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Logic Dots 2 4×4 Level 24 Hints and Answer
Logic Dots 2 Pack 4*4 Level 24 hints, answer solution walkthrough, the game is available for Android & iOS.
Logic Dots 2 is another puzzle game by Ayopa Games, After the success of logic dots here comes the successor of this game 'Logic Dots 2'. Explore beautiful Brainstorming visual journey by solving puzzles with increasing difficulty.
If you like solving ingenious puzzles, you need Logic Dots 2!. This uniquely fantastic combination of Sudoku and Battleship is simple and logical but increasingly challenging – Logic Dots 2 amazes and delights in equal measure. It's so easy and addictive to play: place dots on the grid to make shapes and solve each puzzle.
You can use hints if you got stuck and there are plenty of puzzles in packs 4×4, 5×5, 6×6, 7×7, 8×8, 9×9 and 10×10. each pack has 30 puzzles. Some packs are free to play but some need to watch a video or purchase the pack. I have solved each pack and every level of the pack, you have to go to the index of all levels which is given below.
Download this game from Playstore (for Android devices): https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ayopagames.logicdots2android&hl=en Download this game from App store (for iOS devices): https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/logic-dots-2/id1160013432?mt=8
Logic Dots 2 Pack 4×4 Level 24
Index of all Levels if you want to find the answer to another level or another pack: http://puzzlegamemaster.com/logic-dots-2-all-levels-hints-and-answers/

subset: commoncrawl


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chown, fchown, lchown - change ownership of a file
#include <unistd.h> int chown(const char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group); int fchown(int fd, uid_t owner, gid_t group); int lchown(const char *path, uid_t owner, gid_t group); Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)): fchown(), lchown(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
These system calls change the owner and group of a file. The differ only in how the file is specified: * chown() changes the ownership of the file specified by path, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link. * fchown() changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file descriptor fd. * lchown() is like chown(), but does not dereference symbolic links. Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the CAP_CHOWN capability) may change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the file to any group of which that owner is a member. A privileged process (Linux: with CAP_CHOWN) may change the group arbitrarily. If the owner or group is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed. When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by an unprivileged user the S_ISUID and S_ISGID mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not specify whether this also should happen when root does the chown(); the Linux behavior depends on the kernel version. In case of a non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the S_IXGRP bit is not set) the S_ISGID bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a chown().
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more general errors for chown() are listed below. EACCES Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. (See also path_resolution(7).) EFAULT path points outside your accessible address space. ELOOP Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving path. ENAMETOOLONG path is too long. ENOENT The file does not exist. ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available. ENOTDIR A component of the path prefix is not a directory. EPERM The calling process did not have the required permissions (see above) to change owner and/or group. EROFS The named file resides on a read-only file system. The general errors for fchown() are listed below: EBADF The descriptor is not valid. EIO A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode. ENOENT See above. EPERM See above. EROFS See above.
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. The 4.4BSD version can only be used by the superuser (that is, ordinary users cannot give away files).
When a new file is created (by, for example, open(2) or mkdir(2)), its owner is made the same as the file system user ID of the creating process. The group of the file depends on a range of factors, including the type of file system, the options used to mount the file system, and whether or not the set-group-ID permission bit is enabled on the parent directory. If the file system supports the -o grpid (or, synonymously -o bsdgroups) and -o nogrpid (or, synonymously -o sysvgroups) mount(8) options, then the rules are as follows: * If the file system is mounted with -o grpid, then the group of a new file is made the same as that of the parent directory. * If the file system is mounted with -o nogrpid and the set-group-ID bit is disabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the same as the process's file system GID. * If the file system is mounted with -o nogrpid and the set-group-ID bit is enabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the same as that of the parent directory. As at Linux 2.6.25, the -o grpid and -o nogrpid mount options are supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS. File systems that don't support these mount options follow the -o nogrpid rules. The chown() semantics are deliberately violated on NFS file systems which have UID mapping enabled. Additionally, the semantics of all system calls which access the file contents are violated, because chown() may cause immediate access revocation on already open files. Client side caching may lead to a delay between the time where ownership have been changed to allow access for a user and the time where the file can actually be accessed by the user on other clients. In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46), chown() did not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.81, chown() does follow symbolic links, and there is a new system call lchown() that does not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same semantics as the old chown()) has got the same syscall number, and chown() got the newly introduced number.
The following program changes the ownership of the file named in its second command-line argument to the value specified in its first command-line argument. The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID, or as a username (which is converted to a user ID by using getpwnam(3) to perform a lookup in the system password file). #include <pwd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { uid_t uid; struct passwd *pwd; char *endptr; if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == '\0') { fprintf(stderr, "%s <owner> <file>\n", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */ if (*endptr != '\0') { /* Was not pure numeric string */ pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */ if (pwd == NULL) { perror("getpwnam"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } uid = pwd->pw_uid; } if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) { perror("chown"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } /* if */ exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } /* main */
chmod(2), fchownat(2), flock(2), path_resolution(7), symlink(7)
This page is part of release 3.24 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


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Do you want to know more about Lucy UwU? I know you do. Just click the button bellow to see this model's bio.


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Marie Jo Avero Soft Sand Brief
- Regular Price
- $67.00
- Sale Price
- $67.00
- Regular Price
- Unit Price
- per
Style: Brief 0500410
This rio brief from Marie Jo is their classic! The narrow band at your bottom ensures the briefs don't show under your clothes. Soft Sand is a mellow new colour that suits all skin tones. A hint of shimmer in the fabric adds depth and liveliness.
Don't forget the matching Avero bra!
We strive to provide an exceptional shopping experience and offer a flexible exchange policy to accommodate your needs. Our exchange policy is designed to make sure that you get the perfect fit and style, all while feeling confident in your purchase. Our returns are handled on a case-by-case basis. Please read the following guidelines for our exchange policy:
1. All Figure does not offer refunds for any items but we will happily exchange or issue a store credit within 14 days. Please be understanding when returning an item. We know your new bra might take a bit of getting used to. Our suggestion is to keep your tags on and wear the bra around your house to see if you like it. If you still don't love it, come in or contact us and we will chat.
2. For hygiene reasons underwear, bodysuits, swimwear, hosiery and shape wear are non-returnable and final sale. Promotional items, sale items and gift cards are final sale.
3. We are happy to accept returns for items:
- Purchased within 14 days
- Are in like-new condition with tags
- Have not been altered or washed
- Have no stains and/or scent and are not damaged
- Have all original packaging and with original receipt
4. Proof of Purchase:
- To process an exchange, please provide the original receipt or proof of purchase.
- If you made the purchase online, please provide the order number.
We are committed to ship your order as quickly as possible. Orders are processed within 1-3 days.
Most of our orders will be shipped out within a day of ordering but it is possible that some styles, sizes and colours may be out of stock, which will affect delivery time. We do not ship orders on the weekends (Saturday and/or Sunday).
Please note that the website inventory may not accurately represent what is actually in stock. Therefore, there may be a delay in receiving your order.
FREE SHIPPING in Ontario/Quebec on orders $150 and over before tax. Anything under $150 will be charged a standard flat rate of $15 for shipping.
FREE SHIPPING in Canada on orders $150 and over before tax. Anything under $150 will charged a standard flat rate of $20 for shipping.
We do offer a free non-contact local delivery if your delivery destination is located within 20 km of All Figure's store location. Areas covered: St. Catharines, Thorold, Pelham, Fonthill, Welland, Lincoln, Beamsville, Niagara Falls and Niagara-on-the-Lake.
North America Shipping (USA)
There is a $25 CAD flat rate fee for all orders to the United States. (Local duties and taxes may apply). Your order is shipped via Canada Post and transferred to UPS or USPS across the border.
Expected Shipping Time
- The Maritimes: 4-7 Business Days
- Ontario and Quebec: 2-3 Business Days
- Manitoba and Saskatchewan: 3-5 Business Days
- BC and Alberta: 4-7 Business Days
- Territories: 6-7 Business Days


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Information Policy
Open Book Publishers is committed to protecting the information provided by our customers. Information provided by customers is used to handle orders, deliver products and services, process payments, communicate with you about orders, products, services and promotional offers, update our records and generally maintain your accounts with us, display content such as wish lists and customer reviews and recommend merchandise and services that might be of interest to you. We also use this information to improve our store and platform, prevent or detect fraud or abuses of our website and enable third parties to carry out technical, logistical or other functions on our behalf.
While we necessarily share some information with third party service providers, as described below, we will not share or sell your information with or to any other company or organisation.
Third Party Service Providers: We employ other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. Examples include fulfilling orders, delivering packages, sending postal mail and e-mail, removing repetitive information from customer lists, analysing data, providing marketing assistance, providing search results and links (including paid listings and links), processing credit card payments and providing customer service. They have access to personal information needed to perform their functions, but may not use it for other purposes. Further, they must process the personal information in accordance with this Privacy Notice and as permitted by the UK's Data Protection Act.


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Parent Directory | Revision Log
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Describe what a Quickload site is
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Mercury Free (Amalgam Silver Filling Free), Mercury Safe, Holistic, Cosmetic and Family Dentistry
About Our Mercury Safe Dental Practice
Dr. Emilia Herman's "Mercury Safe Dentist" office is located in Denver, CO. She practices cosmetic, holistic, mercury free (amalgam/silver filling free) dentistry. Her mission is to treat her patients in the most healthy, caring, holistic way possible and to share information about dental wellness with her patients so that they may make educated decisions about their oral health. She fully understands the important relationship of oral to overall health and realizes that; "You cannot be truly healthy without good oral health!"
Holistic Dentistry
Holistic/Healthy Dentistry is a philosophy that recognizes that the teeth and associated oral structures are a part of the whole body. Because of this important relationship we offer a wide range of state of the art treatment options. Due to her advanced training and emphasis on both oral and total health, Dr. Herman takes a unique Whole Body approach to oral health care; combining sound dental science, modern technology, and dental experience - with a deep concern for her patients' physical and emotional well-being and comfort.
Amalgam Filling Removal
As your Oral Health Doctor, Dr. Herman is aware that mercury vapor, dental infections, and TMJ (bite) problems can have a negative impact on overall health. Because of this concern, we focus on patient education and strive to remove mercury amalgam (silver) fillings in a safe way.
To accomplish this, she utilizes safe removal protocols based on recommendations of a number of prominent holistic dental organizations. For information about why it's important to use a mercury safe dentist, Click Here.
Whole Body Dental Philosophy
Her Whole Body, healthy dental treatment philosophy stresses the use of best dental materials and non-invasive treatment whenever possible. She also works closely with highly qualified health practitioners to assist her in her efforts to return the patient to optimal oral and overall health. Her Holistic - Patient First approach to dental treatment means that she treats the teeth, jaw, and related oral structures with regard to how that treatment will affect the entire body.
Continuing Education
Dr. Herman is a strong advocate of continuing education because it allows her to give you and your family the most modern, state-of-the-art dental care. Each year she takes many hours of continuing education courses and she has advanced training in many areas of conventional, holistic, cosmetic dentistry.
Treatments & Services
Our office also uses the latest in dental equipment, techniques, and technology in order to provide our patients with the very best treatment options and services, including:
- Digital X-Rays
- Preventive Dental Treatment and Education
- Periodontal (Gum) Treatment
- Safe Amalgam Filling Removal
- Anxiety Management
- Oral Cancer Screening
- Mercury Free (Amalgam Free) Fillings
- Mercury & Metal Free Restorations
- Advanced Cosmetic Dentistry
- Smile Makeovers
- Tooth Whitening
- Full & Partial Dentures
- Implant Placement & Maintenance
- Full-Mouth Reconstruction
- TMJ Diagnosis & Treatment
- Snoring and Sleep Apnea Disorders
- Oral Surgery
- Family Dentistry
- Sealants
- Mouth Guards & Night Guards
- Root Canal Therapy
- Invisalign: Hidden Braces
Cosmetic Dentistry
Our office also specializes in state of the art restorative and cosmetic dentistry to correct, restore or enhance your smile to fit your own unique facial form. Our goal is to integrate esthetics as part of total dental and overall health while creating an overall pleasing and natural facial appearance.
Dr. Herman can create the smile of your dreams - just imagine yourself with a beautiful, new, natural looking smile!
Organizations & Associations
Dr. Herman is associated with a number of prestigious dental organizations, including:
- International Association of Mercury Safe Dentists (IAMSD)
- American Dental Association (ADA)
About Dr. Herman
Dr. Herman has devoted her dental career to practicing healthy, holistic, patient friendly dentistry. She is also a proponent of making the dental office as mercury safe as possible for the patient, the staff and the environment.
The Herman family (Dr. Emilia, her husband, Sam, step-son, Gage) love being a part of the Cherry Creek community. Please do not hesitate to say "hello" if you see them around the neighborhood or on the trails with their dachshund, Brewer and fox-red Labrador, Filson! To learn more about Dr. Emilia Click Here.
About Our Staff
Our exceptional and dedicated staff is made up of highly-trained, motivated and caring professionals. Our team works together to bring you the highest quality biological dental treatment in a healthy, warm and supportive setting.
We would be honored to add you to our list of satisfied patients and we encourage you to visit Our Office Website to learn more about the many services and treatments our office offers. We want to thank you for considering our office for all of your dental needs. Please Click Here to review patient Testimonials.
Patient Education
Our dental practice is dedicated to patient education. As a member of Dr. Tom McGuire's International Association of Mercury Safe Dentists (IAMSD) we work closely with him to support our goal of providing important information to our patients about numerous oral health that can affect overall health, including issues related to mercury amalgam (silver) fillings. Click on the appropriate link to access important information about these topics.
- Frequently Asked Questions & Oral Health Topics
- Mercury Safe: Why Dentists are Mercury Safe & Mercury Free
- Mercury Free & Mercury Safe: What's the Difference
- Mercury Risk Evaluation
- Referenced & Abstracted Articles about Mercury (Dr. McGuire has kindly allowed us access to his database of referenced and abstracted scientific articles on numerous mercury related topics. It is the largest of its kind and is a wealth of information for those interested in the subject.)
NEW! Dr. Tom McGuire's new YouTube Video, Mercury: The Poison in Your Teeth conclusively proves that amalgam/silver fillings not only release toxic mercury vapor - but that the common act of brushing just one amalgam filling - will release more mercury than allowed by governmental regulatory agencies at the workplace! It also tells you what you can do about it. Click Here to watch this amazing video demonstration - and don't forget to tell your friends and family! (You can also access it by searching YouTube for The Poison in Your Teeth or Tom McGuire, DDS.)
A Personal Note from Dr. Tom
Dr. Herman is a dedicated, well trained, experienced and caring holistic and cosmetic dentist. I am impressed with the depth of her knowledge and understanding about the critically important relationship of oral to overall health and her ongoing effort to educate her patients. She also utilizes this knowledge when designing the treatment of her patients.
Her concern for her patients' health, her ongoing training in holistic, cosmetic, and traditional dentistry; along with her commitment to safely remove amalgam fillings makes her ideally suited to remove and replace them. I highly recommend her to anyone seeking a caring cosmetic, mercury free dentist.
Dr. Herman is also a Charter Member of the International Association of Mercury Safe Dentists (IAMSD). I recommend that you visit her website to learn more about her approach to dentistry. When you visit her office please tell her where you found out about her and say hello to her for me. Thanks!


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1. The FindKeep.Love Sweepstakes - 603 "Here Comes the Bride" Sweeps (hereinafter "Sweepstakes") is being run by FindKeep.Love, LLC (hereinafter "FindKeep.Love"), with an address of PO Box 186, Los Gatos, CA 95031- 0186 and a telephone number of (408) 384-9951 and is sponsored by the following companies (collectively the "Sponsors"):
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How Long You Should Live In Your Home Before You Sell It
Whether you just moved in or have lived in your home for 50 years, it's common to wonder how long you should stay in your home before you sell it. According to the National Association of Realtors®, ten years is the average amount of time that a homeowner will stay in their home before deciding to sell it.
If you're under ten years and itching to sell, many experts say you should follow the "five-year rule" and stay in the same home for at least five years before selling.
This may sound like a long time and you may think you are ready to sell now, but before you make any rash decisions, we put together a few of the most important factors that you should be aware of.
1. Your Mortgage
One of the first and foremost factors you must consider when you decide to sell your home is your mortgage payment. If you want to make money when you sell your home, then your sale price must be greater than what's left of your mortgage. When you first buy your home and begin to pay your mortgage, the first few years will go towards interest rather than the principal amount. This typically means that it's more difficult to make money off your sale under 5 years. However, if you put a larger downpayment on your house, then your interest rate and mortgage will probably be smaller, making it possible to make money in a shorter amount of time.
2. Equity
Building home equity is important. You'll want to have a lot of equity built up when you decide to sell. The amount of home equity you've obtained depends on any remodeling or renovations you've made, as well as your mortgage. If the home you bought was already in tip-top shape, then it may be difficult to build equity. If you've remodeled the kitchen, bathroom, redone the flooring, or made other renovations around the house, then you have most likely gained home equity. You can also increase your home equity by paying off more of the principal on your mortgage.
3. Market Conditions
One of the more common reasons you're eager to sell your home is to make money on your property. There are a few things to look out for when deciding if it's a seller's market and whether or not it's time to make your move. If you notice the price per square foot in your area is increasing, chances are that homes stay on the market for a shorter time. You should also take note of homes near you that are selling. It might seem time-consuming, but don't worry! We always keep track of recent home sales in the area and can send you over an up-to-date market report.
4. You're Out Of Space
Maybe this was the first house you bought when you were expecting your first child and there were only three of you, but now with three kids and two dogs, there isn't much space. Although it may be sad to move out of the home where you started your family, the happiness of your family may be greater than the cost of selling your home and buying a new one.
Other life situations like divorce, illness, or even the need to downsize may also lead you to sell sooner than you originally planned.
5. Capital Gains Tax
If you don't qualify to avoid paying capital gains taxes on the sale of your home, you may not want to sell your home yet. To avoid capital gains taxes, you should make an effort to stay in your home for at least two to five years. Making a sale before two years could be a huge mistake, and could ultimately leave you without much equity, especially if you have to pay capital gains tax.
6. Closing Costs
Closing costs are often overlooked but play an important part when it comes to selling your home. On average, real estate agents have a commission rate of 6% when you sell your home. You are also likely to pay a closing cost when buying a home, which can be between 3%-6% of the purchase price of the home. Keeping closing costs in mind before you sell allows you to budget this into your expenses and avoid surprises when it comes to closing.


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VILLAGE OF EUCLID, OHIO, et al. v. AMBLER REALTY CO.
47 S.Ct. 114
71 L.Ed. 303
VILLAGE OF EUCLID, OHIO, et al.
No. 31.
Reargued Oct. 12, 1926.
Decided Nov. 22, 1926.
[Syllabus from pages 365-367 intentionally omitted]
Mr. James Metzenbaum, of Cleveland, Ohio, for appellants.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 367-371 intentionally omitted]
Messrs. Newton D. Baker and Robert M. Morgan, both of Cleveland, Ohio, for appellee.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 371-379 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.
The village of Euclid is an Ohio municipal corporation. It adjoins and practically is a suburb of the city of Cleveland. Its estimated population is between 5,000 and 10,000, and its area from 12 to 14 square miles, the greater part of which is farm lands or unimproved acreage. It lies, roughly, in the form of a parallelogram measuring approximately 3 1/2 miles each way. East and west it is traversed by three principal highways: Euclid avenue, through the southerly border, St. Clair avenue, through the central portion, and Lake Shore boulevard, through the northerly border, in close proximity to the shore of Lake Erie. The Nickel Plate Railroad lies from 1,500 to 1,800 feet north of Euclid avenue, and the Lake Shore Railroad 1,600 feet farther to the north. The three highways and the two railroads are substantially parallel.
Appellee is the owner of a tract of land containing 68 acres, situated in the westerly end of the village, abutting on Euclid avenue to the south and the Nickel Plate Railroad to the north. Adjoining this tract, both on the east and on the west, there have been laid out restricted residential plats upon which residences have been erected.
On November 13, 1922, an ordinance was adopted by the village council, establishing a comprehensive zoning plan for regulating and restricting the location of trades, industries, apartment houses, two-family houses, single family houses, etc., the lot area to be built upon, the size and height of buildings, etc.
The entire area of the village is divided by the ordinance into six classes of use districts, denominated U-1 to U-6, inclusive; three classes of height districts, denominated H-1 to H-3, inclusive; and four classes of area districts, denominated A-1 to A-4, inclusive. The use districts are classified in respect of the buildings which may be erected within their respective limits, as follows: U-1 is restricted to single family dwellings, public parks, water towers and reservoirs, suburban and interurban electric railway passenger stations and rights of way, and farming, non-commercial greenhouse nurseries, and truck gardening; U-2 is extended to include two-family dwellings; U-3 is further extended to include apartment houses, hotels, churches, schools, public libraries, museums, private clubs, community center buildings, hospitals, sanitariums, public playgrounds, and recreation buildings, and a city hall and courthouse; U-4 is further extended to include banks, offices, studios, telephone exchanges, fire and police stations, restaurants, theaters and moving picture shows, retail stores and shops, sales offices, sample rooms, wholesale stores for hardware, drugs, and groceries, stations for gasoline and oil (not exceeding 1,000 gallons storage) and for ice delivery, skating rinks and dance halls, electric substations, job and newspaper printing, public garages for motor vehicles, stables and wagon sheds (not exceeding five horses, wagons or motor trucks), and distributing stations for central store and commercial enterprises; U-5 is further extended to include billboards and advertising signs (if permitted), warehouses, ice and ice cream manufacturing and cold storage plants, bottling works milk bottling and central distribution stations, laundries, carpet cleaning, dry cleaning, and dyeing establishments, blacksmith, horseshoeing, wagon and motor vehicle repair shops, freight stations, street car barns, stables and wagon sheds (for more than five horses, wagons or motor trucks), and wholesale produce markets and salesroom; U-6 is further extended to include plants for sewage disposal and for producing gas, garbage and refuse incineration, scrap iron, junk, scrap paper, and rag storage, aviation fields, cemeteries, crematories, penal and correctional institutions, insane and feeble-minded institutions, storage of oil and gasoline (not to exceed 25,000 gallons), and manufacturing and industrial operations of any kind other than, and any public utility not included in, a class U-1, U-2, U-3, U-4, or U-5 use. There is a seventh class of uses which is prohibited altogether.
Class U-1 is the only district in which buildings are restricted to those enumerated. In the other classes the uses are cumulative-that is to say, uses in class U-2 include those enumerated in the preceding class U-1; class U-3 includes uses enumerated in the preceding classes, U-2, and U-1; and so on. In addition to the enumerated uses, the ordinance provides for accessory uses; that is, for uses customarily incident to the principal use, such as private garages. Many regulations are provided in respect of such accessory uses.
The height districts are classified as follows: In class H-1, buildings are limited to a height of 2 1/2 stories, or 35 feet; in class H-2, to 4 stories, or 50 feet; in class H-3, to 80 feet. To all of these, certain exceptions are made, as in the case of church spires, water tanks, etc.
The classification of area districts is: In A-1 districts, dwellings or apartment houses to accommodate more than one family must have at least 5,000 square feet for interior lots and at least 4,000 square feet for corner lots; in A-2 districts, the area must be at least 2,500 square feet for interior lots, and 2,000 square feet for corner lots; in A-3 districts, the limites are 1,250 and 1,000 square feet, respectively; in A-4 districts, the limits are 900 and 700 square feet, respectively. The ordinance contains, in great variety and detail, provisions in respect of width of lots, front, side, and rear yards, and other matters, including restrictions and regulations as to the use of billboards, signboards, and advertising signs.
A single family dwelling consists of a basement and not less than three rooms and a bathroom. A two-family dwelling consists of a basement and not less than four living rooms and a bathroom for each family, and is further described as a detached dwelling for the occupation of two families, one having its principal living rooms on the first floor and the other on the second floor.
Appellee's tract of land comes under U-2, U-3 and U-6. The first strip of 620 feet immediately north of Euclid avenue falls in class U-2, the next 130 feet to the north, in U-3, and the remainder in U-6. The uses of the first 620 feet, therefore, do not include apartment houses, hotels, churches, schools, or other public and semipublic buildings, or other uses enumerated in respect of U-3 to U-6, inclusive. The uses of the next 130 feet include all of these, but exclude industries, theaters, banks, shops, and the various other uses set forth in respect of U-4 to U-6, inclusive.1
Annexed to the ordinance, and made a part of it, is a zone map, showing the location and limits of the various use, height, and area districts, from which it appears that the three classes overlap one another; that is to say, for example, both U-5 and U-6 use districts are in A-4 area district, but the former is in H-2 and the latter in H-3 height districts. The plan is a complicated one, and can be better understood by an inspection of the map, though it does not seem necessary to reproduce it for present purposes.
The lands lying between the two railroads for the entire length of the village area and extending some distance on either side to the north and south, having an average width of about 1,600 feet, are left open, with slight exceptions, for industrial and all other uses. This includes the larger part of appellee's tract. Approximately one-sixth of the area of the entire village is included in U-5 and U-6 use districts. That part of the village lying south of Euclid avenue is principally in U-1 districts. The lands lying north of Euclid avenue and bordering on the long strip just described are included in U-1, U-2, U-3, and U-4 districts, principally in U-2.
The enforcement of the ordinance is intrusted to the inspector of buildings, under rules and regulations of the board of zoning appeals. Meetings of the board are public, and minutes of its proceedings are kept. It is authorized to adopt rules and regulations to carry into effect provisions of the ordinance. Decisions of the inspector of buildings may be appealed to the board by any person claiming to be adversely affected by any such decision. The board is given power in specific cases of practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship to interpret the ordinance in harmony with its general purpose and intent, so that the public health, safety and general welfare may be secure and substantial justice done. Penalties are prescribed for violations, and it is provided that the various provisions are to be regarded as independent and the holding of any provision to be unconstitutional, void or ineffective shall not affect any of the others.
The ordinance is assailed on the grounds that it is in derogation of section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution in that it deprives appellee of liberty and property without due process of law and denies it the equal protection of the law, and that it offends against certain provisions of the Constitution of the state of Ohio. The prayer of the bill is for an injunction restraining the enforcement of the ordinance and all attempts to impose or maintain as to appellee's property any of the restrictions, limitations or conditions. The court below held the ordinance to be unconstitutional and void, and enjoined its enforcement, 297 F. 307.
Before proceeding to a consideration of the case, it is necessary to determine the scope of the inquiry. The bill alleges that the tract of land in question is vacant and has been held for years for the purpose of selling and developing it for industrial uses, for which it is especially adapted, being immediately in the path or progressive industrial development; that for such uses it has a market value of about $10,000 per acre, but if the use be limited to residential purposes the market value is not in excess of $2,500 per acre; that the first 200 feet of the parcel back from Euclid avenue, if unrestricted in respect of use, has a value of $150 per front foot, but if limited to residential uses, and ordinary mercantile business be excluded therefrom, its value is not in excess of $50 per front foot.
It is specifically averred that the ordinanceattempts to restrict and control the lawful uses of appellee's land, so as to confiscate and destroy a great part of its value; that it is being enforced in accordance with its terms; that propective buyers of land for industrial, commercial, and residential uses in the metropolitan district of Cleveland are deterred from buying any part of this land because of the existence of the ordinance and the necessity thereby entailed of conducting burdensome and expensive litigation in order to vindicate the right to use the land for lawful and legitimate purposes; that the ordinance constitutes a cloud upon the land, reduces and destroys its value, and has the effect of diverting the normal industrial, commercial, and residential development thereof to other and less favorable locations.
The record goes no farther than to show, as the lower court found, that the normal and reasonably to be expected use and development of that part of appellee's land adjoining Euclid avenue is for general trade and commercial purposes, particularly retail stores and like establishments, and that the normal and reasonably to be expected use and development of the residue of the land is for industrial and trade purposes. Whatever injury is inflicted by the mere existence and threatened enforcement of the ordinance is due to restrictions in respect of these and similar uses, to which perhaps should be added-if not included in the foregoing-restrictions in respect of apartment houses. Specifically there is nothing in the record to suggest that any damage results from the presence in the ordinance of those restrictions relating to churches, schools, libraries, and other public and semipublic buildings. It is neither alleged nor proved that there is or may be a demand for any part of appellee's land for any of the last-named uses, and we cannot assume the existence of facts which would justify an injunction upon this record in respect to this class of restrictions. For present purposes the provisions of the ordinance in respect of these uses may therefore be put aside as unnecessary to be considered. It is also unnecessary to consider the effect of the restrictions in respect of U-1 districts, since none of appellee's land falls within that class.
We proceed, then, to a consideration of those provisions of the ordinance to which the case as it is made relates, first disposing of a preliminary matter.
A motion was made in the court below to dismiss the bill on the ground that, because complainant (appellee) had made no effort to obtain a building permit or apply to the zoning board of appeals for relief, as it might have done under the terms of the ordinance, the suit was premature. The motion was properly overruled, the effect of the allegations of the bill is that the ordinance of its own force operates greatly to reduce the value of appellee's lands and destroy their marketability for industrial, commercial and residential uses, and the attack is directed, not against any specific provision or provisions, but against the ordinance as an entirety. Assuming the premises, the existence and maintenance of the ordinance in effect constitutes a present invasion of appellee's property rights and a threat to continue it. Under these circumstances, the equitable jurisdiction is clear. See Terrace v. Thompson, 263 U. S. 197, 215, 44 S. Ct. 15, 68 L. Ed. 255; Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U. S. 510, 535, 45 S. Ct. 571, 69 L. Ed. 1070, 30 A. L. R. 468.
It is not necessary to set forth the provisions of the Ohio Constitution which are thought to be infringed. The question is the same under both Constitutions, namely, as stated by appellee: Is the ordinance invalid, in that it violates the constitutional protection 'to the right of property in the appellee by attempted regulations under the guise of the police power, which are unreasonable and confiscatory'?
Building zone laws are of modern origin. They began in this country about 25 years ago. Until recent years, urban life was comparatively simple; but, with the great increase and concentration of population, problems have developed, and constantly are developing, which require, and will continue to require, additional restrictions in respect of the use and occupation of private lands in urban communities. Regulations, the wisdom, necessity, and validity of which, as applied to existing conditions, are so apparent that they are now uniformly sustained, a century ago, or even half a century ago, probably would have been rejected as arbitrary and oppressive. Such regulations are sustained, under the complex conditions of our day, for reasons analogous to those which justify traffic regulations, which, before the advent of automobiles and rapid transit street railways, would have been condemned as fatally arbitrary and unreasonable. And in this there is no inconsistency, for, while the meaning of constitutional guaranties never varies, the scope of their application must expand or contract to meet the new and different conditions which are constantly coming within the field of their operation. In a changing world it is impossible that it should be otherwise. But although a degree of elasticity is thus imparted, not to the meaning, but to the application of constitutional principles, statutes and ordinances, which, after giving due weight to the new conditions, are found clearly not to conform to the Constitution, of course, must fall.
The ordinance now under review, and all similar laws and regulations, must find their justification in some aspect of the police power, asserted for the public welfare. The line which in this field separates the legitimate from the illegitimate assumption of power is not capable of precise delimitation. It varies with circumstances and conditions. A regulatory zoning ordinance, which would be clearly valid as applied to the great cities, might be clearly invalid as applied to rural communities. In solving doubts, the maxim 'sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas,' which lies at the foundation of so much of the common low of nuisances, ordinarily will furnish a fairly helpful clew. And the law of nuisances, likewise, may be consulted, not for the purpose of controlling, but for the helpful aid of its analogies in the process of ascertaining the scope of, the power. Thus the question whether the power exists to forbid the erection of a building of a particular kind or for a particular use, like the question whether a particular thing is a nuisance, is to be determined, not by an abstract consideration of the building or of the thing considered apart, but by considering it in connection with the circumstances and the locality. Sturgis v. Bridgeman, L. R. 11 Ch. 852, 865. A nuisance may be merely a right thing in the wrong place, like a pig in the parlor instead of the barnyard. If the validity of the legislative classification for zoning purposes be fairly debatable, the legislative judgment must be allowed to control. Radice v. New York, 264 U. S. 292, 294, 44 S. Ct. 325, 68 L. Ed. 690.
There is no serious difference of opinion in respect of the validity of laws and regulations fixing the height of buildings within reasonable limits, the character of materials and methods of construction, and the adjoining area which must be left open, in order to minimize the danger of fire or collapse, the evils of overcrowding and the like, and excluding from residential sections offensive trades, industries and structures likely to create nuisances. See Welch v. Swasey, 214 U. S. 91, 29 S. Ct. 567, 53 L. Ed. 923; Hadacheck v. Los Angeles, 239 U. S. 394, 36 S. Ct. 143, 60 L. Ed. 348, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 927; Reinman v. Little Rock, 237 U. S. 171, 35 S. Ct. 511, 59 L. Ed. 900; Cusack Co. v. City of Chicago, 242 U. S. 526, 529, 530, 37 S. Ct. 190, 61 L. Ed. 472, L. R. A. 1918A, 136, App. Cas. 1917C, 594.
Here, however, the exclusion is in general terms of all industrial establishments, and it may thereby happen that not only offensive or dangerous industries will be excluded, but those which are neither offensive nor dangerous will share the same fate. But this is no more than happens in respect of many practice-forbidding laws which this court has upheld, although drawn in general terms so as to include individual cases that may turn out to be innocuous in themselves. Hebe Co. v. Shaw, 248 U. S. 297, 303, 39 S. Ct. 125, 63 L. Ed. 255; Pierce Oil Corp. v. City of Hope, 248 U. S. 498, 500, 39 S. Ct. 172, 63 L. Ed. 381. The inclusion of a reasonable margin, to insure effective enforcement, will not put upon a law, otherwise valid, the stamp of invalidity. Such laws may also find their justification in the fact that, in some fields, the bad fades into the good by such insensible degrees that the two are not capable of being readily distinguished and separated in terms of legislation. In the light of these considerations, we are not prepared to say that the end in view was not sufficient to justify the general rule of the ordinance, although some industries of an innocent character might fall within the proscribed class. It cannot be said that the ordinance in this respect 'passes the bounds of reason and assumes the character of a merely arbitrary fiat.' Purity Extract Co. v. Lynch, 226 U. S. 192, 204, 33 S. Ct. 44, 47 (57 L. Ed. 184). Moreover, the restrictive provisions of the ordinance in this particular may be sustained upon the principles applicable to the broader exclusion from residential districts of all business and trade structures, presently to be discussed.
It is said that the village of Euclid is a mere suburb of the city of Cleveland; that the industrial development of that city has now reached and in some degree extended into the village, and in the obvious course of things will soon absorb the entire area for industrial enterprises; that the effect of the ordinance is to divert this natural development elsewhere, with the consequent loss of increased values to the owners of the lands within the village borders. But the village, though physically a suburb of Cleveland, is politically a separate municipality, with powers of its own and authority to govern itself as it sees fit, within the limits of the organic law of its creation and the state and federal Constitutions. Its governing authorities, presumably representing a majority of its inhabitants and voicing their will, have determined, not that industrial development shall cease at its boundaries, but that the course of such development shall proceed within definitely fixed lines. If it be a proper exercise of the police power to relegate industrial establishments to localities separated from residential sections, it is not easy to find a sufficient reason for denying the power because the effect of its exercise is to divert an industrial flow from the course which it would follow, to the injury of the residential public, if left alone, to another course where such injury will be obviated. It is not meant by this, however, to exclude the possibility of cases where the general public interest would so far outweigh the interest of the municipality that the municipality would not be allowed to stand in the way.
We find no difficulty in sustaining restrictions of the kind thus far reviewed. The serious question in the case arises over the provisions of the ordinance excluding from residential districts apartment houses, business houses, retail stores and shops, and other like establishments. This question involves the validity of what is really the crux of the more recent zoning legislation, namely, the creation and maintenance of residential districts, from which business and trade of every sort, including hotels and apartment houses, are excluded. Upon that question this court has not thus far spoken. The decisions of the state courts are numerous and conflicting; but those which broadly sustain the power greatly outnumber those which deny it altogether or narrowly limit it, and it is very apparent that there is a constantly increasing tendency in the direction of the broader view. We shall not attempt to review these decisions at length, but content ourselves with citing a few as illustrative of all.
As sustaining a broader view, see Opinion of the Justices, 234 Mass. 597, 607, 127 N. E. 525; Inspector of Buildings of Lowell v. Stoklosa, 250 Mass. 52, 145 N. E. 262; Spector v. Building Inspector of Milton, 250 Mass. 63, 145 N. E. 265; Brett v. Building Commissioner of Brookline, 250 Mass. 73, 145 N. E. 269; State v. City of New Orleans, 154 La. 271, 282, 97 So. 440, 33 A. L. R. 260; Lincoln Trust Co. v. Williams Bldg. Corp., 229 N. Y. 313, 128 N. E. 209; City of Aurora v. Burns, 319 Ill. 84, 93, 149 N. E. 784; Deynzer v. City of Evanston, 319 Ill. 226, 149 N E. 790; State ex rel. v. Houghton, 164 Minn. 146, 204 N. W. 569; State ex rel. Carter v. Harper, 182 Wis. 148, 157-161, 196 N. W. 451, 33 A. L. R. 269; Ware v. City of Wichita, 113 Kan. 153, 214 P. 99; Miller v. Board of Public Works, 195 Cal. 477, 486-495, 234 P. 381, 38 A. L. R. 1479; City of Providence v. Stephens (R. I.) 133 A. 614.
For the contrary view, see Goldman v. Crowther, 147 Md. 282, 128 A. 50, 38 A. L. R. 1455; Ignaciunas v. Risley, 98 N. J. Law. 712, 121 A. 783; Spann v. City of Dallas, 111 Tex. 350, 238 S. W. 513, 19 A. L. R. 1387.
As evidence of the decided trend toward the broader view, it is significant that in sime instances the state courts in later decisions have reversed their former decisions holding the other way. For example, compare State ex rel. v. Houghton, supra, sustaining the power, with State ex rel. Lachtman v. Houghton, 134 Minn. 226, 158 N. W. 1917, L. R. A. 1917F, 1050, State ex rel. Roerig v. City of Minneapolis, 136 Minn. 479, 162 N. W. 477, and Vorlander v. Hokenson, 145 Minn. 484, 175 N. W. 995, denying it, all of which are disapproved in the Houghton Case (page 151 (204 N. W. 569)) last decided.
The decisions enumerated in the first group cited above agree that the exclusion of buildings devoted to business, trade, etc., from residential districts, bears a rational relation to the health and safety of the community. Some of the grounds for this conclusion are promotion of the health and security from injury of children and others by separating dwelling houses from territory devoted to trade and industry; suppression and prevention of disorder; facilitating the extinguishment of fires, and the enforcement of street traffic regulations and other general welfare ordinances; aiding the health and safety of the community, by excluding from residential areas the confusion and danger of fire, contagion, and disorder, which in greater or less degree attach to the location of stores, shops, and factories. Another ground is that the construction and repair of streets may be rendered easier and less expensive, by confining the greater part of the heavy traffic to the streets where business is carried on.
The Supreme Court of Illinois, in City of Aurora v. Burns, supra, pages 93-95 (149 N. E. 788), in sustaining a comprehensive building zone ordinance dividing the city into eight districts, including exclusive residential districts for one and two family dwellings, churches, educational institutions, and schools, said:
'The constantly increasing density of our urban populations, the multiplying forms of industry and the growing complexity of our civilization make it necessary for the state, either directly or through some public agency by its sanction, to limit individual activities to a greater extent than formerly. With the growth and development of the state the police power necessarily develops, within reasonable bounds, to meet the changing conditions. * * *
'* * * The harmless may sometimes be brought within the regulation or prohibition in order to abate or destroy the harmful. The segregation of industries, commercial pursuits, and dwellings to particular districts in a city, when exercised reasonably, may bear a rational relation to the health, morals, safety, and general welfare of the community. The establishment of such districts or zones may, among other things, prevent congestion of population, secure quiet residence districts, expedite local transportation, and facilitate the suppression of disorder, the extinguishment of fires, and the enforcement of traffic and sanitary regulations. The danger of fire and the of contagion are often lessened by the exclusion of stores and factories from areas devoted to residences, and, in consequence, the safety and health of the community may be promoted. * * *
'* * * The exclusion of places of business from residential districts is not a declaration that such places are nuisances or that they are to be suppressed as such, but it is a part of the general plan by which the city's territory is allotted to different uses, in order to prevent, or at least to reduce, the congestion, disorder, and dangers which often inhere in unregulated municipal development.'
The Supreme Court of Louisiana, in State v. City of New Orleans, supra, pages 282, 283 (97 So. 444), said:
'In the first place, the exclusion of business establishments from residence districts might enable the municipal government to give better police protection. Patrolmen's beats are larger, and therefore fewer, in residence neighborhoods than in business neighborhoods. A place of business in a residence neighborhood furnishes an excuse for any criminal to go into the neighborhood, where, otherwise, a stranger would be under the ban of suspicion. Besides, open shops invite loiterers and idlers to congregate; and the places of such congregations need police protection. In the second place, the zoning of a city into residence districts and commercial districts is a matter of economy is street paving. Heavy trucks, hauling freight to and from places of business in residence districts, require the city to maintain the same costly pavement in such districts that is required for business districts; whereas, in the residence districts, where business establishments are excluded, a cheaper pavement serves the purpose. * * *
'Aside from considerations of economic administration, in the matter of police and fire protection, street paving, etc., any business establishment is likely to be a genuine nuisance in a neighborhood of residences. Places of business are noisy; they are apt to be disturbing at night; some of them are malodorous; some are unsightly; some are apt to breed rats, mice, roaches, flies, ants, etc. * * *
'If the municipal council deemed any of the reasons which have been suggested, or any other substantial reason, a sufficient reason for adopting the ordinance in question, it is not the province of the courts to take issue with the council. We have nothing to do with the question of the wisdom or good policy of municipal ordinances. If they are not satisfying to a majority of the citizens, their recourse is to the ballot-not the courts.' The matter of zoning has received much attention at the hands of commissions and experts, and the results of their investigations have been set forth in comprehensive reports. These reports which bear every evidence of painstaking consideration, concur in the view that the segregation of residential, business and industrial buildings will make it easier to provide fire apparatus suitable for the character and intensity of the development in each section; that it will increase the safety and security of home life, greatly tend to prevent street accidents, especially to children, by reducing the traffic and resulting confusion in residential sections, decrease noise and other conditions which produce or intensify nervous disorders, preserve a more favorable environment in which to rear children, etc. With particular reference to apartment houses, it is pointed out that the development of detached house sections is greatly retarded by the coming of apartment houses, which has sometimes resulted in destroying the entire section for private house purposes; that in such sections very often the apartment house is a mere parasite, constructed in order to take advantage of the open spaces and attractive surroundings created by the residential character of the district. Moreover, the coming of one apartment house is followed by others, interfering by their height and bulk with the free circulation of air and monopolizing the rays of the sun which otherwise would fall upon the smaller homes, and bringing, as their necessary accompaniments, the disturbing noises incident to increased traffic and business, and the occupation, by means of moving and parked automobiles, of larger portions of the streets, thus detracting from their safety and depriving children of the privilege of quiet and open spaces for play, enjoyed by those in more favored localities-until, finally, the residential character of the neighborhood and its desirability as a place of detached residences are utterly destroyed. Under these circumstances, apartment houses, which in a different environment would be not only entirely unobjectionable but highly desirable, come very near to being nuisances.
If these reasons, thus summarized, do not demonstrate the wisdom or sound policy in all respects of those restrictions which we have indicated as pertinent to the inquiry, at least, the reasons are sufficiently cogent to preclude us from saying, as it must be said before the ordinance can be declared unconstitutional, that such provisions are clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. Cusack Co. v. City of Chicago, supra, pages 530-531 (37 S. Ct. 190); Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U. S. 11, 30-31, 25 S. Ct. 358, 49 L. Ed. 643, 3 Ann. Cas. 765.
It is true that when, if ever, the provisions set forth in the ordinance in tedious and minute detail, come to be concretely applied to particular premises, including those of the appellee, or to particular conditions, or to be considered in connection with specific complaints, some of them, or even many of them, may be found to be clearly arbitrary and unreasonable. But where the equitable remedy of injunction is sought, as it is here, not upon the ground of a present infringement or denial of a specific right, or of a particular injury in process of actual execution, but upon the broad ground that the mere existence and threatened enforcement of the ordinance, by materially and adversely affecting values and curtailing the opportunities of the market, constitute a present and irreparable injury, the court will not scrutinize its provisions, sentence by sentence, to ascertain by a process of piecemeal dissection whether there may be, here and there, provisions of a minor character, or relating to matters of administration, or not shown to contribute to the injury complained of, which, if attacked separately, might not withstand the test of constitutionality. In respect of such provisions, of which specific complaint is not made, it cannot be said that the landowner has suffered or is threatened with an injury which entitles him to challenge their constitutionality. Turpin v. Lemon, 187 U. S. 51, 60, 23 S. Ct. 20, 47 L. Ed. 70. In Railroad Commission Cases, 116 U.S. 307, 335-337, 6 S. Ct. 334, 388, 1191, 29 L. Ed. 636, this court dealt with an analogous situation. There an act of the Mississippi Legislature, regulating freight and passenger rates on intrastate railroads and creating a supervisory commission, was attacked as unconstitutional. The suit was brought to enjoin the commission from enforcing against the plaintiff railroad company any of its provisions. In an opinion delivered by Chief Justice Waite, this court held that the chief purpose of the statute was to fix a maximum of charges and to regulate in some matters of a police nature the use of railroads in the state. After sustaining the constitutionality of the statute 'in its general scope' this court said:
'Whether in some of its details the statute may be defective or invalid we do not deem it necessary to inquire, for this suit is brought to prevent the commissioners from giving it any effect whatever as against this company.'
Quoting with approval from the opinion of the Supreme Court of Mississppi, it was further said:
'Many questions may arise under it not necessary to be disposed of now, and we leave them for consideration when presented.'
And finally:
'When the commission has acted and proceedings are had to enforce what it has done, questions may arise as to the validity of some of the various provisions which will be worthy of consideration, but we are unable to say that, as a whole, the statute is invalid.'
The relief sought here is of the same character, namely, an injunction against the enforcement of any of the restrictions, limitations, or conditions of the ordinance. And the gravamen of the complaint is that a portion of the land of the appellee cannot be sold for certain enumerated uses because of the general and broad restraints of the ordinance. What would be the effect of a restraint imposed by one or more or the innumerable provisions of the ordinance, considered apart, upon the value or marketability of the lands, is neither disclosed by the bill nor by the evidence, and we are afforded no basis, apart from mere speculation, upon which to rest a conclusion that it or they would have any appreciable effect upon those matters. Under these circumstances, therefore, it is enough for us to determine, as we do, that the ordinance in its general scope and dominant features, so far as its provisions are here involved, is a valid exercise of authority, leaving other provisions to be dealt with as cases arise directly involving them.
And this is in accordance with the traditional policy of this court. In the realm of constitutional law, especially, this court has perceived the embarrassment which is likely to result from an attempt to formulate rules or decide questions beyond the necessities of the immediate issue. It has preferred to follow the method of a gradual approach to the general by a systematically guarded application and extension of constitutional principles to particular cases as they arise, rather than by out of hand attempts to establish general rules to which future cases must be fitted. This process applies with peculiar force to the solution of questions arising under the due process clause of the Constitution as applied to the exercise of the flexible powers of police, with which we are here concerned.
Decree reversed.
Mr. Justice VAN DEVANTER, Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS, and Mr. Justice BUTLER dissent.
The court below seemed to think that the frontage of this property on Euclid avenue to a depth of 150 feet came under U-1 district and was available only for single family dwellings. An examination of the ordinance and subsequent amendments, and a comparison of their terms with the maps, shows very clearly, however, that this view was incorrect. Appellee's brief correctly interpreted the ordinance: 'The northerly 500 feet thereof immediately adjacent to the right of way of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company under the original ordinance was classed as U-6 territory and the rest thereof as U-2 territory. By amendments to the ordinance a strip 630(620) feet wide north of Euclid avenue is classed as U-2 territory, a strip 130 feet wide next north as U-3 territory and the rest of the parcel to the Nickel Plate right of way as U-6 territory.'
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