do not.
This is a bit tricky. You can't simply write the command like this:
@ok = `grep @opts '$search_string' @filenames`;
As of Perl 5.8.0, you can use open()
with multiple arguments. Just like the list forms of system()
and exec()
, no shell escapes happen.
open( GREP, "-|", 'grep', @opts, $search_string, @filenames );
chomp(@ok = <GREP>);
close GREP;
You can also:
my @ok = ();
if (open(GREP, "-|")) {
while (<GREP>) {
push(@ok, $_);
close GREP;
} else {
exec 'grep', @opts, $search_string, @filenames;
Just as with system()
, no shell escapes happen when you exec()
a list. Further examples of this can be found in "Safe Pipe Opens" in perlipc.
Note that if you're using Windows, no solution to this vexing issue is even possible. Even though Perl emulates fork()
, you'll still be stuck, because Windows does not have an argc/argv-style API.
This happens only if your perl is compiled to use stdio instead of perlio, which is the default. Some (maybe all?) stdios set error and eof flags that you may need to clear. The POSIX module defines clearerr()
that you can use. That is the technically correct way to do it. Here are some less reliable workarounds:
Try keeping around the seekpointer and go there, like this:
my $where = tell($log_fh);
seek($log_fh, $where, 0);
If that doesn't work, try seeking to a different part of the file and then back.
If that doesn't work, try seeking to a different part of the file, reading something, and then seeking back.
If that doesn't work, give up on your stdio package and use sysread.
Learn Perl and rewrite it. Seriously, there's no simple converter. Things that are awkward to do in the shell are easy to do in Perl, and this very awkwardness is what would make a shell->perl converter nigh-on impossible to write. By rewriting it, you'll think about what you're really trying to do, and hopefully will escape the shell's pipeline datastream paradigm, which while convenient for some matters, causes many inefficiencies.
Try the Net::FTP, TCP::Client, and Net::Telnet modules (available from CPAN). http://www.cpan.org/scripts/netstuff/telnet.emul.shar will also help for emulating the telnet protocol, but Net::Telnet is quite probably easier to use.
If all you want to do is pretend to be telnet but don't need the initial telnet handshaking, then the standard dual-process approach will suffice:
use IO::Socket; # new in 5.004
my $handle = IO::Socket::INET->new('www.perl.com:80')
or die "can't connect to port 80 on www.perl.com $!";
if (fork()) { # XXX: undef means failure
print while <STDIN>; # everything from stdin to socket
} else {
print while <$handle>; # everything from socket to stdout
close $handle;
Once upon a time, there was a library called chat2.pl (part of the standard perl distribution), which never really got finished. If you find it somewhere, don't use it. These days, your best bet is to look at the Expect module available from CPAN, which also requires two other modules from CPAN, IO::Pty and IO::Stty.
First of all note that if you're doing this for security reasons (to avoid people seeing passwords, for example) then you should rewrite your program so that critical information is never given as an argument. Hiding the arguments won't make your program completely secure.
To actually alter the visible command line, you can assign to the variable $0 as documented in perlvar. This won't work on all operating systems, though. Daemon programs like sendmail place their state there, as in:
$0 = "orcus [accepting connections]";
In the strictest sense, it can't be done--the script executes as a different process from the shell it was started from. Changes to a process are not reflected in its parent--only in any children created after the change. There is shell magic that may allow you to fake it by eval()
ing the script's output in your shell; check out the comp.unix.questions FAQ for details.
Assuming your system supports such things, just send an appropriate signal to the process (see "kill" in perlfunc). It's common to first send a TERM signal, wait a little bit, and then send a KILL signal to finish it off.
If by daemon process you mean one that's detached (disassociated from its tty), then the following process is reported to work on most Unixish systems. Non-Unix users should check their Your_OS::Process module for other solutions.
Open /dev/tty and use the TIOCNOTTY ioctl on it. See tty(1) for details. Or better yet, you can just use the POSIX::setsid()
function, so you don't have to worry about process groups.
Change directory to /
Reopen STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR so they're not connected to the old tty.
Background yourself like this:
fork && exit;
The Proc::Daemon module, available from CPAN, provides a function to perform these actions for you.
(contributed by brian d foy)
This is a difficult question to answer, and the best answer is only a guess.
What do you really want to know? If you merely want to know if one of your filehandles is connected to a terminal, you can try the -t
file test:
if( -t STDOUT ) {
print "I'm connected to a terminal!\n";
However, you might be out of luck if you expect that means there is a real person on the other side. With the Expect module, another program can pretend to be a person. The program might even come close to passing the Turing test.
The IO::Interactive module does the best it can to give you an answer. Its is_interactive
function returns an output filehandle; that filehandle points to standard output if the module thinks the session is interactive. Otherwise, the filehandle is a null handle that simply discards the output:
use IO::Interactive;
print { is_interactive } "I might go to standard output!\n";
This still doesn't guarantee that a real person is answering your prompts or reading your output.
If you want to know how to handle automated testing for your distribution, you can check the environment. The CPAN Testers, for instance, set the value of AUTOMATED_TESTING
unless( $ENV{AUTOMATED_TESTING} ) {
print "Hello interactive tester!\n";
Use the alarm()
function, probably in conjunction with a signal handler, as documented in "Signals" in perlipc and the section on "Signals" in the Camel. You may instead use the more flexible Sys::AlarmCall module available from CPAN.
The alarm()
function is not implemented on all versions of Windows. Check the documentation for your specific version of Perl.
(contributed by Xho)
Use the BSD::Resource module from CPAN. As an example:
use BSD::Resource;
setrlimit(RLIMIT_CPU,10,20) or die $!;
This sets the soft and hard limits to 10 and 20 seconds, respectively. After 10 seconds of time spent running on the CPU (not "wall" time), the process will be sent a signal (XCPU on some systems) which, if not trapped, will cause the process to terminate. If that signal is trapped, then after 10 more seconds (20 seconds in total) the process will be killed with a non-trappable signal.
See the BSD::Resource and your systems documentation for the gory details.
Use the reaper code from "Signals" in perlipc to call wait()
when a SIGCHLD is received, or else use the double-fork technique described in "How do I start a process in the background?" in perlfaq8.
The DBI module provides an abstract interface to most database servers and types, including Oracle, DB2, Sybase, mysql, Postgresql, ODBC, and flat files. The DBI module accesses each database type through a database driver, or DBD. You can see a complete list of available drivers on CPAN: http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-module/DBD/ . You can read more about DBI on http://dbi.perl.org/ .
Other modules provide more specific access: Win32::ODBC, Alzabo, iodbc
, and others found on CPAN Search: https://metacpan.org/ .
You can't. You need to imitate the system()
call (see perlipc for sample code) and then have a signal handler for the INT signal that passes the signal on to the subprocess. Or you can check for it:
$rc = system($cmd);
if ($rc & 127) { die "signal death" }
If you're lucky enough to be using a system that supports non-blocking reads (most Unixish systems do), you need only to use the O_NDELAY
or O_NONBLOCK
flag from the Fcntl
module in conjunction with sysopen()
use Fcntl;
sysopen(my $fh, "/foo/somefile", O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_CREAT, 0644)
or die "can't open /foo/somefile: $!":
(answer contributed by brian d foy)
When you run a Perl script, something else is running the script for you, and that something else may output error messages. The script might emit its own warnings and error messages. Most of the time you cannot tell who said what.
You probably cannot fix the thing that runs perl, but you can change how perl outputs its warnings by defining a custom warning and die functions.
Consider this script, which has an error you may not notice immediately.
print "Hello World\n";
I get an error when I run this from my shell (which happens to be bash). That may look like perl forgot it has a print()
function, but my shebang line is not the path to perl, so the shell runs the script, and I get the error.
$ ./test
./test: line 3: print: command not found
A quick and dirty fix involves a little bit of code, but this may be all you need to figure out the problem.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$SIG{__WARN__} = sub{ print STDERR "Perl: ", @_; };
$SIG{__DIE__} = sub{ print STDERR "Perl: ", @_; exit 1};
$a = 1 + undef;
$x / 0;
The perl message comes out with "Perl" in front. The BEGIN
block works at compile time so all of the compilation errors and warnings get the "Perl:" prefix too.
Perl: Useless use of division (/) in void context at ./test line 9.
Perl: Name "main::a" used only once: possible typo at ./test line 8.
Perl: Name "main::x" used only once: possible typo at ./test line 9.
Perl: Use of uninitialized value in addition (+) at ./test line 8.
Perl: Use of uninitialized value in division (/) at ./test line 9.
Perl: Illegal division by zero at ./test line 9.
Perl: Illegal division by zero at -e line 3.
If I don't see that "Perl:", it's not from perl.
You could also just know all the perl errors, and although there are some people who may know all of them, you probably don't. However, they all should be in the perldiag manpage. If you don't find the error in there, it probably isn't a perl error.
Looking up every message is not the easiest way, so let perl to do it for you. Use the diagnostics pragma with turns perl's normal messages into longer discussions on the topic.
use diagnostics;
If you don't get a paragraph or two of expanded discussion, it might not be perl's message.
(contributed by brian d foy)
The easiest way is to have a module also named CPAN do it for you by using the cpan
command that comes with Perl. You can give it a list of modules to install:
$ cpan IO::Interactive Getopt::Whatever
If you prefer CPANPLUS
, it's just as easy:
$ cpanp i IO::Interactive Getopt::Whatever
If you want to install a distribution from the current directory, you can tell CPAN.pm
to install .
(the full stop):
$ cpan .
See the documentation for either of those commands to see what else you can do.
If you want to try to install a distribution by yourself, resolving all dependencies on your own, you follow one of two possible build paths.
For distributions that use Makefile.PL:
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make test install
For distributions that use Build.PL:
$ perl Build.PL
$ ./Build test
$ ./Build install
Some distributions may need to link to libraries or other third-party code and their build and installation sequences may be more complicated. Check any README or INSTALL files that you may find.
(contributed by brian d foy)
Perl runs require
statement at run-time. Once Perl loads, compiles, and runs the file, it doesn't do anything else. The use
statement is the same as a require
run at compile-time, but Perl also calls the import
method for the loaded package. These two are the same:
use MODULE qw(import list);
require MODULE;
MODULE->import(import list);
However, you can suppress the import
by using an explicit, empty import list. Both of these still happen at compile-time:
use MODULE ();
require MODULE;
Since use
will also call the import
method, the actual value for MODULE
must be a bareword. That is, use
cannot load files by name, although require
require "$ENV{HOME}/lib/Foo.pm"; # no @INC searching!
See the entry for use
in perlfunc for more details.
When you build modules, tell Perl where to install the modules.
If you want to install modules for your own use, the easiest way might be local::lib, which you can download from CPAN. It sets various installation settings for you, and uses those same settings within your programs.
If you want more flexibility, you need to configure your CPAN client for your particular situation.
For Makefile.PL
-based distributions, use the INSTALL_BASE option when generating Makefiles:
perl Makefile.PL INSTALL_BASE=/mydir/perl
You can set this in your CPAN.pm
configuration so modules automatically install in your private library directory when you use the CPAN.pm shell:
% cpan
cpan> o conf makepl_arg INSTALL_BASE=/mydir/perl
cpan> o conf commit
For Build.PL
-based distributions, use the --install_base option:
perl Build.PL --install_base /mydir/perl
You can configure CPAN.pm
to automatically use this option too:
% cpan
cpan> o conf mbuild_arg "--install_base /mydir/perl"
cpan> o conf commit
INSTALL_BASE tells these tools to put your modules into /mydir/perl/lib/perl5. See "How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?" for details on how to run your newly installed modules.
There is one caveat with INSTALL_BASE, though, since it acts differently from the PREFIX and LIB settings that older versions of ExtUtils::MakeMaker advocated. INSTALL_BASE does not support installing modules for multiple versions of Perl or different architectures under the same directory. You should consider whether you really want that and, if you do, use the older PREFIX and LIB settings. See the ExtUtils::Makemaker documentation for more details.
(contributed by brian d foy)
If you know the directory already, you can add it to @INC
as you would for any other directory. You might use lib
if you know the directory at compile time:
use lib $directory;
The trick in this task is to find the directory. Before your script does anything else (such as a chdir
), you can get the current working directory with the Cwd
module, which comes with Perl:
use Cwd;
our $directory = cwd;
use lib $directory;
You can do a similar thing with the value of $0
, which holds the script name. That might hold a relative path, but rel2abs
can turn it into an absolute path. Once you have the
use File::Spec::Functions qw(rel2abs);
use File::Basename qw(dirname);
my $path = rel2abs( $0 );
our $directory = dirname( $path );
use lib $directory;
The FindBin module, which comes with Perl, might work. It finds the directory of the currently running script and puts it in $Bin
, which you can then use to construct the right library path:
use FindBin qw($Bin);
You can also use local::lib to do much of the same thing. Install modules using local::lib's settings then use the module in your program:
use local::lib; # sets up a local lib at ~/perl5
See the local::lib documentation for more details.
Here are the suggested ways of modifying your include path, including environment variables, run-time switches, and in-code statements:
environment variable$ export PERLLIB=/path/to/my/dir
$ perl program.pl
environment variable$ export PERL5LIB=/path/to/my/dir
$ perl program.pl
perl -Idir
command line flag$ perl -I/path/to/my/dir program.pl
pragma:use lib "$ENV{HOME}/myown_perllib";
use local::lib;
use local::lib "~/myown_perllib";
Modules are installed on a case-by-case basis (as provided by the methods described in the previous section), and in the operating system. All of these paths are stored in @INC, which you can display with the one-liner
perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC,"")'
The same information is displayed at the end of the output from the command
perl -V
To find out where a module's source code is located, use
perldoc -l Encode
to display the path to the module. In some cases (for example, the AutoLoader
module), this command will show the path to a separate pod
file; the module itself should be in the same directory, with a 'pm' file extension.
It's a Perl 4 style file defining values for system networking constants. Sometimes it is built using h2ph when Perl is installed, but other times it is not. Modern programs should use use Socket;
Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in this file are hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit would be courteous but is not required.


text:
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Good morning. I'm David Greene.
And I'm Steve Inskeep.
The third and final presidential debate was less dramatic than the ones before.
GREENE: Less dramatic but not without some drama. President Obama and Mitt Romney discussed foreign policy under the questioning of moderator Bob Schieffer.
INSKEEP: For much of the campaign, the Republican nominee has fiercely questioned Mr. Obama's foreign policy. Romney took a different approach last night, often emphasizing ways the two men agree. He shared the stage with a president determined to show they did not approach the world the same way at all.
GREENE: And both men also took every opportunity to steer the debate back to the economy. They argued that strength abroad requires strength at home, which gave them a chance to mention everything from teachers to the national debt.
NPR's national political correspondent Mara Liasson reports.
MARA LIASSON, BYLINE: Incumbents usually have an edge over the challengers when it comes to foreign policy and that was true for President Obama until recently. Recent polls have shown the president's advantage on this issue shrinking. And last night Mr. Obama seemed determined to get that advantage back.
To the surprise of many, Governor Romney, who got the first question, struck a non-combative tone, congratulating the president for taking out Osama bin Laden and going after the leadership of al-Qaida. But Mr. Obama was not about to let it go at that.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: I'm glad that you recognize that al-Qaida's a threat, because a few months ago, when you were asked, what's the biggest geopolitical threat facing America, you said Russia - not al-Qaida, you said Russia. And the 1980s are now calling to ask for their foreign policy back, because, you know, the Cold War's been over for 20 years. But Governor, you know, when it comes to our foreign policy, you seem to want to import the foreign policies of the 1980s, just like the social policies of the 1950s and the economic policies of the 1920s. You say that you're not interested in duplicating what happened in Iraq, but just a few weeks ago you said you think we should have more troops in Iraq right now. And the challenge we have - I know you haven't been in a position to actually execute foreign policy, but every time you've offered an opinion, you've been wrong.
LIASSON: Romney responded.
MITT ROMNEY: We're talking about the Middle East and how to help the Middle East reject the kind of terrorism we're seeing and the rising tide of tumult and confusion. And attacking me is not an agenda. Attacking me is not talking about how we're going to deal with the challenges that exist in the Middle East and take advantage of the opportunity there and stem the tide of this violence.
LIASSON: Romney has often been critical of the president's leadership in the Middle East. But he hasn't offered an alternative approach. Here's how he answered the question of whether he would go beyond what the administration has done on Syria.
ROMNEY: Our objectives are to replace Assad and to have in place a new government which is friendly to us - a responsible government, if possible. And I want to make sure they get armed and they have the arms necessary to defend themselves but also to remove - to remove Assad. But I do not want to see a military involvement on the part of our - of our troops.
BOB SCHIEFFER: Could we get a quick response, Mr. President, because I want to ask...
OBAMA: Well, I'll - I'll be very quick. What you just heard Governor Romney said is he doesn't have different ideas, and that's because we're doing exactly what we should be doing to try to promote a moderate Syrian leadership and an effective transition so that we get Assad out. That's the kind of leadership we've shown. That's the kind of leadership we'll continue to show.
LIASSON: Whenever possible, both candidates segued back to the issue they know matters most to voters - the economy.
ROMNEY: But in order to be able to fulfill our role in the world, America must be strong. America must lead. And for that to happen, we have to strengthen our economy here at home. You can't have 23 million people struggling to get a job. You can't have an economy that over the last three years keeps slowing down its growth rate. You can't have kids coming out of college, half of whom can't find a job today, or a job that's commensurate with their college degree. We have to get our economy going.
LIASSON: The president, too, resorted to familiar chunks of his stump speech, promising to use the money that's been spent abroad to start nation-building here at home.
OBAMA: And that's what my plan does, making sure that we're bringing manufacturing back to our shores so that we're creating jobs here, as we've done with the auto industry, not rewarding companies that are shipping jobs overseas; making sure that we've got the best education system in the world, including retraining our workers for the jobs of tomorrow; doing everything we can to control our own energy.
LIASSON: One clear difference between the candidates is the size of the military. Romney wants to spend more on defense - building more ships for the Navy, which he said is now smaller than at any time since 1917.
ROMNEY: Look, this in my view is the highest responsibility of the president of the United States, which is to maintain the safety of the American people. And I will not cut our military budget by a trillion dollars, which is the combination of the budget cuts the president has as well as the sequestration cuts. That, in my view, is making our future less certain and less secure.
LIASSON: This is a staple of Romney's stump speech, and the president came prepared with a zinger in response.
OBAMA: But I think Governor Romney maybe hasn't spent enough time looking at how our military works. You mentioned the Navy, for example, and that we have fewer ships than we did in 1916. Well, Governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets because the nature of military's changed. We have these things called aircraft carriers where planes land on them. We have these ships that go underwater, nuclear submarines. And so the question is not a game of "Battleship" where we're counting ships. It's what are our capabilities.
LIASSON: Governor Romney repeated some other familiar lines of attack, including that the president had apologized for America while overseas.
ROMNEY: Mr. President, the reason I call it an apology tour is because you went to the Middle East and you flew to Egypt and to Saudi Arabia and to Turkey and Iraq and - and by the way, you skipped Israel, our closest friend in the region, but you went to the other nations. And by the way, they noticed that you skipped Israel. And then in those nations and on Arabic TV you said America had been dismissive and derisive. You said that on occasion America had dictated to other nations. Mr. President, America has not dictated to other nations. We have freed other nations from dictators.
OBAMA: Bob, let me respond. If we're going to talk about trips that we've taken, when I was a candidate for office, the first trip I took was to visit our troops. And when I went to Israel as a candidate, I didn't take donors, I didn't attend fundraisers. I went to Yad Vashem, the Holocaust museum there, to remind myself the nature of evil and why our bond with Israel will be unbreakable. And then I went down to the border towns of Sderot, which had experienced missiles raining down from Hamas. And I saw families there who showed me where missiles had come down near their children's bedrooms and I was reminded of what that would mean if those were my kids. Which is why as president we funded an Iron Dome program to stop those missiles. So that's how I've used my travels, when I travel to Israel and when I travel to the region. And the central question at this point is going to be who's going to be credible to all parties involved.
LIASSON: The president did not disguise his disdain for his opponent, prompting Republicans to say Mr. Obama was condescending and un-presidential. But he had a clear strategy. After playing it safe to disastrous consequences in the first debate, Mr. Obama decided another aggressive performance was needed to erase Romney's recent momentum. Romney, in contrast, played it safe last night. He was calm and restrained, like a candidate who believes he's in the lead. The instant polls judged the president the winner, but it will take a few days to see what effect, if any, this last debate has on the race. Mara Liasson, NPR News, Boca Raton.
INSKEEP: And we're hearing about the debate throughout this morning's program. Elsewhere we've got a close read of some of the candidates' remarks, and we'll hear how the debates sounded to two people with very differing points of view. We're glad you're with us on your local public radio station. You can continue following this program throughout the day on social media. We're on Facebook, we're on Twitter. We're @MorningEdition, @NPRGreene and @NPRInskeep. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Engine Oil
Engine oil is what lubricates a car's engine, allowing it to run smoothly and last longer. Car owners must maintain a car's engine by changing the oil and using the oil appropriate for their cars make and model. Every car comes with a "check oil" light and an oil filter under the hood. These components allow car owners to monitor their oil levels and add oil as needed without having to hire a mechanic.
Changing the Oil
An important part of routine car maintenance is changing the oil regularly. The necessary frequency of oil changes has become a point of contention among experts. The Engine Oil Bible maintains that engine oil can't be changed often enough, but Nordic Group insists that, with the advent of detergent oils and multi-weight oils, some vehicles can go as far as 6,000 miles before needing an oil change. The best course of action is to check the owner's manual and follow manufacturer's recommendations.


text:
Middlesex Community College
We're Sorry... :-(
The page cannot be found (404 error)
There was some problem finding the page you requested. Maybe the page you are looking
for has been deleted, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable.
You'll probably be able to find the information you need by using the menus or search
tool at the top of this page. Or perhaps try visiting these pages:
- MCC Homepage
- Contact Us
- Admissions
Or try the following:
- If you typed the page address in the Address bar, make sure that it is spelled correctly.
- Click the Back button to try another link.
If problem persists, please report to email@example.com.


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Angelina Travels
miles of inspiration, with all points in between
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Leopard Shamrock Lucky Surgical Nurse St Patrick's Day T-Shirt Design Nurse SVG Cutting File Digital Download
Leopard Shamrock Lucky Surgical Nurse St Patrick's Day T-Shirt Design Nurse SVG Cutting File Digital Download
These digital clip art files are perfect for any projects such as:
scrap booking, paper goods, DIY invitations & announcements, clothing and accessories, party favors, cupcake toppers, labels & stickers, signage, stationery, gifts, calendars, banners, postcards, address labels, personal t-shirts, wedding supplies and on whatever else projects you have.
The file formats that are included in the zip:
- Encapsulated PostScript – EPS
- Scalable Vector Graphics – SVG
- Drawing Interchange Format – DXF
- Portable Document Format – PDF
- Portable Graphics Format – PNG
You must have a cutting machine and appropriate software to use these files. Make sure these file formats are compatible with your software. It's not a true type font; it's a digital alphabet with each letter as a separate file.
Due to the numerous variations of cutters and software I am not able to provide support on how to use these files with your software or machine. Also, I cannot offer refunds.
You will need to unzip/extract the received folder to enable the use of the separate files.
Being to the digital nature of the files, I can NOT offer refunds. There are no exceptions to this.
This design is available as an instant download, after completing your purchase.
Thank you for shopping!


text:
Tufte Wear
Product description
As soft and comfortable as possible, with a regular fit and rounded neckline. The Crew Neck Tee from Tufte is made from our unique SoftBoost® blend of bamboo lyocell and modal fibres, that provides incredible softness, durability to rival cotton and a more sustainable production. This soft tee for women is perfect on it's own or under a sweater or blouse. Simply put, an everyday favourite!
Product details
Size chart
Materials & maintenance
Product information
Fast and Easy Shipping
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