text:
perlobj - Perl objects
First you need to understand what references are in Perl. See perlref for that. Second, if you still find the following reference work too complicated, a tutorial on object-oriented programming in Perl can be found in perltoot and perltooc.
If you're still with us, then here are three very simple definitions that you should find reassuring.
An object is simply a reference that happens to know which class it belongs to.
A class is simply a package that happens to provide methods to deal with object references.
A method is simply a subroutine that expects an object reference (or a package name, for class methods) as the first argument.
We'll cover these points now in more depth.
An Object is Simply a Reference
Unlike say C++, Perl doesn't provide any special syntax for constructors. A constructor is merely a subroutine that returns a reference to something "blessed" into a class, generally the class that the subroutine is defined in. Here is a typical constructor:
package Critter; sub new { bless {} }
That word new
isn't special. You could have written
a construct this way, too:
package Critter; sub spawn { bless {} }
This might even be preferable, because the C++ programmers won't
be tricked into thinking that new
works in Perl as it does in C++.
It doesn't. We recommend that you name your constructors whatever
makes sense in the context of the problem you're solving. For example,
constructors in the Tk extension to Perl are named after the widgets
they create.
One thing that's different about Perl constructors compared with those in
C++ is that in Perl, they have to allocate their own memory. (The other
things is that they don't automatically call overridden base-class
constructors.) The {}
allocates an anonymous hash containing no
key/value pairs, and returns it The bless() takes that reference and
tells the object it references that it's now a Critter, and returns
the reference. This is for convenience, because the referenced object
itself knows that it has been blessed, and the reference to it could
have been returned directly, like this:
sub new { my $self = {}; bless $self; return $self; }
You often see such a thing in more complicated constructors that wish to call methods in the class as part of the construction:
sub new { my $self = {}; bless $self; $self->initialize(); return $self; }
If you care about inheritance (and you should; see "Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse" in perlmodlib), then you want to use the two-arg form of bless so that your constructors may be inherited:
sub new { my $class = shift; my $self = {}; bless $self, $class; $self->initialize(); return $self; }
Or if you expect people to call not just CLASS->new()
but also
, then use something like the following. (Note that using
this to call new() on an instance does not automatically perform any
copying. If you want a shallow or deep copy of an object, you'll have to
specifically allow for that.) The initialize() method used will be of
whatever $class we blessed the object into:
sub new { my $this = shift; my $class = ref($this) || $this; my $self = {}; bless $self, $class; $self->initialize(); return $self; }
Within the class package, the methods will typically deal with the reference as an ordinary reference. Outside the class package, the reference is generally treated as an opaque value that may be accessed only through the class's methods.
Although a constructor can in theory re-bless a referenced object currently belonging to another class, this is almost certainly going to get you into trouble. The new class is responsible for all cleanup later. The previous blessing is forgotten, as an object may belong to only one class at a time. (Although of course it's free to inherit methods from many classes.) If you find yourself having to do this, the parent class is probably misbehaving, though.
A clarification: Perl objects are blessed. References are not. Objects know which package they belong to. References do not. The bless() function uses the reference to find the object. Consider the following example:
$a = {}; $b = $a; bless $a, BLAH; print "\$b is a ", ref($b), "\n";
This reports $b as being a BLAH, so obviously bless() operated on the object and not on the reference.
A Class is Simply a Package
Unlike say C++, Perl doesn't provide any special syntax for class definitions. You use a package as a class by putting method definitions into the class.
There is a special array within each package called @ISA, which says where else to look for a method if you can't find it in the current package. This is how Perl implements inheritance. Each element of the @ISA array is just the name of another package that happens to be a class package. The classes are searched for missing methods in depth-first, left-to-right order by default (see mro for alternative search order and other in-depth information). The classes accessible through @ISA are known as base classes of the current class.
All classes implicitly inherit from class UNIVERSAL
as their
last base class. Several commonly used methods are automatically
supplied in the UNIVERSAL class; see "Default UNIVERSAL methods" for
more details.
If a missing method is found in a base class, it is cached in the current class for efficiency. Changing @ISA or defining new subroutines invalidates the cache and causes Perl to do the lookup again.
If neither the current class, its named base classes, nor the UNIVERSAL class contains the requested method, these three places are searched all over again, this time looking for a method named AUTOLOAD(). If an AUTOLOAD is found, this method is called on behalf of the missing method, setting the package global $AUTOLOAD to be the fully qualified name of the method that was intended to be called.
If none of that works, Perl finally gives up and complains.
If you want to stop the AUTOLOAD inheritance say simply
sub AUTOLOAD;
and the call will die using the name of the sub being called.
Perl classes do method inheritance only. Data inheritance is left up to the class itself. By and large, this is not a problem in Perl, because most classes model the attributes of their object using an anonymous hash, which serves as its own little namespace to be carved up by the various classes that might want to do something with the object. The only problem with this is that you can't sure that you aren't using a piece of the hash that isn't already used. A reasonable workaround is to prepend your fieldname in the hash with the package name.
sub bump { my $self = shift; $self->{ __PACKAGE__ . ".count"}++; }
A Method is Simply a Subroutine
Unlike say C++, Perl doesn't provide any special syntax for method definition. (It does provide a little syntax for method invocation though. More on that later.) A method expects its first argument to be the object (reference) or package (string) it is being invoked on. There are two ways of calling methods, which we'll call class methods and instance methods.
A class method expects a class name as the first argument. It provides functionality for the class as a whole, not for any individual object belonging to the class. Constructors are often class methods, but see perltoot and perltooc for alternatives. Many class methods simply ignore their first argument, because they already know what package they're in and don't care what package they were invoked via. (These aren't necessarily the same, because class methods follow the inheritance tree just like ordinary instance methods.) Another typical use for class methods is to look up an object by name:
sub find { my ($class, $name) = @_; $objtable{$name}; }
An instance method expects an object reference as its first argument. Typically it shifts the first argument into a "self" or "this" variable, and then uses that as an ordinary reference.
sub display { my $self = shift; my @keys = @_ ? @_ : sort keys %$self; foreach $key (@keys) { print "\t$key => $self->{$key}\n"; } }
Method Invocation
For various historical and other reasons, Perl offers two equivalent ways to write a method call. The simpler and more common way is to use the arrow notation:
my $fred = Critter->find("Fred"); $fred->display("Height", "Weight");
You should already be familiar with the use of the ->
operator with
references. In fact, since $fred
above is a reference to an object,
you could think of the method call as just another form of
Whatever is on the left side of the arrow, whether a reference or a class name, is passed to the method subroutine as its first argument. So the above code is mostly equivalent to:
my $fred = Critter::find("Critter", "Fred"); Critter::display($fred, "Height", "Weight");
How does Perl know which package the subroutine is in? By looking at the left side of the arrow, which must be either a package name or a reference to an object, i.e. something that has been blessed to a package. Either way, that's the package where Perl starts looking. If that package has no subroutine with that name, Perl starts looking for it in any base classes of that package, and so on.
If you need to, you can force Perl to start looking in some other package:
my $barney = MyCritter->Critter::find("Barney"); $barney->Critter::display("Height", "Weight");
Here MyCritter
is presumably a subclass of Critter
that defines
its own versions of find() and display(). We haven't specified what
those methods do, but that doesn't matter above since we've forced Perl
to start looking for the subroutines in Critter
As a special case of the above, you may use the SUPER
pseudo-class to
tell Perl to start looking for the method in the packages named in the
current class's @ISA
package MyCritter; use base 'Critter'; # sets @MyCritter::ISA = ('Critter');
sub display { my ($self, @args) = @_; $self->SUPER::display("Name", @args); }
It is important to note that SUPER
refers to the superclass(es) of the
current package and not to the superclass(es) of the object. Also, the
pseudo-class can only currently be used as a modifier to a method
name, but not in any of the other ways that class names are normally used,
something->SUPER::method(...); # OK SUPER::method(...); # WRONG SUPER->method(...); # WRONG
Instead of a class name or an object reference, you can also use any expression that returns either of those on the left side of the arrow. So the following statement is valid:
Critter->find("Fred")->display("Height", "Weight");
and so is the following:
my $fred = (reverse "rettirC")->find(reverse "derF");
The right side of the arrow typically is the method name, but a simple scalar variable containing either the method name or a subroutine reference can also be used.
Indirect Object Syntax
The other way to invoke a method is by using the so-called "indirect object" notation. This syntax was available in Perl 4 long before objects were introduced, and is still used with filehandles like this:
print STDERR "help!!!\n";
The same syntax can be used to call either object or class methods.
my $fred = find Critter "Fred"; display $fred "Height", "Weight";
Notice that there is no comma between the object or class name and the parameters. This is how Perl can tell you want an indirect method call instead of an ordinary subroutine call.
But what if there are no arguments? In that case, Perl must guess what you want. Even worse, it must make that guess at compile time. Usually Perl gets it right, but when it doesn't you get a function call compiled as a method, or vice versa. This can introduce subtle bugs that are hard to detect.
For example, a call to a method new
in indirect notation -- as C++
programmers are wont to make -- can be miscompiled into a subroutine
call if there's already a new
function in scope. You'd end up
calling the current package's new
as a subroutine, rather than the
desired class's method. The compiler tries to cheat by remembering
bareword require
s, but the grief when it messes up just isn't worth the
years of debugging it will take you to track down such subtle bugs.
There is another problem with this syntax: the indirect object is
limited to a name, a scalar variable, or a block, because it would have
to do too much lookahead otherwise, just like any other postfix
dereference in the language. (These are the same quirky rules as are
used for the filehandle slot in functions like print
and printf
This can lead to horribly confusing precedence problems, as in these
next two lines:
move $obj->{FIELD}; # probably wrong! move $ary[$i]; # probably wrong!
Those actually parse as the very surprising:
$obj->move->{FIELD}; # Well, lookee here $ary->move([$i]); # Didn't expect this one, eh?
Rather than what you might have expected:
$obj->{FIELD}->move(); # You should be so lucky. $ary[$i]->move; # Yeah, sure.
To get the correct behavior with indirect object syntax, you would have to use a block around the indirect object:
move {$obj->{FIELD}}; move {$ary[$i]};
Even then, you still have the same potential problem if there happens to
be a function named move
in the current package. The ->
notation suffers from neither of these disturbing ambiguities, so we
recommend you use it exclusively. However, you may still end up having
to read code using the indirect object notation, so it's important to be
familiar with it.
Default UNIVERSAL methods
The UNIVERSAL
package automatically contains the following methods that
are inherited by all other classes:
- isa(CLASS)
returns true if its object is blessed into a subclass ofCLASS
You can also call
as a subroutine with two arguments. Of course, this will do the wrong thing if someone has overriddenisa
in a class, so don't do it.If you need to determine whether you've received a valid invocant, use the
function from Scalar::Util:if (blessed($ref) && $ref->isa( 'Some::Class')) { # ... }
returns the name of the package the argument has been blessed into, orundef
. - can(METHOD)
checks to see if its object has a method calledMETHOD
, if it does then a reference to the sub is returned, if it does not then undef is returned.UNIVERSAL::can
can also be called as a subroutine with two arguments. It'll always return undef if its first argument isn't an object or a class name. The same caveats for callingUNIVERSAL::isa
directly apply here, too. - VERSION( [NEED] )
returns the version number of the class (package). If the NEED argument is given then it will check that the current version (as defined by the $VERSION variable in the given package) not less than NEED; it will die if this is not the case. This method is normally called as a class method. This method is called automatically by theVERSION
form ofuse
.use A 1.2 qw(some imported subs); # implies: A->VERSION(1.2);
NOTE: can
directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
You do not need to use UNIVERSAL
to make these methods
available to your program (and you should not do so).
When the last reference to an object goes away, the object is
automatically destroyed. (This may even be after you exit, if you've
stored references in global variables.) If you want to capture control
just before the object is freed, you may define a DESTROY method in
your class. It will automatically be called at the appropriate moment,
and you can do any extra cleanup you need to do. Perl passes a reference
to the object under destruction as the first (and only) argument. Beware
that the reference is a read-only value, and cannot be modified by
manipulating $_[0]
within the destructor. The object itself (i.e.
the thingy the reference points to, namely ${$_[0]}
, @{$_[0]}
etc.) is not similarly constrained.
Since DESTROY methods can be called at unpredictable times, it is
important that you localise any global variables that the method may
update. In particular, localise $@
if you use eval {}
localise $?
if you use system
or backticks.
If you arrange to re-bless the reference before the destructor returns, perl will again call the DESTROY method for the re-blessed object after the current one returns. This can be used for clean delegation of object destruction, or for ensuring that destructors in the base classes of your choosing get called. Explicitly calling DESTROY is also possible, but is usually never needed.
Do not confuse the previous discussion with how objects CONTAINED in the current one are destroyed. Such objects will be freed and destroyed automatically when the current object is freed, provided no other references to them exist elsewhere.
That's about all there is to it. Now you need just to go off and buy a book about object-oriented design methodology, and bang your forehead with it for the next six months or so.
Two-Phased Garbage Collection
For most purposes, Perl uses a fast and simple, reference-based
garbage collection system. That means there's an extra
dereference going on at some level, so if you haven't built
your Perl executable using your C compiler's -O
flag, performance
will suffer. If you have built Perl with cc -O
, then this
probably won't matter.
A more serious concern is that unreachable memory with a non-zero reference count will not normally get freed. Therefore, this is a bad idea:
{ my $a; $a = \$a; }
Even thought $a should go away, it can't. When building recursive data structures, you'll have to break the self-reference yourself explicitly if you don't care to leak. For example, here's a self-referential node such as one might use in a sophisticated tree structure:
sub new_node { my $class = shift; my $node = {}; $node->{LEFT} = $node->{RIGHT} = $node; $node->{DATA} = [ @_ ]; return bless $node => $class; }
If you create nodes like that, they (currently) won't go away unless you break their self reference yourself. (In other words, this is not to be construed as a feature, and you shouldn't depend on it.)
When an interpreter thread finally shuts down (usually when your program exits), then a rather costly but complete mark-and-sweep style of garbage collection is performed, and everything allocated by that thread gets destroyed. This is essential to support Perl as an embedded or a multithreadable language. For example, this program demonstrates Perl's two-phased garbage collection:
#!/usr/bin/perl package Subtle;
sub new { my $test; $test = \$test; warn "CREATING " . \$test; return bless \$test; }
sub DESTROY { my $self = shift; warn "DESTROYING $self"; }
package main;
warn "starting program"; { my $a = Subtle->new; my $b = Subtle->new; $$a = 0; # break selfref warn "leaving block"; }
warn "just exited block"; warn "time to die..."; exit;
When run as /foo/test, the following output is produced:
starting program at /foo/test line 18. CREATING SCALAR(0x8e5b8) at /foo/test line 7. CREATING SCALAR(0x8e57c) at /foo/test line 7. leaving block at /foo/test line 23. DESTROYING Subtle=SCALAR(0x8e5b8) at /foo/test line 13. just exited block at /foo/test line 26. time to die... at /foo/test line 27. DESTROYING Subtle=SCALAR(0x8e57c) during global destruction.
Notice that "global destruction" bit there? That's the thread garbage collector reaching the unreachable.
Objects are always destructed, even when regular refs aren't. Objects
are destructed in a separate pass before ordinary refs just to
prevent object destructors from using refs that have been themselves
destructed. Plain refs are only garbage-collected if the destruct level
is greater than 0. You can test the higher levels of global destruction
by setting the PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL environment variable, presuming
was enabled during perl build time.
See "PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL" in perlhack for more information.
A more complete garbage collection strategy will be implemented at a future date.
In the meantime, the best solution is to create a non-recursive container class that holds a pointer to the self-referential data structure. Define a DESTROY method for the containing object's class that manually breaks the circularities in the self-referential structure.
A kinder, gentler tutorial on object-oriented programming in Perl can be found in perltoot, perlboot and perltooc. You should also check out perlbot for other object tricks, traps, and tips, as well as perlmodlib for some style guides on constructing both modules and classes.


text:
Research Highlights
On the consistency between global and regional methane emissions inferred from SCIAMACHY, TANSO-FTS, IASI and surface measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 2 (2014): 577-592.
"Corrigendum to "Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689–3700, 2011." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 19 (2012): 9381-9382.
"The Global Methane Budget: 2000-2012." Earth System Science Data Discussions (2016): 1-79.
"HCFC-22 emissions at global and regional scales between 1995 and 2010: Trends and variability." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 13 (2013): 7379-7388.
"A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion." Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, no. 7 (2011): 3375-3392.
"Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 8 (2011): 3689-3700.
"Three decades of global methane sources and sinks." Nature Geoscience 6, no. 10 (2013): 813-823.
"A three-dimensional synthesis inversion of the molecular hydrogen cycle: Sources and sinks budget and implications for the soil uptake." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116, no. D1 (2011): D01302.
"Top-down estimates of European CH4 and N2O emissions based on four different inverse models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 2 (2015): 715-736.
"Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17 (2017): 11135-11161.

subset: commoncrawl


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Once a standard fixture at every gas station, good old fashioned paper maps have all but folded in the digital age. But, there are places that can baffle your high tech gadgets.
Getting yourself lost in a rural state is an easy thing to do. Pavement turns into dirt track, and before you know it, you're driving through miles of woods and boulders, and your GPS isn't helping.
"Where it's an electronic device and has batteries and relies on a satellite signal, there's a lot of things that can go wrong," says Bryan Courtois, a search and rescue specialist. Trying to rely solely on electronic mapping, he says, is a good way to get yourself lost. Even he doesn't do that.
"I'll probably look at a map ahead of time, and just have a rough idea. And then if I agree with where the GPS is bringing me then I follow it. If not then I'll probably pull over and look at the map," he says.
But that's assuming you can find a paper map.
"I think there's definitely a slowing down of the production of paper maps," says Shannon Garrity, a data specialist with Delorme, a company that sells GPS units, but still publishes paper maps.
Since 1998, map sales have steadily fallen for Delorme. A spokesperson for Illinois-based Rand McNally confirmed that the market is trending away from paper. But for Delorme, the slump has finally leveled out, and people are buying maps again in addition to their GPS units. And that's probably a good thing says Garrity, because the most common GPS units aren't really meant for wilderness exploration.
Maine has actually had several incidents in recent years of motorists driving into remote bodies of water, most recently in the small coastal village of Roque Bluffs, where two women on a foggy evening accidentally drove their car right into the ocean and drowned. It's not known if the women were using a GPS device, but driving along that same road, here's what happened when a GPS was set for Roque Bluffs: "Your destination is straight ahead."
But, "straight ahead" at that point is actually the ocean. Getting too caught-up in the turn-by-turn instructions that are so helpful when trying to find a coffee shop in Boston, won't serve you well here. Not having that "big picture" view is perhaps the flaw with current GPS technology says Garrity. For Maine Guide Bryan Courtois, a GPS unit is a worthy addition to your road trip supplies, but it shouldn't be the only thing in your glove box.
"It's a nice tool, but you still have to have a map and compass, and look at the map and compass more than the GPS," he says.
In time, as more remote areas are digitally mapped, GPS services WILL be improved for remote parts of the United States, but for now, when taking the road less traveled, you might also want to take along an old fashioned map — even if you can't fold one.
Copyright 2013 Maine Public


text:
Callender Fine Art
Dinner Time Artist: Bob Callender
$ 225.00
All artwork is shipped rolled. Please call 432-699-6700 to get a price on shipping stretched canvas. This art is created with a 2" museum-wrapped canvas Giclée and is produced in a limited edition. Made from an original photograph captured by Bob Callender. This print is hand signed and numbered, by the artist. Only archival materials are used in the creation of this print, to ensure consistent quality for the life of the print.
When all Limited Editions run out, the master will be preserved for licensing and other purposes. The artist reserves all copyrights in the work of fine art this certificate accompanies. No reproductions can be made without expressed written permission of the artist.


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Biker Motorcycle Bells - Guardian Bell Leprechaun.
Legend has it that Evil Road Spirits have been latching themselves on to motorcycles for as long as there have been bikes on the road. These Evil Road Spirits are responsible for mechanical problems and bad luck along a journey. Legend also goes on to say that by attaching a small bell onto your bike, the Evil Road Spirits will become trapped inside the bell where the constant ringing drives them insane, making them lose their grip until they fall to the ground. (Ever wonder where potholes come from?) Legend also has it that the mystery of the Guardian™ Bell carries twice as much power when it is purchased by a friend or loved one and given as a gift.
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According to the Sacramento Bee, it's official: the Kings have been sold to the Seattle group led by Chris Hansen.
A tweet from a Comcast Sports Bay Area NBA analyst this morning said the team had been sold for $525 million to a group led by hedge-fund manager Chris Hansen. A representative for Hansen in Seattle could not immediately be reached for comment.And, as Sonics fans know, these kind of anonymous sources are never, ever wrong.
Eric Rose, a Kings spokesman, said, "Nothing has changed with our position that we will not comment on rumors or speculation about the Sacramento Kings franchise."
UPDATE: And now, of course, CBS Sports is reporting that the Kings might have a local buyer lined up. Gulp!


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Federalist No. 63
The Senate Continued
For the Independent Journal.
Author: Alexander Hamilton or James Madison
To the People of the State of New York:
A FIFTH desideratum, illustrating the utility of a senate, is the want of a due sense of national character. Without a select and stable member of the government, the esteem of foreign powers will not only be forfeited by an unenlightened and variable policy, proceeding from the causes already mentioned, but the national councils will not possess that sensibility to the opinion of the world, which is perhaps not less necessary in order to merit, than it is to obtain, its respect and confidence.
An attention to the judgment of other nations is important to every government for two reasons: the one is, that, independently of the merits of any particular plan or measure, it is desirable, on various accounts, that it should appear to other nations as the offspring of a wise and honorable policy; the second is, that in doubtful cases, particularly where the national councils may be warped by some strong passion or momentary interest, the presumed or known opinion of the impartial world may be the best guide that can be followed. What has not America lost by her want of character with foreign nations; and how many errors and follies would she not have avoided, if the justice and propriety of her measures had, in every instance, been previously tried by the light in which they would probably appear to the unbiased part of mankind?
Yet however requisite a sense of national character may be, it is evident that it can never be sufficiently possessed by a numerous and changeable body. It can only be found in a number so small that a sensible degree of the praise and blame of public measures may be the portion of each individual; or in an assembly so durably invested with public trust, that the pride and consequence of its members may be sensibly incorporated with the reputation and prosperity of the community. The half-yearly representatives of Rhode Island would probably have been little affected in their deliberations on the iniquitous measures of that State, by arguments drawn from the light in which such measures would be viewed by foreign nations, or even by the sister States; whilst it can scarcely be doubted that if the concurrence of a select and stable body had been necessary, a regard to national character alone would have prevented the calamities under which that misguided people is now laboring.
I add, as a SIXTH defect the want, in some important cases, of a due responsibility in the government to the people, arising from that frequency of elections which in other cases produces this responsibility. This remark will, perhaps, appear not only new, but paradoxical. It must nevertheless be acknowledged, when explained, to be as undeniable as it is important.
Responsibility, in order to be reasonable, must be limited to objects within the power of the responsible party, and in order to be effectual, must relate to operations of that power, of which a ready and proper judgment can be formed by the constituents. The objects of government may be divided into two general classes: the one depending on measures which have singly an immediate and sensible operation; the other depending on a succession of well-chosen and well-connected measures, which have a gradual and perhaps unobserved operation. The importance of the latter description to the collective and permanent welfare of every country, needs no explanation. And yet it is evident that an assembly elected for so short a term as to be unable to provide more than one or two links in a chain of measures, on which the general welfare may essentially depend, ought not to be answerable for the final result, any more than a steward or tenant, engaged for one year, could be justly made to answer for places or improvements which could not be accomplished in less than half a dozen years. Nor is it possible for the people to estimate the SHARE of influence which their annual assemblies may respectively have on events resulting from the mixed transactions of several years. It is sufficiently difficult to preserve a personal responsibility in the members of a NUMEROUS body, for such acts of the body as have an immediate, detached, and palpable operation on its constituents.
The proper remedy for this defect must be an additional body in the legislative department, which, having sufficient permanency to provide for such objects as require a continued attention, and a train of measures, may be justly and effectually answerable for the attainment of those objects.
Thus far I have considered the circumstances which point out the necessity of a well-constructed Senate only as they relate to the representatives of the people. To a people as little blinded by prejudice or corrupted by flattery as those whom I address, I shall not scruple to add, that such an institution may be sometimes necessary as a defense to the people against their own temporary errors and delusions. As the cool and deliberate sense of the community ought, in all governments, and actually will, in all free governments, ultimately prevail over the views of its rulers; so there are particular moments in public affairs when the people, stimulated by some irregular passion, or some illicit advantage, or misled by the artful misrepresentations of interested men, may call for measures which they themselves will afterwards be the most ready to lament and condemn. In these critical moments, how salutary will be the interference of some temperate and respectable body of citizens, in order to check the misguided career, and to suspend the blow meditated by the people against themselves, until reason, justice, and truth can regain their authority over the public mind? What bitter anguish would not the people of Athens have often escaped if their government had contained so provident a safeguard against the tyranny of their own passions? Popular liberty might then have escaped the indelible reproach of decreeing to the same citizens the hemlock on one day and statues on the next.
It may be suggested, that a people spread over an extensive region cannot, like the crowded inhabitants of a small district, be subject to the infection of violent passions, or to the danger of combining in pursuit of unjust measures. I am far from denying that this is a distinction of peculiar importance. I have, on the contrary, endeavored in a former paper to show, that it is one of the principal recommendations of a confederated republic. At the same time, this advantage ought not to be considered as superseding the use of auxiliary precautions. It may even be remarked, that the same extended situation, which will exempt the people of America from some of the dangers incident to lesser republics, will expose them to the inconveniency of remaining for a longer time under the influence of those misrepresentations which the combined industry of interested men may succeed in distributing among them.
It adds no small weight to all these considerations, to recollect that history informs us of no long-lived republic which had not a senate. Sparta, Rome, and Carthage are, in fact, the only states to whom that character can be applied. In each of the two first there was a senate for life. The constitution of the senate in the last is less known. Circumstantial evidence makes it probable that it was not different in this particular from the two others. It is at least certain, that it had some quality or other which rendered it an anchor against popular fluctuations; and that a smaller council, drawn out of the senate, was appointed not only for life, but filled up vacancies itself. These examples, though as unfit for the imitation, as they are repugnant to the genius, of America, are, notwithstanding, when compared with the fugitive and turbulent existence of other ancient republics, very instructive proofs of the necessity of some institution that will blend stability with liberty. I am not unaware of the circumstances which distinguish the American from other popular governments, as well ancient as modern; and which render extreme circumspection necessary, in reasoning from the one case to the other. But after allowing due weight to this consideration, it may still be maintained, that there are many points of similitude which render these examples not unworthy of our attention. Many of the defects, as we have seen, which can only be supplied by a senatorial institution, are common to a numerous assembly frequently elected by the people, and to the people themselves. There are others peculiar to the former, which require the control of such an institution. The people can never wilfully betray their own interests; but they may possibly be betrayed by the representatives of the people; and the danger will be evidently greater where the whole legislative trust is lodged in the hands of one body of men, than where the concurrence of separate and dissimilar bodies is required in every public act.
The difference most relied on, between the American and other republics, consists in the principle of representation; which is the pivot on which the former move, and which is supposed to have been unknown to the latter, or at least to the ancient part of them. The use which has been made of this difference, in reasonings contained in former papers, will have shown that I am disposed neither to deny its existence nor to undervalue its importance. I feel the less restraint, therefore, in observing, that the position concerning the ignorance of the ancient governments on the subject of representation, is by no means precisely true in the latitude commonly given to it. Without entering into a disquisition which here would be misplaced, I will refer to a few known facts, in support of what I advance.
In the most pure democracies of Greece, many of the executive functions were performed, not by the people themselves, but by officers elected by the people, and REPRESENTING the people in their EXECUTIVE capacity.
Prior to the reform of Solon, Athens was governed by nine Archons, annually ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE AT LARGE. The degree of power delegated to them seems to be left in great obscurity. Subsequent to that period, we find an assembly, first of four, and afterwards of six hundred members, annually ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE; and PARTIALLY representing them in their LEGISLATIVE capacity, since they were not only associated with the people in the function of making laws, but had the exclusive right of originating legislative propositions to the people. The senate of Carthage, also, whatever might be its power, or the duration of its appointment, appears to have been ELECTIVE by the suffrages of the people. Similar instances might be traced in most, if not all the popular governments of antiquity.
Lastly, in Sparta we meet with the Ephori, and in Rome with the Tribunes; two bodies, small indeed in numbers, but annually ELECTED BY THE WHOLE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, and considered as the REPRESENTATIVES of the people, almost in their PLENIPOTENTIARY capacity. The Cosmi of Crete were also annually ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE, and have been considered by some authors as an institution analogous to those of Sparta and Rome, with this difference only, that in the election of that representative body the right of suffrage was communicated to a part only of the people.
From these facts, to which many others might be added, it is clear that the principle of representation was neither unknown to the ancients nor wholly overlooked in their political constitutions. The true distinction between these and the American governments, lies IN THE TOTAL EXCLUSION OF THE PEOPLE, IN THEIR COLLECTIVE CAPACITY, from any share in the LATTER, and not in the TOTAL EXCLUSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE from the administration of the FORMER. The distinction, however, thus qualified, must be admitted to leave a most advantageous superiority in favor of the United States. But to insure to this advantage its full effect, we must be careful not to separate it from the other advantage, of an extensive territory. For it cannot be believed, that any form of representative government could have succeeded within the narrow limits occupied by the democracies of Greece.
In answer to all these arguments, suggested by reason, illustrated by examples, and enforced by our own experience, the jealous adversary of the Constitution will probably content himself with repeating, that a senate appointed not immediately by the people, and for the term of six years, must gradually acquire a dangerous pre-eminence in the government, and finally transform it into a tyrannical aristocracy.
To this general answer, the general reply ought to be sufficient, that liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as by the abuses of power; that there are numerous instances of the former as well as of the latter; and that the former, rather than the latter, are apparently most to be apprehended by the United States. But a more particular reply may be given.
Before such a revolution can be effected, the Senate, it is to be observed, must in the first place corrupt itself; must next corrupt the State legislatures; must then corrupt the House of Representatives; and must finally corrupt the people at large. It is evident that the Senate must be first corrupted before it can attempt an establishment of tyranny. Without corrupting the State legislatures, it cannot prosecute the attempt, because the periodical change of members would otherwise regenerate the whole body. Without exerting the means of corruption with equal success on the House of Representatives, the opposition of that coequal branch of the government would inevitably defeat the attempt; and without corrupting the people themselves, a succession of new representatives would speedily restore all things to their pristine order. Is there any man who can seriously persuade himself that the proposed Senate can, by any possible means within the compass of human address, arrive at the object of a lawless ambition, through all these obstructions?
If reason condemns the suspicion, the same sentence is pronounced by experience. The constitution of Maryland furnishes the most apposite example. The Senate of that State is elected, as the federal Senate will be, indirectly by the people, and for a term less by one year only than the federal Senate. It is distinguished, also, by the remarkable prerogative of filling up its own vacancies within the term of its appointment, and, at the same time, is not under the control of any such rotation as is provided for the federal Senate. There are some other lesser distinctions, which would expose the former to colorable objections, that do not lie against the latter. If the federal Senate, therefore, really contained the danger which has been so loudly proclaimed, some symptoms at least of a like danger ought by this time to have been betrayed by the Senate of Maryland, but no such symptoms have appeared. On the contrary, the jealousies at first entertained by men of the same description with those who view with terror the correspondent part of the federal Constitution, have been gradually extinguished by the progress of the experiment; and the Maryland constitution is daily deriving, from the salutary operation of this part of it, a reputation in which it will probably not be rivalled by that of any State in the Union.
But if any thing could silence the jealousies on this subject, it ought to be the British example. The Senate there instead of being elected for a term of six years, and of being unconfined to particular families or fortunes, is an hereditary assembly of opulent nobles. The House of Representatives, instead of being elected for two years, and by the whole body of the people, is elected for seven years, and, in very great proportion, by a very small proportion of the people. Here, unquestionably, ought to be seen in full display the aristocratic usurpations and tyranny which are at some future period to be exemplified in the United States. Unfortunately, however, for the anti-federal argument, the British history informs us that this hereditary assembly has not been able to defend itself against the continual encroachments of the House of Representatives; and that it no sooner lost the support of the monarch, than it was actually crushed by the weight of the popular branch.
As far as antiquity can instruct us on this subject, its examples support the reasoning which we have employed. In Sparta, the Ephori, the annual representatives of the people, were found an overmatch for the senate for life, continually gained on its authority and finally drew all power into their own hands. The Tribunes of Rome, who were the representatives of the people, prevailed, it is well known, in almost every contest with the senate for life, and in the end gained the most complete triumph over it. The fact is the more remarkable, as unanimity was required in every act of the Tribunes, even after their number was augmented to ten. It proves the irresistible force possessed by that branch of a free government, which has the people on its side. To these examples might be added that of Carthage, whose senate, according to the testimony of Polybius, instead of drawing all power into its vortex, had, at the commencement of the second Punic War, lost almost the whole of its original portion.
Besides the conclusive evidence resulting from this assemblage of facts, that the federal Senate will never be able to transform itself, by gradual usurpations, into an independent and aristocratic body, we are warranted in believing, that if such a revolution should ever happen from causes which the foresight of man cannot guard against, the House of Representatives, with the people on their side, will at all times be able to bring back the Constitution to its primitive form and principles. Against the force of the immediate representatives of the people, nothing will be able to maintain even the constitutional authority of the Senate, but such a display of enlightened policy, and attachment to the public good, as will divide with that branch of the legislature the affections and support of the entire body of the people themselves.


text:
Mom of the birthday boy cartoon svg
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text:
nfsd -- remote NFS server
nfsd [-ardut] [-n num_servers] [-h bindip]
The nfsd utility runs on a server machine to service NFS requests from client machines. At least one nfsd must be running for a machine to operate as a server. Unless otherwise specified, four servers for UDP transport are started. The following options are available: -r Register the NFS service with rpcbind(8) without creating any servers. This option can be used along with the -u or -t options to re-register NFS if the rpcbind server is restarted. -d Unregister the NFS service with rpcbind(8) without creating any servers. -n Specifies how many servers to create. -h bindip Specifies which IP address or hostname to bind to on the local host. This option is recommended when a host has multiple interfaces. Multiple -h options may be specified. -a Specifies that nfsd should bind to the wildcard IP address. This is the default if no -h options are given. It may also be specified in addition to any -h options given. Note that NFS/UDP does not operate properly when bound to the wildcard IP address whether you use -a or do not use -h. -t Serve TCP NFS clients. -u Serve UDP NFS clients. For example, ``nfsd -u -t -n 6'' serves UDP and TCP transports using six daemons. A server should run enough daemons to handle the maximum level of concurrency from its clients, typically four to six. The nfsd utility listens for service requests at the port indicated in the NFS server specification; see Network File System Protocol Specification, RFC1094 and NFS: Network File System Version 3 Protocol Specification. If nfsd detects that NFS is not loaded in the running kernel, it will attempt to load a loadable kernel module containing NFS support using kldload(2). If this fails, or no NFS KLD is available, nfsd will exit with an error. If nfsd is to be run on a host with multiple interfaces or interface aliases, use of the -h option is recommended. If you do not use the option NFS may not respond to UDP packets from the same IP address they were sent to. Use of this option is also recommended when securing NFS exports on a firewalling machine such that the NFS sockets can only be accessed by the inside interface. The ipfw utility would then be used to block nfs-related packets that come in on the outside interface. The nfsd utility has to be terminated with SIGUSR1 and cannot be killed with SIGTERM or SIGQUIT. The nfsd utility needs to ignore these signals in order to stay alive as long as possible during a shutdown, otherwise loopback mounts will not be able to unmount. If you have to kill nfsd just do a ``kill -USR1 <PID of master nfsd>''
The nfsd utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
nfsstat(1), kldload(2), nfssvc(2), ipfw(8), mountd(8), nfsiod(8), rpcbind(8)
The nfsd utility first appeared in 4.4BSD. FreeBSD 5.2.1 March 29, 1995 FreeBSD 5.2.1


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text:
Good Diet
A child's general level of health often dictates his or her oral health, and vice versa. Therefore, supplying children with a well-balanced diet is more likely to lead to healthier teeth and gums. A good diet provides the child with the many different nutrients he or she needs to grow. These nutrients are necessary for gum tissue development, strong bones, and to protect the child against certain illnesses.
According to the food pyramid, children need vegetables, fruits, meat, grains, beans, and dairy products to grow properly. These different food groups should be eaten in balance for optimal results.
How does my child's diet affect his or her teeth?
Almost every snack contains at least one type of sugar. Most often, parents are tempted to throw away candy and chocolate snacks – without realizing that many fruit snacks contain one (if not several) types of sugar or carbohydrate. When sugar-rich snacks are eaten, the sugar content attracts oral bacteria. The bacteria feast on food remnants left on or around the teeth. Eventually, feasting bacteria produce enamel-attacking acids.
When tooth enamel is constantly exposed to acid, it begins to erode – the result is childhood tooth decay. If tooth decay is left untreated for prolonged periods, acids begin to attack the soft tissue (gums) and even the underlying jawbone. Eventually, the teeth become prematurely loose or fall out, causing problems for emerging adult teeth – a condition known as childhood periodontal disease.
Regular checkups and cleanings at the pediatric dentist's office are an important line of defense against tooth decay. However, implementing good dietary habits and minimizing sugary food and drink intake as part of the "home care routine" are equally important.
How can I alter my child's diet?
The pediatric dentist is able to offer advice and dietary counseling for children and parents. Most often, parents are advised to opt for healthier snacks, for example, carrot sticks, reduced fat yoghurt, and cottage cheese. In addition, pediatric dentists may recommend a fluoride supplement to protect tooth enamel – especially if the child lives in an area where fluoride is not routinely added to community water.
Parents should also ensure that children are not continuously snacking – even in a healthy manner. Lots of snacking means that sugars are constantly attaching themselves to teeth, and tooth enamel is constantly under attack. It is also impractical to try to clean the teeth after every snack, if "every snack" means every ten minutes!
Finally, parents are advised to opt for faster snacks. Mints and hard candies remain in the mouth for a long period of time - meaning that sugar is coating the teeth for longer. If candy is necessary, opt for a sugar-free variety, or a variety that can be eaten expediently.
Should my child eat starch-rich foods?
It is important for the child to eat a balanced diet, so some carbohydrates and starches are necessary. Starch-rich foods generally include pretzels, chips, and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. Since starches and carbohydrates break down to form sugar, it is best that they are eaten as part of a meal (when saliva production is higher), than as a standalone snack. Provide plenty of water at mealtimes (rather than soda) to help the child rinse sugary food particles off the teeth.
As a final dietary note, avoid feeding your child sticky foods if possible. It is incredibly difficult to remove stickiness from the teeth - especially in younger children who tend not to be as patient during brushing.
If you have questions or concerns about your child's general or oral health, please contact your pediatric dentist.
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The staff responded immediately to my request for an appointment when a crown cracked in half when I was away on travel.They stayed late on Saturday when I returned for treatment.Great job guys,excellent care and service.
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We browse through a wide variety of coverages and find the right one for you.
Successful or influential people often find themselves in the public eye more often than most, and sometimes certain individuals can attract the attention of criminals who would like to exploit others for their own benefit. Sometimes people will resort to outright extortion, either by threatening to harm you or your family, or by attempting to leverage sensitive information to compel you to comply with their demands.
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Extortion insurance is separate from ransom insurance—although the two are often bundled together. The main difference between these forms of coverage is that ransom insurance requires an actual kidnapping to have taken place, while extortion insurance deals with threats to kidnap, expose, or otherwise harm someone covered by the policy.
The usual focus of this coverage is offline interactions, but if you (or your business) rely heavily on technology, you may need to be insured against cyber extortion as well. For example, sensitive information obtained through a computer hack can be used in extortion threats. If you're not sure which type of coverage is most appropriate for your situation—or how much protection you need—call Pioneer Insurance Agency, Inc. and ask one of our staff members to help you with a risk assessment.


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UPDATE: Don't ring the death knell yet–ABC News dashed our hopes and dreams, stating that there is no total habitat destruction and pubic lice are pests, and therefore not a valid part of an endangered species list, among other conclusive reasons. Surprise, surprise! Beauty treatments aren't going to solve a public health crisis any time soon.
Humankind is winning a war by waging a battle it didn't know it was fighting. According to a Bloomberg report, an unintended consequence of bikini waxing is rapidly decreasing cases of pubic lice, also known as crabs.
The article looked closely at Australia, where waxing is as prevalent as in the U.S. Within the past ten years, the sexually transmitted infection has gone from the most common symptom-causing ailment there, with at least a third of people experiencing an infestation at some point in their life, to nearly nonexistent. Citing better grooming as the culprit, Sydney's main sexual health clinic stated that it hasn't had a female patient with crabs since 2008 and that male cases have fallen 80 percent in the past decade.
(MORE: Signature Styles: Favorite Fashions of Picasso, The Beatles and Other Great Creatives)
All signs point to bikini waxing as the main weapon. Cases of crabs dropped off as it grew in popularity in the early 2000s, partially due to storylines on shows like Sex and the City and partially due to the expansion of full waxing salons. New York's J Sisters salon, thought to be the birthplace of stateside Brazilian waxes, began offering Brazilian waxes in 1994. The five Padilha sisters that own the salon had regularly waxed off all of their pubic hair back home in Brazil, where skimpy bikinis demanded minimal body hair.
Jonice Padilha told Bloomberg that the 200-some daily clients who get repeat treatments do so for continued hygiene and comfort, factors which further popularized the procedure. It's become so popular that an Oct. 2011 report found that more than 80 percent of college students in the U.S. remove all or some of their pubic hair. A 2005 study reported that 99 percent of women in the U.K. older than 16 years remove some hair, most commonly from their underarms, legs and pubic area.
Thanks to this, treatments like topical creams are becoming obsolete and one of history's nastiest scourges could become extinct. For once, this is "habitat destruction" that isn't shamefully deleterious.
"Pubic grooming has led to a severe depletion of crab louse populations," Ian F. Burgess, a Cambridge medical entomologist told Bloomberg. "Add to that other aspects of body hair depilation, and you can see an environmental disaster in the making for this species."


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We sell a huge variety of Chip and Pin Machines across the UK for competitive prices.
Contactless payments have become increasingly popular in Clare BT62 2 due to the quick and easy process. For businesses that are dealing with lots of payments throughout the day, you may need a variety of paying methods available for your customers.
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Contactless cards are a new, easy way to purchase items up to £30. This is a secure way to receive and make a payment that doesn't involve typing in a pin number. Since more and more individuals are getting contactless cards, having the right card machine is very important to ensure your customers are happy with their payment methods.
Having up-to-date equipment in place may give you better credibility and increase your sales, as you will have the latest technology which can cater to everyone. Contactless machines are great as they allow you to use both contact-free and chip and pin cards, which means you can easily get a card payment.
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Many individuals in your surrounding area sometimes worry about the protection of contactless cards in Clare. As there is a spending limit in place for contactless cards of £30, you are limited to how much you can spend, helping to protect your money. Protection has been a real issue for most when considering whether to apply for these cards, however, there are ways in which you are protected.
The terminals we supply are high quality, trustworthy machines that have been proven to work effectively. As specialists, we are able to give you details that will secure your card and keep you safe when purchasing your products.
Contactless payments have grown increasingly popular over the recent months with up to 58 million people now having a contact-free card. They allow individuals to pay for items up to £30, which can be bought without entering a pin number. This can save time for both the customer and the business meaning more customers are left satisfied.
The new cards have advanced in technology whilst still being safe for use. Many individuals near me are in favour of the new system as it is a time-effective, simple process that carried out the same job as the chip and pin device. If you'd like to find out more information regarding how effective and impact the cards can make for you, get in touch with us today. Just fill out the enquiry form above and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
As specialist chip and pin suppliers, we have years of experience providing terminals to business that are looking to sell their products and have a range of payment options. There is a range of terminals we offer that can cater to each payment that you may be interested in. Our contactless terminals are great as they are multipurpose and can come with a pin section also.
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The cost of contactless payment machines in Clare BT62 2 can vary depending upon a number of factors. The main impact on the price will be the number of machines you purchase. Obviously, if you have a lot of machines installed in your facility, the cost may be higher than if you just have one card machine.
Another way the price varies is down to whether or not the machine is wireless or not. If it is a wireless machine the price will be higher than a connected device. All the appliances we provide are a great value for money and a great investment for your business. We only supply high-quality machines that last a long time and work effectively. To find out the accurate price of one of our contactless payment machines, speak to one of our experts today.
If you're interested in finding out more about the contactless payment machines we can supply for you in Clare BT62 2 get in touch with us today. As experts, we can get you all the information you need and ensure you get the right chip and pin machine for your facility. Simply fill in the contact form provided and a member of our team will be back in touch as soon as we can with all the information you need.


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House and Senate negotiators working to finish a farm bill say it is unlikely their work will be completed before the end of the year. The House is only in session for the rest of the week, and according to one of the negotiators, this week's snowy weather has delayed some numbers-crunching needed to figure out how much elements of a possible deal will cost.
"We're going to pass it in January," said Senate Agriculture Committee Chairwoman Debbie Stabenow, D-Mich., as she left a closed-door meeting to negotiate details of the five-year farm bill.
Her House counterpart, Frank Lucas, R-Okla., stood next to her, nodding.
"I believe that's the scenario that you'll see," said Lucas.
They didn't get into details about where differences remain, but funding for SNAP, formerly called food stamps, and the structure of commodity programs have been sticking points.
One reason they were rushing to get it done before the end of the year is what's known as the " dairy cliff," a risk of soaring milk prices. Without a farm bill, dairy policy will revert to 1949 law, and wholesale milk prices could double. But Stabenow insists it won't happen immediately.
"I'm confident, talking with the secretary of agriculture just a little while ago, that we have no impacts on dairy in January," said Stabenow.
Lucas is planning to introduce a short-term extension of the 2008 farm bill that would last through the end of January. But he said he'd only want the House to vote on it if it looked like the two chambers were still too far apart in negotiations as this week comes to the close. And Stabenow says a short-term extension won't fly in the Senate.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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- Vibrant, full color team logo
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The perfect way to show your school pride, our basketball Mirror displays your school's symbols with a style that fits any setting. With it's simple but elegant design, colors burst through the 1/8 inch thick glass and are highlighted by the mirrored accents. Framed with a black, 1 1/4 inch wrapped wood frame with saw tooth hangers, this 15H x 26W inch mirror is ideal for your office, garage, or any room of the house. Whether purchasing as a gift for a recent grad, sports super fan, or for yourself, you can take satisfaction knowing you're buying a mirror that is proudly Made in the USA by Holland Bar Stool Company, Holland, MI.


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WASHINGTON — Everyone could use a little help keeping those New Year's resolutions to slim down. But if it means the government limiting junk food, the response is an overwhelming, "No."
Americans call obesity a national health crisis and blame too much screen time and cheap fast food for fueling it. But a new poll finds people are split on how much the government should do to help — and most draw the line at attempts to force healthier eating.
A third of people say the government should be deeply involved in finding solutions to the epidemic. A similar proportion want it to play little or no role, and the rest are somewhere in the middle, according to the poll by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research.
Require more physical activity in school, or provide nutritional guidelines to help people make better choices? Sure, 8 in 10 support those steps. Make restaurants post calorie counts on their menus, as the Food and Drug Administration is poised to do? Some 70 percent think it's a good idea.
"That's a start," said Khadijah Al-Amin, 52, of Coatesville, Pa. "The fat content should be put up there in red letters, not just put up there. The same way they mark something that's poisonous, so when you see it, you absolutely know."
But nearly 6 in 10 people surveyed oppose taxes targeting unhealthy foods, known as soda taxes or fat taxes.
And when it comes to restricting what people can buy — like New York City's recent ban of supersized sodas in restaurants — three-quarters say, "No way."
"The outlawing of sugary drinks, that's just silly," said Keith Donner, 52, of Miami, who prefers teaching schoolchildren to eat better and get moving.
"People should just look at a Big Gulp and say, 'That's not for me.' I think it starts when they are young and at school," he added.
Despite the severity of the problem, most of those surveyed say dealing with obesity is up to individuals. Just a third consider obesity a community problem that governments, schools, health care providers and the food industry should be involved in. Twelve percent said it will take work from both individuals and the community.
That finding highlights the dilemma facing public health experts: Societal changes in recent decades have helped spur growing waistlines, and now a third of U.S. children and teens and two-thirds of adults are either overweight or obese. Today, restaurants dot more street corners and malls, regular-sized portions are larger, and a fast-food meal can be cheaper than healthier fare. Not to mention electronic distractions that slightly more people surveyed blamed for obesity than fast food.
In the current environment, it's difficult to exercise that personal responsibility, said Jeff Levi of the nonprofit Trust for America's Health, which has closely tracked the rise in obesity.
"We need to create environments where the healthy choice becomes the easy choice, where it's possible for people to bear that responsibility," he said.
The new poll suggests women, who have major input on what a family eats, recognize those societal and community difficulties more than men do.
More than half of women say the high cost of healthy food is a major driver of obesity, compared with just 37 percent of men. Women also are more likely than men to blame cheap fast food and to say that the food industry should bear a lot of responsibility for helping to find solutions.
Patricia Wilson, 53, of rural Speedwell, Tenn., says she must drive 45 minutes to reach a grocery store — passing numerous burger and pizza joints, with more arriving every year.
"They shouldn't be letting all these fast-food places go up," said Wilson, who nags her children and grandchildren to eat at home and watch their calories. She recalls how her own overweight grandmother lost both her legs and then her life to diabetes.
More than 80 percent of people in the AP-NORC poll said they had easy access to supermarkets, but just as many could easily get fast food. Another 68 percent said it was easy for kids to purchase junk food on their way to school, potentially foiling diet-conscious caregivers like Wilson, who doesn't allow her grandchildren to eat unhealthy snacks at home.
"If they say they're hungry, they get regular food," she said.
Food is only part of the obesity equation; physical activity is key too. About 7 in 10 people said it was easy to find sidewalks or paths for jogging, walking or bike-riding. But 63 percent found it difficult to run errands or get around without a car, reinforcing a sedentary lifestyle.
James Gambrell, 27, of Springfield, Ore., said he pays particular attention to diet and exercise because obesity runs in his family. He makes a point of walking to stores and running errands on foot two to three times a week.
But Gambrell, a fast-food cashier, said he eats out at least once a day because of the convenience and has changed his order at restaurants that already have begun posting calorie counts. He's all for the government pushing those kinds of solutions.
"I feel that it's a part of the government's responsibility to care for its citizens and as such should attempt to set regulations for restaurants that are potentially harmful to its citizens," he said.
On the other side is Pamela Dupuis, 60, of Aurora, Colo., who said she has struggled with weight and has been diagnosed as pre-diabetic. She doesn't want the government involved in things like calorie-counting.
"They should stay out of our lives," she said.
The AP-NORC Center survey was conducted Nov. 21 through Dec. 14. It involved landline and cellphone interviews with 1,011 adults nationwide and has a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 4.2 percentage points.


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