text:
perlfaq3 - Programming Tools
This section of the FAQ answers questions related to programmer tools and programming support.
Have you looked at CPAN (see perlfaq2)? The chances are that someone has already written a module that can solve your problem. Have you read the appropriate manpages? Here's a brief index:
http://www.cpan.org/misc/olddoc/FMTEYEWTK.tgz (not a man-page but still useful, a collection of various essays on Perl techniques)
A crude table of contents for the Perl manpage set is found in perltoc.
The typical approach uses the Perl debugger, described in the perldebug(1) manpage, on an "empty" program, like this:
- perl -de 42
Now just type in any legal Perl code, and it will be immediately evaluated. You can also examine the symbol table, get stack backtraces, check variable values, set breakpoints, and other operations typically found in symbolic debuggers.
You can also use Devel::REPL which is an interactive shell for Perl, commonly known as a REPL - Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop. It provides various handy features.
From the command line, you can use the cpan
command's -l
- $ cpan -l
You can also use cpan
's -a
switch to create an autobundle file
that CPAN.pm
understands and can use to re-install every module:
- $ cpan -a
Inside a Perl program, you can use the ExtUtils::Installed module to show all installed distributions, although it can take awhile to do its magic. The standard library which comes with Perl just shows up as "Perl" (although you can get those with Module::CoreList).
If you want a list of all of the Perl module filenames, you can use File::Find::Rule:
If you do not have that module, you can do the same thing with File::Find which is part of the standard library:
If you simply need to check quickly to see if a module is available, you can check for its documentation. If you can read the documentation the module is most likely installed. If you cannot read the documentation, the module might not have any (in rare cases):
- $ perldoc Module::Name
You can also try to include the module in a one-liner to see if perl finds it:
- $ perl -MModule::Name -e1
(If you don't receive a "Can't locate ... in @INC" error message, then Perl found the module name you asked for.)
(contributed by brian d foy)
Before you do anything else, you can help yourself by ensuring that you let Perl tell you about problem areas in your code. By turning on warnings and strictures, you can head off many problems before they get too big. You can find out more about these in strict and warnings.
Beyond that, the simplest debugger is the print
function. Use it
to look at values as you run your program:
- print STDERR "The value is [$value]\n";
The Data::Dumper module can pretty-print Perl data structures:
Perl comes with an interactive debugger, which you can start with the
switch. It's fully explained in perldebug.
If you'd like a graphical user interface and you have Tk, you can use
. It's on CPAN and available for free.
If you need something much more sophisticated and controllable, Leon
Brocard's Devel::ebug (which you can call with the -D
switch as -Debug
gives you the programmatic hooks into everything you need to write your
own (without too much pain and suffering).
You can also use a commercial debugger such as Affrus (Mac OS X), Komodo from Activestate (Windows and Mac OS X), or EPIC (most platforms).
(contributed by brian d foy, updated Fri Jul 25 12:22:26 PDT 2008)
The Devel
namespace has several modules which you can use to
profile your Perl programs.
The Devel::NYTProf (New York Times Profiler) does both statement
and subroutine profiling. It's available from CPAN and you also invoke
it with the -d
- perl -d:NYTProf some_perl.pl
It creates a database of the profile information that you can turn into
reports. The nytprofhtml
command turns the data into an HTML report
similar to the Devel::Cover report:
- nytprofhtml
You might also be interested in using the Benchmark to measure and compare code snippets.
You can read more about profiling in Programming Perl, chapter 20, or Mastering Perl, chapter 5.
perldebguts documents creating a custom debugger if you need to create a special sort of profiler. brian d foy describes the process in The Perl Journal, "Creating a Perl Debugger", http://www.ddj.com/184404522 , and "Profiling in Perl" http://www.ddj.com/184404580 .
Perl.com has two interesting articles on profiling: "Profiling Perl", by Simon Cozens, http://www.perl.com/lpt/a/850 and "Debugging and Profiling mod_perl Applications", by Frank Wiles, http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2006/02/09/debug_mod_perl.html .
Randal L. Schwartz writes about profiling in "Speeding up Your Perl Programs" for Unix Review, http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/UnixReview/col49.html , and "Profiling in Template Toolkit via Overriding" for Linux Magazine, http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col75.html .
The B::Xref module can be used to generate cross-reference reports for Perl programs.
- perl -MO=Xref[,OPTIONS] scriptname.plx
Perl::Tidy comes with a perl script perltidy which indents and reformats Perl scripts to make them easier to read by trying to follow the rules of the perlstyle. If you write Perl, or spend much time reading Perl, you will probably find it useful.
Of course, if you simply follow the guidelines in perlstyle, you shouldn't need to reformat. The habit of formatting your code as you write it will help prevent bugs. Your editor can and should help you with this. The perl-mode or newer cperl-mode for emacs can provide remarkable amounts of help with most (but not all) code, and even less programmable editors can provide significant assistance. Tom Christiansen and many other VI users swear by the following settings in vi and its clones:
- set ai sw=4
- map! ^O {^M}^[O^T
Put that in your .exrc file (replacing the caret characters with control characters) and away you go. In insert mode, ^T is for indenting, ^D is for undenting, and ^O is for blockdenting--as it were. A more complete example, with comments, can be found at http://www.cpan.org/authors/id/TOMC/scripts/toms.exrc.gz
Perl programs are just plain text, so any editor will do.
If you're on Unix, you already have an IDE--Unix itself. The Unix philosophy is the philosophy of several small tools that each do one thing and do it well. It's like a carpenter's toolbox.
If you want an IDE, check the following (in alphabetical order, not order of preference):
The Eclipse Perl Integration Project integrates Perl editing/debugging with Eclipse.
Perl Editor by EngInSite is a complete integrated development environment (IDE) for creating, testing, and debugging Perl scripts; the tool runs on Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP or later.
GUI Editor written in Perl using wxWidgets and Scintilla with lots of smaller features. Aims for an UI based on Perls principles like TIMTWTDI and "easy thinkd should be ..".
ActiveState's cross-platform (as of October 2004, that's Windows, Linux, and Solaris), multi-language IDE has Perl support, including a regular expression debugger and remote debugging.
Open Perl IDE is an integrated development environment for writing and debugging Perl scripts with ActiveState's ActivePerl distribution under Windows 95/98/NT/2000.
OptiPerl is a Windows IDE with simulated CGI environment, including debugger and syntax-highlighting editor.
Padre is cross-platform IDE for Perl written in Perl using wxWidgets to provide a native look and feel. It's open source under the Artistic License. It is one of the newer Perl IDEs.
PerlBuilder is an integrated development environment for Windows that supports Perl development.
From Help Consulting, for Windows.
Visual Perl is a Visual Studio.NET plug-in from ActiveState.
Zeus for Windows is another Win32 multi-language editor/IDE that comes with support for Perl.
For editors: if you're on Unix you probably have vi or a vi clone already, and possibly an emacs too, so you may not need to download anything. In any emacs the cperl-mode (M-x cperl-mode) gives you perhaps the best available Perl editing mode in any editor.
If you are using Windows, you can use any editor that lets you work with plain text, such as NotePad or WordPad. Word processors, such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect, typically do not work since they insert all sorts of behind-the-scenes information, although some allow you to save files as "Text Only". You can also download text editors designed specifically for programming, such as Textpad ( http://www.textpad.com/ ) and UltraEdit ( http://www.ultraedit.com/ ), among others.
If you are using MacOS, the same concerns apply. MacPerl (for Classic environments) comes with a simple editor. Popular external editors are BBEdit ( http://www.bbedit.com/ ) or Alpha ( http://www.his.com/~jguyer/Alpha/Alpha8.html ). MacOS X users can use Unix editors as well.
or a vi clone such as
The following are Win32 multilanguage editor/IDEs that support Perl:
There is also a toyedit Text widget based editor written in Perl that is distributed with the Tk module on CPAN. The ptkdb ( http://ptkdb.sourceforge.net/ ) is a Perl/Tk-based debugger that acts as a development environment of sorts. Perl Composer ( http://perlcomposer.sourceforge.net/ ) is an IDE for Perl/Tk GUI creation.
In addition to an editor/IDE you might be interested in a more powerful shell environment for Win32. Your options include
from the Cygwin package ( http://sources.redhat.com/cygwin/ )
from the MKS Toolkit ( http://www.mkssoftware.com/ ), or the Bourne shell of the U/WIN environment ( http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/uwin/ )
ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/tcsh/ , see also http://www.primate.wisc.edu/software/csh-tcsh-book/
MKS and U/WIN are commercial (U/WIN is free for educational and research purposes), Cygwin is covered by the GNU General Public License (but that shouldn't matter for Perl use). The Cygwin, MKS, and U/WIN all contain (in addition to the shells) a comprehensive set of standard Unix toolkit utilities.
If you're transferring text files between Unix and Windows using FTP be sure to transfer them in ASCII mode so the ends of lines are appropriately converted.
On Mac OS the MacPerl Application comes with a simple 32k text editor that behaves like a rudimentary IDE. In contrast to the MacPerl Application the MPW Perl tool can make use of the MPW Shell itself as an editor (with no 32k limit).
is a full Perl development environment with full debugger support ( http://www.latenightsw.com ).
is an editor, written and extensible in Tcl, that nonetheless has built-in support for several popular markup and programming languages, including Perl and HTML ( http://www.his.com/~jguyer/Alpha/Alpha8.html ).
are text editors for Mac OS that have a Perl sensitivity mode ( http://web.barebones.com/ ).
For a complete version of Tom Christiansen's vi configuration file, see http://www.cpan.org/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/toms.exrc.gz , the standard benchmark file for vi emulators. The file runs best with nvi, the current version of vi out of Berkeley, which incidentally can be built with an embedded Perl interpreter--see http://www.cpan.org/src/misc/ .
Since Emacs version 19 patchlevel 22 or so, there have been both a perl-mode.el and support for the Perl debugger built in. These should come with the standard Emacs 19 distribution.
Note that the perl-mode of emacs will have fits with "main'foo"
(single quote), and mess up the indentation and highlighting. You
are probably using "main::foo"
in new Perl code anyway, so this
shouldn't be an issue.
For CPerlMode, see http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/CPerlMode
The Curses module from CPAN provides a dynamically loadable object module interface to a curses library. A small demo can be found at the directory http://www.cpan.org/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/rep.gz ; this program repeats a command and updates the screen as needed, rendering rep ps axu similar to top.
(contributed by Ben Morrow)
There are a number of modules which let you write GUIs in Perl. Most GUI toolkits have a perl interface: an incomplete list follows.
This works under Unix and Windows, and the current version doesn't look half as bad under Windows as it used to. Some of the gui elements still don't 'feel' quite right, though. The interface is very natural and 'perlish', making it easy to use in small scripts that just need a simple gui. It hasn't been updated in a while.
This is a Perl binding for the cross-platform wxWidgets toolkit ( http://www.wxwidgets.org ). It works under Unix, Win32 and Mac OS X, using native widgets (Gtk under Unix). The interface follows the C++ interface closely, but the documentation is a little sparse for someone who doesn't know the library, mostly just referring you to the C++ documentation.
These are Perl bindings for the Gtk toolkit ( http://www.gtk.org ). The interface changed significantly between versions 1 and 2 so they have separate Perl modules. It runs under Unix, Win32 and Mac OS X (currently it requires an X server on Mac OS, but a 'native' port is underway), and the widgets look the same on every platform: i.e., they don't match the native widgets. As with Wx, the Perl bindings follow the C API closely, and the documentation requires you to read the C documentation to understand it.
This provides access to most of the Win32 GUI widgets from Perl. Obviously, it only runs under Win32, and uses native widgets. The Perl interface doesn't really follow the C interface: it's been made more Perlish, and the documentation is pretty good. More advanced stuff may require familiarity with the C Win32 APIs, or reference to MSDN.
CamelBones ( http://camelbones.sourceforge.net ) is a Perl interface to Mac OS X's Cocoa GUI toolkit, and as such can be used to produce native GUIs on Mac OS X. It's not on CPAN, as it requires frameworks that CPAN.pm doesn't know how to install, but installation is via the standard OSX package installer. The Perl API is, again, very close to the ObjC API it's wrapping, and the documentation just tells you how to translate from one to the other.
There is a Perl interface to TrollTech's Qt toolkit, but it does not appear to be maintained.
Sx is an interface to the Athena widget set which comes with X, but again it appears not to be much used nowadays.
The best way to do this is to come up with a better algorithm. This can often make a dramatic difference. Jon Bentley's book Programming Pearls (that's not a misspelling!) has some good tips on optimization, too. Advice on benchmarking boils down to: benchmark and profile to make sure you're optimizing the right part, look for better algorithms instead of microtuning your code, and when all else fails consider just buying faster hardware. You will probably want to read the answer to the earlier question "How do I profile my Perl programs?" if you haven't done so already.
A different approach is to autoload seldom-used Perl code. See the AutoSplit and AutoLoader modules in the standard distribution for that. Or you could locate the bottleneck and think about writing just that part in C, the way we used to take bottlenecks in C code and write them in assembler. Similar to rewriting in C, modules that have critical sections can be written in C (for instance, the PDL module from CPAN).
If you're currently linking your perl executable to a shared libc.so, you can often gain a 10-25% performance benefit by rebuilding it to link with a static libc.a instead. This will make a bigger perl executable, but your Perl programs (and programmers) may thank you for it. See the INSTALL file in the source distribution for more information.
The undump program was an ancient attempt to speed up Perl program by storing the already-compiled form to disk. This is no longer a viable option, as it only worked on a few architectures, and wasn't a good solution anyway.
When it comes to time-space tradeoffs, Perl nearly always prefers to throw memory at a problem. Scalars in Perl use more memory than strings in C, arrays take more than that, and hashes use even more. While there's still a lot to be done, recent releases have been addressing these issues. For example, as of 5.004, duplicate hash keys are shared amongst all hashes using them, so require no reallocation.
In some cases, using substr() or vec() to simulate arrays can be highly beneficial. For example, an array of a thousand booleans will take at least 20,000 bytes of space, but it can be turned into one 125-byte bit vector--a considerable memory savings. The standard Tie::SubstrHash module can also help for certain types of data structure. If you're working with specialist data structures (matrices, for instance) modules that implement these in C may use less memory than equivalent Perl modules.
Another thing to try is learning whether your Perl was compiled with
the system malloc or with Perl's builtin malloc. Whichever one it
is, try using the other one and see whether this makes a difference.
Information about malloc is in the INSTALL file in the source
distribution. You can find out whether you are using perl's malloc by
typing perl -V:usemymalloc
Of course, the best way to save memory is to not do anything to waste it in the first place. Good programming practices can go a long way toward this:
Don't read an entire file into memory if you can process it line by line. Or more concretely, use a loop like this:
instead of this:
When the files you're processing are small, it doesn't much matter which way you do it, but it makes a huge difference when they start getting larger.
Remember that both map and grep expect a LIST argument, so doing this:
- @wanted = grep {/pattern/} <$file_handle>;
will cause the entire file to be slurped. For large files, it's better to loop:
Don't quote large strings unless absolutely necessary:
- my $copy = "$large_string";
makes 2 copies of $large_string (one for $copy and another for the quotes), whereas
- my $copy = $large_string;
only makes one copy.
Ditto for stringifying large arrays:
is much more memory-efficient than either
Pass arrays and hashes by reference, not by value. For one thing, it's the only way to pass multiple lists or hashes (or both) in a single call/return. It also avoids creating a copy of all the contents. This requires some judgement, however, because any changes will be propagated back to the original data. If you really want to mangle (er, modify) a copy, you'll have to sacrifice the memory needed to make one.
For "big" data stores (i.e. ones that exceed available memory) consider using one of the DB modules to store it on disk instead of in RAM. This will incur a penalty in access time, but that's probably better than causing your hard disk to thrash due to massive swapping.
Yes. Perl's garbage collection system takes care of this so everything works out right.
(contributed by Michael Carman)
You usually can't. Memory allocated to lexicals (i.e. my() variables) cannot be reclaimed or reused even if they go out of scope. It is reserved in case the variables come back into scope. Memory allocated to global variables can be reused (within your program) by using undef() and/or delete().
On most operating systems, memory allocated to a program can never be returned to the system. That's why long-running programs sometimes re- exec themselves. Some operating systems (notably, systems that use mmap(2) for allocating large chunks of memory) can reclaim memory that is no longer used, but on such systems, perl must be configured and compiled to use the OS's malloc, not perl's.
In general, memory allocation and de-allocation isn't something you can or should be worrying about much in Perl.
See also "How can I make my Perl program take less memory?"
Beyond the normal measures described to make general Perl programs faster or smaller, a CGI program has additional issues. It may be run several times per second. Given that each time it runs it will need to be re-compiled and will often allocate a megabyte or more of system memory, this can be a killer. Compiling into C isn't going to help you because the process start-up overhead is where the bottleneck is.
There are three popular ways to avoid this overhead. One solution involves running the Apache HTTP server (available from http://www.apache.org/ ) with either of the mod_perl or mod_fastcgi plugin modules.
With mod_perl and the Apache::Registry module (distributed with mod_perl), httpd will run with an embedded Perl interpreter which pre-compiles your script and then executes it within the same address space without forking. The Apache extension also gives Perl access to the internal server API, so modules written in Perl can do just about anything a module written in C can. For more on mod_perl, see http://perl.apache.org/
With the FCGI module (from CPAN) and the mod_fastcgi module (available from http://www.fastcgi.com/ ) each of your Perl programs becomes a permanent CGI daemon process.
Finally, Plack is a Perl module and toolkit that contains PSGI middleware, helpers and adapters to web servers, allowing you to easily deploy scripts which can continue running, and provides flexibility with regards to which web server you use. It can allow existing CGI scripts to enjoy this flexibility and performance with minimal changes, or can be used along with modern Perl web frameworks to make writing and deploying web services with Perl a breeze.
These solutions can have far-reaching effects on your system and on the way you write your CGI programs, so investigate them with care.
See also http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-category/15_World_Wide_Web_HTML_HTTP_CGI/ .
Delete it. :-) Seriously, there are a number of (mostly unsatisfactory) solutions with varying levels of "security".
First of all, however, you can't take away read permission, because the source code has to be readable in order to be compiled and interpreted. (That doesn't mean that a CGI script's source is readable by people on the web, though--only by people with access to the filesystem.) So you have to leave the permissions at the socially friendly 0755 level.
Some people regard this as a security problem. If your program does insecure things and relies on people not knowing how to exploit those insecurities, it is not secure. It is often possible for someone to determine the insecure things and exploit them without viewing the source. Security through obscurity, the name for hiding your bugs instead of fixing them, is little security indeed.
You can try using encryption via source filters (Starting from Perl 5.8 the Filter::Simple and Filter::Util::Call modules are included in the standard distribution), but any decent programmer will be able to decrypt it. You can try using the byte code compiler and interpreter described later in perlfaq3, but the curious might still be able to de-compile it. You can try using the native-code compiler described later, but crackers might be able to disassemble it. These pose varying degrees of difficulty to people wanting to get at your code, but none can definitively conceal it (true of every language, not just Perl).
It is very easy to recover the source of Perl programs. You simply feed the program to the perl interpreter and use the modules in the B:: hierarchy. The B::Deparse module should be able to defeat most attempts to hide source. Again, this is not unique to Perl.
If you're concerned about people profiting from your code, then the bottom line is that nothing but a restrictive license will give you legal security. License your software and pepper it with threatening statements like "This is unpublished proprietary software of XYZ Corp. Your access to it does not give you permission to use it blah blah blah." We are not lawyers, of course, so you should see a lawyer if you want to be sure your license's wording will stand up in court.
(contributed by brian d foy)
In general, you can't do this. There are some things that may work for your situation though. People usually ask this question because they want to distribute their works without giving away the source code, and most solutions trade disk space for convenience. You probably won't see much of a speed increase either, since most solutions simply bundle a Perl interpreter in the final product (but see How can I make my Perl program run faster?).
The Perl Archive Toolkit ( http://par.perl.org/ ) is Perl's analog to Java's JAR. It's freely available and on CPAN ( http://search.cpan.org/dist/PAR/ ).
There are also some commercial products that may work for you, although you have to buy a license for them.
The Perl Dev Kit ( http://www.activestate.com/Products/Perl_Dev_Kit/ ) from ActiveState can "Turn your Perl programs into ready-to-run executables for HP-UX, Linux, Solaris and Windows."
Perl2Exe ( http://www.indigostar.com/perl2exe.htm ) is a command line program for converting perl scripts to executable files. It targets both Windows and Unix platforms.
to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?For OS/2 just use
- extproc perl -S -your_switches
as the first line in *.cmd
file (-S
due to a bug in cmd.exe's
"extproc" handling). For DOS one should first invent a corresponding
batch file and codify it in ALTERNATE_SHEBANG
(see the
dosish.h file in the source distribution for more information).
The Win95/NT installation, when using the ActiveState port of Perl,
will modify the Registry to associate the .pl
extension with the
perl interpreter. If you install another port, perhaps even building
your own Win95/NT Perl from the standard sources by using a Windows port
of gcc (e.g., with cygwin or mingw32), then you'll have to modify
the Registry yourself. In addition to associating .pl
with the
interpreter, NT people can use: SET PATHEXT=%PATHEXT%;.PL
to let them
run the program install-linux.pl
merely by typing install-linux
Under "Classic" MacOS, a perl program will have the appropriate Creator and
Type, so that double-clicking them will invoke the MacPerl application.
Under Mac OS X, clickable apps can be made from any #!
script using Wil
Sanchez' DropScript utility: http://www.wsanchez.net/software/ .
IMPORTANT!: Whatever you do, PLEASE don't get frustrated, and just throw the perl interpreter into your cgi-bin directory, in order to get your programs working for a web server. This is an EXTREMELY big security risk. Take the time to figure out how to do it correctly.
Yes. Read perlrun for more information. Some examples follow. (These assume standard Unix shell quoting rules.)
- # sum first and last fields
- perl -lane 'print $F[0] + $F[-1]' *
- # identify text files
- perl -le 'for(@ARGV) {print if -f && -T _}' *
- # remove (most) comments from C program
- perl -0777 -pe 's{/\*.*?\*/}{}gs' foo.c
- # make file a month younger than today, defeating reaper daemons
- perl -e '$X=24*60*60; utime(time(),time() + 30 * $X,@ARGV)' *
- # find first unused uid
- perl -le '$i++ while getpwuid($i); print $i'
- # display reasonable manpath
- echo $PATH | perl -nl -072 -e '
- s![^/+]*$!man!&&-d&&!$s{$_}++&&push@m,$_;END{print"@m"}'
OK, the last one was actually an Obfuscated Perl Contest entry. :-)
The problem is usually that the command interpreters on those systems have rather different ideas about quoting than the Unix shells under which the one-liners were created. On some systems, you may have to change single-quotes to double ones, which you must NOT do on Unix or Plan9 systems. You might also have to change a single % to a %%.
For example:
- # Unix (including Mac OS X)
- perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"'
- # DOS, etc.
- perl -e "print \"Hello world\n\""
- # Mac Classic
- print "Hello world\n"
- (then Run "Myscript" or Shift-Command-R)
- perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"'
- perl -e "print ""Hello world\n"""
The problem is that none of these examples are reliable: they depend on the command interpreter. Under Unix, the first two often work. Under DOS, it's entirely possible that neither works. If 4DOS was the command shell, you'd probably have better luck like this:
- perl -e "print <Ctrl-x>"Hello world\n<Ctrl-x>""
Under the Mac, it depends which environment you are using. The MacPerl shell, or MPW, is much like Unix shells in its support for several quoting variants, except that it makes free use of the Mac's non-ASCII characters as control characters.
Using qq(), q(), and qx(), instead of "double quotes", 'single quotes', and `backticks`, may make one-liners easier to write.
There is no general solution to all of this. It is a mess.
[Some of this answer was contributed by Kenneth Albanowski.]
For modules, get the CGI or LWP modules from CPAN. For textbooks, see the two especially dedicated to web stuff in the question on books. For problems and questions related to the web, like "Why do I get 500 Errors" or "Why doesn't it run from the browser right when it runs fine on the command line", see the troubleshooting guides and references in perlfaq9 or in the CGI MetaFAQ:
Looking in to Plack and modern Perl web frameworks is highly recommended, though; web programming in Perl has evolved a long way from the old days of simple CGI scripts.
A good place to start is perltoot, and you can use perlobj, perlboot, perltoot, perltooc, and perlbot for reference.
A good book on OO on Perl is the "Object-Oriented Perl" by Damian Conway from Manning Publications, or "Intermediate Perl" by Randal Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix from O'Reilly Media.
If you want to call C from Perl, start with perlxstut, moving on to perlxs, xsubpp, and perlguts. If you want to call Perl from C, then read perlembed, perlcall, and perlguts. Don't forget that you can learn a lot from looking at how the authors of existing extension modules wrote their code and solved their problems.
You might not need all the power of XS. The Inline::C module lets you put C code directly in your Perl source. It handles all the magic to make it work. You still have to learn at least some of the perl API but you won't have to deal with the complexity of the XS support files.
Download the ExtUtils::Embed kit from CPAN and run `make test'. If
the tests pass, read the pods again and again and again. If they
fail, see perlbug and send a bug report with the output of
make test TEST_VERBOSE=1
along with perl -V
A complete list of Perl's error messages and warnings with explanatory text can be found in perldiag. You can also use the splain program (distributed with Perl) to explain the error messages:
- perl program 2>diag.out
- splain [-v] [-p] diag.out
or change your program to explain the messages for you:
- use diagnostics;
- use diagnostics -verbose;
(contributed by brian d foy)
The ExtUtils::MakeMaker module, better known simply as "MakeMaker",
turns a Perl script, typically called Makefile.PL
, into a Makefile.
The Unix tool make
uses this file to manage dependencies and actions
to process and install a Perl distribution.
Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but is not required.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Shotgun shells (shotshells) use different projectiles and come in different sizes.
- Shotshells use a slug or shot as the projectile(s).
- A slug is a solid projectile, usually of lead, used for hunting big game with a shotgun.
- Shot are multiple pellets fired through a shotgun barrel. Shot size is adaptable to the game being hunted. This type of projectile is used typically to hunt game birds and small game animals.
- The shotshells must match exactly the gauge and shell length specified by the manufacturer. This information usually is found on the barrel of the shotgun. Shotguns may be chambered for 2½-inch, 2¾-inch, 3-inch, or 3½-inch shells. This refers to the length of the shell after it has been fired. Never load a shotshell that exceeds the approved shell length stamped on the barrel of your shotgun.


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text: Body Building is a great mix of cardio training and flexibility with a focus of low impact movement and low risk activity at an achievable pace. This full-body workout gets you more mobile and stronger both in body and cardio fitness. Active Adults class is as much about getting fit as it is about meeting new people.


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By David Eskenazi and Steve Rudman
This is going to sound like blasphemy, especially after the Seahawks strutted off with an ESPY award last week for Best Team in America for 2013. But the most compelling victory by a team in state history was not Seattle's 43-8 clobbering of Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, or the SuperSonics' triumph over the Washington Bullets in 1979 for the city's only NBA Championship.
Thrilling as were those wins (more than a million people combined to salute the teams in massive civic parades 35 years apart), they pale in comparison to the triumph by the University of Washington's eight-oared crew 78 years ago, on Aug. 14, 1936, at the Summer Olympic Games in Berlin. Before you demand that men with butterfly nets hunt us down, read "The Boys in the Boat" by Daniel James Brown (Viking).
This book – no, this sporting treasure – perched atop The New York Times bestseller list for 18 weeks and The Los Angeles Times bestseller list for many more. "The Boys in the Boat" is not only the best book ever written about any Washington-based athletic team, it's a story so riveting and inspiring that it ought to be a movie. In fact, a screenplay, according to danieljamesbrown.com, is in the works for what one reviewer described as "Chariots of Fire with oars."
"The Boys in the Boat" is better than "Chariots of Fire." It even trumps a similar period piece and a personal favorite, "Seabiscuit: An American Legend." Don't wait for the movie. Just as the film adaptation of "Seabiscuit" couldn't do justice to Laura Hillenbrand's remarkable 2001 New York Times bestseller, no movie will adequately transfer Brown's wonderful epic to the screen. It is simply too rife with history, personality, pathos and heart tugs.
"The Boys in the Boat" is the saga of nine young men, most of them dirt-poor sons of loggers, shipyard workers, fishermen and farmers, who emerge from the abyss of the Great Depression and embark upon an unlikely journey that crescendos with a six-minute goose-bump ride to a gold medal. Although gold is snatched brilliantly from under the disapproving nose of Adolph Hitler, the back-story is the true joy. Brown has turned it into a wrist-spraining page turner worthy of a suspense thriller.
Brown succeeds on so many levels. The heart of the narrative lies with Joe Rantz, a 6-foot-3 strapper from Sequim who comes to occupy the No. 7 seat in the gold-medal boat. Rantz's trek to earn that position involves enough personal pain to strike down a regatta's worth of oarsmen.
Rantz enrolled at the University of Washington in 1934 to escape crushing poverty and the rejection of a family that largely abandoned him when he was 10. Rantz figured his only chance of making it through school, his one chance to avoid a lifetime of economic hardship and social irrelevance, depended entirely on securing a seat in the 1934 freshman boat.
Rantz knew nothing about rowing; virtually none of the boys who rowed into history did. But under the guidance of freshman coach Tom Bolles and, later, varsity coach Al Ulbrickson, the boys painstakingly began to grasp the myriad complexities, physical, technical and psychological, of the sport. Brown offers a strong case that no athletic endeavor is tougher.
"There were a thousand and one small things that had to be learned, mastered, and brought to bear in precisely the right way to propel a twenty-four-inch-wide cedar shell, carrying three-quarters of a ton of human flesh and bone, through the water with any semblance of speed and grace . . . When you row, all the major muscles in your arms, legs and back — particularly the quadriceps, triceps, biceps, deltoids, latissimus dorsi, abdominals, hamstrings and gluteal muscles — do most of the grunt work, propelling the boat forward against the unrelenting resistance of water and wind.
"At the same time, scores of smaller muscles in the neck, wrists, hands and even feet continually fine-tune your effort, holding the body in constant equipoise in order to maintain the exquisite balance necessary to keep a twenty-four-inch-wide vessel on an even keel . . . Your body burns calories and consumes oxygen at a rate that is unmatched in almost every other human endeavor. Physiologists, in fact, have calculated that rowing a 2,000-meter race — the Olympic standard — takes the same physiological toll as playing two basketball games back-to-back. And it exacts that toll in about six minutes."
As Brown takes us through the boys' hellish training sessions on Lake Washington and the battles each faced with the dire economics of the Depression, we become personally acquainted with what Syracuse head coach Jim Ten Eyck, a winner of 10 national championships, would one day call "the greatest eight I ever saw and I never expect to see another like it."
In addition to Rantz (7), the eight were Roger Morris (bow), Charles Day (2), Gordon Adam (3), Johnny White (4), Jim "Stub" McMillin (5), George "Shorty" Hunt (6), Don Hume (8) and Bobby Moch (coxswain). Together, they formed a bond that created an historic Olympic moment — Grantland Rice wrote that it (and not Jesse Owens) was the "high spot" of the Games — and a friendship that lasted the rest of their lives.
The hardscrabble Rantz traveled the toughest road. To survive after his family tossed him away, he foraged the woods for berries and mushrooms and fished the Dungeness for steelhead and salmon. Rantz toiled at backbreaking jobs – he dug tunnels and ditches, uprooted stumps, asphalted roads, mopped floors – and even spent one summer as part of the construction gang that built Grand Coulee Dam, all to pay for his UW education.
Rantz's life is a book by itself, but Brown has woven in others that could also become books – even movies. The history of the Washington rowing program and its arch rivalry with the University of California, at least through the 1936 Olympic Games, is one. Al Ulbrickson is another.
A graduate of Franklin High who rowed from his home on Mercer Island every day to attend school, Ulbrickson began his varsity career at Washington as a stroke under Rusty Callow, two head coaches removed from Hiram Conibear, long ordained as the "Father of Washington rowing." Ulbrickson stroked UW's 1926 eight-oared shell to victory at the IRA regatta — the national championship of collegiate rowing — at Poughkeepsie, NY., and in 1928 succeeded Callow as head coach.
Rarely lumped in the same company with UW's greatest coaches, Ulbrickson might have been the best of the lot, coming off as he does as sort of a Don James with a megaphone instead of a practice tower, and a taciturn personality to match. Shells under Ulbrickson's command won a combined 28 varsity, junior varsity and freshman national titles, four times "sweeping the river" at the IRA regatta. His rowers also won two Olympic golds and a bronze and defeated Cal 20 times in head-to-head races.
Brown makes extensive use of Ulbrickson's log book, as well many as other sources, to show how Ulbrickson selected his oarsmen, how he prepared them through exhaustive drills in all conditions, how he strategized and how he manipulated the press by raising or lowering expectations for his crews — in sum, how Ulbrickson became and remained so successful for so long.
Brown dwells at length on Ulbrickson's rivalry with Ky Ebright, head coach at California. A Broadway High (Capitol Hill) graduate, Ebright served as one of Callow's coxswains and wanted to succeed Callow after the red head departed to coach the University of Pennsylvania.
Instead, UW hired Ulbrickson, seemingly sending Ebright into a career-long vendetta against his alma mater. In a crack bit of research, Brown uncovered an exchange of letters between Ebright and master boat builder George Pocock, who had sold Cal some of his racing shells.
Without a shred of evidence, Ebright convinced himself that the boats Pocock shipped to Cal were inferior to those he crafted for Washington. Ebright threatened Pocock that he would take his business elsewhere but never did, acutely aware of Pocock's singular genius.
Ebright also nurtured a jealous streak over the fact that Pocock's presence around the UW rowing program provided the Huskies with a competitive edge no other crew program in America had. That much was true, but Pocock had also been responsible for Ebright's hiring by California.
As the Depression raged, Cal found itself for financial reasons on the verge of abandoning its rowing program. That especially worried Pocock, who reasoned that if the Cal program went under, Washington would lose its No. 1 rival, thereby placing the UW program in jeopardy. But after Cal hired Ebright, his eights responded with gold medals at the 1928 and 1932 Olympic Games (Ebright won again in 1948), setting up the pitched battles Ebright's eight had with Ulbrickson's to determine the U.S. representative in Berlin.
As Brown points out, intercollegiate rowing was a far more popular spectator sport in the mid-1930s than now. All of the major newspapers covered the premier races with the same interest they accord to college and professional football today. And the most important of the races received prominent treatment in the newsreels, the short documentaries regularly released in public viewing places.
It was not uncommon for thousands upon thousands of fans to turn out for the Washington-Cal showdowns on Lake Washington or the Oakland Estuary, as did more than 100,000 in Seattle April 18, 1935 for the Pacific Coast Regatta. Brown described what the multitudes witnessed:
"As they (UW) flew down the last few hundred yards, their eight taut bodies rocked back and forth like pendulums, in perfect synchronicity. Their white blades flashed above the water like the wings of seabirds flying in formation. With every perfectly executed stroke, the expanse between them and the now exhausted Cal boys widened.
"In airplanes circling overhead, press photographers struggled to keep both boats in the frame of a single shot. Hundreds of boat whistles shrieked. The locomotive on the observation train wailed. Students on the Chippewa screamed. And a long, sustained roar went from tens of thousands standing along Sheridan Beach as the Husky Clipper crossed the line three lengths ahead of the California Clipper."
Pocock created both "clippers" in the loft above the old airplane hangar that served then as the Washington shell house. During his residency, no man did his job — no man since ever did his job — as well as George Yeoman Pocock did his.
Pocock is as much a star of "The Boys in the Boat" as the boys. Born in Eton, England, where he learned to race and design shells at the hand of his father, Pocock is the inspirational and practical genius at the root of Washington's century-long rowing success.
Conibear hired Pocock, who migrated from Eton to Vancouver, B.C., not long after Conibear became rowing coach in 1907. A former Chicago White Sox trainer, Conibear understood little about the sport. But he grasped that Pocock built the best racing shells in the world and possessed unsurpassed technical expertise when it came to the physics of the sport.
Conibear is credited with developing the revolutionary style of stroke that made Washington crews successful and famous, but it was Pocock who taught that stroke to Conibear, and it was Pocock who instructed Callow and Ulbrickson after Conibear fell out of a plum tree and broke his neck.
An incredible man, George Pocock. He came to know and cherish Northwest wood, what it was capable of, what he could do with it, and he passionately built his racing shells not only for Washington but, ultimately, for most of the rowing programs in America and some around the world.
At the 1936 IRA nationals at Poughkeepsie and the Olympic trials at Princeton University, a majority of boats in the races were Pocock's. In 1948, 15 of the 16 international boats in the Olympic Games in London had been built by Pocock in his lakeside loft on the UW campus.
"Generations of American oarsmen and coaches continued to buy and row in Pocock shells and also to seek him out and learn from him whenever and wherever he talked rowing," Brown wrote. "Through it all, Pocock's overriding passion remained the simple pleasure of shaping cedar, crafting his exquisite and delicate shells. One of his greatest personal triumphs came on the day when an order arrived in his shop for a western red cedar shell to be delivered to Oxford University for use in the upcoming Boat Race against Cambridge."
No mere boat builder, it was Pocock, not Ulbrickson, who helped Joe Rantz conquer the personal demons that stalked him since childhood, significant because Rantz, in the No. 7 seat, was the last boy selected for the boat and the final missing piece that elevated the 1936 Washington eight-oared crew to a still-exalted place in American rowing.
It almost didn't happen. After the Huskies won at Poughkeepsie and Princeton to earn the right to race in Berlin, the U.S. Olympic Committee informed a stunned Ulbrickson that Washington needed to come up with $5,000 to pay its way to Berlin. The committee had no money to offer, as Ulbrickson thought it did, and figured — correctly — that the Huskies had no money, either.
Henry Penn Burke, chairman of the Olympic Rowing Committee and a University of Pennsylvania graduate, offered to send his Quakers to Berlin in place of the Huskies, but an outraged Ulbrickson, who had exhausted all available funds to finance his team's trips to Poughkeepsie and Princeton, simply wouldn't have it. Neither would Royal Brougham nor George Varnell, sports editors and columnists at The Seattle Post Intelligencer and Seattle Times, respectively.
They whipped up a fund-raising frenzy. American Legion posts and Chambers of Commerce throughout Washington chipped in. Ordinary fans offered precious nickels and dimes. Sponsors came aboard. Within three days, Ulbrickson had the $5,000. As Gordon Adam, who rowed in the No. 3 seat, recalled in an interview many years later, "People in the city felt that they were stockholders in the operation."
When the Huskies arrived in Berlin, they were confronted with the greatest stagecraft in Olympic history. Brown documents how Hitler and his minions organized the Games with the express purpose of hiding the brutality of the Nazi regime while creating an alternative reality intended to showcase the superiority of Germany and its athletes. American track and field star Jesse Owens helped sabotage the effort by winning four gold medals and, although less hyped then and through the years, the Huskies more than did their part – despite obvious chicanery by rowing officials.
Based on qualifying times, Washington should have drawn a favored lane – one, two or three – but the German Olympic Committee broke all precedent and slotted the Huskies in lane No. 6, the part of the course least protected from wind and waves. It effectively meant that Washington would start the gold-medal race two lengths behind.
"It (the lane assignments) handicapped the most talented and fastest boats, and gave every advantage to the slower boats," Brown wrote. "It gave the protected lanes to the host country (Germany) and her closest allies (Italy and Switzerland), the worst lanes to her prospective (war) enemies (Great Britain, United States). It was deeply suspicious . . . "
Ultimately, of course, it didn't matter, and Brown takes us through Aug. 14 with such skill that it's almost as if we had a press credential and unfettered access to the day's events.
"In Seattle it was early morning. For days, department stores, electrical appliance stores, the Sherman Clay piano store, even the jewelry store Weisfield & Goldberg, had been doing a land-office business selling new Philco 61F Olympic Special radio cabinets. Despite the $49.95 price tag, Seattleites had been snatching them up. Each came with a shortwave tuner and a special 'high-efficiency' aerial kit to ensure clear reception of both the standard radio broadcast on NBC and shortwave broadcasts in a variety of languages direct from Berlin. . . .
"All over America millions of people — people who had hardly heard of Seattle before the Poughkeepsie Regatta, people who had to go to work later that Friday morning, if they were lucky enough to have a job, people who had to tend to the farm chores, if they were still lucky enough to still have a farm — were starting to fiddle with the dials on their radios. The Jesse Owens story had already galvanized much of the nation, driving home what exactly was at stake in these Olympic Games. Now America waited to see if the rough-and-tumble western boys from Washington State would write another chapter in the story."
Brown describes the gold medal race in such a way that you feel like you've got an oar in your hand and are pulling in perfect sync, and for all your life, right along with Joe Rantz as coxswain Bobby Moch, making full use of his "three pounds of brain," barks orders, stroke Don Hume nearly passes out from walking pneumonia, and Hitler, Hermann Goring at his side, watches from a reviewing stand.
The gold-medal race occupies several riveting pages, after which Brown re-created the scene back home as people celebrated Washington's six-tenths of a second victory over the fast-closing Italian boat.
"All over Seattle — in cozy restaurants downtown, in smoky neighborhood bars in Wallingford, in clattering coffee shops out in Ballard, in grocery store lines from Everett to Tacoma — people just couldn't stop talking about it. For the next few weeks, crowds packed into movie theaters to witness for themselves, on newsreels, what their boys had done in Berlin."
The obvious question — how did Daniel James Brown recreate this stunning slice of history? — is answered in part in the research notes printed in the back of the book and also published (a more extensive version) on his website.
He interviewed "the boys" still alive at the time he began the project, including Rantz, by then dying of congestive heart failure. Fortunately, several of the boys had kept personal journals. Brown consulted those, interviewed family members, poured through scrapbooks, consulted texts, documents, magazines and newspapers, watched newsreels, and made use of photographs. If his "endnotes" could be converted into confetti, there would be enough to bury all the Twelves who attended the Seahawks' Super Bowl parade.
During her time as coxswain for the University of Washington women's eight (1999-02), Mary Whipple, later to lead the USA to Olympic golds in Beijing (2008) and London (2012), often gazed into the rafters of the Conibear Shell House at Pocock's Husky Clipper, where it hangs today.
"For years I've stared and wondered about the old wooden boat resting on the top rack of the UW boathouse," Whipple wrote. "I knew the names of the boys that rowed it but never really knew who they were. After reading the book, I felt like I got to relive their journey and witness what it was truly like earning a seat in that Pocock shell. The passion and determination showed by Joe and the rest of the boys in the boat is what every rower aspires to. I will never look at that wooden boat the same again."
Brown has recreated and preserved for generations one of the most inspiring sports stories in American history. Take nothing away from the 2013 Seahawks, 1979 Sonics or any future champion. But the 1936 gold medal won by "The Boys in the Boat" will always shine brightest.
Daniel James Brown has two appearances in the Seattle area this month — at the Seattle Public Library, Ballard Branch (5614 22nd Ave. NW), July 26 at 2 p.m., and at Third Place Books (17171 Bothell Way NE in Lake Forest Park), July 28 at 7 p.m.
Many of the historic images published on Sportspress Northwest are provided by resident Northwest sports history aficionado David Eskenazi. Check out David's Wayback Machine Archive. David can be reached at (206) 441-1900, or firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Surgical InstructionsIt is important to us that our patients are informed during every step of their treatment so that they are well prepared and have the chance to ask questions. The following information is a starting point for researching your procedure and should assist in developing a list of questions to ask during your consultation. Before AnesthesiaThere are a few steps that patients need to take prior to anesthesia. First, you should not eat or drink anything at least 8 hours prior to surgery and refrain from smoking 12 hours prior to surgery. You will need someone to accompany you to the surgery and drive you home after. On the day of surgery, do not wear any jewelry, contact lenses, or dentures. If you regularly take medications, discuss those with the doctor to ensure that they are approved prior to surgery. Other than these simple considerations, there is nothing else you need to do to prepare for surgery. After Wisdom Tooth RemovalWisdom tooth extraction is a surgical procedure that requires some post-operative care to reduce the chance of infection or other complications. Immediately after surgery, a gauze pad will be placed over the extraction site, which should not be removed for at least 45 minutes, and then discarded after that. Refrain from drinking from a straw or rinsing the mouth to ensure that you do not dislodge the blood clot that has formed. Limit your activities that day. You can resume your regular activities the following day. Take the pain medication as prescribed to reduce the amount of discomfort you feel after the local anesthetic wears off. As with any oral surgery, refrain from drinking through a straw as doing so creates suction and may disrupt the sutures. After Dental Implant SurgeryAfter dental implant surgery, it is recommended that you take at easy for 48-72 hours. Resting assists the healing process and limits after surgery bleeding. Drink plenty of fluids, but nothing too cold. You may need to apply an ice pack to your face in twenty-minute intervals for the 2 days following surgery. If you received upper implants, do not blow your nose for two weeks. It is common to experience slight bleeding for about two days after surgery. You will feel slightly uncomfortable the first two days following surgery, but the third day is generally better. An increase in temperature of about 1 to 2 degrees is to be expected and is not a cause for concern. Finally, while you can eat when you are hungry, do not chew directly onto the bone graft. After Impacted ToothA tooth becomes impacted when there is not enough room to accommodate the space in the dental arch and growth becomes impossible. After surgery to remove an impacted tooth, mild discomfort and some swelling is expected. This is part of the process and should not alarm you. You may use cold compresses to alleviate the swelling. In addition, your doctor will prescribe pain medication, which should be taken as directed. Patients are also advised to favor the extraction area and modify their diet for a few days to allow for healing. Multiple Tooth ExtractionsThe removal of one or two teeth is a simple procedure. Extracting multiple teeth requires that the jawbone be shaped and removed to prepare for a denture. You may experience the following after a multiple tooth extraction procedure. Within two days, you will experience the maximum swelling both inside the mouth and possibly around the eye as well. The area around your eye may also become discolored, which may be alleviated by a warm compress. The muscles near the extraction site may become sore after surgery, causing a sore throat. This is normal as well as the corners of your mouth becoming dry and cracked from being stretched open during surgery. In most cases, you will have a follow up appointment with your dentist within 48 hours after surgery to discuss any post surgery symptoms that you are experiencing. |


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This sweatshirt offers maximum versatility with full zip detailing. The full athletic cut gives freedom of movement and the colorfast fabric keeps your colors true wash after wash.
Every order is custom printed and personalized to your needs direct from our production facility in Detroit, MI. Items are typically completed within 2-5 business days and then require additional shipping time to reach your location. Bulk orders of 12 or more items will take 4-6 business days for production.


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All Care Guides
Cat Supplies
Every well-kept cat needs some basic supplies. Many kinds of supplies are available, so your choices will depend on your and your cat's needs and preferences. Here are some basic guidelines regarding cat supplies.
Read More Cherry Eye (prolapsed nictitans gland)
Like people, animals have upper and lower eyelids. However, they also have a third eyelid on the inside corner of each eye for extra protection of the eye's surface. Tucked beneath this third eyelid is the nictitans gland, a small, pinkish mass of tissue that helps produce tears to lubricate the eye.
Read More Chest Radiography
A radiograph (sometimes called an x-ray) is a type of photograph that reveals the body's bones and internal organs. The procedure for obtaining a radiograph is called radiography. Radiography is a very useful diagnostic tool for veterinarians because it can help obtain information about almost any organ in the body, including the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs, as well as the bones.
Read More Chocolate Toxicosis
Toxicosis is disease due to poisoning. Chocolate contains two ingredients that can be toxic to pets—caffeine, and a chemical called theobromine. While dogs and cats are both very sensitive to the effects of caffeine and theobromine, cats are usually not attracted to chocolate, so chocolate toxicosis tends to be less common in cats.
Read More Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidney disease is a very general term used to describe several conditions that can affect the kidneys or damage kidney cells. If kidney disease progresses, it can eventually lead to kidney failure and death.
Read More


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We want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase. Items can be returned or exchanged within 30 days of delivery.


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The Project
The Project
Ivory Matters
Pictures of the Month
1 to 3 of 3
About Us
The Gothic Ivories Project is an online database of ivory sculptures made in Western Europe ca. 1200-ca. 1530 and neo-Gothic ivory pieces.
Collaborating Institutions
Institutions from all over the world have joined us on the Project.
Find out who and how...
The Web Site
A few facts and tips to help you make the best use of the web site.
Please remember to acknowledge any use of the site in publications and lectures as: 'Gothic Ivories Project at The Courtauld Institute of Art, London, www.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk', followed by the date you accessed the site.


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The FTD® Pacific Paradise™ Arrangement
C20-4872The FTD® Pacific Paradise™ Arrangement displays ginger and anthurium blooms to whisk your special recipient off to the sunny tropics with its sophisticated styling. Pink ginger, bright green anthurium and mini anthurium, green hypericum berries, queen protea and a variety of lush tropical greens are perfectly arranged in a graphite oval container to create a display of beauty and finesse.
- For U.S. and Canada deliveries only
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All items featured on this site represent the types of arrangements we offer and may vary depending upon availability in certain regions. Substitution Policy


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I'm happy to be sharing the release of The Fine Art of Pretending because seriously Rachel rocks. I read this book and loved it. I'm excited for everyone else to read it too. I've loved all of Rachel's books but this might be my fav of her YA. I mean Brandon..... So check out the excerpt and make sure to stop back at my blog October 9th for my blog tour stop which will include a review and dream cast. Woot!! Go Rachel!
Title: The Fine Art of Pretending
Author: Rachel Harris
Publisher: Spencer Hill Contemporary
Pub Date: Sept. 30 2014
According to the guys at Fairfield Academy, there are two types of girls: the kind you hook up with, and the kind you're friends with. Seventeen-year-old Alyssa Reed is the second type. And she hates it. With just one year left to change her rank, she devises a plan to become the first type by homecoming, and she sets her sights on the perfect date—Justin Carter, Fairfield Academy's biggest hottie and most notorious player.
With 57 days until the dance, Aly launches Operation Sex Appeal and sheds her tomboy image. The only thing left is for Justin actually to notice her. Enter best friend Brandon Taylor, the school's second biggest hottie, and now Aly's pretend boyfriend. With his help, elevating from "funny friend" to "tempting vixen" is only a matter of time.
But when everything goes according to plan, the inevitable "break up" leaves their friendship in shambles, and Aly and Brandon with feelings they can't explain. And the fake couple discovers pretending can sometimes cost you the one thing you never expected to want.
An exhale of breath leaves Brandon's lips, almost like a laugh, and he scoots closer to me on the blanket. I twist my legs under myself, sitting tall as I face him. He cups my chin and tilts it toward him, drowning me in the now dark-green depths of his eyes, the cologne I gave him for his birthday filling my head. It's woodsy and yummy and I always loved how it smelled on the store testers, but on Brandon, it's even sexier. My eyes flutter closed, and I inhale again, this time slowly. Goose bumps prickle my arms, and my head gets fuzzy.
Brandon slides his hand down the column of my neck and brings the other up, threading his fingers through the hair at my nape. His breath fans across my cheek, and everything south of my bellybutton squeezes tight.
When his mouth first meets mine, it's hesitant, questioning. But as I move my lips with his, he quickly grows bolder, coaxing them apart.
Desire, pure and raw, electrifies my veins as his tongue sweeps my mouth. A whimpering sound springs from my chest, and instinctively, I wrap my arms around his neck, tugging him closer. Needing more. My teeth graze his full bottom lip, and I pull it, sucking on it gently.
He moans and knots his fingers in my hair, and a thrill dances down my back.
Brandon is an amazing kisser, just as I knew he would be. I have no control over my body's reactions. I lose myself in his lips, his tongue, and his strong arms, forgetting time and space and even my surroundings—until Gabi's snicker brings reality crashing around us, reminding me we have an audience.
And that I'm kissing Brandon.
We break apart, out of breath, and stare into each other's eyes.
That was unexpected.
Award-winning and Bestselling author Rachel Harris writes humorous love stories about sassy girls next door and the hot guys that make them swoon. Emotion, vibrant settings, and strong relationships are a staple in each of her books...and kissing. Lots of kissing.
An admitted Diet Mountain Dew addict and homeschool mom, she gets through each day by laughing at herself, hugging her kids, and watching way too much Food Network with her husband. She writes young adult, new adult, and adult romance, and LOVES talking with readers.


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Thumbs Up to Relief
Many people go to a chiropractor because they are in pain. In this first phase of care, the main goal is to reduce your symptoms. Sometimes this will require daily visits, or two to three visits per week for a time.
Most people are under the assumption that if they don't feel any pain that there is nothing wrong with them - that they are healthy. Unfortunately, pain is a very poor indicator of health. In fact, pain and other symptoms frequently only appear after a disease or other condition has become advanced.
For example, consider a cavity in your tooth. Does it hurt when it first develops or only after it has become serious? How about heart disease? Regardless of whether you are talking about cancer, heart disease, diabetes, stress or problems with the spine, pain is usually the last thing to appear. When you begin chiropractic care, pain is also the first symptom to disappear, even though much of the underlying condition remains.


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With Premium PLUS….
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Next, log in to Premium Plus Messenger and write a self-introduction.
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Your teacher will help you improve pronunciation and fluency, but, more importantly, this activity will give you confidence to use your self-introduction in your everyday life.
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Camelot - Flannel - Aim For The Moon - Purple
Camelot - Flannel - Aim For The Moon - Purple
Unleash your inner adventurer with Camelot Flannel! Featuring a playful mid-century modern design of vibrant purple and green space rockets against a bold black background, this flannel is sure to ignite your imagination and inspire you to aim for the moon.
SOLD IN FULL METERS - fabric, elastic, and other products that are cut to measure are available only in full meters for online orders. Its a Shopify thing and as soon as we find an awesome workaround you can count on us to make that magic happen. Want to put in a request for a 0.5 meter cut? Find the form HERE! Due to order volume, 0.5m requests will NOT be processed during online sales.
Buying fabric? Measure twice so that we can cut once! Review your pattern. Check the unit of measure (we go by meters). Add a bit of length to factor in shrinkage during prewashing.
Buying patterns? Pattern size ranges can vary depending on the pattern, designer, and style. Review the pattern closely before purchase and check your own measurements against the pattern specifications. All patterns and printed materials (books, magazines, etc.) are final sale.
Picking colours? RICK RACK does our best to accurately represent all products and colours but colours may appear different between device screens. Please be aware that any cut fabric cannot be returned or exchanged, so if you're not sure about colour drop us a line or send us an email!


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1 Maccabees, CHAPTER 5
Victories over Hostile Neighbors.
When the nations round about heard that the altar had been rebuilt and the sanctuary restored as before, they were enraged.
So they decided to destroy the descendants of Jacob who were among them, and they began to kill and eradicate the people.
Then Judas attacked the Edomites at Akrabattene in Idumea, because they were blockading Israel; he dealt them a heavy blow, humbled and despoiled them.
He also remembered the malice of the Baeanites, who had become a snare and a stumbling block to the people by ambushing them along the roads.
He forced them to take refuge in towers, which he besieged; he put them under the ban and burned down their towers along with all who were in them.
Then he crossed over to the Ammonites, where he found a strong army and a large body of people with Timothy as their leader.
He fought many battles with them, routed them, and struck them down.
After seizing Jazer and its villages, he returned to Judea.
Liberation of Jews in Galilee and Gilead.
The Gentiles in Gilead assembled to destroy the Israelites who were in their territory; these then fled to the stronghold of Dathema.
They sent a letter to Judas and his brothers saying: "The Gentiles around us have assembled against us to destroy us,
and they are preparing to come and seize this stronghold to which we have fled. Timothy is the leader of their army.
Come at once to rescue us from them, for many of us have fallen.
All our kindred who were in the territory of the Tobiads have been killed; the Gentiles have captured their wives, their children and their goods, and they have slain there about a thousand men."
While they were reading this letter, suddenly other messengers, with garments torn, arrived from Galilee to deliver a similar message:
that "the inhabitants of Ptolemais, Tyre, and Sidon, and the whole of Gentile Galilee have joined forces to destroy us."
When Judas and the people heard this, a great assembly convened to consider what they should do for their kindred who were in distress and being attacked by enemies.
Judas said to his brother Simon: "Choose men for yourself, and go, rescue your kindred in Galilee; my brother Jonathan and I will go to Gilead."
He left Joseph, son of Zechariah, and Azariah, leader of the people, with the rest of the army in Judea to guard it.
He commanded them, "Take charge of these people, but do not join battle against the Gentiles until we return."
Three thousand men were allotted to Simon to go into Galilee, and eight thousand men to Judas, for Gilead.
Simon went into Galilee and fought many battles with the Gentiles. They were crushed before him,
and he pursued them to the very gate of Ptolemais. About three thousand of the Gentiles fell, and he gathered their spoils.
He took with him the Jews who were in Galilee and in Arbatta, with their wives and children and all that they had, and brought them to Judea with great rejoicing.
Judas Maccabeus and his brother Jonathan crossed the Jordan and marched for three days through the wilderness.
There they met some Nabateans, who received them peaceably and told them all that had happened to their kindred in Gilead:
"Many of them are shut up in Bozrah, in Bosor near Alema, in Chaspho, Maked, and Carnaim"―all of these are large, fortified cities―
"and some are shut up in other cities of Gilead. Tomorrow their enemies plan to attack the strongholds and to seize and destroy all these people in one day."
Thereupon Judas suddenly changed direction with his army, marched across the wilderness to Bozrah, and captured the city. He put every male to the sword, took all their spoils, and set fire to the city.
He led his army from that place by night, and they marched toward the stronghold.
When morning came, they looked ahead and saw a countless multitude, with ladders and machines for capturing the stronghold, beginning to attack.
When Judas perceived that the struggle had begun and that the noise of the battle was resounding to heaven with trumpet blasts and loud shouting,
he said to the men of his army, "Fight for our kindred today."
He came up behind them with three columns blowing their trumpets and crying out in prayer.
When the army of Timothy realized that it was Maccabeus, they fled before him, and he inflicted on them a great defeat. About eight thousand of their men fell that day.
Then he turned toward Alema and attacked and captured it; he killed every male, took spoils, and burned it down.
From there he moved on and took Chaspho, Maked, Bosor, and the other cities of Gilead.
After these events Timothy assembled another army and camped opposite Raphon, on the other side of the wadi.
Judas sent men to spy on the camp, and they reported to him: "All the Gentiles around us have rallied to him, making a very large force;
they have also hired Arabians to help them, and have camped beyond the wadi, ready to attack you." So Judas went forward to meet them.
As Judas and his army were approaching the flowing wadi, Timothy said to the officers of his army: "If he crosses over to us first, we shall not be able to resist him; he will certainly defeat us.
But if he is hesitant and camps on the other side of the river, we will cross over to him and defeat him."
But when Judas reached the flowing wadi, he stationed the officers of the people beside it and gave them this order: "Do not allow anyone to encamp; all must go into battle."
He was the first to cross to the attack, with all the people behind him, and all the Gentiles were crushed before them. They threw away their arms and fled to the temple enclosure at Carnaim.
But Judas' troops captured the city and burnt the temple enclosure with all who were in it. So Carnaim was subdued, and Judas met with no more resistance.
Return to Jerusalem.
Then Judas assembled all the Israelites, great and small, who were in Gilead, with their wives and children and their goods, a very large company, to go into the land of Judah.
When they reached Ephron, a large and strongly fortified city along the way, they found it impossible to go around it on either the right or the left; they would have to march right through it.
But the people in the city shut them out and blocked up the gates with stones.
Then Judas sent them this peaceful message: "Let us cross your territory in order to reach our own; no one will harm you; we will only march through." But they would not open to him.
So Judas ordered a proclamation to be made in the camp that everyone should take up positions where they were.
When the men of the army took up their positions, he assaulted the city all that day and night, and it was delivered into his hand.
He put every male to the sword, leveled the city, took spoils and passed through it over the slain.
Then they crossed the Jordan to the great plain in front of Beth-shan;
and Judas kept gathering the stragglers and encouraging the people the whole way, until he reached the land of Judah.
They ascended Mount Zion in joy and gladness and sacrificed burnt offerings, because not one of them had fallen; they had returned in safety.
Joseph and Azariah Defeated.
In those days when Judas and Jonathan were in the land of Gilead, and Simon his brother was in Galilee opposite Ptolemais,
Joseph, son of Zechariah, and Azariah, the leaders of the army, heard about the brave deeds and the fighting that they were doing.
They said, "Let us also make a name for ourselves by going out and fighting against the Gentiles around us."
They gave orders to those of their army who were with them, and marched against Jamnia.
But Gorgias and his men came out of the city to meet them in battle.
Joseph and Azariah were routed and were pursued to the frontiers of Judea, and about two thousand Israelites fell that day.
It was a great setback for the people, because they had not obeyed Judas and his brothers, thinking that they would do brave deeds.
But they were not of the family through whom Israel's deliverance was given.
Victories at Hebron and Azotus.
The valiant Judas and his brothers were greatly honored in all Israel and among all the Gentiles, wherever their name was heard;
and people gathered about them and praised them.
Then Judas and his brothers went out and attacked the Edomites in the land toward the south; he took Hebron and its villages, and he destroyed its strongholds and burned the towers around it.
He then set out for the land of the foreigners and passed through Marisa.
On that day some priests fell in battle who had gone out rashly to fight in their desire to do brave deeds.
Judas then turned toward Azotus in the land of the foreigners. He destroyed their altars and burned the carved images of their gods; and after plundering their cities he returned to the land of Judah.


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Furthermore we will store all of the IP address that you use to post with. Depending on your preferences may send you emails to the email address that holds in your account which will either be that you used when you registered or one that you have subsequently changed, but you are able to change these preferences from your User Control Panel (UCP) at any time should you wish to stop receiving them.
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text:
Note: Phoronix disabled editing forum posts some time ago, so check the main PPA page for updated informations!
0 - Introduction
Some year ago I wrote a guide on Installing latest Open Source ATI drivers under Ubuntu to provide the new - at the time - Radeon R500 support with free drivers.
Now Ubuntu 11.04 (natty) just get released shipping latest official mesa release 7.10.2. However current mesa snapshots have a huge amount of new features which make feel old this official release. Ubuntu 10.10 (maverick) ships an older pre-release snapshot of mesa 7.9.
So I am now providing a PPA with updated mesa and X drivers as an easy way for users to try all the new features developed in the past months and early detect eventual bugs to report to developers. This is somewhat inspired by the xorg-edgers PPA but it only provides graphics drivers to lower the risk of breakage. Also I want to provide some packaging improvements and possibly new features (e.g. integrate testing branches like glsl-130 or pipe-video) when they'll be sufficient stable.
Supported Ubuntu versions: 10.10 (maverick) and 11.04 (natty).
1 - Improvements
Mesa improvements:
- 7.11 snapshot from git master
- lots of new OpenGL extensions and almost complete OpenGL3 support
- improved games support (e.g. Humble Frozenbyte Bundle games and Unigine 3D engine)
- performance improvements, especially on the gallium drivers (e.g. over 2x in TORCS on r300g)
- bug fixes
Note that being snapshots they may also have new bugs.
Mesa packaging improvements:
- support for S3TC texture compression* (Recommends included libtxc-dxtn)
- support for floating-point textures*
- llvm support (for faster gallium drivers)
- gallium llvmpipe as the default software renderer rather than classic swrast
- i915 and nouveau gallium drivers in the experimental package
- --enable-debug flag (to better debug mesa and games bugs)
- better package compression with 50% binary size reduction (for faster download)
- custom OpenGL version string to make sure you are running drivers from this PPA
*these are patented features that can be used after agreeing the related IP: ARB_texture_float and EXT_texture_compression_s3tc. They are provided here for testing purpose only, anyway.
For more details check the changelog.
Updated drivers and libdrm from git:
Only free drivers will be provided. No binary fglrx and nvidia drivers.
2 - Installing
Just type this in a terminal:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oibaf/graphics-drivers sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
If all goes well, and if glxinfo is installed, typing in a shell:
glxinfo | grep OpenGL
3 - Using alternative drivers
Examples on how to run your OpenGL program (in this case glxgears -info) with non default drivers.
To force the use of gallium llvmpipe software render:
LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1 glxgears -info
LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1 LIBGL_DRIVERS_PATH=/usr/lib/dri-alternates glxgears -info
LIBGL_DRIVERS_PATH=/usr/lib/dri-alternates glxgears -info
If you want to use the gallium nouveau or i915 driver install also the experimental package:
sudo apt-get install libgl1-mesa-dri-experimental
To force the use of gallium i915 driver (classic driver will still be the default):
LIBGL_DRIVERS_PATH=/usr/lib/dri-alternates glxgears -info
If you have some problem with the drivers try running the application from the command line and see if there are any graphics related warnings (note that mesa is built with --enable-debug which can provide useful debug informations). Also type dmesg to see if there are other related informations here. If you get crashes install the relevant -dbg pacakges (libgl1-mesa-dri-dbg or libgl1-mesa-dri-experimental-dbg for 3D drivers and xserver-xorg-video-intel-dbg , xserver-xorg-video-nouveau-dbg or xserver-xorg-video-radeon-dbg for X drivers) and reproduce the crash with gdb. Example:
$ gdb glxgears [...make your application crash and then get a backtrace with:] (gdb) bt
With the gathered informations try querying freedesktop bugzilla for similar bugs (also try with google). If no bugs were already reported, you may want to report a new one:
5 - Revert to original drivers
To revert to standard Ubuntu drivers (strongly suggested before an Ubuntu release upgrade) type the following in a prompt shell:
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge sudo ppa-purge ppa:oibaf/graphics-drivers
Feel free to request new features or propose any suggestions here!