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Quotient Technology Inc. PESTEL & Environment Analysis
Strategic Management Essays, Term Papers & Presentations
Quotient Technology Inc. PESTEL analysis is a strategic tool to analyze the macro environment of the organization. PESTEL stands for - Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal factors that impact the macro environment of Quotient Technology Inc..
Changes in the macro-environment factors can have a direct impact on not only the Quotient Technology Inc. but also can impact other players in the Marketing Services. The macro-environment factors can impact the
Porter Five Forces
that shape strategy and competitive landscape. They can impact individual firm's competitive advantage or overall profitability levels of the Services industry.
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PESTEL analysis provides great detail about operating challenges Quotient Technology Inc. will face in prevalent macro environment other than competitive forces. For example an Industry may be highly profitable with a strong growth trajectory but it won't be any good for Quotient Technology Inc. if it is situated in unstable political environment.
Spanish oil giant Repsol had to face a similar instance. It started an above average profitability operations in Argentina and made strong returns in 5-7 years. But the business was later expropriated by the Left Wing government. So the decade long profits didn't materialize in the end.
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Political Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
Political factors play a significant role in determining the factors that can impact Quotient Technology Inc.'s long term profitability in a certain country or market. Quotient Technology Inc. is operating in Marketing Services in more than dozen countries and expose itself to different types of political environment and political system risks. The achieve success in such a dynamic Marketing Services industry across various countries is to diversify the systematic risks of political environment. Quotient Technology Inc. can closely analyze the following factors before entering or investing in a certain market-
- Political stability and importance of Marketing Services sector in the country's economy.
- Risk of military invasion
- Level of corruption - especially levels of regulation in Services sector.
- Bureaucracy and interference in Marketing Services industry by government.
- Legal framework for contract enforcement
- Intellectual property protection
- Trade regulations & tariffs related to Services
- Favored trading partners
- Anti-trust laws related to Marketing Services
- Pricing regulations – Are there any pricing regulatory mechanism for Services
- Taxation - tax rates and incentives
- Wage legislation - minimum wage and overtime
- Work week regulations in Marketing Services
- Mandatory employee benefits
- Industrial safety regulations in the Services sector.
- Product labeling and other requirements in Marketing Services
Economic Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
The Macro environment factors such as – inflation rate, savings rate, interest rate, foreign exchange rate and economic cycle determine the aggregate demand and aggregate investment in an economy. While micro environment factors such as competition norms impact the competitive advantage of the firm. Quotient Technology Inc. can use country's economic factor such as growth rate, inflation & industry's economic indicators such as Marketing Services industry growth rate, consumer spending etc to forecast the growth trajectory of not only --sectoryname-- sector but also that of the organization. Economic factors that Quotient Technology Inc. should consider while conducting PESTEL analysis are -
- Type of economic system in countries of operation – what type of economic system there is and how stable it is.
- Government intervention in the free market and related Services
- Exchange rates & stability of host country currency.
- Efficiency of financial markets – Does Quotient Technology Inc. needs to raise capital in local market?
- Infrastructure quality in Marketing Services industry
- Comparative advantages of host country and Services sector in the particular country.
- Skill level of workforce in Marketing Services industry.
- Education level in the economy
- Labor costs and productivity in the economy
- Business cycle stage (e.g. prosperity, recession, recovery)
- Economic growth rate
- Discretionary income
- Unemployment rate
- Inflation rate
- Interest rates
Social Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
Society's culture and way of doing things impact the culture of an organization in an environment. Shared beliefs and attitudes of the population play a great role in how marketers at Quotient Technology Inc. will understand the customers of a given market and how they design the marketing message for Marketing Services industry consumers. Social factors that leadership of Quotient Technology Inc. should analyze for PESTEL analysis are -
- Demographics and skill level of the population
- Class structure, hierarchy and power structure in the society.
- Education level as well as education standard in the Quotient Technology Inc. 's industry
- Culture (gender roles, social conventions etc.)
- Entrepreneurial spirit and broader nature of the society. Some societies encourage entrepreneurship while some don't.
- Attitudes (health, environmental consciousness, etc.)
- Leisure interests
Technological Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
Technology is fast disrupting various industries across the board. Transportation industry is a good case to illustrate this point. Over the last 5 years the industry has been transforming really fast, not even giving chance to the established players to cope with the changes. Taxi industry is now dominated by players like Uber and Lyft. Car industry is fast moving toward automation led by technology firm such as Google & manufacturing is disrupted by Tesla, which has stated an electronic car revolution.
A firm should not only do technological analysis of the industry but also the speed at which technology disrupts that industry. Slow speed will give more time while fast speed of technological disruption may give a firm little time to cope and be profitable. Technology analysis involves understanding the following impacts -
- Recent technological developments by Quotient Technology Inc. competitors
- Technology's impact on product offering
- Impact on cost structure in Marketing Services industry
- Impact on value chain structure in Services sector
- Rate of technological diffusion
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Environmental Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
Different markets have different norms or environmental standards which can impact the profitability of an organization in those markets. Even within a country often states can have different environmental laws and liability laws. For example in United States – Texas and Florida have different liability clauses in case of mishaps or environmental disaster. Similarly a lot of European countries give healthy tax breaks to companies that operate in the renewable sector.
Before entering new markets or starting a new business in existing market the firm should carefully evaluate the environmental standards that are required to operate in those markets. Some of the environmental factors that a firm should consider beforehand are -
- Weather
- Climate change
- Laws regulating environment pollution
- Air and water pollution regulations in Marketing Services industry
- Recycling
- Waste management in Services sector
- Attitudes toward "green" or ecological products
- Endangered species
- Attitudes toward and support for renewable energy
Legal Factors that Impact Quotient Technology Inc.
In number of countries, the legal framework and institutions are not robust enough to protect the intellectual property rights of an organization. A firm should carefully evaluate before entering such markets as it can lead to theft of organization's secret sauce thus the overall competitive edge. Some of the legal factors that Quotient Technology Inc. leadership should consider while entering a new market are -
- Anti-trust law in Marketing Services industry and overall in the country.
- Discrimination law
- Copyright, patents / Intellectual property law
- Consumer protection and e-commerce
- Employment law
- Health and safety law
- Data Protection
You can order Quotient Technology Inc. PESTEL and Environment Analysis with us at Fern Fort University.
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WASHINGTON — A new shooting game for mobile devices by the National Rifle Association is no longer being labeled suitable for preschoolers. "NRA: Practice Range" changed its age recommendation on Tuesday from 4 years and up to at least 12 years of age with an added warning that the game depicts "intense" and "realistic" violence.
The move came amid pushback from liberal organizations that called the game tasteless and its timing politically motivated. It was released Sunday. This week is the one-month anniversary of the shooting at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school that left 20 children and six adults dead, and the same week President Barack Obama is expected to announce his plan for curbing gun violence.
A progressive advocacy organization, Courage Campaign, on Tuesday circulated an online petition asking Apple to drop the free mobile application from its store.
"This is a classic example of everything that is wrong with the NRA. Instead of coming to the table with constructive ideas to reduce gun violence, the NRA is instead developing a video game that glorifies guns and gun violence," said Adam Bink, director of the group's online programs.
Apple declined to comment.
The NRA did not respond to repeated calls for comment. It also hasn't claimed ownership of the game, with no mention of it on its website. But the app refers to itself as the "National Rifle Association's new mobile nerve center, delivering one-touch access to the NRA network of news, laws, facts, knowledge, safety tips, educational materials and online resources." The main menu in the game includes an NRA information section that leads users to the lobbying group's website.
MEDL Media of Fountain Valley, Calif., which developed the game, also did not respond to requests for comment. The New York Times reported late Tuesday that MEDL had confirmed that the game had been commissioned by the NRA.
In just two days, the mobile app generated more than 300 online reviews. That figure jumped to 519 by late Tuesday, with an overwhelming number of reviews praising the NRA for defending the Second Amendment to the Constitution and teaching firearms safety.
The game actually sounds more stirring than it is, which is really a high-tech pamphlet to disseminate the NRA's political message. The game lets a user fire various simulated weapons to hit targets on shooting ranges. The app does not depict the shooting of living targets. The only thing resembling a life form is the camouflage-clad right hand players see holding the gun, and the occasional left hand used to reload.
A week after the Newtown shooting, NRA executive Wayne LaPierre blamed violent video games and movies, and not guns, for contributing to mass shootings.
"There exists in this country a callous, corrupt and corrupting shadow industry that sells, and sows, violence against its own people," he said during a Dec. 21 news conference.
The NRA mobile app allows players to use one type of gun per range: A pistol for indoors, an assault rifle for outdoors and a shotgun for skeet shooting. As part of the free app players can use an M9 pistol, an M16 rifle and a Mossberg 500 shotgun. Other brands, like an AK-47 assault rifle, are available for in-app download at .99 cents each.
The object is to hit as many targets of varying size as possible in a minute, and there are three levels of difficulty within each range. The first two ranges allow 15 rounds of ammunition without reloading, the third five. The guns look, act and sound a lot like their real-life counterparts. When a player fires, a blast of light shows and the gun bucks a little.
The targets are shaped like giant martini shakers, a bull's eye circle and a clay disc.
While each range or gun or level is loading, there's an NRA tip or a fact, like "Know your target and what is behind it," and "Always keep a gun pointed in a safe direction."
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subset: commoncrawl


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We have been extremely busy in the past weeks, but we now have a collection of screenshots to show to all of you. This is a first glimpse at the vastly improved and extended upcoming NexusDB .NET integrations. Yes, not just one but several new exciting features that will make NexusDB even better.
Please note: I'm aware that some of the pictures flow out of the layout of the page. I will try and figure out why that is happening, as it should be auto-adjusted.
But first here's a quick glimpse at NexusDB Starter Edition
We will announce the Starter Edition, a very exciting low cost edition shortly!
NexusDB .NET interfacing and fully managed wrapper .NET classes
VS project
Wrapper classes
The underlying server link interface
Some more interfaces
NexusDB AppServer
Remote Admin menu entries
Yep, that starts an app from an assembly
And yep, the NexusDB Server hosts a full ASP.NET capable server that executes an app.
The ASP.NET Application also gets a pointer to the .NET server engine interface.
NexusDB ADO Provider - Embedded / Native Transport Options and Entity Framework support
The ADO Provider can now use a ServerEngine/SQLEngine combo in a DLL for embedded access without the use of any server. It can also use the same DLL to connect to a NexusDB server using any of it's native transports like TCP or even the protected transports like Blowfish TCP.
Entity Framework support including designer model support.
NexusDB OData Services with Linq support
The server has the possibility to directly host OData services. These services are based on a very simple generic ASP.NET application. To host any database as OData service all that needs to be done is to use the edmgen.exe utility to create the data model files, copy the created files to the ASP.NET App_Code folder and host the ASP.NET Application in either NexusDB server or any other ASP.NET enabled web server.
Full insert/update/delete support
Extend support for OData
Linq support for OData


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I recently came across the concept of a peanut butter, banana and honey sandwich which sounded really good. I really like peanut butter, bananas and honey and they can only get better by combining them in a sandwich! The combo reminded me about another one of my favorite sandwiches, a nutella and banana sandwich. It was breakfast time and I was thinking that wrapping everything up in a warm, light and fluffy crepe would be perfect. I whipped up a batch of crepes and spread on some peanut butter, added the banana slices and poured on some honey. I guess I could have waited for the crepe to cool a bit as it was so warm that it melted the peanut butter. Oh well, the melted peanut butter was nice and creamy and with the honey mixed in and the bananas and the warm crepe…mmm… I could not stop at just one and the second one had cooled down enough that the peanut butter did not melt. It left me with that familiar experience of peanut butter stuck to the top of your mouth. I wish that I had known about this amazing combination years ago. I will have to have it often to make up for lost time.
Peanut Butter, Banana and Honey Crepes
- crepes
- peanut butter
- bananas (sliced)
- honey
- Assemble.


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Bad Influences: Car Models with the Most DUIs
It's well-established that driving while drunk or under the influence of drugs is a dangerous practice, but people do it nonetheless. These are the car models that are most often cited for DUI.
In 1982, the number of deaths related to driving under the influence reached a record-high of 5,215. Since then, thanks to stricter laws, more comprehensive education regarding alcohol safety, and the development of technology such as ignition interlock device, DUI-related fatalities have decreased by almost 80 percent. In 2017, 1,064 people were killed as a result of drunk driving.
Nevertheless, DUIs remain a problem nationwide, and advocates continue to push for new policies aimed at further lowering the number of fatalities. The National Transportation Safety Board recommended lowering the legal blood-alcohol content driving limit from 0.08 to 0.05 in 2013.
To take a closer look at DUIs in the United States, the data science team at Insurify decided to discover which car models are most often flagged for driving under the influence.
- National averages. In total, an average of 1.78 percent of car owners per model has a prior DUI violation. The average manufacturer suggested retail price (MSRP) price of a car in June 2019 was $37,285. Lastly, the average MPG of all cars and small trucks in the United States in 2017 was 24.9 MPG.
- A truck problem. One of the things that immediately leaps out when studying the top 10? A bevy of trucks. An astonishing seven of the 10 models on the list are pickup trucks. In fact, three different car makers saw at least two of their truck models claim spots on the list.
- Domestically inclined. As one might expect with so many pickup trucks populating the top 10, the car models with the most DUIs have a distinctly domestic flavor. In fact, just three foreign cars make the top 10.
- Non-fuel efficient. Interestingly, just one of the cars on the countdown had a city and highway MPG above the national average of 24.9 miles per gallon. Of course, this could also have something to do with the number of trucks on the list. Trucks by nature are less fuel-efficient than smaller vehicles.
To discover which cars have the highest percentage of models with a prior DUI, researchers at Insurify, a website for comparing car insurance quotes, pulled the numbers from their database of over 1.6 million car insurance applications. To apply for quotes, users input personal and vehicle information from the past seven years, including the model of car they drive, and whether they have been cited for driving under the influence. For each model, the share of drivers with a prior DUI violation was compared against the total population of motorists that owned that model. The 10 models with the highest proportion of drivers with a DUI were then selected. Data on the base manufacturer suggested retail price and MPG of the models were pulled from USNews and Autoblog.
10. Ford Contour
- Percentage of Ford Contours with a DUI violation: 2.92%
- MSRP (base model): $22,905
- Miles per gallon: 20 city / 29 highway
The Contour was in production for just two years, 1999 and 2000. Nevertheless, it still kicks off the countdown, with just under three percent of models with at least one prior DUI violation. The car was initially designed as a crossover between a classic four-door sedan and a sports car, but is nonetheless affordable. Its base model MSRP is the lowest of any vehicle in the top 10, though that likely has to do with its age as much as its design.
9. Dodge Dakota
- Percentage of Dodge Dakotas with a DUI violation: 2.94%
- MSRP (base model): $23,210
- Miles per gallon: 15 city / 20 highway
The Dakota was once a staple of Dodge's lineup of mid-size pickup trucks, and was originally introduced in 1986 along with the Ram 50. From then until its discontinuation in 2011, it was popular among drivers but also law enforcement. The police and fire departments found a variety of uses for the Dakota as an off-road vehicle or brush truck.
8. GMC Sierra
- Percentage of GMC Sierras with a DUI violation: 3.01%
- MSRP (base model): $29,600
- Miles per gallon: 20 city / 23 highway.
The Sierra definitely doesn't come cheap, with a base MSRP more expensive than all but one other car on the list. One of GMC's trademark trucks certainly makes up for it, however, with a tailgate designed for a variety of uses, as well as a comprehensive infotainment system that offers technology for improving trailering. Importantly, it's a relatively fuel-efficient truck, with a highway MPG better than every other truck in the top 10.
7. Chevrolet Silverado
- Percentage of Chevrolet Silverados with a DUI violation: 3.02%
- MSRP (base model): $28,300
- Miles per gallon: 16 city / 21 highway
The Silverado is mechanically similar to the GMC Sierra, though it does retail for slightly cheaper than its counterpart. First introduced in 1998, the Silverado has become a perennial best-selling vehicle in the United States. More than 12 million Silverados have been sold since its introduction, with 585,581 leaving stores in 2018 alone. Nevertheless, the popular model appears to have an issue with DUIs, as Silverados and their drivers have a prior DUI rate that's nearly double the national average.
6. Toyota Tacoma
- Percentage of Toyota Tacomas with a DUI violation: 3.08%
- MSRP (base model): $25,850
- Miles per gallon: 20 city / 23 highway
The fourth of seven trucks in the top 10, the Tacoma is another model with a long history in the United States. The model was first introduced by Toyota in 1995 and has been in production ever since. The Tacoma is more fuel-efficient than the average truck, with city and highway MPG figures equivalent to that of the GMC Sierra, and also relatively cheap. It has a base MSRP more expensive than only four other models on the list.
5. GMC Sonoma
- Percentage of GMC Sonomas with a DUI violation: 3.09%
- MSRP (base model): $24,960
- Miles per gallon: 15 city / 19 highway
The Sonoma is one of three cars on this list that is no longer in production. The last Sonoma came off the assembly line in 2004. Described by GMC as a truck with a wide variety of capabilities from commercial truck to even comfortable sedan, the Sonoma nonetheless isn't the vehicle for those seeking fuel efficiency. Its highway MPG is joint-lowest of any car on the list, though it is cheaper than all but three other cars in the top 10.
4. Audi A4
- Percentage of Audi A4s with a DUI violation: 3.28%
- MSRP (base model): $37,400
- Miles per gallon: 27 city / 34 highway
The Audi A4, one of just three foreign models in the top 10, was designed as a sport sedan, and thus is the most expensive model on this list. The midsize car is advertised on Audi's website as having "the performance to match its sporty appearance" and certainly backs that up in the fuel efficiency department. It is also the only vehicle on this list with an average MPG greater than the national average.
3. Chevrolet S Truck
- Percentage of Chevrolet S Trucks with a DUI violation: 3.47%
- MSRP (base model): $24,660
- Miles per gallon: 15 city / 19 highway
The Chevrolet S Truck is mechanically identical to the GMC Sonoma, with the same fuel efficiency to boot. Originally released in 1981, the truck was produced for 23 years in North America, before primary production moved to Brazil. The truck was rebranded in 2012 to the Chevrolet Colorado, though it still carries the "S" name as well. Despite being out of production, the S Truck still has the third-highest rate of DUI violations of any car in the United States, with a rate just under double the national average.
2. Subaru WRX
- Percentage of Subaru WRXs with a DUI violation: 4.1%
- MSRP (base model): $27,195
- Miles per gallon: 21 city / 27 highway
Driving under the influence is not the only problem WRX drivers have. The WRX also has the fifth-highest rate of prior accidents of any car model, and the highest rate of speeding tickets. Ironically, the 2019 version of the WRX was actually given the highest possible safety rating from the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety. It's difficult to say exactly why WRX drivers are so prone to driving violations, though Subaru advertising it with the tagline "Unleashed Speed" might give drivers the wrong idea.
1. Dodge RAM 2500
- Percentage of Dodge RAM 2500s with a DUI violation: 4.95%
- MSRP (base model): $27,975
- Miles per gallon: 14 (overall)
The Dodge Ram 2500—which is also known as the Dodge Ram HD—has the highest rate of DUI violations, with a rate nearly 180 percent higher than the national average. The truck isn't known for speed or maneuverability, and is advertised as a heavy-duty truck (hence the abbreviation "HD") more suitable for towing heavy loads than blazing down the streets, though it is getting a redesign in 2019. That's likely why its MPG is lower than every other car in the top 10.


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Inspired by our iconic Zenyu Fan Necklace, this everyday design features a fan shaped pendant with a round pearl central cabochon and a handcrafted hammered finish. The ultimate base layer, style solo or team with chains or the Zenyu Gemstone Beaded Choker for an instant layered look.
Metal: 18ct Recycled Gold Plated Vermeil on Recycled Sterling Silver
Pendant Dimensions: 16.9 x 19.2
Total length: 450mm with continuous extension from 410mm
Gemstone: Pearl
Weight: 5.2g
Product Code: ZU-G-N11-WP
This piece should be stored in a cool, dry place and cleaned carefully with a soft non-abrasive cloth to maintain shine.
Read our jewellery care guide to find out how best to care for your jewellery.
Read Care GuideOur worldwide shipping, returns, and operations (head office, warehouse, stores) are all 100% carbon neutral.
All of our jewellery is crafted using recycled sterling silver and gold, and this year we are working towards using recycled brass. We also source certified conflict-free diamonds in our Fine collections.
Each piece is handcrafted by our longstanding teams in India and Thailand whose factories are reguarly audited by the Responsible Jewellery Council.
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Zenyu Gemstone Fan Pendant Necklace
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Pair Cast Iron Andy & Abby Drip Figures
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Pair of Cast Iron Andy and Abby Drip Figures
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A preventive program is a cooperative effort by the patient, dentist, and dental staff to preserve the natural dentition and supporting structures by preventing the onset, progress, and recurrence of dental diseases and conditions.
Preventing dental disease starts at home with good oral hygiene and a balanced diet. It is continued in the dental office by the efforts of your dentist and dental hygienist to promote, restore, and maintain your oral health.
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I shall not attempt to describe the grateful emotions which the new and very distinguished proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens, evinced by my reelection to this high trust, has excited in my bosom. The approbation which it announces of my conduct in the preceding term affords me a consolation which I shall profoundly feel through life. The general accord with which it has been expressed adds to the great and never-ceasing obligations which it imposes. To merit the continuance of this good opinion, and to carry it with me into my retirement as the solace of advancing years, will be the object of my most zealous and unceasing efforts.
Having no pretensions to the high and commanding claims of my predecessors, whose names are so much more conspicuously identified with our Revolution, and who contributed so preeminently to promote its success, I consider myself rather as the instrument than the cause of the union which has prevailed in the late election. In surmounting, in favor of my humble pretensions, the difficulties which so often produce division in like occurrences, it is obvious that other powerful causes, indicating the great strength and stability of our Union, have essentially contributed to draw you together. That these powerful causes exist, and that they are permanent, is my fixed opinion; that they may produce a like accord in all questions touching, however remotely, the liberty, prosperity, and happiness of our country will always be the object of my most fervent prayers to the Supreme Author of All Good.
In a government which is founded by the people, who possess exclusively the sovereignty, it seems proper that the person who may be placed by their suffrages in this high trust should declare on commencing its duties the principles on which he intends to conduct the Administration. If the person thus elected has served the preceding term, an opportunity is afforded him to review its principal occurrences and to give such further explanation respecting them as in his judgment may be useful to his constituents. The events of one year have influence on those of another, and, in like manner, of a preceding on the succeeding Administration. The movements of a great nation are connected in all their parts. If errors have been committed they ought to be corrected; if the policy is sound it ought to be supported. It is by a thorough knowledge of the whole subject that our fellow-citizens are enabled to judge correctly of the past and to give a proper direction to the future.
Just before the commencement of the last term the United States had concluded a war with a very powerful nation on conditions equal and honorable to both parties. The events of that war are too recent and too deeply impressed on the memory of all to require a development from me. Our commerce had been in a great measure driven from the sea, our Atlantic and inland frontiers were invaded in almost every part; the waste of life along our coast and on some parts of our inland frontiers, to the defense of which our gallant and patriotic citizens were called, was immense, in addition to which not less than $120,000,000 were added at its end to the public debt.
As soon as the war had terminated, the nation, admonished by its events, resolved to place itself in a situation which should be better calculated to prevent the recurrence of a like evil, and, in case it should recur, to mitigate its calamities. With this view, after reducing our land force to the basis of a peace establishment, which has been further modified since, provision was made for the construction of fortifications at proper points through the whole extent of our coast and such an augmentation of our naval force as should be well adapted to both purposes. The laws making this provision were passed in 1815 and 1816, and it has been since the constant effort of the Executive to carry them into effect.
The advantage of these fortifications and of an augmented naval force in the extent contemplated, in a point of economy, has been fully illustrated by a report of the Board of Engineers and Naval Commissioners lately communicated to Congress, by which it appears that in an invasion by 20,000 men, with a correspondent naval force, in a campaign of six months only, the whole expense of the construction of the works would be defrayed by the difference in the sum necessary to maintain the force which would be adequate to our defense with the aid of those works and that which would be incurred without them. The reason of this difference is obvious. If fortifications are judiciously placed on our great inlets, as distant from our cities as circumstances will permit, they will form the only points of attack, and the enemy will be detained there by a small regular force a sufficient time to enable our militia to collect and repair to that on which the attack is made. A force adequate to the enemy, collected at that single point, with suitable preparation for such others as might be menaced, is all that would be requisite. But if there were no fortifications, then the enemy might go where he pleased, and, changing his position and sailing from place to place, our force must be called out and spread in vast numbers along the whole coast and on both sides of every bay and river as high up in each as it might be navigable for ships of war. By these fortifications, supported by our Navy, to which they would afford like support, we should present to other powers an armed front from St. Croix to the Sabine, which would protect in the event of war our whole coast and interior from invasion; and even in the wars of other powers, in which we were neutral, they would be found eminently useful, as, by keeping their public ships at a distance from our cities, peace and order in them would be preserved and the Government be protected from insult.
It need scarcely be remarked that these measures have not been resorted to in a spirit of hostility to other powers. Such a disposition does not exist toward any power. Peace and good will have been, and will hereafter be, cultivated with all, and by the most faithful regard to justice. They have been dictated by a love of peace, of economy, and an earnest desire to save the lives of our fellow-citizens from that destruction and our country from that devastation which are inseparable from war when it finds us unprepared for it. It is believed, and experience has shown, that such a preparation is the best expedient that can be resorted to prevent war. I add with much pleasure that considerable progress has already been made in these measures of defense, and that they will be completed in a few years, considering the great extent and importance of the object, if the plan be zealously and steadily persevered in.
The conduct of the Government in what relates to foreign powers is always an object of the highest importance to the nation. Its agriculture, commerce, manufactures, fisheries, revenue, in short, its peace, may all be affected by it. Attention is therefore due to this subject.
At the period adverted to the powers of Europe, after having been engaged in long and destructive wars with each other, had concluded a peace, which happily still exists. Our peace with the power with whom we had been engaged had also been concluded. The war between Spain and the colonies in South America, which had commenced many years before, was then the only conflict that remained unsettled. This being a contest between different parts of the same community, in which other powers had not interfered, was not affected by their accommodations.
This contest was considered at an early stage by my predecessor a civil war in which the parties were entitled to equal rights in our ports. This decision, the first made by any power, being formed on great consideration of the comparative strength and resources of the parties, the length of time, and successful opposition made by the colonies, and of all other circumstances on which it ought to depend, was in strict accord with the law of nations. Congress has invariably acted on this principle, having made no change in our relations with either party. Our attitude has therefore been that of neutrality between them, which has been maintained by the Government with the strictest impartiality. No aid has been afforded to either, nor has any privilege been enjoyed by the one which has not been equally open to the other party, and every exertion has been made in its power to enforce the execution of the laws prohibiting illegal equipments with equal rigor against both.
By this equality between the parties their public vessels have been received in our ports on the same footing; they have enjoyed an equal right to purchase and export arms, munitions of war, and every other supply, the exportation of all articles whatever being permitted under laws which were passed long before the commencement of the contest; our citizens have traded equally with both, and their commerce with each has been alike protected by the Government.
Respecting the attitude which it may be proper for the United States to maintain hereafter between the parties, I have no hesitation in stating it as my opinion that the neutrality heretofore observed should still be adhered to. From the change in the Government of Spain and the negotiation now depending, invited by the Cortes and accepted by the colonies, it may be presumed, that their differences will be settled on the terms proposed by the colonies. Should the war be continued, the United States, regarding its occurrences, will always have it in their power to adopt such measures respecting it as their honor and interest may require.
Shortly after the general peace a band of adventurers took advantage of this conflict and of the facility which it afforded to establish a system of buccaneering in the neighboring seas, to the great annoyance of the commerce of the United States, and, as was represented, of that of other powers. Of this spirit and of its injurious bearing on the United States strong proofs were afforded by the establishment at Amelia Island, and the purposes to which it was made instrumental by this band in 1817, and by the occurrences which took place in other parts of Florida in 1818, the details of which in both instances are too well known to require to be now recited. I am satisfied had a less decisive course been adopted that the worst consequences would have resulted from it. We have seen that these checks, decisive as they were, were not sufficient to crush that piratical spirit. Many culprits brought within our limits have been condemned to suffer death, the punishment due to that atrocious crime. The decisions of upright and enlightened tribunals fall equally on all whose crimes subject them, by a fair interpretation of the law, to its censure. It belongs to the Executive not to suffer the executions under these decisions to transcend the great purpose for which punishment is necessary. The full benefit of example being secured, policy as well as humanity equally forbids that they should be carried further. I have acted on this principle, pardoning those who appear to have been led astray by ignorance of the criminality of the acts they had committed, and suffering the law to take effect on those only in whose favor no extenuating circumstances could be urged.
Great confidence is entertained that the late treaty with Spain, which has been ratified by both the parties, and the ratifications whereof have been exchanged, has placed the relations of the two countries on a basis of permanent friendship. The provision made by it for such of our citizens as have claims on Spain of the character described will, it is presumed, be very satisfactory to them, and the boundary which is established between the territories of the parties westward of the Mississippi, heretofore in dispute, has, it is thought, been settled on conditions just and advantageous to both. But to the acquisition of Florida too much importance can not be attached. It secures to the United States a territory important in itself, and whose importance is much increased by its bearing on many of the highest interests of the Union. It opens to several of the neighboring States a free passage to the ocean, through the Province ceded, by several rivers, having their sources high up within their limits. It secures us against all future annoyance from powerful Indian tribes. It gives us several excellent harbors in the Gulf of Mexico for ships of war of the largest size. It covers by its position in the Gulf the Mississippi and other great waters within our extended limits, and thereby enables the United States to afford complete protection to the vast and very valuable productions of our whole Western country, which find a market through those streams.
By a treaty with the British Government, bearing date on the 20th of October, 1818, the convention regulating the commerce between the United States and Great Britain, concluded on the 3d of July, 1815, which was about expiring, was revived and continued for the term of ten years from the time of its expiration. By that treaty, also, the differences which had arisen under the treaty of Ghent respecting the right claimed by the United States for their citizens to take and cure fish on the coast of His Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, with other differences on important interests, were adjusted to the satisfaction of both parties. No agreement has yet been entered into respecting the commerce between the United States and the British dominions in the West Indies and on this continent. The restraints imposed on that commerce by Great Britain, and reciprocated by the United States on a principle of defense, continue still in force.
The negotiation with France for the regulation of the commercial relations between the two countries, which in the course of the last summer had been commenced at Paris, has since been transferred to this city, and will be pursued on the part of the United States in the spirit of conciliation, and with an earnest desire that it may terminate in an arrangement satisfactory to both parties.
Our relations with the Barbary Powers are preserved in the same state and by the same means that were employed when I came into this office. As early as 1801 it was found necessary to send a squadron into the Mediterranean for the protection of our commerce, and no period has intervened, a short term excepted, when it was thought advisable to withdraw it. The great interests which the United States have in the Pacific, in commerce and in the fisheries, have also made it necessary to maintain a naval force there. In disposing of this force in both instances the most effectual measures in our power have been taken, without interfering with its other duties, for the suppression of the slave trade and of piracy in the neighboring seas.
The situation of the United States in regard to their resources, the extent of their revenue, and the facility with which it is raised affords a most gratifying spectacle. The payment of nearly $67,000,000 of the public debt, with the great progress made in measures of defense and in other improvements of various kinds since the late war, are conclusive proofs of this extraordinary prosperity, especially when it is recollected that these expenditures have been defrayed without a burthen on the people, the direct tax and excise having been repealed soon after the conclusion of the late war, and the revenue applied to these great objects having been raised in a manner not to be felt. Our great resources therefore remain untouched for any purpose which may affect the vital interests of the nation. For all such purposes they are inexhaustible. They are more especially to be found in the virtue, patriotism, and intelligence of our fellow-citizens, and in the devotion with which they would yield up by any just measure of taxation all their property in support of the rights and honor of their country.
Under the present depression of prices, affecting all the productions of the country and every branch of industry, proceeding from causes explained on a former occasion, the revenue has considerably diminished, the effect of which has been to compel Congress either to abandon these great measures of defense or to resort to loans or internal taxes to supply the deficiency. On the presumption that this depression and the deficiency in the revenue arising from it would be temporary, loans were authorized for the demands of the last and present year. Anxious to relieve my fellow-citizens in 1817 from every burthen which could be dispensed with, and the state of the Treasury permitting it, I recommended the repeal of the internal taxes, knowing that such relief was then peculiarly necessary in consequence of the great exertions made in the late war. I made that recommendation under a pledge that should the public exigencies require a recurrence to them at any time while I remained in this trust, I would with equal promptitude perform the duty which would then be alike incumbent on me. By the experiment now making it will be seen by the next session of Congress whether the revenue shall have been so augmented as to be adequate to all these necessary purposes. Should the deficiency still continue, and especially should it be probable that it would be permanent, the course to be pursued appears to me to be obvious. I am satisfied that under certain circumstances loans may be resorted to with great advantage. I am equally well satisfied, as a general rule, that the demands of the current year, especially in time of peace, should be provided for by the revenue of that year.
I have never dreaded, nor have I ever shunned, in any situation in which I have been placed making appeals to the virtue and patriotism of my fellow-citizens, well knowing that they could never be made in vain, especially in times of great emergency or for purposes of high national importance. Independently of the exigency of the case, many considerations of great weight urge a policy having in view a provision of revenue to meet to a certain extent the demands of the nation, without relying altogether on the precarious resource of foreign commerce. I am satisfied that internal duties and excises, with corresponding imposts on foreign articles of the same kind, would, without imposing any serious burdens on the people, enhance the price of produce, promote our manufactures, and augment the revenue, at the same time that they made it more secure and permanent.
The care of the Indian tribes within our limits has long been an essential part of our system, but, unfortunately, it has not been executed in a manner to accomplish all the objects intended by it. We have treated them as independent nations, without their having any substantial pretensions to that rank. The distinction has flattered their pride, retarded their improvement, and in many instances paved the way to their destruction. The progress of our settlements westward, supported as they are by a dense population, has constantly driven them back, with almost the total sacrifice of the lands which they have been compelled to abandon. They have claims on the magnanimity and, I may add, on the justice of this nation which we must all feel. We should become their real benefactors; we should perform the office of their Great Father, the endearing title which they emphatically give to the Chief Magistrate of our Union. Their sovereignty over vast territories should cease, in lieu of which the right of soil should be secured to each individual and his posterity in competent portions; and for the territory thus ceded by each tribe some reasonable equivalent should be granted, to be vested in permanent funds for the support of civil government over them and for the education of their children, for their instruction in the arts of husbandry, and to provide sustenance for them until they could provide it for themselves. My earnest hope is that Congress will digest some plan, founded on these principles, with such improvements as their wisdom may suggest, and carry it into effect as soon as it may be practicable.
Europe is again unsettled and the prospect of war increasing. Should the flame light up in any quarter, how far it may extend it is impossible to foresee. It is our peculiar felicity to be altogether unconnected with the causes which produce this menacing aspect elsewhere. With every power we are in perfect amity, and it is our interest to remain so if it be practicable on just conditions. I see no reasonable cause to apprehend variance with any power, unless it proceed from a violation of our maritime rights. In these contests, should they occur, and to whatever extent they may be carried, we shall be neutral; but as a neutral power we have rights which it is our duty to maintain. For like injuries it will be incumbent on us to seek redress in a spirit of amity, in full confidence that, injuring none, none would knowingly injure us. For more imminent dangers we should be prepared, and it should always be recollected that such preparation adapted to the circumstances and sanctioned by the judgment and wishes of our constituents can not fail to have a good effect in averting dangers of every kind. We should recollect also that the season of peace is best adapted to these preparations.
If we turn our attention, fellow-citizens, more immediately to the internal concerns of our country, and more especially to those on which its future welfare depends, we have every reason to anticipate the happiest results. It is now rather more than forty-four years since we declared our independence, and thirty-seven since it was acknowledged. The talents and virtues which were displayed in that great struggle were a sure presage of all that has since followed. A people who were able to surmount in their infant state such great perils would be more competent as they rose into manhood to repel any which they might meet in their progress. Their physical strength would be more adequate to foreign danger, and the practice of self-government, aided by the light of experience, could not fail to produce an effect equally salutary on all those questions connected with the internal organization. These favorable anticipations have been realized.
In our whole system, national and State, we have shunned all the defects which unceasingly preyed on the vitals and destroyed the ancient Republics. In them there were distinct orders, a nobility and a people, or the people governed in one assembly. Thus, in the one instance there was a perpetual conflict between the orders in society for the ascendency, in which the victory of either terminated in the overthrow of the government and the ruin of the state; in the other, in which the people governed in a body, and whose dominions seldom exceeded the dimensions of a county in one of our States, a tumultuous and disorderly movement permitted only a transitory existence. In this great nation there is but one order, that of the people, whose power, by a peculiarly happy improvement of the representative principle, is transferred from them, without impairing in the slightest degree their sovereignty, to bodies of their own creation, and to persons elected by themselves, in the full extent necessary for all the purposes of free, enlightened and efficient government. The whole system is elective, the complete sovereignty being in the people, and every officer in every department deriving his authority from and being responsible to them for his conduct.
Our career has corresponded with this great outline. Perfection in our organization could not have been expected in the outset either in the National or State Governments or in tracing the line between their respective powers. But no serious conflict has arisen, nor any contest but such as are managed by argument and by a fair appeal to the good sense of the people, and many of the defects which experience had clearly demonstrated in both Governments have been remedied. By steadily pursuing this course in this spirit there is every reason to believe that our system will soon attain the highest degree of perfection of which human institutions are capable, and that the movement in all its branches will exhibit such a degree of order and harmony as to command the admiration and respect of the civilized world.
Our physical attainments have not been less eminent. Twenty-five years ago the river Mississippi was shut up and our Western brethren had no outlet for their commerce. What has been the progress since that time? The river has not only become the property of the United States from its source to the ocean, with all its tributary streams (with the exception of the upper part of the Red River only), but Louisiana, with a fair and liberal boundary on the western side and the Floridas on the eastern, have been ceded to us. The United States now enjoy the complete and uninterrupted sovereignty over the whole territory from St. Croix to the Sabine. New States, settled from among ourselves in this and in other parts, have been admitted into our Union in equal participation in the national sovereignty with the original States. Our population has augmented in an astonishing degree and extended in every direction. We now, fellow-citizens, comprise within our limits the dimensions and faculties of a great power under a Government possessing all the energies of any government ever known to the Old World, with an utter incapacity to oppress the people.
Entering with these views the office which I have just solemnly sworn to execute with fidelity and to the utmost of my ability, I derive great satisfaction from a knowledge that I shall be assisted in the several Departments by the very enlightened and upright citizens from whom I have received so much aid in the preceding term. With full confidence in the continuance of that candor and generous indulgence from my fellow-citizens at large which I have heretofore experienced, and with a firm reliance on the protection of Almighty God, I shall forthwith commence the duties of the high trust to which you have called me.
James Monroe, Inaugural Address Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/206347


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Pickerington, Ohio Outdoor Recreation Insurance
When you own an Ohio outdoor recreation operation, you need a specific type of insurance. At Central Ohio Insurance Services, we can help you select the perfect coverage for your dude ranch, guest ranch, outfitter and guide operations. Our carriers specialize in Outdoor Program business.
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DAY 06 - Encré. x Energy Squish
Done in our Atelier Privé in Lyon.
• 3 color embroidery on the front – Thread made in Germany
• Black dad hat – Metal buckle adjustable
• 100% coton – Hand-wash only
All orders are embroidered in our atelier once you have bought the product. Please note that this process can ask us 2-4 days depending on the complexity of the piece.
All of our clothes are embroidered/printed in the greatest care in our french Atelier. The base quality is always chosen for its superior quality. First of all, because we do not want you to have a weird looking product after one wash, then because if we want the embroidery to look good, the quality of the cloth has to be perfect.
Each order gets 2 inspections before being sent.
Keep in mind that if you have any issue, we are here to help you out! You can reach contact us here and we'll come back to you in less than 12 hours (working days only).


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In the other hand, InGenius has resources from SHELL that have high quality and are another source of information and activities for a project about energy.
These are resources that have quality guaranties so I would use them with my students.
These resources are available at the SCIENTIX platform and so I can ask for their translation to Portuguese.


text: Alcoholic Neuropathy Alcoholic peripheral neuropathy is a nerve loss condition in the foot caused by the prolonged use of alcoholic beverages. Ethanol, the alcoholic component of these beverages, is toxic to nerve tissue. Over time, the nerves in the feet and hands can become damaged resulting in the same loss of sensation as that seen in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The damage to these nerves is permanent. A person with this condition is at the same risk, and should take the same precautions as people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Another form of peripheral neuropathy is caused by exposure to toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, and is equally detrimental to health. Treatment for alcoholic peripheral neuropathy may include Vitamin B-12 injections, certain oral medications to ease any burning pain, topical ointments, magnetic therapy, and galvanic stimulation (which is the therapeutic use of electric current, particularly for stimulation of nerves and muscle). Note: Please consult your physician before taking any medications.


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Direct Mail Marketing: Delivers in Personal and Powerful Ways
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Welcome to The Daily Wrap Up, a concise show dedicated to bringing you the most relevant independent news, as we see it, from the last 24 hours (3/8/23).
As always, take the information discussed in the video below and research it for yourself, and come to your own conclusions. Anyone telling you what the truth is, or claiming they have the answer, is likely leading you astray, for one reason or another. Stay Vigilant.


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Project Members
- Martin Haspelmath
- Matthew S. Dryer (University at buffalo)
- David Gil
- Bernard Comrie
Interactive Reference Tool:
- Hans-Jörg Bibiko
The World Atlas of Language Structures - WALS
The WALS (The World Atlas of Language Structures; Haspelmath et al. 2005) is a large database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials (such as reference grammars) by a team of more than 40 authors (many of them the leading authorities on the subject).
The World Atlas of Language Structures consists of 142 maps with accompanying texts on diverse features (such as vowel inventory size, noun-genitive order, passive constructions, and 'hand'/'arm' polysemy), each of which is the responsibility of a single author (or team of authors). Each maps shows between 120 (35) and 1110 languages, each language being represented by a dot, and different dot colors showing different values of the features. Altogether 2,650 languages are shown on the maps, and more than 58,000 dots give information on features in particular languages.
The World Atlas of Language Structures thus makes information on the structural diversity of the world's languages available to a large audience, including interested nonlinguists as well as linguists who would not normally read grammars of exotic languages or specialized works by comparative linguists. Although endangered languages are not particularly emphasized, they are automatically foregrounded because of the large sample of languages represented on each map, where each language (independently of its number of speakers) is shown by a single dot.
Main features of the atlas
- printed book published by Oxford University Press in summer 2005 with an interactive version on CD-ROM
- world maps showing the geographical distribution of structural linguistic features
- each chapter consists of a map and an accompanying text of ca. 2.200 words
- each map is responsibility of an author or a team of authors
- data mostly come from published descriptions
WALS Online
The World Atlas of Language Structures was made available online in April 2008. The online version contains most of the data of the printed version and the CD-ROM version, including the chapter texts.
Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) 2005. The World Atlas of Language Structures. (Book with interactive CD-ROM) Oxford: Oxford University Press.


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LAPD: No body located in cabin where police searching for Dorner
(CNN) -- CNN said late Tuesday evening, February 12th there has been no body located in the cabin where a shootout occurred with police searching for fugitive ex cop Christoper Dorner -- according to LAPD. The cabin is still burning and is too hot to search, police said.
A SWAT team Tuesday stormed a cabin near Big Bear Lake where a suspect believed to be renegade ex-Los Angeles police officer Christopher Jordan Dorner had holed up after a fatal shootout with sheriff's deputies, a source familiar with the operation told CNN.
The cabin caught fire after police detonated smoke devices inside the cabin, the source said.
Aerial images showed heavy smoke and flames coming from a structure. The cabin continued to burn more than 90 minutes after the fire started, but sources familiar with the operation said the fire department would arrive at the site once the road was cleared.
One of the two sheriff's deputies wounded in the shootout earlier Tuesday with the suspect died, San Bernardino County Sheriff John McMahon told reporters at California's Loma Linda University Medical Center. The other deputy was in surgery "but he should be fine," McMahon said.
The wounded officers had been taken to the Loma Linda facility with "unknown injuries," after a shots were exchanged with a man at a police roadblock near Big Bear Lake, the sheriff's office said earlier in a statement.
The day's confrontations began when a California Fish and Wildlife officer was driving down a highway near Big Bear and he recognized a man fitting the description of Dorner -- target of a massive manhunt since last week -- driving a vehicle in the other direction. The wildlife officer chased the vehicle and the driver opened fire on the officer before abandoning the vehicle, a statement from the agency said.
The officer's vehicle was hit numerous times, the statement said. While not specifically referring to the officer involved in the shootout, the statement said the agency's officers "are all safe and accounted for."
Cindy Bachman, a spokeswoman for the San Bernardino Sheriff's Department, said the suspect fled into the woods then into the cabin where he fired at the approaching deputies and holed up though the afternoon, still exchanging gunfire with authorities.
Later as the fire burned, with authorities staying back, she said authorities weren't 100% sure the suspect was still in the cabin.
Authorities have been searching for Dorner since he was named as the suspect in the shooting deaths February 3 of the daughter of his police union representative and her fiance. Police also say he killed one officer in Riverside, California, and wounded two others last Thursday.
The violent spree, authorities say, was part of Dorner's campaign of vigilante justice for what he believes was his unfair termination.
Los Angeles police spokesman Lt. Andy Neiman said Tuesday that the department had received more than 1,000 tips on Dorner's whereabouts. Some of the calls have come from Dorner's acquaintances or people who think they have spotted the fugitive.
The pace of tips being given to investigators increased by 400% after the city of Los Angeles put up a $1 million reward on Sunday for information leading to Dorner's arrest and conviction, Neiman said.
The search for the 270-pound, 6-foot Dorner has focused on the Big Bear Lake area, where authorities say his burning truck was discovered last week.
Over the past two weeks, the search, considered one of the largest in the history of Southern California, has taken authorities from Orange County to the border of Mexico and from Los Angeles to Big Bear Lake.
"Big Bear's still where we're looking right now," Neiman said Tuesday. The search area surrounds where Dorner's burning truck was discovered last Thursday .
"Until we can confirm that he's either there or he's not there, this investigation has to stick with what we know and what we know is that we found evidence that he was there," Neiman said.
While the LAPD spokesman told reporters he was "not ready to confirm" that a man seen in security camera video from a Southern California sporting goods store was Dorner, the Los Angeles Times quoted unnamed law enforcement sources saying it was him.
The video, published Monday by the celebrity news website TMZ.com, shows the man carrying what appears to be scuba equipment at the Sports Chalet store in Torrance, California, on February 1, two days before the killings of Monica Quan, the daughter of the police union rep, and her fiancé, Keith Lawrence.
A "no bail" arrest warrant was issued for Dorner after the Riverside County district attorney filed a murder charge Monday against him in the killing of Riverside Police Officer Michael Crain.
"That allows him to be apprehended anywhere within California, out of state or out of the country," District Attorney Paul Zellerbach told reporters Monday.
The murder charge is accompanied by two "special circumstances," including killing a police officer on duty and firing a weapon from a vehicle.
Dorner was also charged with the attempted murder of three other police officers, including another Riverside officer who was wounded when Crain was killed. That officer, whose name has not been released, is in a lot of pain and faces "many surgeries," Riverside Police Chief Sergio Diaz said.
Dorner is also accused of opening fire on two LAPD police officers, wounding one, in the suburb of Corona.
There has been speculation, based in part on an arrest warrant affidavit filed last week, that Dorner could have crossed state lines into Nevada or made his way to Mexico.
LAPD reopens case that led to Dorner's dismissal
Over the weekend, LAPD said it was reopening the case that resulted in his termination.
Dorner accused his training officer of kicking a mentally ill man during an arrest in 2007. The LAPD ruled the complaint unfounded and kicked Dorner off the force for filing a false complaint.
Dorner challenged his firing in court and lost.
In a manifesto released last week, Dorner blamed racism and corruption in the LAPD for his termination and vowed to wage "unconventional and asymmetrical warfare" against LAPD officers and their families. He called it a "last resort" to clear his name and strike back at a department he says mistreated him.
LAPD Chief Charlie Beck had a different term for it Sunday.
"This is an act -- and make no mistake about it -- of domestic terrorism," he told reporters Sunday. "This is a man who has targeted those that we entrust to protect the public. His actions cannot go unanswered."
Targeting police
Authorities say Dorner began making good on his threats on February 3 when he allegedly killed Quan, 27, and Lawrence in an Irvine parking lot, south of Los Angeles.
According to the manifesto, Randal Quan, Monica Quan's father, bungled Dorner's LAPD termination appeal.
Randal Quan represented Dorner during the disciplinary hearing that resulted in his firing. The officer was among dozens named in the manifesto.
The retired officer told investigators he received a call from someone identifying himself as Dorner who told him he "should have done a better job of protecting his daughter," according to a federal arrest warrant affidavit.
Investigators traced the call to Vancouver, Washington, but based on the timing of other sightings, they don't believe Dorner was in Vancouver at the time, the affidavit states.
Days later, early Thursday morning, Dorner allegedly opened fire on two LAPD police officers, wounding one, in the suburban city of Corona.
Roughly 20 minutes later, Dorner allegedly fired on two officers in the nearby city of Riverside, killing Crain and wounding another.
Since then, the LAPD has provided security and surveillance details for more than 50 police officers and their families -- many of whom were named in the manifesto.
Additionally, the LAPD is no longer releasing the police chief's schedule to the public or the media.
'Ghosts' of the LAPD's past
It was Dorner's allegations of racism at the LAPD that led Beck over the weekend to reopen the investigation into his claims.
Beck said he was not doing it to "appease a murderer" but out of concern that Dorner's allegations will resurrect a painful part of the department's history.
For years, the LAPD was dogged by complaints of racism and corruption. In 1965 and 1992, the city was rocked by racial riots that were sparked, in part, by claims of police racism and brutality.
"I hear the same things you hear: The ghosts of the past of the Los Angeles Police Department," Beck said Sunday. "I hear that people think maybe there is something to what he says, and I want to put that to rest."
Despite numerous reviews of Dorner's case, he said it has "never been reviewed by me."
"If there is anything new, we will deal with it, and we will deal with it in a public way," Beck said.


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Essential Oils
What are essential oils?
An essential oil is the natural fragrant essence extracted from flowers, leaves, bark, roots, fruit peel and berries. The most concentrated and potent of plant extracts, essential oils are approximately 75-100 times more concentrated than dried herbs, which is why such low concentrations are used in massage and skincare.
Often referred to as the soul of the plant, an essential oil contains the life force of the plant from which it comes, and is part of the plant's immune system; the plant produces more essence when under stress.
A single essential oil is made up of hundreds of different chemical constituents, with each individual constituent bringing its own set of properties to the oil, resulting in a highly complex substance.
European manufacturers of skincare products containing essential oils are required to list some of these constituents on the labels of their products – you can see these listed in italics on our skincare labels – these are naturally occurring and not added to the product.
The chemical constituents of an essential oil generally occur as a combination of major, minor and trace elements, some of which are present in such minute quantities that they can't be analyzed. This complexity is the reason why most essential oils can't be recreated synthetically; the subtlety of these trace constituents is missing.
An example of a major constituent is menthol, which makes up about 40% of peppermint oil, and gives the oil its characteristic properties and aroma. Some constituents are so strong-smelling that even if they are not a major component of the oil, they contribute greatly to the aroma.
The constituents of essential oils vary widely, from crop to crop and season to season, which is why it's not possible to have a 'standard' for an essential oil. With more than 40 years of experience in sourcing and selling essential oils, we have an incredible understanding of the complexities and vagaries of essential oils. For example, lavender grows just about everywhere in the world – we even have it in our own back yards. If we distilled lavender essential oil from our backyard plants, it would have a very different profile (and therapeutic activity) from lavender oil distilled from plants grown in Provence, in the south of France, or Hampshire in the south of England. Provence, for example, is around 3000 ft above sea level, the climate and soil conditions are perfect for growing lavender that produces an essential oil with the ideal combination of constituents to give us the therapeutic properties we are looking for.
Wherever possible we choose essential oils certified organic by the UK's Soil Association, as this ensures that cultivation is managed under the highest possible, independently-audited ethical and environmental standards, and that the plants are grown free from synthetic chemical herbicides and insecticides. The Soil Association is widely regarded as one of the world's strictest organic certification bodies. For the essential oils that aren't organic, wherever possible they're wild-crafted, grown in their natural habitat. In addition to this, we actively support fair trade and the ethical, sustainable sourcing of ingredients.
How are essential oils produced?
Steam Distilled
One of the most common and popular ways of extracting essential oil is through steam distillation, which is especially suitable for robust plants such as lavender. The plant material is placed in a still or container and pressurized steam is passed through it. The steam causes the plant matter to release its precious essential oils. These are carried away in the steam, which is then cooled, leaving a pure essential oil and distilled plant water – as oil and water don't mix.
Absolute extraction
The essence of delicate flowers such as jasmine and rose which are too fragile (or cost prohibitive due to low yields) to be steam-distilled, are solvent extracted. The solvent is mixed with the plant material to draw out the precious essence and waxes to form a concrete. The concrete is then washed with ethanol to separate out the fragrant molecules from the plant waxes. The ethanol is then evaporated off to leave the absolute.
For citrus fruits like lemon and grapefruit, the essential oils are expressed. This simply means the peel is pressed to release the essential oil.
How should essential oils be applied to the skin?
As essential oils are highly concentrated, they need to be blended into a carrier oil, lotion, bath oil or shower gel before being used on the skin.
Massage is a wonderful way to ease aching muscles and relax or energize the body.
Place the required quantity of massage base, such as almond oil or a lotion, into a saucer (a typical full body massage uses 2tbsp of base product) then add the drops of essential oil(s) based on the required effects of the massage and stir thoroughly.
See the table below for guidance. Be careful not to exceed the recommended total number of drops.
Baths & showers:
Bathing with pure essential oils is one of the most luxurious ways to enjoy their benefits; the essential oils are inhaled through the aromatic steam, as well as being beneficial for the skin. Add the recommended drops of essential oil to the base oil, bath oil or shower gel, then add to a full bath (don't add to running water). Try to stay in the bath for 15 minutes (not normally too difficult) to really benefit from the essential oil's properties.
Essential oils make fantastic natural air fresheners, fragrancing a room as well as setting a mood. Simply add a few drops of your chosen essential oils to a diffuser or vaporizer, always making sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions.
Help clear the head and nose with 4-6 drops of essential oil added to a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over your head and lean over the bowl – creating a tent effect to trap the steam – and inhale the vapor for a few minutes. NOTE: Not suitable for children or those with asthma – instead place a bowl of hot water with added essential oils nearby.
Blending Table | |||||
Amount of base oil/lotion/bath oil/shower gel | 10ml | 20ml | 25ml | 30ml | 50ml |
1 tbsp | 2 tbsp | 2.5 tbsp | 3 tbsp | 5 tbsp | |
Maximum number of essential oil drops | |||||
Children over 2 years, adults with delicate skin or applying to face | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 |
Adults with no skin sensitivities | 5 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 25 |
How do essential oils benefit us?
Our sense of smell is one of our most powerful yet under-used senses; researchers have revealed that we respond strongly to smell in the limbic brain, the part that deals with emotions and memories.
This explains why certain smells can trigger powerful emotions or physical reactions – such as becoming more relaxed or being able to sleep. Alongside the emotional response, essential oils are often very beneficial for the skin.
Can essential oils be taken internally?
At Neal's Yard Remedies we don't advise taking essential oils internally. We are a member of the UK's Aromatherapy Trade Council (ATC), and their safety guidelines also advise against the internal use of essential oils. Even certified aromatherapists aren't allowed to recommend their use this way.
If essential oils are taken internally, apart from the potential for irritation of the sensitive mucosal lining of the gut, the entire dose is released at once into the bloodstream, and then to the liver. MedLine lists the toxic dose of eucalyptus oil as just 3.5ml (less than one teaspoon) if taken internally. Application to the skin, as described above, is much more suitable because the skin acts as a kind of time-release system so that the constituents of the oils are released gradually.
How can some essential oils be listed as both relaxing and stimulating?
Many essential oils such as lavender, marjoram and eucalyptus have what is known as a balancing effect. They tend to bring you back to a 'median' point at which you normally function. For instance, if your energy is low the essential oil may invigorate you, bringing you back to a normal state. If your energy is high, the same oils may calm you. The amount of essential oil used is also important. A few drops might be calming, but using more can be stimulating.
Why is there such a variation in the cost of essential oils?
The concentration of essential oils in the plant and the process of distillation dictate the price.
For instance, eucalyptus is quite inexpensive (an abundance of oil is found in the leaves and distillation is easy) and rose is very expensive (there's very little oil in the flower and it's quite costly to process). It takes approximately 3000 organic roses to make just 0.08 fl.oz of exquisite Rose Otto essential oil.
Other factors that affect the cost are the ease of distillation, modern vs. traditional equipment, climate and world demand. The essential oil of Melissa (lemon balm) is very expensive, despite it growing abundantly, as it's difficult to extract.
What is the shelf life of essential oils and how should they be stored?
Essential oils don't really expire. The optimum shelf life of an essential oil is approximately 1-3 years, with citrus oils lasting about a year, and resinous oils such as frankincense lasting 2-3 years. After this time, while the aroma may still be good, the oil will have lost some of its potency and therapeutic effects, as the individual constituents start to evaporate. They don't go 'bad' or 'rancid'.
Labeling essential oils
As with skincare labeling, the information we are required to put on our essential oil labels is specified by law in Europe.
These laws include a requirement to put a batch number on our oils; we also specify the botanical name, the part of the plant used, and the method of extraction. However, Essential oils are sensitive to UV light, heat, and oxygen, so should be stored in a cool, dark cupboard, with the tops secured tightly. The labelling laws also require that oils are labelled 'for external use only'.
How do essential oils differ in quality?
Essential oils can differ in quality depending upon several factors. How was the plant grown, is it organic? How has it been handled? How skilled was the farmer? What type of equipment was used? Was the right amount of steam and pressure used in its distillation? Have solvents been used in the distillation process? Has the plant been distilled for the correct amount of time? (The requirements for each plant vary.)
The experienced aromatherapist will be able to tell a lot just by smelling the oil. The same species of plant grown in different countries under different soil and altitude conditions will produce oils that differ in their therapeutic properties.
Neal's Yard Remedies uses 'single species' essential oils. We do not blend oils from similar species. Some companies add essential oils to enhance the fragrance of a cheap or synthetic oil, so it's always important to buy from a company that has experience of sourcing and selling pure essential oils.
Essential Oil 'standards'
In the absence of any internationally recognized standards for essential oils, some companies have created their own standards, however these don't really have any meaning beyond the individual company.
Being certified by an independent, internationally recognized organic certification body like the UK's Soil Association guarantees that our organic essential oils are grown free from synthetic chemical herbicides and insecticides, and independently audited to ensure they are produced to recognized organic standards.
Essential oil blends
When you mix something together and the combination is more than the sum of the parts, there is a synergistic effect. By mixing together two or more essential oils, you are creating a blend that is different to the component parts. An increased potency can be achieved with synergistic blends without increasing the dosage. For example, the soothing action of chamomile essential oil is greatly increased by adding lavender in the correct proportion.
Neal's Yard Remedies Aromatherapy Blends are created by qualified aromatherapists, and are a fantastic way for customers new to aromatherapy to experience the wonderful benefits of blending essential oils.
Essential oils in household products
Many household products now list 'essential oils' as ingredients. Essential oils used in this way, lemon and pine for instance, are usually synthesized in a laboratory, so they may smell like the real essential oil, but will have none of the therapeutic properties of the true oil.
It is simply not cost-effective for the manufacturers of detergents to use pure essential oils. The downside is that people who have experienced these 'synthetic' versions of an essential oil, and didn't care for the smell, probably don't realize how different the true oil really is.
Pioneers of essential oils from day one
When the first Neal's Yard Remedies store opened back in 1981, in Neal's Yard, London, we sold pure essential oils, herbs, and homoeopathic remedies. In fact we were the first main street retailer in the UK to sell certified organic essential oils. Today, essential oils are still very much at the heart of our business, both as pure single Essential Oils and Aromatherapy Blends, and in our skincare, where they are selected for their beneficial effects on the skin and emotions.
Like any company serious about the quality of their oils we include the following information on our labels:
Common name
Botanical name
Part of plant used (flower, leaf, berry, peel etc.)
Country of origin
Method of extraction
Batch number
We believe that one of the key factors in ensuring consistently high quality essential oils is building strong relationships with our suppliers. We have worked with some of our suppliers for decades, and buy the entire crop of many of the growers we work with (for example: lavender, frankincense, neroli).
A final note – there are some good companies selling nice quality oils, however there are not many that have the experience that we do. The supplier relationships and experience with quality that we have accumulated over more than 40 years is pretty much unsurpassed.
Neal's Yard Remedies Essential Oils, Susan Curtis, especially pp.138-139
Aromatherapy: An A-Z, Patricia Davis
Fragrant Pharmacy, Valerie Worwood