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Rechercher une page de manuel
Langue: en
Version: xdm 1.1.6 (mandriva - 01/05/08)
Section: 1 (Commandes utilisateur)
- IPv6 MULTICAST ADDRESS SPECIFICATION
xdm - X Display Manager with support for XDMCP, host chooserSYNOPSIS
xdm [ -config configuration_file ] [ -nodaemon ] [ -debug debug_level ] [ -error error_log_file ] [ -resources resource_file ] [ -server server_entry ] [ -session session_program ]DESCRIPTION
Xdm manages a collection of X displays, which may be on the local host or remote servers. The design of xdm was guided by the needs of X terminals as well as The Open Group standard XDMCP, the X Display Manager Control Protocol. Xdm provides services similar to those provided by init, getty and login on character terminals: prompting for login name and password, authenticating the user, and running a ``session.''A ``session'' is defined by the lifetime of a particular process; in the traditional character-based terminal world, it is the user's login shell. In the xdm context, it is an arbitrary session manager. This is because in a windowing environment, a user's login shell process does not necessarily have any terminal-like interface with which to connect. When a real session manager is not available, a window manager or terminal emulator is typically used as the ``session manager,'' meaning that termination of this process terminates the user's session.
When the session is terminated, xdm resets the X server and (optionally) restarts the whole process.
When xdm receives an Indirect query via XDMCP, it can run a chooser process to perform an XDMCP BroadcastQuery (or an XDMCP Query to specified hosts) on behalf of the display and offer a menu of possible hosts that offer XDMCP display management. This feature is useful with X terminals that do not offer a host menu themselves.
Xdm can be configured to ignore BroadcastQuery messages from selected hosts. This is useful when you don't want the host to appear in menus produced by chooser or X terminals themselves.
Because xdm provides the first interface that users will see, it is designed to be simple to use and easy to customize to the needs of a particular site. Xdm has many options, most of which have reasonable defaults. Browse through the various sections of this manual, picking and choosing the things you want to change. Pay particular attention to the Session Program section, which will describe how to set up the style of session desired.
xdm is highly configurable, and most of its behavior can be controlled by resource files and shell scripts. The names of these files themselves are resources read from the file xdm-config or the file named by the -config option.xdm offers display management two different ways. It can manage X servers running on the local machine and specified in Xservers, and it can manage remote X servers (typically X terminals) using XDMCP (the XDM Control Protocol) as specified in the Xaccess file.
The resources of the X clients run by xdm outside the user's session, including xdm's own login window, can be affected by setting resources in the Xresources file.
For X terminals that do not offer a menu of hosts to get display management from, xdm can collect willing hosts and run the chooser program to offer the user a menu. For X displays attached to a host, this step is typically not used, as the local host does the display management.
After resetting the X server, xdm runs the Xsetup script to assist in setting up the screen the user sees along with the xlogin widget.
The xlogin widget, which xdm presents, offers the familiar login and password prompts.
After the user logs in, xdm runs the Xstartup script as root.
Then xdm runs the Xsession script as the user. This system session file may do some additional startup and typically runs the .xsession script in the user's home directory. When the Xsession script exits, the session is over.
At the end of the session, the Xreset script is run to clean up, the X server is reset, and the cycle starts over.
The file /var/log/xdm.log will contain error messages from xdm and anything output to stderr by Xsetup, Xstartup, Xsession or Xreset. When you have trouble getting xdm working, check this file to see if xdm has any clues to the trouble.
All of these options, except -config itself, specify values that can also be specified in the configuration file as resources.
- -config configuration_file
- Names the configuration file, which specifies resources to control the behavior of xdm. /usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config is the default. See the section Configuration File.
- -nodaemon
- Specifies ``false'' as the value for the DisplayManager.daemonMode resource. This suppresses the normal daemon behavior, which is for xdm to close all file descriptors, disassociate itself from the controlling terminal, and put itself in the background when it first starts up.
- -debug debug_level
- Specifies the numeric value for the DisplayManager.debugLevel resource. A non-zero value causes xdm to print lots of debugging statements to the terminal; it also disables the DisplayManager.daemonMode resource, forcing xdm to run synchronously. To interpret these debugging messages, a copy of the source code for xdm is almost a necessity. No attempt has been made to rationalize or standardize the output.
- -error error_log_file
- Specifies the value for the DisplayManager.errorLogFile resource. This file contains errors from xdm as well as anything written to stderr by the various scripts and programs run during the progress of the session.
- -resources resource_file
- Specifies the value for the DisplayManager*resources resource. This file is loaded using xrdb(1) to specify configuration parameters for the authentication widget.
- -server server_entry
- Specifies the value for the DisplayManager.servers resource. See the section Local Server Specification for a description of this resource.
- -udpPort port_number
- Specifies the value for the DisplayManager.requestPort resource. This sets the port-number which xdm will monitor for XDMCP requests. As XDMCP uses the registered well-known UDP port 177, this resource should not be changed except for debugging. If set to 0 xdm will not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests.
- -session session_program
- Specifies the value for the DisplayManager*session resource. This indicates the program to run as the session after the user has logged in.
- -xrm resource_specification
- Allows an arbitrary resource to be specified, as in most X Toolkit applications.
At many stages the actions of xdm can be controlled through the use of its configuration file, which is in the X resource format. Some resources modify the behavior of xdm on all displays, while others modify its behavior on a single display. Where actions relate to a specific display, the display name is inserted into the resource name between ``DisplayManager'' and the final resource name segment.For local displays, the resource name and class are as read from the Xservers file.
For remote displays, the resource name is what the network address of the display resolves to. See the removeDomain resource. The name must match exactly; xdm is not aware of all the network aliases that might reach a given display. If the name resolve fails, the address is used. The resource class is as sent by the display in the XDMCP Manage request.
Because the resource manager uses colons to separate the name of the resource from its value and dots to separate resource name parts, xdm substitutes underscores for both dots and colons when generating the resource name. For example, DisplayManager.expo_x_org_0.startup is the name of the resource which defines the startup shell file for the ``expo.x.org:0'' display.
- DisplayManager.servers
- This resource either specifies a file name full of server entries, one per line (if the value starts with a slash), or a single server entry. See the section Local Server Specification for the details.
- DisplayManager.requestPort
- This indicates the UDP port number which xdm uses to listen for incoming XDMCP requests. Unless you need to debug the system, leave this with its default value of 177.
- DisplayManager.errorLogFile
- Error output is normally directed at the system console. To redirect it, set this resource to a file name. A method to send these messages to syslog should be developed for systems which support it; however, the wide variety of interfaces precludes any system-independent implementation. This file also contains any output directed to stderr by the Xsetup, Xstartup, Xsession and Xreset files, so it will contain descriptions of problems in those scripts as well.
- DisplayManager.debugLevel
- If the integer value of this resource is greater than zero, reams of debugging information will be printed. It also disables daemon mode, which would redirect the information into the bit-bucket, and allows non-root users to run xdm, which would normally not be useful.
- DisplayManager.daemonMode
- Normally, xdm attempts to make itself into a daemon process unassociated with any terminal. This is accomplished by forking and leaving the parent process to exit, then closing file descriptors and releasing the controlling terminal. In some environments this is not desired (in particular, when debugging). Setting this resource to ``false'' will disable this feature.
- DisplayManager.pidFile
- The filename specified will be created to contain an ASCII representation of the process-id of the main xdm process. Xdm also uses file locking on this file to attempt to eliminate multiple daemons running on the same machine, which would cause quite a bit of havoc.
- DisplayManager.lockPidFile
- This is the resource which controls whether xdm uses file locking to keep multiple display managers from running amok. On System V, this uses the lockf library call, while on BSD it uses flock.
- DisplayManager.authDir
- This names a directory under which xdm stores authorization files while initializing the session. The default value is /usr/lib/X11/xdm. Can be overridden for specific displays by DisplayManager.DISPLAY.authFile.
- DisplayManager.autoRescan
- This boolean controls whether xdm rescans the configuration, servers, access control and authentication keys files after a session terminates and the files have changed. By default it is ``true.'' You can force xdm to reread these files by sending a SIGHUP to the main process.
- DisplayManager.removeDomainname
- When computing the display name for XDMCP clients, the name resolver will typically create a fully qualified host name for the terminal. As this is sometimes confusing, xdm will remove the domain name portion of the host name if it is the same as the domain name of the local host when this variable is set. By default the value is ``true.''
- DisplayManager.keyFile
- XDM-AUTHENTICATION-1 style XDMCP authentication requires that a private key be shared between xdm and the terminal. This resource specifies the file containing those values. Each entry in the file consists of a display name and the shared key. By default, xdm does not include support for XDM-AUTHENTICATION-1, as it requires DES which is not generally distributable because of United States export restrictions.
- DisplayManager.accessFile
- To prevent unauthorized XDMCP service and to allow forwarding of XDMCP IndirectQuery requests, this file contains a database of hostnames which are either allowed direct access to this machine, or have a list of hosts to which queries should be forwarded to. The format of this file is described in the section XDMCP Access Control.
- DisplayManager.exportList
- A list of additional environment variables, separated by white space, to pass on to the Xsetup, Xstartup, Xsession, and Xreset programs.
- DisplayManager.randomFile
- A file to checksum to generate the seed of authorization keys. This should be a file that changes frequently. The default is /dev/mem.
- DisplayManager.randomDevice
- A file to read 8 bytes from to generate the seed of authorization keys. The default is "/dev/urandom" . If this file cannot be read, or if a read blocks for more than 5 seconds, xdm falls back to using a checksum of DisplayManager.randomFile to generate the seed.
- DisplayManager.prngdSocket
- DisplayManager.prngPort
- A UNIX domain socket name or a TCP socket port number on local host on which a Pseudo-Random Number Generator Daemon, like EGD (http://egd.sourceforge.net) is listening, in order to generate the autorization keys. Either a non null port or a valid socket name must be specified. The default is to use the Unix-domain socket /tmp/entropy.
On systems that don't have such a daemon, a fall-back entropy gathering system, based on various log file contents hashed by the MD5 algorithm is used instead.
- DisplayManager.greeterLib
- On systems that support a dynamically-loadable greeter library, the name of the library. The default is /usr/lib/X11/xdm/libXdmGreet.so.
- DisplayManager.choiceTimeout
- Number of seconds to wait for display to respond after user has selected a host from the chooser. If the display sends an XDMCP IndirectQuery within this time, the request is forwarded to the chosen host. Otherwise, it is assumed to be from a new session and the chooser is offered again. Default is 15.
- DisplayManager.sourceAddress
- Use the numeric IP address of the incoming connection on multihomed hosts instead of the host name. This is to avoid trying to connect on the wrong interface which might be down at this time.
- DisplayManager.willing
- This specifies a program which is run (as) root when an an XDMCP BroadcastQuery is received and this host is configured to offer XDMCP display management. The output of this program may be displayed on a chooser window. If no program is specified, the string Willing to manage is sent.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resources
- This resource specifies the name of the file to be loaded by xrdb as the resource database onto the root window of screen 0 of the display. The Xsetup program, the Login widget, and chooser will use the resources set in this file. This resource data base is loaded just before the authentication procedure is started, so it can control the appearance of the login window. See the section Authentication Widget, which describes the various resources that are appropriate to place in this file. There is no default value for this resource, but /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xresources is the conventional name.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.chooser
- Specifies the program run to offer a host menu for Indirect queries redirected to the special host name CHOOSER. /usr/lib/X11/xdm/chooser is the default. See the sections XDMCP Access Control and Chooser.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.xrdb
- Specifies the program used to load the resources. By default, xdm uses /usr/bin/xrdb.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.cpp
- This specifies the name of the C preprocessor which is used by xrdb.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.setup
- This specifies a program which is run (as root) before offering the Login window. This may be used to change the appearance of the screen around the Login window or to put up other windows (e.g., you may want to run xconsole here). By default, no program is run. The conventional name for a file used here is Xsetup. See the section Setup Program.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.startup
- This specifies a program which is run (as root) after the authentication process succeeds. By default, no program is run. The conventional name for a file used here is Xstartup. See the section Startup Program.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.session
- This specifies the session to be executed (not running as root). By default, /usr/bin/xterm is run. The conventional name is Xsession. See the section Session Program.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.reset
- This specifies a program which is run (as root) after the session terminates. By default, no program is run. The conventional name is Xreset. See the section Reset Program.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.openDelay
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.openRepeat
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.openTimeout
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.startAttempts
- These numeric resources control the behavior of xdm when attempting to open intransigent servers. openDelay is the length of the pause (in seconds) between successive attempts, openRepeat is the number of attempts to make, openTimeout is the amount of time to wait while actually attempting the open (i.e., the maximum time spent in the connect(2) system call) and startAttempts is the number of times this entire process is done before giving up on the server. After openRepeat attempts have been made, or if openTimeout seconds elapse in any particular attempt, xdm terminates and restarts the server, attempting to connect again. This process is repeated startAttempts times, at which point the display is declared dead and disabled. Although this behavior may seem arbitrary, it has been empirically developed and works quite well on most systems. The default values are 5 for openDelay, 5 for openRepeat, 30 for openTimeout and 4 for startAttempts.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.pingInterval
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.pingTimeout
- To discover when remote displays disappear, xdm occasionally pings them, using an X connection and XSync calls. pingInterval specifies the time (in minutes) between each ping attempt, pingTimeout specifies the maximum amount of time (in minutes) to wait for the terminal to respond to the request. If the terminal does not respond, the session is declared dead and terminated. By default, both are set to 5 minutes. If you frequently use X terminals which can become isolated from the managing host, you may wish to increase this value. The only worry is that sessions will continue to exist after the terminal has been accidentally disabled. xdm will not ping local displays. Although it would seem harmless, it is unpleasant when the workstation session is terminated as a result of the server hanging for NFS service and not responding to the ping.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.terminateServer
- This boolean resource specifies whether the X server should be terminated when a session terminates (instead of resetting it). This option can be used when the server tends to grow without bound over time, in order to limit the amount of time the server is run. The default value is ``false.''
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.userPath
- Xdm sets the PATH environment variable for the session to this value. It should be a colon separated list of directories; see sh(1) for a full description. ``:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb'' is a common setting. The default value can be specified at build time in the X system configuration file with DefaultUserPath.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemPath
- Xdm sets the PATH environment variable for the startup and reset scripts to the value of this resource. The default for this resource is specified at build time by the DefaultSystemPath entry in the system configuration file; ``/etc:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb'' is a common choice. Note the absence of ``.'' from this entry. This is a good practice to follow for root; it avoids many common Trojan Horse system penetration schemes.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemShell
- Xdm sets the SHELL environment variable for the startup and reset scripts to the value of this resource. It is /bin/sh by default.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.failsafeClient
- If the default session fails to execute, xdm will fall back to this program. This program is executed with no arguments, but executes using the same environment variables as the session would have had (see the section Session Program). By default, /usr/bin/xterm is used.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.grabServer
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.grabTimeout
- To improve security, xdm grabs the server and keyboard while reading the login name and password. The grabServer resource specifies if the server should be held for the duration of the name/password reading. When ``false,'' the server is ungrabbed after the keyboard grab succeeds, otherwise the server is grabbed until just before the session begins. The default is ``false.'' The grabTimeout resource specifies the maximum time xdm will wait for the grab to succeed. The grab may fail if some other client has the server grabbed, or possibly if the network latencies are very high. This resource has a default value of 3 seconds; you should be cautious when raising it, as a user can be spoofed by a look-alike window on the display. If the grab fails, xdm kills and restarts the server (if possible) and the session.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.authorize
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.authName
- authorize is a boolean resource which controls whether xdm generates and uses authorization for the local server connections. If authorization is used, authName is a list of authorization mechanisms to use, separated by white space. XDMCP connections dynamically specify which authorization mechanisms are supported, so authName is ignored in this case. When authorize is set for a display and authorization is not available, the user is informed by having a different message displayed in the login widget. By default, authorize is ``true.'' authName is ``MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1,'' or, if XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1 is available, ``XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1.''
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.authFile
- This file is used to communicate the authorization data from xdm to the server, using the -auth server command line option. It should be kept in a directory which is not world-writable as it could easily be removed, disabling the authorization mechanism in the server. If not specified, a name is generated from DisplayManager.authDir and the name of the display.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.authComplain
- If set to ``false,'' disables the use of the unsecureGreeting in the login window. See the section Authentication Widget. The default is ``true.''
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resetSignal
- The number of the signal xdm sends to reset the server. See the section Controlling the Server. The default is 1 (SIGHUP).
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.termSignal
- The number of the signal xdm sends to terminate the server. See the section Controlling the Server. The default is 15 (SIGTERM).
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resetForAuth
- The original implementation of authorization in the sample server reread the authorization file at server reset time, instead of when checking the initial connection. As xdm generates the authorization information just before connecting to the display, an old server would not get up-to-date authorization information. This resource causes xdm to send SIGHUP to the server after setting up the file, causing an additional server reset to occur, during which time the new authorization information will be read. The default is ``false,'' which will work for all MIT servers.
- DisplayManager.DISPLAY.userAuthDir
- When xdm is unable to write to the usual user authorization file ($HOME/.Xauthority), it creates a unique file name in this directory and points the environment variable XAUTHORITY at the created file. It uses /tmp by default.
First, the xdm configuration file should be set up. Make a directory (usually /usr/lib/X11/xdm) to contain all of the relevant files.Here is a reasonable configuration file, which could be named xdm-config:
DisplayManager.servers: /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers DisplayManager.errorLogFile: /var/log/xdm.log DisplayManager*resources: /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xresources DisplayManager*startup: /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xstartup DisplayManager*session: /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession DisplayManager.pidFile: /var/run/xdm-pid DisplayManager._0.authorize: true DisplayManager*authorize: false
Note that this file mostly contains references to other files. Note also that some of the resources are specified with ``*'' separating the components. These resources can be made unique for each different display, by replacing the ``*'' with the display-name, but normally this is not very useful. See the Resources section for a complete discussion.
The database file specified by the DisplayManager.accessFile provides information which xdm uses to control access from displays requesting XDMCP service. This file contains three types of entries: entries which control the response to Direct and Broadcast queries, entries which control the response to Indirect queries, and macro definitions.
The format of the Direct entries is simple, either a host name or a pattern, which is distinguished from a host name by the inclusion of one or more meta characters (`*' matches any sequence of 0 or more characters, and `?' matches any single character) which are compared against the host name of the display device. If the entry is a host name, all comparisons are done using network addresses, so any name which converts to the correct network address may be used. For patterns, only canonical host names are used in the comparison, so ensure that you do not attempt to match aliases. Preceding either a host name or a pattern with a `!' character causes hosts which match that entry to be excluded.
To only respond to Direct queries for a host or pattern, it can be followed by the optional ``NOBROADCAST'' keyword. This can be used to prevent an xdm server from appearing on menus based on Broadcast queries.
An Indirect entry also contains a host name or pattern, but follows it with a list of host names or macros to which indirect queries should be sent.
A macro definition contains a macro name and a list of host names and other macros that the macro expands to. To distinguish macros from hostnames, macro names start with a `%' character. Macros may be nested.
Indirect entries may also specify to have xdm run chooser to offer a menu of hosts to connect to. See the section Chooser.
When checking access for a particular display host, each entry is scanned in turn and the first matching entry determines the response. Direct and Broadcast entries are ignored when scanning for an Indirect entry and vice-versa.
Blank lines are ignored, `#' is treated as a comment delimiter causing the rest of that line to be ignored, and `\newline' causes the newline to be ignored, allowing indirect host lists to span multiple lines.
Here is an example Xaccess file:
# # Xaccess - XDMCP access control file # # # Direct/Broadcast query entries # !xtra.lcs.mit.edu # disallow direct/broadcast service for xtra bambi.ogi.edu # allow access from this particular display *.lcs.mit.edu # allow access from any display in LCS *.deshaw.com NOBROADCAST # allow only direct access *.gw.com # allow direct and broadcast # # Indirect query entries # %HOSTS expo.lcs.mit.edu xenon.lcs.mit.edu excess.lcs.mit.edu kanga.lcs.mit.edu extract.lcs.mit.edu xenon.lcs.mit.edu #force extract to contact xenon !xtra.lcs.mit.edu dummy #disallow indirect access *.lcs.mit.edu %HOSTS #all others get to choose
If compiled with IPv6 support, multicast address groups may also be included in the list of addresses indirect queries are set to. Multicast addresses may be followed by an optional / character and hop count. If no hop count is specified, the multicast hop count defaults to 1, keeping the packet on the local network. For IPv4 multicasting, the hop count is used as the TTL.
rincewind.sample.net ff02::1 #IPv6 Multicast to ff02::1 #with a hop count of 1 ponder.sample.net CHOOSER 184.108.40.206/16 #Offer a menu of hosts #who respond to IPv4 Multicast # to 184.108.40.206 with a TTL of 16
For X terminals that do not offer a host menu for use with Broadcast or Indirect queries, the chooser program can do this for them. In the Xaccess file, specify ``CHOOSER'' as the first entry in the Indirect host list. Chooser will send a Query request to each of the remaining host names in the list and offer a menu of all the hosts that respond.
The list may consist of the word ``BROADCAST,'' in which case chooser will send a Broadcast instead, again offering a menu of all hosts that respond. Note that on some operating systems, UDP packets cannot be broadcast, so this feature will not work.
Example Xaccess file using chooser:
extract.lcs.mit.edu CHOOSER %HOSTS #offer a menu of these hosts xtra.lcs.mit.edu CHOOSER BROADCAST #offer a menu of all hosts
The program to use for chooser is specified by the DisplayManager.DISPLAY.chooser resource. For more flexibility at this step, the chooser could be a shell script. Chooser is the session manager here; it is run instead of a child xdm to manage the display.
Resources for this program can be put into the file named by DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resources.
When the user selects a host, chooser prints the host chosen, which is read by the parent xdm, and exits. xdm closes its connection to the X server, and the server resets and sends another Indirect XDMCP request. xdm remembers the user's choice (for DisplayManager.choiceTimeout seconds) and forwards the request to the chosen host, which starts a session on that display.
The following configuration directive is also defined for the Xaccess configuration file:- LISTEN interface [list of multicast group addresses]
- interface may be a hostname or IP addresss representing a network interface on this machine, or the wildcard * to represent all available network interfaces.
If one or more LISTEN lines are specified, xdm only listens for XDMCP connections on the specified interfaces. If multicast group addresses are listed on a listen line, xdm joins the multicast groups on the given interface.
If no LISTEN lines are given, the original behavior of listening on all interfaces is preserved for backwards compatibility. Additionally, if no LISTEN is specified, xdm joins the default XDMCP IPv6 multicast group, when compiled with IPv6 support.
To disable listening for XDMCP connections altogther, a line of LISTEN with no addresses may be specified, or the previously supported method of setting DisplayManager.requestPort to 0 may be used.
LISTEN * ff02::1 # Listen on all interfaces and to the # ff02::1 IPv6 multicast group. LISTEN 10.11.12.13 # Listen only on this interface, as long # as no other listen directives appear in # file.
IPv6 MULTICAST ADDRESS SPECIFICATION
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority has has assigned ff0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:12b as the permanently assigned range of multicast addresses for XDMCP. The X in the prefix may be replaced by any valid scope identifier, such as 1 for Node-Local, 2 for Link-Local, 5 for Site-Local, and so on. (See IETF RFC 2373 or its replacement for further details and scope definitions.) xdm defaults to listening on the Link-Local scope address ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:12b to most closely match the old IPv4 subnet broadcast behavior.
The resource DisplayManager.servers gives a server specification or, if the values starts with a slash (/), the name of a file containing server specifications, one per line.
Each specification indicates a display which should constantly be managed and which is not using XDMCP. This method is used typically for local servers only. If the resource or the file named by the resource is empty, xdm will offer XDMCP service only.
Each specification consists of at least three parts: a display name, a display class, a display type, and (for local servers) a command line to start the server. A typical entry for local display number 0 would be:
:0 Digital-QV local /usr/bin/X :0The display types are:
local local display: xdm must run the server foreign remote display: xdm opens an X connection to a running server
The display name must be something that can be passed in the -display option to an X program. This string is used to generate the display-specific resource names, so be careful to match the names (e.g., use ``:0 Sun-CG3 local /usr/bin/X :0'' instead of ``localhost:0 Sun-CG3 local /usr/bin/X :0'' if your other resources are specified as ``DisplayManager._0.session''). The display class portion is also used in the display-specific resources, as the class of the resource. This is useful if you have a large collection of similar displays (such as a corral of X terminals) and would like to set resources for groups of them. When using XDMCP, the display is required to specify the display class, so the manual for your particular X terminal should document the display class string for your device. If it doesn't, you can run xdm in debug mode and look at the resource strings which it generates for that device, which will include the class string.
When xdm starts a session, it sets up authorization data for the server. For local servers, xdm passes ``-auth filename'' on the server's command line to point it at its authorization data. For XDMCP servers, xdm passes the authorization data to the server via the Accept XDMCP request.
The Xresources file is loaded onto the display as a resource database using xrdb. As the authentication widget reads this database before starting up, it usually contains parameters for that widget:xlogin*login.translations: #override Ctrl<Key>R: abort-display()\n <Key>F1: set-session-argument(failsafe) finish-field()\n <Key>Return: set-session-argument() finish-field() xlogin*borderWidth: 3 xlogin*greeting: CLIENTHOST #ifdef COLOR xlogin*greetColor: CadetBlue xlogin*failColor: red #endif
Please note the translations entry; it specifies a few new translations for the widget which allow users to escape from the default session (and avoid troubles that may occur in it). Note that if #override is not specified, the default translations are removed and replaced by the new value, not a very useful result as some of the default translations are quite useful (such as ``<Key>: insert-char ()'' which responds to normal typing).
This file may also contain resources for the setup program and chooser.
The Xsetup file is run after the server is reset, but before the Login window is offered. The file is typically a shell script. It is run as root, so should be careful about security. This is the place to change the root background or bring up other windows that should appear on the screen along with the Login widget.In addition to any specified by DisplayManager.exportList, the following environment variables are passed:
DISPLAY the associated display name PATH the value of DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemPath SHELL the value of DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemShell XAUTHORITY may be set to an authority file
Note that since xdm grabs the keyboard, any other windows will not be able to receive keyboard input. They will be able to interact with the mouse, however; beware of potential security holes here. If DisplayManager.DISPLAY.grabServer is set, Xsetup will not be able to connect to the display at all. Resources for this program can be put into the file named by DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resources.
Here is a sample Xsetup script:
#!/bin/sh # Xsetup_0 - setup script for one workstation xcmsdb < /usr/lib/X11/xdm/monitors/alex.0 xconsole -geometry 480x130-0-0 -notify -verbose -exitOnFail &
The authentication widget prompts the user for the username, password, and/or other required authentication data from the keyboard. Nearly every imaginable parameter can be controlled with a resource. Resources for this widget should be put into the file named by DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resources. All of these have reasonable default values, so it is not necessary to specify any of them.The resource file is loaded with xrdb(1) so it may use the substitutions defined by that program such as CLIENTHOST for the client hostname in the login message, or C pre-processor #ifdef statements to produce different displays depending on color depth or other variables.
Xdm can be compiled with support for the Xft(3) library for font rendering. If this support is present, font faces are specified using the resources with names ending in "face" in the fontconfig face format described in the Font Names section of fonts.conf(5). If not, then fonts are specified using the resources with names ending in "font" in the traditional X Logical Font Description format described in the Font Names section of X(7).
- xlogin.Login.width, xlogin.Login.height, xlogin.Login.x, xlogin.Login.y
- The geometry of the Login widget is normally computed automatically. If you wish to position it elsewhere, specify each of these resources.
- xlogin.Login.foreground
- The color used to display the input typed by the user.
- xlogin.Login.face
- The face used to display the input typed by the user when built with Xft support. The default is ``Serif-18''.
- xlogin.Login.font
- The font used to display the input typed by the user when not built with Xft support.
- xlogin.Login.greeting
- A string which identifies this window. The default is ``X Window System.''
- xlogin.Login.unsecureGreeting
- When X authorization is requested in the configuration file for this display and none is in use, this greeting replaces the standard greeting. The default is ``This is an unsecure session''
- xlogin.Login.greetFace
- The face used to display the greeting when built with Xft support. The default is ``Serif-24:italic''.
- xlogin.Login.greetFont
- The font used to display the greeting when not built with Xft support.
- xlogin.Login.greetColor
- The color used to display the greeting.
- xlogin.Login.namePrompt
- The string displayed to prompt for a user name. Xrdb strips trailing white space from resource values, so to add spaces at the end of the prompt (usually a nice thing), add spaces escaped with backslashes. The default is ``Login: ''
- xlogin.Login.passwdPrompt
- The string displayed to prompt for a password, when not using an authentication system such as PAM that provides its own prompts. The default is ``Password: ''
- xlogin.Login.promptFace
- The face used to display prompts when built with Xft support. The default is ``Serif-18:bold''.
- xlogin.Login.promptFont
- The font used to display prompts when not built with Xft support.
- xlogin.Login.promptColor
- The color used to display prompts.
- xlogin.Login.changePasswdMessage
- A message which is displayed when the users password has expired. The default is ``Password Change Required''
- xlogin.Login.fail
- A message which is displayed when the authentication fails, when not using an authentication system such as PAM that provides its own prompts. The default is ``Login incorrect''
- xlogin.Login.failFace
- The face used to display the failure message when built with Xft support. The default is ``Serif-18:bold''.
- xlogin.Login.failFont
- The font used to display the failure message when not built with Xft support.
- xlogin.Login.failColor
- The color used to display the failure message.
- xlogin.Login.failTimeout
- The number of seconds that the failure message is displayed. The default is 10.
- xlogin.Login.logoFileName
- Name of an XPM format pixmap to display in the greeter window, if built with XPM support. The default is no pixmap.
- xlogin.Login.logoPadding
- Number of pixels of space between the logo pixmap and other elements of the greeter window, if the pixmap is displayed. The default is 5.
- xlogin.Login.useShape
- If set to ``true'', when built with XPM support, attempt to use the X Non-Rectangular Window Shape Extension to set the window shape. The default is ``true''.
- xlogin.Login.hiColor, xlogin.Login.shdColor
- Raised appearance bezels may be drawn around the greeter frame and text input boxes by setting these resources. hiColor is the highlight color, used on the top and left sides of the frame, and the bottom and right sides of text input areas. shdColor is the shadow color, used on the bottom and right sides of the frame, and the top and left sides of text input areas. The default for both is the foreground color, providing a flat appearance.
- xlogin.Login.frameWidth
- frameWidth is the width in pixels of the area around the greeter frame drawn in hiColor and shdColor.
- xlogin.Login.innerFramesWidth
- innerFramesWidth is the width in pixels of the area around text input areas drawn in hiColor and shdColor.
- xlogin.Login.sepWidth
- sepWidth is the width in pixels of the bezeled line between the greeting and input areas drawn in hiColor and shdColor.
- xlogin.Login.allowRootLogin
- If set to ``false'', don't allow root (and any other user with uid = 0) to log in directly. The default is ``true''.
- xlogin.Login.allowNullPasswd
- If set to ``true'', allow an otherwise failing password match to succeed if the account does not require a password at all. The default is ``false'', so only users that have passwords assigned can log in.
- xlogin.Login.translations
- This specifies the translations used for the login widget. Refer to the X Toolkit documentation for a complete discussion on translations. The default translation table is:
Ctrl<Key>H: delete-previous-character() \n Ctrl<Key>D:delete-character() \n Ctrl<Key>B:move-backward-character() \n Ctrl<Key>F:move-forward-character() \n Ctrl<Key>A:move-to-begining() \n Ctrl<Key>E:move-to-end() \n Ctrl<Key>K:erase-to-end-of-line() \n Ctrl<Key>U:erase-line() \n Ctrl<Key>X:erase-line() \n Ctrl<Key>C:restart-session() \n Ctrl<Key>\\:abort-session() \n <Key>BackSpace:delete-previous-character() \n <Key>Delete:delete-previous-character() \n <Key>Return:finish-field() \n <Key>:insert-char()
The actions which are supported by the widget are:
- delete-previous-character
- Erases the character before the cursor.
- delete-character
- Erases the character after the cursor.
- move-backward-character
- Moves the cursor backward.
- move-forward-character
- Moves the cursor forward.
- move-to-begining
- (Apologies about the spelling error.) Moves the cursor to the beginning of the editable text.
- move-to-end
- Moves the cursor to the end of the editable text.
- erase-to-end-of-line
- Erases all text after the cursor.
- erase-line
- Erases the entire text.
- finish-field
- If the cursor is in the name field, proceeds to the password field; if the cursor is in the password field, checks the current name/password pair. If the name/password pair is valid, xdm starts the session. Otherwise the failure message is displayed and the user is prompted again.
- abort-session
- Terminates and restarts the server.
- abort-display
- Terminates the server, disabling it. This action is not accessible in the default configuration. There are various reasons to stop xdm on a system console, such as when shutting the system down, when using xdmshell, to start another type of server, or to generally access the console. Sending xdm a SIGHUP will restart the display. See the section Controlling XDM.
- restart-session
- Resets the X server and starts a new session. This can be used when the resources have been changed and you want to test them or when the screen has been overwritten with system messages.
- insert-char
- Inserts the character typed.
- set-session-argument
- Specifies a single word argument which is passed to the session at startup. See the section Session Program.
- allow-all-access
- Disables access control in the server. This can be used when the .Xauthority file cannot be created by xdm. Be very careful using this; it might be better to disconnect the machine from the network before doing this.
On some systems (OpenBSD) the user's shell must be listed in /etc/shells to allow login through xdm. The normal password and account expiration dates are enforced too.
The Xstartup program is run as root when the user logs in. It is typically a shell script. Since it is run as root, Xstartup should be very careful about security. This is the place to put commands which add entries to /etc/utmp (the sessreg program may be useful here), mount users' home directories from file servers, or abort the session if logins are not allowed.
In addition to any specified by DisplayManager.exportList, the following environment variables are passed:
DISPLAY the associated display name HOME the initial working directory of the user LOGNAME the user name USER the user name PATH the value of DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemPath SHELL the value of DisplayManager.DISPLAY.systemShell XAUTHORITY may be set to an authority file WINDOWPATH may be set to the "window path" leading to the X server
No arguments are passed to the script. Xdm waits until this script exits before starting the user session. If the exit value of this script is non-zero, xdm discontinues the session and starts another authentication cycle.
The sample Xstartup file shown here prevents login while the file /etc/nologin exists. Thus this is not a complete example, but simply a demonstration of the available functionality.
Here is a sample Xstartup script:
#!/bin/sh # # Xstartup # # This program is run as root after the user is verified # if [ -f /etc/nologin ]; then xmessage -file /etc/nologin -timeout 30 -center exit 1 fi sessreg -a -l $DISPLAY -x /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers $LOGNAME /usr/lib/X11/xdm/GiveConsole exit 0
The Xsession program is the command which is run as the user's session. It is run with the permissions of the authorized user.
In addition to any specified by DisplayManager.exportList, the following environment variables are passed:
DISPLAY the associated display name HOME the initial working directory of the user LOGNAME the user name USER the user name PATH the value of DisplayManager.DISPLAY.userPath SHELL the user's default shell (from getpwnam) XAUTHORITY may be set to a non-standard authority file KRB5CCNAME may be set to a Kerberos credentials cache name WINDOWPATH may be set to the "window path" leading to the X server
At most installations, Xsession should look in $HOME for a file .xsession, which contains commands that each user would like to use as a session. Xsession should also implement a system default session if no user-specified session exists.
An argument may be passed to this program from the authentication widget using the `set-session-argument' action. This can be used to select different styles of session. One good use of this feature is to allow the user to escape from the ordinary session when it fails. This allows users to repair their own .xsession if it fails, without requiring administrative intervention. The example following demonstrates this feature.
This example recognizes the special ``failsafe'' mode, specified in the translations in the Xresources file, to provide an escape from the ordinary session. It also requires that the .xsession file be executable so we don't have to guess what shell it wants to use.
#!/bin/sh # # Xsession # # This is the program that is run as the client # for the display manager. case $# in 1) case $1 in failsafe) exec xterm -geometry 80x24-0-0 ;; esac esac startup=$HOME/.xsession resources=$HOME/.Xresources if [ -f "$startup" ]; then exec "$startup" else if [ -f "$resources" ]; then xrdb -load "$resources" fi twm & xman -geometry +10-10 & exec xterm -geometry 80x24+10+10 -ls fi
The user's .xsession file might look something like this example. Don't forget that the file must have execute permission.
#! /bin/csh # no -f in the previous line so .cshrc gets run to set $PATH twm & xrdb -merge "$HOME/.Xresources" emacs -geometry +0+50 & xbiff -geometry -430+5 & xterm -geometry -0+50 -ls
Symmetrical with Xstartup, the Xreset script is run after the user session has terminated. Run as root, it should contain commands that undo the effects of commands in Xstartup, removing entries from /etc/utmp or unmounting directories from file servers. The environment variables that were passed to Xstartup are also passed to Xreset.
A sample Xreset script:
#!/bin/sh # # Xreset # # This program is run as root after the session ends # sessreg -d -l $DISPLAY -x /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers $LOGNAME /usr/lib/X11/xdm/TakeConsole exit 0
Xdm controls local servers using POSIX signals. SIGHUP is expected to reset the server, closing all client connections and performing other cleanup duties. SIGTERM is expected to terminate the server. If these signals do not perform the expected actions, the resources DisplayManager.DISPLAY.resetSignal and DisplayManager.DISPLAY.termSignal can specify alternate signals.To control remote terminals not using XDMCP, xdm searches the window hierarchy on the display and uses the protocol request KillClient in an attempt to clean up the terminal for the next session. This may not actually kill all of the clients, as only those which have created windows will be noticed. XDMCP provides a more sure mechanism; when xdm closes its initial connection, the session is over and the terminal is required to close all other connections.
Xdm responds to two signals: SIGHUP and SIGTERM. When sent a SIGHUP, xdm rereads the configuration file, the access control file, and the servers file. For the servers file, it notices if entries have been added or removed. If a new entry has been added, xdm starts a session on the associated display. Entries which have been removed are disabled immediately, meaning that any session in progress will be terminated without notice and no new session will be started.
When sent a SIGTERM, xdm terminates all sessions in progress and exits. This can be used when shutting down the system.
Xdm attempts to mark its various sub-processes for ps(1) by editing the command line argument list in place. Because xdm can't allocate additional space for this task, it is useful to start xdm with a reasonably long command line (using the full path name should be enough). Each process which is servicing a display is marked -display.
To add an additional local display, add a line for it to the Xservers file. (See the section Local Server Specification.)
Examine the display-specific resources in xdm-config (e.g., DisplayManager._0.authorize) and consider which of them should be copied for the new display. The default xdm-config has all the appropriate lines for displays :0 and :1.
You can use xdm to run a single session at a time, using the 4.3 init options or other suitable daemon by specifying the server on the command line:
xdm -server ":0 SUN-3/60CG4 local /usr/bin/X :0"
Or, you might have a file server and a collection of X terminals. The configuration for this is identical to the sample above, except the Xservers file would look like
extol:0 VISUAL-19 foreign exalt:0 NCD-19 foreign explode:0 NCR-TOWERVIEW3000 foreign
This directs xdm to manage sessions on all three of these terminals. See the section Controlling Xdm for a description of using signals to enable and disable these terminals in a manner reminiscent of init(8).
One thing that xdm isn't very good at doing is coexisting with other window systems. To use multiple window systems on the same hardware, you'll probably be more interested in xinit.FILES
- /usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config
- the default configuration file
- $HOME/.Xauthority
- user authorization file where xdm stores keys for clients to read
- /usr/lib/X11/xdm/chooser
- the default chooser
- /usr/bin/xrdb
- the default resource database loader
- /usr/bin/X
- the default server
- /usr/bin/xterm
- the default session program and failsafe client
- /usr/lib/X11/xdm/A<display>-<suffix>
- the default place for authorization files
- /tmp/K5C<display>
- Kerberos credentials cache
X(7), xinit(1), xauth(1), xrdb(1), Xsecurity(7), sessreg(1), Xserver(1), fonts.conf(5).X Display Manager Control Protocol
Keith Packard, MIT X ConsortiumContenus ©2006-2024 Benjamin Poulain
Design ©2006-2024 Maxime Vantorre


text:
IELTS Writing Task 2/ Essay Topics with sample answer.
IELTS Academic and GT Essay/ Writing Task 2 Sample
IELTS Writing Task 2 (also known as IELTS Essay Writing) is the second task of your IELTS Writing test. Here, you will be presented with an essay topic and you will be scored based on your ability to respond to the topic.
You need to write at least 250 words and justify your opinion with arguments, discussion, examples, problem outlining, proposing possible solutions and supporting your position. You will have approximately 40 minutes to finish your Essay Writing. IELTS Writing Task 2 carries more weights than Writing Task 1.
Are you planning to take your IELTS Exam soon? Take an online course and achieve your dream score on your IELTS test.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is a fully responsive, bootstrap based awesome and minimal app showcase template for ipad. This template can be also used for iPhone app website by changing the header graphic. This template includes slider, video, etc.. inside the ipad preview. This template can be modified easily with our detailed documentation.
Here you can write your app first feature like this app is made with love. You will get lot of delicous things from this app
This app is really made for you. simple and elegant design with attractive icons and images will get you more business and pesonal attachment


text:
Sprinkles & Toppers Ltd
80th Birthday Pink Stand Up Cake Toppers (12 pack)
80th Birthday Pink Stand Up Cake Toppers (12 pack)
Regular price
Regular price
Sale price
Unit price
Pack contains 12 images - 3 of each image - printed onto premium wafer card
These items are not pre cut - simply cut around each image with sharp scissors or a craft knife
Each image has a small 'pic' printed underneath, simply cut around image and 'pic' and slide straight into your ready iced cupcakes. Can be used with buttercream or icing. For thicker icing, make a small indentation first ready to slide the 'pic' into.
Printed vibrant images - guaranteed to make your cupcakes look spectacular
Please Note: The colour may not be as vibrant as on screen image due to inks absorbing slightly into wafer card
Printed using food grade edible ink
Full storage and application instructions included with every product
A completely edible cake decoration
Gluten Free ~ Dairy Free ~ Suitable for Vegetarians
Wafer Paper: potato starch, water
Edible Inks: Demineralised water, Glycerin, Citric Acid E330 E405 Potassium sorbate E202 Valium sorbate E202 Ponceau E124 Colours: E151 E101 E104 E131


text:
Source: United States Energy Information Administration
Natural Gas Liquids Definition: Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated as liquids at natural gas processing plants, fractionating and cycling plants, and in some instances, field facilities. Lease condensate is excluded. Products obtained include liquefied petroleum gases (ethane, propane, and butanes), pentanes plus, and isopentane. Component products may be fractionated or mixed.
See also: Commodity prices
See also: Commodities market


text:
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text:
🔥 SUMMERSALE is on from all major suppliers. Make best use of the sales while they last.
Showing the single result
Washing machines, Wpro
We try to keep the product availability information up-to-date. However, in some instances, you might be served with outdated information as product information is not made available to us by the supplier.
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text:
Name: Bee Gees
Followers: 7,809,453
Monthly Listeners: 27,260,649
Top Cities:
Relying on their top-notch songwriting and impeccable vocals, the Bee Gees were able to craft a long-running career that began in the late '50s in Australia. Along the way they became a hit-producing psychedelic pop group in England during the '60s and the biggest disco band in the world in the '70s, and had a late comeback as adult contemporary crooners in the '90s. Their long-reaching influence extended past sales figures and saw their sound and style mirrored in acts as disparate as Justin Timberlake and of Montreal.
The group was also music's most successful brother act. Barry Gibb, born on September 1, 1946, in Manchester, England, and his fraternal twin brothers Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb, born on December 22, 1949, on the Isle of Man, were three of five children. The three of them gravitated toward music, encouraged by their father, who saw his sons at first as a diminutive version of the Mills Brothers. The three Gibb brothers made their earliest performances at local movie theaters in Manchester in 1955, singing between shows. The family moved to Australia in 1958, resettling near Brisbane. Now known as the Brothers Gibb -- with Barry writing songs -- they attracted the attention of a local DJ, and eventually got their own local television show. It was around this time that they took on the name the Bee Gees (for Brothers Gibb). The trio was astoundingly popular in the press and on television, but actual hit records eluded them.
By late 1966, they'd decided to return to England -- which, thanks to the Beatles, was now the center of the world for rock and popular music. The group had sent demo recordings ahead of them, and "Spicks & Specks" -- which became their first Australian hit while they were in mid-ocean -- had attracted the interest of manager Robert Stigwood. The trio was signed by Stigwood upon their arrival, and began shaping their sound in the environment of Swinging London. Barry and Robin Gibb alternated the lead vocal spot, harmonizing together and with Maurice. Barry played rhythm guitar, while Maurice played bass, piano, organ, and Mellotron, among other instruments. Their first English recording, "New York Mining Disaster 1941," an original by the group with a haunting melody and a strangely surreal, almost psychedelic ambience, was released in mid-1967 and made the Top 20 in England and America. They had successful follow-ups with "Holiday" and "To Love Somebody," the latter actually written for Otis Redding to record, and "Massachusetts," which topped the U.K. charts.
After Bee Gees' 1st, the Gibb brothers took over producing their own records. It was easy, amid the sheer beauty of their recordings, to overlook the range of influences that went into their sound, which came from a multitude of sources, including American country music and soul music. At this point in their history, they were most comfortable deconstructing elements in the singing and harmonies of Black American music and rebuilding them in their style.
In 1969, the trio split up in a dispute involving the Odessa album. A lushly orchestrated double LP, it was their most ambitious recording to date, but they were unable to agree on which song would be the single, and Robin walked out. Barry and Maurice held on to the Bee Gees name for one LP, Cucumber Castle, while Robin released Robin's Reign. Without a group to promote it, the Odessa album never sold the way it might have, even with a hit, "First of May." Cucumber Castle generated several successful singles in England and Germany, including the gorgeous, African-influenced "I.O.I.O.," while Robin had a hit with "Saved by the Bell."
In 1970, almost two years older and a good deal wiser, they decided to get back together. They related to each other better and had also evolved musically, now creating a progressive pop/rock sound similar to the Moody Blues. They came back on a high note with two dazzling songs: the soulful "Lonely Days," the group's first number one hit in America; and the achingly lyrical "Morning of My Life," which proved so popular with fans that the group was still doing it in concert decades later.
Their success began to ebb, however, after another huge international hit with "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" in 1971. The single "Run to Me" made the Top 20 in 1972, but the album To Whom It May Concern was forgotten almost instantly after a brief chart run. Their fortunes continued in reverse during 1973 with Life in a Tin Can and the single "Saw a New Morning" -- despite a move to America and a heavy promotional push, the song never made the Top 40 and the album stalled out.
The trio was falling into a deep creative and commercial hole. Rescue came from a suggestion by Eric Clapton that they try recording at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, where he had just cut an album. The Bee Gees took his advice and came back with Mr. Natural (1974), produced by Arif Mardin. This record was a departure with its heavily Americanized R&B sound, and the following year they plunged headfirst into the new sound with Main Course -- the emphasis was now on dance rhythms, high harmonies, and a funk beat. And spearheading the new sound was Barry Gibb, who, for the first time, sang falsetto and discovered that he could delight audiences in that register. "Jive Talkin'," the first single off the album, became their second American number one single, and was followed up with "Nights on Broadway" and then the album Children of the World, which yielded the hits "You Should Be Dancing" and "Love So Right." Then, in 1977, their featured numbers on the soundtrack to the Robert Stigwood-produced Saturday Night Fever, "Stayin' Alive," "How Deep Is Your Love," and "Night Fever," each topped the charts, even as the soundtrack album stayed in the top spot for 24 weeks. In the process, the disco era in America was born -- Saturday Night Fever, as an album and a film, supercharged the phenomenon and broadened its audience by tens of millions, with the Bee Gees at the forefront of the music.
It was a profound moment although, ironically, there wasn't that much difference in their sound. Amid the dance numbers, the Bee Gees still did a healthy portion of romantic ballads that each offered memorable hooks. They'd simply decided, at Arif Mardin's urging, to forget the fact that they were white Englishmen and plunged into soul music, emulating, in their own terms, the funkier Philadelphia soul sounds that all three brothers knew and loved. In one fell swoop, the group had managed to meld every influence they'd ever embraced, from the Mills Brothers and the Beatles to early-'70s soul, into something of their own that was virtually irresistible. Spirits Having Flown was their crowning commercial triumph, topping 30 million in sales and yielding three more number one singles.
By the end of the '70s, however, the disco era was waning from a combination of the bad economy, political chaos domestically and internationally (leading to the election of Ronald Reagan), and a general burnout of the participants from too many drugs and profligate sex (which would precipitate an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases and herald the outbreak of AIDS in the United States). There had already been an ad hoc reaction against the group's dominance of the airwaves, with mass burnings of Bee Gees posters and albums organized by DJs. The Bee Gees themselves helped contribute to the end of the party with their participation (at Stigwood's insistence) in the film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "inspired" (if that's the word) by the Beatles album. The movie was a commercial and critical disaster, and an embarrassment to all concerned.
In America, the Bee Gees were virtually invisible for most of the '80s. Instead, Barry Gibb pursued work as a producer for other artists, creating hits for Barbra Streisand and Diana Ross. By 1987 and the E.S.P. album, their sales had rebounded everywhere but the United States, yielding a number one single (outside of the U.S.) in "You Win Again." Their 1989 album, One, got a good reception around the world and generated a Top Ten U.S. single. And in the '90s, PolyGram Records released the four-CD anthology Tales from the Brothers Gibb, which sold well around the world. The trio's 1997 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame led to a resurgence of interest, which heralded the release of the live album One Night Only (1998), cut at their first American concert in almost a decade.
The Bee Gees remained active until the January 2003 death of Maurice from cardiac arrest during surgery. Following his death, Robin and Barry decided to cease performing as the Bee Gees. Their recorded legacy, however, subsequently became more visible than it had been in decades with the move of their catalog to Warner/Reprise. The latter company began the long-awaited upgraded CD reissue of the Bee Gees' post-1966 library, including the first-ever release of outtakes and rehearsal versions of songs. Robin was diagnosed with and underwent treatment for cancer in 2011. He died in London in May 2012 due to complications from cancer and intestinal surgery; he was 62 years old. Given the previous deaths of Andy (who had several number one hits and who died of an inflammatory heart virus in 1988) and Maurice Gibb, Robin was the third Gibb brother and second member of the Bee Gees to pass away. In the wake of tragedy, Barry kept working, appearing on other people's records, playing concerts, and releasing a solo album titled In the Now in 2016. The next year the Bee Gees were honored at the 2017 Grammys; then their music was featured in the star-studded concert Stayin' Alive: A Grammy Salute to the Music of the Bee Gees, which was broadcast by CBS in April. ~ Bruce Eder, Rovi


text:
Begin by meticulously cleaning around the sore tooth. Using warm salt water, rinse the mouth to displace any food trapped between teeth. Do not use aspirin on the aching tooth or on the gum. If you have facial swelling, apply a cold compress to the area. For temporary pain relief, acetaminophen is recommended. If the pain persists more than a day, please contact us.
Ice can be applied to any bruised areas. For bleeding, apply firm (but gentle) pressure with sterile gauze or a clean cloth. If the bleeding does not stop with pressure, or continues longer than 15 minutes, please go to the nearest emergency room.
Recover any of the broken tooth fragments. Rinse the area with warm water, and apply a cold compress over the facial area of the injury. Please seek immediate dental attention.
Recover the tooth, making sure to hold it by the crown (top) and not the root. Rinse, but do not clean or handle the tooth more than necessary. Reinsert the tooth into the socket, and hold it in place using a clean piece of gauze or cloth. If the tooth cannot be reinserted, carry it in a cup of milk or water. Time is essential, so see a dentist immediately.
In the event of a jaw injury, tie the mouth closed with a towel, tie or handkerchief. Go immediately to the nearest emergency room.
Fold a piece of gauze, and place it (tightly) over the bleeding area. Bite down on the gauze for 15 minutes. If the bleeding continues, please see a dentist.
Over-the-counter medications will usually provide temporary relief. If the sores persist, visit your dentist.


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Sponsored Guest Post On Home Blog at An Amazing Price You Can't Resist!
homedecoratorspromocode.com accepts Guest Posts; however, there are some VERY specific rules and information that you should be aware of GUEST POST. But before we get into the details, it's important to know what exactly Guest Posting is.
Guest Posting Guidelines & Guest Blogger Responsibilities – Write for Us – Submit an Article
We do not tolerate spam. Please suggest a post or provide us with an original article. If you use another site please be sure to cite it in the resources section of your post. Please make sure any image that you use is either Free Stock Photo, if not give credit to the author in the resources section of your post.
The rules and guidelines were created are to ensure that we provide only the highest quality of content and maintain the highest site standards possible. Please read the following points carefully if you want to avail our guest posting service or wish to become a guest blogger, guest author or guest writer.
- Keep your article short, sweet, and to the point
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- A minimum of 400 words in length.
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- We reserve the right to deny any post submitted.
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Getting Started
Send us an email for price and guest post submission discussion.
What is Guest Posting?
Guest blogging, also known as guest posting, is the practice of writing a blog post for another company's website. Usually, bloggers write on relevant topics within their industry to attract traffic to their website. According to experienced SEO experts, guest posting always pays off and is the best way to earn high-quality links. Being referred or featured on reputed websites will go a long way toward helping you rank high in search engines. If you keep posting on high authority websites, chances are that you will notice an improvement in your search engine rankings. This is why you see the majority of SEO experts and gurus suggesting guest posting.
Where Do I Find Relevant Blogs Accepting Guest Posts or Guest Post Opportunities?
Wondering where you can guest post? Well, finding guest post opportunities can be intimidating. However, with a little presence of mind, one can find the right blogs matching their niche and requirements. You can do and find anything on the internet. Just Google it! You can find the most relevant blogs by targeting your niche + blogs in the search engine. The next step is to contact them to see if they have a mechanism for guest posting.
We provide you with guest post opportunities to improve the online visibility of your blog or business website. Write us guest post proposal to submit your content on our Home blog to boost your ranking in the search engines. We strongly believe in helping online businesses grow.
What is the difference between Guest Posting and Blogging?
In blogging, you post on your own blog, while in guest posting, you write content to be published or featured on someone else's blog. There are also blogs available out there, which will provide you with a complete package, including the writing service. However, you should look into their contributor guidelines to avoid any inconvenience.
That information is below, so please don't contact us without reading the points below.
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SERVING AS A CONTRIBUTING WRITER and SUBMITTING A GUEST ARTICLE IS BELOW!!!
Benefits of Submitting a Guest Post Here
- This is a Do Follow blog, which means you get backlinks.
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Final Announcement: We're Saying Goodbye to AstronomyConnect. Read Our Closing Notice.
Binocular Astronomy, 2nd Ed. [By Crossen and Tirion]
Brand | Willmann-Bell |
Part Number | - |
Availability | available |
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Product Info
Manufacturer Description
Title: Binocular Astronomy, 2nd Edition
Author(s): Craig Crossen and Wil Tirion
Other Info: 8.5" by 11.00", 224 pages, Hardbound, Published 2008, 2.19 lbs item wt.
Binocular Astronomy and a pair of binoculars are all you need to begin observing the night sky — stars, open and globular clusters, bright and dark nebulae, galaxies, and much more. The binoculars need not be expensive! The majority of the objects described in this book were viewed by the author using a pair of $40 binoculars he purchased from Sears & Roebuck in 1978. The chances are good that you now have or can borrow a pair of binoculars that will do very nicely.
For this edition, Craig Crossen has added descriptions and discussions of a large number of objects visible only in "giant" and "supergiant" binoculars (glasses of the 11 x 80, 20 x 70, or 15 x 110 range). Thus this book should be useful even to owners of small richest-field telescopes.
You don't have to buy an atlas. Binocular Astronomy includes Wil Tirion's 10-map The Bright Star Atlas 2000.0. This atlas plots practically every star visible with the naked eye plus hundreds of deep-sky objects. Tirion has also created 31 detailed finder charts, two of which are double-page spreads, plus a set of seasonal finder charts. Also included are 25 photographs (most are wide field) and 40 Tables.
Not only does Binocular Astronomy help you locate objects but it explains what they are and how they fit into our understanding of the universe. While there is great aesthetic beauty in the night sky, there is also the Science of Astronomy. You can easily skip over the technical jargon, but you will probably soon find yourself recognizing a star ' s age by its color, understanding its place in our Galaxy by its distance and much else.
Binocular Astronomy will show you why most experienced amateur astronomers think that binoculars should be the first optical instrument for the beginner and why they are of value to even seasoned observers.


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Drug information provided by: Merative, Micromedex®
Famotidine is used to treat stomach ulcers (gastric and duodenal), erosive esophagitis (heartburn or acid indigestion), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a condition where the acid in the stomach washes back up into the esophagus. It is also used to treat certain conditions where there is too much acid in the stomach (eg, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia).
Famotidine belongs to the group of medicines known as histamine H2-receptor antagonists or H2-blockers. It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach.
This medicine is available with your doctor's prescription and also without a prescription. For the prescription form, there is more medicine in each tablet. Your doctor will have special instructions on the proper use and dose for your medical problem.
This product is available in the following dosage forms:
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of famotidine in children weighing 40 kilograms (kg) or more. Safety and efficacy have not been established in children to treat conditions causing too much stomach acid and to prevent an ulcer from coming back.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of famotidine in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related kidney problems, which may require an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving famotidine.
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
Take this medicine exactly as directed by your doctor or as directed on the package. Do not take more of it, do not take it more often, and do not take it for a longer time than your doctor ordered. To do so may increase the chance of side effects.
Keep using this medicine for the full time of treatment, even if you begin to feel better.
You may take this medicine with or without food.
Measure the oral liquid with a marked measuring spoon or medicine cup. The average household teaspoon may not hold the right amount of liquid.
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Throw away any unused oral liquid after 30 days.
It is very important that your doctor check your or your child's progress at regular visits to make sure this medicine is working properly. Blood and urine tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.
If your condition does not improve, or if it become worse, check with your doctor.
Check with your doctor right away if you have the following symptoms: confusion, delirium, hallucinations, disorientation, agitation, seizures, or unusual drowsiness, dullness, tiredness, weakness, or feeling of sluggishness. These are more likely to occur if you are older or if you have a kidney disease.
Contact your doctor right away if you have any changes to your or your child's heart rhythm. You or your child might feel dizzy or faint, or you or your child might have a fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeat. Make sure your doctor knows if you had a heart rhythm problem, such as QT prolongation.
Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. This includes prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicines and herbal or vitamin supplements.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Portions of this document last updated: July 01, 2024
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/famotidine-oral-route/precautions/drg-20072972


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Finding a Chiropractor in Vernon Hills
If you are considering chiropractic care in Vernon Hills and have browsed the web or local yellow pages to find a doctor to help you it is likely that you have discovered that there are multiple possible choices. This is where it becomes a little more difficult. The next question you have probably asked yourself is what makes one Vernon Hills chiropractor different from the next, or how do I find the best chiropractor for me?
While this can be challenging, there are a few things that can set one chiropractor apart from another. Knowing these things will go a long way in helping you find the best chiropractor for you in Vernon Hills, and as a result, lead to better results during your care. This article has been designed to assist you with some questions to ask and aspects of a chiropractor to evaluate when deciding which one is right for you.
Tips for finding the best chiropractor in Vernon Hills:
1. Often, the first place to start your search shouldn't be the internet or local yellow pages, but instead by asking trusted friends and relatives. Ask these people about their experiences with different doctors and who they would they would seek for care if they needed help. Recommendations or referrals can speak a lot about the practices of different offices.
2. Once you have narrowed your search, it is often helpful to schedule an initial consultation with a chiropractor to ask any questions you have. It has been found that the results of treatment at any health care facility are not only dependent on the care provided by the doctor, but also how comfortable the patient feels around the treating physician.
3. When searching for a chiropractor many people don't realize that there are a number of different techniques that they can use. Typically, chiropractors have been taught a variety of techniques and will refine one or more to meet your individual condition. When searching for a doctor make sure to include questions about how the doctor adjusts.
Chiropractic adjustments can vary from the doctor using their hands to the use of a variety of instruments. They can also be so light that you may feel only a light sensation or the adjustment may cause a popping sound called a cavitation. Not only is it important to find a chiropractor that you are comfortable talking to, but also make sure you are comfortable with their adjusting technique.
4. Finally, it is also useful to determine your chiropractors' educational background. While all chiropractors undergo a rigorous academic career, there are a number of different chiropractic schools to attend. Insuring that the chiropractor you are researching has graduated from a school that is accredited by the Council on Chiropractic education is fundamental. Additionally, researching if your prospective doctor has any additional certifications can be useful.
We hope this article has been helpful for you. While one chiropractor may be the best for one particular person you may find that another is the best for you. Using your own judgment and common sense can go a long way in the determination process.
If you have any further questions please feel free to contact our Vernon Hills team today at Integral Medical and Rehabilitation.
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 7:00pm
9:00am - 5:00pm
9:00am - 12:00pm
Integral Medical and Rehabilitation
3 West Hawthorn Parkway #280
Vernon Hills, IL 60061
(224) 424-3147


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What happens when you take the most popular trunk rack of all time and expand its vehicle compatibility by 20%? Spoiler Alert: you get the Bones EX.
Cultivated in the mind of Italian designer Fabio Pedrini and brought to life in our Wisconsin-based facility, the Bones EX features a unique and game-changing leg. Featuring a leg that gracefully avoids contact with most plastic spoilers found on many of the best-selling sedans, hatch backs and SUVs, the Bones EX now fits 20% more vehicles than its legendary predecessor.
And that's not all. We've decked out the Bones EX with premium bike hold downs and a handy strap management system in a shade that never goes out of style.
Product Features
- Best fit around: fits 89% of the top vehicles sold, including those with spoilers.
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- Carries 3 bikes (35lb/bike).
- Has the largest vehicle compatibility of any trunk rack on the market – consult the Saris Fit Guide for approved fits.
- Unique dog leg fits over most spoilers, including those on popular sedans, hatchbacks and SUVs.
- Premium bike hold downs that are easy to use and quick to load.
- Integrated strap management system provides clean look and eliminates flapping straps.
- Best-in-class ratchet straps speedily fasten bike to the rack.
- Strongest frame on the market.
- Built with 100% recyclable materials.
- Rust-free injection molded plastic.
- Articulated rubber feet to protect paint.
- Arc–based design separates bikes on different levels.
- Patents issued and pending.
- Lightweight at 11 lbs.
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Product Description 2012 Byerly Conspiracy 54" Wakeboard:
Aaron Rathy and Scott Bouchard have collaborated to create a series like nothing the Byerly line has seen, the Conspiracy series. Expanding on the durability and strength a Glass Rope sidewall delivers, the Conspiracy takes it one step further with the addition of a Glass Rope deck inlay. This Dual Rope construction creates twice the strength of a traditional wakeboard lay-up allowing this series to be the thinnest in the line while still delivering all the explosive pop Byerly riders have come to love. Scott Bouchard has also created a faster more responsive ride. Combining an all new profile and ABS molded-in fins closer to the edge of the board, the Conspiracy is quick to respond and holds an edge all the way to the wake. Once there the new placement of the ABS fins, ending nearly an inch from the tip and tail, allows the board to release quickly giving a rider more time to begin their rotation. The Conspiracy series is the perfect balance of innovation and shape, creating one of the best rides out there.


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Kik #callofduty
Find Kik #callofduty Usernames
Find Kik user profiles tagged with #callofduty hashtag. Find the best Kik #callofduty usernames for 2024. Explore Kik user photo gallery and discover their stories. Discover interesting people on Kik and gain new friends and followers.
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Login to Dizkover and add your Kik username to your messaging accounts. Then like #callofduty hashtag in People Discovery Engine.
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The #callofduty hashtag is a topic or interest by Kik users. Users who liked #callofduty hashtag in People Discovery Engine will be listed in this page. If you don't want to appear in Kik #callofduty, remove the hashtag in your People Discovery Engine settings. In Twitter, hashtag is a word or phrase used to identify messages on specific topic. Here at Dizkover, hashtag is used to group people in specific topic to help users discover like-minded people.


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Your car needs your attention! When did you get it washed, detailed, or serviced last time? It has been a while, right? You must have not been able to get a chance to find reliable car services in your area. We understand you cannot trust your hard-earned and much-loved car with anyone but a verified car service. Don't worry! We have got you covered.
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Although we provide the highest-quality, safest, and quickest service, it does not mean it is expensive.
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GENERAC ST20K 2" Semi-Trash Water Pump
Specifically engineered to handle muddy or sandy water, the ST20K is powered by a 208cc Generac engine that pumps up to 158 gallons per minute. So it's ideal for your toughest applications. With features such as low-oil shut down to protect the engine from damage, it's both durable and easy to use.
Generac 208cc OHV engine with low-oil shut down
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Large 3 gallon steel fuel tank with incorporated fuel gauge provides up to 5 hours runtime
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All inclusive kit includes 12 foot suction hose, 25 foot discharge hose, and strainer
Color-coded suction and discharge ports to ensure the correct hose connections
Powerful pump can easily pump up to 158 gallons per minute
Durable silicon carbide mechanical seal provides protection from abrasive materials
Onboard instructions with icons of key touch points make this pump easy to use


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Have you ever been out shopping for other people during the holiday season, and the sales were so good you couldn't help but buy something for yourself?
The National Retail Federation calls that self-gifting, and says that this year consumers who do it plan to spend an average of about $140.
Spokeswoman Kathy Grannis says that's the most in the 10 years the NRF has been asking shoppers about the trend.
"People really look forward to the holiday season and the discounts that are offered, because they know that they're going to get items significantly less than they may have any other time of the year. You know, when you see cashmere sweaters that were previously $150 now marked down to $30 and $40, that's a great example of what people would be driven towards," Grannis says.
For Jackie Lerner, last year it was a cherry-red leather purse. Lerner is a psychologist who lives outside Boston, and she's an admitted self-gifter.
"I never really wanted a red purse, but my sister-in-law did, and we were out holiday shopping. Go into the Michael Kors outlet, signs up everywhere, 20, 30, 40 percent off, and there we walked out of the store with two Michael Kors red purses," Lerner says.
But she never meant to put hers under the tree.
Lerner remembers when most of the big sales were after the holidays. Now that promotions come much sooner, she admits it's easy to rationalize getting something for herself, even when she is supposed to be shopping for friends and family.
"You're giving to other people if you have the disposable income. And then if the sale banner is up there, you kind of feel like you deserve it," Lerner says.
Retailers have caught on and a growing number actively market to people who feel that way.
This year, Macy's is already advertising Cyber Monday deals on its website, encouraging shoppers to treat themselves to "major savings" on indulgences like makeup, slippers and jewelry.
Other stores use short-term markdowns to sell bigger-ticket items they know consumers wait for the holiday season to buy, like flat-screen TVs.
"There's a scarcity effect, right? If something's going to be limited, you've gotta do it right away. It's going to urge you, push you to behave, to act, to consume," says Barbara Bickart, who teaches marketing and consumer behavior at Boston University.
She says a lot of Black Friday promotions make shoppers think the good stuff will go fast.
"So these things like 'limited time offer,' you know, suggesting that something is scarce, you get caught up in the excitement of it, right? And they make you want to take action right away. So, yeah, they definitely know how to motivate consumers to act," Bickart says.
The fact that people say they're planning to self-gift, Bickart adds, means some of them are doing it for practical reasons — buying things they or their families really need.
Regardless of motivation, the National Retail Federation says the term applies to 59 percent of this year's holiday shoppers — and those are just the ones who admit it.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.