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January 22, 2014
Lactase persistence and natural selection (Sverrisdóttir et al. 2014)
For example, the lactase persistence allele occurs at a non-trivial frequency in present-day inhabitants of the Americas, whereas it was zero there a few thousand years ago, with the culprit being post-1492 European colonization. The frequency change in the Americas didn't happen because of natural selection, but because a new population (Europeans) moved in.
If admixture with a lactase persistent population L is at play, then the question remains how L became lactase persistent in the first place. However, this transforms the problem from (a) seeking something in the European cultural or natural environment acting as an agent of selection, into (b) seeking something in the cultural/natural environment of population L. I don't know what L might be, but seeking a population with lots of cows is a good place to start...
Mol Biol Evol (2014) doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu049
Direct estimates of natural selection in Iberia indicate calcium absorption was not the only driver of lactase persistence in Europe
Oddný Ósk Sverrisdóttir et al.
Lactase persistence (LP) is a genetically determined trait whereby the enzyme lactase is expressed throughout adult life. Lactase is necessary for the digestion of lactose – the main carbohydrate in milk – and its production is down-regulated after the weaning period in most humans and all other mammals studied. Several sources of evidence indicate that LP has evolved independently, in different parts of the world over the last 10,000 years, and has been subject to strong natural selection in dairying populations. In Europeans LP is strongly associated with, and probably caused by, a single C to T mutation 13,910bp upstream of the lactase (LCT) gene (-13,910*T). Despite a considerable body of research, the reasons why LP should provide such a strong selective advantage remains poorly understood. In this study we examine one of the most widely cited hypotheses for selection on LP – that fresh milk consumption supplements the poor vitamin D and calcium status of northern Europe's early farmers (the calcium assimilation hypothesis). We do this by testing for natural selection on -13,910*T using ancient DNA data from the skeletal remains of eight late Neolithic Iberian individuals, whom we would not expect to have poor vitamin D and calcium status because of relatively high incident UVB-light levels. None of the 8 samples successfully typed in the study had the derived T-allele. In addition, we reanalyse published data from French Neolithic remains to both test for population continuity and further examine the evolution of LP in the region. Using simulations that accommodate genetic drift, natural selection, uncertainty in calibrated radiocarbon dates, and sampling error, we find that natural selection is still required to explain the observed increase in allele frequency. We conclude that the calcium assimilation hypothesis is insufficient to explain the spread of lactase persistence in Europe.
42 comments:
- Fanty said...
At this topic I usualy recall one paper on LP development in Germans, that technically claimed LP in Germans spread only like between 1000 and 1500 AD and not in the ancient or even the stone ages. (assumtion based on LP allele tests on German corpses from the medival period, wich was something like 20% in 900AD, 40% in 1300, 50% in 1500 and 80-90% at present day.
It oracled around, it may have something to do with changed food during the middle ages and stuff like that, but was puzzled about the "extreme" speed in wich the allele apeared to have spread. - Wednesday, January 22, 2014 11:32:00 pm
- LivoniaG said...
Dienekes wrote
"I don't know what L might be, but seeking a population with lots of cows is a good place to start..."
Is it that goat's milk is not a candidate?
I'm not sure how natural selection (or for that matter artificial selection) favors milk drinkers, but I guess if there is nothing else to eat or drink, lactase persistence would win out. Until somebody figured out how to make cheese. It would seem to be a very old or very isolated situation. - Thursday, January 23, 2014 1:42:00 am
- Maju said...
As far as I know, the earliest known sites with the T allele at rs4988235 (causing lactase persistance among most Europeans in dominant Mendelian way) are three early Chalcolithic sites: two nearly contemporary ones in the southernmost Basque Country and another one in Götland.
In Götland (Pitted Ware culture) only 1/20 alleles was T (i.e. 1/10 persons had the CT combo, all the rest being CC and therefore likely lactose intolerants).
In Longar (Navarre, dated to c. 4500 BP) 1/7 individuals was TT, while the other six were CC (intolerant). There were no CT cases.
In San Juan Ante Porta Latinam (SJAPL, Araba, dated to c. 5000 BP), 4/19 were TT, 2/19 were CT, while the remaining 13 were CC.
What I found most interesting in the two Basque southern border sites (see here) was that there are too few cases of CT, strongly suggesting that the two populations (the TT and the CC carriers) were just beginning to mix at that point.
Both sites were war cemeteries it seems (mostly adult males, arrow injuries and arrow points) and their mtDNA is somewhat different from the Basque genetic pool of the Neolithic-to-Modern times (less H and U and more K, J and T/X). Their genetic pool, at least judging on the frequency of K and T/X, did not make it to the overall Basque genetic pool of later times.
It's hard to make extrapolations for the generality of Europe but, in the local context, my impression from this Basque data (one of the two European areas best sampled for aDNA, along with NE Germany) is that two populations were meeting at those military cemeteries of the Chalcolithic Age: a foreign one carrying CC (lactose intolerant) and a local one carrying TT (tolerant). The presumption of who were foreign and who local is made based on the relative discordance of their mtDNA pool with previous and later Basque pools (lots more of K and T/X, most likely T, also modern Basques have very high frequencies of lactose tolerance) but is of course somewhat uncertain.
IF there was at least some level of population replacement triggering the spread of the T allele in much of Europe it may well have begun in the Chalcolithic (all tested Neolithic farmers lack it). After that there may have been some strong selective pressure in the Metal Ages but, like the authors, I find difficult to discern which was it. - Thursday, January 23, 2014 2:04:00 am
- frog david said...
Fanty, this is interesting, do you have a reference? To me it feels like such rapid changes would not even be possible unless the population size was ridiculously small. I would be curious to read the paper describing this.
- Thursday, January 23, 2014 2:45:00 am
- Ned said...
Given the unsanitary environment of mediaeval towns and the regularity of plagues milk and beer drinkers would survive whilst cold water drinkers would have died!
- Thursday, January 23, 2014 11:44:00 am
- Gabriella Kadar said...
Fanty, if that is the case, then maybe the bubonic plague had an effect.
- Thursday, January 23, 2014 3:02:00 pm
- Grey said...
"Is it that goat's milk is not a candidate?"
IIRC some Arab populations have LP for camel's milk in Arabia so it's not so much a question of what kind of milk but how *critical* it is in the diet of a particular people at a particular time.
Assuming LP is a random mutation then the difference in the selective pressure to spread it through the population rather than just disappear must be proportional to how important it is to survival and/or reproduction.
Given how rare fixed LP is in the world I'd say this must mean an environment where crops were relatively unproductive and at the same time where cattle were relatively favored over other domesticated animals.
(I think the Atlantic coast, Swiss Alps and Dinaric Alps fit this because of the very heavy rainfall.)
The more cattle are favored by a culture the more critical their food products become.
Famines and long winters are the obvious negative selection mechanisms but I wonder if there could also be a founder effect.
If you take a coastal hunting/fishing culture like Ertobolle on the frontier of LBK and add cattle and other domesticated animals to the package to turn it into Funnelbeaker the benefit might not be new sources of food but *extra* food i.e. if you add cattle but it's the *children* who herd them and milk them and do most of the work then the males can carry on hunting and fishing.
So as a family unit if cattle or other domesticated animals means the children are more productive that might lead to a dramatic increase in total food production and a dramatic population increase.
Once you have a large population unusually (from a historical point of view) reliant on cattle and milk products you have a favored environment for the spread of a random LP mutation.
- Thursday, January 23, 2014 10:42:00 pm
- Fanty said...
"Fanty, this is interesting, do you have a reference? To me it feels like such rapid changes would not even be possible unless the population size was ridiculously small. I would be curious to read the paper describing this."
I am sure, I found this here on Dienekes Blog, not all that long ago (maximum 1 or 1,5 years ago?)
The population size WAS "riduculousy small".
Old, maybe outdated estamination (1960 or so):
Germany 100AD: 1 Million
Germany 900AD: 3-4 Million people. Germany 1200AD: 7 Million people
Germany 1300AD: 12 Million people
Germany 1400AD: 6 Million people
Germany 1600AD: 11 Million
30 years war: "Kills 50% of all Germans. So what does mean? Bombed back to 6 Million?
Dont have stats for the time after.
No estaminations but real numbers:
Germany 1834: 23 Million
Germany 1871: 41 Million
Germany 1900: 56 Million
Germany 1910: 65 Million
Germany 1919: 61 Million
Germany 1939: 79 Million
Germany 1946: 65 Million
Germany 2013: 82 Million
Estamination for 2040 (low child birth rate): 50 Million
- Thursday, January 23, 2014 11:40:00 pm
- Maju said...
For what I've read in the Middle Ages, the main source of milk were goats. So what "Unknown" says makes good sense to me.
The question is that, other than for calcium, milk is not such an important source of nutrients, provided that alternative foods are available. One has to assume that either a lactose-tolerant population expanded massively OR that being able to drinking raw milk (cheese, etc. are OK for lactose intolerants) became a matter of life and death for an extended period of time in much of Europe.
And unless there was a milk-drinkers cult who murdered everybody else, I can't really imagine how that happened. - Thursday, January 23, 2014 11:46:00 pm
- eurologist said...
I have previously speculated that antibodies and even bacteria and viruses in the milk could help protect against diseases. For example, as we all know, cowpox infection protects against smallpox.
- Friday, January 24, 2014 10:28:00 am
- Mauri said...
The place of mutation and how it came to NW-Europe is not the question if we look only the high diversity of the allele T in NW-Europe. Much more relevant question is the environment, livelihood and natural selection. We are missing the point if we don't see the consequence of random mutation and it's effect in different environments.
- Friday, January 24, 2014 12:06:00 pm
- Mauri said...
Sorry if I wrote in my previous message "high diversity", should be "high distribution in NW-Europe.
So the message was that mutations are random, but how it survives depends on the environment. Mutation can be negative, neutral or positive. If it is neutral it can still survive and wait for better opportunity in some other place and under different condition. In a big view it doesn't matter where single mutations occurred first time. This is my answer to the question about the high distribution of LP variant in NW-Europe. - Friday, January 24, 2014 12:27:00 pm
- mm said...
Could You please suggest any good genetic paper arguing against out of Africa theory?
- Friday, January 24, 2014 7:00:00 pm
- LivoniaG said...
Grey wrote: "Given how rare fixed LP is in the world I'd say this must mean an environment where crops were relatively unproductive and at the same time where cattle were relatively favored over other domesticated animals."
But it says here that: "Goat's milk is tolerated by only 40% of CMA (Cow's Milk Allergic) children."
I'm not sure exactly how this works. But it seems like goat's milk could have caused the same kind of problems. And encouraged lactase persistence.
And because goats appear to have been domesticated earlier and in drier places, maybe it was goats and goat's milk that started this whole thing off. Later on, it just applied with more force to people who had to or choose to rely on cows.
There's also again a problem with using the static population analysis.
One scenario is emigration. Goat herders go north to herd cows. All could handle goat's milk. But, according to the stat I quoted above, about half can't handle cow's milk. So the ones who can't handle cow's milk move back south and go back to goat herding.
Emigration causes the genetic change in the "population." Cow milk drinkers are the only ones left. Selection is accomplished by people moving, not by a kill-off.
I'd suggest again that it's important to remember that people are not dumb about these things. They can observe these factors like other animals can't and can alter the environment (stop herding cows) or leave it (go where there are no cows).
This is not strictly speaking natural selection. But it is selection. Maybe what Darwin called artificial selection.
Also, in the case of LBK, it is becoming clear that they were heavily cattle herders and less dirt farmers. Way back when, Andrew Sherratt in forming the Secondary Products Revolution, postulated that the giant vats LBK used were for storing milk. (Later he decided they were probably beer-making vats.) Maybe LP arose in some isolated situation and very slowly made its way into much later populations.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/gallery/lactase - Friday, January 24, 2014 7:39:00 pm
- Gnarlodious said...
Goat's milk is typically much lower in lactose but higher in fat.
- Sunday, January 26, 2014 7:06:00 am
- Grey said...
"For what I've read in the Middle Ages, the main source of milk were goats."
If the percentage of milk in a population's diet is 5% does it matter if it is goats or cows?
What matters is the percentage of milk in the total diet (or the percentage at critical times like winter).
"One has to assume that either a lactose-tolerant population expanded massively"
The only thing you need to assume for that to occur is that compared to the *alternatives* available at the time in certain regions at a certain time that a cattle-centric milk drinking package produced more calories.
Given the location of the main LP regions that is extremely easy to believe especially when you take into account we are talking about a forager type population density becoming shifting herders.
"The question is that, other than for calcium, milk is not such an important source of nutrients, provided that alternative foods are available."
1) Yes, *provided* that alternative foods are available. That is the critical point. You need an environment where cattle are favored and other alternatives aren't both at the same time.
2) Iodine.
"But it says here that: "Goat's milk is tolerated by only 40% of CMA (Cow's Milk Allergic) children.""
The selection pressure will be proportional to the total percentage of milk in the diet - hence LP for camel milk among Arabs in Arabia *and* the availability of alternative calories, again hence Arabs in Arabia and camel milk.
"The place of mutation and how it came to NW-Europe is not the question if we look only the high distribution of the allele T in NW-Europe. Much more relevant question is the environment, livelihood and natural selection."
Agree. The mutation itself could have come from Mars. The critical point is how strongly it was obviously selected for in certain regions of Europe at a certain time because of the environmental conditions in those regions at that time.
- Sunday, January 26, 2014 9:12:00 pm
- Grey said...
"Also, in the case of LBK, it is becoming clear that they were heavily cattle herders and less dirt farmers."
Again, it's not the presence of cattle it's how critical milk is to the total diet. If the LBK farmers diet was 70% crops, 20% meat and 10% dairy then the selection pressure is different to a northern shifting agriculture population where the diet is 30% crops/foraged, 40% meat, 15% dairy and 15% milk (for example).
The areas with very high LP would need to have been areas where milk was plentiful but other food was not - which is obviously the case as otherwise the LBK farmers would have expanded there themselves.
If the LBK package didn't work in those northern reaches then if the options were:
A) Foraging
B) Shifting forager / herders
then all you need to explain the LP distribution is that at a particular point in time option (B) produced more calories than option (A) and a large percentage of those calories were in the form of milk.
- Sunday, January 26, 2014 9:27:00 pm
- Maju said...
"If the percentage of milk in a population's diet is 5% does it matter if it is goats or cows?"
What matters is that focusing on cows when most of the milk of Europe was produced by goats is absurd.
"What matters is the percentage of milk in the total diet (or the percentage at critical times like winter)".
That's true but hard or even impossible to measure without statistical data or, in most cases, even a sloppy historical annotation.
For whatever is worth, oral accounts say that here a poor person's meal often was
"acorn bread and goat's milk". So maybe it was a matter of poverty, being goat's milk almost always available (but not meat or even bread). And that would be indeed a matter of life and death: drink milk or starve.
That would add weight to goat's milk importance, because poor people could not afford cows but goats are cheap and hardy and even the poorest farmer surely had some.
Maybe it's less a matter of ethnic ways of life and more of a social class way of life. If so, it makes all sense that lactose tolerance got fixated only since the Chalcolithic, when social stratification began.
"The only thing you need to assume for that to occur is that compared to the *alternatives* available at the time in certain regions at a certain time that a cattle-centric milk drinking package produced more calories".
Cattle (cows) was not (judging on medieval data) for dairying in most cases but for traction and meat. Also since the Chalcolithic (and more so in the Metal Ages) in many social realities it would have been owned by a growingly reduced class of privileged people.
"Given the location of the main LP regions that is extremely easy to believe especially when you take into account we are talking about a forager type population density becoming shifting herders".
The LP concentration region of Europe (considering only this allele, there are others less well known) is very large and includes all West and Northern Europe. Many of those areas (Britain, Basque Country, for example) were not particularly dedicated to cattle but to sheep herding instead. However, given that sheep only produce milk in certain seasons, it's doubtful that they are the real cause.
"Yes, *provided* that alternative foods are available. That is the critical point. You need an environment where cattle are favored and other alternatives aren't both at the same time".
Again: cattle is expensive and would not be available for the masses. If milk was to be a staple, it had to be goat milk.
"Unknown" said: "Goat's milk is tolerated by only 40% of CMA (Cow's Milk Allergic) children."
Milk allergy and lactose intolerance are different things. Allergies are developed immune reactions, lactose intolerance is a genetic inability BY ADULTS (not children) to digest lactose (milk's sugar) and to a large extent a very normal thing (why would adults need to be able to digest milk before domestication?) - Monday, January 27, 2014 12:03:00 pm
- Grey said...
Fair enough. There are two arguments.
1. Does Funnelbeaker represent a shift from forager/fisher to shifting forager/farmer which led to a dramatic expansion of the native forager population in northwest Europe around 5000-6000 years BP.
2. When and where LP took off.
I do tend to jumble the two arguments together.
- Tuesday, January 28, 2014 1:34:00 am
- andrew said...
"Blogger mm said...
Could You please suggest any good genetic paper arguing against out of Africa theory?"
There are none. The universal consensus among published authors of genetics papers is that modern humans originate in Africa. The only dispute among published authors of genetics papers is when modern humans left Africa which range from about 120,000 years ago on the early side to about 60,000 years ago on the late side. - Tuesday, January 28, 2014 3:45:00 am
- Maju said...
@Grey: Funnelbeaker only affected Northern Europe and parts of Central Europe. Everything West of the North Sea cannot be explained by it. Anyhow Funnelbeaker (other than in Denmark and maybe some nearby areas) was rather a "fashion" affecting several different cultures (late Danubian and early Kurgan alike).
If anything it might explain the LP phenomenon in its very specific area: Northern Europe senso stricto, but never in the Atlantic Islands, SW Europe, etc. - Wednesday, January 29, 2014 3:44:00 am
- War Lord said...
"The question is that, other than for calcium, milk is not such an important source of nutrients, provided that alternative foods are available."
LOL You are walking around a big elephant and you don't see him. Milk is a source of the best natural proteins that are available. It is a nutrient that has the most profound effect on physical growth. Nothing can't match it - only pigmeat comes close. It would be incredible, if lactose tolerance didn't mean a huge advantage for all populations, who bear this gene. And indeed, the sudden expansion of the Corded Ware folk must have been a direct consequence of this adaptation. You should see the comparison of stunted dwarfs from the Linear and Lengyel culture with Corded Ware people - it would open your eyes.
I think that acknowledging these relationships will mean one of the last nails to the grave of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan theory, because we can't suppose an overwhelming migration from the steppes to Central/North Europe just in a period, when lactose tolerant populations started to exploit their massive genetic advantage. - Wednesday, January 29, 2014 4:52:00 am
- Maju said...
You're partly right, War Lord, milk is a great source of proteins and fat, much like meat. I realized the "elephant" in my second comment (some time after the one you quote), I believe, when I suggested that if milk was about the only decent source of calories and proteins available, then the positive selection makes sense.
That implies sustained food scarcity, what brought me to the hidden (taboo?) issue of social classes, which arose precisely in the Chalcolithic, when we begin to spot some LP alleles.
The rich would have generally no trouble in getting the best food, be it milk or whatever else, but for the impoverished masses of agricultural workers (the vast majority of the population until very recently) maybe their main source of protein and fat was goat milk (cows would have been to expensive to buy and keep for them, at least in many cases).
Oat meal with milk, bread with milk, walnut bread with milk, acorn bread with milk... that was often the staple food for most people in the past. And in most cases the milk was produced by goats.
"I think that acknowledging these relationships will mean one of the last nails to the grave of Marija Gimbutas' Kurgan theory".
Not at all. One thing has no relation with the other: IEs did not bring the LP allele most likely and they did not cause such a massive genetic impact, especially in the West - their influence was in essence of cultural and linguistic assimilation by means of aristocratic domination, as corresponds to the barbarian conquerors of all times (think Mongols or their Turkic relatives for example, or Arabs too). The Kurgan model of IE expansion is extremely solid on archaeological grounds: this issue most likely has no relation with the LP allele, which shows rather the opposite cline (peaks to the West, not to the East). - Wednesday, January 29, 2014 9:37:00 pm
- Chad said...
Maybe some of this will offer some insight. Yogurt would've helped the transition to a diet with large amounts of cow milk. - Thursday, January 30, 2014 6:05:00 am
- Unknown said...
The Brits and Scandinavians have the highest skin reflectance and lactose tolerance. Vitamin d is needed to digest calcium. There may be some kind of connection.
- Thursday, January 30, 2014 7:59:00 pm
- Maju said...
The first study is a mere simulation. I have meet it a couple of times but I fail to see the merit or at least the evidence that could back the simulation. The later is a letter speculating around the cheese-making sieve of Poland found last year and makes some blatantly unfounded claims, notably:
"By the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, around 5,000 years ago, the LP allele was prevalent across most of northern and central Europe"...
Where's the evidence of that claim? I mentioned ago the first known aDNA instances of the T allele (not at all prevalent yet, at least in the sampled sites) and these are already deep in the Chalcolithic (sometimes confusingly lumped into Late Neolithic or Bronze Age in English). All Neolithic samples we know of, very especially in Central Europe, are LP negative. The only "evidence" is the abundance of cattle bones but nobody really knows if these were used for traction, meat or dairying (and if dairying if the produce was raw milk or rather cheese, a friendly food for most lactose intolerant people).
... "milk may have helped (...) because of its relatively high concentration of vitamin D"...
What is a blatantly false claim: milk has only small amounts of vitamin D (unless industrially enriched). If that would be the reason, people would have focused on fish, not milk, because fish is the only relevant dietary source of vit. D.
So I think that all these scholars are very much confused, like trying to hit a piñata many meters away from the target but still believing they are right on it (to the hilarity of the spectators).
They say that "just because it's published in Nature, it does not mean it's wrong". But it does not mean it's right either. Certainly not in this case. - Thursday, January 30, 2014 10:21:00 pm
- Chad said...
I had questions on the vitamin D in the milk. I know that vitamin D is important in absorbing calcium. Maybe the pressure to drink milk as necessity, brought about even lighter skin to absorb the calcium, or it was sorely lacking in their diet.
I'm not sure how it all plays together, but the links between the lightest skin and highest lactose tolerance are there. - Saturday, February 01, 2014 4:44:00 am
- Maju said...
There are two main known effects of vitamin D, one is bone formation and has been known for long, its lack producing rickets. However in the last years a key role of vitamin D in early brain development has been highlighted as well, and I'd dare say it has been even more important in evolutionary terms, leading to "white" pigmentation at latitudes far away from the ancestral tropics.
I have been collecting in my blogs some of the relevant links:
→ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080421072159.htm
→ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100621125137.htm
Other recently understood roles of vitamin D are:
· Disease prevention and recovery: → http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090821211007.htm
· Cholesterol control: → http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090818182053.htm
· Prevention of urinary infections: → http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015580
· Prevention of allergies: → http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110224103244.htm
I don't know if calcium absorption is linked somehow to all these effects or only to the issue or bones (as I would say on shallow inspection) but what is clear is that vitamin D is crucial for much more than the classical issue of rickets.
So, unless it can somehow be demonstrated that calcium is key in all these aspects, I would focus on proteins and fats instead, which is what natural milk actually has to offer to people with limited access to food (typically poor people).
And that's why I emphasize goats, because these hardy "cheap" animals would have been available to nearly all people, unlike cows most likely. However the ability to digest milk, whatever its source, was available only individually on random genetic basis. - Saturday, February 01, 2014 8:23:00 pm
- LivoniaG said...
Deprivation and poverty.
Milk is all that's left. I guess you already ate the last goat or cow.
That certainly could have happened to Corded Ware folk.
Compared to what was going on in the south, it looks like at least
some of them were impoverished and living on the edge.
Corded ware would certainly be a candidate...
"...in famine conditions, such as when crops fail, they are likely to have eaten all the fermented milk foods, leaving only the more high-lactose products. This would have caused the usual lactose intolerance symptoms such as diarrhea. Diarrhea in in healthy people is not usually life-threatening, but in severely malnourished individuals it certainly can be. So famine could have led to episodes of very strong natural selection favoring lactase persistence."
But around the same time there were lactase persistent people in Iberia,
who would probably pass that mutation along to Celtic-speakers and western Germans who followed them. 27% of a population is a huge number when everything else is coming up zip.
And BTW I don't agree with much David Anthony says, but I have to agree that "Kurgan Culture" is an outdated and useless term that does nothing for the question of Indo-European language origins or archaeology in general. - Sunday, February 02, 2014 4:56:00 am
- eurologist said...
Light skin color (relative to received sunlight) is only possible with sufficient folate intake. Milk contains 5-10 microgram per 100 g:
so, an individual consuming 1l of milk a day (not unusual in Central and Northern Europe) receives 50-100 micrograms a day. While recommended intake is 300-400 micrograms, ill effects clearly are produced at a much lower rate of intake. Drinking milk can prevent this. Conversely, given a certain amount from other sources, milk intake allows for a lighter skin color, and thus better vitamin D production.
Folate-binding proteins in milk may also play a role, and may help avoid destruction by sunlight in the skin.
See also:
"Meals prepared for the milk group contained three 245-mL servings of skim milk daily...
erythrocyte folate concentrations declined only in the nonmilk group and remained unchanged in the milk group"
- Sunday, February 02, 2014 1:55:00 pm
- Simon_W said...
Maju's first comment is quite interesting; it reminds me of this paper showing that the cultivation of cereals in Britain did not last, and that between 3300 and 1500 BC Britons became largely pastoral, reverting only with a major upsurge of agricultural activity in the Middle Bronze Age:
These first documented instances of the T allele Maju mentioned occured at about the same time frame, 3000 and 2500 BC. The foreign population in those war cemeteries in the Basque country appears to have been more Early Farmer-descenced, judging from their mt-DNA. Yet, I think, it may have been them who introduced the T allele to the Basque country – possibly they didn't bring their women along, so their mt-DNA didn't have much of an impact on the Basque gene pool – the T allele on the other hand was afterwards favoured by selection. - Sunday, February 02, 2014 8:34:00 pm
- Maju said...
Not sure if you understood well the situation in those Chalcolithic "military" necropolis of the southernmost Basque Country: not only the T allele is found in some individuals (not most) but it is almost always found in the diploid TT form (while the C allele is found almost only in the CC diploid form). So in essence those "soldiers" included two almost unmixed populations: a TT one and (the majority) a CC one, with only rare instances of admixed individuals (CT).
I titled that entry "caught in the act" because it really underlines the existence of two different and mostly unadmixed source populations for those cemeteries, based on the linkage disequilibrium of the LP allele.
I can't know which populations are, I just more or less arbitrarily described the majority CC group as "foreign" because it does not fit with modern Basque LP frequencies and because, overall, the cemeteries seem rather different from the (pre-)historical Basque sequence of mtDNA pools, with much greater frequencies of haplogroup K and other "Neolithic" ones, like J and "T/X" (sic) and lower ones of H and U. Following the same logic I considered the smaller TT subpopulation to maybe have local origins. But I could be completely wrong in my assessment, especially considering that the Atapuerca farmer was CC.
In any case the central point is that, because of the strong linkage disequilibrium found, at that moment, some 5000-4500 years ago, there was already somewhere a TT population, apparent as the smaller subpopulation in those two military sites. - Sunday, February 02, 2014 10:52:00 pm
- Maju said...
Effectively folic acid (folate) is almost certainly the main factor in the dynamic equilibrium of human skin color leading originally to dark skin and later to the retention of at least the ability to tan in most "white" people. Skin cancer may be a co-factor but it would seem to weight less. My reference was other (http://www.pnas.org/content/107/suppl.2/8962) but same result.
Anyhow folic acid is readily available in many foods, notably green leaf vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, meat, eggs, fish, grains, etc., as well a milk and various dairies. Considering the ability to tan in summer (and get paler in winter) and the general availability of this nutrient, I'd say that attributing the massive genetic swap to just folates looks quite unlikely.
Your nutritional link only makes sense provided that the availability of folic acid was low. You just have to read the abstract:
"Design: Thirty-one young women were fed low-folate diets"...
Your link seems interesting but we have to understand that, while in Central Europe the percentage of LP phenotype is rather high to very high, the rs4988235-T variant is quite lower, so at least part of the Central European LP phenotype must be explained by some other unknown gene.
The areas of highest rs4988235-T are Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, the Basque Country, Brittany and other parts of SW France. Of these only Scandinavia was affected by Corded Ware.
Ref.: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-10-36.pdf - Sunday, February 02, 2014 11:12:00 pm
- Grey said...
a lot of interesting posts - ty all
- Monday, February 03, 2014 12:20:00 am
- Chad said...
I apologize if this is a double post. I lost my connection a bit ago.
Vitamin D is important in absorption of calcium.
There certainly is a link with the lactose, folate, and skin coloring. Grains sure appears to have made a big difference in the skin color. I wonder what color Europeans might be today if they did not give up the strict meat and fish diet.
There has been a four to five fold increase in Rickets in Britain since 1997. I believe that most of it was in the darker complexioned immigrants though. It is on the increase in America as well. - Monday, February 03, 2014 4:45:00 am
- eurologist said...
Your nutritional link only makes sense provided that the availability of folic acid was low.
Well, you are the one who brought famine into the discussion. If milk played any role at all, you could think of a scenario where beans, peas and lentils had failed or become scarce enough to only be available to the ruling class or male soldiers. Grains are not particularly high in folic acid, and people who don't have much to eat but grains and milk might not be so smart and vary their diet with greens (not available in the winter) or nuts (not available outside the fall and not if forest harvesting like hunting is, as often was the case, only allowed by the ruling class).
So, perhaps, women had milk and grains available, but not much else. The ones who only had water and grains certainly did not produce many healthy children. - Tuesday, February 04, 2014 10:48:00 am
- Maju said...
@Eurologist: I can think of an scenario in which the main staple food for the farmer masses was acorn bread (or similar: oat meal, regular bread, chestnut dishes) and goat milk. This is actually for all I know a historical scenario in fact, just that I'm extrapolating it to earlier but very much comparable times. In such conditions much of the caloric intake would come from the bread-equivalent but it's aminoacid quality would be very poor. This is a well known problem in vegan diets which has to be managed but is non-existent in ovo-lacto-vegetarian diets, where milk and eggs provide good quality proteins and other nutrients less common in vegetals sources (assimilable iron for instance, vitamin B12, possibly other stuff). Additionally milk also would have provided extra fat (more calories in essence).
A diet that would also include legumes would be much less risky but I'm not sure if legumes were available in all situations and seasons. That's something to research but, for what I have read about old style basic diets in Western Europe, legumes were not staple, while goat milk was instead. Often even cereals were scarce, being replaced with wild nuts like acorns or chestnuts, but goat milk was there readily available all year long for almost nothing, and hence for all, even the poorest ones.
In such situations, lactose intolerant people would have suffered a severe disadvantage, as they could not drink the most readily available food, a good quality one incidentally.
Of course episodes of famine (in addition to likely severe class inequality in food access) may have been punctual episodes of acceleration of the selective sweep.
... "greens (not available in the winter)"...
I am pretty sure that several greens like lettuce and dandelion (edible), as well as other "herbs", are available year long in Atlantic climate. We have lost a lot of traditional such wild vegetable foods but they were once common.
... "nuts (not available outside the fall and not if forest harvesting like hunting is, as often was the case, only allowed by the ruling class)"...
I have on good account that acorn and chestnut bread (or puree) were eaten often instead of the preferred cereal bread by poor people in Spain and the Basque Country respectively. I can only imagine that "privatization" of forests happened only rather late, as they became rarer.
"So, perhaps, women had milk and grains available, but not much else."
That's in essence my point. Other foods (other than greens) were available for many only occasionally, if at all, not enough to provide a healthy diet without the milk supplement. But that would not affect just women but the general population (not sure why you say "women", I guess that's because they provide for the nutritional needs of babies with their body, what would have a multiplying effect). - Wednesday, February 05, 2014 3:32:00 am
- Unknown said...
Study of Medieval Europeans with high lactose tolerance; indicating that the Plague had nothing to do with the increase in lactose tolerance, as medieval and modern rates are similar.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0086251 - Wednesday, February 05, 2014 4:25:00 pm
- Maju said...
@Chad: a most interesting reference for this discussion, thanks.
Not only shows that in Central-West Germany (there are several towns named Dalheim in Hesse and Rhineland, not sure which one it is) modern-like LP alleles were already established c. 1200 CE, but, by citation of Nagy 2011, it reminds us that further to the SE, in Hungary, LP prevalence was still low just a few centuries before (although higher than among Neolithic farmers).
Therefore there may have been various different localized processes leading to the prevalence of LP alleles and phenotype, each with its own chronology. - Thursday, February 06, 2014 12:20:00 pm
- eurologist said...
All of what you state is perfectly true for the SW/ W Atlantic region - including a diet of acorns in famine, as well as (almost) all-year-round greens. So, that's important to contemplate considering early high adult lactose tolerance, there.
On the flip side, in C to N Europe, Acorns historically play less of a role; sometimes roasted beechnuts were used as a substitute to grain. And due to the generally wet climate, cows were much more common than goats, and cow's milk a staple (while goats milk and seasonal sheep's milk was almost always made into cheese but very rarely drunk).
My emphasis on women is due to the known detrimental effect of folate deficiency on successful pregnancies and healthy children, combined with the numerous additional nutritional benefits of milk. A multiplier, of sorts - especially if it turns out that my hunch that the immune system is also involved, proves correct. - Thursday, February 06, 2014 2:38:00 pm
- Simon_W said...
@ Unknown
Your link to the study on the Corded Ware site of Wattendorf-Motzenstein is certainly interesting, so thank you for providing this. However, I don't think that it suggests that the Corded people were impoverished and living on the edge. At least not more than other Neolithic cultures. - Friday, February 07, 2014 1:29:00 pm
- LivoniaG said...
@ Simon W -- Sorry. I didn't see your comment. I hope you see this reply.
You wrote: "...I don't think that it suggests that the Corded people were impoverished and living on the edge. At least not more than other Neolithic cultures."
Very few Corded Ware settlements have been found, but the one at Wattendorf-Motzenstein yielded a rather low amount of detectable food remains, even for a small average number of inhabitants, over a period of some 200 years.
"Neolithic" settlements vary a great deal in the overall resources available to the particular community, and of course a good deal of this is connected to location, population, technology and trade.
I'd suggest a better comparison is with what was happening elsewhere at the pretty much the same time.
About 1500 miles away, at almost exactly the same time as Wattendorf-Motzenstein (2660-2470 cal BCE), the 4th Dynasty was in operation in Egypt (2575-2465 BCE). This is when the great pyramid at Giza was built. In the Giza pyramid work settlement alone, one that probably lasted 10 years, I believe Richard Redding and his team recovered perhaps a 100 times more domesticated animal bones than has been recovered from all Corded Ware sites, burial and otherwise, put together. And it appears that all that food was surplus.
This huge difference in resources reflects of course a very large difference in population and technology. But it also reflects I think the fact that food production in Corded Ware was very limited in success in keeping people fed.
And this would also account for the wide geographic spread of Corded Ware. It could not accommodate any kind of population density. - Sunday, July 06, 2014 8:56:00 pm


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Colospa prevents nerve signals passing through to the muscle in the intestines. It helps the muscle to relax, preventing painful spasm.
Take exactly as prescribed by your Health Provider.
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
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My journey to learn and better understand Linux began back in 1998. I had just installed my first Linux distribution and had quickly become intrigued with the whole concept and philosophy behind Linux.
There are always many ways to accomplish a single task. The same can be said about Linux distributions. A great many have existed over the years. Some still exist, some have morphed into something else, yet others have been relegated to our memories. They all do things differently to suit the needs of their target audience. Because so many different ways to accomplish the same end goal exist, I began to realize I no longer had to be limited by any one implementation. Prior to discovering Linux, we simply put up with issues in other Operating Systems as you had no choice. It was what it was, whether you liked it or not. With Linux, the concept of choice began to emerge. If you didn't like something, you were free, even encouraged, to change it.
I tried a number of distributions and could not decide on any one. They were great systems in their own right. It wasn't a matter of right and wrong anymore. It had become a matter of personal taste. With all that choice available, it became apparent that there would not be a single system that would be perfect for me. So I set out to create my own Linux system that would fully conform to my personal preferences.
To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages. This "perfect" Linux system would have the strengths of various systems without their perceived weaknesses. At first, the idea was rather daunting. I remained committed to the idea that such a system could be built.
After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and compile-time errors, I finally built a custom-built Linux system. It was fully operational and perfectly usable like any of the other Linux systems out there at the time. But it was my own creation. It was very satisfying to have put together such a system myself. The only thing better would have been to create each piece of software myself. This was the next best thing.
As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the Linux community, it became apparent that there was a sustained interest in these ideas. It quickly became plain that such custom-built Linux systems serve not only to meet user specific requirements, but also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for programmers and system administrators to enhance their (existing) Linux skills. Out of this broadened interest, the Linux From Scratch Project was born.
This Linux From Scratch book is the central core around that project. It provides the background and instructions necessary for you to design and build your own system. While this book provides a template that will result in a correctly working system, you are free to alter the instructions to suit yourself, which is, in part, an important part of this project. You remain in control; we just lend a helping hand to get you started on your own journey.
I sincerely hope you will have a great time working on your own Linux From Scratch system and enjoy the numerous benefits of having a system that is truly your own.
Gerard Beekmans


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- 10.00
I've been eating at Chin Chin about once a week for more years than I remember. The food is always Fresh, delicious and prepared properly, especially the to go orders. Thanks Chin Chin
Darin A.
This place does Not serve your typical commercialized Chinese food found in the Southeast United States. It's the closest thing Americans will get to homemade Chinese food. […] The service here is also Outstanding. Just like the food.
Lance L.
Great vegetarian selection!
Wendy W.
Best of the Best!
Miranda L. A.
This place has the best Chinese food I've had in years! And the service is wonderful. I only get to go when I visit my family in Atlanta but it's worth it every time.
Michael G.
We love the food and atmosphere!! Can't wait to come back!!!
Kisha B.
Very good authentic Taiwanese food. Excellent waiting staff. There's not a great wait between ordering and getting the food. Try the fried dumplings they're great.
Ken S.
The food is fantastic and the place is cozy. Our waitress was friendly and her service was great.
Hayme M.
The food is great and the staff is really friendly. They also very fast with deliveries. Their sweet and sour chicken is one of the best!
Demar A.
Excellent service, great food, as always for many years
Daryl W.
Love the beef curry rolls, peach and strawberry sweet and sour chicken and the eggplant….it 's all good!
Anne B.
Chin Chin Chinese Restaurant - 270 Rucker Road, Suite 115 Alpharetta, GA 3004
Get DirectionsMonday to Sunday 11:00 AM – 10:00 PM
Chin Chin Chinese Restaurant - 3887 Peachtree Rd, Atlanta, GA 30319, United States
Get DirectionsMonday to Saturday, 11:30 AM – 10:00 PM
Closed on every Wednesday
Sunday, 12:00 PM – 10:00 PM


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A striking piece of art, our Chess King sculpture is a beautiful collectible for chess enthusiasts. Use this sculpture to turn any room into a chic modern art space.
Colour: Matte White
Weight: 1.16 kg
Care Instructions: Wipe clean with a soft damp cloth.
Chess is one of the world's most popular strategy games. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, whereby the king is under immediate attack (in "check") and there is no way for it to escape. The current form of the game comes from Southern Europe after evolving from similar, much older games of Indian and Persian origin. Our chess piece sculptures celebrate the rich history and the passion of chess players.
Manufacturer/Importer Name: Golden Leaf
Manufacturer/Importer Address: C-15/2 Wazirpur Industrial Area New Delhi 110052
Country of Origin: China
We offer free shipping across India for all orders above Rs. 5000.
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This map shows the path of the solar eclipse across Earth's surface. The northern and southern path limits are blue and the central line is red. The four-way toggle arrows (upper left corner) are for navigating around the map. The zoom bar (left edge) is used to change the magnification. The two buttons (top right) turn on either a map view, a terrain view, a satellite view or a hybrid map/satellite view.
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february, 2017
To Purchase Scores, Announce Performances, and Commission Works, Contact me.
february, 2017
Saxophonists Andrew Harrison and John Hallberg, and pianist Jason Lo perform my Capriccio at the North American Saxophone Alliance Region 2 conference at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, February 24-26,
Saxophonists Andrew Harrison and John Hallberg, and pianist Jason Lo perform my Capriccio at the North American Saxophone Alliance Region 2 conference at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, February 24-26, 2017.
More details TBA.
february 24 (Friday) - 26 (Sunday)
Cruce Stark Auditorium
Ravello Records – Release Date: February 9, 2024
The Arizona-based duo Velocity2's debut album Flux contains the fifth commercial recording of my Duo Sonata. Clarinetist John Masserini and saxophonist Jonathan Bergeron give a beautifully sensitive reading of the second movement, Elegy. This disc also includes Marcus Maroney's excellent Chameleon II, and other works.
Robert Young is my favorite saxophonist. He can play anything. Especially saxophone. And he can play anything on the saxophone.
Bobby is also a good friend, and an excellent human being. You should buy his debut solo album Hybrid.
Along with definitive recordings of music by David Heinick, Tim Sullivan, Baljinder Sekhon, and Mischa Zupko, Hybrid features a tremendous performance of my …unsettled, unphased… featuring Bobby on tenor saxophone, Tim Sullivan on an extended drum set, bassist John Geggie, and pianist M. Maxwell Howard. I composed this work for Bobby and Tim in 2014.
"The album comes to a close with …unsettled, unphased… by Gregory Wanamaker, a work for tenor saxophone, piano, bass and drum set. Young is again joined by Sullivan on drums, as well as by pianist M. Maxwell Howard and bassist John Geggie. No stranger to the saxophone world, Wanamaker contributes an interesting chamber work that combines Eastern European rhythms with a number of 20th-century harmonic techniques for jazz combo instrumentation. The piece begins in medias res as Young and the ensemble play tight mixed meter grooves that invoke equal parts jazz and Bartók-esque ethnic dance rhythms. This energetic dance section returns frequently in what the composer refers to as a "sonata-rondo hybrid." In the middle of the work, a floating bass solo is contrasted by the harsh tones of saxophone multiphonic techniques. A vigorous rock-like march decorated with tenor altissimo leads to a final coda version of the dance-groove section. Wanamaker's …unsettled, unphased… is both a stimulating and fitting conclusion to an album inspired by a melting pot of styles and genres."
Dr. Christopher Barrick
"By turns frenetic and soulful, the five pieces on this new release plunge a listener sharply into the world of the Akropolis Reed Quintet, a sharp, sleek ensemble out of the University of Michigan. Four of the pieces were commissioned by the group, and they share a fondness for funky rhythms, angular textures and slightly aggressive rhetoric — all of which might make the disc a little wearying in the aggregate if the music weren't so shapely and smart. Moreover, the lyrical episodes that are scattered throughout — particularly the slow movements of the title work by Gregory Wanamaker, and John Steinmetz's concluding 'Sorrow & Celebration,' which calls for participation from the audience — are pure gold, shot through with tenderness and grace. Leading off is the startling, ingenious "Jesus Is Coming" by the Dutch composer known as Jacob TV, which builds densely layered textures from taped samples of two small children and a terrifyingly unhinged New York street preacher. It's a piece you can't unhear."
— Joshua Kosman, The San Francisco Chronicle, April 24, 2017
Citizens of Nowhere is the new album from saxophonist Jan Berry Baker and clarinetist Kenneth Long. This album features a beautiful performance of my Duo Sonata alongside brand new works by Perry Goldstein, Nikitas Demos, and others. This recording is not to be missed!
Clarikinetics contains Deborah Bish's recordings of many of my clarinet works including my Sonata for clarinet and piano, clarikinetics, Duo Sonata, and Mid-Winter Waking. Released on MarkCustom Records, this CD features performances by Deborah Bish as a soloist and in collaboration with pianist Valerie Trujillo, saxophonist Patrick Meighan and mezzo-soprano Wanda Brister.
Crosscurrents is a collection of recordings from saxophonist Noah Getz and pianist Jeffrey Chappell for Albany Records. Featuring new works inspired by jazz, blues and world musics, Crosscurrentscontains a very creative interpretation of my Sonata deus sax machina.
PRISM Quartet's Dedication was released on Innova Records on May 31. Along with my speed metal organum blues, Dedication features 23 short works composed in 2004 in celebration of the Quartet's 20th anniversary. Music by Tim Berne, William Bolcom, Zack Browning, Robert Capanna, Donnacha Dennehy, Dennis DeSantis, Nick Didkovsky, Jason Eckardt, Roshanne Etezady, Reneé Favand-See, Perry Goldstein, Jennifer Higdon, Libby Larsen, Matthew Levy, Keith Moore, Greg Osby, Frank J. Oteri, James Primosch, Tim Ries, Adam Silverman, Ken Ueno, Gregory Wanamaker, and Chen Yi.
"Consider the controlled violence in a work like Gregory Wanamaker's speed metal organum blues (which sounds just about like you might expect from the title), the peppy cross rhythms of Jennifer Higdon's Bop, the humor of Frank J. Oteri's four-movement Fair and Balanced?, and the lyricism of Adam B. Silverman's Just a Minute, Chopin, for starters: all of these little works receive committed, precise performances, and there really are few dull moments on the entire 26-item program."
James Manheim, AllMusic
"From the frantic, florid playing required by Gregory Wanamaker's speed metal organum blues to the melancholy of Renée Favand-See's isolation, this set of birthday dedications offers a kaleidoscopic portrait of one of the essential contemporary music groups of our time."
One Sheet Text, Innova Records website
Five New Works for Cello was released March 1, 2009 on the Albany Records label. Orginally an independent release performed and produced by cellist Mathias Wexler, it was recorded at the Crane School of Music in 2002 by John Jungklaus. This disc features my virtuoso cello work Metallicellissimo.
"…Wanamaker's Metallicellissimo comes out of the energy and virtuosity of heavy metal guitar solos. It makes fearsome demands of its soloist, challenges that only seem to inspire Wexler."
Colin Clarke, Fanfare, June 11, 2009
Flex is the highly anticipated release by the virtuosic Capitol Quartet recorded by Scott Burgess of White Pine Music. The disc features my fast, hocketing Run along with the grooving title track by Perry Goldstein and works by John Fitz Rogers, Whitney Ashe and Mark Weiser. This project was created with generous support from The Aaron Copland Fund for Music.
"I have heard a number of works by Gregory Wanamaker, who seems to specialize in high quality music for wind instruments in particular. Run is a fairly brief and very brisk run-like work that does echo Bartok and other composers whose works contain unusual meters and some polytonal harmonies. It is a fascinating work, though, that does not sound academic."
Daniel Coombs, Audiophile Audition, February 2, 2014
Timothy McAllister's new album Glint contains the definitive new recording of my Duo Sonata featuring clarinet virtuoso Robert Spring. It is now available at Amazon and other fine dealers. Glint also contains works by Kati Agocs, Daniel Asia, Caleb Burhans, Roshanne Etezady, Philippe Hurel, Kristin Kuster and Peter Terry.
"Duo Sonata for sax and, its brother, the clarinet (Robert Spring) is by Gregory Wanamaker. The two instruments are Icarus twins. They fill in each others notes, fly in aerobatic formation, encourage contemplation and indulge in jazz-jamming and minimalist caprice in the Blues finale."
Rob Barnett, MusicWeb-International
"Fellow single-reed dynamo Robert Spring joins in on the action in a pair of awe-inspiring alto saxophone/clarinet duets – Gregory Wanamaker's Duo Sonata and Etezady's Glint. These two pieces stretch the upper sonic limits, leave the listener gasping for air with endless circular breathing, and display a blitzkrieg of notes only the most daring of performers would attempt."
One Sheet Text, Innova Records website
In Transit features the definitive recording of Sonata deus sax machina, and other virtuoso performances by saxophonist Timothy McAllister and pianist Kathryn Goodson. Released on the Innova label, In Transit is currently available in fine stores everywhere.
"Wanamaker's brief, energetic sonata (commissioned by McAllister) explores different types of motion and energy (moto perpetuo, stasis, and 'rondo psycho'), themes that run through the entire program."
American Record Guide Jan/Feb 2007
"Wanamaker takes the sax into uncharted mechanical terrain…"
One Sheet Text, Innova Records website
The Society for New Music commissioned Carrie Mae Weems and me to create A Story Within A Story in 2011. Music Here and Now features the complete score for this multimedia work conducted by Cynthia Johnson Turner as part of a 2 CD album of music from the Heart of New York.
Music by composers Rob Deemer, Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon, Zhou Tian, Jorge Villavicencio Grossman, 'Doctuh' Mike Woods, and Mark Olivieri is also featured.
Robert Spring's sensational new disc Oncoming Traffic has been released on Summit Records. Featuring Spring's definitive recording of my Duo Sonatawith saxophonist Timothy McAllister, this long awaited cd also contains works by John Mackey, Roshanne Etezady, and Scott McAllister.
"Gregory Wanamaker's Duo Sonata was, for me, another high point. This is another amazing piece for clarinet and saxophone and another attention getting performance by Spring and McAllister. The Wanamaker exists in four movements, each of which explores the range, color and expressive qualities of the clarinet and saxophone separately and almost as one unified timbre. The Elegy (second movement) is a very poignant departure in tone from almost everything else on this album, having been written in response to the 9-11 tragedy. A very compelling work."
Daniel Coombs, Audiophile Audition
Brandon Jinwoo Choi and Hyun Ji Oh recorded my Sonata deus sax machina for their new Oikos Records release Saxophone Sonatas. Soon to be available NOW on Amazon and iTunes, the physical copy of the CD is available through his website, and the album is also available for download here.
This is the third commercial recording of my deus sax machina – and it's a good one! The disc also features a beautiful transcription of Ravel's Sonatine, and the great saxophone sonatas by Paul Creston and William Albright. Be sure to check it out!
Blue Griffin Records
This duo, formed in 2005, has begun building a repertoire ranging from baroque and classical transcriptions to contemporary concert literature. Three Reeds has performed in a variety of venues throughout the country, from collegiate recitals, to conferences, to wedding ceremonies. In 2011, the Three Reeds Duo was awarded the Donald Derby Professorship at Northwestern State University, where they are both professors on their respective instruments. Through this grant, Three Reeds commissioned four new works for oboe/saxophone duo and premiered these works at the 2012 NASA Conference in Arizona and the World Saxophone Congress in Scotland. In 2015, Three Reeds Duo was the winner of the Alford Professorship at Northwestern State University allowing them to record their debut CD, signals cross. To their knowledge, this is the first CD ever recorded of oboe/saxophone duos.
Iridium Quartet's second release, Skylines, closes with the debut recording of the saxophone quartet version of my Elegy, and features music by Peter Lieuwen, Steve Daniel, Carl Schimmel, and David Rakowski.
The Iridium Quartet has been called a "superb group" by Fanfare Magazine and praised by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Michael Colgrass as giving "a stunning performance … with elegance and grace." Composers and audiences have commented "displaying an impressive balance of intense control and abandon with tremendous precision." The quartet draws upon a rich history of over ten years of collaboration between saxophonists Paul Nolen, Marcos Colón, Paul Forsyth, and Eric Lau.
Thrash is the debut album by the Creviston-Fader Duo. Featuring my Three Episodes, this disc features music for saxophone and electric guitar by Whitney Ashe, Dorothy Chang, David Claman, Brian Coughlin, Michael Djupstrom, John Anthony Lennon and a blistering performance of the title track by Eric Schwartz. Engineered by Scott Burgess for White Pine Music, this project was created with generous support from The Aaron Copland Fund for Music.
"On the quieter side, Three Episodes by Greg Wanamaker has a playful, jazzy feel to it that I admired, as do a lot of Wanamaker's works…"
Daniel Coombs, Audiophile Audition, February 20, 2014
Casey Grev, Tenor Saxophone
Robert Young, Tenor Saxophone – M. Maxwell Howard, Piano – John Geggie, Double Bass – Tim Sullivan, Drumset & Percussion
Akropolis Reed Quintet
Tim Gocklin, Oboe – Kari Landry, Clarinet – Matt Landry, Alto Saxophone – Ryan Reynolds, Bassoon – Andrew Koeppe – Bass Clarinet
Duo Entre-Nous
Jackie Glazier, Clarinet – Don-Paul Kahl, Alto Saxophone
5. I. Luminant Shadows
6. II. Flickering Beams, Perpetual Wind
Stephen Page, Alto Saxophone – Liz Ames, Piano
John Friedrichs, Bass Clarinet
Eos Sextet
Sam Detweiler, Soprano Saxophone – Curren Myers, Alto Saxophone – Fangyi Niu, Alto Saxophone – Grace Chen, Tenor Saxophone – Andrew Lammly, Tenor Saxophone – Justin Rollefson, Baritone Saxophone
Casey Grev, Tenor Saxophone


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Grizzy And The Lemmings Jigsaw
Grizzy And The Lemmings Jigsaw is a free online game from genre of puzzle and jigsaw games. You can select one of the 12 images and then select one of the three modes: easy with 25 pieces, medium with 49 pieces and hard with 100 pieces. Have fun and enjoy!Use the mouse to play the game or tap on the screen


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Height | 125mm |
Width | 175mm |
Item Weight | 6.83g |
Colour | Dark Red |
Finish | Smooth |
Format | Wallet |
Seal | Gummed |
Material | Paper |
Material Weight | 120Gsm |
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Seams | Inside Seams |
Window | Plain |
Print Type | Standard |
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Size (inches) | 4.92 x 6.89 inches |
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Now we turn to the Supreme Court. The country is waiting on several rulings, important cases dealing with affirmative action, voting rights, and same-sex marriage. But there are other pending cases with lower profiles that still carry really profound implications for the country.
One of those is the case that concerns a child known as Baby Veronica. The case is called Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl. And the basic facts are these - a baby girl was placed with adoptive parents by her Latina mother - partly Latina mother - while her Cherokee father was serving at Fort Sill in Oklahoma. Months later, the parents - the adoptive parents served the father with a notice to adopt. He challenged that.
So far, the courts have sided with the biological father, denying the petition to adopt. But the final word on who will care for Baby Veronica now rests with the Supreme Court. Joining us now with more details is Robert Barnes. He's the Supreme Court correspondent for the Washington Post. He's here in our Washington, D.C. studio. Welcome.
ROBERT BARNES: Thank you.
HEADLEE: And we also have with us Suzette Brewer. She's a reporter for Indian Country Today, and she joins us from Tulsa, Oklahoma.
SUZETTE BREWER: Greetings. Thank you.
HEADLEE: Let me begin with you, Suzette, because this case deals very specifically with the Indian Child Welfare Act, which Congress passed in 1978. Can you explain what exactly this act says that specifically relates to this case?
BREWER: Well, the Indian Child Welfare Act was enacted in 1978 to halt the illegal and sometimes very, shall we say, unsavory adoptions and misplacements of Indian children throughout the centuries. This comes on the heels of the Indian Self-Determination Act that was enacted in 1975 under Nixon.
And so it's a very important piece of legislation that was put in place to ensure that Indian parents have extra protections under the law to prevent their children from being adopted out of the tribe and out from under their families with no say, which is typically had - what had happened in the previous decades and centuries prior to that.
They often times had no say whatsoever in what happened to their children, and they were rounded up and sent off to missions and then boarding schools without the parents having any say whatsoever in the fate of their children. What this did, overtime, was create the disintegration of tribal life in America, because you have a lot of children out there who didn't have that family connection.
They didn't have the linguistic connection. They didn't have the ceremonial connection or the political connection, for that matter. And so what Congress was attempting to do was prevent that and give Indian parents time and legal sort of reinforcement, if you will, to protect their children.
HEADLEE: Let me go to you, Robert, and help me understand the arguments in this case. As I understand it, were it not for the Indian Child Welfare Act, that Suzette was just talking about, this baby girl - not a baby anymore - would be with the adoptive parents.
The Indian Child Welfare Act is what the courts have constantly cited in awarding her to her father. But the case is called Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl. Why is Baby Veronica one of the parties in this case?
BARNES: Well, partly because she has someone looking out for her legal interests and that's just the way the case is styled. But as you say, the real importance here is the Indian Child Welfare Act.
In South Carolina and another - number of other states, an unwed father really wouldn't have much say in what happened to the child. The birth mother would be free to put the child up for adoption. It's only because he is a member of the Cherokee Nation that this law comes into play and thus creates this unusual situation.
HEADLEE: And Suzette, that makes this, I have to assume, a case that many people in Indian country are watching closely.
BREWER: Yes, well, here's the issue. The issue ceased being about Veronica many months ago. The minute Paul Clement came on board as the attorney for the Guardian ad Litem and asked for time before the court, it was understood on many levels that this was no longer about whether or not Veronica stayed with her pre-adoptive placement parents.
She was never officially adopted. That was a pre-adoptive placement and it was - what this case is - is an adoption denial appeal. So let's be real clear that these are not adoptive parents and they never had legal parental authority over this child.
This is an adoption denial appeal, and so the reason this is important on a lot of different levels is because what this is going to do, if the court comes down and legislates, for example, who is an Indian, which is really what this case is about, that has the potential to have dire consequences for millions of tribal members who rely on the health and human services that are provided by the tribes. For example, there's education, there's healthcare funding, there's housing, there's all different types of issues that then come into play.
HEADLEE: Yeah.
BREWER: And as in the case of Paul Clement, his client is KG Urban, and they are a commercial gaming enterprise in Massachusetts that is seeking to challenge what they consider race-based gaming compacts in that state.
HEADLEE: Okay, hang on second, Suzette. Let me get - let me bring Robert Barnes back into this because much of the argument's centered around race. And the Chief Justice actually made - I think it was the Chief Justice who made a comment about, how Cherokee is Baby Veronica? And in the end, this case is about race.
BARNES: That's right. The parents for - the adoptive parents, Matt and Melanie Capobianco, who as Suzette said is right, the adoption did not go through because of this litigation. You know, they have argued that the interest should be about Baby Veronica.
They say that she is a multiethnic child and that the small amount of Indian blood that she carries should not be determinative of how the courts treat her case. The opposite side is just what Suzette said, that they're clearly under the law. Her father was a member of Cherokee Nation. She would be as well, and thus, the special law comes into effect.
HEADLEE: And would this have effect then on other interracial adoptions?
BARNES: Well, I don't know that it would so much on other interracial adoptions, but it would certainly - they're certainly being asked to look at the Indian Child Welfare Act in a different sort of a way, and to rule that, you know, this small amount of Indian blood might not be enough for this child to be characterized, as covered by the law.
HEADLEE: Three two-hundred and fifty-sixth part Cherokee. That's hard to say, but...
BREWER: May I address that, please?
HEADLEE: We - I would love to let you, Suzette, but we only have about 30 seconds left. So we'll have to leave this very interesting discussion for another time. That's Suzette Brewer, reporter for Indian Country Today. And Robert Barnes is with me, as well, Supreme Court correspondent for The Washington Post. Thank you both. I hope we can continue the conversation.
BREWER: Thank you.
BARNES: All right, thank you.
HEADLEE: Coming up, it was a hard-fought NBA Finals, and now Miami Heat players are feeling the love.
UNIDENTIFIED COMMENTATOR: What a finish. It's back-to-back titles for the Heat. The 2013 NBA Championship resides once again in Miami.
HEADLEE: But not everyone is feeling so good.
DANNY GREEN: Hurt. Hurt.
HEADLEE: The San Antonio Spurs Danny Green, says he's hurt. But are the barbershop's resident LeBron haters feeling the pain, too? The barbershop guys are up next on TELL ME MORE from NPR News. I'm Celeste Headlee. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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The Persistence of Vision Raytracer (POV-Ray).
This is the legacy Bug Tracking System for the POV-Ray project. Bugs listed here are being migrated to our github issue tracker. Please refer to that for new reports or updates to existing ones on this system.
Pruning Level: None | Prune Closed Links | Prune Closed Tasks
FS#44: Dependency graph
Available keyboard shortcuts
- SHIFT+ALT+l Login Dialog / Logout
- SHIFT+ALT+a Add new task
- SHIFT+ALT+m My searches
- SHIFT+ALT+t focus taskid search
- o open selected task
- j move cursor down
- k move cursor up
Task Details
- n Next task
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- SHIFT+ALT+e ENTER Edit this task
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Task Editing
- SHIFT+ALT+s save task


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Posts Tagged 'layout'
Title should not overflow the content area A few things to check for: Non-breaking text in the title, content, and comments should have no adverse effects on layout or functionality. Check the browser window / tab title. If you are a plugin or widget developer, check that this text does not break anything. The following…
Read MoreThis post has no title, but it still must link to the single post view somehow. This is typically done by placing the permalink on the post date.
Read More


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The Source of High Inflation: Government Spending
If we look at what's skyrocketed in price (healthcare, college tuition), we find they are government funded and supported. This is not a coincidence.
Inflation is centered in particular markets - not finance, housing or small business, but wherever the government spends money: Schools, food, energy, medical care.
Resistance, Revolution, Liberation: A Model for Positive Change (print $25)
(Kindle eBook $9.95)
We are like passengers on the Titanic ten minutes after its fatal encounter with the iceberg: though our financial system seems unsinkable, its reliance on debt and financialization has already doomed it.We cannot know when the Central State and financial system will destabilize, we only know they will destabilize. We cannot know which of the State's fast-rising debts and obligations will be renounced; we only know they will be renounced in one fashion or another.
The process of the unsustainable collapsing and a new, more sustainable model emerging is called revolution.Rather than being powerless, we hold the fundamental building blocks of power. We need neither permission nor political change to liberate ourselves. A powerless individual becomes powerful when he renounces the lies and complicity that enable the doomed Status Quo's dominance.
Thank you, John H. ($5/mo), for your splendidly generous subscription to this site--I am greatly honored by your support and readership. |


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+39 0473 795398
Editorial . to Home
In the following chapters you will find information about how your personal data are treated. Your data may be collected during your navigation on our website or as a consequence of the services that we provide you. In order to take advantage of all the services offered by our website, it is necessary for us to collect and treat your personal data. The treatment of your personal data may consist in collecting, organising, storing, analysing, interpreting, modifying, selecting, comparing, using, connecting, blocking, communicating, cancelling and destructing data. The treatment of your personal data follows the principles of lawfulness and correctness, in compliance with the current law and EU Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and Council. With this privacy notice, we like to inform you about the data we collect, why the collection is necessary, and also of your rights in connection with the treatment of your data.
Owner of the Treatment
The Owner of the Treatment of your personal data on this website site is Hotel Alpenhof of Roland Staffler & Co. KG with legal offices at Santa Valburga No. 305, 39016 Ultimo, Italy, VAT ID IT00481780211. For more information, please contact us using the following addresses: Tel: +39 0473 795398 . Fax: +39 0473 796404 E-Mail: email@example.com PEC-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com . Recipient code: T9K4ZHO Internet: www.hotel-alpenhof.com
Purposes of the treatment
We treats your data for the following purposes:
Type of treatment
Your personal data are treated manually, but also electronically, mainly through the use of automated processes, depending on the objectives. In this case, we specifically use databases and computerised platforms that may be managed by both us and third parties. Each type of treatment guarantees the respect and the confidentiality of the data treated. We store such data and general information in the database and in the servers as logfiles. In order to provide you with a unique navigation experience, we need to collect some technical data that are necessary for the correct operation of the website:
The legal basis for this type of treatment is article 6 of the GDPR. By accessing the website, computerised systems and management software automatically and indirectly collect and/or manage this number of data and information. At first, the collection of these data in anonymous format is static. However, later on the data are treated to ensure a high level of protection and safety for any data that we collect. Period of data conservation In compliance with current laws, the owner of the treatment has defined different periods of data conservation depending on their usage: 1.) As far as handling and answering your questions about products and activities, your personal data will be stored for a period of time strictly necessary for processing your request. 2.) As far as managing activities connected with the navigation through our website, your personal data will be stored for a period of time strictly necessary to satisfy your requests. 3.) As far as internal management and operational activities (for example time of conservation of invoices, administration, and tax information), your personal data will be treated for a period of time in line with the legal requirements for the specific purpose. 4.) As far as the handling of disputes and litigations, your personal data will be stored for the whole time strictly necessary for pursuing such matters, and in any case not beyond the applicable prescription limits.
Collaboration with third parties When we work with our suppliers and use third-party services, we make sure that they are contractually obliged to apply the same privacy/safety standards that we apply, and that such standards are also followed. Such third parties, who act as owners of the treatment of the personal data, guarantee that the data received are not stored and used for purposes other than the contractually agreed. Within the framework of these technical agreements, the mail addresses made available to them are encrypted using technologies such as "hashing", so that any other parties are unable to obtain the original addresses. It may happen that we need to transfer your data to third parties in Non-European Countries (EEC). The EEC (European Economic Area) consists of the countries of the European Union, plus Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway. These countries guarantee the same safety standards for the treatment of personal data. This transfer of the data may be necessary if the servers (meaning the physical locations where the data are stored) or if the premises of our suppliers are in countries outside the EEC area. Should we be forced to transfer your data to a country outside the European Economic Area (EEC), it is our responsibility to ensure that they are treated with appropriate safety standards.
Disclosure of your data In principle, the personal data are not forwarded. Only in some specific cases, personal data may be disclosed to the following suppliers:
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We treat personal data collected on the website using computerised processes. Personal data are protected by Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption. This technology protects the user from the risk of unintentional disclosure of personal data when using an unprotected connection. The user is notified when accessing a protected connection by a padlock icon. By clicking the padlock icon, the user can then make sure that the SSL certificate is valid and up to date.
Encrypted payment transactions
If there is an obligation to provide us with your payment details after the conclusion of a chargeable contract (e.g. your account number) this data is required for payment processing. Payment transactions via the common means of payment (Visa/MasterCard, direct debit) are made via an encrypted SSL/TLS connection.
Contact form Should you decide to contact us using the contact form on our website, you will be asked to enter some personal data. This enables us to process your query. This is also the reason why the corresponding fields of the contact form are marked with an asterisk, or in any another way, as mandatory fields. The entering of personal or sensitive data other than those marked as mandatory will be at your discretion. Failure to enter, even in part, the mandatory information marked with an asterisk or similar character may result in the impossibility for us to answer your requests or deliver the requested services. The forwarding of requests using the contact form constitutes your implicit acceptance of the treatment of your personal data. The data that you transmit are treated and stored for a period of time strictly necessary for the processing of your request. Referrer We also use referrer measurement to record data such as advertising medium/partner or marketing campaign the website visitors used to access the contact form. This enables us to evaluate the success and performance of certain advertising measures accordingly and, if necessary, optimize them. Newsletter The forwarding of a newsletter containing commercial information complies with your previous consent or with the existing legal requirements. Our newsletter contains information of our company activities, our services, offers and news (for example, new communication platforms, suggestions, travel recommendations and offers, offers that are complementary to your travels, vouchers, competitions, and indications on how to participate to the blog). These communications may also be sent by our commercial partners. The frequency of our newsletter depends on the topics. In any case, before sending our newsletters, we make sure that we have received your preliminary consent through a system called Double Opt-in, in accordance with the provisions of art. 6, paragraph 1, letter b) of the GDPR. The recipient's details may be transmitted to our technical partners for the newsletter sending. This collaboration is regulated by a personal data treatment sub-owner contract, as required by the GDPR. In compliance with current regulations, it is our duty to monitor and store the received consent for the newsletter. For this purpose, we store your subscription and confirmation of willingness to accept the newsletter. The personal data that you forward to us on such occasion are only used for the personalisation and heading of the newsletter. The subscription can be cancelled at any time in the newsletter itself. The period of conservation of the data is equal to the period of use of the service and the subscription itself.
Use of cookies In order to constantly improve the navigation of our website, our company uses cookies. Cookies are text files containing data, which during the navigation to a website are stored in the visitor's computer through the browser. The storage of these data is necessary for the access recognition. You can delete any cookies stored in your computer at any time through the settings of your browser, or even set the browser so that cookies are no longer stored in the future. Should you decide on the latter, we cannot ensure that you will be able to use our website normally, and some services and functionalities may no longer be available. More information on cookies and their usage is available in the dedicated section.
Profiling Profiling is any type of automated personal data processing activity that consists in using the information to assess, analyse and predict certain aspects of a natural person. For this type of marketing activities we signed agreements with third parties. User rights
The affected person's rights may be exercised by the same, and/or by a named person, by sending a written request with acknowledgement of receipt or e-mail to the owner of the treatment. The affected person has the right to obtain a copy of the data in our possession, which will be made available in accordance with the terms of current regulations. In specific cases, we do reserve the right to store some information for legal purposes (for example in case of suspected fraud, or breach of the general terms and conditions). Should you believe that your rights have been violated, you can contact the relevant data protection authorities or take legal action. Below we are summarizing the rights of an affected person:
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The treatment of the personal data that you have transmitted is mainly happening within our working structures, in the departments where the individual responsible for such treatment is located. The agreed contractual activities will only take place in an EU or EEC country. Any transfers, in part or in full, of the contracted services to a different country shall be subjected to the approval of the customer, and can only take place if the data guarantee and safety conditions do agree with art. 44 and subsequent of the GDPR.
For further information, please contact us at the addresses indicated in the "Copyright" section.
Mountian summer
19.05.2024 - 02.11.2024
Time out in Val d'Ultimo


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You Are the Fire
Alright sticker fans, it's time to broaden your sticker horizons and check out our fun, cute, inspirational stickers to apply everywhere. We're talking super-sweet stickers for your water bottle and coffee mug. Fun stickers for your laptop, iPhone, and car. Party favor stickers, wedding shower stickers, goodie bag stickers, and so much more.
Crafted by a tight-knit team of women in Bend, Oregon - with good vibes, a sprinkle or two of sunshine, and a whole pile of love - Stickerlishious stickers are designed to spread smiles for miles. As women who revel in creativity and all things stickers, we feel it's both a responsibility and a privilege to support young artists, designers, and all-around creatives. 1% of every sticker purchased goes to support youth mental health.
Made in the USA
- Peel and stick sticker
- Comes unpackaged
- Open stock
- 3" x 3"
- Perfect for your laptop, car, mug, etc.