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The Truth Behind Root Canals Rockville, MD
Many people seem to have a phobia of dental care and the variety of procedures in which they believe that professional dental care will be painful. In reality, most dental visits are not nearly as painful as people fear. The truth is that the patient will feel more pain if he or she avoids seeking professional treatment. Regardless, there is one procedure that people seem to fear above the rest: the root canal.
The Need for a Root Canal Procedure
The root canal is a crucial procedure for removing infected dental pulp from within a tooth. Beneath the outer shell of the tooth, known as the enamel, is the dentin and then the dental pulp. The dental pulp contains the blood vessels and nerves within each tooth. If the dental pulp becomes infected, then the patient will begin to experience incredible amounts of pain.
Thus, a root canal procedure is necessary to remove the dental pulp and ensure the infection has not spread to other areas of the mouth. In fact, a regular dentist may not be enough to treat the root canal and the patient may need to see an endodontist. An endodontist is a dentist who specializes in maintaining teeth by treating the soft inner tissue of the teeth.
People may even avoid seeking proper treatment due to believing these myths about root canals. There are several myths about root canals that people still believe. Below are the myths and the truths behind each of them.
#1. Root canals are painful
The truth is that root canals are not painful like people believe. Most professional endodontists will use anesthesia to numb the area of the procedure and help the patient relax. Thanks to the anesthesia, the patient will not feel any pain during the procedure and the endodontist can proceed without issue.
Following the procedure, the patient may feel some level of soreness, but will be able to treat the soreness with pain killers or stronger medication the endodontist recommends.
#2. I will be unable to eat hard foods after a root canal procedure
Actually, a root canal will not prevent you from ever consuming your favorite foods again. With the root canal procedure, you will no longer feel pain since the procedure removes the nerve of the tooth. Once the endodontist covers the tooth back up, you will actually have less feeling within that tooth than before.
Immediately following the procedure, there may be a few days in which you need to eat carefully and avoid biting directly on hard foods with the tooth. However, after this period, you will be able to eat what you want when you want. While a dental crown that covers the tooth may require maintenance from time to time, you will be able to continue eating and living on your regular schedule.
#3. Root canals require the dentist to remove the entire tooth
This is false. In reality, we want to keep the natural teeth in the best shape possible and only recommend a complete extraction when it is completely necessary. Thus, an endodontist will use a root canal to remove the infected portion of the tooth and cover the tooth back up to ensure that the infection does not spread.
There is no reason to remove the entire tooth unless the infection consumes the tooth beyond repair and is spreading to other teeth. This is why we recommend that people seek treatment from an endodontist as soon as possible.
#4. Root canals cause illnesses in the patient
While some people may believe that root canals make you more susceptible to illnesses and disease, it is not true. There is no evidence that states this fact that professionals did not debunk. The truth is that you are more likely to get sick from leaving the infection in the tooth and not seeking a root canal procedure. If the infection is in an upper tooth and it spreads through the sinuses, a patient can die if he or she does not seek treatment.
With proper dental hygiene and regular checkups, we can help to keep your teeth healthy. In the case of a serious dental infection, an endodontist can help effectively remove the infection without having to remove the entire tooth.
#5. Root canals will take multiple appointments
While an endodontist may need two appointments, one to identify that a root canal is necessary and one to perform the root canal, a root canal will not require multiple visits. If the patient schedules an emergency appointment due to unbearable pain, then the endodontist will do everything possible to treat the tooth immediately.
If the patient needs more intensive endodontic surgery, then the endodontist will schedule a second appointment specifically for the surgery. It is understandable that people have busy schedules, but it will be extremely difficult to function each day with a dental infection.
Check out what others are saying about our dental services on Yelp: The Truth Behind Root Canals Rockville
Questions Answered on This Page
Q. Does a root canal remove the entire tooth?
Q. How many appointments will the root canal take?
People Also Ask
Q. What is the root canal process like?
Definition of Endodontic Terminology
- Cementum
- Cementum is that bone-like tissue that forms the outer surface on the root of the tooth.
- Dental Pulp
- Dental pulp is the inner-most layer of the tooth with connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerve tissue.
- Dentin
- Dentin is the inner layer of the tooth structure that is immediately under the enamel and surrounds the dental pulp.
- Direct Pulp Cap
- A direct pulp cap is a procedure in which a professional treats exposed pulp with a therapeutic material to help the tooth heal.
- Enamel
- The enamel is the hard calcified layer that covers the entire tooth and is subject to interaction with multiple substances.
- Endodontist
- An endodontist is a specialist who focuses on treating issues, diseases and conditions that affect the inner-most layer of the tooth, the dental pulp.
- Pulpectomy
- A pulpectomy is a procedure that involves the complete removal of pulp tissue from the root canal in a tooth.
- Pulpitis
- Pulpitis is another term to describe the inflammation of the dental pulp due to an injury or infection.
- Pulpotomy
- A pulpotomy is a procedure involving the removal of a portion of diseased or infected pulp in order to protect the healthy portions of the pulp and teeth still in the mouth.
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Welcome to the tall & skinny week at the Mojo Monday Blog! Julee has created the fabulous sketch, it is perfect for tall & skinny, I luv all the options it gives, we can't wait to see what you create!
Feel free to adapt the sketch to whatever length/width fits your fancy, though. Below are a couple options for those of you who don't like to do math on a Monday morning!
The first size is 3.5 x 5.5" and fits a regular A2 envelope with a little room left over to let something (like the circle in this sketch) hang off the 3.5" side. You can use either of the following measurements, depending on where you want your fold.
- 3.5 x 11" cut of cardstock, score long side at 5.5"
- 5.5 x 7" cut of cardstock, score long side at 3.5"
For a little more skinny, you can try a 3.5 x 6" card to fit a regular No. 6 3/4 envelope (the ones that are about the size of a personal check). Use either of the following measurements, depending on where you want your fold.
- 3.5 x 12" cut of cardstock, score long side at 6"
- 6 x 7" cut of cardstock, score long side at 3.5"
To play along, make a project using the provided sketch and upload it to your blog or online gallery. If you upload to online galleries, please also use tag/keyword MOJO386. There is no time limit - you can always play any week at any time, but I will close the linking form on Sunday night, March 1 at 8:00pm (Mountain). That way there's no confusion which linky is the current one.
Verve stamps are NOT required to participate, and you can enter as many times as you want. As always, if you don't have a particular shape, feel free to substitute.
For inspiration using this week's sketch, please visit our design team's blogs, which are the first 6 thumbnails on this week's linky list:

subset: commoncrawl


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When buying a Florida house you have options! Some people choose a direct sale, others prefer to work with an agent. Just like properties are different, every situation is different too. Some people know exactly what they want, others need some time to compare multiple homes. Are you looking to purchase a home in Florida? We will help you decide if using a buyers agent is right for you!
What do they do?
Real Estate agents can take on two roles. The listing agent, who helps the buyer to sell their home, and a buyers agent, who can help you find and purchase a home. Some agents do both and are known as dual agents, which is certainly a cool title. That said, more agents prefer to work on one side exclusively. Some love to help people sell, others love to help people buy. Buyers Agents are in the business of matching people to properties. They take the buyers budget and needs into consideration, showing them the houses that are the best match for their needs.
Both agents can show you a home, but only a buyers agent will work on your behalf to get you the best deal. A dual agent will ultimately just want the sale to go through, so they may not have your best interests in mind. A buyer's agent, will look out for your interests and work on your behalf. A buyer's agent will advocate for you and help to negotiate when necessary.
What will it cost?
Using an agent will ultimately cost you in commission. Yes, the seller will pay a commission to their agent, which is then split with the buyer's agent. However, these commissions are wrapped into the price of the home, so even if it says "the seller pays" you are ultimately the one bringing the actual cash to the closing table. In addition, your agent may require other fees to work with them, so make sure you have an agreement in writing. Some agents will have you sign a contract to exclusivity, make sure to read all of the fine print.
What are the benefits?
A buyer's agent is dedicated, full-time to finding great properties in your area. They should be a complete expert on the local market and features of the city. They are likely to have many area connections in the industry, and possibly access to off-market deals. They can be a wealth of knowledge, teaching you more about the area then you could ever learn on your own. When you work with a buyer's agent you will have someone in your corner, someone helping you and guiding through the entire process of buying a home. If you are a first-time homebuyer, using a great buyer's agent will help you navigate the process.
One thing you should never gamble on is the home you choose to live in. A buyer's agent can help you make a smart decision with your investment. Before making any large purchase, you should always seek the counsel of an accountant or lawyer.
What are the downfalls?
For certain deals, skipping agents altogether, and going with a direct sale can be beneficial to both the buyer and seller. Both parties will be able to keep more money in their pockets when they choose to skip commissions.
Also, you never know if an agent is being incentivized to show you particular properties, When you do the research yourself, you will learn a lot about investing locally, and you will be able to determine for yourself which property will be the best for you.


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Information on the protection of personal data - regulations regarding cookies
Thank you for visiting our website. The managers of these pages care about protecting your personal data. We process personal data in a secure manner and in full compliance with data protection regulations, scrupulously adhering to the Information on the protection of personal data.
The use of our site does is usually dependent upon supplying personal data. Providing personal information collected on our site (e.g. name, address or email address) is always voluntary, as far as is possible. This data is not disclosed to third parties.
With the assumption that the new technologies and ongoing evolution of the site require us to update Information on the protection of personal data, we invite you to read the document at regular intervals.
Who is responsible for the acquisition of data on this site?
The site manager is responsible for data processing. The contacts are contained in the Imprint.
What personal data do we acquire?
In case of a reservation or request for information, it is mandatory to provide at least the name and surname of the person making the reservation, their address, their email address and their telephone number.
The data given at the time of payment such as the name of the account holder or credit card, the account number or credit card number are forwarded to the bank or service provider for the purpose of completing the payment.
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During registration, other data such as age, gender and place of birth may be required. Furthermore, for promotional purposes, we reserve the right to request the reason for your stay and your email address in order to communicate special offers or the Newsletter. Providing this information is purely optional and is not binding for the purpose of a stay at our facility.
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We collect your data as soon as you notify us. It could be, for example, information given in a contact form.
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Only those informed of the current legislation regarding the protection of personal data and who undertake to respect the terms are allowed to access the personal data. Access to data is allowed solely because of the contractual relationship stipulated.
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On our website you can contact us by email or by filling out the designated contact form. Personal data is saved and processed for communication purposes. The data collected for this purpose (name, address, telephone number, email address, IP-address) is not forwarded to third parties. There is no aggregation with other data collected on the site.
Data for the Newsletter
If you wish to receive our Newsletter, you are required to provide us with your email address and all information that enables us to verify that you are the email address holder and that you are actually interested in receiving the Newsletter. No additional data is collected. The data provided is used exclusively to communicate the requested information and is not forwarded to third parties.
The consent to save data, the email address and receive the Newsletter can be withdrawn at any time by using the link "clear" in the Newsletter.
Management of contact data
When you contact us, as site managers, the information sent in the manner provided is saved in order to complete your order or request. This data is not transferred to third parties.
Google Analytics and IP anonymization
For reasons of legitimate interests in analyzing and optimizing our online offer, this site uses the service "Google Analytics" offered by Google Inc. (1600 Amphitheater Parkway Mountain View, CA 94043, USA) The service (Google Analytics) uses "cookies" - text files saved on your terminal. The information collected through cookies is usually sent to a Google server in the United States and saved there. The storage of the relative user data and the event does not automatically lapse.
Google LLC abides by the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation and certifies its compliance with the EU-US privacy shield regime: https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt000000001L5AAI HYPERLINK https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt000000001L5AAI&status=Active& HYPERLINK https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt000000001L5AAI&status=Active"status=Active
On this website we have activated the IP anonymization function. Before being transferred to the United States, the IP address is abbreviated by Google in the Member States of the European Union or in other countries that have signed up to the Agreement on the European Economic Area. Only in exceptional cases will the full IP address be transmitted to a Google server in the United States and abbreviated here. On behalf of the manager of this website, Google uses this information to evaluate your use of the website in order to prepare its reports on site activities and provide other services associated with the website use and internet usage destined for the website operator. The IP address transmitted by the browser in the context of Google Analytics is not grouped with other data from Google.
The data collected by Google on our behalf is used to evaluate the usability of our site through the individual user, for example, through a series of reports on website activity, and is aimed at improving our online offer.
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A special browser plugin prevents information collected via cookies (including your IP address) from being transmitted and used by Google Inc. The plugin is available at the following link: https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de
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Our site uses "Google reCAPTCHA", a service of Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA (hereafter: "Google"). Google reCAPTCHA saves and processes information related to user behavior on our website. Google reCAPTCHA uses cookies, small text files saved locally in the cache memory of your browser, on your terminal, to analyze use of our site. Google reCAPTCHA is a computer security measure that has been adopted in order to verify whether a real person or a bot, an automatic software that simulates human behavior, is accessing the site. Processing of available information is in our legitimate interest. The IP address transmitted in the Google reCAPTCHA frame is not grouped with any other Google data, unless Google reCAPTCHA is used to log into your Google account. If you wish to prevent data regarding you and your behavior on our site from being transmitted and stored through Google, you must disconnect from Google before visiting our site and interacting with Google reCAPTCHA.
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This site uses Google Maps to include interactive maps and to plan itineraries. Google Maps is operated by Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the collection, processing and use of data acquired automatically from Google, from one of its representatives, or from a third party. Find the terms of use of Google Maps in the designated section. Further information on Google Maps, the privacy policy and terms of use of Google can be found at page policies.google.com/privacy.
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The use of YouTube is justified by the need to better illustrate our online offer. This consists of a legitimate interest pursuant to Article 6, paragraph 1, letter f of the RGPD (Regulations on the Protection of Personal Data). Further information on the processing of user data is found in the YouTube Privacy Notice: https://www.google.it/intl/it/policies/privacy.
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If your browser does not support web fonts, your computer uses standard lettering. More information on Google Web Fonts is available at the page https://developers.google.com/fonts/faq and in Google's information on the protection of personal data: https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/
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Because of our legitimate interest in analysis, optimization and management of our online offer (pursuant to Article 6, paragraph 1, letter f of the RGPD), our site integrates the plugins of the social network Facebook, managed by Facebook Inc., 1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. They are recognized by the Facebook logo or by the buttons "like", and "Share" in the Facebook colors, (white and blue). More information on Facebook plugins is available at the following link: https://developers.facebook.com/docs/plugins/
Facebook Inc. adheres to the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation and certifies its compliance with the EU-US privacy shield regime: https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt0000000GnywAAC HYPERLINK https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt0000000GnywAAC&status=Active& HYPERLINK https://www.privacyshield.gov/participant?id=a2zt0000000GnywAAC&status=Active The group of data transmitted to these sites - in the cases of search or login – is not legible by third parties thanks to the SSL cryptographic protocol.
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To better protect the data, the site manager uses SSL cryptographic protocol. Secure connections are recognized by the prefix "https://" in the address bar of your browser. Unsecured connections have the prefix "http://".
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Our site contains links that refer to third-party external websites, over whose contents we have no influence. We accept no responsibility for these contents. The responsibility of the contents of the sites to which a link refers always falls on the managers and operators. The pages to which a link refers are examined to exclude possible violations only at the moment the connection is made. At the time of making the connection, no illegal content was visible.
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We couldn't find any results for: ELMICHELSAFFAIR Have you: Checked spelling? Chosen a department for your search ie Audio for cd searches/ Vinyl for LP searches/ DVD for movies on DVD searches etc. We recommend clicking on the department you wish to search before entering the name or title< If you're having problems using the site then you might want to check the Customer Service page or Contact Page. If you can't find the answer there then there's a link to get in touch. Or if all that's a bit too much then you can click here to go back to our homepage.
We use MailChimp as our marketing automation platform. By clicking below to submit this form, you acknowledge that the information you provide will be transferred to MailChimp for processing in accordance with their Privacy Policy and Terms.


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Outdoorsy Drinking On Porch Metal Sign
Outdoorsy Drinking On Porch Metal Sign
MSRP: Log-in to see price
- Single sided with rounded corners
- We make sure our signs are made from the best quality aluminum, providing years of enjoyment - NO cheap plastic!!
- Made in the USA: This sign is proudly made in the USA in our shop in Lizton, Indiana. Made with locally sourced premium materials made by people who enjoy what they do and it shows in the finished results.
- Easy Mounting: The metal sign has 2 conveniently placed pre-drilled holes for hassle free mounting and installation.
- *** Colors may vary slightly from one computer screen to the next, but the image should be very close.
- Select your size option.
- For the smallest sizes, select if you want your signs to come in display ready bags. Your signs will be delivered to you as individual bagged - perfect for display! If you selected the option with NO bags, these signs will be delivered to you as bulk packed.
- Add your custom text on the textbox provided with any additional instructions.
- For signs with custom names, we recommend customizing with your location or famous landmark/street name in your area. You can also indicate if you'd rather remove the customized part and have your sign designed as generic.
- A minimum of 6 per SKU means that if you put "Indiana" as customization, all 6 of your signs for this order will be printed with "Indiana" in them.
- Please contact us with any questions you might have. If you have trouble finding the right sign, our team is here to help you.
- Customizing the sign's text and changing colors is FREE, but design changes (additional graphic or image replacement) will need to be quoted.
- Do you have any particular design in mind? Would you like to add your company logo to your design? Feel free to send us your ideas. Our art department will polish your design and send you a mock-up. Please e-mail us for more information. Generally, there is a $20.00 - $50.00 design and setup fee for design changes.
All content and designs are subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form.
Goods & Services 2002-Present The Lizton Sign Shop
This is a wholesale website so a minimum order of 6 per SKU is required. For retail orders please visit liztonsignshop.com


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Enjoy a sale to Rio do Janeiro via American. This is a price drop from United's fare a couple of weeks ago.
Sample Travel Date:
- June 4th – 14th
Fare Availability:
- Valid for travel until August 31st, 2015. Must purchase at least 1 day in advance of departure.
- Please note that while this fare is valid at time of posting, if this post is more than two days old, the fare is most likely gone.
How to Search for Availability:
- Use ITA Software Matrix Airfare Search and use the following search criteria:
- Departing from: CLT
- Outbound Advanced Routing Code: aa+ /f bc=q
- Destination: GIG
- Return Advanced Routing Code: aa+ /f bc=q
- (Click on Advanced Routing Codes link to enable advanced routing code input)
- Select "See calendar of lowest fares"
- Length of stay "5-12″. The maximum range is 7 days, so enter ranges like so: 0-7, 5-12, 7-14, etc.
Fare Class
Sample Routing:
- CLT – MIA (Miami) – GIG (Rio de Janeiro) – MIA – CLT
Sample Mileage:
- 9,646 miles or 5.7 cents per mile
Get Tickets:
- Book on American with dates found on ITA Software Matrix Airfare Search
- TripAdvisor - One of the leading hotel meta-search engines. Find the lowest hotel prices from 200+ sites.
Car Rentals
- Rental Cars - One of the world's leading car rental agencies. Includes all the major brands like Hertz, Avis, Budget, Dollar, Enterprise etc.
For more of the latest deals for Charlotte, visit our Charlotte fares page.
To make sure you receive our latest deals, LIKE our Fare Deal Alert Facebook Page, follow us on Twitter @FareDealAlert, or subscribe to the Fare Deal Alert RSS Feed or Subscribe via Email (Once a Day)
Fare Deal Alert does not sell travel products or services. We provide you with information about third-party travel suppliers' offers, and link you to their sites. The information posted by Fare Deal Alert is valid at the time of publication. However, we have no control over the suppliers, and we therefore do not warrant or guarantee that their offers will not change or become unavailable. Nor are we responsible for their products, services or site content. Please see their sites for their most up-to-date offer information and all applicable terms and conditions.
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text: What Is Last-Survivor Life Insurance?Last-survivor or second-to-die life insurance covers two lives under one policy. The death benefit is paid after the second person covered under the policy dies. Generally, premiums continue to be paid after the first insured dies. However, this type of policy may feature less expensive premiums than two individual policies, allowing the policy owner(s) the potential to buy a policy with a larger death benefit than might otherwise be affordable using separate policies. Last-survivor life insurance may serve several purposes. For instance, last-survivor life insurance can be used to increase the inheritance for the beneficiaries of a married couple with an otherwise modest estate. Or, this type of insurance can be used to preserve an existing estate by providing cash for estate settlement costs and taxes. A last-survivor policy can be used to protect a two-income family when the loss of one income may be tolerable but the loss of both incomes would leave dependents without financial support. Last-survivor life insurance may be used for funding the estate taxes of wealthy couples whose estate plans make maximum use of the estate tax deferral at the first death. In this situation, there may be a likelihood of greater taxes due at the death of the surviving spouse than when the first spouse dies. The last-survivor policy can be used to provide cash for the taxes due at that time. A person who is in poor health may not be able to obtain an individual life insurance policy. However, insurance companies often issue last-survivor policies even when one of the insureds in poor health (presuming the other insured is in better health) because only one death benefit is paid and not until the last insured person dies. On the other hand, there may be some tradeoffs to last-survivor life insurance. Since the death benefit doesn't pay until the death of the second insured, it is possible that the surviving insured could be left without sufficient financial resources. And since premium payments must continue to be made, the surviving insured may not have the money available to pay the ongoing premiums. Some policies consider the insurance paid up at the first death so no additional premium payments are needed following the death of the first insured. Check for these features on any last-survivor life insurance policy you are considering. The cost and availability of life insurance depend on factors such as age, health, and the type and amount of insurance purchased. Before implementing a strategy involving life insurance, it would be prudent to make sure that you are insurable. As with most financial decisions, there are expenses associated with the purchase of life insurance. Policies commonly have contract limitations, fees, and charges, which can include mortality and expense charges. Any guarantees are contingent on the financial strength and claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company. The information in this newsletter is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.


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Anyways, here's today's very lacy outfit. It's strange how this morning I was about to go to the Salvation Army to search for some leather and tartan and studs (though I ended up not going), then put on this outfit with lace and pearls.
^Can you believe that photo isn't edited at all? Winter frosty air, you are so gracious to my outfit pictures.
In lieu of actual decorations for events like parties and Bat Mitzvahs, my mom makes paper flowers out of coffee filters and tissue paper. Economical crisis, you ain't got nothing on us. Did I mention the outfit totaled to 2 bucks?Hmmm, I guess crossing my arms is how I keep warm. It's getting colder and colder and I love it.
And now it's time for some...In poem form.
The CDG for H&M top I bought is finally up on eBay
It's blue and size 8/38 and has cool splotchy dots
There's really not much else to say
Except that I'm done with this post and am going to eat grilled cheese and check Post Secret and cannot think of anything to rhyme with dots
Good night.


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Nothing ignites controversy like having one of the world's richest women tell her fellow Australians that they need to cut labor costs in order to compete with Africans who are "willing to work for less than $2 a day."
Georgina "Gina" Rinehart, who the BBC says earns about $600 a second from the mining company she inherited, says in a video she posted on the website of the Sydney Mining Club that Australia is just too costly for businesses such as hers and that she worries "for this country's future" because it's so much less expensive to mine and manufacture elsewhere.
"Business as usual will not do," she says, in the pitch for lower taxes and creation of a special economic zone.
Her comments, especially the reference to "$2 a day," led Australian Greens Party leader Sen. Christine Milne to call Rinhart the "epitome of the greed and the abuse of the environment that has become such a characteristic of the mining industry in Australia," according to News.Com.Au.
Prime Minister Julia Gillard said "it's not the Australian way to toss people $2, to toss them a gold coin, and then ask them to work for a day," the Los Angeles Times writes. "We support proper Australian wages and decent working conditions."
Rinehart is no stranger to controversy. She recently wrote that there "is no monopoly on becoming a millionaire" and that "if you're jealous of those with more money, don't just sit there and complain. Do something to make more money yourself — spend less time drinking or smoking and socializing, and more time working."
Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer Wayne Swan said Rinehart's words were an "insult to the millions of Australian workers who go to work and slog it out to feed the kids and pay the bills," the Herald Sun says.
Forbes currently lists Rinehart as the world's 29th-richest person, with a net worth of $18 billion, and the wealthiest woman from the Asia/Pacific region. She could be headed toward becoming the world's richest person, the magazine speculated last year.
It puts her at No. 35 on its list of world's "most powerful women."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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ClientPixflow Studio
CategoryWeb Development
Magento Development + Mobile Website + WordPress
We provide Art Direction for the fashion industry, specifically related to digital content and concept generation. We can work with existing company creative teams.
The Challenge
A big part of our prep work involves a phase of discovery with every client we work with. We needed to know what pains Project was currently experiencing, as well as their goals and vision for an optimal outcome. Creating an emotional connection with an audience relies upon a solid foundation of research, intuition, experience and empathy. We leveraged the power of emotion through strong copy, use of color, social proof.


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Are you searching for the Website Designing Companies located in Barnala ? If yes then your search is over in this Website Designing Barnala Page. Today we are going to tell best thing about Website Designing in Barnala (Punjab).
With a focus on innovation, functionality, and user experience, we a Barnala website desginer offer a comprehensive range of services, including software development, eCommerce websites, CRM software, and more.
You will also get (10AM to 9PM) Phone Support if you get your Barnala website designed from tcnmart.com
We are going to give you the best services for Website Development in Barnala.
Tcnmart Barnala team of skilled designers and developers are adept at creating visually stunning and user-friendly websites that captivate audiences and leave a lasting impression. Whether you're a small business or a large enterprise in Barnala city, we work closely with you to understand your goals and deliver a website that reflects your brand identity and values.
Expertise: Tcnmart Barnala team comprises skilled professionals with years of experience in website designing and software development.
Custom Solutions: We in Barnala understand that every business is unique, which is why we offer tailor-made solutions to meet your specific requirements.
Client Satisfaction: Barnala city users satisfaction is our top priority, and we strive to deliver exceptional results that drive business success.
Ongoing Support: We provide ongoing support and maintenance to ensure your Barnala based website and software solutions remain up-to-date and perform optimally.
You can follow us on Twitter | Facebook | Linkedin . As we can also see that every Barnala Business is going Digital this time. if you don't get your Barnala business online then people will not recognize you easily. This is the best time to find out best Website Deigning Company in Barnala and contact to build your Site in the reasonable price.


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Do not let a standard desk restrict your preferred working posture. You can now have a choice of working while sitting or standing with our Ashley Rose Roskos I Motorised Adjustable Desk. Using its smooth motor, the frame can be adjusted up to three preset heights plus a range of desk top lengths and widths to suit your work requirements. With the frame, you can choose to sit when necessary or stand whenever you need to stretch your muscles or recharge your energy level when lethargy sets in from excessive sitting. An easy-to-use control panel enables you to all your adjustments hassle-free. Other notable features include smooth, ultra-quiet operation, low energy consumption, high quality powder-coated frame and components and height-adjustable rubber footings for extra stability. Work smart and stay healthy at work with the motorised adjustable desk.
*Note: Please do not adjust desk frame to maximum length as the desk will not move up or down.
Motorised height adjustable frame
*High quality powder coated metal frame and components
*Easy-to-use control panel
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*Smooth and ultra-quiet operation
*Lengthened front leg
*Adjustable height rubber footings
*Ideal for work or home office
*Compatible with 100cm to 160cm length and 50cm to 80cm width desktops
*Easy set-up
Desk top for frame
*Contemporary design
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*Matt finish
*Matched made
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Motorised height adjustable frame
*Brand: Ashley Rose
*Generation: Roskos I
*Frame colour: White
*Input voltage: 240V/50Hz
*Power plug: Australian Standard
*Max speed: 20mm/s
*Max. load: 70kg
*Minimum height: 72cm
*Maximum height: 122cm
*Frame length: 85-130cm
*Frame width: 48cm
*Foot length: 65cm
*Compatible desktop length: 100cm to 160cm
*Compatible desktop width: 50cm to 80cm
*Control panel cable length: 1.5m
*Power cord length: 3m
Desk top for frame
*Colour: Black
*Material: Particle board
*Desk top size: 140cm x 60cm
*Thickness: 2.5cm
Package Content
1x Motorised Adjustable Desk Frame
1x Desk Top
1x Assembly Manual


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PALM CITY, Fla. (AP) _ Federal Aviation Administration officials say they're investigating three more apparent breaches of the no-fly zone above President Barack Obama's vacation spot along Florida's Atlantic coastline.
According to the FAA, a Lancair 320 allegedly entered the temporarily restricted airspace Saturday afternoon.
The plane was flying from Boca Raton to DeLand.
On Sunday morning, FAA officials say a Cessna allegedly entered the restricted flight area.
The plane landed at Okeechobee Airport.
A Robinson R44 helicopter allegedly entered the restricted zone Sunday afternoon.
The FAA says the helicopter landed at Okeechobee Airport.
Two F-16 military jets escorted a small plane away from the no-fly zone over Palm City on Saturday morning.
U.S. Army Lt. Col. Mike Humphreys said the planes forced the Cessna 152 to land in Witham Field in Stuart.


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Has Fulltext
- yes (1)
Year of publication
- 2013 (1)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (1) (remove)
- English (1) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (1) (remove)
- organic semiconductor (1) (remove)
Organic semiconductors combine the benefits of organic materials, i.e., low-cost production, mechanical flexibility, lightweight, and robustness, with the fundamental semiconductor properties light absorption, emission, and electrical conductivity. This class of material has several advantages over conventional inorganic semiconductors that have led, for instance, to the commercialization of organic light-emitting diodes which can nowadays be found in the displays of TVs and smartphones. Moreover, organic semiconductors will possibly lead to new electronic applications which rely on the unique mechanical and electrical properties of these materials. In order to push the development and the success of organic semiconductors forward, it is essential to understand the fundamental processes in these materials. This thesis concentrates on understanding how the charge transport in thiophene-based semiconductor layers depends on the layer morphology and how the charge transport properties can be intentionally modified by doping these layers with a strong electron acceptor. By means of optical spectroscopy, the layer morphologies of poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, P3HT-fullerene bulk heterojunction blends, and oligomeric polyquaterthiophene, oligo-PQT-12, are studied as a function of temperature, molecular weight, and processing conditions. The analyses rely on the decomposition of the absorption contributions from the ordered and the disordered parts of the layers. The ordered-phase spectra are analyzed using Spano's model. It is figured out that the fraction of aggregated chains and the interconnectivity of these domains is fundamental to a high charge carrier mobility. In P3HT layers, such structures can be grown with high-molecular weight, long P3HT chains. Low and medium molecular weight P3HT layers do also contain a significant amount of chain aggregates with high intragrain mobility; however, intergranular connectivity and, therefore, efficient macroscopic charge transport are absent. In P3HT-fullerene blend layers, a highly crystalline morphology that favors the hole transport and the solar cell efficiency can be induced by annealing procedures and the choice of a high-boiling point processing solvent. Based on scanning near-field and polarization optical microscopy, the morphology of oligo-PQT-12 layers is found to be highly crystalline which explains the rather high field-effect mobility in this material as compared to low molecular weight polythiophene fractions. On the other hand, crystalline dislocations and grain boundaries are identified which clearly limit the charge carrier mobility in oligo-PQT-12 layers. The charge transport properties of organic semiconductors can be widely tuned by molecular doping. Indeed, molecular doping is a key to highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Despite this vital role, it is still not understood how mobile charge carriers are induced into the bulk semiconductor upon the doping process. This thesis contains a detailed study of the doping mechanism and the electrical properties of P3HT layers which have been p-doped by the strong molecular acceptor tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane, F4TCNQ. The density of doping-induced mobile holes, their mobility, and the electrical conductivity are characterized in a broad range of acceptor concentrations. A long-standing debate on the nature of the charge transfer between P3HT and F4TCNQ is resolved by showing that almost every F4TCNQ acceptor undergoes a full-electron charge transfer with a P3HT site. However, only 5% of these charge transfer pairs can dissociate and induce a mobile hole into P3HT which contributes electrical conduction. Moreover, it is shown that the left-behind F4TCNQ ions broaden the density-of-states distribution for the doping-induced mobile holes, which is due to the longrange Coulomb attraction in the low-permittivity organic semiconductors.


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This summer's drought is not helping the wildfire situation, and the drought is also deeply harming the nation's agricultural economy. Parched lands extend from California to Indiana, and from Texas to South Dakota, impacting everyone from farmers and ranchers to barge operators and commodity traders.
As NPR's David Schaper reports, some farmers are getting close to calling it quits.
DAVID SCHAPER, BYLINE: Looking over his small, 100-acre farm near South Union, Kentucky, Rich Vernon doesn't like what he sees.
RICH VERNON: I'm walking on dry grass right now. Just brown, dry grass.
SCHAPER: Vernon says the intense drought has left nothing for his cattle and other livestock to eat but cropped weeds, so to feed them...
VERNON: I go to another county and buy hay. Everything that those cattle get now has to be bought. And I used to be able to raise it all myself. So basically, every day that I own cattle or sheep or horses or anything, anymore, is a day where I'm losing ground, losing money.
SCHAPER: Vernon is considering selling half his herd, but he's not alone. Many livestock producers are selling cattle and that's depressing prices - meaning, if he does sell, Rich Vernon, who shared his story with NPR's TALK OF THE NATION Wednesday, might not get enough money to cover all of his bills.
VERNON: My wife and I just look at each other every night and we look at our children's faces before they go to sleep, and we wonder, will this be one of the last days?
SCHAPER: Vernon is praying for a miracle - and he hopes federal disaster aid might help him hang onto his farm. His home county in Kentucky is one of dozens in the state declared a federal disaster area.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, yesterday, added another 23 counties to that disaster list, which now includes well over half the counties in the nation.
Brad Rippey is an agriculture meteorologist with the USDA. He says recent rains and cooler temperatures in some parts of the Midwest haven't helped much.
BRAD RIPPEY: The damage has really already been done. We have almost 60 percent of the U.S. pastures and range land in very poor to poor condition. We have the worst crop ratings for corn since 1988. We've broken a record for soybean ratings, very poor to poor; 39 percent was the peak earlier this month.
SCHAPER: Those poor crop ratings are leading to near record high prices, but that's not really good news, either, to farmers who's crop yields may be half or less than normal.
MIKE ZUZOLO: Almost everyone gets hurt.
SCHAPER: Mike Zuzolo is president of Global Commodity Analytics.
ZUZOLO: The implement companies, the fertilizer producers, the grain elevators, they are also hurt because they have fewer bushels to sell.
SCHAPER: Even those who may have successful crops in the nation's heartland may be hurt by the drought as they may have trouble shipping those crops to market. Barges on the Mississippi River are running aground and portions of the river are being closed, intermittently, for drudging as water levels get dangerously low in many spots.
David Schaper, NPR News. Chicago.
GREENE: This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Real estate makes a great gift! While it may be difficult to find just the right present for cherished family members or dear friends, consider the option of gifting real property this holiday season. There are many reasons real estate makes a perfect gift, whether it's your wish to provide the security and comfort of home to a loved one or you are fulfilling a family tradition by passing down a property. Estate taxes are easily avoidable with proper planning, which has led to it being referred to as the voluntary tax. We will outline below how to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season!
Bear in mind that property transferred without any form of compensation in return will be valued at the original purchase price and when sold, capital gains that will be paid by the giftee are calculated from that number. It is extremely important to know the limits on gifting assets under the current federal tax guidelines for both lifetime exemptions and annual exclusions when planning to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season. With an outright transfer of ownership, be aware that should death occur within three years of any transfer of property, the property would be subject to estate taxes. Additionally, gifting of this type could affect your medicare eligibility, if it is within 5 years of your application. Be certain you take the time to plan ahead. Ask questions until you fully understand all of the implications of any decision you make in gifting property. This affects both your own taxes and those of your beneficiaries.
Consider Joint Ownership
Another choice allowing you to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season is through joint ownership. By retitling property that was in your name only and adding your recipient, this creates a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship, meaning you have made a gift. This is a very complicated transaction however, by careful arrangements in advance probate can be avoided, saving time. Additionally, you'll be saving your heirs money. However, if there is more than one heir, this can become an extremely complicated process. This may also lead to uncomfortable situations, with all parties having to come to an agreement to sell any or all of the shares in the property. Likewise, the property becomes subject to any creditors of any of the parties with ownership. Should you still reside in the property, you may wish to consider alternative options for gifting the property, in order to avoid any unpleasantries among family members.
Open a Corporation
Owning real estate as a Limited Liability Company, or LLC is another way to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season. This protects your assets, allowing them to be passed on in their entirety after your death. LLC allows for a step-up basis at the time of death, meaning the beneficiary will receive no capital gains tax upon the sale of the property. In this most preferred method of ownership, you can take control of what happens to your estate. You can help your giftee avoid taxes by preplanning carefully. When setting out to pass down real estate through a corporation, you must be absolutely certain to create a business succession plan or an agreement between any partners, otherwise, the property will be subject to probate for distribution.
Utilize a Trust
Leaving the property as an inheritance is another method that will allow you to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season. By creating a simple trust and titling the property in the name of the trust, you can avoid probate, by naming your recipients as trust beneficiaries. One advantage in conveying property through a revocable trust is that the recipient will not incur the capital gains taxes, as the property is valued at the time of inheritance, rather than the value at the time of the original purchase. Additionally, it provides a period of protection during which the property is overseen by a trustee, responsible for the protection or distribution of the assets as outlined in the will. There are also generation-skipping trusts, should you wish to will the property directly to a grandchild, when properly executed this helps to avoid taxation upon the death of your children.
These are but a few of the many ways to gift Garner real estate to your loved ones this holiday season. At Garner Investment Company we are here to help you understand the advantages and disadvantages of each option. We stop and take the time to listen, gaining a thorough understanding of your unique circumstances. Our goal is to help you fulfill your wishes. Garner Investment Company is here to assist you with any questions you may have on giving such a thoughtful gift. Send us a message or call (919) 300-5355 today.


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Fellas, enough with the boring solid colors and plaid designs from the 1930s. Take below the belt comfort to a whole new level with custom designed Men's Boxer Briefs! These lightweight (3.84 oz) self-fabric lined boxer briefs keep you feeling comfortable and looking cool when it matters most!
.: 100% Polyester
.: Extra light fabric (3.8 oz/yd² (129 g/m²))
.: Regular fit
.: Printed care label inside
Men's Boxer Briefs


text:
To reset or generate a new PIN to access Royal St. George's, you must have a valid membership number.
Please enter your membership number, postcode and your date of birth below to confirm your identity and reset your PIN.
If we already have details of your email address, then you may be able to reset your PIN by entering your email address below. If however you don't have a valid current account, or the email address is used for more than one account, for example a husband and wife, you won't get any acknowledgment and will have to contact us directly.


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Our Authors
Interview with Owen Nee, one of our expert authors from The New China Law Library
Q: You are the author or co-author of two China Law Library titles, with a third title pending. You have also been one of the initial creators of the concept of the China Law Library. What inspired you to begin this project?
A: Chinese commercial law is an important subject for Western trained lawyers. Obviously, the fact that China's economy is now the second or third largest in the world makes its commercial law significant in international trade and foreign investment. In a deeper sense, however, Chinese commercial law is the mirror image of what common law lawyers study and practice. Chinese law is interesting because it evolved from a Communist, state-planned economic system that in a period of just thirty (30) years managed to convert itself from a backward, technologically deficient, and resource-distribution inefficient third-world albatross into a powerhouse of trade and investment. While America's regulated, market economy developed from a totally unregulated environment of laissez faire into one in which the law moderates the forces of capitalism and mercantilism, China is heading toward the same destination from the very opposite starting point.
Q: You were the founder of the China practice at Coudert Brothers, which was the first foreign law firm to establish offices in Beijing and Hong Kong after China began opening up in the 1970s. What prompted you to make this move? What did you find most challenging, most rewarding? How many other lawyers came with you, and how many other firms undertook similar moves?
A: Professor Jerome Cohen, who was of counsel to Coudert at the time, led the firm in its foray first into Hong Kong in 1973 and then into China in 1979. I had lived in Hong Kong in the 60s as a teacher at the Chinese University, where I first studied Chinese while teaching English, before going to law school. The opening of China - which was a complete reversal of the policies I had glimpsed when the Red Guards spilled over into Hong Kong in 1967 - was so profoundly revolutionary that curiosity compelled me to take whatever opportunities presented themselves. In other words, I went along for the ride. At the time, most law firms other than Coudert saw it as a millennium of effort for a miserly return.
Q: In brief, how would you describe the legal and commercial environment in China following Deng Xiaoping's assumption of power? What was the atmosphere? And has this environment changed, to the better, to the worse?
A: China was in a horrible shape and Deng Xiaoping knew it. In 1979 China invaded Vietnam in order to "teach it a lesson" for its invasion of Cambodia. China's nose was bloodied badly, but the benefit was that the military strongly endorsed Deng's policy that China must modernize or be left behind. At the time, the walls of Tiananmen Square were plastered with hand-written accounts of the horrors of the Cultural Revolution. Yet the most amazing facet of the new openness was the willingness of Chinese intellectuals - many of whom had been sent to the countryside for years - to come to the aid of their country in its announced desire to modernize China. Somehow all the bitterness accumulated during Mao's last years of insanity was set aside for the good of the people.
Q: Focusing on the Mergers and Acquisitions in China title for a moment, what would you say are the two, three most important points readers should take away in order to be in a position to ask the right questions before embarking on their own transactions?
A: It is important for anyone acquiring a business in China to consider first whether one's own business model will work in China, second whether the target company's model works, and what are the differences. For example, if the target company survives in the market place because of low-cost labor and disregard of product safety, a high-tech competitor from Europe or the United States will have to completely change the company after the acquisition. It is not purchasing a going concern, but instead a business that needs to be remade. Or, if the target company routinely engages in corrupt activities to promote its business, an American company should look elsewhere or start off on its own with a Greenfield plant. Such issues are always discovered in the due diligence process, but too often executives have already decided that "if it works for them, it will work for us."
Q: With the recent wave of product liability concerns centering on products manufactured in China, and the resulting public attention, do you have any specific recommendations for businesses and their lawyers who are currently involved in mergers, or otherwise already do business in China?
A: In most of the cases of product liability failures arising in China, the problem originates in the supply chain to the final product manufacturer. When the emphasis is only on the cost of the supply, then unregulated bandit manufacturers will find a way to put melamine in the milk or lead in the paint. In an acquisition, a buyer should study the procurement department's methods and see what sort of testing is required of a company's suppliers.
Q: You also wrote Shareholder Agreements and Joint Ventures in China. As a reader, what should I remember most before making determinations in my client's case, where my client requests my firm's handling of a pending joint venture transaction in China?
A: The first rule is that a China joint venture is different. It is not like a joint venture in any other foreign country. Outside of China, one considers a joint venture when two parties each have a particular strength that should be combined in order to overcome their several weaknesses. Joint ventures in China, however, are required in industries where the Chinese government wants technology, but not complete foreign control. Thus, today an investor does a joint venture in China when the investor wants access, but the Chinese government insists on participation directly or indirectly.
Q: Besides mergers and acquisitions and joint ventures, what additional key topics would you see as primary opportunities for publishers and authors in the wide field of Chinese law and commerce? What primary fields of development do you see for practitioners?
A: The new areas of legal practice are already emerging, like antitrust law, bankruptcy law, sophisticated financing, and commercial litigation. For publishers, besides works in these fields explaining the new laws, a modern form book of Chinese legal forms in Chinese and English would be a bestseller.
Q: Thinking back to the early days of your China law practice, would you think you would then have been surprised at the level of Chinese progress in economic and commercial matters, and legal development in the early 21st century, if someone had given you a crystal ball in the late 1970s?
A: In the late 1970s, I had serious doubts that China would make any progress at all. This all changed in the mid-1980s when the Chinese discovered the conference table. Commercial negotiations in China were conducted in the 70s in the same manner that Chinese leaders greet foreign delegations today. The leader sat in a big, wing-backed, stuffed chair facing the door, and the Chinese team sat in descending order of importance and the reverse order of subject matter knowledge, and the foreign business delegation was seated in the same fashion on the opposite side of the semi-circle. Negotiating a contract was a matter of reading and writing on one's lap, while translating phrases back and forth. It was only when China first introduced conference tables to meeting rooms that anyone ever got anything done.
Q: In the western media, China - and doing business in China - tends to give rise to concerns about China's record of human and political rights: the detention of Chinese dissidents, the 1989 Tiananmen movement and resulting government reaction, or the handling of disagreements with members of the Falun Gong, questions of Tibetan and Uyghur autonomy, Taiwan's status, to name some of the perhaps most prominent headlines. In your practice, have any of these topics proved challenging to your objectives? Do clients raise concerns about any of these matters?
A: What most Americans do not realize is that Tiananmen Square, for all of its unfortunate consequences, led to the rise of China as a nation. The 400 million pulled out of poverty have largely the students of Tiananmen Square to thank for it. The reason for this is simple: at the conclusion of the slaying of students in the Square, the Army told the Communist Party that it would never turn on the people again, and - if the Party wanted to remain in power - then it would have to think of a way to make itself popular enough with the people to do so. From that point on, the Party new that it needed to make the people wealthier no matter what and to accomplish that goal, the Party adopted the capitalist system. That is why the surge of growth takes place after 1989 throughout the 1990s and into this decade.
The question is whether the Party can keep it up during a worldwide recession. And I don't know the answer to that question.
Q: What has been the most challenging aspect of your legal career? Most inspiring?
A: Because the government wants to maintain control of economic affairs, but not appear to do so, it prohibits foreign law firms from hiring locally qualified attorneys. This prevents foreign firms from appearing in court and, when the government wishes to cloth its actions in secrecy, from dealing with certain governmental departments. Thus, practicing law in China "illegally" for over 30 years has been the greatest challenge.
It is not impossible, however, since China welcomes foreign investment and the foreign lawyers that facilitate that investment by drafting the contracts. The most inspiring part of the practice has always been that after long contract negotiations, in a year or two, a new hotel, office building, factory, automobile plant or service enterprise is up and running and the practicing lawyer can claim to have brought that to China. Unlike dealing in collaterized debt obligations, where the only product is paper and more paper if there is a default, I have always enjoyed seeing my contracts come to life as new businesses.Q: You divide your time between your offices in New York City and in Shanghai. Do you find this arrangement challenging, or mostly rewarding? And in a time where many lawyers discuss the balance of work and personal life, how do you fare?
A: For most of my career, I lived in Asia and worked in Asia. That is the way it should be done in most cases. While I now go back and forth because of family obligations and teaching at Columbia Law School, we still have a house in Shanghai and normally stay for a month at a time. Therefore, the travel is not as bad as for those who must live with perpetual jet lag.
Q: The public demise of Coudert Brothers, your old firm, was a much-watched event throughout the legal world. Where were you when this happened, and how did you react?
A: Coudert was a great firm with many great lawyers. It was the first truly international law firm, which provided a lot of interesting work, but less compensation than that of firms that specialized in securities and litigation. Because the markets in London and New York were extremely strong for finance lawyers in 2004 and 2005, the younger partners in London left to join Orrick and the New York partners decided that they could all do better at other firms. Essentially, the younger partners voted to liquidate.
I was in New York at the time, having just returned that year from Shanghai intending to pass on my clients and retire to a more academic life-style. So I felt very badly when the younger partners were not willing to stay with the firm during a brief downturn in 2005; given today's crisis among the financial firms that most of them joined, I seriously doubt that they are now as well off as if they had kept Coudert going with our traditional foreign client base.
Q: Where do you see similarities between the legal systems of China and the United States, especially regarding commercial interests, and where do both systems diverge the most?
A: The two systems, one of which started from complete state planning and the other from a point of no regulation, are coming closer together at an alarming speed. China continues to liberalize its economy and the United States is about to enter a new period of regulatory growth. Both countries practice regulated capitalism in their financial systems and market mechanics in their domestic trade - with China holding somewhat greater legal powers to intervene in the process than the United States government, but less able to immediately enforce its will upon market participants because of rule of law issues.
The only clear difference remaining is that the United States is a two party system and China is a one party system. So to the extent that the Democrats and Republicans are different from each other, then maybe China and the United States are different.
Q: Many people are concerned about the enforcement of judicial or arbitration awards in certain foreign countries, China not being an exception. Is China giving us the sort of legal certainty and judicial/dispute resolution platform American lawyers and their clients might wish to see?
A: No. Clearly, courts in China are way behind the level of independence and even-handed justice that American courts offer. Courts are not independent by the constitution and the legislature retains the right to finally decide and say what a particular statute means - not the courts.
Corruption of the judiciary by the local bar is so bad in fact that it is now one of the chief complaints of foreign investors.
Q: A topic very much on everyone's mind is the current economic situation here in the U.S. and abroad. Would you share your thoughts on the situation, both in the U.S. and in China, and how the developments might affect doing business in China?
A: Setting aside the causes of the current economic slump, both the Communist Party of China and the Democrats in America need to solve the problem to remain in power. The difference between the countries is that the United States has a system where a change of government is not only peaceful, but routine. China does not.
This makes it more likely that China will solve the problem first, since the stakes matter more to the decision-makers who currently govern. The Democrats - even if they lost in 2012 - know their turn will come again; not the Communist Party of China.
But while the incentives to solve the problem may be greater, the problem is tougher. Over 40% of China's GDP comes from exports. Between protectionism and drop in demand, revitalizing this sector or replacing it with domestic demand is hard to do. For example, China's bank loans in January amounted to 1.62 trillion Yuan (237.19 billion U.S. dollars), an increase of 814.1 billion Yuan, or 103.6 percent, from 2008's same month, the People's Bank of China, the central bank, said Thursday. This increase in lending is due to government, which owns or controls all of the banks, ordering them to start lending. Although the Federal Reserve has injected trillions of US Dollars and the Treasury has liberally spread the TARP among American banks, they are still not lending because even though they take the government's money, they don't take the government's orders.
I think we may learn a very interesting economic lesson from this situation. If government action can solve a recession, then China will come out of the recession first and within a relatively short period replace the United States as the world's dominant economic power. But if government action cannot solve a recession, and only human ingenuity, new ideas and new products can do so, then the United States will come out of the recession slightly ahead of China and will maintain its position for some considerable period.
Q: If asked to sum up in a few words, where do you see China in five, ten, maybe even 20 years, in terms of its economy, its status among global powers, and its overall development?
A: In 20 years, China will have become a liberal democracy with many political parties, many of which may be regionally based. Its economy will be equal to or have surpassed that of the United States, but growth rates in both economies will be about the same, so that the relative positions - notwithstanding China's large population advantage - will continue for some time to come.
What I am not sure of is the next five to 10 years and whether China's transformation to a liberal democracy will be slow and steady or pockmarked by periods of violence and revolution.
One would tend to bet on slow and steady, since the Chinese are a very practical people with good judgment. It is difficult, however, to think of an example of when a king or single party gave up power to liberal, democratic reformers willingly.
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NexusDB has an internal event infrastructure that you can hook into by means of Monitors and Extenders. Monitors/Extenders allow to change the default behavior of database events that are fired on particular changes or conditions that occur within NexusDB's core engine. These function very much like triggers but due to its integration into the core of the database engine are actually much more powerful. Monitors and extenders always work together.
Some background information
Monitors get notified on creation of server internal objects such as sessions, databases, cursors, ... At this time the monitor can instantiate extenders and attach them to these objects.
Extenders can be attached to a variety of server internal objects. Once created they get notifications of events occurring within these objects (e.g. the posting of a record in a Cursor object) and can stop, change or extend the default behavior (e.g. disallowing post for certain users).
Monitors and Extenders can be used for many purposes: logging, custom security systems, referential integrity, ...
The event mechanism within NexusDB is extensive and complete; Monitors and Extenders empower you to exploit this mechanism.
An example - Keeping track of last update time of a record
An often needed requirement is to keep track when a record was created or last updated. This sounds easy to implement on the client side on first sight. Just use the OnBeforePost event of the TDataset and change the date. Well, bad luck if you're using a C/S solution that is running clients in different time zones for example. You will end up in a big mess.
Luckily this can be implement very easily in NexusDB. Here's how.
Steps needed:
• | Add a Created and LastUpdated field with type TDateTime to the table |
• | Create a Monitor/Extender combo |
• | Implement the methods for the Monitor class |
• | Implement the methods for the Extender class |
• | Add an instance of the Monitor to the Server, set the properties and recompile the server |
Add a Created and LastUpdated field with type TDateTime to the table
Now that's pretty simple and straightforward, isn't it? If you haven't already, please download and unzip the Demo Database into a directory of your choice. Then start the NexusDB Enterprise Manager (nxEnterpriseManager.exe). In the Servers window double click the Internal Server entry. The databases you've added in earlier sessions will appear now. Select the database pointing to the Demo Database directory or if that doesn't exist, add a new Database by clicking the right mouse button and selecting New Database Alias. Open the database by double clicking and press the right mouse button on the CD Table. In the menu select the Redefine item. In the dialog window that appears please add the two fields as shown here:
Please note the selection of the CurrentDateTime descriptors in the Default Descriptor column. This will for all new records set both fields to the Server time of the record creation. In other words that means that we don't have to bother with setting the Created date manually for newly added records.
Hint: Default Value Descriptors In NexusDB every field is set to a certain default value when a new record is created and is in the default setting the constant NULL. When defining the structure of a table the developer can assign a different value as Default Value to each field or can assign a different Default Value descriptor. Readily available descriptors are Const and CurrentDateTime. The developer can implement his own descriptors and register them into the NexusDB server if required. Please note that the default values will be applied to newly added fields on restructure of the table. They are not applied to already existing fields, even if they are NULL. |
When you have added the new fields press the Restructure button and repeat the same for the Tracks table. The two tables now have these new fields which are initialized to the restructure time. We have now prepared the data structure and can commence to step 2.
Create a Monitor/Extender combo
As mentioned above a monitors and extenders always work together. So we will now create a monitor that will get notified every time a new NexusDB server object is created. For this we will create a new package so we can register and install it into the Delphi component palette.
Start Delphi, and select New->Other from the File menu. In the New Items dialog select Package from the New tab and press ok. This will create new Delphi package project. Press CTRL-S and save the new project to your liking. Now press the Add button to create a new component. Fill out the New Component tab of the popping up dialog like this:
Press the OK button and Delphi will create new unit including the component registration code for you. Press CTRL-S to save the unit to nxLastUpdatedMonitor.pas. If you compile and install the package now Delphi will add a new component to the NexusDB palette.
We've successfully created and installed our own monitor class, so it's time now to add the code for our own extender.
Implement the methods for the Monitor class
Since every extenders has to be descended from nxBaseEngineExtender, we define our own class descendet from it. For this we add the following code to the interface of nxLastUpdatedMonitor:
TnxLastUpdatedExtender = class(TnxBaseEngineExtender)
As mentioned above, the monitor will later be attached to a ServerEngine and get notified by this engine about every creation of a server object (which are all descendants of TnxExtendableServerObject). This notification is done by calling the ExtendableObjectCreated method of the monitor, which is defined as
procedure ExtendableObjectCreated(aExtendableObject : TnxExtendableServerObject); override;
The purpose of a monitor is to attach a certain extender instance to the object created. To do this we simply override above method and create an instance of our TnxLastUpdatedExtender class.
procedure TnxLastUpdatedMonitor.ExtendableObjectCreated(
aExtendableObject: TnxExtendableServerObject);
// check if the Object created was a cursor
if aExtendableObject is TnxAbstractCursor then
TnxLastUpdatedExtender.Create(self, aExtendableObject);
As you can see we first check, if the object created at the server is a TnxAbstractCursor descendant. As we want to extend inserting and updating of records, we only want to attach our extender to cursors, and not to e.g. sessions.
Hint: Make sure to attach your server to the needed server objects only! An extender is typically only interested in a small subset of all available notification events. Attaching extenders to objects that never will trigger the needed notifications is unnecessary and will influence the performance of the whole server (if used excessively). As a consequence always think about what you want to achieve and which objects you want to attach to. The most important ones are
We now have a system in place, that will monitor the creation of server objects and if a cursor is created we attach an instance of our extender to it. So all that is left is the actual implementation of the notification handler.
Implement the methods for the Extender class
Let's look at the methods of TnxBaseEngineExtender and we find
function Notify(aAction : TnxEngineAction; aBefore : Boolean;
const aArgs : array of const) : TnxResult; override;
This function is called for every functional call inside the server objects. Since our extender is attached to a cursor this can be eaRecordGet, eaRecordInsert, eaRecordModify or eaRecordDelete. For a complete list of notifications and the arguments, please look here. Back to our notification handler - what do we have to do:
• | first we check for the correct notification id |
• | then we will check if we are dealing with a table |
• | we look for the LastUpdate field and if the field is of the correct type (DateTime) |
• | then we need to convert the current date & time to the internal NexusDB storage format |
• | and at last replace the field value in new record buffer. |
The source code for above steps looks like this:
function TnxLastUpdatedExtender.Notify(aAction : TnxEngineAction;
aBefore : Boolean; const aArgs : array of const) : TnxResult;
lFieldIndex : Integer;
lLen : Integer;
lBuffer : PnxByteArray;
lRecordBuffer : PnxByteArray;
lCursor : TnxAbstractCursor;
lDateTime : Variant;
Result := DBIERR_NONE;
// if the action is a eaRecordModify we will now set the field LastUpdate
// (if available!) to be the current datatime. this field will then
// always hold the LastChange date.
if ((aAction in [eaRecordModify]) and aBefore) then begin
// since we already know that the object we are attached to is a cursor
// we can savely cast the object to a TnxAbstractCursor
lCursor := TnxAbstractCursor(beeExtendableObject);
// first we check if this is a table. after all it could be a specialized
// cursor that has nothing to do with our purpose
// if yes we also need to check if this is the right table
// if no we've nothing to do
if not (lCursor is TnxServerCursor) then
// next we check if there IS a field LastUpdated
// if not we've nothing to do
lFieldIndex := lCursor.Dictionary.GetFieldFromName('LastUpdated');
if lFieldIndex < 0 then
// check for the correct fieldtype!
// if wrong we've nothing to do
if lCursor.Dictionary.FieldDescriptor[lFieldIndex].fdType <> nxtDateTime then
// now we need to convert the value we want to set to the internal
// storage value, as we are working on low level here.
// for convenience we use the VariantToNative from the nxSQLProxies unit
lDateTime := now;
// get the field length
lLen := lCursor.Dictionary.FieldDescriptor[lFieldIndex].fdLength;
// get a buffer for the internal data
nxGetMem(lBuffer, lLen);
VariantToNative(nxtDateTime, lDateTime, lBuffer, lLen);
// get the record buffer from the passed parameters
// for eaRecordModify the aArgs[0] is a pointer to a byte array to the
// new record buffer
lRecordBuffer := PnxByteArray(aArgs[0].VPChar);
// finally set the field
// first get the field
// pass in the passed parameter for the record buffer
// pass in the value of the field
// free the buffer
nxFreeMem(lBuffer, lLen);
I admit it looks long and complex at first sight. Actually it is not, it's just a bit different from what we are used to, but essentially it's the same as doing a FindField followed by a Field.AsDateTime:=Now.
The majority of the code is to check the environment of the notification and if we can apply the new value. The main reason for this being a bit more complicated than the way we're used to is, that we need to use the low level routines of the data dictionary to access fields.
As all fields in NexusDB are stored in a native format we also need to convert the TDateTime value accordingly. As mentioned in the comment we use the VariantToNative function defined in nxSQLProxies. For NexusDB V1 this will add a dependency to the SQL package to our package (for V2 these will be moved to a different place). If you don't want this you need to copy them into our package sources.
To compile the above you need to add nxllTypes, nxllBDE, nxsdTypes, nxsqlProxies, nxsrServerEngine and nxllMemoryManager to the uses clause of our unit. That's it, the Monitor/Extender combo is implemented. Let's use it!
Add an instance of the Monitor to the Server
The rest is trivial. Open the nxServer project in Delphi. Load nxdmServer.pas and drag a TnxLastUpdateMonitor on the data module form.
Set the ServerEngine property of the monitor to the server engine, ActiveRuntime to True (if you want it to auto start by default) and make sure that the Enabled property is True.
Recompile the server and run. You should now see nxLastUpdatedMonitor1 entry in the Database Settings tree view. We now have a server that automatically updates LastUpdated fields (of type DateTime) in all tables.
To test it, just open a table with this field in Enterprise Manager and modify it. Congratulations, you've built your first Monitor/Extender for NexusDB.
Now that you know how to do it you can use that knowledge to extend and/or change the functionality of NexusDB core to your liking.


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