text:
perlothrtut - old tutorial on threads in Perl
WARNING: This tutorial describes the old-style thread model that was introduced in release 5.005. This model is now deprecated, and will be removed, probably in version 5.10. The interfaces described here were considered experimental, and are likely to be buggy.
For information about the new interpreter threads ("ithreads") model, see the perlthrtut tutorial, and the threads and threads::shared modules.
You are strongly encouraged to migrate any existing threads code to the new model as soon as possible.
A thread is a flow of control through a program with a single execution point.
Sounds an awful lot like a process, doesn't it? Well, it should. Threads are one of the pieces of a process. Every process has at least one thread and, up until now, every process running Perl had only one thread. With 5.005, though, you can create extra threads. We're going to show you how, when, and why.
There are three basic ways that you can structure a threaded program. Which model you choose depends on what you need your program to do. For many non-trivial threaded programs you'll need to choose different models for different pieces of your program.
The boss/worker model usually has one `boss' thread and one or more `worker' threads. The boss thread gathers or generates tasks that need to be done, then parcels those tasks out to the appropriate worker thread.
This model is common in GUI and server programs, where a main thread waits for some event and then passes that event to the appropriate worker threads for processing. Once the event has been passed on, the boss thread goes back to waiting for another event.
The boss thread does relatively little work. While tasks aren't necessarily performed faster than with any other method, it tends to have the best user-response times.
In the work crew model, several threads are created that do essentially the same thing to different pieces of data. It closely mirrors classical parallel processing and vector processors, where a large array of processors do the exact same thing to many pieces of data.
This model is particularly useful if the system running the program will distribute multiple threads across different processors. It can also be useful in ray tracing or rendering engines, where the individual threads can pass on interim results to give the user visual feedback.
The pipeline model divides up a task into a series of steps, and passes the results of one step on to the thread processing the next. Each thread does one thing to each piece of data and passes the results to the next thread in line.
This model makes the most sense if you have multiple processors so two or more threads will be executing in parallel, though it can often make sense in other contexts as well. It tends to keep the individual tasks small and simple, as well as allowing some parts of the pipeline to block (on I/O or system calls, for example) while other parts keep going. If you're running different parts of the pipeline on different processors you may also take advantage of the caches on each processor.
This model is also handy for a form of recursive programming where, rather than having a subroutine call itself, it instead creates another thread. Prime and Fibonacci generators both map well to this form of the pipeline model. (A version of a prime number generator is presented later on.)
There are several different ways to implement threads on a system. How threads are implemented depends both on the vendor and, in some cases, the version of the operating system. Often the first implementation will be relatively simple, but later versions of the OS will be more sophisticated.
While the information in this section is useful, it's not necessary, so you can skip it if you don't feel up to it.
There are three basic categories of threads-user-mode threads, kernel threads, and multiprocessor kernel threads.
User-mode threads are threads that live entirely within a program and its libraries. In this model, the OS knows nothing about threads. As far as it's concerned, your process is just a process.
This is the easiest way to implement threads, and the way most OSes start. The big disadvantage is that, since the OS knows nothing about threads, if one thread blocks they all do. Typical blocking activities include most system calls, most I/O, and things like sleep().
Kernel threads are the next step in thread evolution. The OS knows about kernel threads, and makes allowances for them. The main difference between a kernel thread and a user-mode thread is blocking. With kernel threads, things that block a single thread don't block other threads. This is not the case with user-mode threads, where the kernel blocks at the process level and not the thread level.
This is a big step forward, and can give a threaded program quite a performance boost over non-threaded programs. Threads that block performing I/O, for example, won't block threads that are doing other things. Each process still has only one thread running at once, though, regardless of how many CPUs a system might have.
Since kernel threading can interrupt a thread at any time, they will uncover some of the implicit locking assumptions you may make in your program. For example, something as simple as $a = $a + 2
can behave unpredictably with kernel threads if $a is visible to other threads, as another thread may have changed $a between the time it was fetched on the right hand side and the time the new value is stored.
Multiprocessor Kernel Threads are the final step in thread support. With multiprocessor kernel threads on a machine with multiple CPUs, the OS may schedule two or more threads to run simultaneously on different CPUs.
This can give a serious performance boost to your threaded program, since more than one thread will be executing at the same time. As a tradeoff, though, any of those nagging synchronization issues that might not have shown with basic kernel threads will appear with a vengeance.
In addition to the different levels of OS involvement in threads, different OSes (and different thread implementations for a particular OS) allocate CPU cycles to threads in different ways.
Cooperative multitasking systems have running threads give up control if one of two things happen. If a thread calls a yield function, it gives up control. It also gives up control if the thread does something that would cause it to block, such as perform I/O. In a cooperative multitasking implementation, one thread can starve all the others for CPU time if it so chooses.
Preemptive multitasking systems interrupt threads at regular intervals while the system decides which thread should run next. In a preemptive multitasking system, one thread usually won't monopolize the CPU.
On some systems, there can be cooperative and preemptive threads running simultaneously. (Threads running with realtime priorities often behave cooperatively, for example, while threads running at normal priorities behave preemptively.)
If you have experience with other thread implementations, you might find that things aren't quite what you expect. It's very important to remember when dealing with Perl threads that Perl Threads Are Not X Threads, for all values of X. They aren't POSIX threads, or DecThreads, or Java's Green threads, or Win32 threads. There are similarities, and the broad concepts are the same, but if you start looking for implementation details you're going to be either disappointed or confused. Possibly both.
This is not to say that Perl threads are completely different from everything that's ever come before--they're not. Perl's threading model owes a lot to other thread models, especially POSIX. Just as Perl is not C, though, Perl threads are not POSIX threads. So if you find yourself looking for mutexes, or thread priorities, it's time to step back a bit and think about what you want to do and how Perl can do it.
The addition of threads has changed Perl's internals substantially. There are implications for people who write modules--especially modules with XS code or external libraries. While most modules won't encounter any problems, modules that aren't explicitly tagged as thread-safe should be tested before being used in production code.
Not all modules that you might use are thread-safe, and you should always assume a module is unsafe unless the documentation says otherwise. This includes modules that are distributed as part of the core. Threads are a beta feature, and even some of the standard modules aren't thread-safe.
If you're using a module that's not thread-safe for some reason, you can protect yourself by using semaphores and lots of programming discipline to control access to the module. Semaphores are covered later in the article. Perl Threads Are Different
The core Thread module provides the basic functions you need to write threaded programs. In the following sections we'll cover the basics, showing you what you need to do to create a threaded program. After that, we'll go over some of the features of the Thread module that make threaded programming easier.
Thread support is a Perl compile-time option-it's something that's turned on or off when Perl is built at your site, rather than when your programs are compiled. If your Perl wasn't compiled with thread support enabled, then any attempt to use threads will fail.
Remember that the threading support in 5.005 is in beta release, and should be treated as such. You should expect that it may not function entirely properly, and the thread interface may well change some before it is a fully supported, production release. The beta version shouldn't be used for mission-critical projects. Having said that, threaded Perl is pretty nifty, and worth a look.
Your programs can use the Config module to check whether threads are enabled. If your program can't run without them, you can say something like:
$Config{usethreads} or die "Recompile Perl with threads to run this program.";
A possibly-threaded program using a possibly-threaded module might have code like this:
use Config;
use MyMod;
if ($Config{usethreads}) {
# We have threads
require MyMod_threaded;
import MyMod_threaded;
} else {
require MyMod_unthreaded;
import MyMod_unthreaded;
Since code that runs both with and without threads is usually pretty messy, it's best to isolate the thread-specific code in its own module. In our example above, that's what MyMod_threaded is, and it's only imported if we're running on a threaded Perl.
The Thread package provides the tools you need to create new threads. Like any other module, you need to tell Perl you want to use it; use Thread imports all the pieces you need to create basic threads.
The simplest, straightforward way to create a thread is with new():
use Thread;
$thr = new Thread \&sub1;
sub sub1 {
print "In the thread\n";
The new() method takes a reference to a subroutine and creates a new thread, which starts executing in the referenced subroutine. Control then passes both to the subroutine and the caller.
If you need to, your program can pass parameters to the subroutine as part of the thread startup. Just include the list of parameters as part of the Thread::new
call, like this:
use Thread;
$Param3 = "foo";
$thr = new Thread \&sub1, "Param 1", "Param 2", $Param3;
$thr = new Thread \&sub1, @ParamList;
$thr = new Thread \&sub1, qw(Param1 Param2 $Param3);
sub sub1 {
my @InboundParameters = @_;
print "In the thread\n";
print "got parameters >", join("<>", @InboundParameters), "<\n";
The subroutine runs like a normal Perl subroutine, and the call to new Thread returns whatever the subroutine returns.
The last example illustrates another feature of threads. You can spawn off several threads using the same subroutine. Each thread executes the same subroutine, but in a separate thread with a separate environment and potentially separate arguments.
The other way to spawn a new thread is with async(), which is a way to spin off a chunk of code like eval(), but into its own thread:
use Thread qw(async);
$LineCount = 0;
$thr = async {
while(<>) {$LineCount++}
print "Got $LineCount lines\n";
print "Waiting for the linecount to end\n";
print "All done\n";
You'll notice we did a use Thread qw(async) in that example. async is not exported by default, so if you want it, you'll either need to import it before you use it or fully qualify it as Thread::async. You'll also note that there's a semicolon after the closing brace. That's because async() treats the following block as an anonymous subroutine, so the semicolon is necessary.
Like eval(), the code executes in the same context as it would if it weren't spun off. Since both the code inside and after the async start executing, you need to be careful with any shared resources. Locking and other synchronization techniques are covered later.
There are times when you may find it useful to have a thread explicitly give up the CPU to another thread. Your threading package might not support preemptive multitasking for threads, for example, or you may be doing something compute-intensive and want to make sure that the user-interface thread gets called frequently. Regardless, there are times that you might want a thread to give up the processor.
Perl's threading package provides the yield() function that does this. yield() is pretty straightforward, and works like this:
use Thread qw(yield async);
async {
my $foo = 50;
while ($foo--) { print "first async\n" }
$foo = 50;
while ($foo--) { print "first async\n" }
async {
my $foo = 50;
while ($foo--) { print "second async\n" }
$foo = 50;
while ($foo--) { print "second async\n" }
Since threads are also subroutines, they can return values. To wait for a thread to exit and extract any scalars it might return, you can use the join() method.
use Thread;
$thr = new Thread \&sub1;
@ReturnData = $thr->join;
print "Thread returned @ReturnData";
sub sub1 { return "Fifty-six", "foo", 2; }
In the example above, the join() method returns as soon as the thread ends. In addition to waiting for a thread to finish and gathering up any values that the thread might have returned, join() also performs any OS cleanup necessary for the thread. That cleanup might be important, especially for long-running programs that spawn lots of threads. If you don't want the return values and don't want to wait for the thread to finish, you should call the detach() method instead. detach() is covered later in the article.
So what happens when an error occurs in a thread? Any errors that could be caught with eval() are postponed until the thread is joined. If your program never joins, the errors appear when your program exits.
Errors deferred until a join() can be caught with eval():
use Thread qw(async);
$thr = async {$b = 3/0}; # Divide by zero error
$foo = eval {$thr->join};
if ($@) {
print "died with error $@\n";
} else {
print "Hey, why aren't you dead?\n";
eval() passes any results from the joined thread back unmodified, so if you want the return value of the thread, this is your only chance to get them.
join() does three things: it waits for a thread to exit, cleans up after it, and returns any data the thread may have produced. But what if you're not interested in the thread's return values, and you don't really care when the thread finishes? All you want is for the thread to get cleaned up after when it's done.
In this case, you use the detach() method. Once a thread is detached, it'll run until it's finished, then Perl will clean up after it automatically.
use Thread;
$thr = new Thread \&sub1; # Spawn the thread
$thr->detach; # Now we officially don't care any more
sub sub1 {
$a = 0;
while (1) {
print "\$a is $a\n";
sleep 1;
Once a thread is detached, it may not be joined, and any output that it might have produced (if it was done and waiting for a join) is lost.
Now that we've covered the basics of threads, it's time for our next topic: data. Threading introduces a couple of complications to data access that non-threaded programs never need to worry about.
The single most important thing to remember when using threads is that all threads potentially have access to all the data anywhere in your program. While this is true with a nonthreaded Perl program as well, it's especially important to remember with a threaded program, since more than one thread can be accessing this data at once.
Perl's scoping rules don't change because you're using threads. If a subroutine (or block, in the case of async()) could see a variable if you weren't running with threads, it can see it if you are. This is especially important for the subroutines that create, and makes my
variables even more important. Remember--if your variables aren't lexically scoped (declared with my
) you're probably sharing them between threads.
While threads bring a new set of useful tools, they also bring a number of pitfalls. One pitfall is the race condition:
use Thread;
$a = 1;
$thr1 = Thread->new(\&sub1);
$thr2 = Thread->new(\&sub2);
sleep 10;
print "$a\n";
sub sub1 { $foo = $a; $a = $foo + 1; }
sub sub2 { $bar = $a; $a = $bar + 1; }
What do you think $a will be? The answer, unfortunately, is "it depends." Both sub1() and sub2() access the global variable $a, once to read and once to write. Depending on factors ranging from your thread implementation's scheduling algorithm to the phase of the moon, $a can be 2 or 3.
Race conditions are caused by unsynchronized access to shared data. Without explicit synchronization, there's no way to be sure that nothing has happened to the shared data between the time you access it and the time you update it. Even this simple code fragment has the possibility of error:
use Thread qw(async);
$a = 2;
async{ $b = $a; $a = $b + 1; };
async{ $c = $a; $a = $c + 1; };
Two threads both access $a. Each thread can potentially be interrupted at any point, or be executed in any order. At the end, $a could be 3 or 4, and both $b and $c could be 2 or 3.
Whenever your program accesses data or resources that can be accessed by other threads, you must take steps to coordinate access or risk data corruption and race conditions.
The lock() function takes a variable (or subroutine, but we'll get to that later) and puts a lock on it. No other thread may lock the variable until the locking thread exits the innermost block containing the lock. Using lock() is straightforward:
use Thread qw(async);
$a = 4;
$thr1 = async {
$foo = 12;
lock ($a); # Block until we get access to $a
$b = $a;
$a = $b * $foo;
print "\$foo was $foo\n";
$thr2 = async {
$bar = 7;
lock ($a); # Block until we can get access to $a
$c = $a;
$a = $c * $bar;
print "\$bar was $bar\n";
print "\$a is $a\n";
lock() blocks the thread until the variable being locked is available. When lock() returns, your thread can be sure that no other thread can lock that variable until the innermost block containing the lock exits.
It's important to note that locks don't prevent access to the variable in question, only lock attempts. This is in keeping with Perl's longstanding tradition of courteous programming, and the advisory file locking that flock() gives you. Locked subroutines behave differently, however. We'll cover that later in the article.
You may lock arrays and hashes as well as scalars. Locking an array, though, will not block subsequent locks on array elements, just lock attempts on the array itself.
Finally, locks are recursive, which means it's okay for a thread to lock a variable more than once. The lock will last until the outermost lock() on the variable goes out of scope.
Locks are a handy tool to synchronize access to data. Using them properly is the key to safe shared data. Unfortunately, locks aren't without their dangers. Consider the following code:
use Thread qw(async yield);
$a = 4;
$b = "foo";
async {
sleep 20;
lock ($b);
async {
sleep 20;
lock ($a);
This program will probably hang until you kill it. The only way it won't hang is if one of the two async() routines acquires both locks first. A guaranteed-to-hang version is more complicated, but the principle is the same.
The first thread spawned by async() will grab a lock on $a then, a second or two later, try to grab a lock on $b. Meanwhile, the second thread grabs a lock on $b, then later tries to grab a lock on $a. The second lock attempt for both threads will block, each waiting for the other to release its lock.
This condition is called a deadlock, and it occurs whenever two or more threads are trying to get locks on resources that the others own. Each thread will block, waiting for the other to release a lock on a resource. That never happens, though, since the thread with the resource is itself waiting for a lock to be released.
There are a number of ways to handle this sort of problem. The best way is to always have all threads acquire locks in the exact same order. If, for example, you lock variables $a, $b, and $c, always lock $a before $b, and $b before $c. It's also best to hold on to locks for as short a period of time to minimize the risks of deadlock.
A queue is a special thread-safe object that lets you put data in one end and take it out the other without having to worry about synchronization issues. They're pretty straightforward, and look like this:
use Thread qw(async);
use Thread::Queue;
my $DataQueue = new Thread::Queue;
$thr = async {
while ($DataElement = $DataQueue->dequeue) {
print "Popped $DataElement off the queue\n";
$DataQueue->enqueue("A", "B", "C");
sleep 10;
You create the queue with new Thread::Queue. Then you can add lists of scalars onto the end with enqueue(), and pop scalars off the front of it with dequeue(). A queue has no fixed size, and can grow as needed to hold everything pushed on to it.
If a queue is empty, dequeue() blocks until another thread enqueues something. This makes queues ideal for event loops and other communications between threads.
In addition to providing thread-safe access to data via locks and queues, threaded Perl also provides general-purpose semaphores for coarser synchronization than locks provide and thread-safe access to entire subroutines.
Semaphores are a kind of generic locking mechanism. Unlike lock, which gets a lock on a particular scalar, Perl doesn't associate any particular thing with a semaphore so you can use them to control access to anything you like. In addition, semaphores can allow more than one thread to access a resource at once, though by default semaphores only allow one thread access at a time.
Semaphores have two methods, down and up. down decrements the resource count, while up increments it. down calls will block if the semaphore's current count would decrement below zero. This program gives a quick demonstration:
use Thread qw(yield);
use Thread::Semaphore;
my $semaphore = new Thread::Semaphore;
$GlobalVariable = 0;
$thr1 = new Thread \&sample_sub, 1;
$thr2 = new Thread \&sample_sub, 2;
$thr3 = new Thread \&sample_sub, 3;
sub sample_sub {
my $SubNumber = shift @_;
my $TryCount = 10;
my $LocalCopy;
sleep 1;
while ($TryCount--) {
$LocalCopy = $GlobalVariable;
print "$TryCount tries left for sub $SubNumber (\$GlobalVariable is $GlobalVariable)\n";
sleep 2;
$GlobalVariable = $LocalCopy;
The three invocations of the subroutine all operate in sync. The semaphore, though, makes sure that only one thread is accessing the global variable at once.
By default, semaphores behave like locks, letting only one thread down() them at a time. However, there are other uses for semaphores.
Each semaphore has a counter attached to it. down() decrements the counter and up() increments the counter. By default, semaphores are created with the counter set to one, down() decrements by one, and up() increments by one. If down() attempts to decrement the counter below zero, it blocks until the counter is large enough. Note that while a semaphore can be created with a starting count of zero, any up() or down() always changes the counter by at least one. $semaphore->down(0) is the same as $semaphore->down(1).
The question, of course, is why would you do something like this? Why create a semaphore with a starting count that's not one, or why decrement/increment it by more than one? The answer is resource availability. Many resources that you want to manage access for can be safely used by more than one thread at once.
For example, let's take a GUI driven program. It has a semaphore that it uses to synchronize access to the display, so only one thread is ever drawing at once. Handy, but of course you don't want any thread to start drawing until things are properly set up. In this case, you can create a semaphore with a counter set to zero, and up it when things are ready for drawing.
Semaphores with counters greater than one are also useful for establishing quotas. Say, for example, that you have a number of threads that can do I/O at once. You don't want all the threads reading or writing at once though, since that can potentially swamp your I/O channels, or deplete your process' quota of filehandles. You can use a semaphore initialized to the number of concurrent I/O requests (or open files) that you want at any one time, and have your threads quietly block and unblock themselves.
Larger increments or decrements are handy in those cases where a thread needs to check out or return a number of resources at once.
In addition to synchronizing access to data or resources, you might find it useful to synchronize access to subroutines. You may be accessing a singular machine resource (perhaps a vector processor), or find it easier to serialize calls to a particular subroutine than to have a set of locks and semaphores.
One of the additions to Perl 5.005 is subroutine attributes. The Thread package uses these to provide several flavors of serialization. It's important to remember that these attributes are used in the compilation phase of your program so you can't change a subroutine's behavior while your program is actually running.
The basic subroutine lock looks like this:
sub test_sub :locked {
This ensures that only one thread will be executing this subroutine at any one time. Once a thread calls this subroutine, any other thread that calls it will block until the thread in the subroutine exits it. A more elaborate example looks like this:
use Thread qw(yield);
new Thread \&thread_sub, 1;
new Thread \&thread_sub, 2;
new Thread \&thread_sub, 3;
new Thread \&thread_sub, 4;
sub sync_sub :locked {
my $CallingThread = shift @_;
print "In sync_sub for thread $CallingThread\n";
sleep 3;
print "Leaving sync_sub for thread $CallingThread\n";
sub thread_sub {
my $ThreadID = shift @_;
print "Thread $ThreadID calling sync_sub\n";
print "$ThreadID is done with sync_sub\n";
The locked
attribute tells perl to lock sync_sub(), and if you run this, you can see that only one thread is in it at any one time.
Locking an entire subroutine can sometimes be overkill, especially when dealing with Perl objects. When calling a method for an object, for example, you want to serialize calls to a method, so that only one thread will be in the subroutine for a particular object, but threads calling that subroutine for a different object aren't blocked. The method attribute indicates whether the subroutine is really a method.
use Thread;
sub tester {
my $thrnum = shift @_;
my $bar = new Foo;
foreach (1..10) {
print "$thrnum calling per_object\n";
print "$thrnum out of per_object\n";
print "$thrnum calling one_at_a_time\n";
print "$thrnum out of one_at_a_time\n";
foreach my $thrnum (1..10) {
new Thread \&tester, $thrnum;
package Foo;
sub new {
my $class = shift @_;
return bless [@_], $class;
sub per_object :locked :method {
my ($class, $thrnum) = @_;
print "In per_object for thread $thrnum\n";
sleep 2;
print "Exiting per_object for thread $thrnum\n";
sub one_at_a_time :locked {
my ($class, $thrnum) = @_;
print "In one_at_a_time for thread $thrnum\n";
sleep 2;
print "Exiting one_at_a_time for thread $thrnum\n";
As you can see from the output (omitted for brevity; it's 800 lines) all the threads can be in per_object() simultaneously, but only one thread is ever in one_at_a_time() at once.
You can lock a subroutine as you would lock a variable. Subroutine locks work the same as specifying a locked
attribute for the subroutine, and block all access to the subroutine for other threads until the lock goes out of scope. When the subroutine isn't locked, any number of threads can be in it at once, and getting a lock on a subroutine doesn't affect threads already in the subroutine. Getting a lock on a subroutine looks like this:
Simple enough. Unlike the locked
attribute, which is a compile time option, locking and unlocking a subroutine can be done at runtime at your discretion. There is some runtime penalty to using lock(\&sub) instead of the locked
attribute, so make sure you're choosing the proper method to do the locking.
You'd choose lock(\&sub) when writing modules and code to run on both threaded and unthreaded Perl, especially for code that will run on 5.004 or earlier Perls. In that case, it's useful to have subroutines that should be serialized lock themselves if they're running threaded, like so:
package Foo;
use Config;
$Running_Threaded = 0;
BEGIN { $Running_Threaded = $Config{'usethreads'} }
sub sub1 { lock(\&sub1) if $Running_Threaded }
This way you can ensure single-threadedness regardless of which version of Perl you're running.
We've covered the workhorse parts of Perl's threading package, and with these tools you should be well on your way to writing threaded code and packages. There are a few useful little pieces that didn't really fit in anyplace else.
The Thread->self method provides your program with a way to get an object representing the thread it's currently in. You can use this object in the same way as the ones returned from the thread creation.
tid() is a thread object method that returns the thread ID of the thread the object represents. Thread IDs are integers, with the main thread in a program being 0. Currently Perl assigns a unique tid to every thread ever created in your program, assigning the first thread to be created a tid of 1, and increasing the tid by 1 for each new thread that's created.
The equal() method takes two thread objects and returns true if the objects represent the same thread, and false if they don't.
Thread->list returns a list of thread objects, one for each thread that's currently running. Handy for a number of things, including cleaning up at the end of your program:
# Loop through all the threads
foreach $thr (Thread->list) {
# Don't join the main thread or ourselves
if ($thr->tid && !Thread::equal($thr, Thread->self)) {
The example above is just for illustration. It isn't strictly necessary to join all the threads you create, since Perl detaches all the threads before it exits.
Confused yet? It's time for an example program to show some of the things we've covered. This program finds prime numbers using threads.
1 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
2 # prime-pthread, courtesy of Tom Christiansen
4 use strict;
6 use Thread;
7 use Thread::Queue;
9 my $stream = new Thread::Queue;
10 my $kid = new Thread(\&check_num, $stream, 2);
12 for my $i ( 3 .. 1000 ) {
13 $stream->enqueue($i);
14 }
16 $stream->enqueue(undef);
17 $kid->join();
19 sub check_num {
20 my ($upstream, $cur_prime) = @_;
21 my $kid;
22 my $downstream = new Thread::Queue;
23 while (my $num = $upstream->dequeue) {
24 next unless $num % $cur_prime;
25 if ($kid) {
26 $downstream->enqueue($num);
27 } else {
28 print "Found prime $num\n";
29 $kid = new Thread(\&check_num, $downstream, $num);
30 }
31 }
32 $downstream->enqueue(undef) if $kid;
33 $kid->join() if $kid;
34 }
This program uses the pipeline model to generate prime numbers. Each thread in the pipeline has an input queue that feeds numbers to be checked, a prime number that it's responsible for, and an output queue that it funnels numbers that have failed the check into. If the thread has a number that's failed its check and there's no child thread, then the thread must have found a new prime number. In that case, a new child thread is created for that prime and stuck on the end of the pipeline.
This probably sounds a bit more confusing than it really is, so lets go through this program piece by piece and see what it does. (For those of you who might be trying to remember exactly what a prime number is, it's a number that's only evenly divisible by itself and 1)
The bulk of the work is done by the check_num() subroutine, which takes a reference to its input queue and a prime number that it's responsible for. After pulling in the input queue and the prime that the subroutine's checking (line 20), we create a new queue (line 22) and reserve a scalar for the thread that we're likely to create later (line 21).
The while loop from lines 23 to line 31 grabs a scalar off the input queue and checks against the prime this thread is responsible for. Line 24 checks to see if there's a remainder when we modulo the number to be checked against our prime. If there is one, the number must not be evenly divisible by our prime, so we need to either pass it on to the next thread if we've created one (line 26) or create a new thread if we haven't.
The new thread creation is line 29. We pass on to it a reference to the queue we've created, and the prime number we've found.
Finally, once the loop terminates (because we got a 0 or undef in the queue, which serves as a note to die), we pass on the notice to our child and wait for it to exit if we've created a child (Lines 32 and 37).
Meanwhile, back in the main thread, we create a queue (line 9) and the initial child thread (line 10), and pre-seed it with the first prime: 2. Then we queue all the numbers from 3 to 1000 for checking (lines 12-14), then queue a die notice (line 16) and wait for the first child thread to terminate (line 17). Because a child won't die until its child has died, we know that we're done once we return from the join.
That's how it works. It's pretty simple; as with many Perl programs, the explanation is much longer than the program.
A complete thread tutorial could fill a book (and has, many times), but this should get you well on your way. The final authority on how Perl's threads behave is the documentation bundled with the Perl distribution, but with what we've covered in this article, you should be well on your way to becoming a threaded Perl expert.
Here's a short bibliography courtesy of Jürgen Christoffel:
Birrell, Andrew D. An Introduction to Programming with Threads. Digital Equipment Corporation, 1989, DEC-SRC Research Report #35 online as http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/staff/birrell/bib.html (highly recommended)
Robbins, Kay. A., and Steven Robbins. Practical Unix Programming: A Guide to Concurrency, Communication, and Multithreading. Prentice-Hall, 1996.
Lewis, Bill, and Daniel J. Berg. Multithreaded Programming with Pthreads. Prentice Hall, 1997, ISBN 0-13-443698-9 (a well-written introduction to threads).
Nelson, Greg (editor). Systems Programming with Modula-3. Prentice Hall, 1991, ISBN 0-13-590464-1.
Nichols, Bradford, Dick Buttlar, and Jacqueline Proulx Farrell. Pthreads Programming. O'Reilly & Associates, 1996, ISBN 156592-115-1 (covers POSIX threads).
Boykin, Joseph, David Kirschen, Alan Langerman, and Susan LoVerso. Programming under Mach. Addison-Wesley, 1994, ISBN 0-201-52739-1.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Distributed Operating Systems. Prentice Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-219908-4 (great textbook).
Silberschatz, Abraham, and Peter B. Galvin. Operating System Concepts, 4th ed. Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-59292-4
Arnold, Ken and James Gosling. The Java Programming Language, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley, 1998, ISBN 0-201-31006-6.
Le Sergent, T. and B. Berthomieu. "Incremental MultiThreaded Garbage Collection on Virtually Shared Memory Architectures" in Memory Management: Proc. of the International Workshop IWMM 92, St. Malo, France, September 1992, Yves Bekkers and Jacques Cohen, eds. Springer, 1992, ISBN 3540-55940-X (real-life thread applications).
Thanks (in no particular order) to Chaim Frenkel, Steve Fink, Gurusamy Sarathy, Ilya Zakharevich, Benjamin Sugars, Jürgen Christoffel, Joshua Pritikin, and Alan Burlison, for their help in reality-checking and polishing this article. Big thanks to Tom Christiansen for his rewrite of the prime number generator.
Dan Sugalski <email@example.com>
This article originally appeared in The Perl Journal #10, and is copyright 1998 The Perl Journal. It appears courtesy of Jon Orwant and The Perl Journal. This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
1 POD Error
The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:
Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in 'Jürgen'. Assuming CP1252


text:
Greg posted this for all of "us" –
Can anyone help me out? I know this sounds kind of lame but I am not well-versed in social marketing. I would like to send a message to everyone that really loves cycling. I do not use Twitter and do not have an organized way of getting some of my own "rage" out. I want to tell the world of cycling to please join me in telling Pat McQuaid to f##k off and resign. I have never seen such an abuse of power in cycling's history; resign Pat, if you love cycling. Resign even if you hate the sport.
Pat McQuaid, you know damn well what has been going on in cycling, and if you want to deny it, then even more reasons why those who love cycling need to demand that you resign.
I have a file with what I believe is well-documented proof that will exonerate Paul.
Pat, in my opinion you and Hein are the corrupt part of the sport. I do not want to include everyone at the UCI because I believe that there are many, maybe most that work at the UCI that are dedicated to cycling, they do it out of the love of the sport, but you and your buddy Hein have destroyed the sport.
Pat, I thought you loved cycling? At one time you did, and if you did love cycling please dig deep inside and remember that part of your life — allow cycling to grow and flourish, please! It is time to walk away. Walk away if you love cycling.
As a reminder I just want to point out that recently you accused me of being the cause of USADA's investigation against Lance Armstrong. Why would you be inclined to go straight to me as the "cause"? Why shoot the messenger every time?
Every time you do this I get more and more entrenched. I was in your country over the last two weeks and I asked someone that knows you if you were someone that could be rehabilitated. His answer was very quick and it was not good for you. No was the answer — no, no , no!
The problem for sport is not drugs but corruption. You are the epitome of the word corruption.
You can read all about Webster's definition of corruption. If you want, I can re-post my attorney's response to your letter where you threaten to sue me for calling the UCI corrupt. FYI I want to officially reiterate to you and Hein that in my opinion the two of your represent the essence of corruption.
I would encourage anyone that loves cycling to donate and support Paul in his fight against the Pat and Hein and the UCI. Skip lunch and donate the amount that you would have spent towards that Sunday buffet towards changing the sport of cycling.
I donated money for Paul's defense, and I am willing to donate a lot more, but I would like to use it to lobby for dramatic change in cycling. The sport does not need Pat McQuaid or Hein Verbruggen; if this sport is going to change, it is now. Not next year, not down the road, now! Now or never!
People that really care about cycling have the power to change cycling — change it now by voicing your thought and donating money towards Paul Kimmage's defense, (Paul, I want to encourage you to not spend the money that has been donated to your defense fund on defending yourself in Switzerland. In my case, a USA citizen, I could care less if I lost the UCI's bogus lawsuit. Use the money to lobby for real change).
If people really want to clean the sport of cycling up all you have to do is put your money where your mouth is.
Don't buy a USA Cycling license. Give up racing for a year, just long enough to put the UCI and USA cycling out of business. We can then start from scratch and let the real lovers in cycling direct where and how the sport of cycling will go.
Please make a difference. Greg

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Brian Kim, MD
Hepatology, Transplant Hepatology
Accepting New Patients
Telehealth appointments are available.
Monday - Friday
8 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Monday - Friday
8 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Monday - Friday
8:00 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Benefits among health plans and employers vary. Please contact your health plan to verify benefits and network providers for specific products. It is important to note that not all of our providers participate in all of a health plan's products or networks.


text:
foo(a, b)
foo(a, b, c)
I have run across a few questions on SO that were answered, but for whatever reason the answer no longer works. This morning I came across this one. Is there an easy way to check the .NET Framework version? the accepted answer relies on a Registry layout that is only valid from .NET framework v...
a[i] = i++;
You no longer need to use [or] or or in your tag searches, the new UI lets you toggle between searching for posts with any or all of the tags. Just remove those from the link; https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/html+css works, it'll redirect to https://stackoverflow.com/questions/new?sho...
Upon seeing this question, I took a look at the [user] tag, and it currently has 1366 unanswered questions, and 4326 total questions. Seeing as that's quite a lot, I thought I'd help with the burnination (am I correct in thinking the burnination is done by users?). However, I can't really tell wh...
The vast majority of time in my room - everything is fine and no action is required. However, occasionally there's a bad apple that disrupts my room in one way or another. What can I do about this?


text:
The ultimate cheeky brief-like style! For the women who want a little more coverage! This sexy bottom features our double layered power mesh in a high leg cut with zig-zag edge stitch.
Due to high order volumes, please allow extra time for processing and shipping
Most of our orders are shipped 1-3 business days from purchase pending availability and credit verification. Please allow extra time for promotional/sale periods. Once your order is shipped, we estimate you will receive your order within 5-7 business days of its ship date.
For the full shipping policy, please click here.
All orders placed on discounted items during online sales and promotional periods are final. No refunds or exchanges are allowed. If merchandise is returned despite this policy, items will be sent back to you at your expense.
We accept returns on full priced items within 14 days of receipt for store credit or exchange only. The merchandise must be returned in the same condition in which it was shipped to receive an exchange or store credit. Please make sure your items are returned new, unused, unwashed and with all garment tags and hygienic label still attached. Bottoms must be tried on over underwear for hygienic reasons. We reserve the right to refuse returns that do not meet our return requirements.
For the full shipping policy, please click here.
Body - Double Layered Mesh:
- 83% Polyester
- 17% Spandex
- 82% Nylon
- 18% Spandex
Hand wash + lay flat to dry.
Do not bleach + Do not iron


text:
What does a Spanish tutor do?
The goal of a Spanish tutor is to help students improve their Spanish reading, writing, comprehension, and conversation skills. The tutor's approaches may vary, depending on whether the instruction is individual or a group class. Many Spanish tutors practice immersion — meaning they will speak only Spanish with their pupils. For students with little to no Spanish experience, the Spanish tutor may use a mix of Spanish and English to accustom their students to speaking the language.
A Spanish tutor can offer a wide range of services to their students. For students currently enrolled in a Spanish class through their middle school or high school, a Spanish tutor can help them with homework and language practice, as well as expanding their understanding of their current school curriculum. For adults, Spanish tutors will have different approaches based on that student's need. Academics and those seeking high-level professional development for their career will often have more intensive and targeted lessons, drills, and interactive speaking tests. For adults who wish to learn conversational Spanish for fun or for travel, lessons may revolve around learning commonly used phrases and practicing speaking in relaxed settings.
How much do Spanish tutors charge?
Nationally, the average cost for a Spanish tutor ranges from $30 to $40 per hour. The cost for a Spanish tutor can vary depending on whether you choose private instruction or group lessons. Geographic location can affect cost; tutors in expensive cities and pricier regions command higher rates than in rural areas and small towns. The experience and education of the Spanish tutor will also affect their rates. For adult education, many people learning Spanish choose to join a Spanish school with tutors who teach group classes and also offer private tutoring for students. Typically these schools charge a monthly tuition that gives students access to a set number of classes per week, with private tutoring available at an additional cost. One example of an average cost is a monthly tuition of $200, which includes five 90-minute group lessons per month. Monthly tuition can vary depending on the school and the teachers. Short-term workshops are also a way to learn Spanish. Students may work with a Spanish tutor and group of other students at their skill level for a short period of time. One example of an average price is $100 for an eight-week course, with one 60-minute group class per week.


text:
Bilstein 4600 Series Shock Absorbers and Struts are designed specifically to help your truck, van or SUV reach its pinnacle in ride performance and handling, while still providing the comfortable ride that has come to be expected from the name BILSTEIN. A 4600 Series equipped vehicle offers superior control compared to conventional alternatives, allowing you to keep cargo secure-from your kids to work equipment, mile after mile. Utilizing our patented design, the dampers allow the vehicle to glide over every type of road surface you may encounter while maintaining complete command at all times. These dampers are the least expensive and most effective upgrade to extend the service life of any vehicle out on the road today.
Ford Excursion 2005-2000


text:
Legal Notice
Updated on: 26 June 2014
Effective from: 26 June 2014
This legal notice is specific to the Oxford Reference Online Site ("Website") and overrides any other privacy policy or legal notice appearing elsewhere on Oxford University Press websites. By using the Website, you are agreeing to the practices set out in this statement.
You may access certain parts of the Website without registering or providing OUP with your details.
As the information on the Website may be incomplete, out of date or inaccurate and may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors, Oxford University Press ("OUP", "we", "us" or "our") reserve the right to update the Website at our sole discretion. Thus, such information may be changed or updated without notice.
Usernames and Passwords
Where you have registered on the Website and have been provided with a username and password, you agree not to make available your username and password available to anyone. If there has been a disclosure of your username and password, you agree to promptly notify us of such disclosure of so that OUP can take appropriate security measures and to provide you with a new username and password.
Intellectual Property Rights and Licence
We and/or our licensors are the owner of all intellectual property rights in the Website. Those works are protected by copyright laws and treaties around the world. All such rights are reserved.
Individual Subscriber
If you are an individual subscriber, you are reminded to comply with the licence terms and conditions which you agreed to when you purchased your subscription to the Website.
Users of Institutional Subscribers
If you are an end user of an institution which has subscribed to the Website, please note that your institution has entered into a contract with OUP which authorises your institution and you to access the Website subject to the terms of that contract.
In summary, the terms if that contract permits you to:
1. access the server by means of a secure network in order to search the Website and to view, retrieve, and display portions of the Website;
2. electronically save portions of Website; and
3. print out single copies of portions of the Website
subject always to any specific restrictions appearing within the Website in respect of illustrations in that Website.
Notwithstanding the foregoing paragraph, you must NOT:
1. remove or alter the copyright notices or other means of identification or disclaimers as they appear on the Website;
2. systematically make printed or electronic copies of multiple extracts of the Website for any purpose except as permitted by law or as authorised by OUP;
3. display or distribute any part of the Website on any electronic network, including without limitation the Internet and the World Wide Web (other than the institution's secure network, where the Subscriber is an institution);
4. permit anyone to access or use of the Website (other than other users authorized by the institution, where the Subscriber is an institution); and
5. use all or any part of Website for any commercial use.
If you print off, copy or download any part of the Website in breach of this Legal notice, your right to use the Website will cease immediately and you must, at our option, return or destroy any copies of the materials you have made.
Copyright and Trade Marks
All materials on this Website are the copyright of Oxford University Press or are reproduced with permission from other copyright owners. All rights are reserved. The materials on this website may be retrieved and downloaded solely for personal use. No materials may otherwise be copied, modified, published, broadcast or otherwise distributed without the prior written permission of Oxford University Press, OUP, Oxford and/or any other names of products or services provided by Oxford University Press and referred to on this website are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Oxford University Press.
Oxford University Press makes no warranties or representations of any kind concerning the accuracy or suitability of the information contained on this website for any purpose. All such information is provided "as is" and with specific disclaimer of any warranties of merchantability, fitness for purpose, title and/or non-infringement. Oxford University Press makes no warranties or representations of any kind that the services provided by this Website will be uninterrupted , error-free or that the website or the server that hosts the Website are free from viruses or other forms of harmful computer code.
You are solely responsible for your choice in selecting this Website product.
In no event shall Oxford University Press, its employees or agents be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential damages, loss of opportunity, loss of data, loss of goodwill, loss of anticipated savings loss or profit resulting from the use of this Website even if OUP has been advised of such loss.
Without prejudice to the foregoing paragraph, OUP liability for any breach of this terms and conditions will not exceed the price you paid for your subscription to access this Website.
Neither party's liability for personal injury or death caused by negligence or for fraud is excluded or limited.
Links to other web sites are provided by OUP in good faith and for information only. OUP disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any web site linked to the Website.
In addition, a link to a non-OUP website does not mean that OUP endorses or accepts any responsibility for the content, or the use, of such website or the products and/or services offered on such website. It is up to you to take precautions to ensure that whatever you select for your use is free of such items as viruses, worms, trojans and other items of a destructive nature.
Service Access
While we endeavour to ensure that the Website is normally available 24 hours a day, we shall not be liable if for any reason the Website is unavailable at any time or for any period.
Access to the Website may be suspended temporarily and without notice in the case of system failure, maintenance or repair or for reasons beyond our control.
Global Nature of Websites
You recognise the global nature of the Website and thus, agree to comply with all applicable local laws in your jurisdiction when using the Website.
Information we publish on the Website may contain references or cross-references to our services and/or products offered that are not announced or available in your country. Such references do not imply that we intend to announce such services and/or products in your country.
Governing Law
You agree that this Legal Notice shall be exclusively governed in accordance with the laws of and the courts in England and Wales. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this legal notice will preclude OUP from applying to any court to bring an action for the infringement of its intellectual property rights.
If you have any concerns about material which appears on the Website, please contact email@example.com if you are in the Americas or firstname.lastname@example.com if you are outside the Americas.
Thank you for visiting the Website.


text:
The GRAV® Upright Bubbler is 7" tall and made on 44mm tubing. Its fission downstem diffuses smoke through water and is fixed inside the bubbler to prevent damage. Its angled mouthpiece acts as a splashguard, and its lip wrap is tooled for comfort. The upright bubbler comes ready to use with a 14mm cup bowl and works best with approximately 2" of water.
Product comes with assorted label colors: any of black, white, blue, green, red, purple, yellow, orange, or etch.
Shipping - bubblers are in stock and will ship within one business day. We ship in a discreet brown box with no markings. We use USPS and provide tracking information.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
How much is shipping?
We offer free standard shipping on all US orders including Hawaii, Alaska & Puerto Rico.
If you can't wait to get your piece we do offer paid expedited shipping options through UPS & USPS.
Do you ship international?
Yes, we offer reasonable rates for international shipping. We do recommend you check your countries import regulations on custom clearances and fees that you may be responsible for.
How long will it take to ship my order?
We ship orders within 1 business day (Monday - Friday) of being placed. For example, if you order on a Tuesday your item will ship by Wednesday but if you order on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday your order will be shipped by Monday. We have free standard shipping which is 3-6 business days or you can choose an expedited shipping option which usually is 2-4 business days depending on where the package is being shipped to.
How do you packages items?
We take great pride in making sure items arrive safe and sound. We use bubble wrap and if needed biodegradable packing peanuts.
What happens if an item is damaged?
If your item arrives damaged just take a picture of the unused item within 3 business days of receiving it and email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll send you a replacement immediately. We may ask for the damaged item back in which we'll email you a pre-paid return label.
What happens if I entered the wrong address and the order was sent back to you?
We'll reach out to you after we've received the order and ask for your correct address. For US orders we'll make one more attempt to ship it to you at no additional cost. For international order you will be responsible for the shipping fee to resend it.
What if I have other questions about shipping?
If you have any other questions about our shipping policy please feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or 844.420.4235
Learn about our FREE returns.
Do you offer returns?
Yes, we offer returns on any unused item within 30 days of purchase. *
Who pays the return shipping?
For US orders we now offer FREE return shipping! For international orders you'll need to pay for the return shipping.*excludes Sale Items, Mystery & Subscription Boxes
Do you charge a restocking fee?
How do refunds works?
Refunds are on the cost of the item (no expedited shipping you selected at purchase is refundable) and can be issued in the form of store credit or be put back on your credit card, whichever option you prefer. Once you start the return process we'll email you a return label.
How long does it take to get a refund?
Once we receive the returned item we'll issue a refund or credit within 1-2 business days. If you opted for a refund your bank may take an additional 3-7 business days to put the money back in your account.
How do I file a refund?
Just contact us either by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com or by calling 844.420.4235
Learn about our FREE shipping.
*Sale Items, Mystery Boxes, Consumables & Subscription boxes excluded


text:
Root amputation is a specialized dental procedure, whereby one root is removed from a multi-root tooth. The tooth is then stabilized and rendered fully functional with a crown or filling. The multi-root teeth best suited to the root amputation procedure are the molars at the back of the mouth. These large flat teeth have either two or three roots depending on whether they are situated on the upper or lower jaw.
The general purpose of root amputation is to save an injured or diseased tooth from extraction. Most dentists agree that there is no better alternative than retaining a healthy natural tooth, and the root amputation procedure makes this possible. Dental implants, extensive bridgework and custom-made tooth replacements can be expensive and time-consuming. Generally, root amputation and the necessary crown work are less expensive and can be completed in 1-3 short visits.
When is root amputation necessary?
It is important to note that root amputation can only be performed on an otherwise healthy tooth. Even in the case of a "key" tooth, extraction will be performed if the tooth is diseased, badly fractured or otherwise injured. Suitable teeth for root amputation have a healthy tooth surface, strong bone support and healthy underlying gums.
There are several problems that may lead to root amputation including:
What does root amputation involve?
Prior to root amputation, it is necessary to perform root canal treatment. The amputation itself involves cutting deep into the tooth where blood vessels and nerves are located. For this reason, the pulp of the tooth including these vessels and nerves needs to be removed before resectioning the roots. The root canal and amputation treatments will be performed under local anesthetic.
During the root amputation procedure, a small incision will be created in the gum to fully expose the roots of the affected tooth. The root will be sectioned off from the rest of the tooth and then removed. To kill any remaining bacteria, the whole area will be cleansed with saline solution, and then sutures (stitches) will be applied to seal the incision.
Finally, a temporary crown or filling will be placed to secure the tooth. Depending on the specific situation, painkillers, antibiotics and a medicated anti-microbial mouthwash may be prescribed. In 7-10 days, the stitches will be removed and the gum will have healed. Arrangements can now be made to place the permanent crown or filling.
If you have any questions or concerns about root amputation, please ask your dentist.
Excellent care from a professional staff!
Family oriented place with great staff! everyone is super friendly and very attentive to your needs. I will never go anywhere else!
Site Developed by ProSites.com


text:
GBH Openvault
This Old House
White Label Master - Tape Label Reads : ORIG #130 May be Original Footage Time Warner Copies- Do Not Circulate
License Clip
This program cannot be made available on Open Vault.
More material may be available from this program at the GBH Archives. If you would like research access to the collection at GBH, please email email@example.com.
- Series
- This Old House
- Program Number
- Series Description
This Old House's mission is to demystify the home improvement process and to celebrate the fusion of old world craftsmanship and modern technology. Each season features two renovation projects. Project One traditionally consists of 18 new episodes and is filmed in Massachusetts. Project Two features 8 new episodes and is taped in a different region of the country. TWENTY SECOND SEASON: Newlyweds Dan and Heather Beliveau will learn some real lessons about the challenges of urban revitalization when they work alongside the team from This Old House to renovate and expand their new purchase, a three-story 1865 Second Empire-style brick townhouse in Charlestown. See web site to check on daily progress. (eps. 2001-2018) This Old House helps Rob Thompson renovate his new West Palm Beach purchase, a 1925 Mediterranean Revival-style bungalow in the city's historic Flamingo Park neighborhood. Thompson plans to turn the charming 1,000-square-foot main house and its two-story outbuilding into a living-working compound. Thompson plans to spend around $200,000 giving his new home the structural and cosmetic facelift it needs. The outbuilding will undergo a dramatic transformation when its garage section is turned into an office for Thompson's interior design business. The structure's second-floor efficiency apartment will be virtually gutted and reworked to create a comfortable guest suite. Local architect Roger Janssen and contractors John Kern and Harley Edgell are the team leading the project. (eps. 2019-2026) TWENTY FIRST SEASON: The team rebuilds the family home of Dick Silva, older brother of THIS OLD HOUSE contractor Tom Silva, whose home was recently destroyed by fire. (eps. 1901-1919) Santa Barbara homeowner Jan Winford has waited 25 years to expand her tiny 1907 California bungalow on a beautiful lot overlooking the city's historic downtown and the Pacific Ocean beyond. With a solid team of architect Jerry Zimmer and general contractor Steve Crawford, she plans to add a second floor master suite, expand the kitchen, and reshape the entire front facade, with an emphasis on the Arts-and-Crafts style, all on a budget of $200,000. (eps. 1920-1926) TWENTIETH SEASON:This Old House celebrates its 20th anniversary season with the renovation of Susan Denny and Christian Nolen's new purchase -- a sprawling 1886 Queen Anne-style house in the Boston suburb of Watertown, Massachusetts. Around 1915, the original structure was married to a Colonial Revival-style addition, and then given a period makeover. The challenge the This Old House team faces will be to refine both the interior plan and the exterior facade of this classic American home. (eps. 1801-1819) This Old House pursues its traditional snow evading tactic and heads to the southernmost city in the continental United States, Key West, Florida, for the second project of the series' twentieth anniversary season. Over the course of seven new episodes, America's favorite home team, host Steve Thomas and master carpenter Norm Abram, will help new homeowners Michael Miller and Helen Colley renovate their 1866 Conch captain's house. (eps. 1820-1826) NINETEENTH SEASON: America's favorite home team renovates a 1724 Colonial, and its classic post-and-beam barn in Milton, Massachusetts. Over the course of 18 new half-hour episodes, the team will work with a respected Boston architect and a team of interior designers to preserve the home's architechtural integrity, and at the same time update it for 21st century living. The house is located on 2.9 secluded acres, in a sought-after neighborhood of historic homes in Milton, Massachusetts. (eps. 1701-1718) For the second project of the 19th season, Steve and Norm go to San Francisco to take on a unique project: the conversion of a 1907 church (lately a synagogue) into a home for Mark Dvorak, a store designer, and his fiancee Laurie Ann Bishop. A tour of the building reveals cavernous spaces, an institutional feel, dated systems, but a fantastic view of the Bay. Architect Barbara Chambers designed the conversion that will include a two-car garage in the basement, preserved chapel space, kitchen, baths, and three bedrooms.(eps. 1720-1726) EIGHTEENTH SEASON: Norm and Steve escape to the charming New England island of Nantucket to help Bostonians Craig and Kathy McGraw Bentley turn their folk-style Victorian into a year-round retreat. (eps. 1601- 1618). The second project of the 18th season brings TOH to the vibrant southwestern city of Tucson, AZ. Over the course of eight episodes, TOH will help homeowners Colleen and James Meigs renovate their 1930s Pueblo Revival stucco house, located in the National Register of Historic Places neighborhood of Colonia Solana. The striking geometric architecture of the Meigs' home reflects the native American, Spanish and Mexican influences that compromise the true character of the Southwest. (eps. 1619-1626) SEVENTEENTH SEASON: Restoration of a classic Federal-style house, circa 1768 located in Salem, MA. (eps. 1501-1518). The second project heads to Savannah, Georgia to renovate and expand a graceful three-story Italianate Victorian row house located in Savannah's National Historic landmark District. (eps. 1519-1526). SIXTEENTH SEASON: Renovation of a 1710 Colonial house in Acton, MA. (eps. 1401-1418) Second project heads to Napa Valley, California wine country, to refurbish a Victorian farmhouse, with emphasis on upgrading of kitchen. (eps. 1419-1426) FIFTEENTH SEASON: Restoration of a Belmont, MA (owned by Gallants) Victorian home includes removal of asbestos siding, new kitchen, gutter drainage and improving efficiency of oversized windows. (eps. 1301-1318) Second project goes to Oahu, Hawaii, to renovate a 1920s waterfront bungalow, the problems of which include termite infestation. (eps.1319-1326) FOURTEENTH SEASON: Transformation of a postwar ranch in Lexington, MA owned by the Igoes. Renowned architect Graham Gund collaborates on the project. (eps. 1201-1220) Second project involves restoration of a Miami house damaged by Hurricane Andrew. (eps. 1221-1226) THIRTEENTH SEASON: "Renovation on a budget" of 1815 landmark house "Kirkside" in Wayland, MA, listed in National Historic Register (18-20 episodes). Second project is a flat in London, England. TWELFTH SEASON: hosted by Steve Thomas and Norm Abram features a triple decker in Jamaica Plain, MA (18 episodes). Will be featured in HOME Magazine in October 1991. Also "shotgun" house in New Orleans (8 shows). ELEVENTH SEASON: hosted by Steve Thomas and Norm Abram includes the construction of a post and beam barn house & adobe house in New Mexico. TENTH SEASON: hosted by Bob Vila includes the renovation of a 2-family home with handicapped access in in-law apartment and bed and breakfast. NINTH SEASON: includes the renovation of the Weatherbee Farmhouse, and the rehab of a bungalow in California. Series release date: 1979
- Duration
- Asset Type
Broadcast program
- Media Type
- Genres
- Instructional
- Topics
- Home Improvement
- Creators
- Morash, Russell (Series Producer)
- Citation
- Chicago: "This Old House," 08/13/1980, GBH Archives, accessed July 25, 2024, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_1E495EBA33124FFABA7DC29CEA576870.
- MLA: "This Old House." 08/13/1980. GBH Archives. Web. July 25, 2024. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_1E495EBA33124FFABA7DC29CEA576870>.
- APA: This Old House. Boston, MA: GBH Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_1E495EBA33124FFABA7DC29CEA576870


text:
Red With Multi Color Medallion Print Rug
- Color:
- Backing:
- Thinkness:
- Features:
- Low stock - 10 items left
- Inventory on the way
Please Note
Article color may slightly vary; due to photographic lighting sources or your device settings. There could be slight variations in size due to technical reasons.
Color: Red and Multicolor
Construction: Impeccably crafted using non woven technology, this rug boasts a digitally printed design that adds a touch of modernity to any space. Plus, it's washable for effortless maintenance.
Fabric: Made from high-quality polyester, our rug offers durability and resilience, ensuring it withstands the test of time and foot traffic.
Pile Height: With a pile height ranging from 5mm to 6mm, this rug strikes the perfect balance between comfort and practicality, providing a soft and cozy feel underfoot without compromising on functionality.
Backing: Equipped with a non-slip TPR backing, this rug stays securely in place, preventing any accidental slips or trips.
Pairs well with
We value your satisfaction and want to ensure you have a positive experience with your purchase from our store. Our exchange policy aims to address any issues that may arise, and we appreciate your cooperation in adhering to the following guidelines:
Please note: We do not provide refunds or cancellations
If you wish to exchange a product, please contact our customer support team via WhatsApp 0092 321 9400587 (Mon-Fri 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM) within three days of receiving your order. Provide your order number and a clear explanation of the reason for the exchange with Images & Videos.
Exchanges will be considered in the following cases:
- Wrong Order: If you received an incorrect item, we will gladly exchange it for the correct product at no additional cost to you.
- Quality Defect: In the event that the product you received has a manufacturing defect, we will arrange for an exchange.
We encourage you to carefully evaluate your purchase before finalizing it, as we do not offer exchanges for reasons other than those mentioned above.
We strive to provide detailed product descriptions and images to help you make an informed decision, but please note that Colors may vary due to lighting and monitor settings. Contact us via WhatsApp 0092 321 9400587 (Mon-Fri 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM) for any questions or concerns.
Please note that our exchange policy does not apply to used items, offers, sale, or discounted products. Additionally, refunds are not available once a purchase has been made. If your product arrives damaged or defective due to shipping, please notify us immediately. We will cover the shipping cost for the exchange in such cases. We reserve the right to refuse any exchange request that does not meet the conditions specified in our policy or falls outside the stated reasons.
Should you have any questions or concerns regarding our exchange policy, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer support team. We are here to assist you and provide further clarification.
We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in adhering to our exchange policy. Our goal is to deliver the highest quality products and provide excellent customer service. If you require any further assistance or have additional inquiries, feel free to ask.
Conditions for Exchange and Return:
- The product must be in its original condition and packaging.
- The exchange or return request must be made within 3 days of the delivery date with image(s) or video(s) of Product(s).
- The shipping cost for the exchange or return will be at the customer's expense, except in cases where the product is defective or damaged during shipping.
Exchange Process:
- Contact us via WhatsApp 0092 321 9400587 (Mon-Fri 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM) to initiate the exchange process.
- Provide your order number and the reason for the exchange with image(s) or video(s) of Product(s).
- We will confirm the exchange request and provide instructions for shipping the product back to us.
- Once we receive the product and verify that it is in its original condition, we will ship the new product to you.
Return Process:
- Contact us via WhatsApp 0092 321 9400587 (Mon-Fri 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM) to initiate the return process.
- Provide your order number and the reason for the return with image(s) or video(s) of Product(s).
- We will confirm the return request and provide instructions for shipping the product back to us.
- Once we receive the product and verify that it is in its original condition, we will issue a refund to the original payment method used for the purchase.
- Please note that we reserve the right to refuse any exchange or return request that does not meet the above conditions.
Nayyer Carpets may modify policies without prior notice, in order to provide improved services to our valued customers
If you have any questions or concerns about our exchange and return policy, please don't hesitate to contact us via our Email (firstname.lastname@example.com) or WhatsApp 0092 321 9400587 (Mon-Fri 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM).
How can I place an order?
- Visit https://shop.nayyerindustries.com.
- Browse the products and select the item(s) you wish to purchase.
- Add the item(s) to your shopping cart.
- Review your order and make any necessary changes.
- Check "I AGREE WITH THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS" and proceed to checkout.
- Select your shipping method and continue to payment options.
- Choose your preferred payment method and enter your shipping and billing details.
- Review your shipping and billing details and confirm your order.
- Shortly after placing your order, you will receive a call to confirm your order and a confirmation email.
How long will my order take to arrive?
A tracking ID will be provided so that you can keep track of your order. Delivery times may vary based on the selected option. Standard delivery takes 5-6 working days, Urgent takes 3-4 working days, and Lahore Express takes 1-2 working days.
Can I cancel my order?
You cannot cancel your order through the website. However, you can cancel your order when you receive a verification call from our Customer Service.
Do you take orders over a phone call or WhatsApp?
To ensure the accuracy of your order and protect your personal information, orders cannot be placed over a phone call or WhatsApp. Please visit our website to place your order.
How will I know the status of my order?
You can contact our customer service to know the status of your order.
I forgot to use my discount voucher. How can I use it now?
If you forgot to use your discount voucher during checkout, please contact our customer service team within 24 hours of placing your order. We may be able to apply the discount voucher to your order retroactively. Please note that this is subject to our terms and conditions.
What payment options are available?
You can select from the following payment options available at our online store:
- Cash on Delivery (For Pakistani clients only)
- Credit/Debit Card
What happens if my payment fails or payment is deducted but the order is not placed?
If your online payment fails or is deducted but your order is not placed, please contact our customer service department for assistance. Please note that for online payment options, we will only process your order once we have received the payment in our account.
Is it safe to pay with a credit/debit card?
Yes, it is safe to pay with a credit/debit card. We take the security and confidentiality of our customers' payment information very seriously. All credit card and debit card payments are processed over a secure encrypted connection, using the highest level of security measures.
Do I have to pay any taxes on the order I place?
No, all applicable taxes are included in the actual product price.
What is the delivery time duration?
Our delivery options include:
Standard Delivery: This is our free delivery option and typically takes between 5-6 working days to arrive.
Urgent Delivery: For those who need their orders sooner, we offer an Urgent Delivery option which typically takes 3-4 working days to arrive.
Express Delivery (Lahore Only): If you're located in Lahore, we also offer an Express Delivery option which typically takes just 1-2 working days to arrive.
For more information about our delivery options or to inquire about delivery to other locations, please contact us.
Do we have any outlets?
We do not currently have any physical outlets, as we are an online retailer. We have a self-pickup option only in Lahore. Please contact us on WhatsApp for more details.
When will new products or designs be available?
We are constantly adding new designs to our collection. Please follow our social media pages and subscribe to our newsletter to stay updated on our latest products and designs.
When will products be restocked?
We try to restock our popular products as quickly as possible, but this can vary depending on availability. Please check back regularly or sign up for restock notifications to stay updated.
What is the difference between woven and non-woven?
Woven products are made of threads on a loom, while non-woven products are made from synthetic fibers.
What is the backing of our products?
The backing of our products varies depending on the type of item. Our woven items typically feature a backing made of jute and polyester, while our non-woven products come with a non-slip TPR backing to prevent sliding. Additionally, our micro fur rugs have an anti-slip dot backing, and our mink rugs feature a PVC dot coating to keep them in place.
What type of overlock do we use?
We use a high-quality overlock stitching process to ensure the durability and longevity of our products.
Are our products handmade?
No, our products are not handmade. We utilize advanced technology and machinery to manufacture our products. This allows us to maintain consistent quality and efficiency while ensuring that our customers receive the best possible products.
Are our products washable?
As the wash ability of our products may vary depending on the type of item, we recommend referring to the care instructions that are provided with each product. These instructions will provide you with specific guidance on how to care for your item and ensure that it stays in the best possible condition.
How can I clean and maintain my rug?
We recommend vacuuming your rug regularly to prevent dust and dirt from settling into the fibers. If a spill occurs, blot the area with a clean, dye-free cloth.
What type of rugs will go with our interior?
The type of rugs that will go with your interior may vary depending on your personal preference and the overall style and color scheme of your interior. We recommend browsing our collection of rugs and consulting with our Customer Care for assistance.
Do we provide exchanges?
Our exchange policy covers products that are damaged, in the wrong size, or have a different color or design. If you encounter any of these issues, please notify us within 3 days of receiving your order via email or WhatsApp.
Why is there no refund policy?
We do not offer refunds once a purchase has been made. In case of products that are damaged, in the wrong size, or have a different color or design, we offer exchanges as per our Exchange & Return Policy. Please visit https://shop.nayyerindustries.com/pages/exchanges-shipping-delivery


text:
Party Backdrop
Mocsicka Winter Onederland Little Elk Baby Shower Backdrop Pink Flowers Background
Looking for your party decoration supplies? Mocsicka Party can help you make your party perfect!
More than 10 years of experience in engaging in party decoration products allow us to provide our customers with better products and services.
What we provide?
- Diverse products to meet your party needs
- Party backdrops with various themes
- Image perfect round & arch covers
- Sturdy and durable party stand
- Party Spotlight: Shimmer Wall
- Brightly colored balloons decoration
- More party products that you can't even imagine
- High-quality materials: Vinyl, Ployester, Cottom
- Any size can be customized
Don't hesitate any longer , contact us now and start customizing your party!
- Image|Please click the upload picture button of the customized link or send the picture to the email email@example.com
- Proof|We will send proof to you within 24 hours for confirmation. Please check your email or text messages on time.
- Production|We will start production immediately after getting your confirmation
Note: For urgent orders, please contact us at least one week in advance
We are proud to offer global express services via USPS/UPS/FedEx/DHL. Our products require 2-3 business days to produce. Please visit our delivery time.
Free shipping: 10-15 Days
Fast shipping: 4-7 Days
100% Customer Satisfaction Guarantee
You have 30 days from the date of delivery to return the item and receive a full refund or exchange.
Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com - A member of our customer support team will be happy to guide you through our hassle-free returns process in accordance with our return policy.
About Size
This is just the reference size,please purchase according to your needs.
If you need a very specific or unusual size please contact us by Email:email@example.com
Choose the better Backdrops and Covers
The perfect party decoration is inseparable from the combination of backdrop, cover and balloons.
It is important to choose suitable and high-quality ones.
Sturdy and durable, easy to assemble and carry, the best choice for party decorations!
Frequently Asked Questions About Product
How long is the express delivery time?
Our standard express delivery takes 10-15 days; expedited express delivery takes 7 days.
Can I make changes to my order after it's been placed?
If you find that the address, contact number and other information are incorrect after placing an order, please contact us in time to make corrections. If you need to change the order pattern, etc., please contact customer service within 6 hours after placing the order to make changes. No modifications can be made once production has started
How to customize?
Upload the pictures you need to customize through the custom button in the link or to the email firstname.lastname@example.com.
We will send the proof to you within 24 hours for confirmation. If you need to modify it, please tell us the modification plan.
What does customization include?
Our customizations include adding name text, photos, modifying colors, and more. You can send us photos for reference.
Our customization is free
How to remove creases?
Creases can be removed using low-temperature ironing.
Can be folded and stored in a dry space


text:
This DK/Light Worsted 100% cotton yarn (6-ply) can be used both for accessories and wearables. It is the thinner version of Dapper Dreamer Combed Cotton. For accessories, it is especially ideal for projects that require a good shape - like amigurumis, accents, or home décor (i.e. coasters, placemats, etc.). Cotton is absorbent so this could also be used for dishcloths or washcloths. This is also a good yarn for accessories like bags and purses because of its sturdier material compared to acrylic. You can also use this to make your summer tops and accessories since cotton is often used for warmer weather.
Yarn Specifications | |
Color | Peacock |
Fiber Type | 100% Cotton |
Thickness | Light (3) |
Length | 246 yds / 225 m |
Weight | 3.5 oz. / 100 g |
Crochet Hook Size | 3.0 - 5.5 mm |
Knitting Needle Size | 3.75 - 5.0 mm |
Care | Cold and gentle machine wash; do not bleach; low heat, gentle tumble dry; do not iron; do not dry clean. Please refrain from washing with other colors. Select colors may run. |
Dapper Dreamer Summer Peacock
- Brand: Dapper Dreamer
- Product Code: Y1706
- Availability: Out Of Stock
Related Products
Tags: Dapper Dreamer, Summer, Cotton, Light, Blue


text:
Privacy policy
We are Advance Door Centre Hendon Road, Sunderland Tyne & Wear SR2 8BL.
Our contact email address on privacy matters is: firstname.lastname@example.com
Through your navigation around and use of the functionality of our website, you have agreed to our collecting, storing, and processing your personal information in accordance with this Policy.
You agree that we may share your personal information with other companies and websites within our group but only on the same terms as in this Policy.
We will only collect, store and process personal information from you in accordance with the law from time to time in force in England and Wales and then only for enabling us to provide the service available on this site, process orders for goods and services as well as to administer the site and collect statistical data.
Should you wish to purchase any goods from this website, we may share and/or pass on information to a financial institution for the purpose of credit/debit card authorisation or to a delivery company for the purpose of delivering any goods ordered from us.
Unless you have so informed us, when requested, on our website we may send emails to you from time to time, to keep you informed about products and services available from, and news relating to, this website. We will stop sending out such emails if ever you reply to the original of one of these emails with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line, or by email to our privacy email.
We may from time to time use cookies on this website. These will be used to improve your experience when browsing around our website. No information that is identifiable to you is used in a cookie. We identify you solely by placing a small file on your computer to help us identify products and matters of interest to the person, which may not be you, who last visited our website from your PC. You can learn more about cookies at http://www.allaboutcookies.org/.
Please note that,whilst it is most unlikely to happen, we may be required by a court of law, or by a person with legal authority to so request, to disclose personal information.
Please note that we are not responsible for the privacy policies adopted by other websites to whom we may link from this website.
If your personal information changes, you can write to our privacy email.
If you wish us to cease handling, storing and processing your personal information at any stage, then subject to completing and fulfilling any pending transaction or request, we will act on such request within a reasonable period of time when sent to us to our privacy email or by surface mail to our geographical address as at the top of this Policy.


text:
The Clinton campaign recently complained about "the boys" ganging up at a debate, and there was speculation that it was an attempt to get people to react to her opponents the way New York voters reacted to Rick Lazio.
This made me want to see the old video of the debate with Lazio, but I couldn't find it through Google and YouTube searching. My commenters were helping me search, and Ruth Anne Adams came up with the clip from the debate as it was used on "The Daily Show." But, finally, Hector Owen found the whole segment of the debate: here. (Ignore the error message. It should play.)
Let's examine the Lazio Space Invader myth. Here's a contemporaneous article in the NYT:
... Mrs. Clinton exploited an opportunity before a friendly audience of women to make a concerted attack on Mr. Lazio's debate tactics. Many supporters of Mrs. Clinton said they found Mr. Lazio to be pushy and disrespectful during the debate in Buffalo -- bullying her in a way that he would not have bullied a male opponent.
Mrs. Clinton's senior advisers have seized on that notion to blunt favorable portrayals of Mr. Lazio as strong-willed and determined, and Mrs. Clinton joined the effort yesterday. Expanding on a comment she made the morning after the debate, Mrs. Clinton received knowing chuckles and applause when she said having two younger brothers was the best preparation for her sometimes bruising encounter with Mr. Lazio.
Then she complained of having to share her lectern with an overly aggressive Mr. Lazio. (He approached her at the end of the debate and urged her to sign a document he said was a promise not to raise or spend any more soft money.)...
''How about that idea that you turned off women voters?'' Gabe Pressman of WNBC-TV asked [Lazio].
Mr. Lazio said women were being sold short by suggestions that they would not vote for him because he gave Mrs. Clinton a tough debate....
Here's Kate Phillips (of the NYT) after the recent debate:
[S]o many political correspondents... have invoked the Rick Lazio moment...
The former Congressman's charge across the stage in September of that year was equated with bullying, something that's a far cry from the largely reasoned responses of Mrs. Clinton's rivals on the stage the other night.
Still, we're told it's all gender politics, or as one of our colleagues once called it back then, hormonal politics (on both sides, folks).
Funny how history and language keep replaying, no?
WaPo's Ruth Marcus wrote:
Now this six-on-one stuff. Clinton stumbled in the debate, uncharacteristically but nowhere near fatally. In response, Penn & Co. are playing a good game of rope-a-dope.
After all, they have experience with this move, from the 2000 New York Senate race, when Republican Rick Lazio loomed into Clinton's personal space during a debate and quickly saw his numbers tank. For the Clinton campaign, the best thing would be to have the Philadelphia story played as Lazio II -- more bullies trying to intimidate her....
[U]sing gender this way is a setback. Hillary Clinton is woman enough to take these attacks like a man.
Yeah, that's what Lazio said at the time and voters resisted.
Here's what Rush Limbaugh said:
Now she's out there playing this victim card, and a lot of people in the media are not happy about this -- and I'll tell you what it is. You know, it's not just the cheapest form of pandering. To all of a sudden, say, "I'm a strong woman. I'm strong as a man! I can handle this job." Now all of a sudden to go victim, and to have your campaign tell the press, "Yeah, well, this is part of a long-planned strategy based on what happened when Rick Lazio invaded her space during a Senate debate for the election in New York."
So they're going back to that playbook because they think it worked then, but running for president is a little bit different from running for the Senate, especially if most of your career has been built up on, "You're tough, and you're not going to back down from anybody! You're Hillary Clinton! You've got a testicle lockbox."
(A testicle lockbox?)
But the fact is: It did work then. You can say, as Phillips did, that what Lazio did was different. But look at the video. Don't rely on the myth. Look at the video. It might have been inept theater to ply the piece of paper at her, but it wasn't an effort to bully the woman out of politics.


text:
People are finding more ways to earn, eager and determined to come closer to living the good life. And the internet has the power to make you as close as possible to your goals. It is a platform to find real wealth which you can use to upgrade your life.
One best and effective way to earn is affiliate marketing. Basically, with affiliate marketing you are working for commissions promoting other people's products. You know what is great with this online business? You can pretty much do it whenever and wherever, and since the internet never sleeps, you can still expect to earn while you sleep.
There are no special qualifications to be an affiliate, no prior experience needed, you are not even required to be a technical genius, the secret is that you are interested and willing to learn because there are courses and trainings that can guide you step by step to succeed in this business. And you can learn how by enrolling in ClickBank University 2.0.
ClickBank is the most trusted online retailer of digital products. It is by far the best Affiliate Marketing Platform to sell and promote digital marketing products on the internet. And they have launched ClickBank University Version 2.0, it is a newly improved and fully upgraded course with useful tools to help vendors create their own digital products, market it on ClickBank and make money. ClickBank University 2.0 also guides, teaches and trains affiliates every step of the way to their first commission.
- The course has an incredible content! ClickBank tirelessly worked to turn ClickBank University 2.0 into one of the BEST training programs on the internet. Everything is provided: step-by-step videos, interviews with experts, incredible tools and fantastic support! All of these to make your way to success easier and faster.
- It's a premier marketing course that has already taught thousands of internet entrepreneurs in finding success in the digital age.
- It does not matter if you are a newbie, this course has you covered with its easy guidelines and techniques almost spoon feeding you with what to do, how to do and when to do it so you do not need to guess or get confused. You will be provided with everything you need to succeed in this business!
- Fully upgraded with brand new videos all for your learning convenience.
- You will be learning from experts who have made it big in the business therefore you can expect high quality training.
- There is a support system, a community of like-minded individuals who, like you are learning and wanting to succeed in this internet business.
- The ClickBank University training program has an ironclad 30-day Money Back Guarantee which makes your investment risk-free.
- A percentage of the customers' investment on ClickBank University Training Program will go to Pencils of Promise to educate more children. You are not only giving yourself the best investment to learn but is also supporting a good cause.
- It takes a while to get established. Becoming a successful affiliate marketer does not happen easily and quickly. Although everything is made achievable today because of the various useful tools to assist you, you still need to have patience, persistence and the right mindset to succeed. But others have done it and so can you.
- This course is done online and there is no physical product
Review Video:
ClickBank University 2.0 is ClickBank's own offer to customers to help them find success in their platform both as vendors and affiliates. This product has been upgraded to provide the necessary tools and training to teach you how to succeed.
Below are valuable points that make ClickBank University 2.0 great!
Should You Enroll in the Course?
ClickBank University 2.0 is a real program that teaches you an opportunity to earn. No, it won't make you rich with just a few clicks just like what others are claiming only to deceive you because they do not show realistic results. With ClickBank you are assured of the credibility of their program, after all, their reputation is on the line. You are learning from the source and that's a great thing.
This is for you and for anybody who wish to live their lives according to their own terms. For everybody who wants freedom to use their valuable time to whatever they please, for those who want more priceless time with their love ones and for those who just want to earn decent money with the hopes of having it as a primary source of income, ClickBank University 2.0 can help you!


text:
Your patients depend on you as their healthcare provider. Your IT shouldn't get in the way. Adeptcore, Inc. can help improve your practice with personalized technology services.
At Adeptcore, Inc., we have a thorough understanding of the strict privacy policies and mandated technology guidelines required for health practices to successfully move into the digital age.
The exchange of patient information between healthcare providers, insurers, patients, and other administrative entities requires regulated security standards. In 1996, the U.S. Government established privacy rules that regulate the disclosure and use of a patient's healthcare information. Don't let these regulations stunt your ability to utilize digital medical records. We can help you meet HIPAA and HITECH compliance standards to take advantage of modern technology and streamline your operations without adding overhead.
HIPAA and HITECH Compliance
Staying within HIPAA and HITECH doesn't mean sacrificing technology to make your practice more agile.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was established keep personal health information confidential. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) establishes U.S. Government-mandated checkpoints pertaining to the implementation of various technologies. Non-compliance is extremely risky. Fortunately, Adeptcore, Inc. has a strong understanding in IT security solutions and compliance pertaining to the healthcare industry, and can implement new solutions to enhance your day-to-day workflows without stepping out of bounds with the rules.
Software, Communication, and Infrastructure Solutions
We manage your technology, allowing you to operate with the agility you need.
Step away from the archaic file folder system and take advantage of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to speed up communication, delivery, security, and ensure your records are backed up.
Adeptcore, Inc. is dedicated to guiding your practice into the digital age, so you can utilize new technologies to assist you in your day-to-day challenges.
For more information about HIPAA compliance standards or other medical IT issues, contact Adeptcore, Inc. at (847) 595-0343.