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2002 Ariat Women's Turquoise Oval Buckle Belt
- Genuine leather
- Intricate silver buckle
- Removable buckle
- Turquoise stone
- 1-1/2" belt width
We want you to be totally satisfied with your purchase. However, if there are any issues with your purchase we'd be happy to help fix the problem. Merchandise must be in as-new condition with tags, packaging intact, unwashed, and unworn. Boot soles are unscratched and boots are in as-new condition. Return should also be accompanied with a receipe, gift receipt, or an invoice. This return must be done within 30 days of the day the item/s were delivered. We will refuse or hold any return if suspected of fraud or abuse.
Two ways to make a return:
To make a return to westernwearcolorado.com.
- Complete the required information on the packing slip.
- Securely pack your merchandise, making sure to include all pages of the packing slip. Please try to use the original shipping box and materials.
- Return your package through the carrier of your choice. Please note: Customers are responsible for the safe return of merchandise.
- We cannot accept C.O.D. packages. Shipping charges will not be refunded and return shipping charges must be paid by customer. WesternWearColorado.com is not responsible for returns until they are received in our store location. Refunds will be processed to the original method of payment within 10 business days.
To make a return by visiting our store location.
Our return and exchange policy is slightly different than online. Feel free to call us at (303) 935-1671 for complete details.
Our Story, Our Promise
We offer the hottest western trends by providing top name brands such as Wranger, Ariat, Rock & Roll Denim, Stetson, Cinch and much more.


text:
Information about you and the care you receive is shared, in a secure system, by healthcare staff to support your treatment and care.
It is important that we, the NHS, can use this information to plan and improve services for all patients. We would like to link information from all the different places where you receive care, such as your GP, hospital and community service, to help us provide a full picture. This will allow us to compare the care you received in one area against the care you received in another, so we can see what has worked best.
Information such as your postcode and NHS number, but not your name, will be used to link your records in a secure system, so your identity is protected. Information which does not reveal your identity can then be used by others, such as researchers and those planning health services, to make sure we provide the best care possible for everyone.
You have a choice. If you are happy for your information to be used in this way you do not have to do anything. If you have any concerns or wish to prevent this from happening, please speak to practice staff or download the opt out form below, complete it and return it to the practice
We need to make sure that you know this is happening and the choices you have.
Care data Opt-Out Form (PDF)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Welcome to happy birthday time, your number one source for all things [product]. We're dedicated to providing you the very best of [product], with an emphasis on [store characteristic 1], [store characteristic 2], [store characteristic 3].
Founded in [year] by [founder name], happy birthday time has come a long way from its beginnings in [starting location]. When [founder name] first started out, [his/her/their] passion for [brand message – e.g. "eco-friendly cleaning products"] drove them to start their own business.
We hope you enjoy our products as much as we enjoy offering them to you. If you have any questions or comments, please don't hesitate to contact us.
happy birthday time


text:
I've been drinking tea since I was little, but I only started drinking loose leaf about two years ago. I haven't tried nearly as many teas as I would like. Starting 2011, I'm going to try to write out tasting notes rather than just recording that I drank something, but I'm not that familiar with a lot of the jargon yet. Also, I'm easily pleased, so I probably tend to rate high. I hope my tasting notes will be helpful to others, but, if nothing else, it'll help me remember what I thought of various teas, which will be helpful when I'm ordering more.
North Carolina, US


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Leading Lady Hester Bateman
Before the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s put men in factories and made them primary wage earner of the family, women had more latitude in their mode of earning a living — and gaining fame.
But even then, the most successful women were often widows who carried on the family business rather than women who began a thriving business for themselves. However, regardless of the name on the door, during the 18th century most small businesses were actually "mom and pop" ventures, so when a woman was widowed, she was highly trained and was, in many cases, the brains or the talent of the enterprise.
The same was true for female silversmiths. Notable and talented women such as Hester Bateman, Rebecca Eames, Louisa Courtauld and Jane Williams continued the businesses their husbands began, in many cases far exceeding their partner's fame and success. Unfortunately, even today, the accomplishments of these extraordinary women have taken a back seat to those of the men in their lives.
Hester Bateman was a model product of these times. The combination of her dominant personality and talent for business as well as a gift for emphasizing the simplistic, elegant forms of her craft, made her one of the most famed of the Georgian silversmiths.
Beginning of a Legacy
Hester Bateman was born the youngest of five children in London in 1708. There is no record of her childhood. All relevant documents of her trade are signed with the "cross of the illiterate," indicating that she received little or no formal education.
It is believed that it was her older brother John who introduced her to her husband John Bateman (1704-1760). Despite poor finances, he and Hester married at The Fleet, where many legal yet hasty marriages were contrived for the price of a dram (1/16 of an ounce) of gin or a roll of tobacco by priests imprisoned for debt. They were later married in a church ceremony at the Church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate in 1732.
John Bateman is described in many London records as a Gold Chain Maker, Watch Chain Maker, Wire Drawer, Goldsmith and Silversmith. There are no records of his ever taking an apprenticeship in any of these trades, nor are there any records of his attaining his freedom from any of the Companies of London. Between the 1730s and 40s, London law required all men working under their own account to obtain their Freedom (right of passage from apprentice to artisan) from one of the Companies of the specific craft studied. It is likely he did contract work out of his home for master-men in all of these areas, but was never fully trained in any of them. It was by assisting her husband on these smaller pieces that Hester would learn to use the tools of the silversmith's trade.
As her skill as a silversmith emerged, and grew, so did her family. John and Hester moved their growing family to 107 Bunhill Row in the county of Middlesex where they devoted an entire work area to the family business. After enjoying much prosperity, John died of tuberculosis in 1760. In his will, he bequeathed to Hester the tools of his trade and the entire business— opening the doors for a new era for the House of Bateman.
Hester registered her first of nine punch-marks with the Goldsmith's Hall in 1761. From 1761 to 1774, there exist few examples of Bateman silver because almost all of the output of the Bateman workshop was commissioned by other silversmiths who recognized her talent and skill, which in many cases equaled and often surpassed their own. She often placed her punch-mark on many of these pieces. Concerned for their own reputations, other smiths would over-stamp her punch-mark with their own— a practice that continued even after Hester had established herself as a mastersmith.
A Style All Her Own
The style of Hester Bateman's wares truly shows her innovative and daring qualities as a silversmith. She chose austere, elegant forms that emphasized the importance of line and classical taste rather than the highly ornamental designs of the then-popular rococo style. Her signature decoration of thin-line beading was perfect for accentuating the elements that she held to be fundamental to her craft. Also, the simplistic forms she chose allowed her to create domestic silver pieces for England's rising middle class. She made a virtue of lowering her cost without sacrificing quality, allowing her to successfully compete with the popularity of Sheffield plate and spread the enjoyment of silver far beyond the world of Church and nobility.
It is clear to see the progression of skill in Hester's work over the 30-year period that she owned and operated the Bateman workshops. Her early work shows her talent in the design of flatware, which consisted mainly of spoons. Later, she turned to creating small domestic pieces such as salts and cream jugs. The emergence of tea as a national beverage and social institution meant a demand for serving sets and attendant pieces. Hester excelled in the creation of these wares which included sugar bowls, tea urns, trays, salvers and dishes.
By the 1780s, Bateman silver was in high demand. Orders for domestic, civic and ecclesiastical pieces came from as far away as the city of Kingston. Production expanded to a small number of domestic pieces such as medallions, snuff boxes and seals. Various companies such as the Needle makers, Coopers and Grocers commissioned such items as covered cups, coffee urns and large sets of flatware. Pieces of Bateman silver can still be found in the parish churches of England, the most important of these being the vergers' wands still in use in St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
It would have been an arduous task for one person alone, even of Hester's strong character, to produce the amount of work that came from the Bateman workshop between 1760 to 1791, the year she retired. Her sons John, Peter, William and Jonathan were talented silversmiths in their own right. They along with her apprentice John Linney and Jonathan's wife Ann (who came from a long line of Huguenot silversmiths), worked under Hester's careful supervision and tutelage, creating an estimated 11,000 pieces over the 30-year period.
Hester retired in 1791 at the age of 82. She completely severed any ties to the family business and moved to St. Andrew's in Holborn with her recently widowed daughter of Letticia Clarke. Hester died three years later on September 26, 1794.
The Bateman legacy still lives on in the collections of antique collectors, enthusiasts and museums that display her remarkable work. Hester's exquisite pieces continue to awe even the most avid collector. Her attention to detail, simplicity of form, and timeless taste make Hester Bateman truly the Queen of the Georgian Silversmiths.


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The Authors"N"
StoryMania Direct StoryLinksMania StoryArtMania Short Stories Poetry Novels Plays Screenplays Songs Non-Fiction Essays Foreign Reference Children Genres Columns The Advisor New Titles The Authors The Authors - Select Page Submit Your Work! Top Title Hits Hot Picks Search Guest Book Chat Rooms Partners Contact Us About Us Home Page Nadia Lanfranconi Nadia Lanfranconi is a singer/songwriter from Lake Como, Italy, loacted from 2007 in Los Angeles, CA Stevo Nagie -Chris Nagle -Chelsea C Nagy I am a 14 year old girl and love to write poems in my spare time. I'm new at writing so they are probably...Yeh Nah -Naitsirt -Sarita Napple A Monarch High school student's first stab at getting published. Chad Naquin i will kill you if you read thisChad Naquin -Lawrence Naresh -Mark Nash I am a high school student in Sarasota, Florida, busting my behind to make a name for myself as a writer, my sp...Nash -Steve Naswell I am a young writer looking to be noticed and would love to be published by your company. My writing style ...Priyah Natarajan I am Priyah. I prefer to write short stories, poems and travelouge ecspecially. It is really very intere...Natasha Juran -Natasha Female freshman college student, 18 years old. Possible English major, Studio Art minor. Eccentric, impulsive, ...Nath -Jin Ichitaku Natsume I write what I feel. Although many authors say the same, I truly believe you need the right mood to ...Yolanda Briggs Ndea B I am 34 married, nurse and a mother. I love to read write. This is my first book I plan to self pub...Jasmined Neal -NeedhamT -Leah Neeson -Ashley Negrete -Sarah L Negrete I am 32 years old, live in Orange County California, and am married with two children. I am in school stu...Adam P Nel I'm a 21 year old copywriter, ummmm... all the rest is irrelevant.Geoff Nelder ex-teacher and really into writing thrillers, scifi and adventures with dry humour. Told there is no market ...Nerissa Nelene Unpublished, Unknown writer looking for a start.Albert Nelson -Calliope Irja Pearl Nelson -NelsonC -Jarrod Nelson -L Nelson -Shawn Vincent Nemethy Nemethy Shawn NemethyBridgett Nesbit Bridgett Nesbit is a single mother and award winning writer for newspapers such as the Charlotte ObserverJason P Neubauer I've lived a lot of places and seen a lot of things that stick in my memory. So far, I have been standi...Mariah Neuhauser I am 13 years old and I write poems and short stories in my spare time. I also play sports like volleyba...Leanne Nev I am a mother,a wife, a former English teacher, a bibliophile, and lover of lexicon. I write stories about th...Jacob Newberg I'm 14 and live in Ohio. Sometimes i get very depressed and just write to make me feel better. My favorite ...Jacob Newberg -Jacob Newberg 16 year old guy who has everything going against him. I rap to let stuff out, I would love it if I made it ...Theresa C Newbill -Newbill -Michael Newby -Andrea Nicole Newell -Newhalfen -Grace E And Krysten M Newhouse And Baker we love pieGrace E NewhouseNewswire Interview -Joe Newton -Simon Nguyen Just an ordinary writer.Rob Nhim Writes in spare time, but spends alot of it studying biochemistry.Jane Nichol -Harriet Nicholas Harriet Nicholas is 20 years old. She is a final year fashion student living in the UK. Harriet grew ...Jon Nicholas Jon is 41, married, and lives in KY. He likes to get feedback on his work, so let him have it!Jim Nicholson -Slick Nick I am 18 yrs. old and I attend a small university in Ohio. I am new at writing stories so any advice would be ...Ali Nicole -Jessica Anne Nicole What is there to say? I'm 15 going on 16, I love creative writing (particulary poetry) and website de...Nicole -Jeremy F Nienow I'm an amateur writer and mathematician looking to write more than study math.NilsonB -Nini -James Nite I am a 25 year old zoologist from Richland Hills, Texas. In my spare time I love writing. If you have read my ...Nitro -Jester No JJackie No Last Name ummmm nothing interesting bout me...except i have OJD.....thts obessive jonas disorder...and im proudPaula E Noble I hope that I get this song recorded for the world to hear.Elboc Noj I'm 17, male, and a bad writer with a pessemistic view on life... either that or I'm insane...Chris Nolen 20 year old from North CarolinaChristopher E Nolen -R. Nonny -Nonsense Guy -Iam Noone -Aatika Noor -Fithalene Noor i'm doing my bestGlyn Norman Glyn Norman is 35 years old, British, now living in California. Jesse D Norman -Michael J Norman -Northey -Sharon Northington -Northwind Wolves NORTHWIND WOLVES ARE FROM LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA PLEASE VISIT www.NORTHWINDWOLVES.comOscar Felix Norton 18 years old. Kelcy Notyourbusiness Comment on all songs pleaseLillian Noura Journalist, short story and essay writer.Gregory Novak A twenty-something jack-of-all-trades that has simple been exploring the craft of writing for longer than h...Matthew Mark Gill Now http://Pepsithieves.blogspot.com Write and tell them they are wrong..Donna Nowak 34 year old female. Currently going to school for English Literature.Nugget I like going to parties, movies and sleeping.Nyah -Nikole Nye Fun, wild, pretty, awesome, differentAugust Nyghts -Caroline Ann NagyHeather Noonan Go to page: A B C D E F G H I J K L M [N] O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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Glasses MEXX MX5667 ship free within Canada. Buy Mexx 5667 glasses with confidence from an authorized dealer. We ship within Canada, USA and Europe.
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Tech 11
- Thomas
- 0 Comments
Mahalla Festival 2020
To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic the Mahalla Festival 2020 took place as a remote festival to overcome self-isolation, demobilization and paralysis.
The Mahalla Festival 2020 was implementing remote tools to keep intercultural communication and creative expression alive even in times of physical distance and to help to cope not only with the pandemic but also to create new forms of interactive communication and understanding between different communities in the world.
Wandering Tower
The Wandering Tower is the title of a surrealist short story by Sergej Prokofiev from the times of vivid migration movements on the edge of the world wars.
The Festival was quoting the title as a metaphorical frame for Mahalla 2020/2021. The tower of Babel is connected as a motive to the search for the origin of language and the access to the divine.
Murmuration refers to the phenomenon that results when hundreds, sometimes thousands, of birds fly in swooping, intricately coordinated patterns through the sky.
Murmuration looks also back on the migration movements of the 20th century in the interplay of international relations.
The title, Palimpsest, originally denotes a piece of writing material on which the original writing has been erased to make room for later writing.
However, traces of the overwritten texts remain.
This paleographic phenomenon will inspire the artists of the Mahalla Festival 2022. They will be concerned with the use of resources in a
comprehensive way: in terms of ecological, economic, political, social and communal memory culture.
Mahalla Festival 2023
Beyond What Drifts Us Apart is the title of an art event curated by Elyse Tonna in the frame of the Mahalla Festival 2023 taking place in November 2023 in Malta.
It is a collaborative event of the Istanbul-based Mahalla Festival organized by the cultural organization Diyalog and Malta-based Unfinished Art Space, including site-specific artistic interventions, artists residencies and community-oriented activities.
Beyond What Drifts Us Aprt
Beyond What Drifts Us Apart (BWDUA) is the title of an art event curated by Elyse Tonna in the frame of the Mahalla Festival 2023 taking place in November 2023 in Malta.
The Palimpsest Festival is supported by
The Murmuration Festival is supported by
The Wandering Tower Festival was supported by


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Israel's Confession of Sin
Give thanks to the LORD, who is good,
whose mercy endures forever.a
2Who can recount the mighty deeds of the LORD,
proclaim in full God's praise?
3Blessed those who do what is right,
whose deeds are always just.b
4Remember me, LORD, as you favor your people;
come to me with your saving help,c
5That I may see the prosperity of your chosen ones,
rejoice in the joy of your people,
and glory with your heritage.
6We have sinned like our ancestors;d
we have done wrong and are guilty.
7Our ancestors in Egypt
did not attend to your wonders.
They did not remember your manifold mercy;
they defied the Most High at the Red Sea.
8Yet he saved them for his name's sake
to make his power known.e
9He roared at the Red Sea and it dried up.
He led them through the deep as through a desert.f
10He rescued them from hostile hands,
freed them from the power of the enemy.
11The waters covered their oppressors;
not one of them survived.
12Then they believed his words
and sang his praise.g
13But they soon forgot all he had done;
they had no patience for his plan.
14In the desert they gave in to their cravings,
tempted God in the wasteland.h
15So he gave them what they asked
and sent a wasting disease against them.i
16In the camp they challenged Mosesj
and Aaron, the holy one of the LORD.
17The earth opened and swallowed Dathan,
it closed on the followers of Abiram.
18Against their company the fire blazed;
flames consumed the wicked.
19At Horeb they fashioned a calf,k
worshiped a metal statue.
20They exchanged their glory*
for the image of a grass-eating bull.
21They forgot the God who had saved them,
who had done great deeds in Egypt,l
22Amazing deeds in the land of Ham,
fearsome deeds at the Red Sea.
23He would have decreed their destruction,
had not Moses, his chosen one,
Withstood him in the breach*
to turn back his destroying anger.m
24Next they despised the beautiful land;n
they did not believe the promise.
25In their tents they complained;
they did not heed the voice of the LORD.
26So with raised hand he swore
he would destroy them in the desert,
27And scatter their descendants among the nations,
disperse them in foreign lands.
28They joined in the rites of Baal of Peor,o
ate food sacrificed to the dead.
29They provoked him by their actions,
and a plague broke out among them.
30Then Phinehas rose to intervene,
and the plague was brought to a halt.
31This was counted for him as a righteous deed
for all generations to come.
32At the waters of Meribah they angered God,p
and Moses suffered because of them.*
33They so embittered his spirit
that rash words crossed his lips.
34They did not destroy the peoples
as the LORD had commanded them,q
35But mingled with the nations
and imitated their ways.r
36They served their idols
and were ensnared by them.s
37They sacrificed to demons*
their own sons and daughters,
38Shedding innocent blood,
the blood of their own sons and daughters,
Whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan,
desecrating the land with bloodshed.
39They defiled themselves by their actions,
became adulterers by their conduct.
40So the LORD grew angry with his people,
abhorred his own heritage.
41He handed them over to the nations,
and their adversaries ruled over them.t
42Their enemies oppressed them,
kept them under subjection.
43Many times did he rescue them,
but they kept rebelling and scheming
and were brought low by their own guilt.u
44Still God had regard for their affliction
when he heard their wailing.
45For their sake he remembered his covenant
and relented in his abundant mercy,v
46Winning for them compassion
from all who held them captive.
47Save us, LORD, our God;
gather us from among the nations
That we may give thanks to your holy name
and glory in praising you.w
48*Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel,
from everlasting to everlasting!
Let all the people say, Amen!x
* [Psalm 106] Israel is invited to praise the God whose mercy has always tempered judgment of Israel (Ps 106:1–3). The speaker, on behalf of all, seeks solidarity with the people, who can always count on God's fidelity despite their sin (Ps 106:4–5). Confident of God's mercy, the speaker invites national repentance (Ps 106:6) by reciting from Israel's history eight instances of sin, judgment, and forgiveness. The sins are the rebellion at the Red Sea (Ps 106:6–12; see Ex 14–15), the craving for meat in the desert (Ps 106:13–15; see Nm 11), the challenge to Moses' authority (Ps 106:16–18; see Nm 16), the golden calf episode (Ps 106:19–23; see Ex 32–34), the refusal to take Canaan by the southern route (Ps 106:24–27; see Nm 13–14 and Dt 1–2), the rebellion at Baal-Peor (Ps 106:28–31; see Nm 25:1–10), the anger of Moses (Ps 106:32–33; see Nm 20:1–13), and mingling with the nations (Ps 106:34–47). The last, as suggested by its length and generalized language, may be the sin that invites the repentance of the present generation. The text gives the site of each sin: Egypt (Ps 106:7), the desert (Ps 106:14), the camp (Ps 106:16), Horeb (Ps 106:19), in their tents (Ps 106:25), Baal-Peor (Ps 106:28), the waters of Meribah (Ps 106:32), Canaan (Ps 106:38).
* [106:20] Their glory: meant as a reference to God.
* [106:23] Withstood him in the breach: the image is that of Moses standing in a narrow break made in the wall to keep anyone from entering.
* [106:32] Moses suffered because of them: Moses was not allowed to enter the promised land because of his rash words (Nm 20:12). According to Dt 1:37, Moses was not allowed to cross because of the people's sin, not his own.
* [106:37] Demons: Hebrew shedim occurs in parallelism with "gods" in an important inscription from Transjordan and hence can also be translated "the gods."
* [106:48] A doxology ending Book IV of the Psalter. It is not part of the Psalm.
a. [106:1] Ps 100:5; 107:1; 1 Chr 16:34; Jer 33:11; Dn 3:89.
d. [106:6–7] Ps 78:11–17; Ex 14:11; Lv 26:40; 1 Kgs 8:47; Bar 2:12; Dn 9:5.
f. [106:9] Ex 14:21–31; Is 50:2; 63:11–14; Na 1:4.
h. [106:14] Ps 78:18; Ex 15:24; 16:3; Nm 11:1–6.
i. [106:15] Ps 78:26–31; Nm 11:33.
j. [106:16–18] Nm 16; Dt 11:6; Is 26:11.
k. [106:19–20] Ex 32; Dt 9:8–21; Jer 2:11; Acts 7:41; Rom 1:23.
l. [106:21] Ps 78:42–58; Dt 32:18; Jer 2:32.
m. [106:23] Ex 32:11; Dt 9:25; Ez 22:30.
n. [106:24–27] Lv 26:33; Nm 14; Dt 1:25–36; Ez 20:15, 23.
o. [106:28–31] Nm 25; Dt 26:14; Sir 45:23–24.
p. [106:32–33] Ps 95:8–9; Ex 17:1–7; Nm 20:2–13; Dt 6:16; 33:8.
q. [106:34] Dt 7:1; Jgs 2:1–5.
r. [106:35] Lv 18:3; Jgs 1:27–35; 3:5.
s. [106:36–38] Lv 18:21; Nm 35:33; Dt 32:17; Jgs 2:11–13, 17, 19; 2 Kgs 16:3; Bar 4:7; 1 Cor 10:20.
w. [106:47] 1 Chr 16:35.
x. [106:48] Ps 41:14; 72:18; 89:53; 1 Chr 16:36; Neh 9:5.
Fifth Book—Psalms 107–150
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text:
Used Cressi Minorca Short 3mm Dive Boots(Black/Red, US Men's 12 | US Women's 13)
Please, note this is a USED ITEM offer.
Item will be in good working condition, may show sign of use or wear.
Please, read product description and look over images to get a better idea of the item condition.
This product does not carry a valid manufacturer's warranty
We ship Monday-Friday 8:30AM - 5PM of EST
While some orders will not be shipped out same or next day, they will be delivered by the estimated delivery date. If you desire the item sooner, please, choose expedited shipping options.
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text:
There are approximately genuine 100 Ethereum jobs in Hyderabad as of August 2018 on various job portals like LinkedIn, Naukri and Indeed. These companies are looking for Ethereum professionals ranging from Highly skilled professionals to entry-level coders.
There are ample opportunities out there in the vicinity that are paying handsomely to a skilled and certified Ethereum expert given that they have the right amount of experience and skill and proof of credibility with certifications or letter from previous organizations etc.
Ethereum opportunities in Hyderabad have grown profusely and does not seem to go down anytime soon. There is a constant need for a better version of an Ethereum system, if not, a better version of the Ethereum developer. So how good are you than the developer next to you?
Your job might not exist 5 years from now so don't get stuck in your career. Get an extra edge and get certified with Global Tech Council's Ethereum Training Programs now and jet boost your career in Ethereum blockchain now.


text:
- Airport Gallery January 2021
- >
- Peter Mauney, APPM105, BOS Departures in the Rain Over Winthrop, MA 10-7-18
Rock Island Gallery
SUPPORTMake a tax-deductible donation to Quad City Arts and support art in your community!
ABOUTQuad City Arts is dedicated to enriching the quality of life in the Quad City region through the arts. The organization's dual role of presenting the arts and humanities, as well as serving as an arts resource, allows us to serve more than 350,000 people annually in the Arts Center in Rock Island and at over 200 rural and urban community sites.
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text:
Accessibility Statement
Our community strives to improve the usability and accessibility of its website and mobile application for all users, including those with disabilities. If you are a user with a disability, or an individual assisting a user with a disability, and have difficulty accessing or navigating our content, please contact us via telephone, noted in the footer of this page, so we can assist with providing the information or transaction you seek through an alternate communication method. Please note that our website may link to, or interface with, third-party websites that we do not control.


text:
Warren H. Wagner, Jr. (photographer; identification)
Insect Division (donor; copyright holder), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
This photo was made by the late Dr. W.H. (Herb) Wagner, Jr., formerly of the University of Michigan Herbarium and Department of Biology. This is one of many of Dr. Wagner's photographic slides that were donated to the Insect Division of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology after his death. This image may be used without permission only for non-profit educational purposes. Permission from the Museum of Zoology must be sought for any other use. Contact the Collections Coordinator of the Insect Division (link under More Information).
The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!
To cite this page: Wagner, Jr., W.2005. "0158alt.jpg" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 25, 2024 at https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/wagnerh/0158alt/
Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services.
The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support.


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Product details
RM GR21 Sherpa Fleece Blanket
Unbelievably fluffy and warm - this high quality cozy fleece blanket is impossible to leave behind wherever one might go. The perfect size for snuggling on the couch, by the fireplace or at outdoor events.
.: 100% Polyester
.: One-sided print
.: Plush backside


text:
Between the winter weather and a global pandemic, your family has likely spent a lot of time indoors over the past few months. So as summer approaches, many are eager to get outdoors and practice social distancing in the fresh air and sunshine.
Whether your favorite outdoor activity is biking, camping, or boating, you'll need to get your gear from home to the trail, campsite, or lake — which means hauling it in your vehicle. (Having the right auto insurance can get you prepared for that epic road trip, too.)
Outdoor equipment is often bulky and awkward to move, which can make transporting it a real pain. And failing to haul it safely can put you and others at risk, causing damage to your vehicle or putting nearby drivers in harm's way.
To help you safely and securely transport all your favorite equipment, we've assembled a list of tips for safely hauling your outdoor gear.
Bike Racks and More: How to Transport a Bike in a Car
Ready to hit the trail for a day of cycling? Whether you're training for a road race or taking a leisurely ride with the family, it's important to securely mount your bike(s) to your vehicle. For that, you'll need a bike rack. Here's some information to help you choose the right bike rack for your car, truck, or SUV:
- Roof racks: Rooftop racks mount to the top of your vehicle. It's a versatile system for hauling gear because it can be adapted to a variety of equipment — including bikes, skis, snowboards, surfboards, kayaks, canoes, and storage boxes. So if you're going to be carrying more than bicycles, that's worth considering. Roof racks are one of the more secure ways to mount your bike, but they do come with a few disadvantages. You'll need to lift and hoist the bikes above your head, and some racks require you to remove the front wheel. The additional height they add to your vehicle can also limit your parking options in garages and other low-clearance areas.
- Hitch racks: A hitch-mounted bike rack is secured to your vehicle using a trailer hitch. These types of racks are easy to install and even easier to load and unload your bikes — making them a good option if you're an avid biker. You will need a hitch receiver on your vehicle. A receiver can be installed on most vehicles, even if it's not original equipment. But it's an added cost you'll need to account for.
- Trunk racks: Trunk-mounted racks are the least expensive and most portable option for transporting your bikes. They mount to the trunk of your vehicle using a series of straps and hooks. Similar to hitch racks, they're easy to load your bikes on. But when using them, you won't be able to access your trunk or rear hatch.
- Truck racks: Just because you drive a pickup truck doesn't mean you should just throw your bikes in the back. Truck racks are designed to mount inside the bed of the truck, allowing you to avoid damaging your bikes by securely mounting them in place.
- Spare tire racks: Similar to trunk racks, these racks are designed to mount to vehicles like Jeeps with a rear-mounted spare tire.
Car Camping: Gear Packing Tips
Spending a few nights in the great outdoors can be a perfect way to take a break from the stresses of everyday life. But setting up your home-away-from-home also requires a good amount of gear. Avoid the temptation to fill your vehicle up to the roof. This obstructs the view from your rearview mirror and severely limits your visibility. Instead, consider one of these safer hauling options:
- Rooftop cargo boxes: Using your vehicle's roof rails, a hard-sided cargo box can provide loads of extra storage for camping gear. These boxes are available in a wide range of sizes and offer secure, weatherproof storage for your equipment. You can find cargo carriers that open from the side or back, and most are keyed to keep your items locked down. Just keep in mind that your vehicle will need crossbars mounted to the roof rails, which may be an additional expense.
- Rooftop cargo bags: Soft cargo bags offer a similar storage solution to hard cargo boxes. They're less expensive and easier to store when not in use. However, they're also less likely to keep your gear dry in the rain.
- Hitch-mounted cargo carriers: These cargo carriers operate similarly to hitch-mounted bike racks. Featuring a platform that you insert into a hitch receiver, they're a good option for storing bulky items like coolers. Just be sure your gear doesn't exceed the hitch tongue weight provided by the vehicle's manufacturer.
- Trailers: If you need more room than the above solutions provide, consider using a small utility trailer. Trailers can easily be rented if you don't have room to store one. Just make sure the trailer you tow falls within your vehicle's tow ratings.
Kayak and Canoe Transport
Small boats such as kayaks and canoes can provide a relaxing day of paddling or the adrenaline rush of navigating whitewater rapids. But you won't enjoy either activity if your boat doesn't make it to the water safely.
Because of their size, a roof rack is the best option to transport your boat. Here are a few options:
- J-cradles: This type of roof rack allows you to transport a kayak on its side — meaning you can haul two at a time if needed. But unless you have a short vehicle, loading and unloading the boat is also a two-person job.
- Saddle racks: By supporting the boat on each side, saddle racks can be used for either canoes or kayaks. And because you load the boat from the back of the vehicle, these racks are easier to load if you're a solo paddler.
- Foam blocks: The most inexpensive option to transport your canoe or kayak is purchasing foam blocks to insert over your vehicle's roof rack crossbars. Just be sure the boat is tied down securely.
How to Haul Boats, ATVs, and Campers
If you own one of these outdoor toys, you won't be hauling it without a trailer. So be sure to follow these trailer safety tips:
- Verify the towing capacity. Just because your vehicle has a hitch receiver doesn't mean you can tow any type of trailer. Verify that your vehicle's towing capacity is adequate to tow the trailer you're using. Otherwise, you may cause damage to your vehicle.
- Check the lights. Towing a trailer is dangerous without working brake lights and turn signals. If the trailer's wiring harness is plugged in correctly, it should trigger the trailer lights when you hit the brakes or turn signals. If your lights aren't working, get them repaired before taking off.
- Adapt your driving. Towing a trailer requires making some changes to your driving style. When turning a corner, you'll need to swing out wide. Turning like you normally would in your vehicle could result in jumping a curb or hitting another vehicle. Remember that your stopping distance is essentially doubled when you're towing a trailer, too. So begin braking sooner than normal in order to stop safely.
- Check your auto insurance coverage. Make sure your auto policy has enough coverage to protect your trailer and whatever it's hauling. Generally, liability for your trailer is covered by your auto insurance policy as long as you're using an insured vehicle to tow it. Additionally, most of your toys can be added to your auto policy, and physical damage coverage for your trailer is also available for purchase.
Ready for your next outdoor adventure?
At Erie Insurance, our promise is simple: to be there when you need us. Whether taking the road less traveled or on your daily commute, you can count on us.
Talk to your Erie Insurance agent to get a personalized auto insurance quote today.
A better insurance experience starts with ERIE.
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Contact Reiswitz Insurance Agency today to experience the ERIE difference for yourself.


text:
perlsub - Perl subroutines
To declare subroutines:
sub NAME; # A "forward" declaration.
sub NAME(PROTO); # ditto, but with prototypes
sub NAME : ATTRS; # with attributes
sub NAME(PROTO) : ATTRS; # with attributes and prototypes
sub NAME BLOCK # A declaration and a definition.
sub NAME(PROTO) BLOCK # ditto, but with prototypes
sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK # with attributes
sub NAME(PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK # with prototypes and attributes
To define an anonymous subroutine at runtime:
$subref = sub BLOCK; # no proto
$subref = sub (PROTO) BLOCK; # with proto
$subref = sub : ATTRS BLOCK; # with attributes
$subref = sub (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK; # with proto and attributes
To import subroutines:
use MODULE qw(NAME1 NAME2 NAME3);
To call subroutines:
NAME(LIST); # & is optional with parentheses.
NAME LIST; # Parentheses optional if predeclared/imported.
&NAME(LIST); # Circumvent prototypes.
&NAME; # Makes current @_ visible to called subroutine.
Like many languages, Perl provides for user-defined subroutines. These may be located anywhere in the main program, loaded in from other files via the do
, require
, or use
keywords, or generated on the fly using eval
or anonymous subroutines. You can even call a function indirectly using a variable containing its name or a CODE reference.
The Perl model for function call and return values is simple: all functions are passed as parameters one single flat list of scalars, and all functions likewise return to their caller one single flat list of scalars. Any arrays or hashes in these call and return lists will collapse, losing their identities--but you may always use pass-by-reference instead to avoid this. Both call and return lists may contain as many or as few scalar elements as you'd like. (Often a function without an explicit return statement is called a subroutine, but there's really no difference from Perl's perspective.)
Any arguments passed in show up in the array @_
. Therefore, if you called a function with two arguments, those would be stored in $_[0]
and $_[1]
. The array @_
is a local array, but its elements are aliases for the actual scalar parameters. In particular, if an element $_[0]
is updated, the corresponding argument is updated (or an error occurs if it is not updatable). If an argument is an array or hash element which did not exist when the function was called, that element is created only when (and if) it is modified or a reference to it is taken. (Some earlier versions of Perl created the element whether or not the element was assigned to.) Assigning to the whole array @_
removes that aliasing, and does not update any arguments.
The return value of a subroutine is the value of the last expression evaluated. More explicitly, a return
statement may be used to exit the subroutine, optionally specifying the returned value, which will be evaluated in the appropriate context (list, scalar, or void) depending on the context of the subroutine call. If you specify no return value, the subroutine returns an empty list in list context, the undefined value in scalar context, or nothing in void context. If you return one or more aggregates (arrays and hashes), these will be flattened together into one large indistinguishable list.
Perl does not have named formal parameters. In practice all you do is assign to a my()
list of these. Variables that aren't declared to be private are global variables. For gory details on creating private variables, see "Private Variables via my()" and "Temporary Values via local()". To create protected environments for a set of functions in a separate package (and probably a separate file), see "Packages" in perlmod.
sub max {
my $max = shift(@_);
foreach $foo (@_) {
$max = $foo if $max < $foo;
return $max;
$bestday = max($mon,$tue,$wed,$thu,$fri);
# get a line, combining continuation lines
# that start with whitespace
sub get_line {
$thisline = $lookahead; # global variables!
LINE: while (defined($lookahead = <STDIN>)) {
if ($lookahead =~ /^[ \t]/) {
$thisline .= $lookahead;
else {
last LINE;
return $thisline;
$lookahead = <STDIN>; # get first line
while (defined($line = get_line())) {
Assigning to a list of private variables to name your arguments:
sub maybeset {
my($key, $value) = @_;
$Foo{$key} = $value unless $Foo{$key};
Because the assignment copies the values, this also has the effect of turning call-by-reference into call-by-value. Otherwise a function is free to do in-place modifications of @_
and change its caller's values.
upcase_in($v1, $v2); # this changes $v1 and $v2
sub upcase_in {
for (@_) { tr/a-z/A-Z/ }
You aren't allowed to modify constants in this way, of course. If an argument were actually literal and you tried to change it, you'd take a (presumably fatal) exception. For example, this won't work:
It would be much safer if the upcase_in()
function were written to return a copy of its parameters instead of changing them in place:
($v3, $v4) = upcase($v1, $v2); # this doesn't change $v1 and $v2
sub upcase {
return unless defined wantarray; # void context, do nothing
my @parms = @_;
for (@parms) { tr/a-z/A-Z/ }
return wantarray ? @parms : $parms[0];
Notice how this (unprototyped) function doesn't care whether it was passed real scalars or arrays. Perl sees all arguments as one big, long, flat parameter list in @_
. This is one area where Perl's simple argument-passing style shines. The upcase()
function would work perfectly well without changing the upcase()
definition even if we fed it things like this:
@newlist = upcase(@list1, @list2);
@newlist = upcase( split /:/, $var );
Do not, however, be tempted to do this:
(@a, @b) = upcase(@list1, @list2);
Like the flattened incoming parameter list, the return list is also flattened on return. So all you have managed to do here is stored everything in @a
and made @b
empty. See "Pass by Reference" for alternatives.
A subroutine may be called using an explicit &
prefix. The &
is optional in modern Perl, as are parentheses if the subroutine has been predeclared. The &
is not optional when just naming the subroutine, such as when it's used as an argument to defined() or undef(). Nor is it optional when you want to do an indirect subroutine call with a subroutine name or reference using the &$subref()
or &{$subref}()
constructs, although the $subref->()
notation solves that problem. See perlref for more about all that.
Subroutines may be called recursively. If a subroutine is called using the &
form, the argument list is optional, and if omitted, no @_
array is set up for the subroutine: the @_
array at the time of the call is visible to subroutine instead. This is an efficiency mechanism that new users may wish to avoid.
&foo(1,2,3); # pass three arguments
foo(1,2,3); # the same
foo(); # pass a null list
&foo(); # the same
&foo; # foo() get current args, like foo(@_) !!
foo; # like foo() IFF sub foo predeclared, else "foo"
Not only does the &
form make the argument list optional, it also disables any prototype checking on arguments you do provide. This is partly for historical reasons, and partly for having a convenient way to cheat if you know what you're doing. See Prototypes below.
Functions whose names are in all upper case are reserved to the Perl core, as are modules whose names are in all lower case. A function in all capitals is a loosely-held convention meaning it will be called indirectly by the run-time system itself, usually due to a triggered event. Functions that do special, pre-defined things include BEGIN
and DESTROY
--plus all functions mentioned in perltie.
my $foo; # declare $foo lexically local
my (@wid, %get); # declare list of variables local
my $foo = "flurp"; # declare $foo lexical, and init it
my @oof = @bar; # declare @oof lexical, and init it
my $x : Foo = $y; # similar, with an attribute applied
WARNING: The use of attribute lists on my
declarations is still evolving. The current semantics and interface are subject to change. See attributes and Attribute::Handlers.
The my
operator declares the listed variables to be lexically confined to the enclosing block, conditional (if/unless/elsif/else
), loop (for/foreach/while/until/continue
), subroutine, eval
, or do/require/use
'd file. If more than one value is listed, the list must be placed in parentheses. All listed elements must be legal lvalues. Only alphanumeric identifiers may be lexically scoped--magical built-ins like $/
must currently be local
ize with local
Unlike dynamic variables created by the local
operator, lexical variables declared with my
are totally hidden from the outside world, including any called subroutines. This is true if it's the same subroutine called from itself or elsewhere--every call gets its own copy.
This doesn't mean that a my
variable declared in a statically enclosing lexical scope would be invisible. Only dynamic scopes are cut off. For example, the bumpx()
function below has access to the lexical $x variable because both the my
and the sub
occurred at the same scope, presumably file scope.
my $x = 10;
sub bumpx { $x++ }
An eval()
, however, can see lexical variables of the scope it is being evaluated in, so long as the names aren't hidden by declarations within the eval()
itself. See perlref.
The parameter list to my() may be assigned to if desired, which allows you to initialize your variables. (If no initializer is given for a particular variable, it is created with the undefined value.) Commonly this is used to name input parameters to a subroutine. Examples:
$arg = "fred"; # "global" variable
$n = cube_root(27);
print "$arg thinks the root is $n\n";
fred thinks the root is 3
sub cube_root {
my $arg = shift; # name doesn't matter
$arg **= 1/3;
return $arg;
The my
is simply a modifier on something you might assign to. So when you do assign to variables in its argument list, my
doesn't change whether those variables are viewed as a scalar or an array. So
my ($foo) = <STDIN>; # WRONG?
my @FOO = <STDIN>;
both supply a list context to the right-hand side, while
my $foo = <STDIN>;
supplies a scalar context. But the following declares only one variable:
my $foo, $bar = 1; # WRONG
That has the same effect as
my $foo;
$bar = 1;
The declared variable is not introduced (is not visible) until after the current statement. Thus,
my $x = $x;
can be used to initialize a new $x with the value of the old $x, and the expression
my $x = 123 and $x == 123
is false unless the old $x happened to have the value 123
Lexical scopes of control structures are not bounded precisely by the braces that delimit their controlled blocks; control expressions are part of that scope, too. Thus in the loop
while (my $line = <>) {
$line = lc $line;
} continue {
print $line;
the scope of $line extends from its declaration throughout the rest of the loop construct (including the continue
clause), but not beyond it. Similarly, in the conditional
if ((my $answer = <STDIN>) =~ /^yes$/i) {
} elsif ($answer =~ /^no$/i) {
} else {
chomp $answer;
die "'$answer' is neither 'yes' nor 'no'";
the scope of $answer extends from its declaration through the rest of that conditional, including any elsif
and else
clauses, but not beyond it.
NOTE: The behaviour of a my
statement modified with a statement modifier conditional or loop construct (e.g. my $x if ...
) is undefined. The value of the my
variable may be undef
, any previously assigned value, or possibly anything else. Don't rely on it. Future versions of perl might do something different from the version of perl you try it out on. Here be dragons.
The foreach
loop defaults to scoping its index variable dynamically in the manner of local
. However, if the index variable is prefixed with the keyword my
, or if there is already a lexical by that name in scope, then a new lexical is created instead. Thus in the loop
for my $i (1, 2, 3) {
the scope of $i extends to the end of the loop, but not beyond it, rendering the value of $i inaccessible within some_function()
Some users may wish to encourage the use of lexically scoped variables. As an aid to catching implicit uses to package variables, which are always global, if you say
use strict 'vars';
then any variable mentioned from there to the end of the enclosing block must either refer to a lexical variable, be predeclared via our
or use vars
, or else must be fully qualified with the package name. A compilation error results otherwise. An inner block may countermand this with no strict 'vars'
A my
has both a compile-time and a run-time effect. At compile time, the compiler takes notice of it. The principal usefulness of this is to quiet use strict 'vars'
, but it is also essential for generation of closures as detailed in perlref. Actual initialization is delayed until run time, though, so it gets executed at the appropriate time, such as each time through a loop, for example.
Variables declared with my
are not part of any package and are therefore never fully qualified with the package name. In particular, you're not allowed to try to make a package variable (or other global) lexical:
my $pack::var; # ERROR! Illegal syntax
my $_; # also illegal (currently)
In fact, a dynamic variable (also known as package or global variables) are still accessible using the fully qualified ::
notation even while a lexical of the same name is also visible:
package main;
local $x = 10;
my $x = 20;
print "$x and $::x\n";
That will print out 20
and 10
You may declare my
variables at the outermost scope of a file to hide any such identifiers from the world outside that file. This is similar in spirit to C's static variables when they are used at the file level. To do this with a subroutine requires the use of a closure (an anonymous function that accesses enclosing lexicals). If you want to create a private subroutine that cannot be called from outside that block, it can declare a lexical variable containing an anonymous sub reference:
my $secret_version = '1.001-beta';
my $secret_sub = sub { print $secret_version };
As long as the reference is never returned by any function within the module, no outside module can see the subroutine, because its name is not in any package's symbol table. Remember that it's not REALLY called $some_pack::secret_version
or anything; it's just $secret_version, unqualified and unqualifiable.
This does not work with object methods, however; all object methods have to be in the symbol table of some package to be found. See "Function Templates" in perlref for something of a work-around to this.
Just because a lexical variable is lexically (also called statically) scoped to its enclosing block, eval
, or do
FILE, this doesn't mean that within a function it works like a C static. It normally works more like a C auto, but with implicit garbage collection.
Unlike local variables in C or C++, Perl's lexical variables don't necessarily get recycled just because their scope has exited. If something more permanent is still aware of the lexical, it will stick around. So long as something else references a lexical, that lexical won't be freed--which is as it should be. You wouldn't want memory being free until you were done using it, or kept around once you were done. Automatic garbage collection takes care of this for you.
This means that you can pass back or save away references to lexical variables, whereas to return a pointer to a C auto is a grave error. It also gives us a way to simulate C's function statics. Here's a mechanism for giving a function private variables with both lexical scoping and a static lifetime. If you do want to create something like C's static variables, just enclose the whole function in an extra block, and put the static variable outside the function but in the block.
my $secret_val = 0;
sub gimme_another {
return ++$secret_val;
# $secret_val now becomes unreachable by the outside
# world, but retains its value between calls to gimme_another
If this function is being sourced in from a separate file via require
or use
, then this is probably just fine. If it's all in the main program, you'll need to arrange for the my
to be executed early, either by putting the whole block above your main program, or more likely, placing merely a BEGIN
sub around it to make sure it gets executed before your program starts to run:
sub BEGIN {
my $secret_val = 0;
sub gimme_another {
return ++$secret_val;
See "Package Constructors and Destructors" in perlmod about the special triggered functions, BEGIN
and END
If declared at the outermost scope (the file scope), then lexicals work somewhat like C's file statics. They are available to all functions in that same file declared below them, but are inaccessible from outside that file. This strategy is sometimes used in modules to create private variables that the whole module can see.
WARNING: In general, you should be using my
instead of local
, because it's faster and safer. Exceptions to this include the global punctuation variables, filehandles and formats, and direct manipulation of the Perl symbol table itself. Format variables often use local
though, as do other variables whose current value must be visible to called subroutines.
local $foo; # declare $foo dynamically local
local (@wid, %get); # declare list of variables local
local $foo = "flurp"; # declare $foo dynamic, and init it
local @oof = @bar; # declare @oof dynamic, and init it
local *FH; # localize $FH, @FH, %FH, &FH ...
local *merlyn = *randal; # now $merlyn is really $randal, plus
# @merlyn is really @randal, etc
local *merlyn = 'randal'; # SAME THING: promote 'randal' to *randal
local *merlyn = \$randal; # just alias $merlyn, not @merlyn etc
A local
modifies its listed variables to be "local" to the enclosing block, eval
, or do FILE
--and to any subroutine called from within that block. A local
just gives temporary values to global (meaning package) variables. It does not create a local variable. This is known as dynamic scoping. Lexical scoping is done with my
, which works more like C's auto declarations.
If more than one variable is given to local
, they must be placed in parentheses. All listed elements must be legal lvalues. This operator works by saving the current values of those variables in its argument list on a hidden stack and restoring them upon exiting the block, subroutine, or eval. This means that called subroutines can also reference the local variable, but not the global one. The argument list may be assigned to if desired, which allows you to initialize your local variables. (If no initializer is given for a particular variable, it is created with an undefined value.) Commonly this is used to name the parameters to a subroutine. Examples:
for $i ( 0 .. 9 ) {
$digits{$i} = $i;
# assume this function uses global %digits hash
# now temporarily add to %digits hash
if ($base12) {
# (NOTE: not claiming this is efficient!)
local %digits = (%digits, 't' => 10, 'e' => 11);
parse_num(); # parse_num gets this new %digits!
# old %digits restored here
Because local
is a run-time operator, it gets executed each time through a loop. In releases of Perl previous to 5.0, this used more stack storage each time until the loop was exited. Perl now reclaims the space each time through, but it's still more efficient to declare your variables outside the loop.
A local
is simply a modifier on an lvalue expression. When you assign to a local
ized variable, the local
doesn't change whether its list is viewed as a scalar or an array. So
local($foo) = <STDIN>;
local @FOO = <STDIN>;
both supply a list context to the right-hand side, while
local $foo = <STDIN>;
supplies a scalar context.
A note about local()
and composite types is in order. Something like local(%foo)
works by temporarily placing a brand new hash in the symbol table. The old hash is left alone, but is hidden "behind" the new one.
This means the old variable is completely invisible via the symbol table (i.e. the hash entry in the *foo
typeglob) for the duration of the dynamic scope within which the local()
was seen. This has the effect of allowing one to temporarily occlude any magic on composite types. For instance, this will briefly alter a tied hash to some other implementation:
tie %ahash, 'APackage';
local %ahash;
tie %ahash, 'BPackage';
[..called code will see %ahash tied to 'BPackage'..]
local %ahash;
[..%ahash is a normal (untied) hash here..]
[..%ahash back to its initial tied self again..]
WARNING The code example above does not currently work as described. This will be fixed in a future release of Perl; in the meantime, avoid code that relies on any particular behaviour of localising tied arrays or hashes (localising individual elements is still okay). See "Localising Tied Arrays and Hashes Is Broken" in perldelta for more details.
As another example, a custom implementation of %ENV
might look like this:
local %ENV;
tie %ENV, 'MyOwnEnv';
[..do your own fancy %ENV manipulation here..]
[..normal %ENV behavior here..]
It's also worth taking a moment to explain what happens when you local
ize a member of a composite type (i.e. an array or hash element). In this case, the element is local
ized by name. This means that when the scope of the local()
ends, the saved value will be restored to the hash element whose key was named in the local()
, or the array element whose index was named in the local()
. If that element was deleted while the local()
was in effect (e.g. by a delete()
from a hash or a shift()
of an array), it will spring back into existence, possibly extending an array and filling in the skipped elements with undef
. For instance, if you say
%hash = ( 'This' => 'is', 'a' => 'test' );
@ary = ( 0..5 );
local($ary[5]) = 6;
local($hash{'a'}) = 'drill';
while (my $e = pop(@ary)) {
print "$e . . .\n";
last unless $e > 3;
if (@ary) {
$hash{'only a'} = 'test';
delete $hash{'a'};
print join(' ', map { "$_ $hash{$_}" } sort keys %hash),".\n";
print "The array has ",scalar(@ary)," elements: ",
join(', ', map { defined $_ ? $_ : 'undef' } @ary),"\n";
Perl will print
6 . . .
4 . . .
3 . . .
This is a test only a test.
The array has 6 elements: 0, 1, 2, undef, undef, 5
The behavior of local() on non-existent members of composite types is subject to change in future.
WARNING: Lvalue subroutines are still experimental and the implementation may change in future versions of Perl.
It is possible to return a modifiable value from a subroutine. To do this, you have to declare the subroutine to return an lvalue.
my $val;
sub canmod : lvalue {
# return $val; this doesn't work, don't say "return"
sub nomod {
canmod() = 5; # assigns to $val
nomod() = 5; # ERROR
The scalar/list context for the subroutine and for the right-hand side of assignment is determined as if the subroutine call is replaced by a scalar. For example, consider:
data(2,3) = get_data(3,4);
Both subroutines here are called in a scalar context, while in:
(data(2,3)) = get_data(3,4);
and in:
(data(2),data(3)) = get_data(3,4);
all the subroutines are called in a list context.
They appear to be convenient, but there are several reasons to be circumspect.
You can't use the return keyword, you must pass out the value before falling out of subroutine scope. (see comment in example above). This is usually not a problem, but it disallows an explicit return out of a deeply nested loop, which is sometimes a nice way out.
They violate encapsulation. A normal mutator can check the supplied argument before setting the attribute it is protecting, an lvalue subroutine never gets that chance. Consider;
my $some_array_ref = []; # protected by mutators ??
sub set_arr { # normal mutator
my $val = shift;
die("expected array, you supplied ", ref $val)
unless ref $val eq 'ARRAY';
$some_array_ref = $val;
sub set_arr_lv : lvalue { # lvalue mutator
# set_arr_lv cannot stop this !
set_arr_lv() = { a => 1 };
WARNING: The mechanism described in this section was originally the only way to simulate pass-by-reference in older versions of Perl. While it still works fine in modern versions, the new reference mechanism is generally easier to work with. See below.
Sometimes you don't want to pass the value of an array to a subroutine but rather the name of it, so that the subroutine can modify the global copy of it rather than working with a local copy. In perl you can refer to all objects of a particular name by prefixing the name with a star: *foo
. This is often known as a "typeglob", because the star on the front can be thought of as a wildcard match for all the funny prefix characters on variables and subroutines and such.
When evaluated, the typeglob produces a scalar value that represents all the objects of that name, including any filehandle, format, or subroutine. When assigned to, it causes the name mentioned to refer to whatever *
value was assigned to it. Example:
sub doubleary {
local(*someary) = @_;
foreach $elem (@someary) {
$elem *= 2;
Scalars are already passed by reference, so you can modify scalar arguments without using this mechanism by referring explicitly to $_[0]
etc. You can modify all the elements of an array by passing all the elements as scalars, but you have to use the *
mechanism (or the equivalent reference mechanism) to push
, pop
, or change the size of an array. It will certainly be faster to pass the typeglob (or reference).
Even if you don't want to modify an array, this mechanism is useful for passing multiple arrays in a single LIST, because normally the LIST mechanism will merge all the array values so that you can't extract out the individual arrays. For more on typeglobs, see "Typeglobs and Filehandles" in perldata.
Despite the existence of my
, there are still three places where the local
operator still shines. In fact, in these three places, you must use local
instead of my
You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_.
The global variables, like @ARGV
or the punctuation variables, must be local
ized with local()
. This block reads in /etc/motd, and splits it up into chunks separated by lines of equal signs, which are placed in @Fields
local @ARGV = ("/etc/motd");
local $/ = undef;
local $_ = <>;
@Fields = split /^\s*=+\s*$/;
It particular, it's important to local
ize $_ in any routine that assigns to it. Look out for implicit assignments in while
You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function.
A function that needs a filehandle of its own must use local()
on a complete typeglob. This can be used to create new symbol table entries:
sub ioqueue {
local (*READER, *WRITER); # not my!
pipe (READER, WRITER) or die "pipe: $!";
return (*READER, *WRITER);
($head, $tail) = ioqueue();
See the Symbol module for a way to create anonymous symbol table entries.
Because assignment of a reference to a typeglob creates an alias, this can be used to create what is effectively a local function, or at least, a local alias.
local *grow = \&shrink; # only until this block exists
grow(); # really calls shrink()
move(); # if move() grow()s, it shrink()s too
grow(); # get the real grow() again
See "Function Templates" in perlref for more about manipulating functions by name in this way.
You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash.
You can local
ize just one element of an aggregate. Usually this is done on dynamics:
local $SIG{INT} = 'IGNORE';
funct(); # uninterruptible
# interruptibility automatically restored here
But it also works on lexically declared aggregates. Prior to 5.005, this operation could on occasion misbehave.
If you want to pass more than one array or hash into a function--or return them from it--and have them maintain their integrity, then you're going to have to use an explicit pass-by-reference. Before you do that, you need to understand references as detailed in perlref. This section may not make much sense to you otherwise.
Here are a few simple examples. First, let's pass in several arrays to a function and have it pop
all of then, returning a new list of all their former last elements:
@tailings = popmany ( \@a, \@b, \@c, \@d );
sub popmany {
my $aref;
my @retlist = ();
foreach $aref ( @_ ) {
push @retlist, pop @$aref;
return @retlist;
Here's how you might write a function that returns a list of keys occurring in all the hashes passed to it:
@common = inter( \%foo, \%bar, \%joe );
sub inter {
my ($k, $href, %seen); # locals
foreach $href (@_) {
while ( $k = each %$href ) {
return grep { $seen{$_} == @_ } keys %seen;
So far, we're using just the normal list return mechanism. What happens if you want to pass or return a hash? Well, if you're using only one of them, or you don't mind them concatenating, then the normal calling convention is ok, although a little expensive.
Where people get into trouble is here:
(@a, @b) = func(@c, @d);
(%a, %b) = func(%c, %d);
That syntax simply won't work. It sets just @a
or %a
and clears the @b
or %b
. Plus the function didn't get passed into two separate arrays or hashes: it got one long list in @_
, as always.
If you can arrange for everyone to deal with this through references, it's cleaner code, although not so nice to look at. Here's a function that takes two array references as arguments, returning the two array elements in order of how many elements they have in them:
($aref, $bref) = func(\@c, \@d);
print "@$aref has more than @$bref\n";
sub func {
my ($cref, $dref) = @_;
if (@$cref > @$dref) {
return ($cref, $dref);
} else {
return ($dref, $cref);
It turns out that you can actually do this also:
(*a, *b) = func(\@c, \@d);
print "@a has more than @b\n";
sub func {
local (*c, *d) = @_;
if (@c > @d) {
return (\@c, \@d);
} else {
return (\@d, \@c);
Here we're using the typeglobs to do symbol table aliasing. It's a tad subtle, though, and also won't work if you're using my
variables, because only globals (even in disguise as local
s) are in the symbol table.
If you're passing around filehandles, you could usually just use the bare typeglob, like *STDOUT
, but typeglobs references work, too. For example:
sub splutter {
my $fh = shift;
print $fh "her um well a hmmm\n";
$rec = get_rec(\*STDIN);
sub get_rec {
my $fh = shift;
return scalar <$fh>;
If you're planning on generating new filehandles, you could do this. Notice to pass back just the bare *FH, not its reference.
sub openit {
my $path = shift;
local *FH;
return open (FH, $path) ? *FH : undef;
Perl supports a very limited kind of compile-time argument checking using function prototyping. If you declare
sub mypush (\@@)
then mypush()
takes arguments exactly like push()
does. The function declaration must be visible at compile time. The prototype affects only interpretation of new-style calls to the function, where new-style is defined as not using the &
character. In other words, if you call it like a built-in function, then it behaves like a built-in function. If you call it like an old-fashioned subroutine, then it behaves like an old-fashioned subroutine. It naturally falls out from this rule that prototypes have no influence on subroutine references like \&foo
or on indirect subroutine calls like &{$subref}
or $subref->()
Method calls are not influenced by prototypes either, because the function to be called is indeterminate at compile time, since the exact code called depends on inheritance.
Because the intent of this feature is primarily to let you define subroutines that work like built-in functions, here are prototypes for some other functions that parse almost exactly like the corresponding built-in.
Declared as Called as
sub mylink ($$) mylink $old, $new
sub myvec ($$$) myvec $var, $offset, 1
sub myindex ($$;$) myindex &getstring, "substr"
sub mysyswrite ($$$;$) mysyswrite $buf, 0, length($buf) - $off, $off
sub myreverse (@) myreverse $a, $b, $c
sub myjoin ($@) myjoin ":", $a, $b, $c
sub mypop (\@) mypop @array
sub mysplice (\@$$@) mysplice @array, @array, 0, @pushme
sub mykeys (\%) mykeys %{$hashref}
sub myopen (*;$) myopen HANDLE, $name
sub mypipe (**) mypipe READHANDLE, WRITEHANDLE
sub mygrep (&@) mygrep { /foo/ } $a, $b, $c
sub myrand ($) myrand 42
sub mytime () mytime
Any backslashed prototype character represents an actual argument that absolutely must start with that character. The value passed as part of @_
will be a reference to the actual argument given in the subroutine call, obtained by applying \
to that argument.
You can also backslash several argument types simultaneously by using the \[]
sub myref (\[$@%&*])
will allow calling myref() as
myref $var
myref @array
myref %hash
myref &sub
myref *glob
and the first argument of myref() will be a reference to a scalar, an array, a hash, a code, or a glob.
Unbackslashed prototype characters have special meanings. Any unbackslashed @
or %
eats all remaining arguments, and forces list context. An argument represented by $
forces scalar context. An &
requires an anonymous subroutine, which, if passed as the first argument, does not require the sub
keyword or a subsequent comma.
allows the subroutine to accept a bareword, constant, scalar expression, typeglob, or a reference to a typeglob in that slot. The value will be available to the subroutine either as a simple scalar, or (in the latter two cases) as a reference to the typeglob. If you wish to always convert such arguments to a typeglob reference, use Symbol::qualify_to_ref() as follows:
use Symbol 'qualify_to_ref';
sub foo (*) {
my $fh = qualify_to_ref(shift, caller);
A semicolon separates mandatory arguments from optional arguments. It is redundant before @
or %
, which gobble up everything else.
Note how the last three examples in the table above are treated specially by the parser. mygrep()
is parsed as a true list operator, myrand()
is parsed as a true unary operator with unary precedence the same as rand()
, and mytime()
is truly without arguments, just like time()
. That is, if you say
mytime +2;
you'll get mytime() + 2
, not mytime(2)
, which is how it would be parsed without a prototype.
The interesting thing about &
is that you can generate new syntax with it, provided it's in the initial position:
sub try (&@) {
my($try,$catch) = @_;
eval { &$try };
if ($@) {
local $_ = $@;
sub catch (&) { $_[0] }
try {
die "phooey";
} catch {
/phooey/ and print "unphooey\n";
That prints "unphooey"
. (Yes, there are still unresolved issues having to do with visibility of @_
. I'm ignoring that question for the moment. (But note that if we make @_
lexically scoped, those anonymous subroutines can act like closures... (Gee, is this sounding a little Lispish? (Never mind.))))
And here's a reimplementation of the Perl grep
sub mygrep (&@) {
my $code = shift;
my @result;
foreach $_ (@_) {
push(@result, $_) if &$code;
Some folks would prefer full alphanumeric prototypes. Alphanumerics have been intentionally left out of prototypes for the express purpose of someday in the future adding named, formal parameters. The current mechanism's main goal is to let module writers provide better diagnostics for module users. Larry feels the notation quite understandable to Perl programmers, and that it will not intrude greatly upon the meat of the module, nor make it harder to read. The line noise is visually encapsulated into a small pill that's easy to swallow.
If you try to use an alphanumeric sequence in a prototype you will generate an optional warning - "Illegal character in prototype...". Unfortunately earlier versions of Perl allowed the prototype to be used as long as its prefix was a valid prototype. The warning may be upgraded to a fatal error in a future version of Perl once the majority of offending code is fixed.
It's probably best to prototype new functions, not retrofit prototyping into older ones. That's because you must be especially careful about silent impositions of differing list versus scalar contexts. For example, if you decide that a function should take just one parameter, like this:
sub func ($) {
my $n = shift;
print "you gave me $n\n";
and someone has been calling it with an array or expression returning a list:
func( split /:/ );
Then you've just supplied an automatic scalar
in front of their argument, which can be more than a bit surprising. The old @foo
which used to hold one thing doesn't get passed in. Instead, func()
now gets passed in a 1
; that is, the number of elements in @foo
. And the split
gets called in scalar context so it starts scribbling on your @_
parameter list. Ouch!
This is all very powerful, of course, and should be used only in moderation to make the world a better place.
Functions with a prototype of ()
are potential candidates for inlining. If the result after optimization and constant folding is either a constant or a lexically-scoped scalar which has no other references, then it will be used in place of function calls made without &
. Calls made using &
are never inlined. (See constant.pm for an easy way to declare most constants.)
The following functions would all be inlined:
sub pi () { 3.14159 } # Not exact, but close.
sub PI () { 4 * atan2 1, 1 } # As good as it gets,
# and it's inlined, too!
sub ST_DEV () { 0 }
sub ST_INO () { 1 }
sub FLAG_FOO () { 1 << 8 }
sub FLAG_BAR () { 1 << 9 }
sub FLAG_MASK () { FLAG_FOO | FLAG_BAR }
sub OPT_BAZ () { not (0x1B58 & FLAG_MASK) }
sub BAZ_VAL () {
if (OPT_BAZ) {
return 23;
else {
return 42;
sub N () { int(BAZ_VAL) / 3 }
my $prod = 1;
for (1..N) { $prod *= $_ }
sub N_FACTORIAL () { $prod }
If you redefine a subroutine that was eligible for inlining, you'll get a mandatory warning. (You can use this warning to tell whether or not a particular subroutine is considered constant.) The warning is considered severe enough not to be optional because previously compiled invocations of the function will still be using the old value of the function. If you need to be able to redefine the subroutine, you need to ensure that it isn't inlined, either by dropping the ()
prototype (which changes calling semantics, so beware) or by thwarting the inlining mechanism in some other way, such as
sub not_inlined () {
23 if $];
Many built-in functions may be overridden, though this should be tried only occasionally and for good reason. Typically this might be done by a package attempting to emulate missing built-in functionality on a non-Unix system.
Overriding may be done only by importing the name from a module--ordinary predeclaration isn't good enough. However, the use subs
pragma lets you, in effect, predeclare subs via the import syntax, and these names may then override built-in ones:
use subs 'chdir', 'chroot', 'chmod', 'chown';
chdir $somewhere;
sub chdir { ... }
To unambiguously refer to the built-in form, precede the built-in name with the special package qualifier CORE::
. For example, saying CORE::open()
always refers to the built-in open()
, even if the current package has imported some other subroutine called &open()
from elsewhere. Even though it looks like a regular function call, it isn't: you can't take a reference to it, such as the incorrect \&CORE::open
might appear to produce.
Library modules should not in general export built-in names like open
or chdir
as part of their default @EXPORT
list, because these may sneak into someone else's namespace and change the semantics unexpectedly. Instead, if the module adds that name to @EXPORT_OK
, then it's possible for a user to import the name explicitly, but not implicitly. That is, they could say
use Module 'open';
and it would import the open
override. But if they said
use Module;
they would get the default imports without overrides.
The foregoing mechanism for overriding built-in is restricted, quite deliberately, to the package that requests the import. There is a second method that is sometimes applicable when you wish to override a built-in everywhere, without regard to namespace boundaries. This is achieved by importing a sub into the special namespace CORE::GLOBAL::
. Here is an example that quite brazenly replaces the glob
operator with something that understands regular expressions.
package REGlob;
require Exporter;
@ISA = 'Exporter';
@EXPORT_OK = 'glob';
sub import {
my $pkg = shift;
return unless @_;
my $sym = shift;
my $where = ($sym =~ s/^GLOBAL_// ? 'CORE::GLOBAL' : caller(0));
$pkg->export($where, $sym, @_);
sub glob {
my $pat = shift;
my @got;
local *D;
if (opendir D, '.') {
@got = grep /$pat/, readdir D;
closedir D;
return @got;
And here's how it could be (ab)used:
#use REGlob 'GLOBAL_glob'; # override glob() in ALL namespaces
package Foo;
use REGlob 'glob'; # override glob() in Foo:: only
print for <^[a-z_]+\.pm\$>; # show all pragmatic modules
The initial comment shows a contrived, even dangerous example. By overriding glob
globally, you would be forcing the new (and subversive) behavior for the glob
operator for every namespace, without the complete cognizance or cooperation of the modules that own those namespaces. Naturally, this should be done with extreme caution--if it must be done at all.
The REGlob
example above does not implement all the support needed to cleanly override perl's glob
operator. The built-in glob
has different behaviors depending on whether it appears in a scalar or list context, but our REGlob
doesn't. Indeed, many perl built-in have such context sensitive behaviors, and these must be adequately supported by a properly written override. For a fully functional example of overriding glob
, study the implementation of File::DosGlob
in the standard library.
When you override a built-in, your replacement should be consistent (if possible) with the built-in native syntax. You can achieve this by using a suitable prototype. To get the prototype of an overridable built-in, use the prototype
function with an argument of "CORE::builtin_name"
(see "prototype" in perlfunc).
Note however that some built-ins can't have their syntax expressed by a prototype (such as system
or chomp
). If you override them you won't be able to fully mimic their original syntax.
The built-ins do
, require
and glob
can also be overridden, but due to special magic, their original syntax is preserved, and you don't have to define a prototype for their replacements. (You can't override the do BLOCK
syntax, though).
has special additional dark magic: if you invoke your require
replacement as require Foo::Bar
, it will actually receive the argument "Foo/Bar.pm"
in @_. See "require" in perlfunc.
And, as you'll have noticed from the previous example, if you override glob
, the <*>
glob operator is overridden as well.
In a similar fashion, overriding the readline
function also overrides the equivalent I/O operator <FILEHANDLE>
Finally, some built-ins (e.g. exists
or grep
) can't be overridden.
If you call a subroutine that is undefined, you would ordinarily get an immediate, fatal error complaining that the subroutine doesn't exist. (Likewise for subroutines being used as methods, when the method doesn't exist in any base class of the class's package.) However, if an AUTOLOAD
subroutine is defined in the package or packages used to locate the original subroutine, then that AUTOLOAD
subroutine is called with the arguments that would have been passed to the original subroutine. The fully qualified name of the original subroutine magically appears in the global $AUTOLOAD variable of the same package as the AUTOLOAD
routine. The name is not passed as an ordinary argument because, er, well, just because, that's why...
Many AUTOLOAD
routines load in a definition for the requested subroutine using eval(), then execute that subroutine using a special form of goto() that erases the stack frame of the AUTOLOAD
routine without a trace. (See the source to the standard module documented in AutoLoader, for example.) But an AUTOLOAD
routine can also just emulate the routine and never define it. For example, let's pretend that a function that wasn't defined should just invoke system
with those arguments. All you'd do is:
sub AUTOLOAD {
my $program = $AUTOLOAD;
$program =~ s/.*:://;
system($program, @_);
who('am', 'i');
In fact, if you predeclare functions you want to call that way, you don't even need parentheses:
use subs qw(date who ls);
who "am", "i";
ls -l;
A more complete example of this is the standard Shell module, which can treat undefined subroutine calls as calls to external programs.
Mechanisms are available to help modules writers split their modules into autoloadable files. See the standard AutoLoader module described in AutoLoader and in AutoSplit, the standard SelfLoader modules in SelfLoader, and the document on adding C functions to Perl code in perlxs.
A subroutine declaration or definition may have a list of attributes associated with it. If such an attribute list is present, it is broken up at space or colon boundaries and treated as though a use attributes
had been seen. See attributes for details about what attributes are currently supported. Unlike the limitation with the obsolescent use attrs
, the sub : ATTRLIST
syntax works to associate the attributes with a pre-declaration, and not just with a subroutine definition.
The attributes must be valid as simple identifier names (without any punctuation other than the '_' character). They may have a parameter list appended, which is only checked for whether its parentheses ('(',')') nest properly.
Examples of valid syntax (even though the attributes are unknown):
sub fnord (&\%) : switch(10,foo(7,3)) : expensive ;
sub plugh () : Ugly('\(") :Bad ;
sub xyzzy : _5x5 { ... }
Examples of invalid syntax:
sub fnord : switch(10,foo() ; # ()-string not balanced
sub snoid : Ugly('(') ; # ()-string not balanced
sub xyzzy : 5x5 ; # "5x5" not a valid identifier
sub plugh : Y2::north ; # "Y2::north" not a simple identifier
sub snurt : foo + bar ; # "+" not a colon or space
The attribute list is passed as a list of constant strings to the code which associates them with the subroutine. In particular, the second example of valid syntax above currently looks like this in terms of how it's parsed and invoked:
use attributes __PACKAGE__, \&plugh, q[Ugly('\(")], 'Bad';
For further details on attribute lists and their manipulation, see attributes and Attribute::Handlers.
See "Function Templates" in perlref for more about references and closures. See perlxs if you'd like to learn about calling C subroutines from Perl. See perlembed if you'd like to learn about calling Perl subroutines from C. See perlmod to learn about bundling up your functions in separate files. See perlmodlib to learn what library modules come standard on your system. See perltoot to learn how to make object method calls.


text:
(512) 763-4000
(512) 930-4946
Mon - Fri: 7:30am - 4:30pm
Make an appointment
Please call (512) 763-4000 during regular business hours to schedule an office visit. Make follow-up appointments as you leave.
We make every effort to stay on schedule, although emergencies do arise. If we are seriously delayed, we attempt to notify patients beforehand.
After-hours and emergencies
If you are experiencing a medical emergency, please dial 911.
However, if you need after-hours advice for a medical concern, please call (512) 660-6820.
Holiday hours
Please note our office will close early on 12/24 and be closed 12/25 as well as 1/01. Normal hours resume Thursday, 1/02.


text:
Upholstery Details
471403 Fabric
Clean Code Information
Clean codes indicate the recommended method for cleaning a fabric. They are:
- S: Clean with pure petroleum distillate-based solvents only. Water-based or detergent-based solvent cleaners may cause excessive shrinkage. Water stains may become permanent.
- W: Clean with water-based cleaning agents or foam to remove overall soil. Note: many household cleaners are harmful to the color and life of a fabric.
- SW: Clean with either water-based cleaning agents, foam, or pure petroleum distillate-based solvents.
Application Information
Fabrics may be limited to certain applications due to type, construction, or durability.
A fabric may be limited to pillows due to one of the following reasons: delicate construction, extreme thickness, or pattern repeat constraints.
Each fabric must pass our in-house testing regiment. All fabrics in our line pass industry standards for normal residential use, but many go above and beyond. These highly durable fabrics are recommended for motion (reclining furniture). Recliners are high use pieces that subject fabrics to high abrasion levels.


text:
The Articles of Faith
of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Chapter 1
1 We believe in God, the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost.
2 We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgression.
3 We believe that through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel.
4 We believe that the first principles and ordinances of the Gospel are: first, Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ; second, Repentance; third, Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; fourth, Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.
5 We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophecy, and by the laying on of hands by those who are in authority, to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof.
6 We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth.
7 We believe in the gift of tongues, prophecy, revelation, visions, healing, interpretation of tongues, and so forth.
8 We believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly; we also believe the Book of Mormon to be the word of God.
9 We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, and we believe that He will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.
10 We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes; that Zion (the New Jerusalem) will be built upon the American continent; that Christ will reign personally upon the earth; and, that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory.
11 We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may.
12 We believe in being subject to kings, presidents, rulers, and magistrates, in obeying, honoring, and sustaining the law.
13 We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul—We believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things, and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things.
Joseph Smith.


text:
One of the things I made for the girls last year and totally failed to blog about were these dinky little skirts with soft toys in the pockets. All I used was some nice patterned scrap brushed cotton, a few lengths of ribbon, and the waist band I sewed on was just an "ear warmer" headband thing from the Dollar Tree.
LiEr has been posting a load of great pocket tutorials on her blog Ikat bag lately and it reminded me of these skirts I'd made and then K posted about some little softies she'd made too on her blog "Made by K" and so I thought you might like to see this pretty simple project from last Christmas.
Before I sign off and wade through some deep snow to see if the car is still burried, here are a few things from the last few of years that might work for you in the last couple of days before Christmas...
- Superhero poncho fleece cape. (I made both of these on Christmas eve last year, so you definately have time still)
- Painted peg dolls. (these ones took quite a while, but a small set would be quicker)
- Homemade freaky unicorn pillow pet. (my mate back in the US is making a replica of this for her little girl at the moment. I hope it's going well jennifer!) Again, this was very quick to sew up.
- A little sewing/embroidery kit very cheaply.
- Fuzzy Felt friends and family set. I really want to make the kids an updated version of the one I made a few years ago. Maybe for my younger daughter's birthday in March.
- No icing candy cane cookies.
- Printable christmas lego and hole punch set.
- Paper plate angels.
- Old tights snowmen.


text:
Letter from R:
I was raised as a protestant christian. All my life I was told that there is a god and that he loves us all. Yet all through my life,from as early as I can remember, a single question plagued me: "Why did god create a world based on suffering?" The natural world of which we are a part, is a constant struggle to eat or avoid being eaten. Metaphorically the same is still true for humans today. If I share my food among the starving, I starve. If I stand alone against an army of murderers in defense of an innocent, I will be killed.
Combined with this childish intuitive critique of god's creation I also possess a university scientific education. I acknowledge the total irrationality of the supernatural. Whilst at university some years ago I realized that I could not continue to believe in god without continuing to grow in contempt for him. My contempt became rage, and my rage soon quickened to hatred. I literally tore my soul apart trying to find a way to reconcile my belief with my hatred. I had to make a decision. Allow hatred to twist and embitter me, or deny god once and for all. I still struggle with the decision.
Cognitively I am an atheist. I know no god. Yet still I feel him in the pit of my guts like a bout of acid reflux. It is hard to deny the evidence of personal experience when the experience is your own. It causes me to fear the words "I deny god". Ashamedly I shed tears at the knowledge that my cognitive faculties are at the mercy of my old brain, those structures that we share with all vertebrates.
I type this message as a plea. I do not believe in the soul yet I fear that mine may drive me insane. Please, if anyone among you has struggled with these feelings and overcome them, tell me how. I cannot continue to live in dissonance.
My response:
Hello R:
Yet still I feel him in the pit of my guts like a bout of acid reflux. It is hard to deny theevidence of personal experience when the experience is your own.
This is going to sound flip, but there is a point: "Have you taken any antacid for your god?"
Feelings are products of minds, which are products of brains. I have a degree that includes communication studies, and one thing they drilled into us (using quite a lot of research to show it's true) was that our feelings are produced internally by our own brains. The brain interprets data and offers emotional and physical responses to that data. But we own those responses.
Example: I am walking down a dark, narrow, lonely street alone at night. I see a moving shadow behind a trash can and I feel myself getting anxious. I need to walk by the bin to get to where my car is parked. My breathing becomes quick and shallow and I feel adrenaline beginning to flow and make my head tingle, I see the shadow move again and I pause. Do I go back or keep moving ahead. I fear there is someone hiding therea mugger or a rapist...and nobody is around if I end up in trouble...
There is NO doubt that my personal experience of fear is totally real. But does that mean that the shadow is a rapist waiting to do me harm?
It turns out it's a cat.
You don't have to deny your personal experience. Just don't assume the experience is evidence of any particular cause when you have no evidence or insufficient evidence. Yes, you "feel something." But there is no reason for believing it has anything to do with gods.


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