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Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs.
Many engineers develop new products. During this process, they consider several factors. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot's components; integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the design's overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to the development of many different products, such as chemicals, computers, power plants, helicopters, and toys.
In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the causes of component failure, and test manufactured products to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. (See the statement on engineering and natural sciences managers elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Engineers use computers extensively to produce and analyze designs; to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates; to generate specifications for parts; and to monitor product quality and control process efficiency. Nanotechnology, which involves the creation of high-performance materials and components by integrating atoms and molecules, also is introducing entirely new principles to the design process.
Most engineers specialize. Following are details on the 17 engineering specialties covered in the Federal Government's Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Numerous other specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering, and materials engineering includes ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.
Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacture of these products. Those who work with aircraft are called aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space exploration, often specializing in areas such as structural design, guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation and communication, or production methods. They also may specialize in a particular type of aerospace product, such as commercial aircraft, military fighter jets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets, and may become experts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, acoustics, or guidance and control systems.
Agricultural engineers apply knowledge of engineering technology and science to agriculture and the efficient use of biological resources. Because of this, they are also referred to as biological and agricultural engineers. They design agricultural machinery, equipment, sensors, processes, and structures, such as those used for crop storage. Some engineers specialize in areas such as power systems and machinery design; structures and environment engineering; and food and bioprocess engineering. They develop ways to conserve soil and water and to improve the processing of agricultural products. Agricultural engineers often work in research and development, production, sales, or management.
Biomedical engineers develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems by combining their knowledge of biology and medicine with engineering principles and practices. Many do research, along with life scientists, chemists, and medical scientists, to develop and evaluate systems and products such as artificial organs, prostheses (artificial devices that replace missing body parts), instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery systems. Biomedical engineers may also design devices used in various medical procedures, imaging systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling body functions. Most engineers in this specialty need a sound background in another engineering specialty, such as mechanical or electronics engineering, in addition to specialized biomedical training. Some specialties within biomedical engineering include biomaterials, biomechanics, medical imaging, rehabilitation engineering, and orthopedic engineering.
Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry to solve problems involving the production or use of chemicals and biochemicals. They design equipment and processes for large-scale chemical manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts, and supervise production. Chemical engineers also work in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as those producing energy, electronics, food, clothing, and paper. They also work in health care, biotechnology, and business services. Chemical engineers apply principles of physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering, as well as chemistry. Some may specialize in a particular chemical process, such as oxidation or polymerization. Others specialize in a particular field, such as nanomaterials, or in the development of specific products. They must be aware of all aspects of chemicals manufacturing and how the manufacturing process affects the environment and the safety of workers and consumers.
Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage systems. They must consider many factors in the design process, from the construction costs and expected lifetime of a project to government regulations and potential environmental hazards such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, encompasses many specialties. The major ones are structural, water resources, construction, environmental, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others may work in design, construction, research, and teaching.
Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, test, and oversee the manufacture and installation of computer hardware. Hardware includes computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related equipment such as keyboards, modems, and printers. (Computer software engineersoften simply called computer engineersdesign and develop the software systems that control computers. These workers are covered elsewhere in the Handbook.) The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that of electronics engineers in that they may design and test circuits and other electronic components, but computer hardware engineers do that work only as it relates to computers and computer-related equipment. The rapid advances in computer technology are largely a result of the research, development, and design efforts of these engineers.
Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electrical equipment. Some of this equipment includes electric motors; machinery controls, lighting, and wiring in buildings; automobiles; aircraft; radar and navigation systems; and power generation, control, and transmission devices used by electric utilities. Although the terms electrical and electronics engineering often are used interchangeably in academia and industry, electrical engineers have traditionally focused on the generation and supply of power, whereas electronics engineers have worked on applications of electricity to control systems or signal processing. Electrical engineers specialize in areas such as power systems engineering or electrical equipment manufacturing.
Electronics engineers, except computer are responsible for a wide range of technologies, from portable music players to the global positioning system (GPS), which can continuously provide the location, for example, of a vehicle. Electronics engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electronic equipment such as broadcast and communications systems. Many electronics engineers also work in areas closely related to computers. However, engineers whose work is related exclusively to computer hardware are considered computer hardware engineers. Electronics engineers specialize in areas such as communications, signal processing, and control systems or have a specialty within one of these areascontrol systems or aviation electronics, for example.
Environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental problems using the principles of biology and chemistry. They are involved in water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies in which they evaluate the significance of the hazard, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. They design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They conduct research on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects, analyze scientific data, and perform quality-control checks. Environmental engineers are concerned with local and worldwide environmental issues. They study and attempt to minimize the effects of acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone depletion. They may also be involved in the protection of wildlife. Many environmental engineers work as consultants, helping their clients to comply with regulations, to prevent environmental damage, and to clean up hazardous sites.
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors prevent harm to people and property by applying knowledge of systems engineering and mechanical, chemical, and human performance principles. Using this specialized knowledge, they identify and measure potential hazards, such as the risk of fires or the dangers involved in handling of toxic chemicals. They recommend appropriate loss prevention measures according to the probability of harm and potential damage. Health and safety engineers develop procedures and designs to reduce the risk of illness, injury, or damage. Some work in manufacturing industries to ensure the designs of new products do not create unnecessary hazards. They must be able to anticipate, recognize, and evaluate hazardous conditions, as well as develop hazard control methods.
Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of productionpeople, machines, materials, information, and energyto make a product or provide a service. They are primarily concerned with increasing productivity through the management of people, methods of business organization, and technology. To maximize efficiency, industrial engineers carefully study the product requirements and design manufacturing and information systems to meet those requirements with the help of mathematical methods and models. They develop management control systems to aid in financial planning and cost analysis, and design production planning and control systems to coordinate activities and ensure product quality. They also design or improve systems for the physical distribution of goods and services and determine the most efficient plant locations. Industrial engineers develop wage and salary administration systems and job evaluation programs. Many industrial engineers move into management positions because the work is closely related to the work of managers.
Marine engineers and naval architects are involved in the design, construction, and maintenance of ships, boats, and related equipment. They design and supervise the construction of everything from aircraft carriers to submarines, and from sailboats to tankers. Naval architects work on the basic design of ships, including hull form and stability. Marine engineers work on the propulsion, steering, and other systems of ships. Marine engineers and naval architects apply knowledge from a range of fields to the entire design and production process of all water vehicles. Other workers who operate or supervise the operation of marine machinery on ships and other vessels sometimes may be called marine engineers or, more frequently, ship engineers, but they do different work and are covered under water transportation occupations elsewhere in the Handbook.
Materials engineers are involved in the development, processing, and testing of the materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and snow skis. They work with metals, ceramics, plastics, semiconductors, and composites to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements. They also are involved in selecting materials for new applications. Materials engineers have developed the ability to create and then study materials at an atomic level, using advanced processes to replicate the characteristics of materials and their components with computers. Most materials engineers specialize in a particular material. For example, metallurgical engineers specialize in metals such as steel, and ceramic engineers develop ceramic materials and the processes for making them into useful products such as glassware or fiber optic communication lines.
Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. Engineers in this discipline work on power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines. They also work on power-using machines such as refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial production equipment, and robots used in manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also design tools that other engineers need for their work. In addition, mechanical engineers work in manufacturing or agriculture production, maintenance, or technical sales; many become administrators or managers.
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers find, extract, and prepare coal, metals, and minerals for use by manufacturing industries and utilities. They design open-pit and underground mines, supervise the construction of mine shafts and tunnels in underground operations, and devise methods for transporting minerals to processing plants. Mining engineers are responsible for the safe, economical, and environmentally sound operation of mines. Some mining engineers work with geologists and metallurgical engineers to locate and appraise new ore deposits. Others develop new mining equipment or direct mineral-processing operations that separate minerals from the dirt, rock, and other materials with which they are mixed. Mining engineers frequently specialize in the mining of one mineral or metal, such as coal or gold. With increased emphasis on protecting the environment, many mining engineers work to solve problems related to land reclamation and water and air pollution. Mining safety engineers use their knowledge of mine design and practices to ensure the safety of workers and to comply with State and Federal safety regulations. They inspect walls and roof surfaces, monitor air quality, and examine mining equipment for compliance with safety practices.
Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cyclethe production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energyor on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems.
Petroleum engineers search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologic formation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to be used, and monitor drilling and production operations. They design equipment and processes to achieve the maximum profitable recovery of oil and gas. Because only a small proportion of oil and gas in a reservoir flows out under natural forces, petroleum engineers develop and use various enhanced recovery methods. These include injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil reservoir to force out more of the oil and doing computer-controlled drilling or fracturing to connect a larger area of a reservoir to a single well. Because even the best techniques in use today recover only a portion of the oil and gas in a reservoir, petroleum engineers research and develop technology and methods to increase recovery and lower the cost of drilling and production operations.
Work environment. Most engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or industrial plants. Others may spend time outdoors at construction sites and oil and gas exploration and production sites, where they monitor or direct operations or solve onsite problems. Some engineers travel extensively to plants or worksites here and abroad.
Many engineers work a standard 40-hour week. At times, deadlines or design standards may bring extra pressure to a job, requiring engineers to work longer hours.
Engineers typically enter the occupation with a bachelor's degree in an engineering specialty, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Engineers offering their services directly to the public must be licensed. Continuing education to keep current with rapidly changing technology is important for engineers.
Education and training. A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a natural science or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, or civil engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests.
Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering. A design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. General courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, are also often required.
In addition to the standard engineering degree, many colleges offer 2-year or 4-year degree programs in engineering technology. These programs, which usually include various hands-on laboratory classes that focus on current issues in the application of engineering principles, prepare students for practical design and production work, rather than for jobs that require more theoretical and scientific knowledge. Graduates of 4-year technology programs may get jobs similar to those obtained by graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering. Engineering technology graduates, however, are not qualified to register as professional engineers under the same terms as graduates with degrees in engineering. Some employers regard technology program graduates as having skills between those of a technician and an engineer.
Graduate training is essential for engineering faculty positions and many research and development programs, but is not required for the majority of entry-level engineering jobs. Many experienced engineers obtain graduate degrees in engineering or business administration to learn new technology and broaden their education. Many high-level executives in government and industry began their careers as engineers.
About 1,830 programs at colleges and universities offer bachelor's degrees in engineering that are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), Inc., and there are another 710 accredited programs in engineering technology. ABET accreditation is based on a program's faculty, curriculum, and facilities; the achievement of a program's students; program improvements; and institutional commitment to specific principles of quality and ethics. Although most institutions offer programs in the major branches of engineering, only a few offer programs in the smaller specialties. Also, programs of the same title may vary in content. For example, some programs emphasize industrial practices, preparing students for a job in industry, whereas others are more theoretical and are designed to prepare students for graduate work. Therefore, students should investigate curriculums and check accreditations carefully before selecting a college.
Admissions requirements for undergraduate engineering schools include a solid background in mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus) and science (biology, chemistry, and physics), with courses in English, social studies, and humanities. Bachelor's degree programs in engineering typically are designed to last 4 years, but many students find that it takes between 4 and 5 years to complete their studies. In a typical 4-year college curriculum, the first 2 years are spent studying mathematics, basic sciences, introductory engineering, humanities, and social sciences. In the last 2 years, most courses are in engineering, usually with a concentration in one specialty. Some programs offer a general engineering curriculum; students then specialize on the job or in graduate school.
Some engineering schools have agreements with 2-year colleges whereby the college provides the initial engineering education, and the engineering school automatically admits students for their last 2 years. In addition, a few engineering schools have arrangements that allow students who spend 3 years in a liberal arts college studying pre-engineering subjects and 2 years in an engineering school studying core subjects to receive a bachelor's degree from each school. Some colleges and universities offer 5-year master's degree programs. Some 5-year or even 6-year cooperative plans combine classroom study and practical work, permitting students to gain valuable experience and to finance part of their education.
Licensure. All 50 States and the District of Columbia require licensure for engineers who offer their services directly to the public. Engineers who are licensed are called professional engineers (PE). This licensure generally requires a degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program, 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Recent graduates can start the licensing process by taking the examination in two stages. The initial Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination can be taken upon graduation. Engineers who pass this examination commonly are called engineers in training (EIT) or engineer interns (EI). After acquiring suitable work experience, EITs can take the second examination, the Principles and Practice of Engineering exam. Several States have imposed mandatory continuing education requirements for relicensure. Most States recognize licensure from other States, provided that the manner in which the initial license was obtained meets or exceeds their own licensure requirements. Many civil, electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers are licensed PEs. Independent of licensure, various certification programs are offered by professional organizations to demonstrate competency in specific fields of engineering.
Other qualifications. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are becoming increasingly important as engineers frequently interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.
Certification and advancement. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In sales, an engineering background enables them to discuss a product's technical aspects and assist in product planning, installation, and use. (See the statements under management and business and financial operations occupations, and the statement on sales engineers elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Numerous professional certifications for engineers exist and may be beneficial for advancement to senior technical or managerial positions. Many certification programs are offered by the professional societies listed as sources of additional information for engineering specialties at the end of this statement.
In 2006, engineers held about 1.5 million jobs. The distribution of employment by engineering specialty follows:
Employment of engineers is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations over the next decade, but growth will vary by specialty. Environmental engineers should experience the fastest growth, while civil engineers should see the largest employment increase. Overall job opportunities in engineering are expected to be good.
Overall employment change. Overall engineering employment is expected to grow by 11 percent over the 2006-16 decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Engineers have traditionally been concentrated in slower growing or declining manufacturing industries, in which they will continue to be needed to design, build, test, and improve manufactured products. However, increasing employment of engineers in faster growing service industries should generate most of the employment growth. Job outlook varies by engineering specialty, as discussed later.
Competitive pressures and advancing technology will force companies to improve and update product designs and to optimize their manufacturing processes. Employers will rely on engineers to increase productivity and expand output of goods and services. New technologies continue to improve the design process, enabling engineers to produce and analyze various product designs much more rapidly than in the past. Unlike in some other occupations, however, technological advances are not expected to substantially limit employment opportunities in engineering because engineers will continue to develop new products and processes that increase productivity.
Offshoring of engineering work will likely dampen domestic employment growth to some degree. There are many well-trained, often English-speaking engineers available around the world willing to work at much lower salaries than U.S. engineers. The rise of the Internet has made it relatively easy for part of the engineering work previously done by engineers in this country to be done by engineers in other countries, a factor that will tend to hold down employment growth. Even so, there will always be a need for onsite engineers to interact with other employees and clients.
Overall job outlook. Overall job opportunities in engineering are expected to be good because the number of engineering graduates should be in rough balance with the number of job openings between 2006 and 2016. In addition to openings from job growth, many openings will be created by the need to replace current engineers who retire; transfer to management, sales, or other occupations; or leave engineering for other reasons.
Many engineers work on long-term research and development projects or in other activities that continue even during economic slowdowns. In industries such as electronics and aerospace, however, large cutbacks in defense expenditures and in government funding for research and development have resulted in significant layoffs of engineers in the past. The trend toward contracting for engineering work with engineering services firms, both domestic and foreign, has also made engineers more vulnerable to layoffs during periods of lower demand.
It is important for engineers, as it is for workers in other technical and scientific occupations, to continue their education throughout their careers because much of their value to their employer depends on their knowledge of the latest technology. Engineers in high-technology areas, such as biotechnology or information technology, may find that technical knowledge becomes outdated rapidly. By keeping current in their field, engineers are able to deliver the best solutions and greatest value to their employers. Engineers who have not kept current in their field may find themselves at a disadvantage when seeking promotions or during layoffs.
Employment change and job outlook by engineering specialty.
Aerospace engineers are expected to have 10 percent growth in employment over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Increases in the number and scope of military aerospace projects likely will generate new jobs. In addition, new technologies expected to be used on commercial aircraft produced during the next decade should spur demand for aerospace engineers. The employment outlook for aerospace engineers appears favorable. The number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering has declined for many years because of a perceived lack of opportunities in this field. Although this trend has reversed, new graduates continue to be needed to replace aerospace engineers who retire or leave the occupation for other reasons.
Agricultural engineers are expected to have employment growth of 9 percent over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. More engineers will be needed to meet the increasing demand for using biosensors to determine the optimal treatment of crops. Employment growth should also result from the need to increase crop yields to feed an expanding population and produce crops used as renewable energy sources. Moreover, engineers will be needed to develop more efficient agricultural production and conserve resources.
Biomedical engineers are expected to have 21 percent employment growth over the projections decade, much faster than the average for all occupations. The aging of the population and the focus on health issues will drive demand for better medical devices and equipment designed by biomedical engineers. Along with the demand for more sophisticated medical equipment and procedures, an increased concern for cost-effectiveness will boost demand for biomedical engineers, particularly in pharmaceutical manufacturing and related industries. However, because of the growing interest in this field, the number of degrees granted in biomedical engineering has increased greatly. Biomedical engineers, particularly those with only a bachelor's degree, may face competition for jobs. Unlike many other engineering specialties, a graduate degree is recommended or required for many entry-level jobs.
Chemical engineers are expected to have employment growth of 8 percent over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Although overall employment in the chemical manufacturing industry is expected to decline, chemical companies will continue to research and develop new chemicals and more efficient processes to increase output of existing chemicals. Among manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals may provide the best opportunities for jobseekers. However, most employment growth for chemical engineers will be in service-providing industries such as professional, scientific, and technical services, particularly for research in energy and the developing fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology.
Civil engineers are expected to experience 18 percent employment growth during the projections decade, faster than the average for all occupations. Spurred by general population growth and the related need to improve the Nation's infrastructure, more civil engineers will be needed to design and construct or expand transportation, water supply, and pollution control systems and buildings and building complexes. They also will be needed to repair or replace existing roads, bridges, and other public structures. Because construction industries and architectural, engineering and related services employ many civil engineers, employment opportunities will vary by geographic area and may decrease during economic slowdowns, when construction is often curtailed.
Computer hardware engineers are expected to have 5 percent employment growth over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations. Although the use of information technology continues to expand rapidly, the manufacture of computer hardware is expected to be adversely affected by intense foreign competition. As computer and semiconductor manufacturers contract out more of their engineering needs to both domestic and foreign design firms, much of the growth in employment of hardware engineers is expected in the computer systems design and related services industry.
Electrical engineers are expected to have employment growth of 6 percent over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations. Although strong demand for electrical devicesincluding electric power generators, wireless phone transmitters, high-density batteries, and navigation systemsshould spur job growth, international competition and the use of engineering services performed in other countries will limit employment growth. Electrical engineers working in firms providing engineering expertise and design services to manufacturers should have better job prospects.
Electronics engineers, except computer are expected to have employment growth of 4 percent during the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations. Although rising demand for electronic goodsincluding communications equipment, defense-related equipment, medical electronics, and consumer productsshould continue to increase demand for electronics engineers, foreign competition in electronic products development and the use of engineering services performed in other countries will limit employment growth. Growth is expected to be fastest in service-providing industriesparticularly in firms that provide engineering and design services.
Environmental engineers should have employment growth of 25 percent during the projections decade, much faster than the average for all occupations. More environmental engineers will be needed to comply with environmental regulations and to develop methods of cleaning up existing hazards. A shift in emphasis toward preventing problems rather than controlling those that already exist, as well as increasing public health concerns resulting from population growth, also are expected to spur demand for environmental engineers. Because of this employment growth, job opportunities should be good even as more students earn degrees. Even though employment of environmental engineers should be less affected by economic conditions than most other types of engineers, a significant economic downturn could reduce the emphasis on environmental protection, reducing job opportunities.
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors are projected to experience 10 percent employment growth over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Because health and safety engineers make production processes and products as safe as possible, their services should be in demand as concern increases for health and safety within work environments. As new technologies for production or processing are developed, health and safety engineers will be needed to ensure that they are safe.
Industrial engineers are expected to have employment growth of 20 percent over the projections decade, faster than the average for all occupations. As firms look for new ways to reduce costs and raise productivity, they increasingly will turn to industrial engineers to develop more efficient processes and reduce costs, delays, and waste. This should lead to job growth for these engineers, even in manufacturing industries with slowly growing or declining employment overall. Because their work is similar to that done in management occupations, many industrial engineers leave the occupation to become managers. Many openings will be created by the need to replace industrial engineers who transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force.
Marine engineers and naval architects are expected to experience employment growth of 11 percent over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Strong demand for naval vessels and recreational small craft should more than offset the long-term decline in the domestic design and construction of large oceangoing vessels. Good prospects are expected for marine engineers and naval architects because of growth in employment, the need to replace workers who retire or take other jobs, and the limited number of students pursuing careers in this occupation.
Materials engineers are expected to have employment growth of 4 percent over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations. Although employment is expected to decline in many of the manufacturing industries in which materials engineers are concentrated, growth should be strong for materials engineers working on nanomaterials and biomaterials. As manufacturing firms contract for their materials engineering needs, employment growth is expected in professional, scientific, and technical services industries also.
Mechanical engineers are projected to have 4 percent employment growth over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations. This is because total employment in manufacturing industriesin which employment of mechanical engineers is concentratedis expected to decline. Some new job opportunities will be created due to emerging technologies in biotechnology, materials science, and nanotechnology. Additional opportunities outside of mechanical engineering will exist because the skills acquired through earning a degree in mechanical engineering often can be applied in other engineering specialties.
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers are expected to have 10 percent employment growth over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Following a lengthy period of decline, strong growth in demand for minerals and increased use of mining engineers in the oil and gas extraction industry is expected to create some employment growth over the 2006-16 period. Moreover, many mining engineers currently employed are approaching retirement age, a factor that should create additional job openings. Furthermore, relatively few schools offer mining engineering programs, resulting in good job opportunities for graduates. The best opportunities may require frequent travel or even living overseas for extended periods of time as mining operations around the world recruit graduates of U.S. mining engineering programs.
Nuclear engineers are expected to have employment growth of 7 percent over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Most job growth will be in research and development and engineering services. Although no commercial nuclear power plants have been built in the United States for many years, nuclear engineers will be needed to operate existing plants and design new ones, including researching future nuclear power sources. They also will be needed to work in defense-related areas, to develop nuclear medical technology, and to improve and enforce waste management and safety standards. Nuclear engineers are expected to have good employment opportunities because the small number of nuclear engineering graduates is likely to be in rough balance with the number of job openings.
Petroleum engineers are expected to have 5 percent employment growth over the projections decade, more slowly than the average for all occupations. Even though most of the potential petroleum-producing areas in the United States already have been explored, petroleum engineers will increasingly be needed to develop new methods of extracting more resources from existing sources. Favorable opportunities are expected for petroleum engineers because the number of job openings is likely to exceed the relatively small number of graduates. Petroleum engineers work around the world and, in fact, the best employment opportunities may include some work in other countries.
Aerospace engineers
Agricultural engineers
Biomedical engineers
Chemical engineers
Civil engineers
Computer hardware engineers
Electrical and electronics engineers
Electrical engineers
Electronics engineers, except computer
Environmental engineers
Industrial engineers, including health and safety
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors
Industrial engineers
Marine engineers and naval architects
Materials engineers
Mechanical engineers
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers
Nuclear engineers
Petroleum engineers
Engineers, all other
NOTE: Data in this table are rounded. See the discussion of the employment projections table in the Handbook introductory chapter on Occupational Information Included in the Handbook.
Earnings for engineers vary significantly by specialty, industry, and education. Variation in median earnings and in the earnings distributions for engineers in various specialties is especially significant. Table 2 shows wage-and-salary earnings distributions in May 2006 for engineers in specialties covered in this statement.
All other engineers
In the Federal Government, mean annual salaries for engineers ranged from $75,144 in agricultural engineering to $107,546 in ceramic engineering in 2007.
As a group, engineers earn some of the highest average starting salaries among those holding bachelor's degrees. Table 3 shows average starting salary offers for engineers, according to a 2007 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.
Bioengineering and biomedical
Electrical/electronics and communications
Environmental/environmental health
Mining and mineral
Footnotes: (NOTE) Source: National Association of Colleges and Employers
Engineers apply the principles of physical science and mathematics in their work. Other workers who use scientific and mathematical principles include architects, except landscape and naval; engineering and natural sciences managers; computer and information systems managers; computer programmers; computer software engineers; mathematicians; drafters; engineering technicians; sales engineers; science technicians; and physical and life scientists, including agricultural and food scientists, biological scientists, conservation scientists and foresters, atmospheric scientists, chemists and materials scientists, environmental scientists and hydrologists, geoscientists, and physicists and astronomers.
Information about careers in engineering is available from:
Information on ABET-accredited engineering programs is available from:
Those interested in information on the Professional Engineer licensure should contact:
Information on general engineering education and career resources is available from:
Information on obtaining engineering positions with the Federal Government is available from the Office of Personnel Management through USAJOBS, the Federal Government's official employment information system. This resource for locating and applying for job opportunities can be accessed through the Internet at http://www.usajobs.opm.gov or through an interactive voice response telephone system at (703) 724-1850 or TDD (978) 461-8404. These numbers are not toll free, and charges may result. For advice on how to find and apply for Federal jobs, see the Occupational Outlook Quarterly article ?How to get a job in the Federal Government,? online at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2004/summer/art01.pdf.
For more detailed information on an engineering specialty, contact societies representing the individual branches of engineering. Each can provide information about careers in the particular branch.
Health and safety engineers
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook
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In my August In Good Faith column, I relate the story of the craziest road trip I've ever taken. And then quote St. Paul. Happy Summer everybody!
Road Trip
The most memorable road trip I ever took was driving from Maryland to California. By myself. In three days.
This was back in my early 20's so I was young and, if not stupid, at least energetic. I was offered a job in the East Bay area that started, well, as soon as possible. So I hopped in my dark blue 1985 Ford Bronco II and hit the road. This was long before cell phones and satellite radio and GPS, so it was just me, my AM/FM radio, and a bunch of maps for 3,000 miles. I listened to a lot of country music and pulpit-pounding, fire and brimstone preachers -- the third option being static.
The only real SNAFU was breaking down outside Omaha, Nebraska, and spending five hours in a gas station awaiting the arrival of a new fuel pump. I was just glad I wasn't driving a Subaru or a Volvo since, if it took five hours to find a Ford part, I'd probably still be waiting.
One of the things my teenage children can't and won't ever be able to relate to is being stranded on the side of the road. "What do you mean you couldn't just use your cell phone to call a tow truck?" They have trouble relating to the idea that in the olden days, if you blew out a tire or your car overheated on a dark and lonely stretch of highway you just had to pull over to the shoulder and wait. You were literally at the mercy of some "good samaritan" who happened to pull over to help since there was no cell phone safety net of always being in touch.
For those who can barely remember the time before our current era of hyper-connectivity, or who never experienced it, a better analogy might be those times in our lives when we feel emotionally and spiritually cut off. Even though the internet literally offers us the entire world at our fingertips, there are still moments when we feel disconnected and isolated; when we feel as if we're standing on the side of the road with nary a car in sight; when "no signal" isn't about our data plan but our very souls.
It's moments like these when we realize our cell phone coverage only takes us so far in life and that we need more than this to thrive through the experience of joy and fruitful relationship. At times like these, I always think about St. Paul's letter to the Christians in Rome in the early days of the Church. Writing to a group who had already experienced persecution with the potential for much more, he reminded them that "nothing can separate us from the love of God."
He goes on to list a bunch of worst case scenarios: "I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor rulers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord." You could certainly add being stranded on the side of a lonely road on a dark and stormy night with no cell phone.
The good news in this is that God never abandons us or leaves us stranded or refuses to listen when we cry out. And that nothing that we do or fail to do can ever separate us from God's love for us. Sure, we sometimes run out of spiritual gas along the road of life, but God is always there to offer comfort, solace, strength, and continuing relationship.

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Burn Prevention for Big Kids
Burn Prevention for Big Kids
You know what they say about playing with fire? Burns caused by direct contact with fire are more common among kids this age, so talk to your kids about how to stay safe from burns by taking a few simple precautions.
Top Safety Tips
- Don't allow children to use a microwave by themselves until they are both tall enough to reach it safely and able to understand that steam can cause burns.
- Actively supervise bigger kids in the kitchen and around electrical appliances and outlets and teach them how to act responsibly.
- Make a habit of placing matches, gasoline and lighters in a safe place, out of children's reach. Avoid novelty lighters or lighters that look like toys.


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After bowing out of Iraq when the last American forces left two and a half years ago, the U.S. military is back.
Up to 300 military advisers started arriving there this weekend. President Obama said he sent them to help Iraq's military confront the Sunni militants who've overrun much of northern Iraq. He said Thursday that U.S. would not take on another combat role in Iraq, but he didn't rule out all types of military support.
"Going forward we will be prepared to take targeted and precise military action if and when we determine that the situation on the ground requires it," Obama said on Thursday. "If we do, I will consult closely with Congress and leaders in Iraq and in the region."
But the president did not promise to seek formal authorization from Congress, and that's brought mixed reactions on Capitol Hill.
After meeting at the White House with the president, along with other top congressional leaders from both parties, House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi said she told him he need not bother going to Congress to take action in Iraq.
"The president said his lawyers are looking at the authorities and the rest, with my hope that they would conclude that no congressional action was necessary," Pelosi said.
Having legal authority would spare Congress from voting on an incursion that might prove unpopular with voters. A dozen years ago, Pelosi herself voted against giving President George W. Bush permission to invade Iraq. That was years before Texas Republican Sen. Ted Cruz arrived in Washington. Last week on the Senate floor, Cruz noted that the Constitution says only Congress can declare war.
"So if the president is planning on launching a concerted offensive attack that is not constrained by the exigency of the circumstances, he should come to Congress first to seek and to receive authorization for the use of military force," Cruz said.
Some have argued that, a week after the Sept. 11 attacks, Congress did give the president authority to wage war on groups identified as terrorists when it passed the Authorization for the Use of Military Force, or AUMF. Cornell University law professor Jens Ohlin disagrees.
"The AUMF was a 9/11-specific authorization," Ohlin says. "It was designed to eradicate forces [and] individuals who were responsible for the 9/11 attack, and this, in my mind, falls completely outside of that scope."
But as Brookings Institution Middle East expert Ken Pollack points out, the U.S. has pursued a lot of alleged terrorists not directly associated with al-Qaida, the perpetrator of the Sept. 11 attacks. And the country has done so, he says, without specific authorization from Congress.
"Clearly the American public have given both President Bush and now President Obama a pretty wide berth in going after terrorists," Pollack says.
There's yet another twist: Under the 1973 War Powers Act, a president can wage war for up to 90 days without congressional approval. Sen. Carl Levin, chairman of the Armed Services Committee, says so far Obama has abided by that law. But Levin says the U.S. should take no action unless asked to do so by Iraq's leaders.
"It is not too much to expect, and it is essential that we insist upon this kind of a formal statement from leaders of all of the groups, of all of the elements, before we even consider ... sending airstrikes," Levin says.
That kind of exhortation may carry some weight, but without being voted on by Congress, it's just one more item for Obama's suggestion box.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Payday Loans St Francisville Louisiana is incredible online payday loans for anyone who wants to get fast money without waiting so much time for it. The loan process is really easy and almost everyone can be accepted for loans like these located in Louisiana. Getting this kind on loans in will take only one hour of response time. The applicant needs to just fill out some forms and he or she will get these loans online with no additional work and very easy.
Also, the applicant who applies for short-term loans, need to know that the process is make to be really straightforward and quick for everyone. Also, these loans are really useful and work free in comparison with other loan lenders available in the world. The payday loans St Francisville, Louisiana has really powerful customer service that are always in mood to help the applicant get this kind of loans online and use the money for their purposes. Also, the payday loans St Francisville in Louisiana are in partnership with different best payday loans online groups which can deposit all the finds directly to the applicants' bank account quickly and smoothly. After the applicant registration processes for loans the asked money by the applicant will be deposited in about 45 minutes in his or her entered bank account in the application form.
If the applicant wants fast cash and he or she is based in St Francisville, the Louisiana an city, there is an option to get that fast credit money thanks to the loans in St Francisville. A loan is probably short term and it can be no more than $500. If the borrowers who want to get payday loans online in Louisiana, already have a bad credit loans or never had a short term loans, then the process of getting payday loan will be much easier than usual and getting the fast cash on the bank account will be painless. But, there are some requirements that the borrower need to fill out to get this kind of fast payday loans.
For example, the borrower will be required to apply with their personal ID card and social security number. Also, there need to entered the information related to the borrowers living address and mobile phone number for getting in touch and contacting the borrower for the loans. Next, the borrower needs to bring a various documents for monthly income verification because of the source of the income amount that the borrower gets actively. Last but not least, the borrower needs to own an open and active checking bank account and enter the bank account number in the registration form. Having a bank account is the basic thing that the borrower must own if she or he wants to apply for payday loans near me in St Francisville of Louisiana.
These kinds of loans are totally legal on the island and there are so many restrictions and limitations that will be faced off with the new borrowers. The average loans in Louisiana are in duration with two weeks, no more than $100. Some countries have rollover period for their loans amounts, but in Louisiana an St Francisville city, there is no rollover period for the applicants. This situation will bring the borrowers in bad situation if they will not return the payday loan on time, because the borrowers will be disable to get another payday loan and get more time for giving back.
On the other hand, this option for loans in two weeks duration is really good for the people who are living in Louisiana an St Francisville city because they will be required to pay other fees every time when they will rollover new payday loans. Although, the Louisiana an financial law allows the borrower, to get these short term loans, with the amount of $600 in duration of 32 days. Plus, the money lenders who are based in St Francisville the Louisianaan city are disable to charge more than 15% interest rate for the given payday loans by the state financial law. The borrower, as it was mentioned before, need to have active bank account and consistent monthly income source as a proof that he or she is financial stable.
Online loans in St Francisville, LA are also most popular type of loans in the whole island. Online loans are really easy and quick delivered funds from St Francisville, when the borrower is in need of handsome money and easy credit rollover. Why payday loans online services are good for everyone who is located in St Francisville in Louisiana and need quick payday loan?
For example, the borrower's bank cannot give him a loan. Getting bank loan or a mortgage is a boring and long process and the borrower will not get the money immediately or for a short period of time. Applying for a payday loans in St Francisville, Louisiana is quick and easy because it is totally available for getting it online. That is the reason why these loans are the best online payday loans on the island.
Also, the time approval is really fast and the applicant will get the payday loan as fast as possible within an hour of registration process. The Louisiana an online services in St Francisville city are easy going and applicant friendly, so the process is totally free and available for everyone who has a smartphone, laptop and good internet connection for online loans applying.
Being located in Louisiana is awesome thing that should happen in the life. All that beautiful places, beaches and atmosphere will make the vibe like a wonderland. The applicant need to know that being a visitor on Louisiana is quite expensive, but there is still option that will effectively help the borrower related to the financial situation. The loans available in Louisiana are going up to $600 in duration with one month. The Louisiana an residents that are located in Oahu, Waimea, Kauai and other cities are also available to get a loans, not just St Francisville city.
The loans as an alternative to loans in St Francisville are really similar to this Louisiana an city loans and they can be accepted for a really short time, easy and effectively without all boring loan processes. For example, the maximum amount of money that the borrower can get is $600, the same as the loans in St Francisville city. Also, the maximum duration of the loans is 32 days and the lenders are required to charge 15% maximum rate from the amount that is borrowed. Also, the maximum number of loans is only one and no rollovers are included. So, the alternatives payday loans in Louisiana in comparison with St Francisville are the same and there are not any changes.
If the applicant wants the get the payday loans in St Francisville, Louisiana as soon as possible, the applicant need to find a good and quick lender that will deposit all funds in the bank account. There are so many online loans lenders that are willing to provide different types of loans with acceptable rate prices for their clients. For example, different lenders can give the applicant the certain amount of money that he wants, like 24 Cash Loans, Moneytree and so on. The loans lenders are offering various online payday loans near me and the time of approval is really fast. But, as a loans applicant, he or she needs to know that the lenders can ask the borrower for extra interest if he is unable to return and pay off the borrowed amount of money.
Payday Loans in St Francisville Louisiana: FAQ's
1.What is the cost of St Francisville, LA payday loans?
- For two weeks, loans will bring the applicant $100, or for 32 payday loan, up to $600.
2.Is there any option for renewing the loans St Francisville, Louisiana?
- No. The borrower is not allowed to get new payday loan in St Francisville, Louisiana if he did not pay off the payday loan from before.
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- No. There is an option to pay for the loans only once.
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- No. The borrower who have a bad credit, good credit or never own one before can apply for a loans in St Francisville in Louisiana for no problem, easy and quickly.
5.Can I apply for Louisiana an loans if I am not located there?
- Absolutely yes. The St Francisville, Louisiana online payday loans services are here to enable every resident to get instant money not depending of the certain location.
6.What is the date of payday loan determination?
- For payday loans in St Francisville in Louisiana the applicant can receive the money on his bank account immediately after finishing the registration processes, no more than one hour.
It's the sort of credit you take when different emergencies happen. There are such examples as medical bills, house maintenance, car repair, etc. Of course, each customer has his own purpose.
Applying does NOT affect your credit score!
No credit check to apply.


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Renters InsuranceRenters insurance provides financial protection against the loss or destruction of your possessions when you rent a house or apartment. While your landlord may be sympathetic to a burglary you have experienced or a fire caused by your iron, destruction or loss of your possessions is not usually covered by your landlord's insurance. Because in most cases, renters insurance covers only the value of your belongings, not the physical building, the premium is relatively inexpensive. By purchasing renters insurance, your possessions are covered against losses from fire or smoke, lightning, vandalism, theft, explosion, windstorm and water damage (not including floods). Like homeowners insurance, renters insurance also covers your responsibility to other people injured at your home or elsewhere by you, a family member or your pet and pays legal defense costs if you are taken to court.
Renters insurance covers your additional living expenses if you are unable to live in your apartment because of a fire or other covered peril. Most policies will reimburse you the difference between your additional living expenses and your normal living expenses but still may set limits as to the amount they will pay.
There are two types of renters insurance policies you may purchase:
With either policy, you may want to consider purchasing a floater. A standard renters policy offers only limited coverage for items such as jewelry, silver, furs, etc. If you own property that exceeds these limits, it is recommended that you supplement your policy with a floater. A floater is a separate policy that provides additional insurance for your valuables and covers them for perils not included in your policy such as accidental loss. Contact us today to discuss your unique renters insurance needs. |


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Epi-LASIK, (Epithelial Laser In Situ Keratomileusis) is an advanced type of corneal surface ablation to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism. Like the other Laser Eye Surgery surface ablation procedures such as PRK and LASEK, it attempts to merge the desirable features of LASIK, PRK and LASEK. In this procedure, a designed microkeratome like instrument is used to create a thin flap of corneal epithelium. It achieves this by gently separating the epithelium from the underlying corneal layer without cutting. In Epi LASIK, no alcohol solution is applied to loosen and remove the surface of the epithelium as in LASEK.
Advanced Epi-LASIK may be your best choice if you have thin corneas or have certain conditions of the cornea. Which procedure is best for you, will be ascertained from your consultation.
Epi-LASIK is similar to LASEK in that it is a LASIK Eye Surgery procedure that can be used for patients who have thin corneas and might not otherwise be good candidates for ordinary LASIK. Once the epithelial layer has been removed, the Excimer Laser is then applied and reshapes the cornea to correct your prescription, as in LASIK, PRK and LASIK. Upon completion of the Excimer Laser application, the epithelial flap is then returned to its original position.
Epi-LASIK has a relative advantage in that it avoids any of the potential complications encountered while making a conventional LASIK flap and during the flap healing process. Compared to LASEK and PRK it is believed that Epi-LASIK can allow a more rapid visual recovery, perhaps 3-4 days versus a 7 days or more with PRK and 5-7 days with LASEK.


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Want to know the exact wrong way to pry open a stubborn lid? Just ask Jimmy Fallon, host of NBC-TV's popular "Tonight Show." When the 40-year-old funnyman had trouble opening a tube of scar tissue repair gel with his hands, he decided to try using his teeth.
What happened next wasn't funny: Attempting to remove the cap, Fallon chipped his front tooth, adding another medical problem to the serious finger injury he suffered a few weeks before (the same wound he was trying to take care of with the gel). If there's a moral to this story, it might be this: Use the right tool for the job… and that tool isn't your teeth!
Yet Fallon is hardly alone in his dilemma. According to the American Association of Endodontists, chipped teeth account for the majority of dental injuries. Fortunately, modern dentistry offers a number of great ways to restore damaged teeth.
If the chip is relatively small, it's often possible to fix it with cosmetic bonding. In this procedure, tough, natural-looking resin is used to fill in the part of the tooth that has been lost. Built up layer by layer, the composite resin is cured with a special light until it's hard, shiny… and difficult to tell from your natural teeth. Best of all, cosmetic bonding can often be done in one office visit, with little or no discomfort. It can last for up to ten years, so it's great for kids who may be getting more permanent repairs later.
For larger chips or cracks, veneers or crowns may be suggested. Veneers are wafer-thin porcelain coverings that go over the entire front surface of one or more teeth. They can be used to repair minor to moderate defects, such as chips, discolorations, or spacing irregularities. They can also give you the "Hollywood white" smile you've seen on many celebrities.
Veneers are generally custom-made in a lab, and require more than one office visit. Because a small amount of tooth structure must be removed in order to put them in place, veneers are considered an irreversible treatment. But durable and long-lasting veneers are the restorations of choice for many people.
Crowns (also called caps) are used when even more of the tooth structure is missing. They can replace the entire visible part of the tooth, as long as the tooth's roots remain viable. Crowns, like veneers, are custom-fabricated to match your teeth in size, shape and color; they are generally made in a dental lab and require more than one office visit. However, teeth restored with crowns function well, look natural, and can last for many years.
So what happened to Jimmy Fallon? We aren't sure which restoration he received… but we do know that he was back on TV the same night, flashing a big smile.
If you would like more information about tooth restorations, please contact us or schedule a consultation. You can learn more in the Dear Doctor magazine articles "Porcelain Crowns & Veneers" and "Artistic Repair Of Front Teeth With Composite Resin."


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The FTD® Schefflera Arboricola
C31-2946A great accent for home or office, this lush Schefflera grows into a large, bushy plant.
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Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Eau Intense EDP Perfume for Men 100ml
Experience the powerful scent of Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Eau Intense EDP Perfume for Men. With its 100ml bottle,...
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Experience the powerful scent of Dolce & Gabbana Light Blue Eau Intense EDP Perfume for Men. With its 100ml bottle, this fragrance provides long-lasting freshness and confidence. Elevate your style and make a statement with this intense, high-quality perfume.
Top Notes: Mandarin Orange, Grapefruit
Heart Notes: Sea Water, Juniper
Base Notes: Amberwood, Musk
Type: Eau de Parfum
Size: 100ml
Explore more from Dolce & Gabbana on GottaGo.in
How to use: Spray the fragrance on your pulse points, namely, inside of wrists, the collar bone, behind ear lobes, inner elbows, cleavage, and behind knees after bathing. Pulse points emit body heat, which allows the fragrance to diffuse evenly over the day.
Storage: Store in a cool, dry location. Close the lid or cap after each use.
When applying any fragrance, please consider that several factors can affect your skin's natural smell and how a scent smells on you. For instance, dry or oily skin, your mood, stress level, body chemistry, diet, and current medications may alter the scents you wear. Similarly, these factors can affect how long a fragrance will last after being applied.
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#Fuckable Gift Bag - Novelty Gift Bag
Want to make a statement to the one you love? Or the one you would like to love? Wrap their next gift in our #Fuckable gift bag. It looks expensive and feels amazing! Our gift bags are high quality bags made of thick, sturdy cardstock paper with elegant woven handles. This 25 cm gift bag has a white background with pastel purple flocking and matching metallic stamped #Fuckable on front and back. This suggestive bag is as fun to give as it is to receive.
At Bed Buddies we understand how frustrating adding shipping to the cost of an item can be so we are proud to offer FREE Shipping for ALL orders over $75 in Australia and New Zealand.
International shipping rates are based on total weight of the order.
At Bed Buddies we aim to ship your order as quickly as possible after receiving payment.
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Before returning any item, please make contact with us here https://www.bedbuddies.com.au/pages/contact-us


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With reports coming out of Syria about another massacre, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton today used some of her sternest language yet about what she said is the Assad regime's "unconscionable" crackdown on the Syrian people. Reuters reports she said President Bashar Assad must cede all power and leave Syria.
According to The Wall Street Journal, "Syrian activists reported two [new] attacks by pro-government forces that they say killed hundreds of people." Other reports, including one from Reuters, cite activists as saying that " Syrian troops and militiamen" loyal to Assad killed at least 78 people, including women and children, in central Syria on Wednesday.
As Reuters adds, "their descriptions echoed accounts of a massacre of 108 civilians at Houla on May 25, which was investigated by U.N. monitors and which the chief U.N. peacekeeper said was probably committed by Syrian troops and loyalist 'shabbiha' militia."
The government has denied its forces were responsible for the massacres. Because of restrictions on reporting inside Syria, it's impossible to independently verify the activists' accounts. But videos and photos have emerged of the aftermath from the May 25 killings. And international investigators have issued reports about the thousands of deaths over the past year.
Clinton, who has previously said Russia's unwillingness to fully support international efforts to pressure the Assad regime is helping to prop up Assad, said today that the U.S. is willing to work with Russia and China on a U.N.-backed plan to end the violence.
But, the BBC adds, she "reiterated that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad must leave power."
The U.N. Security Council is set to debate what to do now later today.
Protests against the Assad regime began in March 2011. Since then, the U.N. estimates, more than 10,000 people have died — most of them civilians.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Nannies in Barnaby Woods
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Are you trying to decide whether to sell or keep your inherited property in Houston? It can be frustrating spending money on a house in order to sell it, especially one that wasn't yours. In our latest post, we help you learn more about your selling options!
Whether or not you knew about the inheritance, you might be faced with some unexpected challenges once the property is in your name. Owning a house can be expensive. The bills, the taxes, the maintenance, and the unexpected repairs can come as a shock. As any investor will tell you, the longer you own it, the more it is costing you. Before you make a decision about whether to sell or keep the inherited property, ask yourself a few questions. Take the time to learn about the market and the property in question, to better help with your decision. Below, we will offer some tips to help you determine if you should keep or sell your inherited property in Houston. Will will also offer some insight into the best ways to sell.
Ask Yourself These Questions
Do you have a use for the property?
Holding onto it for sentimental reasons is fine if that's what you want to do, but don't feel as if you are obligated to keep the house. Only keep the property if you have a sincere use for it. There is no sense in holding onto a property that will just end up sitting there.
Are there other owners?
If there are other owners of the property, you will all need to sit down and come to a consensus. Work together to decide if the home should be kept or sold. If there is an odd man out, consider buying them out as not to cause further disagreement. Remember, it is just a house, and the person who passed it down to you would never want to see their gift become an argument.
If you decide you want to sell, how much can you spend upfront?
If the home has not yet been cleared out, that should happen first and foremost. A traditional property listing will come with some upfront costs. You'll likely need to make some repairs to the house and have it professionally cleaned. It's tricky making repairs to a house you've never owned. You may not know what you're getting into. You don't want to find yourself down a rabbit hole, spending thousands and thousands on a house you want to sell anyway. Depending on how you decide to sell, you could face not only repair costs but costs for marketing too.
Ways To Sell
List It
Listing your inherited property in Houston will require you to get the property ready for the MLS. Take a look at what other homes are selling for, and how your property stacks up. Be realistic with your prices, and don't spend too much over-improving. When you list an inherited home, you may feel frustrated to suddenly have to spend money selling a house that isn't yours.
Sell On Your Own
Selling the house using an FSBO listing will save you on the commission, but you will still need to pay for cleaning repairs, marketing, and other selling costs. In most cases, selling on your own to a regular buyer will take longer and ultimately put less in your pocket.
Sell To An Investor
When you sell your inherited property to Priority House Buyers, you will not need to spend a dime out of pocket. Nor will you have to pay expensive commissions, agent fees, or administrative costs. By selling the property directly, you will be able to quickly receive your profits and move on from the house without spending months making repairs and waiting for the property to sell.
To learn more about whether to sell or keep your inherited property in Houston, reach out to us! We are happy to answer any questions you have. (713) 730-2274
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One-and-a-half million Americans today claim Arab ancestry, according to a new Census Bureau report.
That's less than 1 percent of the total U.S. population.
Still, Maryam Asi, a demographer at the Census Bureau who co-wrote the report, says the Arab-American community is "growing," with a 76 percent increase since 1990 and 25 percent increase since 2000.
Some advocates of the Arab-American community, however, have raised questions about whether these numbers reflect the actual size of the population.
"The census undercounts our community. It always has," says Maya Berry, executive director of the Arab American Institute, an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C.
Berry's organization estimates the total Arab-American population to be closer to 3.6 million — more than double the Census Bureau's latest estimate. That number is based in part on research by polling firm Zogby International, according to the Arab American Institute's website.
Reasons for the discrepancy between the estimates, the Arab American Institute claims, may include:
" ... the placement of and limit of the ancestry question (as distinct from race and ethnicity) [on the Census Bureau's American Community Survey]; the effect of the sample methodology on small, unevenly distributed ethnic groups; high levels of out-marriage among the third and fourth generations; and distrust/misunderstanding of government surveys among recent immigrants."
The current census definition of "Arab ancestry" also excludes Arab League countries such as Somalia and Sudan as countries of origin. Census Bureau officials say defining who is Arab is a work in progress.
"We are working with experts and community leaders on how to make changes for the 2020 census," explains Roberto Ramirez, chief of the Census Bureau's Ethnicity and Ancestry Statistics Branch.
Despite the debate over the overall population size, advocates agree that the latest census report does provide a window into economic differences within the Arab-American community.
Arab-Americans have a higher median household income ($56,433) than the national median ($51,914). Within the community, Lebanese-Americans, who make up one in three Arab-American households, lead at $67,264, with Iraqi-Americans at the lowest end at $32,075.
While homeownership among Arab-Americans overall is below the national rate (66.6 percent), Lebanese and Syrians are more likely to own homes, with rates at 71.6 percent and 69.2 percent, respectively.
Berry says these trends reflect the community's immigration history. Lebanese and Syrians were part of the first major wave of Arab immigrants beginning in the late 1800s, while Iraqis are among the newest groups to settle in large numbers in the U.S.
Understanding the financial gaps among Arab-American groups is also instructive for social service and advocacy groups, Berry explains.
"It gives us an opportunity to look at the kinds of services offered to the community and ask, 'Are we giving sufficient resources?' " she says.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Good morning, I'm Steve Inskeep. A special odor is added to natural gas. You know that smell meant to warn you of possible trouble? Last weekend, New York officials added an odor to mask the odor. They were fixing a pipeline in Harlem, and didn't want a flood of 9-1-1 calls over gas leaks that weren't considered dangerous because they were in the open.
So they masked the smell by adding cinnamon to the gas. We have no word if area coffee shops sold out of rolls.
It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Category: Pet Shops Category: Pet Shops
Address: 6, Cwmbran Retail Park, Cwmbran Drive, Cwmbran, NP44 3JQ
Main: 0345 60...
website: www.petsathome.com/find-us/locations/pet-care-centre/cwmbran?y_source=1_MTU2Njc5NDctNTkyLWxvY2F0aW9uLndlYnNpdGU%3D
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Click & Collect - Our new super-fast shopping service.
Step 1 - Order & pay online.
Step 2 - Collect in as little as 1 hour.
Step 3 - There isn't one. So you can get back to playing with your pet.
At Pets at Home we believe shopping should be simple. So you can focus on your pets. Now you can shop how you want, in a way that suits your needs. With our new super-fast Click & Collect service you can order online and have it ready to collect in as little as 1 hour, at no extra charge.
How does it work?
If the items you want are all in stock at your preferred store, you can Click & Collect in as little as 1 hour. Just add the items you wish to purchase to your basket and we will provide you with a Click & Collect promise in the basket and checkout. Alternatively head to the product page where you can check stock levels in any one of our stores.
But don't worry if the items you want are not in stock at your local store, just place your order online and we will send it to the store.
As soon as your order is ready, we will send you an email and text to let you know it's ready for collection so you can sit back and relax.
We stock products for Dog, Cat, Fish, Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, Rat, Gerbil, Chinchilla, Degu, Ferret, Mouse, Reptile, Bird and Chicken.
In our stores you'll find... Food | Treats | Flea, Tick & Wormers | Beds | Coats & Clothing | Dog Crates & Travel | Collars | Harnesses | Leads | Tags | Toys | Grooming Products & Equipment | Poop Scoopers | Bowls | Feeding Accessories | Kennels | Technology | Training & Agility Equipment | Books | Gifts & Presents | Litter Trays | Cat Litter | Cat Flaps | Scratching Posts & Furniture | Cat Carriers & Travel | Hutches | Cages | Runs | Hutch Covers | Cage Stands | Feeding Hay | Bedding | Hay | Wood Shavings | Straw | Chews | Playthings | Water Bottles | Hideaways | Healthcare Products and more.
If you're looking for help or advice, feel free to pop in-store and our friendly colleagues can assist you with... Free Help and Advice | Free Harness Fitting | Free Weight Checks | Nutrition Consultations | Dog Self-wash | Adoption Centre | Licensed Medicines | Pets in-store | Carry to Car Service and any other pet queries you may have.
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I love my morning granola or muesli! My jars at home are usually almost always filled with either a muesli or granola blend I make at home. I know I am not alone when I say that homemade muesli or granola always hits home with me.
I usually get asked the question about the difference between granola and muesli, especially from my European friends. The concept of granola is still new to most of them and when I send them little jars (or in some cases very large jars) filled with my latest granola mix they are extremely amazed at how the same breakfast concept and be so different.
The difference lies basically in how each is prepared. While both granola and muesli share many similarities the two are not interchangeable. Besides having different origins, they also have different ingredients and preparing methods.
Muesli is the European counterpart to the American granola and was developed by Dr. Bircher-Benner, a Swiss nutritionist towards the end of the nineteenth century. Granola, on the other hand, was developed in the United States also in the nineteenth century by Dr. James Caleb Jackson at the Jackson Sanitarium in New York.
When it comes to the ingredients, while both contain a mixture of grains, like oats or spelt flakes, nuts, and dried fruit, granola usually has honey and oil, which is then toasted in the oven, giving it that typical crisp texture and sweeter flavor. Muesli relies mostly on the fresh fruit you add for the sweetness.
While I love muesli, I tend to lean slightly more towards my beloved granola. I love the delicious crispy clumps of oats, seeds and berries all toasted to a wonderful golden color and coated with the sweet glaze of honey or maple syrup. Muesli has no chance against that!
I tend to go through my muesli days too though, when the flakes soak up the milk and the fresh fruit add their subtle and sweet fruity flavors – it does give me the perfect balanced start to my day.
What are you a muesli or a granola person?
Soeren has definitely inherited my taste buds for granola. I dare not even come near him with the muesli creations – even the ones with chocolate! So we make lots of granola together and come up with some very great creations.
This one is a recent favorite we made. I love the nuttiness of spelt and usually use these in muesli and granola. There are cashews, dried cherries and cranberries, sunflower seeds, poppy seeds and the honey gives it the perfect sweetness. The best however is the pinch of fleur de sel and the big chunks of dark chocolate flavored with a hint of orange. Granola Intense!
Berry Nut Chocolate Intense Granola
Printable version of recipe here
300g rolled spelt flakes
100g cashew nuts
200g clear honey
3 tablespoons rapeseed oil
1 teaspoon cinnamon
140g mixed dried berries
50g sunflower seeds
50g poppy seeds
100g dark chocolate, roughly chopped. I used Lindt Dark Chocolate Orange Intense
pinch of fleur de selMethod
- Preheat oven to 160 degrees C. Line a baking tray with baking paper.
- Heat honey and oil together in a large pan until the mixture begins to boil. Tip in the spelt flakes, cashew nuts, sunflower seeds, poppy seeds, fleur de sel and cinnamon and stir well until the oats are well coated. Spread out on the baking tray, spreading the mixture out evenly. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes, stirring with a spatula, about halfway through.
- Remove from the oven and immediately add the berries and chocolate and stir into the mixture. Spread the mixture out on the baking tray again and press down with a spatula and allow to cool. This helps the granola to clump together.
- Allow to cool completely, then place in airtight containers. It will last for 3 weeks if stored in a cool dry place. Serve with yogurt and fresh fruit or use in desserts.
A big jar made it's way to Zürich recently, unfortunately something happened and it did not reach my sweet recipient in the same quality I sent it off in. I blame the Swiss post for sabotaging my granola. I'll try with muesli next time, maybe it'll work better ;o)
It's the little things that make the granola great. In this case I love the addition of the poppy seeds and the sunflower seeds. It rounds up the entire granola perfectly. The perfect part is of course the orangey flavored chocolate, which adds a beautiful note to the nuttiness of this granola.
Enjoy it with your favorite fruit and berries for a sensational start to your day. Soon I'll also be posting an awesome dessert for breakfast I made using this granola so heads up to you all. And sure you can have dessert for breakfast! You don't? Well then stay tuned and I'll show you how!
Granola galore on WFLH:
Granola Bars - Four Grain Very Berry Pistachio Nut | Granola Goji Muffins | Nutty Amaranth Granola with Fresh Berries |
All photographs and written content on What's For Lunch, Honey? © 2006-2010 Meeta Khurana Wolff unless otherwise indicated. | All rights reserved | Please Ask First


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