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Our Policies Shipping Policy & Return policy
Design | Bakhtiari |
Construction | Hand Knotted |
Content | Wool |
Origin | Afghanistan |
Tone | Soft Hues |
Colors: BKG / Border / Accent | Blue / Ivory / Grey |
Shape | Rectangle |
Condition | New |
Thickness-mm | 1/4" |
Warp | Cotton |
Featuring neutral palette with soft color tones, woven in traditional and transitional designs, Inspired by Persian rugs like Tabriz, Sultanabad, Ziegler and the Turkish Oushak Motifs. Our Serenity collection is a treat for the eyes. The soft color tones and subtle finishes of these hand knotted oriental rugs can make any living place comfy, cozy, and serene.
Origin - Afghanistan
Tone - Soft Hues
Shape - Rectangle
Thickness mm - 1/4"
Condition - New
Warp - Cotton
During transit (shipping), if the texture of the rug will be pressed and there may be some visible creases. Please note that, this is not a defect and it should be unnoticeable after a few days.
All rug sizes are approximate, We have made every effort to display the colors of our rugs as accurately as possible, however the colors may vary depending on display types (computer/phone screen) and the physical lighting condition of your space"
Your order will be delivered via UPS to your home within 3-5 business days after shipping. We ensure the careful handling and safe delivery of our products.
Returns are accepted for this product. All returns must be postmarked within fourteen (14) days of the delivery date. For more details on our return policy, click here.
Basic care:
Natural raw wool may contain small fibers during weaving. Over time, these threads/fibers will come to the surface. Don't panic - fiber loss is normal with new wool rugs and will fade over time. For long-lasting care, use a vacuum cleaner without a beater.
Stain Treatment:
If the stain was caused by a liquid, you need to act quickly to prevent it from drying - use paper towels to absorb and then please contact us.
For help and any more detail click here.
Store Address: 13953 Fondren Rd Suite B, Missouri City, TX 77489, United States
Phone No. 571-599-2052
Mail: email@example.com
Direct Sourcing:
Our direct partnerships with artisans in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Turkey ensure that every rug is genuinely handcrafted, ensuring authentic design and quality.
Quality Control:
Every rug undergoes a stringent inspection process before being listed for sale, guaranteeing it meets our high standards.
Transparent Pricing:
By eliminating middlemen, we provide competitive prices, ensuring you receive value for money.
Supporting Local Artisans:
Each purchase directly contributes to the sustainable livelihood of craftsmen in Pakistan, ensuring the continuation of this centuries-old craft.
Customer Support:
Our dedicated team is always available to provide information, answer queries, and assist with any part of your purchasing process.
In short, when you choose Arteverk, you're choosing transparency, quality, and a commitment to fair trade practices.
Store Address: 13953 Fondren Rd Suite B, Missouri City, TX 77489, United States
Phone No. 571-599-2052
Mail: email@example.com
Our commitment to the less fortunate communities runs deep, as we recognize the rich tradition behind every rug. We're proud to exceed standard labor rights, ensuring our artisans are fairly compensated.
A significant 20% of our profits directly benefits, Girls and boys (schooling, Dispensary, vocational training, rural community development, and we provide additional support to our artisans, championing their financial and personal well-being. For more details, click here.
Stepping onto our Wool or silk rugs feels like a gentle embrace for your feet, with its plush and soft wool fibers offering a comforting, velvety touch. We use the best wool and some of of fine rugs are made with wool from the under neck area, making the rug even softer on the feet.
Cheap machine-made rugs tend to wear out faster. In contrast, handmade rugs are meticulously crafted for longevity, ensuring a lasting investment.
Unique Aesthetics:
Mass-produced rugs can't replicate the authentic charm and distinctiveness of artisan-crafted pieces. Every handmade rug is a unique work of art with its own story.
Many machine-made rugs involve non-sustainable production processes. Handmade rugs typically utilize natural materials, making them a more eco-friendly choice.
Supporting Craftsmanship:
Purchasing a handmade rug directly supports traditional artisans, their families, and their rich heritage, whereas the production of machine-made rugs often involves questionable labor practices.
Value & Trust:
Over time, handmade rugs can retain or even appreciate in value. By choosing a handmade rug, especially from a trusted source like Arteverk, you are ensuring authenticity and quality.
Absolutely. Our handmade rugs are crafted using natural materials without the use of harmful chemicals or dyes. Their organic composition ensures a safe environment for everyone, including babies. Always ensure the rug is clean and free from small objects, and regularly vacuum to maintain its pristine condition.
Please ensure your rug is cleaned professionally every 3 years as a minimum.
Vacuum your rug regularly using a low-power setting, and avoid a beater. For spills, blot immediately with a clean cloth. For deep cleaning, we recommend professional rug cleaning.
Yes, each Arteverk "One of a kind" rug is hand-knotted by artisans using age-old techniques, ensuring every piece is unique and reflects the rich heritage of each individual craftsmanship.
Handmade rugs reflect the artisan's touch, with each piece having unique variations. These imperfections signify genuine craftsmanship, making every rug one-of-a-kind.
Our professional photographers utilize top-tier equipment and natural lighting, adhering to high standards to accurately capture each rug's true colors. Nonetheless, slight variations might occur due to different screen settings. We recommend reviewing the rug in various lighting conditions once received. For any color-related queries, our customer support is here to assist.
Yes, we have a 14 days return policy. If you're not satisfied with your purchase, please contact our customer service, and they will guide you through the return process.


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This work is discussed in our profile of Homer. See: Homer - Homer, The Literary Encyclopedia profile by Martin Mueller, Northwestern University
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Citation: Mueller, Martin. "The Iliad". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 19 November 2003 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=558, accessed 25 July 2024.]

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SAN DIEGO, August 27, 2009 — Aimed at experienced shooters looking for value and sophisticated SLR performance, Sony today introduced the full-frame α (alpha) DSLR-A850 camera and a new 28-75mm F2.8 lens.
The α850 model shares the same 24.6 megapixel sensor and most features of the flagship α900 camera, introduced last year, but will be available for just under US $2000 (body only).
"Sony is bringing the benefits of a full-frame digital SLR camera to a broader group of consumers," said Kristen Elder, director of the Digital Imaging business at Sony Electronics. "The α850 strengthens Sony's alpha DSLR line, which now offers models in each step from high-end professional down to the amateur enthusiast."
The α850 camera is designed to deliver ultra-fine picture quality with a high resolution, 24.6-megapixel, 35-mm full-frame Exmor™ CMOS sensor and fast image processing with dual BIONZ™ processing engines. It also offers high-speed continuous shooting of 24.6 megapixel images at up to three frames per second.
Ultra-Fine Images
The camera's Exmor CMOS sensor delivers the photographic expressive power of wide angles and perspective that only a 35 mm full-frame sensor can offer, and is designed to take advantage of the resolving power of high-precision alpha lenses. Its high pixel count and large size provide enhanced image detail and a wider dynamic range for natural color reproduction and subtle tonal gradations.
Image processing gets a boost in speed and power from two BIONZ processing engines. Large amounts of data captured by the 24.6-megapixel sensor can be quickly processed to achieve a fast shooting response. Additionally, this dual BIONZ system applies advanced noise reduction algorithms producing images of exceptional quality and detail, especially at high ISO sensitivities.
Capture the Right Shot the First Time
The camera's innovative intelligent preview function takes the guesswork out of setting up a shot and the hassle of taking multiple shots to achieve a desired effect.
After pressing the depth of field preview button, the camera "grabs" a RAW preview image which is processed and displayed on the LCD screen. You can then fine tune white balance, determine the best level and effect of dynamic range optimization, adjust exposure compensation and check histogram data, all before you actually take the picture. Preview images are not recorded on the camera's memory card, thus saving capacity.
The camera's autofocus system features nine sensors with 10 assist points for improved tracking of moving subjects. A center dual cross sensor comprised of two horizontal and two vertical line sensors as well as a dedicated f/2.8 sensor are included to achieve greater precision, especially when using fast-aperture lenses.
Ultra-Bright Viewfinder with 98 Percent Coverage
The ultra-bright viewfinder with 98 percent field of view coverage and 0.74x magnification enables accurate framing and preview. It features a high-power condenser lens, an eyepiece with high reflective-index glass, and a multi-layer, anti-reflective coating on optical surfaces to deliver its extraordinarily bright view.
A mirror box features a parallel-link mirror mechanism that moves on two horizontal axes to accommodate both the large full frame mirror and the body-integrated image stabilization system without increasing the camera's size.
Anti-Shake System for a Full-Frame Sensor
With its body-integrated SteadyShot INSIDE™ image stabilization, the camera achieves an anti-shake effect equivalent to shutter speeds faster by 2.5 to 4 stops. The anti-shake system stabilizes all Sony, Minolta and Konica-Minolta compatible lenses even wide angle or large aperture lenses.
Versatility to Unleash Creative Possibilities
Other key features aimed to expand creative options include the Dynamic Range Optimizer (DRO) with five levels of user-selectable correction as well as DRO bracketing for enhanced scene analysis and graduation optimization. EV bracketing with ±2EV range makes it easy to create high dynamic range composite images.
With the camera's HDMI™ output and Photo TV HD mode, your creative output can be enjoyed on a compatible HD television. This mode brings the look of actual printed photography to the television, by fine-tuning such image parameters as sharpness, gradation, and color reproduction.
The a850 model features a 3-inch (diagonally), Xtra Fine LCD™ screen (921K) making it possible to check focus and image quality with accuracy. It incorporates an easy-to-see display with a quick navigation menu to easily access common functions without interrupting your creative flow. A backlit LCD panel sits on top of the camera and displays key settings.
The camera includes dedicated slots for high-capacity Memory Stick PRO Duo™, Memory Stick PRO-HG Duo™, HX series and CompactFlash® media.
Bright Lens
The choice of full-frame lenses to complement the α850 model is enhanced with the new SAL2875 28-75mm F2.8 SAM lens. This compact, easy-to-carry lens is ideal for photo enthusiasts looking to add a bright, general purpose zoom to their collection of full-frame optics.
Delivering excellent imaging quality at an accessible price, it offers a wide F2.8 aperture over its entire zoom range. Ideal for day-to-day shooting tasks, its bright constant aperture makes the 28-75mm F2.8 SAM particularly valuable for depth-of-field control and available-light portraits.
Pricing and Availability
The a850 (model DSLR-A850) will be available in September for about $2,000 (body only) along with related accessories. All a900 accessories are compatible with the a850 camera, including the dedicated vertical grip (model VG-C90AM). The SAL2875 lens will be available in November for about $800. All will be available at authorized dealers, at military base exchanges, Sony Style retail stores (www.sonystyle.com/retail) and at sonystyle.com.
Related Link:
– Sony A850 Review @ Imaging Resource


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Prepare Your Clothes for Storage
It's time to put those summer clothes away for the season. Here are some tips to help prepare your clothes for storage.
You probably don't want to pack away clothes with bad odors. But don't forget your clothes might be stained too. And those stains will become permanent if you let them sit for half a year. Just be sure, wash all the clothes you plan to put in storage.
Everyone has boxes of some sort lying around. You'll be tempted to use them. But purchase some plastic containers to store your clothes in. These containers secure your clothes from insects and rodents. And if you have clothes from the drycleaner, don't just leave them in the drycleaner plastic. They could get water damaged.
If you use a storage facility, like Infinite Self Storage, you can purchase wardrobe boxes to hang up your clothes while they're in storage. Then you won't have to worry about creases or folds.
You might think you can just throw everything together. And that's fine, if you are just going to get everything out once spring arrives. But if you have a more variegated clothing selection, you'll want to label your items by season or, even, activity. Then you can keep your harvest season clothes in storage while it's planting season.
Sure, it's reasonable to think plastic bins will protect your clothes from temperature changes. But they won't. In fact, they could compound the effects condensation has on your clothes. If you have an expensive wardrobe, invest in a temperature controlled storage unit to protect your clothes from condensation.
If you have any more questions about storing clothes, we encourage you to contact one of our professional storage team members. At Infinite Self Storage, we have solutions to all your storage problems.


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I'm Michel Martin and this is TELL ME MORE from NPR News. Coming up, when rap pioneer Run from the group Run-DMC decided to get active in church, he had no idea how far it would go. We'll talk with him about his transition from rapping to preaching. That's later in the program.
But first, it's time for the Beauty Shop. That's where we get a fresh cut on the week's news with a panel of women writers, journalists and commentators. Sitting in their chairs for a new 'do this week are Viviana Hurtado, the blogger-in-chief of the website The Wise Latina Club. Michelle Bernard is president and CEO of the Bernard Center for Women, Politics and Public Policy.
That's a non-partisan research institute she founded. Democratic strategist Maria Cardona is with us. She's also a contributor to CNN and Mommyverse.com. And Melinda Henneberger writes about politics and culture at the Washington Post. She oversees their She The People blog. They're all here in our Washington D.C. studios. Ladies, thanks so much for joining us once again.
MELINDA HENNEBERGER: Thank you.
MICHELLE BERNARD: Hi, Michel.
MARTIN: And I'm confident that everybody knows about the shooting at the elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut. It's been a major trauma, not just for that community but for the country. Right now we're speaking before President Obama's scheduled remarks on gun policy, but it seems clear that public opinion at least seems to be moving in the direction of more restrictive laws around guns.
An ABC News-Washington Post poll conducted after the shooting found that 54 percent of Americans favor stricter gun control laws. Fifty-nine percent support a ban specifically on high capacity ammunition clips, and that's a change from recent years because it seems that the policy trend seems to be moving toward more relaxed restrictions, or fewer restrictions on gun ownership and ammunition ownership.
Melinda, I'm going to start with you because you had a complex reaction about this - to this, like I think a lot of people did. But I want to read from one of the columns that you wrote where you said we insist too on referring to the actions of desperately sick people as quote-unquote evil incarnate, though doing so not only gets us nowhere but sets us back.
It seems to me that you're suggesting that really we really need to be thinking about mental health very expansively and aggressively. You want to talk more about that?
HENNEBERGER: Absolutely. I mean in the 30 years since I've been following this issue, nothing has changed. There have been so many cuts to community mental health services, which is really kind of a misnomer because a lot of places there are no services. So you talk, you know, these families are in the same situation now they've been in for decades.
They can't get any help unless their loved one needs to be committed, which means they're a danger to themselves or to others. So when they say, you know, what were the warning signs, that alarm could have been going off and it's very likely that there was no help available.
So I hope that now that we will also start the conversation along with the one on gun control over what to do about this.
MARTIN: And it is important to note, and this is also something we're going to talk about, we don't really know if there's been a diagnosis in this case. We don't really know the extent to which the young man here, Adam Lanza, who has been identified as the shooter and later took his own life, we don't know whether he had any diagnosis or not or what his interactions with the mental health system were. But you know, to that whole question about guns, Maria Cardona, you've been writing about this and talking about this. Not everybody sees this incident as a reason to limit gun rights. Here's a clip of Republican Congressman Louie Gohmert of Texas. He's on "Fox News Sunday."
REPRESENTATIVE LOUIE GOHMERT: I wish to God she had had an M4 in her office locked up so when she heard gunfire, she pulls it out and she didn't have to lunge heroically with nothing in her hands, but she takes him out, takes his head off before he can kill those precious kids.
MARTIN: What's your take on that?
MARIA CARDONA: With all due respect to the congressman, he's just wrong. And I think the majority of the American people I think do understand that more guns actually means more violence. It doesn't mean more safety. And the stats bear that out. And I think that saying something like that, it is a knee jerk reaction to somebody who is afraid that now there are going to be additional legislators that are looking to control the guns.
And I actually think that's a good thing, that that should be the reaction. Because if you look at the stats, there are more places in this country that sell guns than sell groceries. And there are about enough guns in this country to give one to every man, woman and child. And to say that more guns will actually protect us more is just so nonsensical to me and I think to, frankly, a lot of people who have been looking at what actually happened. I think this is the tipping point, Michel. And I know that there has been so many tragedies that have happened thus far, but when you have 20 kids that were murdered point blank range with high capacity magazines, several bullets in each kid - and I cringe when I say that because I am a mother of two children of kindergarten age.
So this is something that just really hit to the heart of me and I'm sure millions of parents in this country. Something needs to be done and I do think that we're at a tipping point.
MARTIN: Michelle Bernard, I wanted to ask you, because you've worked over the course of your career with both Republican and Democratic, you know, lawmakers on various issues. And you know, maybe it sounds counterintuitive, but I have to wonder whether in a way the - does the push on this, on gun control, in a way cause some people to dig in their heels?
I mean it's pretty clear that, you know, the administration is all but saying if you don't do something, I'm going to do something.
BERNARD: Yeah. Absolutely.
MARTIN: And I'm going to act within the limits of my - whatever my executive authority is. And there are some people who would argue, does that make it actually harder to do something bigger? What's your sense of that?
BERNARD: And my sense is in talking to many people on the right, many conservatives, there are people who obviously - everyone looks at this as a horrific tragedy, but there are people who, for example, would take sympathy with what the congressman said, that we referred to a moment ago and believe, well, you know, this is going to make things worse. You know, there are people who have issues, that go out and have guns and I need to be in a position to be able to defend myself. But again, the question you have to ask yourself is, are more guns going to make it better or are they going to make it worse?
MARTIN: Well, what is your sense about this congressman, Mr. Gohmert, from Texas? Where is he in the kind on continuum of opinion on this? Do you feel that his perspective - is he the tip of the iceberg of people who actually have that point of view and maybe aren't willing to express it? Or do you think that he's actually a minority within his own caucus? What's your sense?
BERNARD: No. I think he is probably the tip of the iceberg in that there are many people, many conservatives and people who, you know, who very, very strongly believe in the right to bear arms, that feel exactly the same way that the congressmen do, but they don't want to say anything publicly. Because how can you say something publicly like that in the wake of the mass slaughter of 20 young children for no reason whatsoever?
MARTIN: Viviana, thoughts here?
VIVIANA HURTADO: Yeah. And I think, really, what it comes down to is political will and leadership. I want to say, you know, I'm asking myself cynically what's next. You know, what it is going to take, if not the lives of these 20 innocent children? And the thing about it is, there's some really interesting reporting in the National Journal as well as the Cope Report that looked at the math and the politics.
And the fact of the matter is, as far as gun control is concerned - you can also apply this to other big issues that are ahead of us like immigration - you've got to look at House congressional districts. And the fact of the matter is, there are few so-called fish out of water - Dems in GOP strongholds and the other way around.
And so what I really think it's going to take as far as leadership and political will is sustained political outrage and pressure.
MARTIN: Well, speaking of leadership, let's show some leadership on an issue that hits close to home, which is our role on this as people in the media. And there has been some discussion about this. First of all, there were a number of factual errors in the initial reporting, although they were later identified - they were later corrected pretty quickly - but identifying the wrong man.
For example, Adam Lanza's brother Ryan was misidentified as the shooter. You can imagine just how awful that was for him. And then there were a number of errors, like it was identified that the mother worked at the school and that's how he gained access to the school. That's not true, you know, at all.
So I just have to ask. Viviana, I'll start with you on this because you've been part of the so-called old media and you're a blogger too. Do you have any feelings about how the media - is there something the media should be thinking about in terms of how it handles situations like this?
HURTADO: Ouch. I still have whiplash. I mean I'm all over the map as far as the media reaction is concerned. Yes, I know what it's like to work a breaking story. And the pressures of a breaking story are extraordinary. Yes, they got it wrong. We have to look about it, you know, the use of unnamed sources as well has been a huge issue.
As well as this 24/7 media culture that we live in. I mean I'd like to just let every breaking reporter story know that chances are the people - your viewers, your readers, the people who are following you - are following you and not your competition. So take some of the pressure off to be right even though your whole context is pressuring you for you to be right.
One more thing. This is not a Lifetime movie, and I think that's part of the problem of our media culture, is this over-dramatization of really this magnitude of horror which I can't get my mind around. You're not part of the story, and by crying on set - and this is a little bit controversial because we are humans before we're reporters - but, you know, by crying, by making the story about you, I think it takes away from the real hard questions we need to be asking, motivating our leaders to be leaders. And just one last quick thing. Social media was able to rectify a lot of the wrongs.
MARTIN: We are talking about the important story from Newtown, Connecticut last week, with Viviana Hurtado, blogger-in-chief of the Wise Latina Club; Melinda Henneberger, political writer for the Washington Post. Also a blogger, she oversees their She The People blog. Democratic strategist Maria Cardona and Michelle Bernard of the Bernard Center for Women, Politics, and Public Policy. That's a research group. So we've got kind of a split panel here, like half journalists and half blogger-commentators but people who kind of really work outside of it. So Melinda, I'll give you the next crack at these. You have a complicated reaction to this and you've been writing about this too.
One of the things that interests me is, you know, Dr. Carl Bell, a psychiatrist who's done a lot of work around violence and violence prevention, working with victims of violence, he was on the program earlier this week and let me just play what he said about the media coverage overall.
DR. CARL BELL: It seems to me that the more we report that this sort of an assault weapon was used, that this person had this kind of bulletproof vest, that this person entered the school this way, that gives other people who are depressed and suicidal and want to take a whole bunch of people with them the knowledge on how to pull it off.
MARTIN: Now how do you respond to that? You know, other journalists I've talked to about this say you know what? We love our First Amendment the way other people love the Second. But what about it?
HENNEBERGER: I disagree with that. I don't think that anyone has to read the coverage to think, gosh, I think I'll wear a bulletproof vest. I also think that practically speaking what are you saying? We can't communicate about the biggest tragedy going on in our country? I don't understand what he'd be prescribing.
Yes, there were many problems with the coverage, but I think within that we need to differentiate, first of all, you cannot help a law enforcement source telling you the wrong name. So I don't think there's any shame. It's a terrible thing to have happen and I certainly feel for the brother of the shooter. That's awful.
But I don't know what the prescription would be on that when you've got the source telling you - law enforcement, trusted source saying the wrong name. All you can do is shout from the rooftops when the second you know that you were wrong. The other way in which we need to differentiate is when people talk about the sins of the media, we're not this one big blob.
I mean, I think there's a lot of difference between, say, cable commentators and people in print. So I really - a woman was telling me the media this, the media that the other day and it turns out she was talking about Pierce Morgan. And I said, you know, I'm not in the same business as Piers Morgan.
MARTIN: Yeah. She's talking about the host of that...
HENNEBERGER: Yes.
MARTIN: ...late night discussion show who - well, that's a whole other...
HENNEBERGER: Yes. That's him. Yeah.
MARTIN: Don't get me started with that.
HENNEBERGER: Yeah.
MARTIN: Host in the same sentence as me, but don't get me started. So the two of you who can - you engage quite often with the media...
HURTADO: Yes.
MARTIN: ...but I don't know if you - Maria, what do you think about this?
CARDONA: I think this is such an interesting topic because I actually get criticized quite often when I go on the air and people think I'm a journalist and they say how irresponsible of you. You're telling your opinion. And I'm like, yes, that's exactly what I do. I am not a journalist. I don't pretend to be a journalist. That's exactly what I do on the air.
BERNARD: So I do think that it is the issue of people perhaps not understanding the different roles of political commentators, bloggers - and I do think that there is sort of a murky space there - and journalists. And I think you add to that Twitter and Facebook where individuals are exerting their opinions as well.
CARDONA: A lot of times you see journalists looking at what the citizenry is reacting and use that into their stories. And so it becomes this sort of murky blob. And I don't - I don't blame the public for not really understanding what everyone's roles are. And, you know, I try not to get upset but I do try to define I'm a political commentator. I'm not a journalist. And this is what my role is.
MARTIN: Michelle Bernard.
BERNARD: Yeah. I would say, I mean, as a political analyst also, you know, for cable television there is a difference but, you know, I have to say as somebody who sat back and watched a lot of the coverage, I would - journalists have a, I believe, moral obligation to report the story. People need the information.
As the mother of two young children I would also suspect that many parents across the country did what I did, which was after a few hours I just turned the TV off. I couldn't watch it anymore as a parent. It was emotionally destructive.
But also you don't want your children watching it. But it doesn't mean the media shouldn't report on it. Turn the TV off. Turn the radio off. Or change the channel.
MARTIN: You know, I think it's a very difficult dilemma in part because I think we're also in an era of, you know, crowd sourcing information. And you wonder whether the kind of expertise that might actually shed light on this issue is out there but doesn't have access to the official, you know, channels.
I mean, I think, you know, could it be that the person who really has the answer to this question is some junior faculty person in some really small community college someplace and that they actually know but because they're not hooked up with some big prestigious institution the only way that they get found is that they cast the net wide for information.
CARDONA: Absolutely.
MARTIN: On the other hand, you know, the fact is there are ethical guidelines that people - we do change our practices in response to circumstance. For example, the whole reporting on the race of an individual unless it's strictly relevant was something that was an ethical guideline for many years. People said you don't just willy-nilly report on race unless it is relevant to the subject at hand.
Why is that? Only certain people's race were being reported. Hello.
HURTADO: Or interviewing children.
MARTIN: Or interviewing children.
HENNEBERGER: Yeah.
MARTIN: Or interviewing, you know, children.
HURTADO: Even with parents' permission.
MARTIN: Well, but then again, there are an awful lot of...
HURTADO: This is Viviana.
MARTIN: Excuse me. There are a lot of class issues involved too in this whole concept of privacy. I mean, how many stories have I done where I was swallowing hard and didn't want to knock on that door? But when I did knock on that door somebody was happy to see me because they felt invisible.
CARDONA: Yes. Yeah.
MARTIN: Until somebody showed up.
BERNARD: That's right.
MARTIN: And I have to say there's a lot to this. But we only have a minute left and we do want to leave on something of a happy note. I did want to ask if you all have any holiday wishes. Do you mind if I ask? Maria?
CARDONA: Well, clearly in the wake of what happened on Friday I just wish for everyone to really take a deep, hard look at this and, to Viviana's point, to have the political courage to do something about it so that this never happens again.
MARTIN: Melinda?
HENNEBERGER: I too would hope that Congress would come back in the next year and decide to get real, get talking, and get some solutions going. And realize that the American people would really appreciate that.
MARTIN: Michelle, very briefly.
BERNARD: Yeah. I am hoping that for all of the families of the victims that they are able to find peace this holiday season.
MARTIN: Viviana, final word, briefly?
HURTADO: Ditto. And I am praying for health for our country, as well as my own.
MARTIN: Those are all good wishes. Thank you for that. Viviana Hurtado is blogger-in-chief of the website The Wise Latina Club. Michelle Bernard is president and CEO of the Bernard Center for Women, Politics and Public Policy. That's an in independent research group, a think tank. Melinda Henneberger is a political writer for the Washington Post and runs the She The People blog.
Maria Cardona is a contributor to CNN and Mamiverse.com and a Democratic strategist. They were all here in Washington D.C. Happy Holidays to you all. Thank you so much.
HURTADO: Thank you so much.
CARDONA: Happy Holidays.
BERNARD: You too, Michel.
MARTIN: Coming up, when rap legend Run from the group Run DMC decided to go from rapping to preaching, he took MTV along with him.
REVEREND JOSEPH RUN SIMMONS: MTV became my pulpit. I don't have a church where I am the pastor of a big congregation but the world became my congregation.
MARTIN: I sit down with Reverend Run for a Wisdom Watch conversation about music and faith. That's ahead on TELL ME MORE from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Departure Point
0002 - le Cloître Notre-Dame
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0002 - le Cloître Notre-Dame
Authour's note: The term 'building' has been highlighted.
My apologies!
I've changed my mind. I know that at the end of the last promenade I quite clearly told you that we would be heading down the rue de la Cité to the Parvis Notre-Dame; but I've decided instead that our trip would be much more interesting if we continue our way along the quai de la Corse and work our way towards the same destination around the eastern end of the island.
Starting Point:
Le quai de la Corse / quai aux Fleurs
The stairway at whose head we stand seems to tell us that the river is high, as its base descends directly into the water; this is not the case. There are quite a few like these along le quai de la
and le quai aux
– most probably until the early 20th century, they were used to bring merchandise up to the island from the many barges Paris once relied upon for its sustenance. This quay in its primitive embanked state was called the "port
" - in fact, before le place de la
(today's place de l'hôtel de Ville) was created in the early XXII century, this was the city's first and foremost port. Built into a masonry quay from 1803, it was baptised first as the "quay Napoleon' before becoming the "quay aux Fleurs" in 1879.
This quay owes its name to its old market; every port had one nearby specialising in the product most commonly brought to it. Port Saint-Landry's first market was the "marché Palus", which sold just about everything when it was the cities' only port, but became more specialised through the centuries with the opening of others. By its present name I'm sure that you can imagine its last function – and, if you think to the market we saw at the end of our last promenade, its placement. The quai became separated from its market when its portion between the rue de la Cité and rue d'Arcole was re-baptised "quai de la Corse" in 1929. When we crossed the rue d'Arcole to find the quai aux Fleurs, we also entered what was once the "cloître
The Cloître Notre-Dame
It is thought that the eastern end of the
île de la Cité
had been consecrated to religion since even Roman times, although the remnants of an edifice to Jupiter found there may have been recuperated, like most of the other stone from that era found on the island, from former Left Bank constructions. In any case, the stone blocks discovered during a 1710 renovation of the Notre-Dame cathedral crypt, when assembled, formed a square pillar dedicated to this god. Engravings on all four sides depicted, in addition to scenes from everyday life, Greek, Roman and Celtic divinities, but most importantly it bore a dated dedication from the "Boatmen of the Parisii territories" to Jupiter and the Roman Emperor Tiberius (thus its name "le
pilier des Nautes
" or "Boatman's Pillar"). The signification and assemblage of these blocks wasn't at first clear though, as upon their uncovering they were thought to be but a few of many stones in the foundations of Paris' first 4th century ramparts.
From a 4th-century basilica dedicated to the
, Christianity filled the island with many churches chapels. Paris from around 540 became a diocese with the construction of its first cathedral (which at first was also dedicated to Saint-Etienne but was later re-baptized "Notre-Dame"), which also meant the construction of bishop's residences and other cathedral dependencies. The whole made almost a village unto itself, and by the 13th-century completion of today's Notre-Dame cathedral this agglomeration had grown to transform the whole ile de la Cité to the east of the rue d'Arcole into a walled town.
This "Cloître" had four gates which would be closed at sunset: The two principle openings were to each side of the cathedral, but another stood near the corner of the rue de Chanoinesse (the former "rue des
") and the rue de la
, and a final door blocked entry from the port Saint-Landry near the end of the rue des
Everything to the south of the Cathedral were the territory of the Bishop's residences and offices, so all to its north could be considered as the "cloître proper". The houses there were rarely of noble construction; most were of the half-timber style that was the tradition then, so although an effort has been made to preserve (or re-create) the medieval atmosphere the quarter once had, very few of its original buildings remain intact today. Still, there remain many a small vestige of what once was throughout this quarter, and we will find them as we go along. Perhaps I should give you a forewarning though: since this quarter has preserved its "old" sinuous street map, our way will not be as linear as our last promenade. Here we arrive where la rue de la Colombe empties into the quai aux Fleurs; let us take this way to enter the heart of la Cloître Notre-Dame.
La rue de la Colombe
This rather haphazard street seems to attack every angle it can over its short length. Dipping down to meet the rue des Ursins to the left and what seems to be the ruin of a wall to our right, we see that it widens quite abruptly once it rises again to the other side. Note the landscaping the city had to do to bring the road to the level of its buildings portals; note particularly the "stairs" to our right (leading nowhere) and the door to the same side just beyond: there is a difference of at least two metres in
between the two. This is a good example of how the island rose from the river through the centuries as the quay behind us is of a much more recent construction then the street in front of us.
We'll be taking a left into the rue des
, but first let's take a little skip forward for a look back at this intersection from the other direction. First you will see more "landscaping' stairs, but look down to the paving and you will see a stripe latticed cobblestones crossing sidewalk and roadway from building to building: this line traces the path of the 4th century
we talked about earlier on. To picture the path of the whole length of island wall you would have to imagine an oval running around 50m to the inside of today's quays – remember that, before they were built up to today's regular "plateau", Paris' banks sloped gently towards the river.
La rue des Ursins
This is one of the island's oldest streets, as it served the docks of the Port Saint-Landry from even Roman times. In fact this street had no name as an integral part of the port until it became "la rue du Porte Saint-Landry" in the early 14th century. It later became known as the "rue d'
" but from around the 16th century took its name in the memory of a chateau destroyed around then, a rather imposing structure built by the
Prévôt des Marchands
(later Chancellor) Jean-Juvenal des Ursins in the 13th century. This building stood on the riverfront towards the centre of today's Hotel-Dieu. Before it was eliminated in the mid-19th century by the construction of the latter edifice, that part of our street was called the "rue haut des
", followed a rather sinuous path until the rue de la Colombe where it became the "rue basse des
Of its role as a port this area bears no sign, but of its partinance to the Cloître Notre-Dame: a little. The cloitre enclosure once had thirty-three canonical houses, but as most were built in the half-timber and plaster style, most of them fell victim to age. The 1789 revolution played more than a minor role here as well, because of its destruction of almost all of this island's twenty-three
and churches. Many were dismantled for building materials, as we soon will see.
The first such example is here at #19 of this street. This address proved to be a lesson in historical prudence: I had been looking for the remnants of l'île de la Cité's only remaining chapel (aside from its Notre-Dame and Sainte-Chapelle monuments), a 12th-century edifice dedicated to
, and I thought I had found it there. To both sides of this building's courtyard-alleyway were old stone columns, and I had seen the same line continued to the rear of another property (which we will see later on) to its rear. Yet these weren't those I had seen in the file concerning the chapel's listing as "monument historique" – Saint-Aignan's columns were almost Corinthian in style and these were plain and almost Roman.
A kind gentleman resident of the building soon set me straight: it is unknown where this property's columns were recuperated from, but the chapel I was looking for was in the property just behind. After a bit of research it seems that it was transformed into a hangar for the common use between this property and its rearward neighbour; it was used as everything from a hay bin to a storage room for a woodcutter's shop whose storefront was the corner of this address and the rue de la Colombe. It was only recently (in Paris standards) that the Notre-Dame chapter managed to recuperate the hangar and incorporate it into their property next door. Today as a whole it is the "Maison Saint-Aignan' annex of the Paris Seminary, and the chapel, restored as much as it could be, has been re-consecrated to its private use. Still, it is one can visit upon written request, and if I do see it you will be the first to know, dear reader. For now you can visit their website at http://catholique-paris.cef.fr/diocese/cdas/lieux/aignan.htm.
Although this building didn't contain what I had anticipated, our visit here was no waste of time: the marble tablet you see on the wall to your right is a real "monument historique" as it is a fragment of a 12th-century
funeral stone
– a church's largest donors and higher-ranking ecclesiastical officers were commonly buried under the church chancel in those times – and this stone once made the floor of one of these.
After a last look up at our Romanesque columns, let us continue our way eastwards along the rue des Ursins. Just to the right of the doorway we are exiting we'll find the Seminary I just mentioned earlier – its late 19th century architecture, though in a "marina" style fairly unsuited to this quarter, does support the story of its chapel's rebirth.
Besides that there's not much to note in particular in our immediate area – perhaps the low elevation of the ground floor of the building to our left, which is yet another example of this island's rise in elevation. The rather most of the buildings to our right are of recent construction, but those towards the riverside of our path date from at least the mid-18th century. Note particularly how the
s seem to lean into the roadway from their first floor: this was at once a technique to at once allow more room for passage on the narrow streets and gain extra area surface area through the floors above.
A little further on, this street has yet another enigma: the location of a 15th-century
that once served the port Saint-Landry. The locals called it "king Dagobert's tower" (although this king ruled nine centuries before the tower's time) and until the end of the 19th century it stood to the rear of a wide courtyard whose principal entrance was from the rue Chanoinesse, one street to the north from us. A major landmark in its time, it figured in a few paintings of the port Saint-Landry, and Balzac described it quite extensively in the "The Brotherhood of Consolation" essay from his "The Human Comedy". Again typical to the quarter, the tower's portico was lower than street level, in fact towards the end of its life one would have to enter it from the basement. The ceiling of its spiral staircase was engraved in the 14th-century style one can see today in the Rive Droite "Jean-Sans-Peur" tower (rue Etienne Marcel). What's more, this tower is said to have had an iron arm extending from its top, supposedly to hold a lamp whose flame lit the port-Saint-Landry at night. It is even said that at one time there were two – but today they are no more. I suspect that it stood around today's 9 rue des Ursins, in the land that the National Police's motorcycle Corps garage fills today. Another thing that threw me was the "tower-esque" structure extending above the buildings nearing us from our right: with its strangely-placed windows and masonry divisions between its floors, though it is a story shorter, it looks much like the tower I was looking for.
Don't be spoofed into thinking that there is anything historical about the building in front of us though. The only thing authentic in this area is the half-buried arch under the stair to our left – and I may even be wrong about that - though it seems to fit the building opposite, the latter is a 1958 exercise in "medieval flair" by the architect Fernand Pouillon, as it is a building compiled from bits and pieces of architecture taken from a medieval ruin elsewhere.
Let us take the short stair ahead of us to the quay just adjacent for a look at a building further along the river.
Le Quai aux Fleurs – suite.
Most all of these buildings are of at least 19th-century origin. There is one of note though, 9-11 quai aux
, though more for the story behind it than for the building itself.
The cloitre Notre-Dame wasn't reserved only to those in religious orders - although the church rulers owned all of the property within and controlled its gates and morals, they allowed men outside the order to rent apartments and do commerce there. Civilian women were forbidden any place of residence there in the years before the Revolution.
Because of its early cathedral, and an edict dating from Charlemagne's time decreeing that all cathedral towns provide at least a basic education to the younger, Paris' first
was in what would become its cloitre Notre-Dame. The city's rise in popularity during Capetian rule meant a rise in number of those attending: its first teacher of renown was the Archbishop Albert who taught there in the very beginnings of the 11th century.
Thus the stage was set for the arrival of a certain an errant student-turned-teacher, Pierre
de Pallet, in 1110. His controversial views vis-à-vis Christian dogma and abstract thought made him immensely popular with his students and brought a certain prestige and source of revenues to the cloister school – lower education was free, but one had to pay for the level of education at which Abelard was teaching.
The building before us is the supposed former location of a house belonging to a certain canon Fulbert, the uncle of a young lady,
, known in the quarter for her beauty and intelligence (I know full well that I said that no women could live within the cloister, but this is how the legend goes). Heloise caught Abélard's eye, and to open opportunity for relations more intimate with her, petitioned her uncle for the rental of a room in his house. In addition to a healthy rent, Abélard also proposed offered the canon Fulbert free teachings for his niece.
To make a long story short: In 1115, the uncle accepted,
moved in, and a child was announced soon after. The couple absconded for the countryside until the child was born. A boy, the child was named "astrolabe" (a strange name, probably given in ironic provocation to Abelard's ex-teacher and then arch-rival, Guillaume de Champeaux, one who preached only pure dogma and who was against science and free thought). Fulbert insisted that the couple marry, but Heloise was against the idea, as Abelard's brilliant teaching career would end if the laws forbidding priests to marry pending then would become reality. Abelard returned to Paris to bargain with the uncle, and after some sort of arrangement sent for Heloise. Astrolabe was left to Abelard's sister and the couple was married secretly at the
Heloise returned to her uncle's, but word got out about the marriage. Probably to protect his career ambitions, in 1117 Abelard had her confined in an Argenteuil (Parisian suburb) nunnery – and, in revenge for this, Fulbert had him castrated.
By 1118 Fulbert was de-canonised, Abelard became a priest, and Heloise a nun, later Abbess. Abelard remained a brilliant teacher but his views would bring him difficulties, obliging him to move his teachings from the cloister to the Montaigne Saint-Genevieve in 1136, and having him accused of heresy in 1140. Abelard died in 1142 and was buried in the nunnery of which Heloise was then Abbess, and she would be buried by his side upon her death in 1164.
The building in front of us, built in 1848, reflects little of the story above outside of its naïve depictions of two lovers on each of its doors. Its placement is supposed to be that of the Canon Fulbert's house – but the only certainty to anything standing in this area, on what today would be right side of the building below the stair we will presently take to continue our walk, there was once a garden and a wall mounted with two medallions that, if not resembling the lovers, were dedicated to them.
In this short distance we have covered the most historically charged length of our walk. From here we will progress through the rue des
ahead of us, a street named for the cathedral choire residences that once stood near here, to the heart of the cloitre Notre-Dame. At the top of the stair you may stop to admire the spire we see framed in contre-jour above the almost-alley's dark length. As we enter the street, look to the wall to your right – nothing but a bricked-in archway to note there, but it about marks the placement of one of the Cloître's four gates. So down we go along the address-less rue des Chantres to…
La rue Chanoinesse
Perhaps after a look back along the rue des Chantres at how the upper floor of the building to our left projects into the street, let us progress for a distance along the rue
before returning towards the direction of Notre-Dame.
To our right, Number 12 of this street is worth noting, though nothing beyond the rear of its street side buiding is older than the 17th century. We can have a look past its studded door though, and to the inside we can see a clever facsimile of the
Hotel du Grand-Chantre
that once stood in this area. This building also belongs to the Notre-Dame chapter. I particularly like how they rebuilt the well with ornate and rounded buckets. If you have a look down there is water there… meaning that the shaft of the well itself is authentic.
Exiting the doorway and continuing eastward we'll come to the front end of the garage housing the horseless transport of the National Police's Motorcycle Brigade – I'm almost sure now that it is this property that made the ruin of the "Dagobert tower" I mentioned earlier on. Now that I can see inside it seems that this building was built around the 1930's… and the motorcycle brigade was created in 1921, but it had only 9 motorcycles then. There's more to learn there for sure.
We're thrown back into the quarter's ancient history with the building just ahead. Although its façade has been redone, #22 is a canonical house dating from the 16th century, as is #24 a little further along. The latter is a restaurant today.
The next door ahead hides a hidden treasure: to the left on the ground of the narrow alley behind it, you'll see two iron braces between the wall and the paved floor – these are not here for support, but for protection. In looking closer you'll see in the stone letters of the spidery gothic style typical to the 15th century. These are no doubt more
funeral stone
s recuperated from a church either destroyed by Haussmann's renovations or the post-revolution destructions. I vouch for the latter.
Continuing further along the hallway we come to a door, and once unlatching this we'll enter a dim vestibule with a stone stairway leading upwards. Note the wall to its left and the twin
and old stonework it bears: this could be the remains of the southern wall of the Saint-Aignan church I mentioned earlier on – but it could just as well also be stone recuperated from another edifice. I still am puzzled why the same sort of stone column continues in parallel lines through what is supposed to have been two properties. Perhaps they were once one? Just another thing to add to my "list of questions" for later research.
Let's head back the way we came towards the rue
– but in passing have a look at the blue door at #17 rue Chanoinesse – it's knocker is a registered "monument historique".
We can get a good idea of the immensity of the Notre-Dame Cathedral from our viewpoint at the corner of the rue Chanoinesse and rue Massillon. The whole left side of the street is taken up by what seems to be a 1920's construction, but the right side still has old houses. All with the exception of #8 are former canonical houses, and this one, though rebuilt in the mid 1700's, has been in use by the Notre-Dame choir since the 15th century.
Notre-Dame Cathedral
- History
Our next stop is Paris' most famous church, but before we visit perhaps we'd best get an overall view of its history before we begin looking at its details.
Paris first church stood almost exactly where
stands today - consecrated in 375 to the Saint-Étienne, it was but a small oratory that stood near the centre of today's Place du Parvis Notre-Dame. Many other religious edifices appeared all over the island as well as the Rive Gauche in later centuries, but Paris didn't have anything comparable to a Cathedral until the early 6th century. Then, where Notre-Dame cathedral stands today, the Merovingian King Childebert ordered the construction of a "Great Church" which, in its first years also consecrated to Saint-Etienne, was baptised to Notre-Dame.
Because before the 10th century
was little more than a prosperous county town, it didn't need a larger church than the one it had. This would change with the
dynasty (987-1328) whose principal fiefs, between Paris and Orleans even before they became France's rulers, would make this city the centre of the Frankish realm. As from then Paris began to grow as a capital, it needed a new church worthy of the city's new stature and growing population – and even more so after Paris became official Capital of all France from 1112. The bishop Maurice de
, from his election in 1160, decided that the city needed better, and petitioned the king, the clergy, and the country's noblemen for the money necessary for a new cathedral.
The then-Pope Alexander III placed the first stone of Notre-Dame three years later. It had its altar consecrated in a very populated ceremony in 1182, but it wouldn't see completion to its towers until around 1245. The name of its architect, if there was but one during that period is unknown.
had both the luck and misfortune to be built between the Roman and Gothic architectural periods. The former used techniques based on solid wall strength, meaning that windows could be only large enough as to not disturb the flow of forces carrying the building's weight down to its foundations, and the latter, a veritable architectural revolution, was the discovery of structural architecture. Using these same lines of force, the architect could draw a "skeleton" for his building, a structure of beams and columns, that as well as being able to stand independently, could be filled with any sort of masonry or left open to any size its maker desired. After this stage of conception, the column strength could be varied depending on the materials they would have to carry.
Notre-Dame's progression from one style to the other was timid. As it took almost two centuries to build, the hesitant abandon of Roman techniques had become a full embrace of the gothic style once the cathedral was built to its apse – but by this time the other pure-gothic edifices appearing then were already surpassing the cathedral. For this, even while the rest of the construction was going on, that much of the work on the upper floors was dismantled between 1220-30 to be rebuilt into a more "modern" style which made more space for a more majestic apse and rosary windows.
Even these changes weren't enough: in its original version Notre-Dame's transept measured but two cathedral widths across, and probably even before the rest of the cathedral construction was completed it was decided to lengthen it to a full three with entrances to each end, the one to the north, connected to the cloitre Notre-Dame, to be used by the canons, and the opposite as an entry from the archbishop's palaces in the grounds to the south of the cathedral. Begun by the architect Jean de Chelles, this work continued upon his death in 1257 by Pierre de Montreuil.
The final touch was the spire: Notre-Dame's towers were designed to hold one on each, but it was later decided instead to build but one at the nave and transept intersection. After the installation of the cathedral's chapels through the end of the century and chancel woodwork around 1350, the cathedral could be considered complete.
What we see today resembles very much what a Parisian would see then, but our respective eras were brackets for a whole series of additions and modifications that in most opinions only served to deface the cathedral. In renovations that took place mostly through Louis XIV's reign (1643-1715), the chancel stonework was removed and woodwork replaced, the tombstones (and tombs) paving the same area and nave made way for black-and-white marble tiling (still in place today), and he pillars and walls were covered with sheets of marble and the 12th-13th century stained glass were replaced with clear colours for more light. Then came the revolution: its portal saints mistakenly identified as the kings of France were pulled down with ropes and shattered – but all other statues of ecclesiastical representation soon followed. The destruction was such that Napoleon Bonaparte, in preparation for his crowning there in 1804, had to have the walls covered with tapestries and cloths to cover the unsightly damage.
Notre Dame
was left almost to abandon as a decrypt and obsolete hulk until the above ruler's nephew, Napoleon III, ordered that it be restored to its former splendour. The architects
began renovations from 1847, deciding to strip the cathedral of all its excesses to give it its former medieval physiognomy. Restored and rebuilt from its windows through its spire, the above work was completed by 1864.
Most recently (and still continuing as I write this), the cathedral's blackened stone has been cleaned, using laser bombardment, of its smoke and soot stains which date from the early industrial age.
With that bit of historical overview aside, perhaps now you can better appreciate cathedral's finer details. As we won't be returning to this side after our walk around the gardens, let's take a short walk down to its transept portal opening onto what was once the cloitre Notre-Dame.
Notre-Dame Cathedral
- La rue du Cloitre Notre-Dame
The rue Massillon empties into la rue du
Cloitre Notre-Dame
just where the cathedral's apse begins. We get quite an impressive view of the
jutting out over what today is the sidewalk but before was the roadway – which brigs up a good question – is the rooftop irrigation today derived into a more modern system of evacuation? The volume of water collected by the cathedral and its masonry must be enormous… if you look through the gate to the enclosure beyond you'll see that there's several such gargoyles and sculptures being restored there – There are so many engravings in all over this edifice in need of restoration that there is always some activity here.
Before heading towards the gardens, let's walk a short distance down the rue de Cloître Notre-Dame because we won't be returning to this side of the cathedral again. If you'll notice to our left behind the fence we're following a line of square bas-reliefs – these appear only here, depictions of certain scenes from the life of
(the virgin Mary) for the younger "public" students whose classes took place against the walls here. In fact, whenever there were open-air lessons going on anyone at all could stop and listen, and many did.
The engraving-adorned red door nearing us as we progress along the Cathedral wall is named precisely that: "la Porte Rouge". This was an addition to Pierre de Montreuil's transept renovations, executed by the same architect around 1257. It was used by the cathedral attendants entering from the cloître Notre-Dame.
Further on is the "Portail Nord" or the "porte du
" and the magnificent
rosary window
above it; although quite beautiful, it never receives direct sunlight because of its northward orientation. To compensate for this window is even bigger than that gracing the cathedral's façade; I also seem to remember that its glass is of a lighter colour for this. It is certain that the Cloître Notre-Dame spends much of the day for much of the year in the cathedral's shadow.
Let us make our way westward again towards the gardens behind the Cathedral's apse.
La rue de l'Archevêché
This street is named for the
's palaces that filled the land to the south of the Cathedral. Before we enter the gardens perhaps it would be best to take a walk along our street until the bridge of its same name for a better overall look at the Cathedral; In all our promenading until now it's either been hidden from us or at very close quarters.
We can take a more interesting path to our destination through the park to our left. Today it is the memorial for the Jewish deportation, but between 1864 and 1914 this land held Paris'
. Before then it was but a wasteland for gravel and other detritus from island construction. From the point here you can get a good view of the river and a place we'll be visiting later on in our promenades, l'île Saint-Louis.
Now that we can get a good look at Notre-Dame from the bridge here, if you look closely at the greenish statues topping the Cathedral you'll see that the one nearest the spire, different from all others around it to all four sides of the roof, has its back turned to us. These were the work of the cathedral's 19th-century renovator Viollet-le-Duc – but to be honest I haven't the slightest what this odd positioning signifies. A dash of second-empire irony to top a mediaval church…
Our promenade is almost at an end – we will be now making our way towards the front of the cathedral through its gardens.
Le Square Jean XXIII
This square, named for a quite recent Pope, once held the
's residences and the Cathedral's immediate dependencies, but all went up in flames in an 1831 fire. The land here remained but rubble until the end of Notre-Dame's second-empire restorations, after which it was opened to the public as a promenade and park.
The building you see jutting from the Cathedral behind the gate to our right is a new sacristy, also the work of Viollet-le-Duc, as well as the building standing independently just beyond.
There are lots of places to sit if you'd like to admire the cathedral's flying buttresses before we move on. Remember that
was built to be beautiful from the inside more than out, so in its "skeleton" quite visible to us we can see all its structural elements. Those arcs arriving mid-way up the nave's wall aren't holding it upright in a proper way of speaking, but they are preventing the cathedral from bowing outwards and moving in the wind. Though its architecture is "lighter" than in the Roman style preceding it, thinner and higher architecture also means one more flexible.
Once we make it past the gate we will make our way over to the front of the Cathedral.
La place du Parvis Notre-Dame
I brought you here in a rather roundabout way, but here we are in full view of Notre-Dame in the square before it. This "place du
Parvis Notre-Dame
" around us is much bigger today than it was in the years before
, and much more beautiful as well – a note of positive for all the destructions wrought by this oft-mentioned architect. The old Parvis ended where those marble seats you see crossing the square parallel to the cathedral façade – and the land beyond was filled with other churches, chapels and residences. A descendant of the world's first public hospital created in 651, the "hotel-Dieu", filled the entire southern end of the island where the park and statue of
stand now – though Haussmann had it destroyed, he built a new one just to its north – it is the same hulking building we passed earlier along the Quai de la Corse, as it fills all the land between the rue de la Cité and the rue d'Arcole until here. It too is destined for destruction in the very near future.
There is much here that you can see without my aid, so feel free to take a walk around. There's a
you can visit to see some of the Roman and Merovingian vestiges found under this square, or you can just walk around the square itself if you like. Drawn out on the ground is the placement of some of the old churches we mentioned earlier, as well as some of the streets that crossed here before all was levelled. Near the line of people you see waiting to enter the cathedral you can see a brass star set into the ground: in the years where mapmaking became a precise art, this spot became the "
point zero
" for the measure of all distances for roads in and leaving Paris.
If you would care also to visit the inside of the cathedral, please feel free to do so – I'll be around here somewhere when you return. More than likely I'll be sitting in the quieter corner of that park away from the cathedral – right next to Paris' oldest bridge, that that will be taking us over the river to our next promenade on Paris' Rive Gauche.
See you soon!
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text:
Gun concealed to carry out his heart of stone plan
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Main Page
Eigen is a C++ template library for linear algebra: matrices, vectors, numerical solvers, and related algorithms.
AnnouncementsEigen 3.4.0 released! (18.08.2021) Eigen 3.4-rc1 released! (19.04.2021) Eigen 3.3.9 released! (04.12.2020) Eigen on Discord (16.11.2020) Eigen 3.3.8 released! (05.10.2020) |
Get itThe latest stable release is Eigen 3.4.0. Get it here: tar.bz2, tar.gz, zip. Changelog. The latest 3.3 release is Eigen 3.3.9. Get it here: tar.bz2, tar.gz, zip. Changelog. The latest 3.2 release is Eigen 3.2.10. Get it here: tar.bz2, tar.gz, zip. Changelog. The unstable source code from the master is there: tar.bz2, tar.gz, zip. To check out the Eigen repository using Git, do: git clone https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen.git |
- Eigen is versatile.
- It supports all matrix sizes, from small fixed-size matrices to arbitrarily large dense matrices, and even sparse matrices.
- It supports all standard numeric types, including std::complex, integers, and is easily extensible to custom numeric types.
- It supports various matrix decompositions and geometry features.
- Its ecosystem of unsupported modules provides many specialized features such as non-linear optimization, matrix functions, a polynomial solver, FFT, and much more.
- Eigen is fast.
- Expression templates allow intelligently removing temporaries and enable lazy evaluation, when that is appropriate.
- Explicit vectorization is performed for SSE 2/3/4, AVX, AVX2, FMA, AVX512, ARM NEON (32-bit and 64-bit), PowerPC AltiVec/VSX (32-bit and 64-bit), ZVector (s390x/zEC13) SIMD instruction sets, and since 3.4 MIPS MSA with graceful fallback to non-vectorized code.
- Fixed-size matrices are fully optimized: dynamic memory allocation is avoided, and the loops are unrolled when that makes sense.
- For large matrices, special attention is paid to cache-friendliness.
- Eigen is reliable.
- Algorithms are carefully selected for reliability. Reliability trade-offs are clearly documented and extremely safe decompositions are available.
- Eigen is thoroughly tested through its own test suite (over 500 executables), the standard BLAS test suite, and parts of the LAPACK test suite.
- Eigen is elegant.
- The API is extremely clean and expressive while feeling natural to C++ programmers, thanks to expression templates.
- Implementing an algorithm on top of Eigen feels like just copying pseudocode.
- Eigen has good compiler support as we run our test suite against many compilers to guarantee reliability and work around any compiler bugs. Eigen up to version 3.4 is standard C++03 and maintains reasonable compilation times. Versions following 3.4 will be C++14.
- Eigen 3 documentation: this includes a getting started guide, a long tutorial, a quick reference, and page about porting from Eigen 2 to Eigen 3.
- Eigen 2 documentation (old): this includes the Eigen 2 Tutorial.
Eigen doesn't have any dependencies other than the C++ standard library.
We use the CMake build system, but only to build the documentation and unit-tests, and to automate installation. If you just want to use Eigen, you can use the header files right away. There is no binary library to link to, and no configured header file. Eigen is a pure template library defined in the headers.
Eigen is Free Software. Starting from the 3.1.1 version, it is licensed under the MPL2, which is a simple weak copyleft license. Common questions about the MPL2 are answered in the official MPL2 FAQ.
Earlier versions were licensed under the LGPL3+.
Note that currently, a few features rely on third-party code licensed under the LGPL: constrained_cg. Such features can be explicitly disabled by compiling with the EIGEN_MPL2_ONLY preprocessor symbol defined. Furthermore, Eigen provides interface classes for various third-party libraries (usually recognizable by the <Eigen/*Support> header name). Of course you have to mind the license of the so-included library when using them.
Virtually any software may use Eigen. For example, closed-source software may use Eigen without having to disclose its own source code. Many proprietary and closed-source software projects are using Eigen right now, as well as many BSD-licensed projects.
See the MPL2 FAQ for more information, and do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions.
Compiler support
Eigen is standard C++98 and so should theoretically be compatible with any compliant compiler. Whenever we use some non-standard feature, that is optional and can be disabled.
Eigen is being successfully used with the following compilers:
- GCC, version 4.8 and newer. Older versions of gcc might work as well but they are not tested anymore.
- MSVC (Visual Studio), 2012 and newer. Be aware that enabling IntelliSense (/FR flag) is known to trigger some internal compilation errors. The old 3.2 version of Eigen supports MSVC 2010, and the 3.1 version supports MSVC 2008.
- Intel C++ compiler. Enabling the -inline-forceinline option is highly recommended.
- LLVM/CLang++, version 3.4 and newer. (The 2.8 version used to work fine, but it is not tested with up-to-date versions of Eigen)
- XCode 7 and newer. Based on LLVM/CLang.
- MinGW, recent versions. Based on GCC.
- QNX's QCC compiler.
Regarding performance, Eigen performs best with compilers based on GCC or LLVM/Clang. See this page for some known compilation issues.
Get support
Need help using Eigen? Try this:
- To get help, stackoverflow is your best resource.
- Want to discuss something with the developers? Use our mailing list.
- Want to have an informal chat on Eigen? Use our Discord server.
Bug reports
For bug reports and feature requests, please use the issue tracker on GitLab.
Mailing list
Address: firstname.lastname@example.com
- To subscribe, send a mail with subject subscribe to firstname.lastname@example.com
- To unsubscribe, send a mail with subject unsubscribe to firstname.lastname@example.com
In both cases, you will get a confirmation mail to which you need to reply. If you have any trouble please ask at the eigen-core-team address for help.
The Eigen mailing list can be used for discussing general Eigen development topics. End-user questions are often better asked on the Use our Discord server. Development of specific features is best tracked and discussed on our issue tracker on GitLab.
This mailing list is public and has public archives.
Important: You must subscribe before you may post. Sorry, this is our only way to prevent spam.
Important: After you sent your subscription request, you will receive a confirmation e-mail. Check your spam folder, as these confirmation e-mails are often filtered as spam!
There is also a private mailing list which should only be used if you want to write privately to a few core developers (it is read by Gaël, Christoph, Rasmus, Antonio, David, and Constantino). The address is eigen-core-team at the same lists server as for the Eigen mailing list. You do not need to subscribe (actually, subscription is closed). For all Eigen development discussion, use the public mailing list or the issue tracker on GitLab instead.
Discord Server
Join our Discord server!
Everybody's welcome to discuss Eigen-related topics or just chat. Bugs should still be reported on the issue tracker on GitLab and formal discussions should happen on the mailing list. Discord is an ideal place to ask other users and developers for help.
Contributing to Eigen
Eigen is written and maintained by volunteers. You can contribute in many ways to help: give support to new users, write and improve documentation, helping with bugs and other issues in the issue tracker on GitLab, discussing the design and the API, running tests and writing code. See our page on Contributing to Eigen for pointers to get you started.
Projects using Eigen
Feel free to add yourself! If you don't have access to the wiki or if you are not sure about the relevance of your project, ask at the #Mailing list.
Extensions, numerical computation
- Google's TensorFlow is an Open Source Software Library for Machine Intelligence
- Google's Ceres solver is a portable C++ library that allows for modeling and solving large complicated nonlinear least squares problems.
- The Manifold ToolKit MTK provides easy mechanisms to enable arbitrary algorithms to operate on manifolds. It also provides a Sparse Least Squares Solver (SLoM) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKFoM).
- IFOPT is a modern, light-weight, Eigen-based C++ interface to Nonlinear Programming solvers, such as Ipopt and Snopt.
- CppNumericalSolvers is a lightweight header-only library for non-linear optimization including various solvers: CG, L-BGFS-B, CMAes, Nelder-Mead.
- GTSAM is a library implementing smoothing and mapping (SAM) in robotics and vision, using factor graphs and Bayes networks.
- g2o is an open-source C++ framework for optimizing graph-based nonlinear least-square problems.
- redsvd is a RandomizED Singular Value Decomposition library for sparse or very large dense matrices.
- trustOptim is a trust-region based non linear solver supporting sparse Hessians (C++ implementation with R binding).
- Shogun: a large scale machine learning toolbox.
- Stan: a statistical package based on Eigen that includes a reverse-mode automatic differentiation implementation.
- StOpt, the STochastic OPTimization library aims at providing tools in C++ for solving some stochastic optimization problems encountered in finance or in the industry.
- Nelson an open computing environment for engineering and scientific applications using modern C/C++ libraries (Boost, Eigen, FFTW, …) and others state of art numerical libraries. (GPL2)
- EigenLab is a header only library to parse and evaluate expressions working on Eigen matrices.
- SpaFEDte a C++ library for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations on general meshes.
- biicode a C and C++ dependency manager that #includes the most popular and useful C/C++ libs and frameworks.
- CERTH's AKSDA: a GPU-accelerated dimensionality reduction and classification method for high-dimensional data.
- Spectra stands for Sparse Eigenvalue Computation Toolkit as a Redesigned ARPACK. It is a header-only C++ library for large scale eigenvalue problems, built on top of Eigen.
- preCICE is a coupling library for partitioned multi-physics simulations, including, but not restricted to fluid-structure interaction and conjugate heat transfer simulations. It supports OpenFOAM, CalculiX, SU2, and several other well-known, as well as in-house solvers. It is free/open-source software and its code is available on GitHub under the LGPL3 license. Link to source code and documentation
- The RcppEigen package provides bindings and more for R.
- minieigen is small boost::python wrapper for Eigen's core classes (dense fixed and dynamic-sized vectors, matrices, aligned boxes, quaternions; with integer, floating and complex scalars) including operators and subset of Eigen's API methods.
- Eigency is a Cython interface between the numpy arrays and the Matrix/Array classes of the Eigen C++ library.
- sparray: a python binding of the Sparse module - alpha stage.
- OCamlEigen, a thin OCaml interface to the Eigen 3 C++ library.
- haskell-eigen offers bindings for the Haskell language.
- jeigen, a Java wrapper for Eigen.
- Eigen4AutoIt, a wrapper for the AutoIt scripting language.
- eigen-lua, a Lua wrapper around parts of the Eigen numerical library.
- Eigenpy: Efficient bindings between Numpy and Eigen using Boost.Python with support of the Geometry module
- GINESTRA, a semiconductor device simulator with a focus on advanced dielectric materials and interfaces.
- G+Smo, an open-source library for geometric design and numerical simulation with isogeometric analyis.
- FlexibleSUSY, a spectrum generator which calculates the masses of elementary particles.
- The ATLAS experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN is using Eigen, as reported in this article, noting "Eigen was chosen since it offered the largest performance improvements for ATLAS use cases of the options investigated."
- The Large Survey Synoptic Telescope (website; trac) is a project to build a 3.2Mpixel camera on an 8.4m telescope and survey the entire visible sky every three days.
- Gnu Data Language, a GPL interpretor of IDL syntax codes.
- Avogadro, an opensource advanced molecular editor.
- The 3D astronomical visualization application Celestia is now using Eigen for all orbital and geometric calculation.
- Yade, platform for dynamic particle models, uses Eigen for geometric computations (switched from the WildMagic package)
- SLangTNG, an application suite for numerical analysis, linear algebra, advanced statistics, FEM, structural dynamics, data visualization, etc.
- Clip, an opensource program for the orientation of Laue exposures.
- Multiprecision Computing Toolbox for MATLAB uses Eigen as core library for matrix computations.
- Pteros, a C++ library for molecular modeling.
- Cufflinks, a tool for transcript assembly, differential expression, and differential regulation for RNA-Sequences.
- Vortexje: a GPL library for simulation implementing the source-doublet panel method.
- Woo(dem), particle dynamics software (DEM, FEM); Eigen wrapped using minieigen in Python.
- NIMBLE, a system for programming statistical algorithms such as Markov chain Monte Carlo from R. NIMBLE includes a compiler for a subset of R to C++ that uses Eigen.
- ENigMA is a multiphysics numerical library which uses Eigen.
- iMSTK is an open source software toolkit written in C++ that aids rapid prototyping of interactive multi-modal surgical simulations.
- mbsolve is an open-source solver tool for the Maxwell-Bloch equations, which are used to model light-matter interaction in nonlinear optics.
- Spin-Scenario, a flexible scripting environment for realistic magnetic resonance (NMR/MRI) simulations.
- Quantum++ is a modern C++ general purpose quantum computing library, composed solely of template header files.
- elsa, an elegant framework for tomographic reconstruction.
- Quit, a collection of programs for processing quantitative MRI data.
Robotics and engineering
- The Yujin Robot company uses Eigen for the navigation and arm control of their next gen robots. (switched from blitz, ublas and tvmet)
- The Robotic Operating System (ROS) developed by Willow Garage.
- openAHRS Open Source IMU / AHRS
- The Darmstadt Dribblers autonomous Humanoid Robot Soccer Team and Darmstadt Rescue Robot Team use Eigen for navigation and world modeling.
- The Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit (MRPT), a set of libraries for SLAM, localization and computer vision, moved to Eigen (switched from home made math classes).
- RBDL: a C++ library for rigid body dynamics.
- RL a self-contained C++ library for robot kinematics, motion planning and control.
- BTK is a Biomechanical ToolKit, licensed under BSD whose primary goal is to propose a set of tools for the analysis of the human body motion which is independent of any acquisition system. It proposes bindings for Matlab/Octave and Python, and a GUI software called Mokka to visualize/analyze 3D/2D motion capture data.
- libpointmatcher is a "Iterative Closest Point" library for 3D mapping in robotics.
- RobOptim is a modern, Open-Source, C++ library for numerical optimization applied to robotics.
- towr is a light-weight and extensible C++ library for trajectory optimization for legged robots.
- Pinocchio: a fast and efficient Rigid Body Dynamics library
- The Humanoid Path Planner: a software for Motion and Manipulation Planning
- MIRA is a cross-platform framework written in C++ that provides a middleware for the development of complex robotic applications, which consists of distributed software modules.
Computer Graphics, Geometry, Visualization
- Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL), a collaborative effort to develop a robust, easy to use, and efficient C++ software library of geometric data structures and algorithms.
- Point Cloud Library (PCL), a large scale, BSD licensed, open project for point cloud processing. Uses Eigen as their math backend.
- VcgLib, an opensource C++ template library for the manipulation and processing of triangle and tetrahedral meshes. (switched from home made math classes)
- MeshLab, an opensource software for the processing and editing of unstructured 3D triangular meshes and point cloud. (switched from vcglib's math classes)
- eos, an opensource and lightweight 3D Morphable Face Model fitting library in modern C++11/14.
- The Topology ToolKit (TTK), an open-source library and software collection for topological data analysis in scientific visualization.
- Theia, an opensource C++ structure from motion library tailored for researchers, BSD licensed.
- libmv, an opensource structure from motion library. (switched from FLENS)
- openMVG, a simple library for multiple view geometry.
- metronome , a simple metric storage/graphing engine using Eigen for SVD least squares interpolation & data consolidation
- piccante, a C++ imaging library designed for High Dynamic Range (HDR) processing.
- libigl is a simple C++ geometry processing library with wide functionality.
- ApproxMVBB is a small library to compute fast approximate oriented bounding boxes of 3D point clouds.
- Madplotlib makes it easier to plot 2D charts on Qt from data created by Eigen::ArrayXf.
- 3DF Zephyr is a commercial photogrammetry and 3D modeling software, developed by 3Dflow srl
Mobile apps
- Layar, an augmented reality application for IPhone and Android.
- Red Sword Studios, maker of the iPhone games Gradient, Fortress Luna, Stimulus, and Lustre, uses Eigen extensively. Why roll your own matrix/vector/transformation code when there's Eigen?
- WhirlyGlobe-Maply an open source geospatial display toolkit for iOS and Android. It implements both a 3D interactive globe and a 2D (slippy) map
KDE (our origins!)
- Step, an educational physics simulator.
- Calligra Sheets, the spreadsheet module of KDE's office suite uses Eigen for matrix functions such as MINVERSE, MMULT, MDETERM.
- Krita, a professional free and open-source painting program
- Kalzium uses Eigen indirectly through the aforementioned Avogadro library.
- the Mandelbrot wallpaper plugin, some screensavers, kgllib, solidkreator, etc.
If you are aware of some interesting projects using Eigen, please send us a message (including a link and short description) or directly edit this wiki page!
The Eigen project was started by Benoît Jacob (founder) and Gaël Guennebaud (guru). Many other people have since contributed their talents to help make Eigen successful. Here's an alphabetical list: (note to contributors: do add yourself!)
Philip Avery | Fix bug and add functionality to AutoDiff module |
Abraham Bachrach | Added functions for cwise min/max with a scalar |
Sebastien Barthelemy | Fix EIGEN_INITIALIZE_MATRICES_BY_NAN |
Carlos Becker | Wrote some of the pages of the tutorial |
David Benjamin | Artwork: the owls |
Cyrille Berger | Fix error in logic of installation script |
Armin Berres | Lots of fixes (compilation warnings and errors) |
Jose Luis Blanco | Build fixes for MSVC and AMD64, correction in docs |
Mark Borgerding | FFT module |
Romain Bossart | Updates to Sparse solvers |
Kolja Brix | Added docs to Householder module, fixes for ARPACK wrapper, KroneckerProduct and GMRES |
Gauthier Brun | Making a start with a divide-and-conquer SVD implementation |
Gabriele Buondonno | Vector2d cross product |
Philipp Büttgenbach | Bug fix when differentiating a one-dimensional spline |
Thomas Capricelli | Migration to mercurial, Non-linear optimization and numerical differentiation, cron-job to update the online dox |
Nicolas Carre | Making a start with a divide-and-conquer SVD implementation |
Jean Ceccato | Making a start with a divide-and-conquer SVD implementation |
Vladimir Chalupecky | CMake fix |
Benjamin Chrétien | Bug fix for PolynomialSolver (linear polynomials), various typos |
Andrew Coles | Fixes (including a compilation error) |
Jeff "complexzeros" | Spline interpolation with derivatives |
Everton Constantino | General performance enhancements for PowerPC |
Marton Danoczy | MSVC compilation fix, support for ARM NEON with Clang 3.0 and LLVM-GCC |
Jeff Dean | Fix in vectorized square root for small arguments |
Georg Drenkhahn | CMake and STL fixes |
Christian Ehrlicher | MSVC compilation fix |
Martinho Fernandes | Make our aligned allocator support C++11 |
Daniel Gomez Ferro | Improvements in Sparse and in matrix product |
Rohit Garg | Vectorized quaternion and cross products, improved integer product |
Mathieu Gautier | QuaternionMap and related improvements |
Anton Gladky | Visual Studio 2008 and GCC 4.6 compilation fixes |
Stuart Glaser | Prevent allocations in LU decomposition |
Marc Glisse | C++11 compilation issues (suffices for literals) |
Frederic Gosselin | Improve filter for hidden files in CMake |
Christoph Grüninger | Add SuperLU 5 support |
Gaël Guennebaud | Core developer |
Philippe Hamelin | Allow CMake project to be included in another project |
Marcus D. Hanwell | CMake improvements. Marcus is a developer at Kitware! |
David Harmon | Arpack support module |
Chen-Pang He | Many improvements to MatrixFunctions and KroneckerProduct modules |
Hauke Heibel | Extended matrix functions, STL compatibility, Splines, CMake improvements, and more ... |
Christoph Hertzberg | Quaternions, shifts for Cholmod, bug fixes, lots of user support on forums and IRC |
Pavel Holoborodko | Multi-precision support with MPFR C++, bug fixes for non-standard scalar types |
Tim Holy | Improvements to tutorial, LDLT update and downdate |
Intel | Back-end to Intel Math Kernel Library (MKL) |
Trevor Irons | Square root for complex numbers, fix compile errors and mistake in docs |
Benoît Jacob | Core developer |
Bram de Jong | Improvement to benchmark suite |
Kibeom Kim | Implement *= /= * / operations for VectorwiseOp |
Moritz Klammler | Avoid memory leak when constructor of user-defined type throws exception |
Claas Köhler | Improvements to Fortran and FFTW in CMake |
Alexey Korepanov | Add RealQZ class |
Igor Krivenko | Properly cast constants when using non-standard scalars |
Marijn Kruisselbrink | CMake fixes |
Abhijit Kundu | Fix compilation errors in OpenGL demos |
Moritz Lenz | Allow solving transposed problem with SuperLU |
Rasmus Munk Larsen | Core Developer |
Bo Li | Fix bugs in Spline constructor |
Sebastian Lipponer | MSVC compilation support |
Daniel Lowenberg | Add SparseView class |
David J. Luitz | Bug fix for sparse * dense matrix product |
Naumov Maks | Bug fix in polynomial solver test |
Angelos Mantzaflaris | Fix to allow IncompleteLUT to be used with MPFR |
D J Marcin | Fix operator& precedence bug |
Konstantinos A. Margaritis | AltiVec/VSX, ARM NEON (32-bit/64-bit) and S390x SIMD (ZVector) vectorization |
Roger Martin | Component-wise arc tangent function |
Ricard Marxer | Reverse, redux improvements, the count() method, some dox |
Vincenzo Di Massa | CMake fix |
Christian Mayer | Early code review and input in technical/design discussions |
Frank Meier-Dörnberg | MSVC compatibility fixes |
Keir Mierle | LDLT decomposition and other improvements, help with MPL relicensing |
Laurent Montel | CMake improvements. Laurent is (with Alexander) one of the CMake gurus at KDE! |
Eamon Nerbonne | Compilation fixes for win32 |
Alexander Neundorf | CMake improvements. Alexander is (with Laurent) one of the CMake gurus at KDE! |
Jason Newton | Componentwise tangent functions |
Jitse Niesen | Matrix functions, large improvements in the Eigenvalues module and in the docs, and more ... |
Desire Nuentsa | Many improvements to Sparse module: SparseLU, SparseQR, ILUT, PaStiXSupport, … |
Jan Oberländer | Compatibility with termios.h |
Jos van den Oever | Compilation fix |
Michael Olbrich | Early patches, including the initial loop meta-unroller |
Simon Pilgrim | Optimizations for NEON |
Bjorn Piltz | Visual C compilation fix |
Benjamin Piwowarski | Add conservativeResize() for sparse matrices |
Zach Ploskey | Copy-editing of tutorial |
Giacomo Po | MINRES iterative solver |
Sergey Popov | Fix bug in SelfAdjointEigenSolver |
Manoj Rajagopalan | Introduce middleRows() / middleCols(), bug fix for nonstandard numeric types |
Stjepan Rajko | MSVC compatibility fix |
Jure Repinc | CMake fixes |
Kenneth Frank Riddile | Lots of Windows/MSVC compatibility fixes, handling of alignment issues |
Richard Roberts | Bug fix in selection of MKL Householder QR |
Adolfo Rodriguez | Prevent allocations in matrix decompositions |
Peter Román | Support for SuperLU's ILU factorization |
Oliver Ruepp | Bug fix in sparse matrix product with row-major matrices |
Radu Bogdan Rusu | Fix compilation warning |
C. Antonio Sanchez | Core Developer |
Guillaume Saupin | Skyline matrices |
Olivier Saut | Typo in documentation |
Benjamin Schindler | gdb pretty printers |
Michael Schmidt | Fix in assembly when identifying CPU, Compilation fix connected to min/max |
Dennis Schridde | New typedefs like AlignedBox3f |
Jakob Schwendner | Test for unaligned quaternions, Benchmark for Geometry module |
Christian Seiler | The Tensor module |
Martin Senst | Bug fix for empty matrices |
Sameer Sheorey | Fix gdb pretty printer for variable-size matrices |
Andy Somerville | Functions to get intersection between two ParametrizedLines |
Alex Stapleton | Help with tough C++ questions |
Benoit Steiner | Faster matrix multiplication, Tensor module, CUDA |
Sven Strothoff | Add intersects() method to AlignedBox |
Leszek Swirski | Fix oversight in installation scripts |
Adam Szalkowski | Bug fix in MatrixBase::makeHouseholder() |
Silvio Traversaro | Fix for FindEigen3.cmake |
Piotr Trojanek | QCC compilation fixes |
Anthony Truchet | Bugfix in QTransform and QMatrix support |
Adolfo Rodriguez Tsourouksdissian | Version of JacobiSVD that pre-allocates its resources |
David Tellenbach | General project maintenance, Continuous Integration, various code contributions |
James Richard Tyrer | CMake fix |
Rhys Ulerich | Pkg-config support, improved GDB pretty-printer |
Henry de Valence | Typo in documentation |
Ingmar Vanhassel | CMake fix |
Michiel Van Dyck | Multi-threading documentation bug fix |
Scott Wheeler | Documentation improvements |
Freddie Witherden | CMake fixes, allow LevenbergMarquardt to work with non-standard types |
Urs Wolfer | Fixed a serious warning |
Manuel Yguel | Bug fixes, work on inverse-with-check, the Polynomial module |
Pierre Zoppitelli | Making a start with a divide-and-conquer SVD implementation |
Jonas Adler | Bugfixes for CUDA support |
Eigen is also using code that we copied from other sources. They are acknowledged in our sources and in the Mercurial history, but let's also mention them here:
Intel Corporation | SSE code for 4x4 matrix inversion taken from here. |
Tim Davis | AMD reordering simplicial sparse Cholesky factorization adapted from SuiteSparse |
Julien Pommier | SSE implementation of exp,log,cos,sin math functions from GMM++ |
Yousef Saad | IncompleteLUT preconditioner coming from ITSOL |
Minpack authors | Algorithms for non linear optimization. |
Special thanks to Tuxfamily for the wonderful quality of their services, and the GCC Compile Farm Project that gives us access to many various systems including ARM NEON.
If you are looking for a BibTeX entry to use to cite Eigen in academic papers, see the BibTeX page.