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We need Software Transactional Memory
Hi all. Here is (an extract of) a short summary paper about my current position on Software Transactional Memory as a general tool in the implementation of Python or Python-like languages. Thanks to people on IRC for discussion on making this blog post better (lucian, Alex Gaynor, rguillebert, timonator, Da_Blitz). For the purpose of the present discussion, we are comparing Java with Python when it comes to multi-threading.
The problem in complex high-level languages¶
Like Java, the Python language gives guarantees: it is not acceptable for the Python virtual machine to crash due to incorrect usage of threads. A primitive operation in Java is something like reading or writing a field of an object; the corresponding guarantees are along the lines of: if the program reads a field of an object, and another thread writes to the same field of the same object, then the program will see either the old value, or the new value, but not something else entirely, and the virtual machine will not crash.
Higher-level languages like Python differ from Java by the fact that a "primitive operation" is far more complex. It may for example involve looking in several hash maps, perhaps doing updates. In general, it is completely impossible to map every operation that must be atomic to a single processor instruction.
Jython: fine-grained locking¶
This problem has been solved "explicitly" in the Jython interpreter that runs on top of Java. The solution is explicit in the following sense: throughout the Jython interpreter, every single operation makes careful use of Java-level locking mechanisms. This is an application of "fine-grained locking". For example, operations like attribute lookup, which need to perform look-ups in a number of hash maps, are protected by acquiring and releasing locks (in __getattribute__).
A draw-back of this solution is the attention to detail required. If even one place misses a lock, then there is either a bug --- and such bugs occur in cases that are increasingly rare and hard to debug as the previous bugs are fixed --- or we just file it under "differences from CPython". There is however the risk of deadlock, if two threads attempt to lock the same objects in different order.
In practice, the situation is actually not as bad as I may paint it: the number of locks in Jython is reasonable, and allows for all the "common cases" to work as expected. (For the uncommon cases, see below.)
Performance-wise, the Java virtual machine itself comes with locks that have been heavily optimized over a long period of time, so the performance is acceptable. However if this solution were coded in C, it would need a lot of extra work to optimize the locks manually (possibly introducing more of the subtle bugs).
CPython: coarse-grained locking¶
CPython, the standard implementation of Python in C, took a different and simpler approach: it has a single global lock, called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). It uses "coarse-grained locking": the lock is acquired and released around the whole execution of one bytecode (or actually a small number of bytecodes, like 100). This solution is enough to ensure that no two operations can conflict with each other, because the two bytecodes that invoke them are themselves serialized by the GIL. It is a solution which avoids --- unlike Jython --- writing careful lock-acquiring code all over the interpreter. It also offers even stronger guarantees: every bytecode runs entirely atomically.
Nowadays, the draw-back of the GIL approach is obvious on multi-core machines: by serializing the execution of bytecodes, starting multiple threads does not actually let the interpreter use of more than one core.
PyPy, the Python implementation in Python, takes the same approach so far.
Existing usage¶
As we have seen, we have the following situation: the existing Python language, as CPython implements it, offers very strong guarantees about multi-threaded usage. It is important to emphasize that most existing multi-threaded Python programs actually rely on such strong guarantees. This can be seen for example in a problem that takes a populated list and does in several threads:
next_item = global_list.pop()
This implicitly relies on the fact that pop() will perform atomic removal from the list. If two threads try to pop() from the same list at the same time, then the two operations will occur in one order or the other; but they will not e.g. return the same object to both threads or mess up the internal state of the list object.
With such an example in mind, it should be clear that we do not want a solution to the multi-core issue that involves dropping these strong guarantees. It is ok however to lower the barrier, as Jython does; but any Python implementation must offer some guarantees, or not offer multi-threading at all. This includes the fact that a lot of methods on built-in types are supposed to be atomic.
(It should be noted that not offering multi-threading at all is actually also a (partial) solution to the problem. Recently, several "hacks" have appeared that give a programmer more-or-less transparent access to multiple independent processes (e.g. multiprocessing). While these provide appropriate solutions in some context, they are not as widely applicable as multi-threading. As a typical example, they fail to apply when the mutiple cores need to process information that cannot be serialized at all --- a requirement for any data exchange between several processes.)
Here is an example of how Jython's consistency is weaker than CPython's GIL. It takes uncommon examples to show it, and the fact that it does not work like a CPython programmer expect them to is generally considered as an implementation detail. Consider:
Thread 1: set1.update(set2) Thread 2: set2.update(set3) Thread 3: set3.update(set1)
Each operation is atomic in the case of CPython, but decomposed in two steps (which can each be considered atomic) in the case of Jython: reading from the argument, and then updating the target set. Suppose that initially set1 = {1}, set2 = {2}, set3 = {3}. On CPython, independently on the order in which the threads run, we will end up with at least one of the sets being {1, 2, 3}. On Jython, it is possible that all three sets end up as containing two items only. The example is a bit far-fetched but should show that CPython's consistency is strictly stronger than Jython's.
PyPy is a Python interpreter much like CPython or Jython, but the way it is produced is particular. It is an interpreter written in RPython, a subset of Python, which gets turned into a complete virtual machine (as generated C code) automatically by a step called the "translation". In this context, the trade-offs are different from the ones in CPython and in Jython: it is possible in PyPy, and even easy, to apply arbitrary whole-program transformations to the interpreter at "translation-time".
With this in mind, it is possible to imagine a whole-program transformation that would add locking on every object manipulated in RPython by the interpreter. This would end up in a situation similar to Jython. However, it would not automatically solve the issue of deadlocks, which is avoided in the case of Jython by careful manual placement of the locks. (In fact, being deadlock-free is a global program property that cannot be automatically ensured or verified; any change to Jython can in theory break this property, and thus introduce subtle deadlocks. The same applies to non-atomicity.)
In fact, we can easily check that if the interpreter accesses (for both reading and writing) objects A and B in a bytecode of thread 1, and objects B and A (in the opposite order) in a bytecode of thread 2 --- and moreover if you need to have accessed the first object before you can decide that you will need to access the second object --- then there is no way (apart from the GIL) to avoid a deadlock while keeping the strong guarantee of atomicity. Indeed, if both threads have progressed to the middle of the execution of their bytecode, then A has already been mutated by thread 1 and similarly B has already been mutated by thread 2. It is not possible to successfully continue running the threads in that case.
Using Software Transactional Memory¶
Software Transactional Memory (STM) is an approach that gives a solution to precisely the above problem. If a thread ended up in a situation where continuing to run it would be wrong, then we can abort and rollback. This is similar to the notion of transaction on databases. In the above example, one or both threads would notice that they are about to run into troubles and abort. This means more concretely that they need to have a way to restart execution at the start of the bytecode, with all the side-effects of what they did so far being either cancelled or just not committed yet.
We think that this capacity to abort and rollback is the missing piece of the puzzle of multi-threaded implementations of Python. Actually, according to the presentation of the problem given above, it is unavoidable that any solution that wants to offer the same level of consistency and atomicity as CPython would involve the capacity of aborting and rolling back --- which means precisely that STM cannot be avoided.
Ok, but why not settle down with Jython's approach and put careful locks left and right throughout the interpreter? Because (1) we would have to consider every operation's atomicity and make decisions (or steal Jython's) and document them here; (2) it would also be really a lot of work, to optimize these locks e.g. with the JIT as well as the JVM does; and (3) it is not the PyPy way to require manually tweaking your code everywhere for a feature that should be orthogonal. Point (3) is probably the most important here: you need to redo the work for every language you implement in PyPy. It also implies my own point (4): it is not fun :-)
In more details, the process would work as follows. (This gives an overview of one possible model; it is possible that a different model will end up being better.) In every thread:
- At the start of a bytecode, we start a "transaction". This means setting up a thread-local data structure to record a log of what occurs in the transaction.
- We record in the log all objects that are read, as well as the modifications that we would like to make.
- During this time, we detect "read" inconsistencies, shown by the object's "last-modified" timestamp being later than the start time of the current transaction, and abort. This prevents the rest of the code from running with inconsistent values.
- If we reach the end of the bytecode without a "read" inconsistency, then we atomically check for "write" inconsistencies. These are inconsistencies which arise from concurrent updates to objects in the other threads --- either our "write" objects, or our "read" objects.
- If no inconsistency is found, we "commit" the transaction by copying the delayed writes from the log into main memory.
The points at which a transaction starts or ends are exactly the points at which, in CPython, the Global Interpreter Lock is respectively acquired and released. If we ignore the fact that (purely for performance) CPython acquires and releases the GIL only every N bytecodes, then this means:
- Before any bytecode we acquire the GIL (start a transaction), and after the bytecode we release it (ends the transaction); and
- Before doing an external call to the C library or the OS we release the GIL (ends the transaction) and afterwards re-acquire it (start the next transaction).
A large number of implementation details are still open for now. From a user's point of view (i.e. the programmer using Python), the most relevant one is the overall performance impact. We cannot give precise numbers so far, and we expect the initial performance to be abysmally bad (maybe 10x slower); however, with successive improvements to the locking mechanism, to the global program transformation inserting the locks, to the garbage collector (GC), and to the Just-in-Time (JIT) compiler, we believe that it should be possible to get a roughly reasonable performance (up to maybe 2x slower). For example, the GC can maintain flags on the objects to know that they did not escape their creation thread, and do not need any logging; and the JIT compiler can aggregate several reads or writes to an object into one. We believe that these are the kind of optimizations that can give back a lot of the performance lost.
The state of STM¶
Transactional Memory is itself a relatively old idea, originating from a 1986 paper by Tom Knight. At first based on hardware support, the idea of software-only transactional memory (STM) was popularized in 1995 and has recently been the focus of intense research.
The approach outlined above --- using STM to form the core of the implementation of a language --- is new, as far as we know. So far, most implementations provide STM as a library feature. It requires explicit usage, often in the form of explicitly declaring which objects must be protected by STM (object-based STMs). It is only recently that native STM support has started to appear, notably in the Clojure language.
STM is described on Wikipedia as an approach that "greatly simplifies conceptual understanding of multithreaded programs and helps make programs more maintainable by working in harmony with existing high-level abstractions such as objects and modules." We actually think that these benefits are important enough to warrant being exposed to the Python programmer as well, instead of being used only internally. This would give the Python programmer a very simple interface:
with atomic: <these operations are executed atomically>
(This is an old idea. Funny how back in 2003 people, including me, thought that this was a hack. Now I'm writing a blog post to say "it was not a hack; it's explicitly using locks that is a hack." I'm buying the idea of composability.)
From a practical point of view, I started looking seriously at the University of Rochester STM (RSTM), a C++ library that has been a focus of --- and a collection of results from --- recent research. One particularly representative paper is A Comprehensive Strategy for Contention Management in Software Transactional Memory by Michael F. Spear, Luke Dalessandro, Virendra J. Marathe and Michael L. Scott.
Taking these ideas and applying them in the context of an implementation of a complex high-level language like Python comes with its own challanges. In this context, using PyPy makes sense as both an experimentation platform and as a platform that is recently gaining attention for its performance. The alternatives are unattractive: doing it in CPython for example would mean globally rewriting the interpreter. In PyPy instead, we write it as a transformation that is applied systematically at translation-time. Also, PyPy is a general platform for generating fast interpreters for dynamic languages; the STM implementation in PyPy would work out of the box for other language implementations as well, instead of just for Python.
- This is mostly me (Armin Rigo) ranting aloud and trying experiments; this post should not be confused as meaning that the whole PyPy team will now spend the next years working on it full-time. As I said it is orthogonal to the actual Python interpreter, and it is in any case a feature that can be turned on or off during translation; I know that in many or most use cases, people are more interested in getting a fast PyPy rather than one which is twice as slow but scales well.
- Nothing I said is really new. For proof, see Riley and Zilles (2006) as well as Tabba (2010) who both experimented with Hardware Transactional Memory, turning CPython or PyPy interpreter's GIL into start/end transactions, as I describe here.


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In this category are all the boutiques which you can find in our directory. Here you can find all the fashion for men, women and children. The best brands at very reasonable prices. A high selection in all sizes. Evening dresses, parties clothes, jackets, ties and a high variety of clothes for communions. The ultimate in fashion and accessories for whichever season
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Tuesday, September 29, 2009
San Francisco Summary
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
And we also had Beth of Out to Lunch Catering provide a yummy chocolate sheet cake. The Copperfield's staff was particularly sweet to us, too. Thanks, guys!
Here are our Wreckplica contest winners:
And their entries:
This one gets an honorable mention, too, because Sandra made it entirely of Twinkies:
In San Francisco we visited Book Passage, a tiny store with a big heart. Y'all packed it out, though, and John and I really enjoyed the more intimate setting. Here are our three Wreckplica winners:
And their entries:
The goodies here were in the form of mini cupcakes, and were provided by Michelle of Teeny Cake and Lena of Sweetface Bakery. Thanks, ladies!
To see all of the Wreckplica entries for these two events, check out the CW Facebook album here.
NOTE: Would the sweet young lady in Petaluma who communicated with me via a hand-written message please e-mail me? Thanks!
26 comments | Post a Comment
- Braley Mama said...
Love the Belly cakes! Who doesn't want to eat a prego lady?
- September 29, 2009 at 4:32 PM
- Sarah said...
The twinkie cockroach cake is AMAZING!!!! Actually..they are all AMAZING!
- September 29, 2009 at 5:01 PM
So bummed I was called home and couldn't stay in teh city until 6...crud...
Looks like you guys had alot of fun! - September 29, 2009 at 5:36 PM
- A Paperback Writer said...
Oh, that spider was too cute to be a wreck! (And I don't even like spiders....)
- September 29, 2009 at 7:30 PM
- Haiku Joy said...
The Christmas tree-slug
in mini-replication!
Color me dazzled. - September 29, 2009 at 8:05 PM
- September 29, 2009 at 8:43 PM
I am so disappointed that I didn't know you were coming to Petaluma! I love your blog, check it regularly and send links to friends. I should have checked your itinerary more closely- I never imagined you would grace our little town with your wrecking presence. Well, when there is a next time, I will be sure to attend.
thanks for your great blog!
heidi in Petaluma - September 29, 2009 at 8:54 PM
San Francisco was lots of fun...crowded, but fun! Just wish we'd had real CAKE like all the other sites....mini cupcakes were kinda disappointing.
- September 29, 2009 at 10:00 PM
Love the Twinkie-roach in miniature! That is a fantastic job. Now all we need are the nukes, and we can...wait, what am i saying??
Never mind. - September 29, 2009 at 10:17 PM
Was one of those truffles poison?
- September 29, 2009 at 10:32 PM
- lasandri said...
i just wanted to say those truffles in petaluma (the white ones were the only ones i tried) WERE AWESOME!!! YUM!
- September 30, 2009 at 1:04 AM
- Unknown said...
It was sooo much fun meeting you and John. My book came from Amazon (friggin' finally!) and the postit got properly tapped in place :).
- September 30, 2009 at 3:03 AM
- Unknown said...
Wowzers to the Twinkie cockroach cake! My kids LOVED the spider cupcake and asked, "Mommy, how come you don't make us treats like that?"
I'm enjoying your world tour as you share with us all! - September 30, 2009 at 4:00 AM
- Indy Cookie said...
While I visit this site daily, this is my first comment. I only wanted to say that the Twinkie Cockroach is BRILLIANT! I'll be laughing all day!
- September 30, 2009 at 7:31 AM
- lisadh said...
Those truffles look divine! Only four more days for me! Yay!
- September 30, 2009 at 10:23 AM
- Yota Armai said...
The fireman cake! Yes! definitely one of my all time favorites.
- September 30, 2009 at 11:09 AM
- Trevor said...
I believe my Wrecklica will need to be for the adults in attendance. :)I shall make sure my box containing it is appropriately labeled.
- September 30, 2009 at 11:44 AM
- Brittany said...
I JUST GOT MY BOOK IN THE MAIL AND I CANT PUT IT DOWN... I'm laughing so hard my cat is concerned! :) Thanks for publishing this!!
- September 30, 2009 at 12:26 PM
I think it's funny that some of the people who commented on the pictures in the album have no idea what CW is all about. There's a lot of "wtf' and "is this for real?" type comments, like they think the people who made the cupcakes were really trying to make them look professional. So I'm trying to figure out why the heck they're friends of CW on facebook if they don't know what the site is all about.
- September 30, 2009 at 2:26 PM
- Aubrey Kinnaman said...
Oh how I wish you were coming to Atlanta!!! You could have kicked off your tour at dragon con.
- September 30, 2009 at 2:33 PM
- Anna said...
Jen, I am so happy for you that you get to go on that book tour! It sounds like a blast!
And I love the fact we get to share those cool moments with you even more. I'm in Europe, so right now I'm pretty much living vicariously through all the nice people who come visit you. But where are the pictures of *you*?? And John? I'm sure you guys must have sunshine coming out the wazoo with all these fun events and I would love, love, love to see a few pics of you guys. Do you think you could post some? That would be awesome. No, really!! - September 30, 2009 at 3:35 PM
- amy said...
I heart Cake Wrecks! I can't believe the lure of a joke about balls was resisted! I'm maybe just a little disappointed... :)
- September 30, 2009 at 7:17 PM
Got my book in the mail today! Woo hoo! Hope to make it to the Bethesda book signing!
-Kati - September 30, 2009 at 7:20 PM
- Gail said...
Did you say "THESE ONES"? I'm a fan of cakewrecks AND grammarwrecks - so please - it's either "these" or "the ones" ... "those" or "the ones" - never "these ones" or "those ones". Ever.
- September 30, 2009 at 7:31 PM
Now, why did you have to schedule your day for coming to Austin to be during ACL? There aren't going to be nearly as many people to go.
- September 30, 2009 at 11:49 PM
- Unknown said...
The "hand" in the first winning cupcake entry looks like the fingers were reattached using some kind of sketchy surgery... just saying...
WV: donse - adjective - extremely stupid, so dense that they are also done; "The wreckerator who made that cake was so donse he misspelled the word fail." - October 1, 2009 at 8:10 AM
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What's a Wreck?
What's a Wreck?
A Cake Wreck is any cake that is unintentionally sad, silly, creepy, inappropriate - you name it. A Wreck is not necessarily a poorly-made cake; it's simply one I find funny, for any of a number of reasons. Anyone who has ever smeared frosting on a baked good has made a Wreck at one time or another, so I'm not here to vilify decorators: Cake Wrecks is just about finding the funny in unexpected, sugar-filled places.
Now, don't you have a photo you want to send me? ;)
- Fan Faves
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Praise for the Book
- "Will have you laughing so hard you'll forget to eat!"— Washington Post
- "a hilarious winner" — The Oregonian
- "a fantastically gut-busting book"— NPR
- "It's all here, each wreck a disaster of hilarity." — BookPage.com
- "Hysterically funny!"— Epinions.com
- "laugh-out-loud funny"— The Times
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What the fans are saying
- "I was laughing so hard, I couldn't catch my breath."
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Where's the book?
We don't have any copies of Cake Wrecks for sale here, autographed or otherwise. We decided the shipping and handling costs would be too high to make it worth your while. So instead, buy your copies locally or online and then order personalized bookplates: it's cheaper, easier, and I think even looks a bit nicer.
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Payments must be made through Paypal, which accepts all major credit cards. Sorry, but that means no checks or MOs or barter-based chickens.
We ship everything first class USPS, and will do our best to have your package in the mail within 2 days of your order.
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Baku-APA. It's a ritual as rich in tradition and symbolism as the Catholic Church can muster: secret oaths, hypnotic Gregorian chants, scarlet-decked cardinals filing through the Sistine Chapel — all while the public outside in St. Peter's Square watches for white smoke or black to learn if it has a new pope, APA reports quoting AP.
Much of the ritual's current incarnation is the work of Archbishop Piero Marini.
The Vatican's master of liturgical celebrations for two decades under Pope John Paul II, Marini organized the funeral rites for the late pontiff and the conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. He was by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger's side minutes after the election when the new pope uttered the words "I accept" — officially launching his papacy on April 19, 2005.
"I still remember, with some emotion, the silence that there was — the participation of the cardinals," Marini recalled in an interview in his Vatican offices. "It was an event that had been prepared with great care."
Next month's conclave to elect the 266th leader of the world's billion Catholics will have all the grand trappings of papal elections past — with the added twist that this time around the current pope is still alive.
Benedict's resignation, the first papal abdication in 600 years, has caused chaos in the Vatican: Nobody knows for sure what he'll be called much less what he'll wear after Feb. 28. But one thing is clear: The rules and rituals to elect his successor will follow Marini's "bible" of how to run a conclave — a dense tome of footnoted decrees, floor-plans, directions and photos. The book will serve as a guide when 117 cardinals gather in the Sistine Chapel to elect Benedict's successor.
The Vatican said Saturday that the Holy See in the coming days or weeks would publish an update to the main apostolic constitution that guides the papal transition with some ceremonial tweaks, perhaps taking into account the influence of Benedict's more tradition-minded master of liturgical ceremonies who replaced Marini in 2007. But the fundamentals will likely remain.
The conclave begins with the cardinals in their red cassocks filing into the Sistine Chapel, chanting the monophonic Litany of Saints followed by another sacred song, Veni, Creator Spiritus, imploring the intervention of the saints and Holy Spirit as they take their places before Michelangelo's "Last Judgment."
The cardinals place their hand on the Gospel and promise to observe absolute secrecy both during and after the conclave, and to "never lend support or favor to any interference, opposition or any other form of intervention ... in the election of the Roman Pontiff."
While the Vatican is notoriously obsessed with secrecy, there are actually good historical reasons why conclave proceedings are kept quiet and why cardinals promise to vote independently, saidMonsignor Robert Wister, professor of church history at Seton Hall University in New Jersey.
Up until the early 20th century, papal elections could be vetoed by the kings of France, Spain or the Holy Roman Emperor, Wister noted. The power was rarely invoked but was used in the 1903 conclave to replace Pope Leo XII. Leo's No. 2, the Vatican's secretary of state, was in the lead when his election was blocked by Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph.
The eventual winner, Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, took the name Pius X — and promptly abolished the veto power. Still, the memory of outside intervention has continued to weigh over the College of Cardinals, leading them to be sequestered until they have a pope.
Now they have a Vatican hotel to stay in while not voting, but are forbidden from having any contact with the outside world: no phones, no newspapers, no tweeting.
"There is that fear," Wister said. "Going back previous centuries, kings did interfere, sometimes with an army."
Secrecy under penalty of excommunication also ensures that the winner doesn't know who among his cardinals voted against him — an important element going forward to keep the church's top leadership unified.
"It's not the Renaissance where he'd be poisoned, but it's a matter of human respect," Wister said.
Once the final oath is taken, the master of liturgical ceremonies gives the order "Extra omnes" (everyone out) and all those not taking part in the conclave leave the frescoed walls of the chapel.
An elderly cardinal, over age 80 and thus ineligible to participate, remains and reads a meditation about the qualities a pope should have and the challenges facing the church, after which he and the master of ceremonies leave the cardinals to begin voting.
On Day 1, only one round of balloting is taken; after that cardinals cast two votes in the morning, two in the afternoon until they have a victor. A two-thirds majority is necessary.
Each cardinal writes his choice on a paper inscribed with the words "Eligo in summen pontificem," or "I elect as Supreme Pontiff." They approach the altar one by one and say: "I call as my witness, Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who, before God, I think should be elected."
The folded ballot is placed on a round plate and slid into an oval urn. After the votes are counted and the outcomes announced, the papers are bound together with a needle and thread, each ballot pierced through the word "Eligo." Then they are burned with a chemical to send black smoke (meaning no) or white (meaning yes) out of the Sistine Chapel's chimney.
On April 19, 2005, a stunned Ratzinger accepted the charge and was brought into a side room to change into the white vestments of the papacy. Off came the scarlet cassock; underneath was the simpler black clerical garb of a cardinal.
"Naturally the pope couldn't change completely at that moment, so he went out with those black sleeves — we could see his sweater!" Marini recalled. "But even that was a human gesture of how he was dressed as a cardinal."
Marini accompanied Ratzinger out onto the loggia of the basilica overlooking St. Peter's Square where a cardinal announced "Habemus Papam" (We have a pope) to the thousands of people below. The cardinal announced Ratzinger's name in Latin, and then Benedict uttered his first public words as pope, saying he was but a "simple, humble worker in the vineyard of the Lord."
Marini noted that that first encounter of the new pope with his flock traces its history to the ancient tradition that the bishop of Rome is elected by the people.
"This appearance by the pope on the balcony, the applause and cheers of joy that erupt when he comes out," he said, "in some way represents the Roman people accepting their pope."
It's one of the potent symbols of a tradition-drenched conclave.
"A religion relies on its customs and practices," said Monsignor Kevin Irwin, former dean of theology at Catholic University of America and professor of liturgy. "This is not like putting up posters and getting a poll of who is winning. This is an act of God."


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$5.75 $7.67
These are our new personalized wooden Christmas name ornaments.
The red ribbon is not included.
I can add a year to each ornament.
Please let me know.
Colors of the snowflake: picture #2
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Please choose the color of the snowflakes you want.
All decorations are laser cut in our modern production facility from high-quality materials following our original design.
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I also sleep in gym class, only I'm not in yoga anymore, I'm in field hockey. Gotta catch up on my hourz, holmes! That might be why it's one of my favorite classes, actually, since it's mostly lived in dreams! Go write that on a notecard in wobbly cursive and put it on Tumblr or something, next to a picture of a girl looking out a window and a Tim Walker photograph, and like, a video of the 500 Days of Summer Trailer and a picture of pink and yellow teacups.
My Bat Mitzvah is a week from Saturday (brb, hyperventilating?) so what with that and school there probably won't be normal posting for some time, which there hasn't been for the past month or so anyway. Unless I start blogging in gym! Heh.


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Susan • 2t-4t
Susan • 2t-4t
All of my bonnets are made from preloved clothing, curtains, donated material, and vintage fabrics. Most are 1-10 of a kind, some I can make more of.
Please keep in mind that the bonnet pictured may not be the exact bonnet you receive. The embroidery, pattern, lace, and pattern may differ depending on where from the garment the bonnet was cut out from. Also, colors can change from one screen to the other. I try to photograph the bonnets in natural light and keep the colors as true as I can.
First measure from jawbone up around the head (above the forehead) and back down to the other side, then the second measurement from one temple to around the back of the head to the other temple.
6-12 months 14.5" and 14
12-18 months 16" and 14.5"
18-24 months 16.5" and 15.25"
If ordering an eyelet/ruffle brimmed bonnet I recommend sizing up as they fit a bit different
Satin Linings:
Any bonnet (excluding anything brimmed) can be lined with satin. After you've made your purchase you simply respond to your order confirmation within 24hrs telling us that you'd like to choose the option of a satin lining. Please note that it will add a one week turn around time and we may be in contact with you if the trim on your bonnet will change (depending on fabric availability)
If you would like to have an eyelet, ruffle brim or sunbrim bonnet please click here to visit our FAQs page
This bonnet must be hand washed, hung to dry. Cool iron if needed.


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The product 'Schwing Material Cylinders' with part number *30373731 has been added to your shopping cart.
My Quote
Click 'Proceed' once you have finished. Upon submitting your quotation request you will receive an email with a confirmation number. A sales representative will contact you within one business day. To increase or decrease the quantity, update the quantity field and click 'Update Quote'.


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Great Tips for Selling Your Business
It takes preparation and focus to sell most businesses. The reality of the situation is that it can take years to achieve this goal. Partnering with a business broker or M&A Advisor is a smart step towards selling any business, as these pros know the very best tips. In that spirit, let's take a look at some great tips for selling your business.
Getting your business ready to sell means carefully evaluating the foundation. Any significant problem can send buyers "running for the hills," so be sure that you work out any problems well before placing your business on the market. If you have any litigation or environmental issues, you most definitely want to address those issues before it is time to sell. Nothing will scare away prospective buyers quicker than pending litigation or the specter of a potentially costly environmental clean-up.
A second key issue you'll want to address is determining who exactly has the legal authority to sell the business. If a board of directors or majority stockholder situation is in place, then selling a business can become more complex than it would be if you were dealing with a sole proprietorship or partnership. Again, the last thing you want is for "legal surprises" to occur when you get ready to sell a business.
If you have non-negotiable items, be certain that those items are discussed upfront. Revealing your non-negotiable items at the very beginning of negotiations will save everyone involved a great deal of trouble.
Tip three involves maintaining a flexible mindset. In most circumstances, you simply can't have everything that you want. Both buyers and sellers need to be flexible. Sellers will want to be flexible about any real estate. Buyers may not want real estate associated with a given business, and you need to be prepared for this. Sellers should also be prepared to accept valuation multiples for lack of management depth and other factors, such as reliance on a small number of customers.
At the end of the day, sellers should partner with experienced professionals such as attorneys and business brokers. You've put a lot of time, energy and resources into building your business. When it comes time to sell, it is only prudent to put together the best team in order to achieve optimal results.


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When you buy a product or service through links on SmartsSaving.com, we may earn a commission.
Spending is easy but saving is hard. Discovering discount codes that work is overwhelming. However—good news—saving money on your favorite store is easier now. SmartsSaving brings you discount codes, voucher codes, free delivery codes, and all the discount coupons for KENZO UK, and many other stores. Unlike most, we only bring codes that work. We wake up every morning, hunt for all the latest hot offers, promo codes, coupons, and vouchers by thousands of online stores. Then we test them individually, and list them here for you. So needless to say, we've already done the hard-part — all you have to do now is to explore through our list of money-saving discount codes for KENZO UK, apply them at checkout, and SAVE money for your NEXT purchase. It's that simple! Save money on (almost) everything you buy. Happy Saving!
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All prices are in All prices are in USD
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Sterling Fish Symbol Clasp for the Custom Clasp Collection.
We promise to never spam you, and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer.
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Skip to product information
- Size: 74 X 36 X 65 H
Weight: 70 lbs.
Shipping Free via LTL Freight. (Est. 7 -10 days)*Restrictions may apply*
- All deliveries require a consignee to be available upon delivery to receive, inspect, and sign for the shipment.
- Please provide an operational contact phone number for shipping at the time of checkout.
- All items go through an inspection process to ensure each product has met LM Treasures quality guidelines and is packaged to arrive safely.
- This replica is new, beautifully handcrafted, and meticulously hand painted with pride in the Philippines using only the finest quality resin materials making each one slightly different and extremely unique!
- These truly whimsical home decor masterpieces offer a variety of functional uses that are certain to attract collectors of all types.
- If you want a photo of the exact item you will receive, please send a note with your order
A 3% cancellation fee will apply to all orders placed via Credit Card or PayPal.
By purchasing the item, you understand and are accepting the terms LM Treasures abides by.
For more information, please view LM Treasures' Cancellation & Return Policies.


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11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes
A single index scan can only use query clauses that use the index's
columns with operators of its operator class and are joined with
. For example, given an index on
(a, b)
a query condition like
WHERE a = 5 AND b = 6
use the index, but a query like
WHERE a = 5 OR b = 6
could not
directly use the index.
has the ability to combine multiple indexes
(including multiple uses of the same index) to handle cases that cannot
be implemented by single index scans. The system can form
conditions across several index scans. For example,
a query like
WHERE x = 42 OR x = 47 OR x = 53 OR x = 99
could be broken down into four separate scans of an index on
each scan using one of the query clauses. The results of these scans are
then ORed together to produce the result. Another example is that if we
have separate indexes on
, one possible
implementation of a query like
WHERE x = 5 AND y = 6
is to
use each index with the appropriate query clause and then AND together
the index results to identify the result rows.
To combine multiple indexes, the system scans each needed index and
prepares a
in memory giving the locations of
table rows that are reported as matching that index's conditions.
The bitmaps are then ANDed and ORed together as needed by the query.
Finally, the actual table rows are visited and returned. The table rows
are visited in physical order, because that is how the bitmap is laid
out; this means that any ordering of the original indexes is lost, and
so a separate sort step will be needed if the query has an
clause. For this reason, and because each additional index scan
adds extra time, the planner will sometimes choose to use a simple index
scan even though additional indexes are available that could have been
used as well.
In all but the simplest applications, there are various combinations of
indexes that might be useful, and the database developer must make
trade-offs to decide which indexes to provide. Sometimes multicolumn
indexes are best, but sometimes it's better to create separate indexes
and rely on the index-combination feature. For example, if your
workload includes a mix of queries that sometimes involve only column
, sometimes only column
, and sometimes both
columns, you might choose to create two separate indexes on
, relying on index combination to
process the queries that use both columns. You could also create a
multicolumn index on
(x, y)
. This index would typically be
more efficient than index combination for queries involving both
columns, but as discussed in
Section 11.3
, it
would be almost useless for queries involving only
, so it
should not be the only index. A combination of the multicolumn index
and a separate index on
would serve reasonably well. For
queries involving only
, the multicolumn index could be
used, though it would be larger and hence slower than an index on
alone. The last alternative is to create all three
indexes, but this is probably only reasonable if the table is searched
much more often than it is updated and all three types of query are
common. If one of the types of query is much less common than the
others, you'd probably settle for creating just the two indexes that
best match the common types.


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Mouth guards, also known as sports guards or athletic mouth protectors, are crucial pieces of equipment for any child participating in potentially injurious recreational or sporting activities. Fitting snugly over the upper teeth, mouth guards protect the entire oral region from traumatic injury, preserving both the esthetic appearance and the health of the smile. In addition, mouth guards are sometimes used to prevent tooth damage in children who grind (brux) their teeth at night.
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) in particular, advocates for the use of dental mouth guards during any sporting or recreational activity. Most store-bought mouth guards cost fewer than ten dollars, making them a perfect investment for every parent.
How can mouth guards protect my child?
The majority of sporting organizations now require participants to routinely wear mouth guards. Though mouth guards are primarily designed to protect the teeth, they can also vastly reduce the degree of force transmitted from a trauma impact point (jaw) to the central nervous system (base of the brain). In this way, mouth guards help minimize the risk of traumatic brain injury, which is especially important for younger children.
Mouth guards also reduce the prevalence of the following injuries:
What type of mouth guard should I purchase for my child?
Though there are literally thousands of mouth guard brands, most brands fall into three major categories: stock mouth guards, boil and bite mouth guards, and customized mouth guards.
Some points to consider when choosing a mouth guard include:
In light of these points, here is an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of mouth guard:
Stock mouth guards – These mouth guards can be bought directly off the shelf and immediately fitted into the child's mouth. The fit is universal (one-size-fits-all), meaning that that the mouth guard doesn't adjust. Stock mouth guards are very cheap, easy to fit, and quick to locate at sporting goods stores. Pediatric dentists favor this type of mouth guard least, as it provides minimal protection, obstructs proper breathing and speaking, and tends to be uncomfortable.
Boil and bite mouth guards – These mouth guards are usually made from thermoplastic and are easily located at most sporting goods stores. First, the thermoplastic must be immersed in hot water to make it pliable, and then it must be pressed on the child's teeth to create a custom mold. Boil and bite mouth guards are slightly more expensive than stock mouth guards, but tend to offer more protection, feel more comfortable in the mouth, and allow for easy speech production and breathing.
Customized mouth guards – These mouth guards offer the greatest degree of protection, and are custom-made by the dentist. First, the dentist makes an impression of the child's teeth using special material, and then the mouth guard is constructed over the mold. Customized mouth guards are more expensive and take longer to fit, but are more comfortable, orthodontically correct, and fully approved by the dentist.
If you have questions or concerns about choosing a mouth guard for your child, please contact our office.
Text Appointment Reminders powered by PracticeMojo


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High-quality premium remanufactured set of diesel injectors for Detroit 14.0
Cross reference: 0986441028
Free Shipping in all orders!
All orders are shipped FREE VIA UPS Ground. All orders placed before 5:00 pm PST Monday-Friday will be shipped the SAME business day. Please call or email us for expedited shipping options, email@example.com – +1 (909)874-3220. International shipping is available, please contact us for options and pricing. All orders will require a signature upon delivery.
All returns are at the discretion of DTIS ONLINE. No returns are accepted without the prior approval of DTIS ONLINE.


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Guest Posts Are Better Than Ice Packs And Percocet: Meet Petite Anglaise
Recovery isn't going as well as I'd like, nor is breastfeeding - it's actually all going sorta badly (let's just say, there are icepacks on every sensitive area of my body, and they're not helping) - and I'm struggling physically and emotionally...
So a guest post is more than timely. Meet the blogger known as Petite Anglaise, who just released her first book, a memoir about blogging through some profound changes in her life, and who has much to say on the subject that was plaguing me last month - being accused of exploiting her family, and especially her child, for her 'craft'...
It's still very much on my mind, that issue, because - after much deliberation - I revealed my children's names when my son was born last week. Am I pushing the exploitation envelope by sharing so much of my babies, and my self? Is it enough to say, as Petite does below, that these are my stories? Stories that are my property?
I think so, but as I replace the ice-packs on my boobs and think about how to write about the heartache of pulling my baby off of my ravaged breast, I do - for the most fleeting moment - think twice.
One of the most surreal things I had to do as part of my whirlwind publicity tour for the UK release of petite anglaise was a local radio interview marathon. Sitting in a tiny studio at BBC Broadcasting House, headphones clamped to my ears and a cup of coffee within easy reach, I gave twenty five-minute interviews in quick succession. My memory of those two hours is, for the most part, a blur.
One exchange did stick in my mind, however, as from the outset the line of questioning was unusually aggressive and confrontational. 'Don't you worry about how your daughter will feel when she is old enough to read your blog and your book?' said the disembodied voice in my headset. 'Do you really think it's fair to use your interactions with her, and the breakdown of your relationship with her father as material?'
Catherine's recent post about the Globe and Mail article brought that interviewers' words back to me with a vengeance. It seems there are many people outside the blogging community who feel that there is something unsavoury – even unethical – about writing an unashamedly honest personal blog detailing the author's experience of parenthood and relationships. Where should a writer – whether it be a journalist writing a first person column, a blogger, or a memoirist – draw the line? To what extent are stories plucked from our own daily lives our property, to do with as we will?
Petite Anglaise started life in 2004 as an anonymous expat blog, morphing gradually, over time, into something more personal. It seemed only natural to me that I should mine my daily life as a working mother for material. Natural too that the main 'characters' populating my posts should be my daughter Tadpole (then one, now approaching her fifth birthday) and her father, Mr Frog. I may not have been able to preserve my own anonymity, but I've succeeded, until now, in keeping Mr Frog and Tadpole out of the limelight. There are no full-face pictures of my daughter on the blog, either, as Mr Frog is dead set against it.
When I'd finished re-writing my blog as a memoir, every (adult) main 'character' received a copy of the book and a document issued by my publisher, effectively asking them to sign off on my portrayal of their private lives. I'd discussed the book with each and every one of them beforehand, allowing them to choose a pseudonym, for example, if they felt the need. But seeing these documents brought home to me for the first time that my first person account was not considered my sole property. My 'characters' had rights too.
In discussions about a possible film, I was told, yet again, that such a project would only get a green light if every 'character' were wholeheartedly on board.
I stand by everything I've written as petite anglaise and still feel, very strongly, that the stories I chose to share with readers of my blog and book were mine to tell. And while the blog will remain my personal forum, in any future books I plan to channel my personal experiences into works of fiction. That way I'll be able to carry on doing what I love – telling stories – without submitting them to my main characters for approval. They will be my property, and my property alone.


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Terms and Privacy Policy
Privacy Policy
The privacy of my visitors is extremely important. This Privacy Policy outlines the types of personal information that is received and collected and how it is used.
First and foremost, I will never share your email address or any other personal information to anyone without your direct consent.
Log Files
Like many other websites, this site uses log files to help learn about when, from where, and how often traffic flows to this site. The information in these log files include:
- Internet Protocol addresses (IP)
- Types of browser
- Internet Service Provider (ISP)
- Date and time stamp
- Referring and exit pages
- Number of clicks
All of this information is not linked to anything that is personally identifiable.
Cookies and Web Beacons
When you visit this site "convenience" cookies are stored on your computer when you submit a comment to help you log in faster to Disqus the next time you leave a comment.
Third-party advertisers may also place and read cookies on your browser and/or use web beacons to collect information. This site has no access or control over these cookies. You should review the respective privacy policies on any and all third-party ad servers for more information regarding their practices and how to opt-out.
If you wish to disable cookies, you may do so through your web browser options. Instructions for doing so can be found on the specific web browsers' websites.
Google Analytics
Google Analytics is a web analytics tool I use to help understand how visitors engage with this website. It reports website trends using cookies and web beacons without identifying individual visitors. You can read Google Analytics Privacy Policy.


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Applicable Scene : Daily
Decoration : Zippers
Sleeve Style : Regular
Model Number : 2031
Hooded : Yes
Type : Slim
Detachable Part : NONE
Thickness : Fleece
Lining Material : Polyester
Closure Type : zipper
Cuff Style : Rib sleeve
Pattern Type : Solid
Collar : With Nood
Style : Casual
Clothing Length : Regular
Material : Polyester
Outerwear Type : Jackets
Gender : MEN
Item Type : Outerwear & Coats
color : grey,black,khaki,blue
male hooded jacket : autumn,winter,spring
men fleece jacket : solid windbreaker
zipper coats : solid loose style
Welcome to Hair Mould , Hair Mould is one of the leading suppliers of clothing products. We keep abreast of the latest trends in fashion, offering fashionable & comfy women and men clothing of good quality at the most reasonable price for our customers around the world.
Hair Mould offers a quick-and-easy online shopping process in addition to offering all of our clients a dedicated and knowledgeable customer service team. Our Strict Quanlity Control System and PayPal & Credit-card payment processes guarantee a safe and secure shopping environment.
Establishing Time: February 17th, 2018
A wide range of products, fashionable and functional;
Professional customer service, via E-mail;
No minimum order quantity;
PayPal and credit card verified company;
Codes and discounts directly delivered to your E-mail.
Or directly enter the discount code when shopping to get a direct discount
30 Days Guarantee
Thank you for shopping on Hair Mould .
All online purchases (except lingerie, swimwear, jewelry & accessories and final sale) through Hair Mould can be returned within 30 days from the delivered date.
The customer is responsible for paying the return shipping fees.
All return items must be returned unworn, undamaged, unwashed and with all the original labels attached in original packaging. If not, the buyer is responsible for all incurred fees and no refund will be issued.
We do not accept returned items that were sent back directly without notifying us first. Any addresses on the parcel is not approved as the return address. Returned packages without an authorized return address from customer service representatives will not be refunded. We do not offer Freight To Collect (FTC) service for the packages returned. Return shipping costs for the returned packages are non-refundable.
Return Process:
Step 1: Please email our customer service representatives at firstname.lastname@example.com to request the return.
Step 2: After receiving your email with return request, our customer service representatives will send the return instructions back to you via email. Please follow the instructions to process the return.
Step 3: You will receive a refund within one week after we receive your package. We will email you once your refund is processed. FYI: There may be a delay ( about 1-2 weeks, depending on your credit card company) in processing your refund if your original payment method is credit card.
Cancellation Policy
We accept order cancellation before the product is shipped or produced. If the order is confirmed cancelled ,you will get full refund. We process the refund action within 7 days.
We do not accept order cancellation request once the product is shipped out.
The number of day taken for refunds to be processed after refund has been accepted: 7 days.
Contact Us
If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact us.
We would love to hear from you, contact us on:
Email : email@example.com
Our goal is to offer you the best shipping options, no matter where you live. Every day, we deliver to hundreds of customers across the world, ensuring that we provide the highest levels of responsiveness to you at all times.
The time frame for order delivery is divided into two parts:
- Processing time: Order verification, quality check and packaging. All orders are sent to the fulfillment centerfor dispatch within 24 hours after the order is placed. The fulfillment center and the postal service company process the orders, which takes an additional 3–5 days.
- Shipping time: This refers to the time it takes for items to be shipped from ourfulfillment centerto the destination. International delivery usually takes about 4-10 business days to arrive at their destination but can take longer from time to time.
standard shipping |
Countries |
Delivery Time (Natural Days) |
United States,Germany, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Spain, Singapore, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Poland |
4-7 Days |
Australia, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Finland, Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, Ireland, Estonia, Cyprus, Slovakia |
7-14 Days |
Mexico, Greece, Croatia, Vietnam, Lithuania, Latvia |
7-14 Days |
Russia, Austria, Slovenia, Romania, India, Turkey |
7-14 Days |
UAE, Bulgaria |
7-14 Days |
Saudi Arabia, Pakistan |
>14 |
DHL Express (In normal situation) |
Please contact our customer service |
Within 4 Days |
Note: 1. Other countries not in the list, please see the actual payment page or contact our customer service. 2. This table is for reference only, please see the exact shipping cost and delivery time on the actual payment page. |


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We respect your privacy and are committed to maintaining your confidence and trust. Accordingly we maintain the following privacy policy to protect personal information you provide online. Any information you give to us will be held with extreme care and will not be used in ways that you have not consented to. If you choose to email us and provide personally identifiable information about yourself, we will not use the information for any purpose other than to respond to your inquiry.
We do not sell, rent, loan, trade or lease any personal information collected on our site. Our web site logs are not personally identifiable and we make no attempt to link them with the individuals that actually browse the site. Our web sites track information about the visits to the web site. For example, it compiles statistics that show the daily number of visitors to the site, the daily requests received for particular files on the web site, and what countries those requests come from.
These aggregated statistics are used internally to provide better services to the public and may also be provided to others, but again, the statistics contain no personal information and cannot be used to gather such information. On our web site, you may find links to third party web sites. Please note that we are not responsible for the privacy policies or content on third party sites.
Therefore, it is recommended that you read the privacy policy of third party web sites for your information. If you have any questions concerning this privacy policy, please don't hesitate to contact us.