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Ahab's Defeat by Aram.* 1Three years passed without war between Aram and Israel. 2In the third year, however, King Jehoshaphat of Judah came down to the king of Israel. 3The king of Israel said to his servants, "Do you not know that Ramoth-gilead is ours and we are doing nothing to take it from the king of Aram?" 4He asked Jehoshaphat, "Will you come with me to fight against Ramoth-gilead?" Jehoshaphat answered the king of Israel, "You and I are as one, and your people and my people, your horses and my horses as well."
Prophetic Condemnation. 5Jehoshaphat also said to the king of Israel, "Seek the word of the LORD at once." 6The king of Israel assembled the prophets, about four hundred of them, and asked, "Shall I go to fight against Ramoth-gilead or shall I refrain?" They said, "Attack. The Lord will give it into the power of the king."* 7But Jehoshaphat said, "Is there no other prophet of the LORD here we might consult?" 8The king of Israel answered, "There is one other man through whom we might consult the LORD; but I hate him because he prophesies not good but evil about me. He is Micaiah, son of Imlah." Jehoshaphat said, "Let not the king say that." 9So the king of Israel called an official and said to him, "Get Micaiah, son of Imlah, at once."
10The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, were seated, each on his throne, clothed in their robes of state in the square at the entrance of the gate of Samaria, and all the prophets were prophesying before them. 11a Zedekiah, son of Chenaanah, made himself two horns of iron* and said, "The LORD says, With these you shall gore Aram until you have destroyed them." 12The other prophets prophesied in a similar vein, saying: "Attack Ramoth-gilead and conquer! The LORD will give it into the power of the king."
13Meanwhile, the messenger who had gone to call Micaiah said to him, "Look now, the prophets are unanimously predicting good for the king. Let your word be the same as any of theirs; speak a good word." 14Micaiah said, "As the LORD lives, I shall speak whatever the LORD tells me."
15When he came to the king, the king said to him, "Micaiah, shall we go to fight at Ramoth-gilead, or shall we refrain?" He said, "Attack and conquer! The LORD will give it into the power of the king." 16But the king answered him, "How many times must I adjure you to tell me nothing but the truth in the name of the LORD?" 17* So Micaiah said:
"I see all Israel
scattered on the mountains,
like sheep without a shepherd,
And the LORD saying,
These have no master!
Let each of them go back home in peace."
18The king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, "Did I not tell you, he does not prophesy good about me, but only evil?" 19* Micaiah continued: "Therefore hear the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD seated on his throne, with the whole host of heaven standing to his right and to his left. 20The LORD asked: Who will deceive Ahab, so that he will go up and fall on Ramoth-gilead?* And one said this, another that, 21until this spirit came forth and stood before the LORD, saying, 'I will deceive him.' The LORD asked: How? 22He answered, 'I will go forth and become a lying spirit in the mouths of all his prophets.' The LORD replied: You shall succeed in deceiving him. Go forth and do this. 23So now, the LORD has put a lying spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours; the LORD himself has decreed evil against you."
24Thereupon Zedekiah, son of Chenaanah, came up and struck Micaiah on the cheek, saying, "Has the spirit of the LORD, then, left me to speak with you?" 25Micaiah said, "You shall find out on the day you go into an inner room to hide." 26The king of Israel then said, "Seize Micaiah and take him back to Amon, prefect of the city, and to Joash, the king's son, 27and say, 'This is the king's order: Put this man in prison and feed him scanty rations of bread and water until I come back in safety.'" 28b But Micaiah said, "If you return in safety, the LORD has not spoken through me." (He also said, "Hear, O peoples, all of you.")*
Ahab at Ramoth-gilead. 29The king of Israel and Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, went up to Ramoth-gilead, 30and the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, "I will disguise myself and go into battle, but you put on your own robes." So the king of Israel disguised himself and entered the battle. 31In the meantime the king of Aram had given his thirty-two chariot commanders the order, "Do not fight with anyone, great or small, except the king of Israel alone."
32When the chariot commanders saw Jehoshaphat, they cried out, "There is the king of Israel!" and wheeled to fight him. But Jehoshaphat cried out, 33and the chariot commanders, seeing that he was not the king of Israel, turned away from him. 34But someone drew his bow at random, and hit the king of Israel between the joints of his breastplate. He ordered his charioteer, "Rein about and take me out of the ranks, for I am wounded."
35c The battle grew fierce during the day, and the king, who was propped up in his chariot facing the Arameans, died in the evening. The blood from his wound flowed to the bottom of the chariot. 36At sunset a cry went through the army, "Every man to his city, every man to his land!"
37And so the king died, and came back to Samaria, and they buried him there. 38d When they washed out the chariot at the pool of Samaria, the dogs licked up his blood and prostitutes bathed there, as the LORD had prophesied.
39The rest of the acts of Ahab, with all that he did, including the ivory house he built and all the cities he built, are recorded in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. 40Ahab rested with his ancestors, and his son Ahaziah succeeded him as king.
Reign of Jehoshaphat. 41Jehoshaphat, son of Asa, became king of Judah in the fourth year of Ahab, king of Israel. 42Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Azubah, daughter of Shilhi.
43He walked in the way of Asa his father unceasingly, doing what was right in the LORD's sight. 44Nevertheless, the high places did not disappear, and the people still sacrificed on the high places and burned incense there. 45Jehoshaphat also made peace with the king of Israel.
46The rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, with his valor, what he did and how he fought, are recorded in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah. 47He removed from the land the rest of the pagan priests who had remained in the reign of Asa his father. 48There was no king in Edom, but an appointed regent. 49Jehoshaphat made Tarshish ships to go to Ophir for gold; but in fact the ships did not go, because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber. 50That was the time when Ahaziah, son of Ahab, had said to Jehoshaphat, "Let my servants accompany your servants in the ships." But Jehoshaphat would not agree. 51Jehoshaphat rested with his ancestors; he was buried with his ancestors in the City of David his father, and his son Jehoram succeeded him as king.
Reign of Ahaziah.* 52Ahaziah, son of Ahab, became king over Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year* of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah; he reigned two years over Israel.
53He did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, walking in the way of his father, his mother, and Jeroboam, son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 54He served Baal and worshiped him, thus provoking the LORD, the God of Israel, just as his father had done.
* [22:1–40] This chapter presents a contrasting parallel to chap. 20, where Ahab enjoyed victories over Aram's aggression. Here Ahab is the aggressor, but falls in battle against Aram. Like the preceding chapters, it contains a story of Ahab plus an episode of prophetic condemnation. The story ends with the formulaic conclusion to Ahab's reign (vv. 39–40). Chronicles has a parallel version of this account in 2 Chr 18:1–34. After the story of Ahab's death come accounts of the reign of Jehoshaphat (paralleled in 2 Chr 20:31–37) and of the beginning of the reign of Ahaziah.
* [22:6] Though Ahab is clearly intended to understand the oracle as prophesying his success, the prophets' words are ambiguous. "The lord" (not "the LORD," i.e., the proper name of Israel's God) who will give victory is unidentified, as is the king to whom it will be given.
* [22:11] The "two" horns probably symbolize the coalition of two kings, Ahab and Jehoshaphat.
* [22:17] Micaiah's oracle uses the common ancient metaphor of "shepherd" for the king. It means that the Israelite forces will be left leaderless because the king (or perhaps both kings: the word "master" could be singular or plural in Hebrew) will die in battle.
* [22:19–23] Since Ahab's intention to attack Ramoth-gilead is unshaken, Micaiah reveals God's plan to trick Ahab to his death, and thus virtually dares Ahab to walk into the trap with his eyes open. The work of the "lying spirit" explains the ambiguities of the prophets' original oracle in v. 6. Prophets "stand in the council of the Lord" and are privy to its deliberations; cf. Jer 23:22.
* [22:20] Fall on Ramoth-gilead: lit., "heights of Gilead"; even the Lord's words are double-meaning. God wants Ahab to "fall on" (that is, attack) Ramoth-gilead so that he will "fall on" (that is, die on) Ramoth-gilead.
* [22:28] The last words of the verse are a scribal gloss attributing to Micaiah, son of Imlah, the opening words of the book of a different Micaiah (Micah), the prophet of Moresheth, the sixth of the twelve minor prophets of the Old Testament canon.
* [22:52–54] The account of Ahaziah's reign continues in 2 Kings.
* [22:52] Seventeenth year: so the present Hebrew text. This is consistent with the figures in 2 Kgs 3:1, but together those figures conflict with information in 1 Kgs 22:42 and 2 Kgs 1:17. The problem of the chronology of the kings of Israel and Judah has never been convincingly resolved; it is complicated by the fact that the ancient Greek translation sometimes has different lengths of reign and different accession dates. See further note on 2 Kgs 3:1.
c. [22:35] 1 Kgs 20:42.
d. [22:38] 1 Kgs 21:19.
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Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney's decisive win over former House Speaker Newt Gingrich in Florida returned him to the front-runner's spot in the Republican presidential race. Romney emerged from that battle with his strengths, but also his weaknesses, on full display.
Sometimes hard-fought nominating contests produce a more formidable general-election candidate. That's what happened to Barack Obama in 2008. But Dan Schnur, a former Republican strategist, says it's too soon to tell whether this Republican primary battle will have the same effect.
It's an open question at this point whether an ongoing Romney-Gingrich fight strengthens the eventual nominee or draws him further from the political center and makes it that much more difficult to run a competitive general-election campaign in the fall.
"It's an open question at this point whether an ongoing Romney-Gingrich fight strengthens the eventual nominee or draws him further from the political center and makes it that much more difficult to run a competitive general-election campaign in the fall," Schnur says.
'Damage Has Already Been Done'
Romney has been careful not to move too far to the right on most issues — with one glaring exception: immigration. Romney won big majorities of Republican Hispanics in Florida, but they were mostly Cuban and Puerto Rican.
Alfonso Aguilar of the Latino Partnership for Conservative Principles says Romney hurt his ability to appeal to Hispanic voters elsewhere with his opposition to the Dream Act and for suggesting all illegal immigrants self-deport.
"There are many Latinos who would consider voting for a Republican, for a conservative candidate, but who don't see those sorts of statements ... as something positive," Aguilar says. "I must say that if he is the nominee, damage has already been done ... and he has to realize that. ... And I frankly don't know what he's been thinking."
Democrats Pounce
Aguilar's reaction is exactly what Democrats want to encourage among Hispanic voters. A Democratic superPAC is airing a Spanish-language radio ad in Nevada that says, "Mitt Romney has no shame. He shows one face to the Hispanic community and another completely different one to everyone else."
That's not the only way Democrats plan to take advantage of the vulnerabilities Romney has exposed on the campaign trail.
Bill Burton, who runs a pro-Obama superPAC, says Romney's unforced errors have given him a shelf full of material.
"I would say No. 1 is the various times he jokes about firing people. No. 2 would have to be the various times he jokes about the economy or being unemployed," Burton says, as well as "his clearly not understanding the kind of anxiety that middle-class Americans are feeling."
When you see this type of scorched-earth campaigning, you're really worried if your focus is beating President Obama.
Romney, known as a superdisciplined candidate, has made an awful lot of unforced errors — from this week's comment that he's not concerned about the very poor, to his awkward handling of his Swiss bank accounts, beachfront home and blind trusts.
Too Much Negativity?
Some Republicans worry less about Romney's wealth and gaffes than about the overwhelming negative turn in the Republican race. In Florida, Romney and his allies spent $15 million on ads. Only one was positive — a Spanish-language radio ad that aired just 15 times. The rest were attack ads eviscerating Gingrich.
"When you see this type of scorched-earth campaigning," says Steve Schmidt, who was John McCain's top strategist in 2008, "you're really worried if your focus is beating President Obama — because you worry about the unfavorable numbers being risen to high levels among independent voters across the country."
In the most recent ABC-Washington Post poll, Romney's favorable ratings with swing voters dropped 18 points, from 41 percent to just 23 percent. And there are signs that the enthusiasm of the Republican base might not be as strong as it was in 2010: Turnout among Republicans has been down in every contest this year.
That's what worries Matt Kibbe of FreedomWorks, the Tea Party resource center in Washington.
"For all of the circling the wagons around Mitt Romney, there's a lot of concern behind the scenes, even among Republican establishment types, that he's not a terribly strong candidate," Kibbe says. "It's not as if people don't know who Mitt Romney is in Republican primary circles. So there's something wrong there."
Preparing For The Fall
For all of Romney's weaknesses, he also has formidable advantages. The Republican Party, the Romney campaign and its superPAC allies appear poised to raise more money than the president and his supporters. The political landscape this year favors a challenger: Obama is a vulnerable incumbent with approval ratings of less than 50 percent. Unemployment is expected to stay higher than 8 percent through Election Day, and in the past few weeks, Romney has become a more aggressive candidate and a much better debater.
"This strongly contested Republican primary has one significant benefit for Mitt Romney," Schnur says. "Going through this type of fire in the spring will make him a better and more well-prepared candidate for the fall."
By one measure, Romney looks like he's in very good shape for the fall campaign. In national and swing state polls, Romney and Obama are tied.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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BMW 3 Series (E30) 82 > 94 Power Steering Rack
Lion Automotive Part Number: 1011.0562
Compatible OE Numbers:
- 32131140836
- 32131140949
- 32131140948
- 32131137921
- 32131137917
- 32131135972
- 32131135968
- 32131134950
- 32131127737
Hydraulic Steering Racks (10)
The main rack shaft in a Hydraulic powered steering rack has a piston attached, and the pinion of a hydraulic steering rack has a control valve built around it. This Hydraulic steering system has been in use for over 40 years and is still in use today.
How it Works
When the pinion valve is turned, it controls the fluid that is supplied by the power steering pump and directs the fluid to the piston attached to the main rack shaft, at this point the fluid forces against the piston to give the steering assistance. A hydraulic steering rack requires feed from either a hydraulic or electric hydraulic power steering pump.
- Remanufactured to OE standards
- Complete strip down and rebuild
- All Gaiters, bearings and seals replaced
- Pipes inspected and replaced if necessary
- Rack bars inspected and replaced or reworked if necessary
- Simulation Bench Tested & Safety Inspected
- 3-year part only warranty
Warranty Terms and conditions: These are generic for all our products and may not refer to your unit
- Damage caused during installation will not be covered.
- Installation procedures followed where required. (Installation guides available from our Tech Centre.)
- The Hydraulic steering System must have been flushed and cleaned prior to installation (Flushing procedure available in our Tech Centre)
- The steering rack must have been installed and mounted correctly. Particulate care with threads when connecting hydraulic pipes.
- Only Hydraulic fluid recommended by the Vehicles Manufacturer must be used.
- The steering rack must be returned as it was supplied complete and without damage or missing components.
- All electronic connectors must have been located correctly. Forced Plugs can damage the pins making the Product Useless.
Despite these conditions we will always work with a customer who has had an installation problem and our Priority is getting you safely and happily back on the road.


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N701 sofa - 2 seater
The N701 sofa is an inviting design that oozes comfort and relaxation. By combining the different pieces and sizes, you have unlimited possibilities when it comes to creating your own unique setting. Designed by Jacques Deneef, it's available in multiple colors and materials.
Ethnicraft creates beautiful furniture and decorative objects that are the foundation for people's homes, to inspire the stories of their lives. This Belgium-based company believes in creating quality furniture that are intentionally timeless.
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Seating height: 43cm - 17". Clips to seamlessly connect the sofa modules together included.
Seats up to two adult persons.
Eco fabric: Textile made using recycled cotton with additional fibres for technical performances.
Leather version: 100% Aniline leather. Colour variations may occur. With minimal processing, aniline leather proudly carries the marks of a natural and genuine material. These pieces become more beautiful with age, with the natural patina developing a deep character over time.
We work with fixed delivery and installation costs. When placing an order, there will always be an upfront service fee depending on the destination country. For Professionals or any subscriptions under 12 months, please be aware that your delivery cost will be recalculated based on order volume after you've placed your order.
For orders within Belgium,
- €149 for all orders, excluding a ladder lift.
- €99 if you want to add products to your current subscription, excluding a ladder lift.
- Free pick-up*
For orders outside of Belgium,
- €199 for all orders, excluding a ladder lift.
- €149 if you want to add products to your current subscription, excluding a ladder lift.
- Free pick-up*
With our white glove delivery service, all you have to do is sit back and relax! We'll deliver it to your new place. We'll install it where and how you want it.
Note: If there is no possibility of transporting your items through the staircase or building elevator, we will need to use a ladder lift. For orders within Belgium, our white glove delivery, including the ladder lift, will be €248 in total. For orders outside of Belgium, our white glove delivery, including the ladder lift, will be €298 in total.
(Please contact us if you want to swap or add Live Light items.)
*Only one pick-up is for free. Others for €149 (or €199 outside Belgium), or free if you place a new order.
At the end of the subscription period, you have the option to buy the furniture for the current retail price minus what you've already paid monthly.
Live Light wants to close the loop towards a more sustainable and circular economy. This means our furniture and accessories will be (re)used and (re)loved repeatedly, refurbished when needed, and ultimately recycled into new designs. All quality checks and repairs are done in our local workshop by our team of experts.
Take care of your products! We have put together a few tips and tricks on how to maintain your items. Discover our care instructions here in our care guide.
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Considered the "traditional" modality of modern massage, Swedish massage has simply lasted the test of time thanks to the great benefits of healing touch. If you have ever had a massage, chances are you have experienced at least some form of Swedish massage.
The Swedish modality has one main focus: relaxation. However, through soft, long strokes and touches of effleurage, petrissage, friction and tapotement, Swedish is also therapeutically beneficial by relieving muscle tension, increasing blood flow to critical areas and breaking down scar tissue.
This modality was first developed by a Swedish doctor, Dr. Per Henrik Ling, though it possesses more than just Swedish influence. With techniques borrowed from several countries, including China, Egypt, Greece and more, Swedish massage is worldly in nature and combines many practices to create a massage experience that has become popular for good reason. Swedish massage is very therapeutic and very relaxing.
Each massage session at Elements Massage™ South Carlsbad is meant to achieve the same objectives, be therapeutic and relaxing. When a client requests a Swedish massage at an Elements Massage studio, they also have the benefit of requesting aspects of other modalities as well, such as deep tissue massage or hot stone massage. Rather than keep each massage session limited to one particular modality, Elements Massage studios customize each massage to the client's needs and blend modalities to ensure a truly personalized session.
Many clients see the benefit of different modalities and choose to incorporate massage therapy into their health and wellness plans by enrolling in the Elements Wellness Program™. Members of the Elements Wellness Program™ receive discounted massage therapy on a regular basis from the nation's highest-rated massage provider. Our studios offer the highest-rated massage because we make the massage about you, the client.
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Two Colour Inspiration Project-Image 51
Image Colours: Pale Yellow and Pale Yellow
These abstract art images are created by hartgoods founder, Hartmut Michael Gunther. This image is part of a series of 106 images that uses only one or two colours to display the final form. The entire project required about 10 months to complete and in 2008 the images were licensed to Aura-Soma Products Ltd as part of a set of 106 "Inspiration Cards" that contained inspiring affirmations on the back.
Many thanks to Mike Booth and Deborah Husbands for the initial impetus and encouragement.
These cards are no longer produced, so it is time to release these images for a wider creative audience to use. See examples below and as mentioned, an entire single artwork piece is created from either one or two colours only. This makes integrating them into a project very comfortable.
Use the TAGS below to see images of similar colour.
Prices are lower than other comparable quality 1600px images and are only $1.50 per image.
May these images inspire great works and stories. See more details and examples below.


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Stanford University
Stanford University
Stanford University
Stanford University
She is a former member of the REDlab (Research in Education & Design - Stanford School of Education), where she explored how design thinking impacts learning in K-12 environments and higher education. She co-founded the design consultancy Lime Design Associates to bring design thinking to schools, non-profits and companies, as a means to catalyze 21st century learning skills and innovation.
Stanford University
Helen works closely with Association of American Colleges and Universities as a member of the Assessment Advisory Group for the Quality Collaboratives project and as a faculty member for the Institute on General Education and Assessment. Helen is also the Director of Research for the Association for Authentic, Experiential and Evidence-Based Learning (AAEEBL) and a senior scholar on LaGuardia Community College's FIPSE-funded Connect to Learning project. She and her colleagues Tracy Penny-Light and John Ittelson are the authors of Documenting Learning with ePortfolios: A Guide for College Instructors (2011, Wiley).
Stanford University
She received her B.A. at Stanford University and her M.A. and Ph.D. at UCLA, and held two research appointments at the California Institute of Technology and Stanford before starting her consulting practice in 2006.She has taught undergraduate courses at UCLA in gender, education, and psychology, and, since 2008, has worked with Professor Sheri Sheppard's Designing Education Lab on studies of engineering student pathways. She has published in a wide range of journals in education, gender studies, and related areas.
SageFox Consulting Group
Stanford University
SageFox Consulting Group
Stanford University
National Advisory Board
Cammy Abernathy
Dean, College of Engineering, University of Florida
Cammy R. Abernathy received her S.B. degree in materials science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980, and her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in materials science and engineering from Stanford University in 1982 and 1985 respectively. She joined the University of Florida's Department of Materials Science and Engineering as a professor in 1993. In 2004, she became the College's Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, and in July 2009 was appointed Dean of the College of Engineering.
Dr. Abernathy's research interests are in synthesis of thin-film electronic materials and devices using metal organic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy. She is the author of more than 500 journal publications, more than 430 conference papers, one co-authored book, seven edited books, eight book chapters and seven patents.
Dr. Abernathy is a fellow of the AVS, APS and the Electrochemical Society. She is also a member of the American Society of Engineering Education, and the Materials Research Society.
Steve Blank
Author, entrepreneur, educator
Steve Blank is a seasoned Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Translation: he has failed and--more often--succeeded, in a 21-year career building 8 Valley startups, including several with major IPO's. Along the way, he's learned an incredible amount, and has spent the last decade sharing what he's learned with entrepreneurs all over the world. Author of two famous books on entrepreneurship, The Four Steps to the Epiphany, and The Startup Owner's Manual. Steve teaches entrepreneurship at Udacity, Stanford, Berkeley, Columbia, and other major universities worldwide. He was named "Master of Innovation" by Harvard Business Review and is an advisor to many successful entrepreneurs. He is also an avid conservationist, contributing generously to preserve the California Coast.
Susan Brennan
Chief Operations Officer, Bloom Energy
Susan Brennan brings more than 24 years of manufacturing experience, including automotive vehicle, powertrain and components assembly. Susan has dedicated her career to improving American manufacturing and assuring that the United States maintains a vital manufacturing footprint, especially in areas of key technological advances. In her time as a manufacturing practitioner, she has always been a strong proponent of sustainability, starting in her first role as the Environmental and Coating Manager with Douglas and Lomason, leading the plant to the State of Iowa's first ever Waste Minimization award and, most recently, launching the all-electric Nissan Leaf in Smyrna, TN. Throughout her career, she has maintained that jobs and the environment can have a symbiotic relationship, and that passion drives her as she pursues her role at Bloom. In addition, she has created and supported organizations that encourage young women to pursue careers in math and science as a way to support future generations of technological manufacturing in the United States. Susan holds a Master of Business Administration from the University of Nebraska, Omaha and a Bachelor's of Science in Microbiology from the University of Illinois, C-U.
Jim Breyer
Partner, Accel Partners; Founder/CEO, Breyer Capital
Jim is a Partner at Accel and is the Founder/CEO of Breyer Capital, an investment and venture philanthropy firm. Jim has been an investor in over 30 consumer Internet, media, and technology companies that have completed public offerings or successful mergers. Several of these investments returned over 100 times their initial cost and many of these investments have returned over 25 times their cost to investors.
In 2013, 2012 and 2011, Forbes ranked Jim #1 in its Midas List of top technology investors. Fortune Magazine also named Jim the #1 smartest investor in technology, and one of the 10 smartest people in all of technology. In October, 2012, Jim was named to the Vanity Fair New Establishment Hall of Fame, and in June, 2012, he received the Silicon Valley Lifetime Visionary Award. In December, 2012, he was named AlwaysOn Venture Capitalist of the Year. In February, 2013, Jim was elected a fellow of the Harvard Corporation, Harvard University's senior governing board.
Carlton Brown
President, Clark Atlanta University
Carlton E. Brown became the third president of Clark Atlanta University on August 1, 2008 after serving as Executive Vice President and Provost, beginning July 2007.
Dr. Brown brings a great wealth of executive experience and accomplishments in higher education after serving as the president of Savannah State University (SSU) for nine and a half years and holding senior-level administrative positions at several universities. Before coming to CAU, Dr. Brown was appointed by Georgia Board of Regents Chancellor Errol Davis to assist in the implementation of major system-wide initiatives.
A native of Macon, Ga., Dr. Brown received both his Bachelor of Arts degree and his doctorate from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He earned his doctorate in multicultural education in 1979, and his bachelor's degree in English and American Studies in 1971. After completing his undergraduate degree, Dr. Brown worked as a teacher and counselor in an inner-city alternative high school.
After serving on the faculty of the School of Education at Old Dominion University in Virginia from 1979 to 1987, he joined the faculty of Hampton University in Virginia as the Dean of the School of Education. Later, he served as Dean of the School of Liberal Arts and Education and in 1996, was promoted to Vice President for Planning and Dean of the Graduate College.
During his tenure as SSU's 11th president, the university reached several notable milestones. Among them were an increase in student enrollment of 48 percent from fall 1998 to fall 2005; the transformation of student housing and academic support facilities; the accreditation and reaccreditation of several academic programs; major increases in grants and contracts; improved student retention; and strengthened graduate programs to increase the number of minorities pursuing graduate degrees in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
Leah H. Jamieson
Dean, College of Engineering, Purdue University
Leah H. Jamieson is the John A. Edwardson Dean of the College of Engineering at Purdue University, Ransburg Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and holds a courtesy appointment in Purdue's School of Engineering Education. She served as 2007 President and CEO of the IEEE. She is co-founder and past director of the EPICS – Engineering Projects in Community Service – Program.
With colleagues Edward Coyle and William Oakes, she was awarded the 2005 NAE Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education for the creation and dissemination of EPICS. She was an inaugural recipient of the National Science Foundation Director's Award for Distinguished Teaching Scholars, the IEEE Education Society's 2000 Harriet B. Rigas "Outstanding Woman Engineering Educator" Award, and the Anita Borg Institute's 2007 "Women of Vision Award for Social Impact." She was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering "for innovations in integrating engineering education and community service" and was elected a Fellow of the IEEE for her research on parallel processing algorithms.
Kristina M. Johnson
CEO, Enduring Hydro; Former Under Secretary of Energy; Former Provost at Johns Hopkins
Kristina Johnson most recently served as Under Secretary of Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy. As Under Secretary, Kristina was responsible for unifying and managing a broad $10.5 billion Energy and Environment portfolio, including an additional $37 billion in energy and environment investments from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The portfolio included research, development, demonstration and deployment projects involving the national laboratories, universities, state and local governments and private industry in renewable energy, carbon-capture and sequestration, nuclear power, energy efficiency, smart grid and nuclear waste.
Kristina previously served as Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs at Johns Hopkins University, the largest research university in the U.S. From 1999-2007, she was Dean of the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University. In addition to her academic career, she is an inventor and entrepreneur, holding over 45 U.S. patents (129 U.S. and international patents) and co-founder of several successful companies.
Gary S. May
Dean, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Gary S. May is the dean of the College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. From May 2005-June 2011, he served as the Steve W. Chaddick School Chair of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and previous to that, he was the executive assistant to Georgia Tech President G. Wayne Clough from 2002-2005. Gary joined the ECE school faculty in 1991 as a member of the School's microelectronics group. His research is in the field of computer-aided manufacturing of integrated circuits.
He was a National Science Foundation "National Young Investigator" (1993-98) and was Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing (1997-2001). He has authored over 200 articles and technical presentations in the area of IC computer-aided manufacturing. In 2001, he was named Motorola Foundation Professor, and was appointed associate chair for Faculty Development. He is the founder of Georgia Tech's Summer Undergraduate Research in Engineering/Science (SURE) program, a summer research program designed to attract talented minority students into graduate school.
Richard K. Miller
President, Olin College
Richard K. Miller was appointed President and first employee of Olin College of Engineering in 1999. He served as Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Iowa from 1992-99. The previous 17 years were spent on the Engineering faculty at USC in Los Angeles and UCSB in Santa Barbara. With a background in applied mechanics and current interests in innovation in higher education, Miller is the author of more than 100 reviewed journal articles and other technical publications. Together with two Olin colleagues, he received the 2013 Bernard M. Gordon Prize from the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education.
A member of the NAE, he received the Marlowe Award for creative and distinguished administrative leadership from the American Society for Engineering Education in 2011. Miller served as Chair of the Engineering Advisory Committee of the U.S. National Science Foundation and has served on advisory boards and committees for Harvard University, Stanford University, the NAE and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in addition to others. Furthermore, he has served as a consultant to the World Bank in the establishment of new universities. A frequent speaker on engineering education, he received the 2002 Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award from the University of California at Davis, where he earned his B.S. He earned his M.S. from MIT and Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology, where he received the 2014 Distinguished Alumni Award.
David C. Munson
Dean, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
David C. Munson became Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 2003. In 2006 he assumed the position of Robert J. Vlasic Dean of Engineering. From 1979 to 2003 he was with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was the Robert C. MacClinchie Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Research Professor in the Coordinated Science Laboratory, and a faculty member in the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. David's teaching and research interests are in signal and image processing. His current research is focused on radar imaging, passive millimeter-wave imaging, and computer tomography.
He has held summer positions in digital communications and speech processing, and he has served as a consultant in synthetic aperture radar to the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. He is co-founder of InstaRecon, Inc., a start-up to commercialize fast algorithms for image formation in computer tomography. He is affiliated with the Infinity Project, where he is coauthor of a textbook on the digital world, which is used in high schools nationwide to introduce students to engineering. David is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a past president of the IEEE Signal Processing Society, founding editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, and co-founder of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.
Diana Natalicio
President, University of Texas at El Paso
Diana Natalicio was named president of UTEP in 1988. During her long and distinguished career with the University, Dr. Natalicio has served as vice president for academic affairs, dean of liberal arts, chair of the modern languages department and professor of linguistics. Her sustained commitment to provide all residents of the Paso del Norte region access to outstanding higher education opportunities has helped make UTEP a national success story.
During Dr. Natalicio's tenure as president, UTEP's enrollment has grown from 14,971 to more than 23,000 students, who reflect the demographics of the Paso del Norte region from which 90% of them come. More than 78% are Mexican American, and another 6% commute to the campus from Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. UTEP's annual budget has increased from $65 million to more than $400 million, since 1988. UTEP is designated as a research/doctoral university, recognized nationally for both the excellence and breadth of its academic and research programs. UTEP's annual research expenditures have grown from $6 million to more than $84 million per year, and doctoral programs from one to 20 during this same period. To accommodate steady growth in enrollment, academic programs and research, over the past five years the university has managed nearly $300 million in new and renovated facilities expansion projects in science, engineering, health sciences, and other student quality-of-life related infrastructure.
Dr. Natalicio is immediate past chair of the board of the American Council on Education and serves on the board of directors of ACT. She has served on the board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, on the board of governors of the U.S.-Mexico Foundation for Science, the NASA Advisory Committee (NAC), the boards of the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, Trinity Industries, National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering, Sandia Corporation and Internet2, and was appointed by President George H.W. Bush as a member of the Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. Initially appointed to the National Science Board by President Bill Clinton in 1994, she served two six-year terms as a Board member and three two-year terms as the NSB's vice chair.
Dr. Natalicio was awarded the 2013 TIAA-CREF Theodore M. Hesburgh Award for Leadership Excellence and was recognized in 2011 by the President of Mexico with the Orden Mexicana del Aguila Azteca, the highest honor bestowed on foreign nationals. She received the Harold W. McGraw, Jr. Prize in Education in 1997, was inducted into the Texas Women's Hall of Fame in 1999, was honored with the Distinguished Alumnus Award at The University of Texas at Austin in 2006, and is the recipient of honorary doctoral degrees from Georgetown University, Smith College and the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon. A graduate of St. Louis University, Dr. Natalicio earned a master's degree in Portuguese and a doctorate in linguistics from The University of Texas at Austin.
Shankar Sastry
Dean, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
S. Shankar Sastry is the Dean of Engineering at University of California, Berkeley and the faculty director of the Blum Center for Developing Economies. From 2004 to 2007 he was the Director of CITRIS (Center for Information Technology in the Interests of Society) an interdisciplinary center spanning UC Berkeley, Davis, Merced and Santa Cruz. He has served as Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley from January 2001 through June 2004. From 1999 to early 2001, he was on leave from Berkeley as Director of the Information Technology Office at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). From 1996-1999, he was the Director of the Electronics Research Laboratory at Berkeley.
Dr. Sastry received his Ph.D. degree in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. He was on the faculty of MIT as Asst. Professor from 1980 to 1982 and Harvard University as a chaired Gordon McKay professor in 1994. His areas of personal research are resilient network control systems, cybersecurity, autonomous and unmanned systems (especially aerial vehicles), computer vision, nonlinear and adaptive control, control of hybrid and embedded systems, and software.
Beverly Daniel Tatum
President, Spelman College
A 2013 recipient of the Carnegie Academic Leadership Award, Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum has served as president of Spelman College since 2002. Her tenure as president has been marked by a period of great innovation and growth. Spelman College, long recognized as the leading educator of women of African descent, is now ranked among the top 100 liberal arts colleges in the nation and is one of the most selective women's colleges in the United States. Overall, scholarship support for Spelman students has tripled since 2002, and opportunities for faculty research and development have expanded significantly. In 2008, the Gordon-Zeto Fund for International Initiatives was established with a gift of $17,000,000, creating more opportunities for faculty and student travel and increased funding for international students. Alumnae support of the annual fund has also tripled, reaching a record high of 41% in 2011. Campus improvements include the award-winning renovation of four historic buildings and the 2008 completion of a new "green" residence hall, increasing on-campus housing capacity by more than 25% and establishing the campus commitment to environmental sustainability for the 21st century. In 2012 Dr. Tatum made the bold decision to withdraw from NCAA intercollegiate sports participation, a program serving less than 100 students, in favor of a campus-wide wellness initiative designed to impact the entire student community of 2100. Collectively, these improvements serve as the foundation for Strengthening the Core: The Strategic Plan for 2015, which focuses on global engagement, expanded opportunities for undergraduate research and internships, alumnae-student connections, leadership development and service learning linked to an increasingly interdisciplinary curriculum.
An accomplished administrator, Dr. Tatum is widely recognized as a race relations expert and leader in higher education. Her areas of research include racial identity development, and the role of race in the classroom. She is the author of Can We Talk About Race? And Other Conversations in an Era of School Resegregation (2007) and "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" and Other Conversations about Race (1997) as well as Assimilation Blues: Black Families in a White Community (1987). A Fellow of the American Psychological Association, in 2005 Dr. Tatum was awarded the prestigious Brock International Prize in Education for her innovative leadership in the field.
In addition to her active involvement in the Atlanta community, Dr. Tatum is a member of national non-profit boards including the Institute for International Education, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and Teach for America. Appointed by President Obama, she is a member of the Advisory Board for the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. She also serves on the Georgia Power corporate board of directors.
She holds a B.A. degree in psychology from Wesleyan University, and M.A. and Ph.D. in clinical psychology from University of Michigan as well as an M.A. in Religious Studies from Hartford Seminary. Prior to her appointment at Spelman, she served as dean and acting president at Mount Holyoke College. President Tatum is married to Dr. Travis Tatum, professor emeritus of education; they are the parents of two adult sons.
Karan L. Watson
Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs, Texas A&M University
Karan L. Watson has served as provost and executive vice president for academic affairs of Texas A&M University since March 2011. She previously served as vice provost and as dean of faculties and associate provost. She joined the faculty in 1983 and is currently a Regents Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Karan is the president of ABET, and a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the American Society for Engineering Education. Her awards and recognitions include the U.S. President's Award for Mentoring Minorities and Women in Science and Technology, the American Association for the Advancement of Science mentoring award, and the IEEE International Undergraduate Teaching Award. Since 1991, Karan has served as an accreditation evaluator and commissioner and is now on the Board of Directors for ABET, Inc., formerly the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.
Curation Board (Emeritus)
For the first two years of the Epicenter grant, our curation board was instrumental in identifying and gathering ideologies, pedagogies, methods, tools and other resources related to innovation and entrepreneurship education.
Mark's honors include an Intel Foundation Graduate Fellowship to study computer-aided design tools and methodologies for easier implementation of arithmetic hardware onto FPGA devices. His current research interests are mobile, social, and ubiquitous computing; engineering education, in particular design and student motivation; and reconfigurable computing.
His research has been used to develop or guide new innovation programs in organizations as diverse as Hewlett-Packard, Avery Dennison, Clorox, Edmunds.com, Mars, Canadian Health Services, and Silicon Valley start-ups. He teaches corporate executive programs and serves on the advisory boards for Physic Ventures and American River Ventures. Andrew is the founding director of two key centers at the University of California, Davis—the Center for Entrepreneurship and the Energy Efficiency Center.
Since joining Penn State in 1999, Elizabeth has taught design-focused courses in three engineering departments: the School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs and the Engineering Entrepreneurship (E-SHIP) minor. She supported the launch of Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) at Penn State, as well as the NSF-sponsored Hybrid and Electric Vehicle M3 (Manipulatives, Motivation and Mentoring) Education Project. She is president and founder of KidTech, Inc., a non-profit engineering outreach company developing hands-on design and problem-based learning kits and activities for K-12 youth.
Steven organized the Roden Scholar (Leadership) program and supported the start-up of the Engineering Entrepreneurship Society, and the Idea to Product (I2P) technology competition. He has also initiated multidisciplinary research and classroom activities that encourage collaborative learning environments for students, faculty and staff from the College of Engineering, the College of Natural Sciences, the McCombs School of Business and the School of Law. He previously serves as the Associate Chair for the Department of Mechanical Engineering.
His research interests include signal processing and communication systems. He was a Hughes Aircraft Masters Fellow, and was the recipient of the Harold L. Hazen Memorial Award for excellence in teaching in 1991. In 2000, he received the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, in 2001 he received the Xerox Faculty Research Award, and in 2002 was named a Willett Faculty Scholar.
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text:
bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
use bignum;
$x = 2 + 4.5,"\n"; # BigFloat 6.5
print 2 ** 512 * 0.1,"\n"; # really is what you think it is
print inf * inf,"\n"; # prints inf
print NaN * 3,"\n"; # prints NaN
no bignum;
print 2 ** 256,"\n"; # a normal Perl scalar now
# for older Perls, import into current package:
use bignum qw/hex oct/;
print hex("0x1234567890123490"),"\n";
print oct("01234567890123490"),"\n";
All operators (including basic math operations) are overloaded. Integer and floating-point constants are created as proper BigInts or BigFloats, respectively.
If you do
use bignum;
at the top of your script, Math::BigFloat and Math::BigInt will be loaded and any constant number will be converted to an object (Math::BigFloat for floats like 3.1415 and Math::BigInt for integers like 1234).
So, the following line:
$x = 1234;
creates actually a Math::BigInt and stores a reference to in $x. This happens transparently and behind your back, so to speak.
You can see this with the following:
perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234)'
Don't worry if it says Math::BigInt::Lite, bignum and friends will use Lite if it is installed since it is faster for some operations. It will be automatically upgraded to BigInt whenever necessary:
perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(2**255)'
This also means it is a bad idea to check for some specific package, since the actual contents of $x might be something unexpected. Due to the transparent way of bignum ref()
should not be necessary, anyway.
Since Math::BigInt and BigFloat also overload the normal math operations, the following line will still work:
perl -Mbignum -le 'print ref(1234+1234)'
Since numbers are actually objects, you can call all the usual methods from BigInt/BigFloat on them. This even works to some extent on expressions:
perl -Mbignum -le '$x = 1234; print $x->bdec()'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc();'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc->badd(6);'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print +(1234)->copy()->binc()'
(Note that print doesn't do what you expect if the expression starts with '(' hence the +
You can even chain the operations together as usual:
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234->copy()->binc->badd(6);'
Under bignum (or bigint or bigrat), Perl will "upgrade" the numbers appropriately. This means that:
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 1234+4.5'
will work correctly. These mixed cases don't do always work when using Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat alone, or at least not in the way normal Perl scalars work.
If you do want to work with large integers like under use integer;
, try use bigint;
perl -Mbigint -le 'print 1234.5+4.5'
There is also use bigrat;
which gives you big rationals:
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1234+4.1'
The entire upgrading/downgrading is still experimental and might not work as you expect or may even have bugs. You might get errors like this:
Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference at
/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.8.0/Math/BigInt/Calc.pm line 864
This means somewhere a routine got a BigFloat/Lite but expected a BigInt (or vice versa) and the upgrade/downgrad path was missing. This is a bug, please report it so that we can fix it.
You might consider using just Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat, since they allow you finer control over what get's done in which module/space. For instance, simple loop counters will be Math::BigInts under use bignum;
and this is slower than keeping them as Perl scalars:
perl -Mbignum -le 'for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) { print ref($i); }'
Please note the following does not work as expected (prints nothing), since overloading of '..' is not yet possible in Perl (as of v5.8.0):
perl -Mbignum -le 'for (1..2) { print ref($_); }'
bignum recognizes some options that can be passed while loading it via use. The options can (currently) be either a single letter form, or the long form. The following options exist:
This sets the accuracy for all math operations. The argument must be greater than or equal to zero. See Math::BigInt's bround() function for details.
perl -Mbignum=a,50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
Note that setting precision and accuracy at the same time is not possible.
This sets the precision for all math operations. The argument can be any integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to integer. See Math::BigInt's bfround() function for details.
perl -Mbignum=p,-50 -le 'print sqrt(20)'
Note that setting precision and accuracy at the same time is not possible.
This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
Load a different math lib, see "Math Library".
perl -Mbignum=l,GMP -e 'print 2 ** 512'
Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command line. This means the following does not work:
perl -Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari -e 'print 2 ** 512'
This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
Override the built-in hex() method with a version that can handle big numbers. This overrides it by exporting it to the current package. Under Perl v5.10.0 and higher, this is not so necessary, as hex() is lexically overridden in the current scope whenever the bignum pragma is active.
Override the built-in oct() method with a version that can handle big numbers. This overrides it by exporting it to the current package. Under Perl v5.10.0 and higher, this is not so necessary, as oct() is lexically overridden in the current scope whenever the bigint pragma is active.
This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
perl -Mbignum=v
Beside import() and AUTOLOAD() there are only a few other methods.
Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of the BigInt or BigFloat API. It is wise to use only the bxxx() notation, and not the fxxx() notation, though. This makes it possible that the underlying object might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number, only a shallow copy will be made.
$x = 9; $y = $x;
$x = $y = 7;
If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
$y = $x->copy();
Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the following work:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 9
but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in both the original and the copy being destroyed:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->badd(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->binc(1), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 10 10
$x = 9; $y = $x;
print $x->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\n"; # prints 18 18
Using methods that do not modify, but test the contents works:
$x = 9; $y = $x;
$z = 9 if $x->is_zero(); # works fine
See the documentation about the copy constructor and =
in overload, as well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->binf(). Useful because Perl does not always handle bareword inf
A shortcut to return Math::BigInt->bnan(). Useful because Perl does not always handle bareword NaN
# perl -Mbignum=e -wle 'print e'
Returns Euler's number e
, aka exp(1).
# perl -Mbignum=PI -wle 'print PI'
Returns PI.
Returns Euler's number e
raised to the appropriate power, to the wanted accuracy.
# perl -Mbignum=bexp -wle 'print bexp(1,80)'
Returns PI to the wanted accuracy.
# perl -Mbignum=bpi -wle 'print bpi(80)'
Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning $Math::BigInt::upgrade
use bignum;
print "in effect\n" if bignum::in_effect; # true
no bignum;
print "in effect\n" if bignum::in_effect; # false
Returns true or false if bignum
is in effect in the current scope.
This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
use bignum lib => 'Calc';
You can change this by using:
use bignum lib => 'GMP';
The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
use bignum lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
Please see respective module documentation for further details.
Using lib
warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and Math::BigInt did fall back to one of the default libraries. To suppress this warning, use try
use bignum try => 'GMP';
If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use only
use bignum only => 'GMP';
The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime, especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigFloat. Mixing them together, even with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through accessor methods. E.g. looking at $x->{sign} is not a bright idea since there is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hashkey, nor is a hash underneath at all.
The sign is either '+', '-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '-inf' and stored separately. You can access it with the sign() method.
A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '-inf' represent plus respectively minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and '-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
works by overloading handling of integer and floating point literals, converting them to Math::BigInt or Math::BigFloat objects.
This means that arithmetic involving only string values or string literals will be performed using Perl's built-in operators.
For example:
use bignum;
my $x = "900000000000000009";
my $y = "900000000000000007";
print $x - $y;
will output 0
on default 32-bit builds, since bigrat
never sees the string literals. To ensure the expression is all treated as Math::BigInt
or BigFloat
objects, use a literal number in the expression:
print +(0+$x) - $y;
This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
overrides these routines with versions that can also handle big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two import tags "hex" and "oct" - and then it will be global and cannot be disabled inside a scope with "no bigint":
use bigint qw/hex oct/;
print hex("0x1234567890123456");
no bigint;
print hex("0x1234567890123456");
The second call to hex() will warn about a non-portable constant.
Compare this to:
use bigint;
# will warn only under older than v5.9.4
print hex("0x1234567890123456");
is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders the others to do the work.
The following modules are currently used by bignum:
Math::BigInt::Lite (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;)
perl -Mbignum -le 'print sqrt(33)'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2*255'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 123->is_odd()'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print log(2)'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print exp(1)'
perl -Mbignum -le 'print 2 ** 0.5'
perl -Mbignum=a,65 -le 'print 2 ** 0.2'
perl -Mbignum=a,65,l,GMP -le 'print 7 ** 7777'
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Especially bigrat as in perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 1/3+1/4'
Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigRat and Math::Big as well as Math::BigInt::Pari and Math::BigInt::GMP.
(C) by Tels http://bloodgate.com/ in early 2002 - 2007.


text:
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Most homeowners in Desert Hills AZ will be surprised to know that with the latest in energy efficient glass options, you can keep your storm windows and still get great performance out of them. We carry models from Larson and other window companies that use Low E coating, and argon gas. Keep your classic look and reduce your consumption.
House Windows
Find popular units for kitchens, bathrooms, basements, and more. Save on energy with frames that don't transfer heat and use the latest in energy saving methods. Glass options specific to our climate area, and colors and finishes to match your interior. Products from window companies in Desert Hills Arizona you know and trust.
Commercial Windows
Complete commercial solutions for floor to ceiling units suitable for store fronts, church buildings, greenhouses, and any other commercial application. We carry products from Manko and other window companies in Desert Hills AZ that you know and trust. Free and fast estimates available, contact us today.
Custom Windows
Find custom shares and sizes for any window project. Choose between vinyl, wood, aluminum, or fiberglass with options for solid wood interior stained to match furniture cabinets, or any other accents. The latest in energy efficiency with custom glass options suited for Desert Hills AZ climate. Contact us today for a free estimate.


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Hazelcast Customers List: FAQs
How are Readycontacts lists built?
At ReadyContacts, we use a deep marketing data aggregation & mining platform coupled with an expert data research team to build highly targeted company and contact datasets for specific needs. All our datasets are freshly built & validated using email deliverability & social profile checks.
Do you offer a discount for multiple list buys?
Yes, we do offer bulk purchase discounts for customers as well as partners. Please contact us at [email protected] to learn more and get a discount on this list.
How can I pay for a Readycontacts list?
You can pay via any credit card or PayPal. We use PayPal for processing all credit cart payment to ensure secure transaction processing.
What is the accuracy guarantee?
All ReadyContacts datasets come with 90% accuracy guarantee for email deliverability for contacts as well as company data. We actively manage our datasets with a 60-90 days refresh cycle to ensure the highest level of accuracy.
How is the list delivered once I buy it?
The list is emailed to your email address upon purchase. Please check you spam and junk folders as the email may sometimes not land in your inbox. If you face a problem, please contact us at [email protected]
What if I need customized version of this list?
We are happy to create a customized version of this list. Simply email us at [email protected] with your specific requirements and we will get back to you with the next steps.


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Set: | Sword & Shield: Silver Tempest |
Type: | Grass |
Rarity: | Ultra Rare |
Retreat cost: | Colorless,Colorless,Colorless,Colorless |
Return Policy for Gilded Raven Games
Last Updated: 11/27/2023
Thank you for shopping at Gilded Raven Games! We want you to be completely satisfied with your purchase, and we understand that sometimes returns are necessary. Please read our return policy carefully to ensure a smooth process.
We accept returns on items within 30 days of the purchase date. To be eligible for a return, the item must be unused, in the same condition as you received it, and in its original packaging.
The following items are not eligible for return:
To initiate a return, please contact our customer support team at email@example.com with your order number and details about the product you would like to return. We will guide you through the return process.
Customers are responsible for return shipping costs unless the return is a result of our error (e.g., you received an incorrect or defective item). We recommend using a trackable shipping service to ensure that we receive your returned item.
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If your return is approved, your refund will be processed, and a credit will be automatically applied to your original payment method within 30 business days.
If you receive a damaged or defective item, please contact us immediately. We will work with you to resolve the issue and provide a replacement or refund.
If you need to cancel your order, please contact us as soon as possible. If your order has not yet been shipped, we will process the cancellation and issue a refund. If the order has already been shipped, please follow the return process upon receiving the item.
We are not responsible for packages that are marked as delivered but are missing or for packages delivered to the wrong address due to an incorrect address provided by the customer. Please ensure that your shipping information is accurate and monitor your tracking information closely.
If you have any questions about our return policy, please contact us at email@example.com.