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If you've gone and put the wrong fuel in a Citroen you probably want to know what you should do about it. The answer to this question depends on the quantity of Diesel you put in your Petrol car.
The first thing we need to look at is fuel tank capacity. So, what is the fuel capacity of a 2-litre Petrol Citroen Xantia Estate Turbo C.T. VSX? The answer is, the Citroen fuel tank capacity is about 65 litres (according to our database).
What to do about putting Diesel in a Petrol Citroen will vary dependent on the amount of Diesel used. So, there are three possible scenarios:
(Please Note: These figures are approximates. Running an engine on any amount of incorrect fuel can cause damage, regardless of contamination percentage. Information given here is advice based solely on our customer reports and case histories. Full details should be procured from your vehicle manufacturer.)To be completely sure you are doing the right thing, give us a call. We can provide sensible advice based on thousands of successfully resolved fuel contaminations. Additionally, no matter where you are in the UK, we are able to get a fuel drain vehicle out to you to perform a full fuel drain on your vehicle. And we are specialists in conducting fuel drains on Citroens.
As one of the UKs largest independent mobile fuel drain services Wrong Fuel Drainage Solutions is proud to boast full nationwide UK coverage. We have fuel drain technicians in all major cities as well as a network of subcontractors spanning the length and breadth of the country.
On a vehicle that has been run on the wrong/contaminated fuel we can also:
Did you know this interesting little fact about Citroen?
Citroen is a major French automobile manufacturer, part of the PSA Peugeot Citroen group since 1976. It was founded in 1919 by French industrialist Andre-Gustave Citroen.


text:
Learn About Tile and Stone
Everything you need to make an educated decision
Tile and stone conjure up images of buildings and sculptures that have withstood the test of time. Consider the Parthenon, the Forum, Michelangelo's David, Versailles, just to name a few. Not only are these structures durable and timeless, but their natural beauty is beyond compare. When looking to make the ultimate statement in your own castle, the use of tile and stone is the natural choice.
The tile and stone category offers endless options which enable you to create a room that shouts, this is my style and this is my home. You can choose from products that include ceramic tile, porcelain, glass, and a variety of natural stones including travertine, granite and marble. Each product has distinctive characteristics and looks, and varies widely in performance, cost and look. Consult your True Source Flooring expert about the look you are trying to create and they will help you to design a solution that makes a statement that is all you.
Be sure to ask about the total cost of ownership. The cost of the tile or stone is only one component of the total cost. Installation and maintenance cost can vary significantly and you should be aware of them before making your purchase. Tile is generally more cost effective than stone and easier to maintain.
Limitless best describes the design options available to you. You will be delighted with the choices in shape, size, and color, and potential combinations you can create. Tile and stone will let you create your own work of art that is a distinct reflection of you.
Tile and stone will outlast and outperform most other flooring and wall applications. Individual product performance will vary due to its density, sealant or glaze and how porous it is.
Ceramic tile and porcelain usually have a rating of 1 to 5 for their overall durability and abrasion resistance. Five being the most durable. Check the label to see the rating.
Stone varies greatly in its density which affects its durability. Granite and marble are denser than most other stones, so they will perform better. It is similar to the differences in the hardness of woods. Oak is harder than pine. Generally, stone needs to be sealed for most applications.
Consult with your True Source Flooring expert to see which product best suits the combination of your design needs, performance needs, and what your pocketbook will bear.
There are many types of tile and stone depending on your needs. There are Glazed Ceramic Tile, Porcelain Tile, Glass Tile, Granite and Marble.
Glazed ceramic tile has a body of natural earth materials such as clay and have two layers; the body which consists of natural material and the top layer which is the glaze. The tiles are molded in forms and then fired at high temperature in ovens. The tiles, when finished, are very durable and water resistant. Glazed ceramic tiles are available in many different sizes and shapes and gloss levels. They can be installed indoors on floors, back splashes and in showers.
Porcelain tile is the hardest and most dense tile that is available today they are a solid body tile which means the color is all the way through the tile. Porcelain tile is fired at much higher temperatures and under extreme pressure, with thru body color if chipped you will not see the natural material that you would with glazed ceramic. Porcelain tile can be used in many more applications than glazed ceramic can such as indoor, outdoor, floors, walls, back splashes, showers and heavy commercial installations. They also come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes and colors to accent any home décor.
Glass tile is available in many different shapes, sizes and colors, and can range from opaque to opalescent and in many different textures. Glass tiles are an excellent way to accent many installations such as back splashes, showers and floors. They also come in many different mosaic configurations for use on wall and floors.
Granite is an all-natural stone which is very hard and comes in many sizes and shapes. Granite has many applications in the home for counter tops, floors and walls. Granite also is a rectified tile which means you can adjust the grout width from 1/4 of an inch to 1/16 of an inch to give a more solid look to the installation.
Marble flooring is also a natural stone that is very durable and has many of the same uses in the home as granite.
Taking care of your natural stone does not need to be difficult. There are a few do's and don'ts to know but basically you just need to use a cleaner especially designed for natural stone. Natural stone is very porous so the best way to prevent stains is to treat the surface with a protective sealer at the time of installation.
- Seal your grout after your floor or wall has had sufficient time to cure. The process should be repeated annually. This is critical to prevent moisture from seeping under the product. Also, it will help to preserve the color of your grout.
- Natural stone needs to be sealed to manufacturer specifications.
- Grout may stain or discolor over time. Follow the manufacturer instructions for stain removal. Pay particular care to the type of products recommended for cleaning.
- Quickly wipe up spills or they may stain your grout and some porous stones.
- Tile and stone require routine maintenance to retained the beauty and preserve their look. Sweep or use a vacuum (without a beater bar) to pick up dirt and grime. Dust and damp mop on a regular basis. Wipe off residue to avoid leaving a film. Avoid excess water.
- Place floor protectors under your furniture.
When using a cleaner on natural stone only use a neutral pH cleaner — you never want to use anything acidic on natural stone surfaces as they can ruin the surface of the stone. Never use cleaners containing acids, scouring powder, abrasive bathroom or soft kitchen cleaners, vinegar or lemon juice.


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OEM ODM Round Neck Cold Shoulder Plain Ruffle Trim Long Sleeve Curved Hem Plus Size Tops
- Regular price
- $15.99
- Regular price
- $15.99
- Sale price
- Unit price
- / per
Prices listed are retail prices, please contact us for more wholesale prices. (Email: email@example.com)
- Material: Cotton,Polyester
- Neckline: Round Neck,Cold Shoulder
- Season: Spring,Autumn,Winter
- Sleeves: Long Sleeves
- Pattern: Plain
- Detail: Ruffle Trim
- Hem Design: Curved Hem
- Type: Blouse
- Fit: Regular Fit
- MOQ: 100pcs/color/design
- Service: OEM/ODM Service, Free Sample (support to customize your design/logo/label/packing bag & carton)
- Payment Term: T/T, Western Union (30% deposit, 70% balance paid before shipment)
- Package Type: 1 pcs/polybag, 10 pcs/bundle,100 pcs/carton, or any special packing according to your requests.
- Delivery Time: 1 week - 1 month
- QC: tested 100% working
- Quality: quality guarantee
I am extremely satisfied with my recent clothing wholesale purchase. The quality of the garments exceeded my expectations, and the prices were unbeatable. The variety of styles and sizes available made it easy for me to find something for every customer. Highly recommended!
- Bo***te from South Africa
I am thrilled with the custom clothing I ordered from this company. The attention to detail and craftsmanship are exceptional. The ability to personalize every aspect of the garment, from fabric choice to measurements, ensures a perfect fit for my clients. The added bonus of receiving a significant discount for using wire transfer as a payment method makes the experience even more rewarding.
Fr***co from Italy
I have been a loyal customer of this clothing wholesaler for years, and they never disappoint. The customer service is exceptional, and the delivery is always prompt. The clothing is trendy, well-made, and sells like hotcakes in my boutique. I wouldn't hesitate to recommend them to other retailers.
- Ma***zi Poland
I can't speak highly enough about the custom clothing service provided by this company. The level of customization offered is unparalleled, allowing me to create unique pieces tailored to my customers' preferences. The convenience of wire transfer as a payment option is fantastic, and the additional discount it provides is a welcome bonus. The garments I have received so far have exceeded my expectations in terms of quality and design. I am beyond satisfied and will definitely be a repeat customer.
- Ma***me from Portugal
I recently placed a bulk order with this clothing wholesaler, and I couldn't be happier. The garments arrived in perfect condition, nicely packaged, and ready for retail. The fabric, stitching, and attention to detail are impressive. My customers love the new additions to my inventory, and I'll definitely be ordering from them again.
- Pe***ia from Tanzania
Working with this clothing wholesaler has been a game-changer for my online store. The products are top-notch, and the pricing allows for excellent profit margins. Their quick response to inquiries and efficient order processing make them a pleasure to work with. I'm thrilled with the quality and highly recommend their services.
- Ka***ts from Botswana
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Do you wan a vehicle for rent? or you require a car, motorbike, van, jeep or trucks for rent? then, search them and get them for rent at this site InternetLocalClassifieds.com. This is an online classifieds site where you can post free and unlimited listings of automobile for free. Auto Rental agency is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks for a fee. It is often organized with numerous local branches which allow a user to return a vehicle to a different location, and primarily located near airports or busy city areas and often complemented by a website allowing online reservations. These rental agencies primarily serve people who have a car that is temporarily out of reach or out of service, for example travelers who are out of town or owners of damaged or destroyed vehicles who are awaiting repair or insurance compensation. Because of the variety of sizes of their vehicles, car rental agencies may also serve the self moving industry needs, by renting vans or trucks, and in certain markets other types of vehicles such as motorcycles or scooters may also be offered. New or used Auto Rentals Algeria or view Listings of all Auto Rentals Algeria at InternetLocalClassifieds.com on posting ads on Auto Rentals, Car on Rent, Car Hire, Jeeps and Vans for Rent, Three Wheelers for Rent, Luxury Auto Rentals, Online Car Rental, Budget Car Rental, Two Wheelers or Motorbikes Rental, New or Used Auto Rentals, etc.., and get these vehicles for rent at lowest price.
. Click To View Present Classifieds


text:
Girls on the Run has fun, evidence-based programs that inspire participants to recognize their inner strength, increase their level of physical activity, imagine their possibilities, and confidently stand up for themselves and others.
More than 2.25 million lives transformed in North America since 1996.
4,895 girls served in Worcester County MA since 2014.
Thank you to our coaches who made this Spring a success! Sign up for Fall here!
"Girls on the Run showed me I am unstoppable!!"
By getting involved with Girls on the Run - whether signing up your girl, telling a friend, coaching a team, volunteering at a 5K, attending an event or making a financial gift - you are intentionally supporting all girls in your community.
Learn about our seasonal programs that are about so much more than running.
Girls need role models more than ever. You can change lives, while also positively changing your own!
Ensure no girl is ever turned away from our program due to financial hardship! Your support will help change a girl's life.
Girls on the Run offers programs designed to inspire girls of all abilities to recognize and embrace their inner strength and make meaningful connections with others.
Trained coaches use physical activity and dynamic discussions to build social, emotional and physical skills while encouraging healthy habits for life.
In today's unpredictable world, the strategies learned at Girls on the Run are more important than ever.
for believing in the girls in our community!
In accordance with our Privacy Policy, Girls on the Run will not sell your information.


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Monthly Rentals in Halblech
Discover long-term rentals that feel like home for stays of a month or longer.
Nearby monthly rentals
Rental unit in Halblech
4.83 out of 5 average rating, 303 reviewsApartment at the feet of the Alps
Guest favorite
Loft in Schwangau
4.99 out of 5 average rating, 256 reviewsApartment "pure erholung" / "pure relaxation"
Guest favorite
Rental unit in Pfronten
4.93 out of 5 average rating, 206 reviewsRooftop-Wo Haus Waltraud - Falkenstein View
Guest favorite
Rental unit in Unterammergau
4.94 out of 5 average rating, 364 reviewsApartment for the whole family 60qm
The comforts of home and great monthly rates
Amenities and perks for longer stays
Furnished rentals
Fully furnished rentals include a kitchen and the amenities you need to live comfortably for a month or longer. It's the perfect alternative to a sublet.
Flexibility you need
Choose your exact move-in and move-out dates and easily book online, without any additional commitment or paperwork.*
Simple monthly prices
Special rates for long-term vacation rentals and a single monthly payment without additional charges.*
Book with confidence
Reviewed by our trusted community of guests and 24/7 support during your extended stay.
Work-friendly spaces for digital nomads
Traveling professional? Find a long-term stay with high-speed wifi and dedicated working spaces.
Looking for serviced apartments?
Airbnb has fully furnished apartment homes ideal for staffing, corporate housing, and relocation needs.
Popular amenities for monthly rentals
Destinations to explore
- New York Monthly Rentals
- Barcelona Monthly Rentals
- Florence Monthly Rentals
- Athens Monthly Rentals
- Miami Monthly Rentals
- Montreal Monthly Rentals
- Seattle Monthly Rentals
- Berlin Monthly Rentals
- Paris Monthly Rentals
- Rio de Janeiro Monthly Rentals
- Amsterdam Monthly Rentals
- Istanbul Monthly Rentals
- Lisbon Monthly Rentals
- Rome Monthly Rentals
- Copenhagen Monthly Rentals
- Portland Monthly Rentals
- Buenos Aires Monthly Rentals
- Cape Town Monthly Rentals
- London Monthly Rentals
- Tokyo Monthly Rentals
- Sydney Monthly Rentals
- Austin Monthly Rentals
- Prague Monthly Rentals
- Vienna Monthly Rentals
- San Francisco Monthly Rentals
- Hamburg Monthly Rentals
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- Vancouver Monthly Rentals
- Brussels Monthly Rentals
- Los Angeles Monthly Rentals
- Munich Monthly Rentals
- Bangkok Monthly Rentals
- Innsbruck Vacation rentals
- Saint Anton am Arlberg Vacation rentals
- Munich Vacation rentals
- Konstanz Vacation rentals
- Livigno Vacation rentals
- Bolzano Vacation rentals
- Saint Moritz Vacation rentals
- Dolomites Vacation rentals
- Cortina d'Ampezzo Vacation rentals
- Salzburg Vacation rentals
- Zürich Vacation rentals
- Stuttgart Vacation rentals
- Monthly Rentals Germany
- Monthly Rentals Innsbruck
- Monthly Rentals Dolomites
- Monthly Rentals Bavaria
- Apartment rentals Halblech
- Pet-friendly rentals Halblech
- Rentals with outdoor seating Halblech
- Waterfront rentals Halblech
- Rentals with an EV charger Halblech
- Rentals with a fireplace Halblech
- Kid-friendly rentals Halblech
- Family-friendly rentals Halblech
- Rentals with a washer and dryer Halblech
- Rentals with a patio Halblech
- Rentals with lake access Halblech
- Monthly Rentals Swabia
*Some exclusions may apply in certain geographies and for some properties.


text:
Product Description
The Zenone ultra-lightweight trekking pole is designed with the state-of-the-art technology of ZEN3 patent stick tip system, Dyneema connecting rope. Duraflex fastener, and EVA material strap.
Ultralight trekking poles for seasoned trail runners, mountain climbers or hikers.
Material: Carbon
Length/cm | Weight/g |
100 | 99 |
105 | 102 |
110 | 104 |
115 | 108 |
120 | 110 |
125 | 113 |
130 | 117 |
The recommended length for the pole should be 55cm lesser than your height, with no more than ±5cm. The final requirement of the user shall prevail.
Freebies & Voucher
- Free Credits to shop for next purchase: Free credits worth 3% of your total purchase amounts for purchase with RM100 and above in a single order.
- Subscribe Now to our newsletter and get your voucher code for 3% discounts off your total order.
- All products come with 1 year limited warranty except those specified below :
- Most of Ledlenser products come with worldwide warranty period of 2 years from the date of purchase and 7 years if you register your product online through the warranty card that comes in the packaging.
- Altra, Vibram Fivefingers and Skinners shoes come with 3 months warranty.
- Summer school bags, Sipesen backpacks, Nike bags, and Polo House luggage has no warranty.
- Warranty are against manufacturing defects only, it does not include wears and tears, and or damages caused by misuse.
- For more information on warranty, please view our warranty policy.
Return & Exchange
- All items can be returned or exchanged within 5 days upon receipt of your goods if they have not been worn, altered or washed. All items must be returned in their original condition with all tags attached, and must be returned in their original packaging. Please click our return and exchange policy for more details.
- Free Delivery within West Malaysia for any order with RM80 and above.
- The deliveries to Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan are serviced by POS Malaysia. Delivery lead time will take up 1 to 3 weeks time.
- We currently provide deliveries to Malaysia and Singapore Only.
- For any other international delivery, please email us at email@example.com for arrangement.
- Please click on shipping and delivery for more information.


text:
or go to index |
I've been collecting photos on line since 1998. These are from the period 3 March 2010 to 22 March 2010. See the index for others, or enter a date range below in just about any format (except for US out-of-order numbering, which conflicts with other forms), including text like "today" and "yesterday" (or even "tomorrow", for what good that will do). You can leave start or end date out and it'll give you a 20 day range. Let me know if you find a date format which it can't handle.
This view of the photos is in a directory relating to the day. These are more a chronology of events than a useful description; the more useful links are mainly from my diary. In most cases you should get more information from my diary for the day or a couple of days earlier. There are some more structured views of the same collection of photos in my Albums.
Greg's diary | Greg's recent photos | Photo main page | Photo index | Greg's links | Greg's home page |
$Id: photos.php,v 2.66 2022/09/08 04:00:15 grog Exp $ |


text:
This version of GitHub Enterprise was discontinued on 2023-07-06. No patch releases will be made, even for critical security issues. For better performance, improved security, and new features, upgrade to the latest version of GitHub Enterprise. For help with the upgrade, contact GitHub Enterprise support.
Using jobs
Creating and managing GitHub Actions jobs.


text:
David Leach set up Lowerdown Pottery in Bovey Tracey, South Devon, in 1955 after handing over the running of Aylesford Pottery to Colin Pearson, and remained there until his death in February, 2005.
In his early days at Lowerdown he specialized in slipware before turning his attention to stoneware and fine porcelain. The porcelain work is characterized by fine carving and his pale green celadon glaze. He makes his own tools from simple materials, and uses both kick- and power wheels.
Since 1970 David's son Jeremy Leach has potted at Lowerdown. The pottery's gallery displays much of David's work, and the work of other fine potters - notably that of his sons Jeremy and Simon.


text:
This post continues to be updated.
An international search is underway for a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet that's been missing for more than 24 hours. Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 had 227 passengers and 12 crew members aboard when it took off from Kuala Lumpur early Saturday on a flight bound for Beijing.
A regular inspection of the missing Boeing 777-200 found no technical problems 10 days ago, reports China's state-run Xinhua news agency, citing a Malaysia Airlines spokesman.
"Malaysia Airlines humbly asks all Malaysians and people around the world to pray for flight MH370," the company said in a statement released early Sunday, local time. The airline added that while the search operation on the water continues overnight, search aircraft won't resume their patrols until daylight arrives Sunday.
After "the whereabouts of the aircraft is determined, Malaysia Airlines will fly members of the family to the location," the company said.
The notice comes hours after military planes from Vietnam reported seeing two oil slicks off the country's coast that could be a sign of the missing jetliner, as we reported earlier. Photographed from the sky, the two slicks were estimated as being 6-9 miles long and nearly 550 yards apart, according to a statement released by Vietnam's Civil Aviation Administration.
But Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak warned against leaping to conclusions based on that report, noting that no wreckage has been found.
Officials say the broad search continues, even as ships are being sent to investigate the oil slick sighting. The search effort has focused on waters between Malaysia and Vietnam where contact was last made with the jet. Teams from Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam have been searching that area.
The U.S. State Department has confirmed that at least three U.S. citizens were on the flight. The plane's passengers were reportedly citizens of 14 different countries, including 154 people from China.
But after the airline released the flight's passenger manifest Saturday, reports emerged from Italy and Austria that two names on the list belong to people whose passports were stolen in recent years.
As can happen when news is breaking, some information that's being reported may later turn out to have been incorrect. We'll focus on reports from officials involved in the search and news outlets that have reporters in important locations.
Update at 9:16 p.m. ET. Search Resumes, But No Signs
The search continued Sunday morning for the missing Malaysian jetliner, but so far no wreckage has been found in the vicinity of where two large oil slicks were spotted Saturday in the open waters between Malaysia and Vietnam.
Update at 7:36 p.m. ET. More Passenger Details
In a statement released Saturday, Austin, Texas-based Freescale Semiconductor confirmed that 20 of its employees — 12 from Malaysia and eight from China — were passengers on-board the missing Malaysian Airlines flight.
"At present, we are solely focused on our employees and their families," said Gregg Lowe, president and CEO of Freescale, in the statement. "Our thoughts and prayers are with those affected by this tragic event."
The company said they are continuing to monitor the situation.
The FBI also said on Saturday that they would deploy agents and technical experts to assist in investigating the missing plane, reports the Los Angeles Times.
An official told the Times that because of the U.S. citizenship of three of the passengers, it gives them entry into the case. The official spoke confidentially because the FBI investigation is just beginning.
Update at 5:22 p.m. ET. One Big Question: What Happened?
The fate of flight MH370 is prodding many questions about what happened — particularly because the Boeing 777 is known as a sturdy aircraft.
"Assuming that the plane has indeed gone down, this would be only the third accident in the entire lengthy career of the Boeing 777, which entered service in 1995," reports the International Business Times. In 2008, a British Airways 777 crash-landed at London Heathrow airport after icing in the engines caused a sudden loss of power while on approach; no one was seriously hurt."
From the AP:
Missing #MalaysiaAirlines plane: #Vietnam spots column of smoke, oil slicks off its coastline http://t.co/wnKWrtUd5z pic.twitter.com/P8CTWvx7zj
— The Straits Times (@STcom) March 8, 2014
"If there was a minor mechanical failure — or even something more serious like the shutdown of both of the plane's engines — the pilots likely would have had time to radio for help. The lack of a call "suggests something very sudden and very violent happened," said William Waldock, who teaches accident investigation at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Ariz."
The news agency adds that once the aircraft is located, details should help investigators home in on what happened — beginning with what kind of wreckage searchers find.
"If it is large and spread out over tens of miles, then the plane likely broke apart at a high elevation," the AP's Scott Mayerowitz writes. "That could signal a bomb or a massive airframe failure. If it is a smaller field, the plane probably fell from 35,000 feet intact, breaking up upon contact with the water."
Update at 5 p.m. ET. U.S. Keeping Tabs On Situation
U.S. intelligence officials say they see no "nexus" to terrorism so far, but are monitoring the situation and ready to help the international investigation, according to information passed along to NPR's Carrie Johnson.
Our original post continues:
As we reported earlier:
"Italian newspaper La Repubblica reports that Luigi Maraldi, 37, whose name is on the manifest, is alive and well in Thailand. That's where his passport was stolen last August, the newspaper says, citing the foreign ministry and the man's parents.
"According to La Repubblica, officials visited Maraldi's parents' house to inform them of their son's apparent death. But the parents said they'd just spoken to him on the phone – that he had called from Thailand to assure them that he was OK.
"Austria's foreign ministry tells CNN that one of its citizens whose name is listed on the manifest reported his passport stolen two years ago."
NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reports that an Austrian foreign ministry spokesman says Christian Kozel, 30, is safe at home, despite his name appearing on the flight manifest.
"His passport was also stolen two years ago while he was travelling in Thailand," Sylvia says. "Officials would not speculate on the coincidence of two people travelling with stolen passports on a flight that went missing off the Vietnamese coast."
The plane had been scheduled to land in Beijing around 6:30 a.m. Saturday, local time – or 5:30 p.m. ET Friday, reflecting the 13-hour time difference between Malaysia and the East Coast of the U.S.
Malaysia Airlines has said contact was lost about two hours into the flight, which began shortly after midnight. Other data, from the online tracking site Flight Radar 24, indicates the plane may have gone missing somewhat earlier.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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How To Join The Elks
To be eligible for membership in the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, you must be a citizen of the United States over the age of 21 who believes in God.
You must be sponsored by a member of the Elks Lodge and reside in the jurisdiction of the Lodge you wish to join. The Elk who proposes you for membership must obtain a Membership Application from the Lodge Secretary.
After your proposer fills in the required portion, you will be given the Application for Membership. Fill it in, following the instructions and answering all questions. Return the completed application to the Lodge Secretary with the prescribed fees.
Your application will be read at a regular Lodge meeting. It will then be forwarded to the Investigating Committee, who will call you and set up a time for you and your sponsor to meet with the committee so that they can interview you.
After the interview is concluded, the committee will report to the Lodge concerning your membership. The members will be given a notice not less than 10 days nor more than two months before the vote will be taken.
When the vote is concluded, you will be notified and asked to present yourself and your spouse for indoctrination. During indoctrination, you will learn more about the Order's programs and charities. You will also be told during the program the date you will be initiated.
After initiation as an Elk, you can take part in all meetings and social functions of the Lodge.
If for any reason your application is rejected, you cannot make application for membership for six months from the date of rejection.


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Accounts Preparation
Do you need accurate accounts provided on time?
We can...
- Prepare accounts to help in completion of self-assessment tax returns
- Produce financial statements to file at Companies House and abridged accounts to ensure the minimum amount of your financial information is made public
Accounts are prepared to agreed timescales and deadlines.
But we can do more than just report the history of what's already happened...
- Identify areas where we can assist in minimising your tax liability
- Identify areas of the business that give you the most opportunity to make improvements
- Use the accounts to help you measure where you are in meeting your goals and what actions you need to take
We take the time to explain your accounts to you so that you understand what is going on financially within your business, helping you to plan for the future.
Next Step:
Please contact us if you need further advice, have any questions about our services, or would like a free consultation or a fixed quote.


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Los Angeles, CA
Permanent Pharmacist Inpatient Pharmacy
Job ID: 2537529 | Job Type: Permanent
Job Details
Profession: Pharmacy
Pay: $71.00 to $127.00 hourly
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For all employees and employee applicants, Aya is an Equal Employment Opportunity ("EEO") Employer, including Disability/Vets, and welcomes all to apply. Please click here for our EEO policy.


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As you plan out your goals for the year, moving up to your dream home may top the list. But, how do you know when to make your move? You want to time it just right so you can get the most out of the sale of your current house. You also want to know you're making a good investment when you buy your new home. What you may not realize is, that opportunity to get the best of both worlds is already here.
You don't want to wait until spring to spring into action. The current market conditions make this winter an ideal time to move. Here's why.
1. The Number of Homes on the Market Is Still Low
Today's limited supply of houses for sale is putting sellers in the driver's seat. There are far more buyers in the market than there are homes available, and that means buyers are eagerly waiting for your house. Listing your house now makes it the center of attention. As a seller, that means when it's priced correctly, you can expect it to sell quickly and get multiple strong offers this season. Just remember, experts project more inventory will come to market as we move through the winter months. The realtor.com 2022 forecast says this:
"After years of declining, the inventory of homes for sale is finally expected to rebound from all-time lows."
Selling now may help you maximize the return on your investment before your house has to face more competition from other sellers.
2. Your Equity Is Growing in Record Amounts
Current homeowners are sitting on record amounts of equity thanks to today's home price appreciation. According to the latest report from CoreLogic, the average homeowner gained $56,700 in equity over the past 12 months.
That much equity can open doors for you to make a move. If you've been holding off on selling because you're worried about how rising prices will impact your own home search, rest assured your equity can help fuel your next move. It may be just what you need to cover a large portion – if not all – of the down payment on your next purchase.
3. While Rising, Mortgage Rates Are Still Historically Low
In January of last year, mortgage rates hit the lowest point ever recorded. Today, rates are starting to rise, but that doesn't mean you've missed out on locking in a low rate. Current mortgage rates are still far below what they've been in recent decades:
- In the 2000s, the average mortgage rate was 6.27%
- In the 1990s, the average rate was 8.12%
Even with mortgage rates rising above 3%, they're still worth taking advantage of. You just want to do so sooner rather than later. Experts are projecting rates will continue to rise throughout this year, and when they do, it'll cost you more to purchase your next home.
4. Home Prices Are Going To Keep Rising with Time
According to industry leaders, home prices will also continue appreciating this year. While experts are forecasting more moderate home price growth than last year, it's important to note prices will still be moving in an upward direction throughout 2022.
What does that mean for you? If you're selling so you can move into a bigger home or downsize to the home of your dreams, you want to consider moving now before rates and prices rise further. If you're ready, you have an opportunity to get ahead of the curve by purchasing your next home before rates and prices climb higher.
Bottom Line
If you're considering selling to move up or downsize, this may be your moment, especially with today's low mortgage rates and limited inventory. Reach out to a local real estate professional today to get set up for homebuying success this year.


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This exquisite mezuzah case was designed and executed in the workshop of Danny Azoulay. Danny, born in Morocco and raised in Israel, is a prize-winning graduate of the prestigious Bezalel Art Academy in Jerusalem. He has exhibited his works in gallery shows in Israel, Europe and the United States.
Danny brings to all his work a dedication to perfection, which is attested to by his careful attention to details of design, color and execution. His creativity expresses itself in all the lovely objects which issue from his Jerusalem studio. All, without exception, reflect deeply traditional aspects of the rich Jewish experience. The acquisition of one of Danny's Judaica items represents, in a very real sense, a positive step in enhancing Jewish values in every home.


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Wholesale prices fell 1 percent in May from April thanks to an 8.9 percent plunge in the price of gasoline, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports. The overall decrease is the largest in one month since July 2009.
Excluding the energy and sectors, prices at the wholesale level ticked up 0.2 percent.
Also this morning, the Census Bureau says that retail sales edged down 0.2 percent in May from April. There's a link between that figure and the drop in gasoline prices: The value of sales at gas stations dropped 2.2 percent in May, largely because of the steep drop in gas prices.
As Bloomberg News notes, "spending increased 0.9 percent at clothing stores and 0.8 percent at electronics chains."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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- Global ecological challenges require large-scale scientific networks 9 September 2015by Pamela Reynolds (ZEN postdoc and coordinator) While at Ecological Society of America meeting (#ESA100) in Baltimore in August, 2015 I attended and participated in the discussions surrounding a special session titled "Collaborative Ecological Research Networks: Sociology, Successes, and Future Opportunities." I wrote a blog post about this session and thePamela
- ZEN at #ESA100 4 September 2015In August 2015 several of the ZEN partners traveled to Baltimore, Maryland to present their research and celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Ecological Society of America (#ESA100). This was a very large meeting and a big occasion for the organization - even the president wished ESA a happy birthday! "Happy 100th birthday to the Ecological Society of […]Pamela
- Global ecological challenges require large-scale scientific networks 9 September 2015
#ESA100 2011 experiment 2012 experiment Benthic Ecology Meeting Bodega Bay British Columbia California Canada CERF Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation College of William and Mary Conference COST ESA Europe Fieldwork Finland Graduate student Grazer Japan Massachusetts Meeting North Carolina Outreach people predators Publication public education Quebec research experience REU San Diego State University San Francisco Seagrass Ecosystem Ecology Student exchange fellows Sweden UC Davis undergraduate student Vancouver Video VIMS Virginia ZEN2 ZEN course ZENtern
Recent posts from the ZEN blog
Quantitative tools
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Congressional Record–Appendix, pp. A34-A35 January 10, 1963
Source: http://www.uhuh.com/nwo/communism/comgoals.htm
Current Communist Goals
Thursday, January 10, 1963
Mr. HERLONG. Mr. Speaker, Mrs. Patricia Nordman of De Land, Fla., is an ardent and articulate opponent of communism, and until recently published the De Land Courier, which she dedicated to the purpose of alerting the public to the dangers of communism in America.
At Mrs. Nordman's request, I include in the RECORD, under unanimous consent, the following "Current Communist Goals," which she identifies as an excerpt from "The Naked Communist," by Cleon Skousen:
[From "The Naked Communist," by Cleon Skousen]
1. U.S. acceptance of coexistence as the only alternative to atomic war.
2. U.S. willingness to capitulate in preference to engaging in atomic war.
3. Develop the illusion that total disarmament [by] the United States would be a demonstration of moral strength.
4. Permit free trade between all nations regardless of Communist affiliation and regardless of whether or not items could be used for war.
5. Extension of long-term loans to Russia and Soviet satellites.
6. Provide American aid to all nations regardless of Communist domination.
7. Grant recognition of Red China. Admission of Red China to the U.N.
8. Set up East and West Germany as separate states in spite of Khrushchev's promise in 1955 to settle the German question by free elections under supervision of the U.N.
9. Prolong the conferences to ban atomic tests because the United States has agreed to suspend tests as long as negotiations are in progress.
10. Allow all Soviet satellites individual representation in the U.N.
11. Promote the U.N. as the only hope for mankind. If its charter is rewritten, demand that it be set up as a one-world government with its own independent armed forces. (Some Communist leaders believe the world can be taken over as easily by the U.N. as by Moscow. Sometimes these two centers compete with each other as they are now doing in the Congo.)
12. Resist any attempt to outlaw the Communist Party.
13. Do away with all loyalty oaths.
14. Continue giving Russia access to the U.S. Patent Office.
15. Capture one or both of the political parties in the United States.
16. Use technical decisions of the courts to weaken basic American institutions by claiming their activities violate civil rights.
17. Get control of the schools. Use them as transmission belts for socialism and current Communist propaganda. Soften the curriculum. Get control of teachers' associations. Put the party line in textbooks.
18. Gain control of all student newspapers.
19. Use student riots to foment public protests against programs or organizations which are under Communist attack.
20. Infiltrate the press. Get control of book-review assignments, editorial writing, policymaking positions.
21. Gain control of key positions in radio, TV, and motion pictures.
22. Continue discrediting American culture by degrading all forms of artistic expression. An American Communist cell was told to "eliminate all good sculpture from parks and buildings, substitute shapeless, awkward and meaningless forms."
23. Control art critics and directors of art museums. "Our plan is to promote ugliness, repulsive, meaningless art."
24. Eliminate all laws governing obscenity by calling them "censorship" and a violation of free speech and free press.
25. Break down cultural standards of morality by promoting pornography and obscenity in books, magazines, motion pictures, radio, and TV.
26. Present homosexuality, degeneracy and promiscuity as "normal, natural, healthy."
27. Infiltrate the churches and replace revealed religion with "social" religion. Discredit the Bible and emphasize the need for intellectual maturity which does not need a "religious crutch."
28. Eliminate prayer or any phase of religious expression in the schools on the ground that it violates the principle of "separation of church and state."
29. Discredit the American Constitution by calling it inadequate, old-fashioned, out of step with modern needs, a hindrance to cooperation between nations on a worldwide basis.
30. Discredit the American Founding Fathers. Present them as selfish aristocrats who had no concern for the "common man."
31. Belittle all forms of American culture and discourage the teaching of American history on the ground that it was only a minor part of the "big picture." Give more emphasis to Russian history since the Communists took over.
32. Support any socialist movement to give centralized control over any part of the culture–education, social agencies, welfare programs, mental health clinics, etc.
33. Eliminate all laws or procedures which interfere with the operation of the Communist apparatus.
34. Eliminate the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
35. Discredit and eventually dismantle the FBI.
36. Infiltrate and gain control of more unions.
37. Infiltrate and gain control of big business.
38. Transfer some of the powers of arrest from the police to social agencies. Treat all behavioral problems as psychiatric disorders which no one but psychiatrists can understand [or treat].
39. Dominate the psychiatric profession and use mental health laws as a means of gaining coercive control over those who oppose Communist goals.
40. Discredit the family as an institution. Encourage promiscuity and easy divorce.
41. Emphasize the need to raise children away from the negative influence of parents. Attribute prejudices, mental blocks and retarding of children to suppressive influence of parents.
42. Create the impression that violence and insurrection are legitimate aspects of the American tradition; that students and special-interest groups should rise up and use ["]united force["] to solve economic, political or social problems.
43. Overthrow all colonial governments before native populations are ready for self-government.
44. Internationalize the Panama Canal.
45. Repeal the Connally reservation so the United States cannot prevent the World Court from seizing jurisdiction [over domestic problems. Give the World Court jurisdiction] over nations and individuals alike.


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Welcome To Keyul Enterprise
Pellet Machine Manufacturers In Cuttack
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Privacy Policy
We are committed to protecting and respecting your privacy. This Privacy Policy (this "Policy") describes how we collect, use and disclose personal information of users of our services, including our Website (our "Site"). Please read this Privacy Policy carefully. By using our Site, you agree to the terms of this Policy. If you do not agree with the terms of this Policy, do not use our Site. Your use of our Site for the limited and exclusive purpose of reviewing this Policy does not constitute your agreement to this Policy unless you make further use of our Site. This Policy may be updated from time to time. This Policy describes:
- The personal information we collect
- How we collect such information
- How such information is used
- How such information is shared
- How you can contact us
Information We Collect
We and our third-party service providers may collect and process the following types of personal information about you:
- Name
- Phone number
- Email address
- Social network profile information
- Information we collect when you use our Site, such as your domain name, Internet protocol (IP) address, mobile device model, Internet service provider, Site access times, websites that referred you to us and web pages within our Site that you visit
- Information you communicate to us through our Site, our social media pages or through other means
How We Collect Information
We and our third-party service providers may collect personal information as follows:
- We may collect information you provide when you use our Site, including when you fill in forms on our Site, subscribe to any of our services, complete a survey on our Site, post material to our Site or download content from our Site.
- We may collect information you provide when you contact us by phone, email, text message or messaging application on social media.
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How We Use The Information Collected
We and our third-party service providers may use information collected to:
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- Communicate with you about special offers, services and promotions that may be of interest to you.
- Help us develop, customize, deliver, support and improve our services.
- Allow you to participate in interactive features of our service when you choose to do so.
- Notify you about changes to our service.
- Conduct market research in order to serve targeted advertisements.
We and our third-party service providers may use the information collected from cookies, tracking pixels and other similar technologies to target advertising to you personally, through online and offline methods including email, display media, video media and direct mail. You may opt out of receiving direct mail from us or our third-party service providers by clicking here. For detailed information on the cookies we use and the purposes for which we use them see our Cookie Policy. When you log in to or visit our Site, your IP address may be combined with other de-identified data (such as a hashed, non-readable email or postal address) and such information may be used by third-party service providers to send ads and materials to you based on your preferences, interests and attributes. Such information may also be combined with aggregate information collected from other users or sources and used by third-party service providers to conduct market research and to better target their advertising. Although you may not opt out of receiving online advertisements generally, you may find out how to opt out of having your online behavior collected by third-party advertisers for advertising purposes. You may visit each ad network's website individually to opt-out and review their privacy policies, or you may visit the Digital Advertising Alliance's opt-out website at http://www.aboutads.info/ or the Network Advertising Initiative's opt-out website at http://networkadvertising.org/.
How We Disclose The Information Collected
We and our third-party service providers may share your personal information under the following circumstances:
- We may share your personal information with any member of our group of companies (our subsidiaries and our ultimate parent company and its subsidiaries).
- We may share your personal information with companies that provide services to us, such as credit card processors, website hosts, email vendors and other companies that help us provide our services or our Site.
- We may disclose your personal information in response to legal process, when required to comply with laws, to combat fraudulent or criminal activity, to enforce our agreements, corporate policies and the terms of use of our Site, and to protect the rights, property and safety of our business, our employees, agents, customers or others.
- We may share technical data that we collect about your browsing habits and your device (such as data collected via our cookies, tracking pixels and similar technologies, as discussed above) with third-party service providers and other advertising companies. This enables them and us to better target ads to you and other consumers.
How To Contact Us
If you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Policy, please contact us using the contact information shown on our Site. Last Updated: March 2023


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My coaching involves the ability to understand you: to think how you think, and understand your perspective. From this benchmark, I will place another perspective on top of yours – stretching and growing you to gently see a more empowering way. As a Maxwell Leadership Certified Team member, I can see what you are going through now and what is up ahead. Coaching is foreseeing, paving the way, coming alongside you while helping you achieve goals and overcome limiting paradigms.
I offer two levels of coaching support:
Individual Coaching – one on one private and confidential coaching
When I am working with you one-on-one, it is my highest objective to help you reach your purpose, vision and goals by working through John Maxwell's programs specific to your needs. Together, we will create a strategic, powerful plan for you to gain clarity through a weekly process including, interaction and accountability.
- What are you doing to invest in yourself?
- What are you doing to invest in others?
Group Coaching – small setting onsite or via webinar and video technology
When I am working in a group setting – although it's not singular in nature – having the entire group's input in thinking magnifies the richness of the discussions and results in developing solutions that are above and beyond what any individual can create. The cohesive bond that is formed empowers each person to develop the leader within and shine in a safe environment that nurtures the group as a whole. It is an experience unlike any other and follows the same premise as an academic think tank.
Please contact me, and together we'll create the most effective plan to move you forward.


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Charitable Giving
That's a question we get asked often. Many individuals and families have philanthropic goals they'd like to meet as part of their money plans for life. We can help support those efforts while putting in place strategies that will create the most positive impacts on the communities you choose to contribute to, as well as your wealth management plan.


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(517) 800-6568
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Car Transportation Sand Creek 49279
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Ronda Rousey vs. Bethe Correia UFC 190: Trash talk you won't want to miss
Ronda Rousey and Bethe Correia will be meeting on August 1 in Brazil to face off for UFC 190, and...
Read MorePosted by Kim Proebsting | Jun 3, 2015 | GuysGirl
Ronda Rousey and Bethe Correia will be meeting on August 1 in Brazil to face off for UFC 190, and...
Read MorePosted by Kim Proebsting | Nov 6, 2014 | Features, Female Sports Fans, GuysGirl, NHL
The debate on the need for NHL ice girls has been increasing since the season started because of...
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Recently ESPN's College GameDay aired a video that featured some of the coaches wives of the...
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Frequently Asked Questions
The manual scrub wand is a good cleaning tool for cleaning lightly soiled carpet. When cleaning more heavily soiled carpet, the wand becomes a 'beast of burden.' Cleaning results depend upon the strength, stamina, and technique of the person working the wand. Cleaning heavily soiled carpets with a scrub wand is 'hard labor.' The repetitive motion of scrubbing back and forth is extremely strenuous and fatiguing. An individual can not scrub long enough to effectively clean your carpets.
First and foremost the Rotovac is an electric power scrubbing tool. Comparing the Rotovac to a wand is like comparing a skill saw to a hand saw. We have converted a back and forth manual task to a much easier and more efficient rotary mechanized operation. Which makes more cleaning passes per minute than is possible with a manual scrub wand. In addition, the cleaning passes are from all directions rather than just back and forth. This is what produces better cleaning results for you.
Does the Rotovac work on all types of carpet?
The Rotovac has a carpet pile height adjustment wheel which allows it to work on all installed over pad carpet, and most commercial glue downs.
What is the dry time of the Rotovac compared to a wand?
The Rotovac on average leaves the carpet about 20 x drier when compared to a manual scrub wand under similar conditions.
Why should I have my carpets cleaned?
There are many reasons to have your carpet and upholstery cleaned:
- Health- Carpeting and fabrics not cleaned and properly maintained have the potential to cause a variety of health problems inside the home or work place.
- Life of your carpet- can be greatly extended by simple routine professional cleaning.
- Appearance- maintain the original look and luster of your carpet with regularly scheduled cleanings.
- How often should I have my furniture cleaned?
- The EPA currently has issued no guidelines on the recommended cleaning frequency for upholstery. Until such a guideline has been issued, our company recommends that you have your upholstery cleaned every other time your carpet is cleaned. Example: if your carpets get cleaned every six months, your upholstery should be cleaned once a year.
Should I vacuum before the carpet cleaner arrives?
Yes, vacuuming is essential to the longevity of your carpet. You should vacuum your carpet as often as possible.
Do you move furniture?
When necessary we will move and replace small furniture in its original position.
*We will not move musical instruments, grandfather clocks, most beds, full china hutches, full bookshelves, entertainment centers, pool tables…our technicians reserve the right not to move any piece of furniture or household object that they do not feel comfortable with.
Should I move anything?
Yes, you should remove from the areas being cleaned, all nick knack and breakables.
How long will it take for my carpet or furniture to dry?
Our dry times typically range from 2 – 6 hours. Dry times can be affected by many factors including weather, humidity, and airflow.
How long before I can walk on my carpet?
You can walk on your carpet immediately but it is recommended that you limit traffic until completely dry.
Are the products you use safe?
Yes, we use the #1 line of cleaning products in the world. This allows us to guarantee the highest quality job available at any price! Our products are: nontoxic, safe for pets & children, biodegradable, and phosphate free.
Are your technicians experienced?
Yes, our technicians attend courses, seminars, and schools across the country to keep current on the latest in cleaning technologies.
Will your services help my allergies?
Yes, having your carpet and furniture cleaned removes pollutants and makes for a more friendly breathing environment.
Will you remove all my stains?
Let me start by defining the difference between a spot and a stain: a spot is any foreign material (soil, liquid, etc.) that is removable by standard cleaning methods.(The foreign material is on or around the carpet fiber) A stain is foreign material (soil, liquid, etc.) on carpet that is not usually removable by standard cleaning methods. (The foreign material has penetrated 'soaked into' fiber and has changed or damaged the fiber itself) Some stains may be very difficult or impossible to remove.
Does cleaning your carpet make it wear out faster?
No, actually dirt acts as an abrasive when trapped in your carpet or fabrics and should be removed to reduce wear.
Does your process restore the original feel of my carpet?
Yes, our process leaves your carpet fresh, clean, residue free and soft to the touch.
Should I have a fabric protector applied after cleaning?
Yes, most carpet manufacturers recommend that you reapply protector after professional cleaning to restore the original stain resistance. Some manufacturers even require it as part of the warranty on the carpet.
My carpet is really old, should I replace it?
With the cost of replacing carpet being as expensive as it is today, it is always best to try having the carpet professionally cleaned first. It is far less costly and may make a world of difference.
Which provides better indoor air quality: hardwood or carpet?
Carpet actually acts like a 'filter' trapping pollutants which are then removed by professional carpet cleaning. As long as a regular cleaning schedule is maintained, carpet provides much better indoor air quality than hardwood.


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Effective Direct Marketing
Lance landed a direct marketing campaign for Super Toaster Ovens in April. After researching their target audience and conducting a focus group, he designed a tri-fold brochure. Using a list he obtained from a marketing firm, he dropped a bulk rate mailing the second week in June. Later, Lance received a phone call from his client requesting information about the customer responses. He calculated the response cards and discovered that there was a low market return. Why?
Reaching customers is a tedious process, as Lance discovered, so understanding a direct approach to marketing a product or service is essential. Direct marketing is a distinct advertising medium in that, in many cases, it requires the customer to take direct action. Other advertising and public relations mediums serve to support direct marketing through brand building and market positioning.
In order for a marketing campaign to be a form a direct marketing, it must have three components. The first component is placing an offer in front of a potential customer. This does not mean the customer has to purchase a product or service, but the customer must be called to action. Again, this separates direct marketing from other advertising mediums that provide information, but don't necessarily require a call to action.
The second component of direct marketing is the customer's response efforts. For example, a customer must have a method to respond to the offer, whether it's a phone number, reply card, Web site or e-mail address. This component prompts the customer to request additional information or make a purchase.
The third component is monitoring the customer responses. Responses can be measured in phone calls, reply cards or Web site traffic. Customer response tracking is one approach to learning the return on the marketing investment. Another is actual product sales driven by the mailing. In order to be considered a direct marketing campaign, a potential offer must reach customers, they must have the means to respond and the responses must be measured.
So how are prospective customers reached? Mailing lists. Companies provide mailing lists for a small or large fee, depending on the scope and depth of the data. For example, those who subscribe to the magazine Better Homes and Gardens are on a mailing list. Better Homes and Gardens is a magazine, not a mailing list provider, but it does have the option to sell the subscription list to direct marketing firms.
Two examples of mailing lists are compiled and response lists. Compiled lists are accumulated from, but not limited to, phone books, permits, trade directories, credit records and advertising files. Response lists involve customers who responded to previous solicitation. Magazine subscribers, buyers of specific products or services, and financial contributors to charities or clubs are all examples of response lists.
Direct marketing is an active approach to prospecting customers and testing new methods. Perhaps Lance's research didn't lead to an effective marketing piece, or the list he used wasn't as targeted as he had hoped. There are many variables in direct marketing, but when they come together, it can be an effective approach to reaching new customers.


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Black hole, star collisions may illuminate universe's dark side
- Date:
- September 19, 2011
- Source:
- Princeton University
- Summary:
- Researchers have unveiled a ready-made method for detecting the collision of stars with an elusive type of black hole that is on the short list of objects believed to make up dark matter. Such a discovery could serve as observable proof of dark matter and provide a much deeper understanding of the universe's inner workings.
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Scientists looking to capture evidence of dark matter -- the invisible substance thought to constitute much of the universe -- may find a helpful tool in the recent work of researchers from Princeton University and New York University.
The team unveiled in a report in the journal Physical Review Letters this month a ready-made method for detecting the collision of stars with an elusive type of black hole that is on the short list of objects believed to make up dark matter. Such a discovery could serve as observable proof of dark matter and provide a much deeper understanding of the universe's inner workings.
Postdoctoral researchers Shravan Hanasoge of Princeton's Department of Geosciences and Michael Kesden of NYU's Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics simulated the visible result of a primordial black hole passing through a star. Theoretical remnants of the Big Bang, primordial black holes possess the properties of dark matter and are one of various cosmic objects thought to be the source of the mysterious substance, but they have yet to be observed.
If primordial black holes are the source of dark matter, the sheer number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy -- roughly 100 billion -- makes an encounter inevitable, the authors report. Unlike larger black holes, a primordial black hole would not "swallow" the star, but cause noticeable vibrations on the star's surface as it passes through.
Thus, as the number of telescopes and satellites probing distant stars in the Milky Way increases, so do the chances to observe a primordial black hole as it slides harmlessly through one of the galaxy's billions of stars, Hanasoge said. The computer model developed by Hanasoge and Kesden can be used with these current solar-observation techniques to offer a more precise method for detecting primordial black holes than existing tools.
"If astronomers were just looking at the sun, the chances of observing a primordial black hole are not likely, but people are now looking at thousands of stars," Hanasoge said.
"There's a larger question of what constitutes dark matter, and if a primordial black hole were found it would fit all the parameters -- they have mass and force so they directly influence other objects in the universe, and they don't interact with light. Identifying one would have profound implications for our understanding of the early universe and dark matter."
Although dark matter has not been observed directly, galaxies are thought to reside in extended dark-matter halos based on documented gravitational effects of these halos on galaxies' visible stars and gas. Like other proposed dark-matter candidates, primordial black holes are difficult to detect because they neither emit nor absorb light, stealthily traversing the universe with only subtle gravitational effects on nearby objects.
Because primordial black holes are heavier than other dark-matter candidates, however, their interaction with stars would be detectable by existing and future stellar observatories , Kesden said. When crossing paths with a star, a primordial black hole's gravity would squeeze the star, and then, once the black hole passed through, cause the star's surface to ripple as it snaps back into place.
"If you imagine poking a water balloon and watching the water ripple inside, that's similar to how a star's surface appears," Kesden said. "By looking at how a star's surface moves, you can figure out what's going on inside. If a black hole goes through, you can see the surface vibrate."
Eyeing the sun's surface for hints of dark matter
Kesden and Hanasoge used the sun as a model to calculate the effect of a primordial black hole on a star's surface. Kesden, whose research includes black holes and dark matter, calculated the masses of a primordial black hole, as well as the likely trajectory of the object through the sun. Hanasoge, who studies seismology in the sun, Earth and stars, worked out the black hole's vibrational effect on the sun's surface.
Video simulations of the researchers' calculations were created by NASA's Tim Sandstrom using the Pleiades supercomputer at the agency's Ames Research Center in California. One clip shows the vibrations of the sun's surface as a primordial black hole -- represented by a white trail -- passes through its interior. A second movie portrays the result of a black hole grazing the Sun's surface.
Marc Kamionkowski, a professor of physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University, said that the work serves as a toolkit for detecting primordial black holes, as Hanasoge and Kesden have provided a thorough and accurate method that takes advantage of existing solar observations. A theoretical physicist well known for his work with large-scale structures and the universe's early history, Kamionkowski had no role in the project, but is familiar with it.
"It's been known that as a primordial black hole went by a star, it would have an effect, but this is the first time we have calculations that are numerically precise," Kamionkowski said.
"This is a clever idea that takes advantage of observations and measurements already made by solar physics. It's like someone calling you to say there might be a million dollars under your front doormat. If it turns out to not be true, it cost you nothing to look. In this case, there might be dark matter in the data sets astronomers already have, so why not look?"
One significant aspect of Kesden and Hanasoge's technique, Kamionkowski said, is that it narrows a significant gap in the mass that can be detected by existing methods of trolling for primordial black holes .
The search for primordial black holes has thus far been limited to masses too small to include a black hole, or so large that "those black holes would have disrupted galaxies in heinous ways we would have noticed," Kamionkowski said. "Primordial black holes have been somewhat neglected and I think that's because there has not been a single, well-motivated idea of how to find them within the range in which they could likely exist."
The current mass range in which primordial black holes could be observed was set based on previous direct observations of Hawking radiation -- the emissions from black holes as they evaporate into gamma rays -- as well as of the bending of light around large stellar objects, Kesden said. The difference in mass between those phenomena, however, is enormous, even in astronomical terms. Hawking radiation can only be observed if the evaporating black hole's mass is less than 100 quadrillion grams. On the other end, an object must be larger than 100 septillion (24 zeroes) grams for light to visibly bend around it. The search for primordial black holes covered a swath of mass that spans a factor of 1 billion, Kesden explained -- similar to searching for an unknown object with a weight somewhere between that of a penny and a mining dump truck .
He and Hanasoge suggest a technique to give that range a much-needed trim and established more specific parameters for spotting a primordial black hole. The pair found through their simulations that a primordial black hole larger than 1 sextillion (21 zeroes) grams -- roughly the mass of an asteroid -- would produce a noticeable effect on a star's surface.
"Now that we know primordial black holes can produce detectable vibrations in stars, we could try to look at a larger sample of stars than just our own sun," Kesden said.
"The Milky Way has 100 billion stars, so about 10,000 detectable events should be happening every year in our galaxy if we just knew where to look."
This research was funded by grants from NASA and by the James Arthur Postdoctoral Fellowship at New York University.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Princeton University. Original written by Morgan Kelly. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- Michael Kesden, Shravan Hanasoge. Transient Solar Oscillations Driven by Primordial Black Holes. Physical Review Letters, 2011; 107 (11) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.111101
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