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Canopy Mount Wall Reading Arms
Perfect for reading in bed and other activities, canopied wall mount reading lights put convenient bedroom lighting at your fingertips. Whether they are decorative ambient light sources with shades, more utilitarian task lights with a focused beam, or a combination of both, these "convenient" swing arms and gooseneck reading lights give you the bedside light you need without taking up space on the nightstand. Browse swing arm and reading wall sconces from brands like Artemide, Edge Lighting, George Kovacs, Holtkotter, Robert Abbey, and more.


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La Chapelle-aux-Saints
The old man of La Chapelle
Discovered in 1908, the skeleton of "the old man of La Chapelle" was the first relatively complete skeleton of a Neanderthal individual that scientists had ever found. Buried in the limestone bedrock of a small cave near La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France, this skeleton includes the skull, jaw, most of the vertebrae, several ribs, most of the long bones of his arms and legs, plus some of the smaller bones of his hands and feet. The well-preserved skull shows the low, receding forehead, protruding midface, and heavy browridges typical of Homo neanderthalensis.
Scientists estimate he was quite old by the time he died, as bone had re-grown along the gums where he had lost several teeth, perhaps decades before. In fact, he lacked so many teeth that it's possible he needed his food ground down before he was able to eat it. Other Neanderthals in his social group may have supported him in his final years.
The original reconstruction of the 'Old Man of La Chapelle' by scientist Pierre Marcellin Boule led to the reason why popular culture stereotyped Neanderthals as dim-witted brutes for so many years. In 1911, Boule reconstructed this skeleton with a severely curved spine indicative of a stooped, slouching stance with bent knees, forward flexed hips, and the head jutted forward. He thought the low vaulted cranium and the large brow ridge, somewhat reminiscent of that seen in large apes such as gorillas, indicated a generally primitive early human and a lack of intelligence. However, additional discoveries of Neanderthal skeletons coupled with a re-examination of the Old Man's skeleton in the 1950's showed that many of the features thought to be unique in Neanderthals fall within the range of modern human variation, and that the Old Man suffered from "gross deforming osteoarthritis". Thus, the slouching posture of the original reconstruction may have been based on an unfortunate individual with a deforming disability.
But this isn't quite the whole story. A more recent evaluation of the entire skeleton by scientist Erik Trinkaus has shown that, while the Old Man of La Chapelle did suffer from a degenerative joint disease, the deformation caused by this should not have affected Boule's original reconstruction of the individual's posture. It appears that Boule's own preconceptions about early humans, and his rejection of the hypothesis that Neanderthals were the ancestors of modern humans, led him to reconstruct a stooped, brutish creature, effectively placing Neanderthals on a side branch of the human evolutionary tree. (Boule even gave his reconstruction an opposable big toe like the great apes, but there was no bone deformity that should or could have led to this interpretation.)


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Attorney General Eric Holder announced a tightening of Justice Department guidelines for dealing with the sensitive issue of subpoenas of journalists' communications, weeks after embarrassing disclosures that his office had secretly obtained phone records and emails from reporters as part of a probe of unauthorized leaks.
A Justice Department official tells NPR's Carrie Johnson that its new presumption is to give reporters and news organizations prior notice before seeking email or phone records unless the attorney general deems that such notice would harm the integrity of the investigation. In that case, notice could be delayed, as it is now, for up to 90 days.
Justice would also not seek search warrants against reporters engaged in ordinary news gathering activities, nor would it do so if the sole target was someone other than a member of the news media, the official said.
Holder said the Department of Justice "is firmly committed to ensuring our nation's security, and protecting the American people, while at the same time safeguarding the freedom of the press."
"These revised guidelines will help ensure the proper balance is struck when pursuing investigations into unauthorized disclosures," he said in a statement.
"While these reforms will make a meaningful difference, there are additional protections that only Congress can provide. For that reason, we continue to support the passage of media shield legislation," Holder said, referring to legislation designed to protect journalists and their sources.
Currently, there is no federal shield law, but many states have enacted such laws.
The new guidelines follow a call by President Obama for a review of procedures at Justice after The Associated Press revealed in May that telephone records of AP office lines and its journalists' home phones and cellphones had been obtained as part of an investigation of a leak surrounding a foiled terrorist plot in 2012 and a separate revelation that in May 2010, Justice had sought a warrant for emails from the Google account of a Fox News reporter.
In a statement, Radio Television Digital News Association Executive Director Mike Cavender said the organization had met with Holder and the Department of Justice staff and was encouraged that "they have heard our concerns and those of scores of other news organizations about the need to significantly restrict their investigative efforts related to issues that may involve journalists."
"The true impact of these changes will only be known if and when future investigations take place," Cavender said.
RTDNA also called for passage of the federal shield law proposed by Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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S. Soho & Co. imported model built in Japan. Box shows minimal shelf wear. Custom painted model - good paint with only minor scuffs. Spare parts included. Window glazing and shades installed. Great condition.
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Federalist No. 10
The Same Subject Continued (The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection)
From the New York Packet.
Friday, November 23, 1787.
To the People of the State of New York:
Among the numerous advantages promised by a wellconstructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. The friend of popular governments never finds himself so much alarmed for their character and fate, as when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice. He will not fail, therefore, to set a due value on any plan which, without violating the principles to which he is attached, provides a proper cure for it. The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished; as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations. The valuable improvements made by the American constitutions on the popular models, both ancient and modern, cannot certainly be too much admired; but it would be an unwarrantable partiality, to contend that they have as effectually obviated the danger on this side, as was wished and expected. Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority. However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no foundation, the evidence, of known facts will not permit us to deny that they are in some degree true. It will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that some of the distresses under which we labor have been erroneously charged on the operation of our governments; but it will be found, at the same time, that other causes will not alone account for many of our heaviest misfortunes; and, particularly, for that prevailing and increasing distrust of public engagements, and alarm for private rights, which are echoed from one end of the continent to the other. These must be chiefly, if not wholly, effects of the unsteadiness and injustice with which a factious spirit has tainted our public administrations.
By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.
There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.
There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.
It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that it was worse than the disease. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.
The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties.
The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good. So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual animosities, that where no substantial occasion presents itself, the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts. But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government.
No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets.
It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust these clashing interests, and render them all subservient to the public good. Enlightened statesmen will not always be at the helm. Nor, in many cases, can such an adjustment be made at all without taking into view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of the whole.
The inference to which we are brought is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects.
If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote. It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society; but it will be unable to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which this form of government can be rescued from the opprobrium under which it has so long labored, and be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind.
By what means is this object attainable? Evidently by one of two only. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control. They are not found to be such on the injustice and violence of individuals, and lose their efficacy in proportion to the number combined together, that is, in proportion as their efficacy becomes needful.
From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions.
A republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking. Let us examine the points in which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall comprehend both the nature of the cure and the efficacy which it must derive from the Union.
The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended.
The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose. On the other hand, the effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices, or of sinister designs, may, by intrigue, by corruption, or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, and then betray the interests, of the people. The question resulting is, whether small or extensive republics are more favorable to the election of proper guardians of the public weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter by two obvious considerations:
In the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Hence, the number of representatives in the two cases not being in proportion to that of the two constituents, and being proportionally greater in the small republic, it follows that, if the proportion of fit characters be not less in the large than in the small republic, the former will present a greater option, and consequently a greater probability of a fit choice.
In the next place, as each representative will be chosen by a greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic, it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried; and the suffrages of the people being more free, will be more likely to centre in men who possess the most attractive merit and the most diffusive and established characters.
It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects. The federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures.
The other point of difference is, the greater number of citizens and extent of territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than of democratic government; and it is this circumstance principally which renders factious combinations less to be dreaded in the former than in the latter. The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other. Besides other impediments, it may be remarked that, where there is a consciousness of unjust or dishonorable purposes, communication is always checked by distrust in proportion to the number whose concurrence is necessary.
Hence, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic, - is enjoyed by the Union over the States composing it. Does the advantage consist in the substitution of representatives whose enlightened views and virtuous sentiments render them superior to local prejudices and schemes of injustice? It will not be denied that the representation of the Union will be most likely to possess these requisite endowments. Does it consist in the greater security afforded by a greater variety of parties, against the event of any one party being able to outnumber and oppress the rest? In an equal degree does the increased variety of parties comprised within the Union, increase this security. Does it, in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the secret wishes of an unjust and interested majority? Here, again, the extent of the Union gives it the most palpable advantage.
The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States. A religious sect may degenerate into a political faction in a part of the Confederacy; but the variety of sects dispersed over the entire face of it must secure the national councils against any danger from that source. A rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, will be less apt to pervade the whole body of the Union than a particular member of it; in the same proportion as such a malady is more likely to taint a particular county or district, than an entire State.
In the extent and proper structure of the Union, therefore, we behold a republican remedy for the diseases most incident to republican government. And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists.


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The only large-scale cinema event was back in June 2010, showcasing a new interactive way to experience the motion picture.
Newspapers are reporting that 3D TVs will soon be the norm. This seems like a bizarre concept; just imagine snuggling up on the sofa with your 3D glasses. It would seem that Avatar had a much bigger impact on our lives than originally anticipated. We live in a demanding world, in both work and pleasure, there is an overwhelming sentiment that mediocrity has gone out of the window, and audiences are looking for more. Today's entertainment is about the immersive, sensory and interactive experience.
The Secret Cinema is a revolutionising project, which is transforming the traditional cinematic experience. Set up by Fabien Riggall (b. 1975) of Future Cinema in 2007, the Secret Cinema is the first large-scale interactive cinema. Followers must sign up via Facebook and Twitter and then a few days before the event the secret venue is revealed. Attendees purchase the tickets without knowing the film or location, Riggall cleverly mixes suspense with drama and the film is only revealed upon arrival. Riggall is doing something vastly important, he's creating a communal experience without an overriding premise, almost breaking down social barriers and debunking stereotypes. People love film and excitement, which is clearly provided by the nature of these events, but it doesn't matter if you're a city banker or a primary school teacher, the point is interaction not only from Riggall's crew, but strangers who might not normally mingle.
With just over 35,000 fans on Facebook, Secret Cinema is developing a cult following, and it begs the question, is escapism the key to surviving in the modern world? Featuring live performers, DJs, cutting edge multimedia, music and even acrobatics, Secret Cinema is rewriting the rulebook on the motion picture experience. This type of large-scale event could only be arranged by the uber-creative. Riggall is by extension a character. He's a dreamer, but also pro-active. He enthuses: "People want to be challenged and inspired. They want to have an experience, when they invest; they want to be part of something that will entertain them in a different way. People want to develop a personal experience and relationship again, for example, if you look at the way we buy music today. When I was a kid I bought records, there was an experience in buying that record, going to the record shops, meeting the characters at the record shop, the smell of the record shop, and the whole feeling. Now, it's all digital, it's online, it's virtual, and you don't meet people anymore. I think people are desperate to meet one another. What I love about Secret Cinema is the way it can bring people together in a more social and connected way. The audience is a mixed group of people, and they like the fact that they're ending up in a place with lots of people that they might not have ended up with, and watching something that they might not have normally seen. It's really a special atmosphere."
Secret Cinema was born through serendipity. One of Riggall's friends was running a club night, and she asked him if he'd be interested in putting on a film night. The resultant evening set the stage for Secret Cinema, Riggall comments: "In that environment, which was essentially like a gig in a small venue, 150 people attended. We showed a collection of short films, music videos, and then we had a DJ afterwards, and that's really where it kind of started; with the feeling of an event as a social experience. People were talking and they were discussing the films, it provoked quite a lot of debate and it was an interesting night, where I discovered that, in the same way that I used to make mix tapes for friends, I had a talent for mixing films, in putting together a series of different stories, in an unusual and different way."
Return to 2005, when Riggall founded Future Shorts. He has a particular penchant for the ultimate experience, much like a thrill-seeker, but through the genre of film and performance. He had this idea of creating a network of film festivals, and with 13 countries on board and 80 cities, it's something of a phenomena. The films are screened in unique venues, opening up the idea of cinema being more than just a visit to the multiplex with the teenager full of angst selling you popcorn, Riggall says: "In Finland we projected the films on an ice block, in Latvia we did it in an old Soviet naval ship, in Berlin we did it on the river, so people swam and then saw the films. And the idea really is, a film festival is a communal experience, and it's a place which provokes memories and inspiration." Riggall's quest for the ultimate experience is creating a burgeoning reputation for Future Shorts, Future Cinema and Secret Cinema, and his work is now part of the major festival circuit: Glastonbury, Latitude, Bestival and the Big Chill. With skill, expertise and creativity, Riggall's vision is being realised.
Screening all genres and eras, Secret Cinema brings cult classics, golden oldies and exclusive preview screenings of eagerly anticipated upcoming releases. Surprising site-specific locations from five-star hotel car parks to working city farms are commandeered to evoke the spirit of the secret movie. With plaudits everywhere, Secret Cinema is fusing feature film with music, theatre and live performance; the ultimate interdisciplinary experience. With the Independent saying "it's the best night out in the movies in Britain" and Vogue saying it "revives the magic of the big screen", the Secret Cinema is needless to say, attracting a lot of attention. Recent Secret Cinema events have included an amazing re-creation of post-war and modern Berlin, for Wings Of Desire and a special Christmas screening of Bugsy Malone, where people took to the streets of a mocked-up Lower East Side, before taking part in a real life splurge fight. Riggall is adamant, he wants people to get up off their seats, get involved and create a relationship with the film.
Embracing new technology and social networking, here's how it works; members must buy their tickets through Facebook, and three days before the event, members will receive an email with the location, and this location will be transformed and become part of the film. There is a set with actors, and clues to the film, every detail is in its place. Actors will engage with the audience, and sometimes the set spills onto the street or even from the nearest Tube station.
The overall experience is about five or six hours, and with DJs after the film, it's effectively a night out. Riggall says: "What happens before the screening is really important, that's where the real experience begins. Once the audience begin to watch the film, and throughout the film, we may bring in elements of performance, as long as it doesn't take anything away from the film. In Wings of Desire, we had a trapeze artist, and so we just put her up there and it worked, whereas with Bugsy Malone, we stopped the film and pretended there was a gangster outbreak, and the gangsters were outside and we needed everyone to get ready for a massive shakedown and then we delivered 1000 custard pies to all the tables, gave everyone ponchos, and then we started the film. We literally replicated the film, so all the chorus girls came off the stage in the film, and we had them come off the stage at the event, and then when the gangsters came in and splurged everyone, we splurged everyone. It was kind of like they were actually part of the film, but we would never do anything for the sake of it, we would only do it if it added to the magic of the film."
The beauty of Secret Cinema is its uncertainty. It's a rare opportunity to go somewhere and to do something without knowing the specific details. How many times do we actually get that opportunity? Not often. Secret Cinema is a reminder, a youthful vision of the world, one where things are brought to life and the imagination is celebrated. The next Secret Cinema will take place from 15 – 20 June in London. It's set to be the largest event to date with 150 cast, and attendees will even have to bring an umbrella. But since it's a secret, you'll have to go and find out for yourself. For the ultimate cinematic experience visit:
Cherie Federico


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The Shotshell
First emerging in 1892, the Smokeless was a popular shotshell. It was not only used because it produces less smoke but also for it's additional power.
- 13mm round signet ring
- 14K Yellow Gold with matching center
- Available in 2 fits: Luxe and Basic
- Available in 2 finishes: Satin and Polished
Find Your Size
Ring Sizing Kit
The most accurate way to get your ring size is to order one of our ring sizing kits with the purchase of your ring. You will order your estimated ring size and we will send you a ring sizing kit with 5 different sizes of resin signet rings. This kit will include your estimated size plus four additional rings: two half sizes smaller and two half sizes larger than your estimated size. Once you receive the kit, try on a the different sizes to see which one is the best fit. We will then ask you to confirm your size and start production of your ring!
Download & Print
Find your ring size with our printable PDF. Make sure your printer settings are set to 100% so the ruler is the correct size - yes, size DOES matter.
We know you're busy binge-watching your favorite show so we've made the process simple. Just follow the instructions on the print out and you'll have your correct size in no time.
Reach out to email@example.com if you have any questions!
Download PDFRing Fits
Basic Fit
A Basic fitting signet ring has a hollowed out back. This creates some space between your finger and the back of the ring. This type of signet ring uses less metal so they typically cost less and are lightweight in comparison to a Luxe signet ring. Keep in mind that some materials, like Tantalum and Damascus Steel, are not available in a Basic fit.
Luxe Fit
A Luxe fitting signet ring has a closed back and is smooth all the way around the inside of the ring. Since this fit uses more metal it has a heavier, more solid and luxurious feel. We recommend this fitting to most of customers since it has a higher quality look and feel.
Gold has an extraordinary heritage with unique qualities. It is an enduring element found naturally in a distinct yellow color. Gold is resistant to rust, tarnish, and corrosion making it a great option for jewelry. Although gold is very strong, it's also the most malleable of all precious metals.
Tantalum has recently made its way into the jewelry industry and is quickly growing in popularity. Tantalum is a naturally blue-grey metal that is highly scratch resistant and hypoallergenic. It is one of the most heavy metals used in jewelry making which creates a luxurious feel. All of the Tantalum we use is 99% pure and is processed in conflict-free mines and production facilities. We are able to produce a darkened version of Tantalum through an organic process of heating and cooling techniques. Darkened Tantalum is still pure and no chemicals or coatings are used to achieve the naturally darkened Tantalum look.
*Due to manufacturing processes used when creating Tantalum items, very slight color variations may occur.
Damascus steel has its own somewhat mythical origin story. It can be traced back to India to around 500 AD. These steels have an attractive surface pattern composed of swirling patterns of light-etched regions on a nearly black background. The pattern-welded steels are produced by welding alternating sheets of high and low-carbon steels. This composite is then folded and welded together. This process is repeated until a large number of layers are obtained, resulting in the unique pattern. Damascus steel is crack resistant and waterproof, however, you should avoid wearing this metal in pools or in anything containing harsh chemicals like chlorine or bleach.
*Each Damascus Steel item has a unique pattern. Your item may have a slightly different pattern than the image shown.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a gemstone that boasts a vibrant blue color made of a deep blue lazurite, white calcite, sparkly pyrite, and other minerals. It dates all the way back to ancient Egyptian times and has been used in many forms of art since. Since its beginning, Lapis Lazuli has been associated with strength, courage, royalty, wisdom, intellect, and truth.
Bloodstone is a dark green gemstone with splatters of bright red. Bloodstone is a mixture of a cryptocrystalline quartz and concentrations of iron oxide minerals, which create the red spots. Over the past 2,000 years, it is believed that bloodstone has "healing and protective properties" to those who carry or wear it.
Diamonds have been around for more than a billion years and have been desired gemstones all throughout history. Diamonds come in a variety of unique colors with the most common being within a range of colorless to light yellow. Diamonds also come in colors like blue, green, orange, red, and black. All mined diamonds that Atlas Mack uses are ethically sourced and obtained using socially and environmentally acceptable practices.
Face Shapes and Sizes
At Atlas Mack we offer 4 different face shapes: round, oval, cushion, and cigar. From the image above you can see how these compare in size to each other.
Our round shape comes in two different sizes, 9mm (far left) and 13mm (2nd from left). The 9mm round ring is a popular size for pinky rings or for women's designs and the 13mm size is more popular for men.
Our 16mm oval shape (center) is a popular choice for initialing or showcasing a design. Its large surface is great for displaying intricate artwork that will be visible from a distance.
The 14mm cushion signet ring (2nd from right) has a more square aesthetic. This shape offers versatility because it shows initials, family crests, and textured designs very beautifully.
The cigar band (far right) is our newest ring shape. This shape is mimicked after the wrappings traditionally decorating cigars. We only offer classic, non-designed cigar bands at this time but will be adding designs soon.
Pendant Shapes And Sizes
At Atlas Mack we offer 3 different pendant shapes: round, oval, and cushion. Each shape comes in 3 different sizes.
Our round pendants come in 13mm, 16mm, and 18mm. The 13mm only comes in White, Rose, and Yellow Gold frames. It is a popular choice for women. The 18mm pendant is the only round size that offers a diamond frame.
Our oval pendants come in 14mm, 17mm, and 19mm. The 14mm only comes in White, Rose, and Yellow Gold frames while the 17mm offers Tantalum and Damascus Steel. This makes the 17mm a popular choice for a men's necklace. The 19mm pendant is the only oval size that offers a diamond frame.
Our cushion pendants come in 16mm, 20mm, and 22mm. Like the other shapes the smallest frame only comes in White, Rose, and Yellow Gold frames while the 20mm offers Tantalum and Damascus Steel. The 22mm pendant is the only cushion size that offers a diamond frame. This shape is perfect for showing off initials and intricate designs.
Satin Finish
A satin finished ring is created by brushing the surface of the ring in the same direction which dulls the surface. Rings with a satin finish have a matte appearance and don't reflect light the same way a polished ring does. You can see this displayed on the left cigar band in the photo above.
Polished Finish
A polished ring has a shiny, reflective surface making it stand out on your finger. Polished rings are very smooth since they are polished with a fast spinning brush to smooth out the entire surface of the ring. You can see a polished ring on the right cigar band in the photo above.
Our Round Box Chain is 1.8mm in diameter and comes in 3 lengths: 18", 20", and 24". This is one of our most versatile chains and is offered in 4 materials: Yellow Gold, White Gold, Rose Gold, and Silver Blackened. This chain pairs well with any of our pendants or can be worn on its own.
Our Paperclip Chain is 1.95mm in diameter and comes in 3 lengths: 18", 20", and 24". This chain is offered in 3 materials: Yellow Gold, White Gold, and Rose Gold. This chain can be layered, worn on its own, or paired with one of our pendants. We recommend pairing it with a matching gold framed pendant to complete the look!
Our Rolo Chain is 2mm in diameter making it one of our largest chains offered. It is available in 3 lengths: 18", 20", and 24". This chain is offered in 2 materials: Yellow Gold and Blackened Silver. We recommend pairing this chain with one of our larger pendants. The Blackened Silver Rolo chain looks excellent when coupled with a Tantalum or Damascus Steel framed pendant.
Our Ball Chain is 2mm in diameter and is available in 3 lengths: 18", 20", and 24". This chain is offered in Yellow Gold. We recommend pairing this chain with one of our larger pendants.
Cable Chain
Our Cable Chain is 1.5mm in diameter making it our smallest chain offered. It is available in 2 lengths: 20" and 24". This chain is offered in Yellow Gold. We recommend pairing this chain with one of our smaller pendants.


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Atrial fibrillation (AFib) increases the risk for stroke. So stroke prevention is an important part of treatment for atrial fibrillation.
AFib is a type of abnormal heart rhythm. The heart has 4 chambers: 2 upper atria and 2 lower ventricles. There is also an electrical system in the heart that sends signals to control the heartbeat. As signals move through the heart, it tells the heart's upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles) when to squeeze and pump the blood out (contract) and relax. This moves blood through the heart and out to the body and lungs.
AFib causes the atria to quiver or "fibrillate" instead of pump in an orderly fashion. The disorganized or chaotic electrical signal spreads to the ventricles, and it causes the ventricles to contract irregularly. The contraction (pumping) of the atria and the ventricles is no longer coordinated. So the amount of blood pumped out to the body will vary with each heartbeat. The ventricles may not be able to pump enough blood to the body to keep things running efficiently.
Because blood also doesn't flow as well from the atria to the ventricles, it can pool. This pooling can cause blood clots to form inside the heart. In the left atria, there is a pouch in the muscle wall. This pouch is called the left atrial appendage (LAA). It can often be large and have multiple lobes, which can permit blood pooling and clot formation. It is in this appendage that most of the blood clots form when someone is in atrial fibrillation. The clots can then get pumped out of the heart and go to the brain to cause a stroke. For this reason, providers advise that many people who have AFib take a blood thinner to prevent clot formation and reduce their risk of stroke.
Taking medicine to thin the blood helps prevent stroke, but it also increases your risk of bleeding. You may have signs of excess bleeding if your blood isn't clotting enough. You may have these symptoms:
Unusual bruising
Bleeding from the gums
Blood in the urine or stool
Vomiting blood
An unusually severe headache might also be a sign of bleeding in the brain.
Healthcare providers use a risk-based scoring system to decide if you need blood-thinner medicine (anticoagulant) to help prevent clots from forming and causing a stroke. The scoring system takes into account other risk factors for stroke and assigns each a point value. These risk factors include:
History of heart failure
History of high blood pressure
Age 65 to 74 years old
Age 75 or older
Past stroke or transient ischemic attack
History of vascular disease
Assigned female at birth
Your healthcare provider may advise using a blood-thinner medicine depending on your risk factors for stroke.
Your healthcare provider may also look at your risk for falls and bleeding when deciding whether to advise a blood thinner. They may use a tool to help identify your risk for bleeding. Your healthcare provider can use this information to help suggest the best way to treat your AFib.
Your healthcare provider will work closely with you to find the right medicines for you to help prevent stroke. They will consider both your health history and your preferences.
Some of the medicines that your provider may prescribe include:
Antiplatelet medicines, such as aspirin or clopidogrel
Anticoagulation (blood-thinning) medicines, such as warfarin, or medicines called direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban.
These types of medicines help to prevent blood clots in different ways:
Antiplatelet medicines affect platelets, which are fragments of cells involved in clotting
Anticoagulation medicines work on other parts of the complex blood-clotting pathway in the body
Each person's risk for stroke is evaluated on an individual basis. If you have risk factors for stroke, you will likely need blood-thinning medicines.
Your healthcare provider may advise DOAC medicines unless you have moderate to severe narrowing of the heart valve (mitral stenosis) or a mechanical heart valve. With DOACs, no regular blood tests are needed to monitor how your blood is clotting. But you may need blood tests of your kidney and liver function before starting these medicines and then every so often while you are taking them.
Warfarin is the medicine often recommended for treatment of AFib in people who have moderate to severe mitral valve disease or a mechanical heart valve. With warfarin, you need blood tests on a regular basis to make sure the blood is clotting the right amount. Your healthcare provider can measure clotting with a prothrombin time test. This is sometimes called a PT or pro time test. The results are reported as the international normalized ratio (INR). The INR is a standard way of reporting the PT by all laboratories. If your INR is too high, the dose of warfarin may be lowered because you are at higher risk for bleeding. If your INR is too low, your risk for blood clots is higher. So your healthcare provider may increase your dose of warfarin. Warfarin also interacts with certain foods. For example, foods high in vitamin K, such as leafy green vegetables, can make warfarin less effective. This could raise your risk for blood clots. That's why it is important to eat a consistent amount of foods high in vitamin K.
Talk with your healthcare provider about the medicine prescribed to learn all you can about it. Also, be sure all your healthcare providers know that you take blood-thinning medicines.
A device may be used to close off the left atrial appendage in some circumstances, to prevent stroke without having to use lifelong blood thinners. The left atrial appendage is the area within the heart where most blood clots form. By closing this area off, any clots that form there cannot get out to travel to the brain to cause a stroke. The device is implanted without heart surgery. This device is not appropriate for everyone. It is generally considered in those who are at high risk for stroke, as well as high risk for bleeding. Even with the device, you may need to take blood thinners in the short-term.
There are risks of using medicines that help prevent blood clotting and stroke. These medicines also increase the risk of bleeding. This bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. It can be dangerous if it happens in the digestive tract. Bleeding inside the brain is also very dangerous. This can actually cause a stroke, something the medicine was supposed to help prevent.
Warfarin interacts with many other medications and can be affected by your diet. This can lead to either a blood clot and stroke if you aren't getting enough warfarin or increase your risk of bleeding if you are getting too much. For this reason, warfarin needs to be closely monitored. Often, dose adjustments need to be made on a regular basis.
Your healthcare team will work hard to make sure you are getting the right amount of medicine for you by balancing these risks. They will only prescribe medicines if the benefits of stroke prevention are greater than the risks for bleeding.
Your healthcare provider may give you additional instructions about managing your atrial fibrillation. Make sure all your healthcare providers, dentists, and pharmacists know if you are taking medicines to prevent clots. Talk with your healthcare provider before taking any new medicines, vitamins, or supplements, even if they are over the counter. Any of these can affect the way blood thinning medicines work. Also talk with your provider about your diet if you take warfarin. Certain foods like leafy green vegetables can change your INR. You don't have to give these up, but you need to keep the amount that you eat about the same from day to day. Take your medicine exactly as your provider tells you. Wear a medic alert bracelet. Be sure to keep a card with you at all times that says you are taking a blood thinner. Make sure someone in your family knows your medicines.
Your healthcare provider may give you other instructions about how to lower your risk for stroke. These might include:
Reducing cholesterol through lifestyle changes or medicines
Not smoking
Being physically active
Staying at a healthy weight to lower your risk for AFib returning
Limiting how much alcohol you drink
Eating a heart-healthy diet
See a healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following signs:
Unusual or severe headache
Confusion, weakness, or numbness
Bleeding that will not stop
Coughing or vomiting blood
Bright red, bloody stools or black, tarry stools
Fall or injury to the head
Plan to see your provider soon if your symptoms are slowly getting worse. Also see them if you have any new mild symptoms or side effects.


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Rules and policies are in place to make sure your child remains safe and well at school.
Visit the NSW Department of Education's policy library for all current operational policies.
Our school uses the department's School Community Charter to ensure all of our communication is collaborative and respectful.
Attendance and absences
Students must attend school regularly so they can achieve their educational best and increase their career and life options.
In NSW, all children from the age of 6 are legally required to attend school or be registered for home schooling through the NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA). All students must complete Year 10, or its equivalent.
Young people below the age of 17 who have completed Year 10 must be:
in school, or registered for home schooling
in approved education or training, such as a traineeship, apprenticeship or TAFE
in full-time paid employment (average 25 hours a week)
in a combination of work, education and/or training (average of 25 hours a week combined).
Students 17 years and over who are enrolled in school must attend school regularly to meet HSC course requirements.
As a parent or carer, you are responsible for ensuring your child attends school every day when they are of compulsory school age. You must explain all absences to the school within 7 days.
For more information about compulsory school attendance, visit:
School frameworks (school rules)
As well as following the department's operational policies, we have developed frameworks for our students in line with our school's values and commitments.


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Hearing loss typically happens slowly over a period of years. People gradually get used to asking people to repeat themselves, to straining to hear in restaurants or business meetings, to having the volume up so loud on the TV that nobody else can stay in the room.
Don't wait!
Early treatment is the most effective treatment.
Talk to the experts. Call or text us.
Find out more about your hearing:
The Effects of Hearing Loss
Some people become so self-conscious or frustrated about their hearing loss that they stop doing the things they love, like playing sports or going to the symphony or even to family gatherings.
You can just live with hearing loss, put up with it and be stoic about it, but by doing that, you are hurting not only yourself but your family and friends. When you can't participate in a conversation, it frustrates you and your loved ones.
How can you help yourself and your loved ones live better?
Get a hearing evaluation to determine whether you have hearing loss and how extensive it may be. When you do, we can determine what your best option is and help you select a hearing aid that will:
- Work best for your level of hearing loss
- Complement your lifestyle
- Fit within your budget
Life is short. It's time to turn up the volume and enjoy all the benefits of better hearing.
The more you hear, the more you stimulate and exercise your brain. The sooner you do something about your hearing, the sooner you'll regain your confidence. When you can hear better, you can process information faster, kick your brain into gear and sound like the smartest person in your family or workplace.
Types of Hearing Loss
The first step to improve your hearing is evaluating the type and extent of your hearing loss. Our hearing testing will identify the type of hearing loss you have:
- Conductive Hearing Loss: usually a temporary hearing loss that can be fixed with medication, a short procedure and, on rare occasions, with surgery.
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss: occurs when tiny hairs in the cochlea are missing or damaged. The only non-surgical solution is to be fitted with hearing aids.
- Mixed Hearing Loss: a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss that is usually treated with hearing aids alone, and occasionally in conjunction with medication, a short procedure or with surgery.
- Central Hearing Loss: caused by strokes and central nervous system diseases. This type of hearing loss usually involves a therapy called auditory rehabilitation.


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Love of the Land
Written by Rabbi Mendel Weinbach, Dean, Ohr Somayach Institutions
General Editor: Rabbi Moshe Newman
HTML Design: Michael Treblow
© 1998 - 2001 Ohr Somayach International - All rights reserved. This publication may be distributed to another person intact without prior permission. We also encourage you to include this material in other publications, such as synagogue newsletters. However, we ask that you contact us beforehand for permission, and then send us a sample issue.
This publication is available via E-Mail
Ohr Somayach Institutions is an international network of Yeshivot and outreach centers, with branches in North America, Europe, South Africa and South America. The Central Campus in Jerusalem provides a full range of educational services for over 685 full-time students.
The Jewish Learning Exchange (JLE) of Ohr Somayach offers summer and winter programs in Israel that attract hundreds of university students from around the world for 3 to 8 weeks of study and touring.
Copyright © 1998 - 2001 Ohr Somayach International. Send us Feedback.


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Dating Website In Mut
Whatever be the purpose, be it hookups, friendship, or a long-lasting relationship, you can go according to your choice on a dating site for singles in Mut.
Dating can be fun or exhausting, depending on the dating site you are on. Those numerous attractive profiles but no response from the other end do make it boring. But do not worry; we will not let those fake dating sites ruin your meeting experience, as we have found a dating website in Mut where you can find friendly and like-minded people to share your experiences with. There is no doubt that dating is a fun activity, but getting a date in the city you are in can make your stay in that particular city a fantastic experience.
Start Exploring SinglesBest Dating Website In Mut - Woo
Many dating sites are available online, but there is no women-oriented dating site. But Woo dating website in Mut is women-oriented and has many features to make dating safe and fun-filled for women. With smartly crafted categories like Woo secret, Woo Phone, and Woo answer, your dating experience is undoubtedly going to be fun-filled.
Woo has made even premium features of dating sites available free of cost.
On woo dating app, they show you profiles according to your likes and preferences. You can woo the single men and women who you find interesting by answering their questions. It will help them notice you quickly, and you both can get along easily. If you are not satisfied with your date, you can also unmatch it.
34 , female , Mut
I love travelling different places. My hobby is playing games chilling with friends.
A Dating Site For Singles Is Just A Few Steps Away.
Stop looking for your date at the wrong places and go for a fantastic and unparalleled dating experience. You never know where your destiny might land you. A number of love stories became continued till eternity because of online dating, yours may be the next.
Woo app gives you the power to like or ignore someone without revealing your identity. Find someone you can share your happiness and playlist on woo dating app
Online Dating Website In Mut - Mixed Bag Of Emotions
Online dating comes with its share of pros and cons. Of course, one of the biggest plus with online dating, compared to the regular dating experience, is that you are not meeting your prospective match in person, and thus there is no shyness or untoward feeling. In online dating, you can be as objective as possible and decide if the person is a perfect companion for you or not. We are aware of the safety challenges of online dating in Mut In order to combat fake profiles, we've developed unique standards of profile verification with a special focus on women's safety.


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And there's more trouble for Foxconn, the electronics giant which makes Apple products in China. The company is acknowledging that Chinese police are looking into allegations that Foxconn employees took bribes from parts suppliers.
NPR's Frank Langfitt reports from Shanghai.
FRANK LANGFITT, BYLINE: Foxconn says it's cooperating with police and has brought in its own audit team to investigate alleged kickbacks. Foxconn's statement follows a report in the Taiwanese magazine Next, saying a Foxconn executive had been arrested last year as part of a bribery investigation. Foxconn, headquartered in Taiwan, has admitted no wrongdoing.
Bribery's common in Chinese industrial relations. Many foreign businessmen say they hate it, but argue they can't compete in China's intensely competitive marketplace without paying people off.
In recent years, Foxconn has become a lightening rod for labor rights activists because of workers' complaints and the company's assembly of high-profile Apple products.
In 2010, the Foxconn was hit with a series of worker suicides. And last September, thousands of employees trashed a Foxconn plant in northern China over what they saw as mistreatment by security guards.
Frank Langfitt, NPR News, Shanghai. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Ritter Sport Milk Chocolate with Whole Hazelnuts 100 g
Allergy Information
Net Contents
Typical Values | per 100 g: |
Energy | 2394 kJ (575 kcal) |
Fat | 39 g |
- of which saturates | 15 g |
Carbohydrate | 46 g |
- of which sugars | 44 g |
Protein | 8,7 g |
Salt | 0,14 g |
Manufacturer Address
Importer address
Return to
Using Product Information
While every care has been taken to ensure product information is correct, food products are constantly being reformulated, so ingredients, nutrition content, dietary and allergens may change. You should always read the product label and not rely solely on the information provided on the website.
If you have any queries, or you'd like advice on any Tesco brand products, please contact Tesco Customer Services, or the product manufacturer if not a Tesco brand product.
Although product information is regularly updated, Tesco is unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. This does not affect your statutory rights.
This information is supplied for personal use only, and may not be reproduced in any way without the prior consent of Tesco Stores Limited nor without due acknowledgement.
Tesco © Copyright 2024


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Yersiniosis and Chitterlings: Tips to Protect You From Foodborne Illness
Chitterlings are a popular food served in many parts of the United States, the Caribbean, Latin America, western Asia and Europe. Also called "chitlins," they are the large intestines usually of swine (hogs) but can also be from young bovine animals, such as calf or veal. Some people consider them a delicacy; while for others who grew up eating them, they are a comfort food. Eaten all year long, chitterlings are especially popular during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's holidays.
The name "chitterlings" comes from Middle Old English or Middle High German. Caribbean and Latin American people use them in traditional dishes such as "Mondongo," and the French call them les tricandilles. They are also used as casings for sausages.
Chitterlings (more commonly called "chitlins") became a traditional winter food of the American Deep South during colonial times when, before refrigeration, hogs were slaughtered in December. Those not living "high on the hog" were given the less desirable parts of the animal. Chitterlings have a pungent odor while being boiled. Their texture is similar to calamari (squid). After lengthy boiling, chitlins sometimes are battered and fried and commonly served with cider vinegar and hot sauce as condiments.
Whatever way you cook them, chitlins must be handled and prepared with caution lest they cause foodborne illness. Preparation is a labor-intensive process that lends itself to the cross-contamination of kitchen countertops, cutting boards and utensils. Chitterlings can be contaminated with the bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica, which can cause a diarrheal illness called "yersiniosis." Other foodborne pathogens — such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli— can also be present, so it is important to follow safe food handling practices to prevent infection.
What is Yersinia enterocolitica?
Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium found in the intestine of hogs that can cause diarrheal illness in humans. Infections caused by these bacteria are called yersiniosis. Swine and meat products from swine are the primary source of illness from Yersinia in humans.
What are the symptoms of yersiniosis?
Symptoms can include watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever and vomiting. Young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with a weakened immune system are more at risk and may experience a more severe illness. Abdominal pain may be confused with appendicitis. Illness in immune-compromised individuals can lead to arthritis, meningitis and inflammation of the skin (erythema nodosum).
How do people get yersiniosis from chitterlings?
People can get yersiniosis from consuming raw or undercooked pork, or from the cross-contamination of food contact surfaces, such as countertops, cutting boards and utensils. Infants can get yersiniosis if their family members or caretakers handle raw meat or hog intestines and do not adequately wash their hands before handling the infant or the infant's toys, bottles or pacifiers. Cross-contamination can occur if family members or caretakers preparing chitterlings are also caring for infants and small children at the same time. It is very important that safe food handling practices are followed during the preparation of chitterlings to protect you and those you care for from illness.
How can consumers prevent getting yersiniosis from chitterlings?
Tips for safely preparing these products:
- Thaw chitterlings in the refrigerator. Wrap the container with raw chitterlings in plastic wrap before placing it in the refrigerator.
- Buy pre-cooked chitterlings. But if you prefer using raw ones, pre-boil them for 5 minutes before cleaning and cooking. Studies conducted by the Georgia Department of Human Resources Division of Public Health found that including this step in the preparation of chitterlings kills pathogenic bacteria without changing the flavor.
- Thoroughly wash hands with soap and warm water for a full 20 seconds before and after the preparation of chitterlings.
- Wash utensils, cutting boards, dishes and countertops with hot soapy water after preparing each food item and before you go on to the next item. Countertops, equipment, utensils and cutting boards can be sanitized with a freshly prepared solution of 1 tablespoon of unscented, liquid chlorine bleach in 1 gallon of water. Flood the surface with the bleach solution and allow it to stand for several minutes. Rinse with clear water and air dry or pat dry with clean paper towels.
- During preparation of chitterlings, caregivers should find others to assist with care of infants and small children to prevent cross-contamination and infections.
- Keep children out of the kitchen when chitterlings are being prepared.
- Boil and simmer chitterlings until well cooked and tender.
What should I do if I think I have, or someone in my family has, yersiniosis?
Call your doctor, nurse or health clinic if you suspect you may have a foodborne illness.
Safe Preparation
To protect yourself and those you care for from foodborne illness, always follow these guidelines:
Clean: Wash Hands and Surfaces Often
Bacteria can spread throughout the kitchen and get onto cutting boards, utensils and countertops.
- Wash your hands for 20 seconds with warm soapy water before handling food and after using the bathroom, changing diapers and handling pets.
- Wash utensils, cutting boards, dishes and countertops with hot soapy water after preparing each food item and before you go on to the next item.
- Consider using paper towels to clean kitchen surfaces. If you use cloth towels, wash them often in the hot cycle of your washing machine.
Separate: Don't Cross-Contaminate
- Separate raw meat, poultry and seafood from other foods in your grocery shopping cart and in your refrigerator.
- If possible, use different cutting boards for raw meat and poultry products and vegetables.
- Wash cutting boards, dishes, countertops and utensils with hot soapy water after they come in contact with raw meat, poultry and seafood or their juices.
- Never place cooked food on a plate which previously held raw meat, poultry or seafood.
Cook: Cook to Safe Temperatures
Use a clean food thermometer when measuring the internal temperature of meat, poultry, casseroles and other foods to make sure they have reached a safe minimum internal temperature.
- Cook food to a safe minimum internal temperature. Use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature.
- When cooking food in a conventional oven, set the oven temperature to at least 325°F.
- Boil chitterlings in water for 5 minutes BEFORE cleaning; then proceed with preferable cooking method until chitterlings are completely cooked and tender.
Chill: Refrigerate Promptly
Refrigerate foods quickly because cold temperatures keep harmful bacteria from multiplying.
- Refrigerate or freeze perishables, prepared foods and leftovers within 2 hours (1 hour if the temperature is above 90°F).
- Set your refrigerator at 40°F or below and the freezer at 0°F or below. Check these temperatures occasionally with an appliance thermometer.
- Don't over pack the refrigerator. Cold air must circulate to keep food safe.
- Thaw chitterlings in the refrigerator and never thaw at room temperature. Divide large amounts of leftovers into shallow containers for quick cooling in the refrigerator.
- Refrigerate and use raw chitterlings within 2 days after thawing. Use frozen chitterlings within 3 to 4 months for best quality. Cooked chitterlings can stay for 3 to 4 days in the refrigerator; 3 to 4 months in the freezer.
For more information about yersiniosis, visit: www.cdc.gov/yersinia/


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explore the collection
The Artist
Henryk Ross and Photography as Resistance
"I buried my negatives in the ground in order that there should be some record of our tragedy... I was anticipating the total destruction of Polish Jewry. I wanted to leave a historical record of our martyrdom." -Henryk Ross
Henryk Rozencwaijg-Ross (1910-1991) was an official photographer for the ghetto's Department of Statistics from 1940 to 1944. He was responsible for producing identity card photos for every resident, as well as promotional images of the ghetto's administration and factories. Born in Warsaw, Ross worked in Lodz as a press and sports photographer before the war. His position in the ghetto afforded him access to photographic equipment and film which he used to secretly document the atrocities of Lodz. He risked his life to do so.
The Henryk Ross Lodz Ghetto Collection is a unique compilation of approximately 3,000 35 mm cellulose nitrate negatives, vintage prints, graphic art, posters, and personal ephemera. They are testimony of the potential for art to be both an act of resistance and remembrance.


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The DS2500 Ferodo Front Brake Pads for Vauxhall Astra 1.7 TD are amongst the foremost high performance track day pads in the business.
It is also suitable for some light duty front and many rear pure race applications. It also offers excellent refinement for such a high performance pad. The main characteristics of DS2500 are:
- Consistent (medium) coefficient of friction upto all but the highest temperatures Low noise / low dusting
- Long pad life
- Kind on discs
- Race pedal feel
Brake Pads | |
Manufacturer | Vauxhall |
Model | Astra |
Position | Front |


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Multiproto was a proposal for version 5.0 of the LinuxDVB API (see also S2API) which includes extensions for cards which support multiple DVB protocols (DVB-S, DVB-S2, DVB-T, DVB-C, DVB-H, ATSC, DSS). An alternative proposal, S2API, was evenutally selected as the new API and was released in kernel 2.6.28 on 24 Dec 2008.
Multiproto was an experimental project and was not implemented in any released version of Linux. Notably, the author of some of the main parts of multiproto has in the past incomprehensibly attempted to block its inclusion in Linux, highlighting both misunderstanding of the implications of the GPL and the need for stricter project management within the Linux DVB community http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-January/023355.html. After more than two years, a pull request for the API (excluding drivers) was eventually issued hours after the competing project S2API was announced http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-September/028896.html.
S2API and multiproto were reviewed at the Linux Plumbers' Conference in Portland, Oregon, Wed 17th - Fri 19th September 2008: http://linuxplumbersconf.org/program/microconfs/getmc.php?mc=chehab08. See http://www.linuxtv.org/downloads/plumbers2008/stoth_dvb_round_table_new_api.pdf.
An announcement regarding the conclusions of the review was made by the maintainer : http://www.linuxtv.org/news.php?entry=2008-09-23.mchehab, http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-September/029155.html, http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-September/029181.html, http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-September/029232.html. By unanimous vote, S2API was selected for inclusion in kernel 2.6.28. The multiproto API will therefore not be merged into the kernel. The decision is final. The device support in the multiproto tree will not be lost -- drivers can be easily converted to work with the S2API. It is intended to add support for products with the STB0899 demodulator (TT-3200 and others) to S2API before the merge.
Discuss the features and facets of the project here ... this means you
Design Decisions
explain the choices made ... this means you
Technical Details
give a technical description of how the API change has been implemented ... this means you
New structs and enums have been added to expand the API for multiple frontends and the parameters required for protocols DVB-S, DSS, DVB-S2, DVB-T, DVB-H and ATSC. These are prefixed (at least for now) with "dvbfe_" and "DVBFE_" as opposed to the old "fe_" and "FE_". For details compare the old and new versions of include/linux/dvb/frontend.h. Currently multiproto implements both the new and old APIs and a glue layer to manage old/new drivers with new/old API calls. Presumably the plan is eventually to move to a pure 3.3 API and update all the drivers.
Simple enough you might think, but progress has been very slow. Since the first version, way back in April 2006, ten (10!) versions of the entire Linux kernel have been released. See http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2006-April/009522.html and http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux26Changes.
explain whether the design goals have been met or not ... this means you
1. Some application of Occam's Razor still needs to be made. There is repetition in the multiproto API arising from the use of unions of structs to hold parameters (often the same ones) for each type of frontend. However API calls (eg. ioctl dvbfe_params) can be addressed to individual frontends, i.e. /dev/dvb/adapterN/frontendM, so this repetition could be removed to create a cleaner API. For example these variables:
dvbfe_params.delsys.dvbs.fec dvbfe_params.delsys.dss.fec dvbfe_params.delsys.dvbs2.fec dvbfe_params.delsys.dvbc.fec
could be replaced by the simpler:
and these
dvbfe_info.delsys.dvbs.fec dvbfe_info.delsys.dss.fec dvbfe_info.delsys.dvbs2.fec
could be replaced by the simpler:
If we simplify in this way, the relevant section of linux/include/linux/dvb/frontend.h would look like this: (note I added _caps to some variables to indicate that they are actually ORd sets of capabilities)
struct dvbfe_info { char name[128]; enum dvbfe_delsys delsys; //curr delivery sys, READABLE by user, not WRITEABLE enum dvbfe_modulation modulation_caps; //valid for DVB-S,S2,C,T,H,DSS,ATSC enum dvbfe_fec fec_caps; //valid for DVB-S,S2,DSS enum dvbfe_stream_priority stream_priority_caps; //valid for DVB-T,H __u32 frequency_min; __u32 frequency_max; __u32 frequency_step; __u32 frequency_tolerance; __u32 symbol_rate_min; __u32 symbol_rate_max; __u32 symbol_rate_tolerance; enum fe_spectral_inversion inversion; __u8 pad[128]; };
instead of the multiproto version which is more complex and repetitive:
/* DVB-S capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dvbs_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; enum dvbfe_fec fec; }; /* DSS capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dss_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; enum dvbfe_fec fec; }; /* DVB-S2 capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dvbs2_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; enum dvbfe_fec fec; __u8 pad[32]; }; /* DVB-C capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dvbc_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; }; /* DVB-T capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dvbt_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; enum dvbfe_stream_priority stream_priority; __u8 pad[32]; }; /* DVB-H capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_dvbh_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; enum dvbfe_stream_priority stream_priority; __u8 pad[32]; }; /* ATSC capability bitfields */ struct dvbfe_atsc_info { enum dvbfe_modulation modulation; __u8 pad[32]; }; struct dvbfe_info { char name[128]; union { struct dvbfe_dvbs_info dvbs; struct dvbfe_dss_info dss; struct dvbfe_dvbs2_info dvbs2; struct dvbfe_dvbc_info dvbc; struct dvbfe_dvbt_info dvbt; struct dvbfe_dvbh_info dvbh; struct dvbfe_atsc_info atsc; __u8 pad[128]; } delsys; __u32 frequency_min; __u32 frequency_max; __u32 frequency_step; __u32 frequency_tolerance; __u32 symbol_rate_min; __u32 symbol_rate_max; __u32 symbol_rate_tolerance; enum fe_spectral_inversion inversion; __u8 pad[128]; };
2. There was a problem with the design of the multiproto API. The routine DVBFE_GET_INFO actually changed the kernel state (in particular the variable which holds the delivery system). Simply calling DVBFE_SET_PARAMS with a complete correct set of parameters does not work. The corresponding screwy userspace code can be seen in the patched http://abraham.manu.googlepages.com/szap.c where DVBFE_GET_INFO is used to SET the delivery system variable before DVBFE_SET_PARAMS is called. Such odd unexpected behaviour is confusing and should not be accepted in the Linux kernel. At the very least some work needs to be done to rename the routines sensibly. DVBFE_GET_INFO appears to have been originally intended to provide information about the capabilities of the frontend, which is currently not apparent in its name. See http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-March/024266.html and http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-March/024281.html.
UPDATE March 09 2008: This appears to have been changed with the introduction of DVBFE_SET_DELSYS which is now used to set the delivery system. Tuning is done with szap2. Unfortunately the variable delsys has been completely removed from the struct dvbfe_info, instead of just making it a user-readable variable (not a writeable one), analogous to the "type" variable in the old dvb_frontend_info (but with a different range of values, i.e. DVB-S/S2/C/T/H/DSS/ATSC vs. QPSK/QAM/OFDM/ATSC). It would be nice if delsys were put back in, with code to set its value appropriately on DVBFE_GET_INFO calls.
S2API: Tag/Value-based API proposal
Following long standing frustration amongst developers and users about the lack of progress in getting multiproto into the Linux kernel, a group of four senior developers including the maintainer has proposed an alternative (Aug 29 2008) and announced that they no longer support multiproto. See http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-August/028313.html. The idea had been proposed earlier http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2007-November/021618.html. Technically it is quite different from multiproto. Control of the frontend is implemented using a command sequence of (tag,value) pairs to set all the required parameters and then initiate tuning. Thus it no longer depends on fixed structs to hold parameter data. A notable advantage of the tag/value technique is that it should make it much easier to keep up with future DVB transmission standards because this will at most require the definition of additional tags (i.e. commands) rather than a revision of the API. Commands can be made atomic by passing a whole command sequence in a single ioctl (for example a set of parameters followed by the tune command). Alternatively a sequence may be sent one command at a time. The development repository is available at http://linuxtv.org/hg/~stoth/s2. Work still needs to be done to finish the API design and port the existing DVB-S2 drivers to work with it. Other drivers are not affected.
APIs used in the HVR4000 drivers An alternative API has been created for the Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-4000 which makes minimal changes to the current v4l-dvb API in order to provide multifrontend support for DVB-T,DVB-S and DVB-S2 for that device. It offers backwards compatibility with existing binary multimedia applications for DVB-T and DVB-S without recompilation. Patches providing DVB-S2 support for szap and mythtv have been posted. See http://dev.kewl.org/hauppauge/experimental/, http://dev.kewl.org/hauppauge and http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-March/024243.html.
A different method was used to provide support for DVB-S2 in the HVR4000 single frontend (sfe) driver.
Use multiproto drivers with old API A patch exists which allows basic use of drivers developed for multiproto with the current API (3.2). See http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-May/026246.html and http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-August/027979.html.
Status and Migration Plan
explain how a migration from the current API to multiproto could be achieved ... this means you
The multiproto API will not be included in the Linux kernel (see above). Device support in the multiproto tree will simply be converted to work with S2API where necessary.
The mantis tree (http://jusst.de/hg/mantis) which also uses the multiproto API has not yet been merged into multiproto, meaning that there is unnecessary duplication of the core code and any code fixes in either tree are not automatically applied to both trees.
Making it Work
How to get it from the author's repository:
hg clone http://jusst.de/hg/multiproto
UPDATE 1st Aug 2008: Igor Liplianin has created another repository containing multiproto code and szap2 at http://liplianindvb.sourceforge.net/hg/, reported to be working with the HVR-4000. See http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-July/027514.html. This appears to be similar to the V4L/DVB staging development repository at http://linuxtv.org/hg/v4l-dvb/ but with the addition of multiproto code.
hg clone http://liplianindvb.sourceforge.net/hg/liplianindvb hg clone http://liplianindvb.sourceforge.net/hg/szap2
There are currently no in-kernel multiproto drivers. There are several cards which have experimental support in the multiproto tree, perhaps with additional patches.
Provide details of which drivers work with multiproto ... this means you
See the descriptions for the following cards:
Azurewave AD-SP400 CI (Twinhan VP-1041)
KNC1 DVB-S2 TV Station (PCI32, supports CI)
TerraTec Cinergy S2 PCI HD CI (PCI32, CI)
provide the details of where the drivers and patches and necessary tools are available ... this means you
provide details of how to compile for recent kernels -- this means you
Sample kernel output
provide the relevant portion of dmesg here
Tuner / DiSEqC / Player support
provide comprehensive details of how to upgrade multimedia applications to work with the new API ... this means you
Scanning and tuning applications generally will not work with the new API unless they are modified. The situation is arguably improving but the lack of patched applications (and guidance on patching) has hindered completion and testing of multiproto and new drivers, and adoption of the new API. Needless to say, patching drivers and multiple applications is a step too far for most potential testers.
dvb-apps : There is still no patched dvb-apps tree. Someone needs to create one ... why don't you?
scan : see patched version at http://jusst.de/manu/scan.tar.bz2
szap: see patched version at http://abraham.manu.googlepages.com/szap.c Also see information about szap2 at http://allrussian.info/thread.php?postid=187408#post187408 and http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-February/023836.html.
MPlayer : someone needs to write a patch ... why don't you?
Kaffeine / xine-lib : someone needs to write a patch ... why don't you? There are some posts about getting Kaffeine to work with multiproto in these threads: http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-May/025882.html, http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-July/027141.html and in these two messages: http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=48217036.3090709%40gmail.com&forum_name=kaffeine-devel and http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=481DE023.9000903%40gmail.com&forum_name=kaffeine-devel .
VDR : Ugh, patch hell. Why is there no VDR development repository? History: VDR version 1.5.14 required multiproto (v1.5.14 announcement: http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/vdr/2008-January/015302.html) but this was revoked in 1.5.15 to make a multiproto-free release 1.6.0 due to the unavailability of multiproto in the Linux kernel mainstream (not a surprise to anyone). The requirement for multiproto was reinstated in version 1.7.0 (again jumping the gun), but it needs an old multiproto (from before delsys was removed (see above)), so you still have to patch it (multiproto-update.diff) to work with the current multiproto. But that patch is now broken -- you will have to fix it by hand. There is even a patch which can be used to revert that (1.7.0+multiproto-update.diff) to work with the v3.2 API drivers, and another newer one which will work with both APIs! See http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/vdr/2008-August/017534.html and http://www.udo-richter.de/vdr/patches.en.html#dvb-api-wrapper. [Prediction: VDR will remove the multiproto requirement again before v1.8.0, flip,flop,flip,flop...].
And you need yet another patch if you want H.264 support (http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/vdr/2008-April/016513.html). There are patches for vdr-rotor and GotoX too.
Version 1.7.1 has now been released, this time requiring multiproto_plus. See http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-September/028818.html.
Following the decision to merge S2API into the kernel (and not multiproto) the multiproto support in VDR needs to be replaced with S2API support. An initial patch supporting S2API for DVB-S only has been written, see http://linuxtv.org/pipermail/vdr/2008-September/017910.html.
MythTV : Two patches (one DVB-S/S2, one DVB-S only) have been posted http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-January/022757.html. Current status?
dvbstream : Someone needs to write a patch ... why don't you? See http://www.linuxtv.org/pipermail/linux-dvb/2008-February/024056.html.
provide details of how to use with DiSEqC -- this means you
How to patch an application for Multiproto
provide guidance on patching applications to use multiproto -- this means you
To tune to a channel : using the patched szap above as a guide we see that
struct dvb_frontend_parameters tuneto; ... ioctl(fefd, FE_SET_FRONTEND, &tuneto);
must be replaced by
struct dvbfe_params fe_params; ... ioctl(fefd, DVBFE_SET_PARAMS, &fe_params);
where the parts of dvbfe_params.delsys relevant for the delivery system used (DVB-S/DSS/DVB-S2) need to be set before the call.
To make the userspace code a lot cleaner C preprocessor macros can be used to hide the full details of the multiproto api - here is a short example:
#if (DVB_API_VERSION==3) && (DVB_API_VERSION_MINOR>=3) #define FE_PARAM struct dvbfe_params #define IOCTL_SET_FE DVBFE_SET_PARAMS #define DVB_SET_DELIVERY(a, b) (a)->delivery=(b) #define DVBC_SET_SYMBOLRATE(a, b) (a)->delsys.dvbc.symbol_rate=(b) #else #define FE_PARAM struct dvb_frontend_parameters #define IOCTL_SET_FE FE_SET_FRONTEND #define DVB_SET_DELIVERY(a, b) do{ } while(0) #define DVBC_SET_SYMBOLRATE(a, b) (a)->u.qam.symbol_rate=(b) #endif void tune(int fefd) { FE_PARAM fparm; memset(&fparm, 0, sizeof(FE_PARM)); DVB_SET_DELIVERY(&fparm, DVBFE_DELSYS_DVBC); ... DVBC_SET_SYMBOLRATE(&fparm, symbolrate) if (ioctl(fefd, IOCTL_SET_FE, &fparm) < 0) { printf("Tuning failed"); } }
The code itself will stay clean of ifdef spaghetti and the compatibility macros can be hidden in some header file. See getstream [1] for a multiproto capable tuner coder without a single ifdef.


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MES Wks Germany
This is the main page for the squadron or unit. More info will be added here as I get the time, but for now it's a "base" for establishing comms with other members of the same unit. You can post messages for other members of the same unit using the messages link above this blurb, and you can also search for other members of this unit. Once you find them, click on their name to send an email direct to them. Please note that this website doesn't "remember" your emails, they are sent direct from you to the recipient without sappers.co.uk getting in the way. That helps you get in touch quickly and it keeps everything simple and free. Have fun. Gordon


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Simply stated, the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the two joints that connect your jaw to your skull. More specifically, they are the joints that slide and rotate in front of each ear, and consist of the mandible (the lower jaw) and the temporal bone (the side and base of the skull). According to the American Dental Association (ADA), the TMJs are among the most complex joints in the body. These joints, along with several muscles, allow the mandible to move up and down, side to side, and forward and back. When the mandible and the joints are properly aligned, smooth muscle actions, such as chewing, talking, yawning, and swallowing, can take place. When these structures (muscles, ligaments, jaw bone, mandible, TMJ) are not aligned, nor synchronized in movement, several problems may occur.
TMD is any disorder of the jaw muscles, temporomandibular joints, and/or the nerves associated with chronic facial pain. Any problem that prevents the complex system of muscles, bones, and joints from working together in harmony may result in temporomandibular disorder.
The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), classifies the categories of TMD by the following criteria:
Most oral health professionals will agree that the primary cause of this disorder is excessive strain on the muscle group that controls chewing, swallowing, and speech. This strain may be a result of bruxism (incessant clenching of the teeth), or from physical or mental stress. These factors may be the cause, in most cases, or may aggravate an existing condition of TMD.
The following are the most common symptoms of TMD. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
The symptoms of TMD may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult a dentist or your physician for a diagnosis.
Specific treatment for TMD will be determined by your physician, dentist or physical therapist based on:
Treatments include:
For more information request a consult from one of our many locations today!


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