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Patterned Short-Sleeve Unisex T-Shirt | Colorful 60s Style | Mid Century Geometric
Explore our Retro Aesthetic Style T-shirts collection
Patterned Short-Sleeve Unisex T-Shirt | Colorful 60s Style | Mid Century Geometric
Wear the retro look with this awesome vintage 60s, Mid-Century Modern style, colorful geometric shapes patterned t-shirt, from our Mid-Century Geometric Collection. This, colorful, luxury feel 60s retro style has a multicolored geometric shapes pattern design, injecting that all important vintage vibrancy into your day - and what could be better than the gorgeous tones of pink, purple, orange and turquoise?
Choose from black, white, navy, dark heather and sport grey.
Free delivery from our online shop. We ship internationally. Created by independent graphic artists.
For more choices around this surface pattern design go to billingtonpix.com/collections/mid-ce. . . Show More > -
Product Details
• 100% ring-spun cotton
• Sport Grey is 90% ring-spun cotton, 10% polyester
• Dark Heather is 65% polyester, 35% cotton
• 4.5 oz/y² (153 g/m²)
• Pre-shrunk
• Double stitched neckline and sleeves
• Unisex regular fit
• Shoulder-to-shoulder taping
• Quarter-turned to avoid crease down the centreNB. This is an original product design, printed from photographic art from the BillingtonPix catalogue. we specialise in printed contemporary retro printed products and designs for homewares, apparel, personal accessories, stationery and more.
Creation and Delivery of your Order
• All products are made to order from distributed fulfilment centres around the world
• We offer FREE SHIPPING on all our products
• It takes 2-7 business days to make your product
• 97% of orders are shipped within 5 business days
• 50% of orders are shipped within 3 business days or fewer
• Shipping to the US and UK usually takes 2-5 business days.NEW: For our UK Customers we are now pleased to announce that we are able to fulfil your t-shirt orders from within the UK, meaning a much faster shipment to you!
Please note, some of our orders (eg multiple orders containing different products) are still shipped from within the EU and Customs Duty might be levied in some situations. It is up to customers to investigate whether or not this might be the case. BillingtonPix is not responsible for any charges levied. Find out more from our Shipping Policy.
Size Guide
Here is a guide to how to measure and size yourself up for our t-shirts: First measure yourself; then find your size in the size chart (inches or cm); then pick out your size according to our t-shirt measurements.
1. Measure Yourself
Product measurements may vary by up to 2" (5 cm).
2. Find your size
Size chart (cm)
Size chart (inches)
3. Compare your size to our t-shirt measurements
These measurements are provided by our supplier. Product measurements may vary by up to 2" (5 cm).
Find your size (inches)
Find your size (cm)
NB, our t-shirts are made in a regular, unisex fit. Please ensure that you have identified the correct size prior to ordering.
Some FAQs you might want to know
BillingtonPix was set up during the first UK lockdown in 2020 in order to release a long pent up burst of energy, colour and pattern that had been developing deep inside Matthew's imaginative head. Matthew began, initially with photography, but then with retro style patterns, designing from his small office in London. He worked into the small hours of the endless lockdown days and nights to release all the designs he had developed over the last few years. It's a labour of love to exhibit these vintage designs on BillingtonPix.com. The name BillingtonPix comes from the first street his ancestors lived on when they came over from Ireland to Manchester in 1850.
You can find out more on our About Us page.
How We Make Things
All our products are made to order by printing our designs on the item you have purchased. Depending on the product, fulfillment will usually occur almost immediately and can take a couple of days to complete. The location of where you would like your product delivered will normally decide where exactly the item is produced. For the most part, we use premises in Latvia to cover most of Europe, including the UK. For USA it is likely that your product would be fulfilled in North Carolina. From there it is shipped directly to you, which can take on average 2-7 business days depending on your exact whereabouts.
In certain cases, for example, where a fulfillment centre becomes out of stock, we will use the next nearest location to you for completion of your order as quickly as we can.
Where possible, the products we choose to sell are ethically made and fulfilled as near as possible to you. For example, our greeting cards are produced using water-based inks and on paper recommended by the Forestry Commission. You can find out more on our Ethical and Environmental policy.
Fabric Care
We always recommend that our fabric products are washed in cool water using a mild detergent. Due to the nature of the printing process it is possible that the ink might fade over time.
Online Ordering
Currently we only sell online, which allows us to keep our prices as low as possible. We deliver all our products internationally.
International Shipping
Because we fulfill your order relatively local to you, we are able to offer free international shipping to most destinations. Sometimes, however, due to extreme postal charges, this might not always be possible. Please verify during checkout to ensure you are aware of any additional charges. This depends on a combination of the size of the item to be delivered plus the destination. For the EU and UK we are happy to maintain free delivery. For USA 75% of our products can be delivered for free. For all other places, please do check.
Please note, we are aware that some countries will apply an import duty and / or extra delivery charge on some items. Please ensure you have investigated what impact this might have for your order. BillingtonPix is not responsible for any additional charges other than those taken during the checkout process, or any abandoned packages.
Missing Orders
In the unfortunate scenario where your order does not arrive, please contact us after 30 days. We do not set this limit ourselves, but rather it is required by our fulfillment partners. We will request a replacement on your behalf.
Refunds and Returns
Because of the nature of the product being created to order we are unfortunately not able to return unwanted products. However if you are unhappy with your purchase please do email us via our online contact form or any of the other means of communication stated on that page.
Damaged Goods
If your order arrives damaged, or incorrectly processed, please get in touch, including clear photographs to show us what the issue is exactly. We will always work our hardest to rectify any problem that might occur.
Thankfully, for the most part, Covid19 is becoming a bit more controllable. However delays do still occur sometimes. Please check our Covid-19 update page for more information and for links for real-time delivery statuses.
Be happy, be retro
We want you to enjoy the vintage aesthetic of our products and designs as much as we do. Please let us know via the feedback forms on each product page, or just email us. We are always delighted to hear from our wonderful customers!


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Referral Line: 484-628-HELP
Reading Hospital: 484-628-8000
Toll Free: 1-866-988-4377
Reading Health System Menu
Request an Appointment
Health Library
Children who bite others cause a great deal of concern for the parents. The parents of the child who has been bitten are also usually very concerned about infection. Biting is an unacceptable behavior that needs to be stopped at an early age to prevent it from happening again.
Biting is fairly common in young children, and it's often worrisome to adults. A family member, playmate, or classmate at daycare or preschool may be the one bitten. Biting can be painful and frightening when it happens. It upsets other children and often angers teachers and other adults.
There are many reasons for biting. Some are listed below.
Experimental biting is done by babies and toddlers as they explore their world. They put everything in their mouths and sometimes bite in the process. You can help decrease biting by telling them, "No—biting hurts!" and being firm. Offer them things that they can safely bite on, such as teething rings.
Frustration biting happens when young children become frustrated and unable to cope with a situation. Until they learn how to play cooperatively, they may respond to the demands of other children by hitting or biting. Some helpful guidelines for decreasing this type of biting include:
Keep playtimes short and groups small.
Supervise young children's play closely. Try to recognize frustration and intervene before the biting happens.
If biting happens, say, "No, don't bite. Biting hurts." and remove your child from the situation right away. Stay with your child and help them to calm down. Explore other, better ways to handle the situation with your child, so they learn to handle emotions differently next time.
Powerless biting happens when a child is in need of feeling powerful. Sometimes, the youngest child in the family uses biting to gain power. To help prevent this type of biting:
Make sure your child feels protected and is not always being "picked on" by others.
Explain the situation to bigger or older children and get their help to make things more equal.
If biting happens, tell your child that they are not to bite and remove them from the situation right away. Stay with your child and help them to calm down. Explore other, better ways to handle the situation with your child, so they learn to handle emotions differently next time.
Stressful biting is done when a child is under a lot of emotional stress. Biting may be a sign of distress or pain when the child is upset or angry. If this occurs:
Try to find out what is bothering your child. Watch for what happens right before the biting happens. Notice what kind of attention the child gets right after they bite someone.
Help your child to find other ways to express their feelings. Let them know that biting is wrong and remove them from the situation right away.
If your child bites, respond firmly, but calmly, to the biting. Let your child know that you disapprove and remove them from the situation. Help your child learn new ways to handle things. If your child bites repeatedly, be sure to talk with your child's healthcare provider about the problem.
While every child is different, the following are some recommendations that may be used to help with the child who bites:
Be firm. Tell your child that you will not accept biting and why. Tell them biting hurts others.
Offer another behavior the child may use instead of biting. If the child bites because they are angry, have the child come to you and tell you this instead. A child who is younger than 18 months may need a toy that is allowed to be chewed on.
If you catch your child biting, use a firm "no" to stop the behavior, or try to stop the child before the biting actually happens.
Use time-out if your child bites or take away a favorite toy or activity.
Don't bite your child for biting someone else. This teaches your child that biting is still acceptable. Don't bite your child in a playful manner, because this might teach them to bite others.
Give praise when your child does not bite.
Don't force your child and the child who is bitten to play together.
Don't give too much attention to the child who bites after the incident. This may actually reinforce the behavior.

subset: commoncrawl


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[ Home ] [ Books ] [ Encyclopedia ]
The ancient Greek Gods and Goddess contain a wealth of stories and legends, wrapped in Myths which typically provide a story with a morale code designed to influence the reader into behaviour as fitting Greek culture of the era.
In this article, we look at Melanippus and the myths and legends surrounding Melanippus, Melanippus relationship to and with other Greek Gods and Goddess and key events and stories which relate to ancient astrology and the changing seasons.
Introduction | Century & Verses
Prophecies | Biography
Myths | Locations
Four Riders | King Solomon | David & Goliath
Egypt | Leo | Virgo
Libra | Scorpio | Sagittarius


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Finding the right home for you is your primary goal, but enjoying it with a lower payment and better mortgage terms is a very important secondary goal. We've researched and worked with many mortgage brokers and lenders in the Derby real estate markets, and we'll help you to contact those that are the best fit for you and your financial picture.
The normal mortgage for working families – Just because there's nothing special about your income stream, and you're getting a paycheck every week, that doesn't mean that there won't be differences in mortgages and lenders for your needs. Every mortgage broker and most lenders tend to work within their own requirements and procedures, and these may or may not be the friendliest terms for a salaried or hourly wage earner. We know which are going to treat you right and give you the best terms, and we'll guide you to them.
The self–employed borrower – Since the mortgage and housing crisis that began in 2007, it's become a grueling process for a business owner or self–employed person to get a mortgage. Documentation of income and expenses is much more detailed, and we're up–to–date on all of it. We'll steer you toward multiple sources for great mortgages for the self–employed.
Less than stellar credit – All types of lenders have become tougher in our new financial environment, and it's easy to get a ding or two on your credit these days. It doesn't even take a mistake or late payment, as credit scores are reduced for the amount and ratio of debt, as well as types of debt. Millions of people pay their bills on time and still don't have those high end credit scores. We know the lenders in the Derby and Newport City real estate markets ready to provide good mortgages for less than high end credit scores, and we'll tell you who they are.
ARMs and When They're Appropriate – Though most residential home buyers are buying a home they intend to occupy for a number of years, on average around the country at least eight, this isn't always the case. Also, investors may be looking at a shorter ownership time frame. ARMs, Adjustable Rate Mortgages, are appropriate if the plan is to own a home seven or fewer years, particularly five or fewer. Because the lender is tying up their money for a shorter defined time period, they loan at lower interest rates. ARMs can result in hundreds of dollars a month in lower payments in some cases. They can also allow a buyer to qualify for a larger home. However, this isn't generally a great practice, as once the ARMs fixed rate interest period is over, rates can escalate more than expected.
Financial Disclosure and Deal-To-Closing Considerations – Especially after the mortgage and housing problems that began in 2007, lenders and their underwriters are scrutinizing financial, income and expense information much more closely than ever before. Be prepared to dig out a lot of documentation, and it's best to be forthcoming with any financial information that impacts your ability to pay the mortgage payment. Even if it's not asked for early in the process, be prepared for questions and requests for documents throughout the process. Also, it's highly recommended that you not add any credit card or other debt between the purchase contract and the closing. Just before closing, most lenders will do another credit check and a check for any liens or encumbrances.
Watch the Fees and Question Them – There are a number of fees associated with getting a mortgage, and the total of origination and other fees is usually the highest closing cost aggregate item in the deal. Never hesitate to ask about all fees, why they're charged and why they're a certain amount and how they're calculated. It's your money, and you're the customer.


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GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney insists that when it comes to health care, his first priority is the full repeal of the 2010 Affordable Care Act.
But some of his actions of the past few days have conservatives scratching their heads.
First, there was the appointment of Mike Leavitt, a former Utah governor and Health and Human Services secretary, to lead a potential Romney transition team.
Since leaving office at the end of George W. Bush's term, Leavitt has been running a group that has, among other things, been working to help states implement key portions of the law Romney has vowed to eliminate.
Needless to say, that didn't go over well among those who worry that Romney might not really be serious about obliterating the federal health law, which bears a striking resemblance to the one he signed as governor of Massachusetts. (More on that in a moment.)
"The fact that Romney picked Leavitt suggests he really doesn't mind Obamacare that much, and that he is just saying whatever he needs to say to get what he wants," blogged Michael Cannon of the libertarian Cato Institute. Cannon, by the way, has produced this video, which directly challenges Leavitt's business model by arguing why states should notestablish health exchanges.
Which brings us back to Romney and his Massachusetts plan. The Wall Street Journal has unearthed some old emails the Romney folks didn't manage to destroy suggesting that the former governor and some of his closest aides were even more in favor of the "individual mandate" than was formerly known.
But it's not just old emails where Romney's penchant to defend the mandate sneaks out. Here's how he described the Massachusetts law during a January GOP debate in Jacksonville:
"If you don't want to buy insurance, then you have to help pay for the cost of the state picking up your bill, because under federal law if someone doesn't have insurance, then we have to care for them in the hospitals, give them free care. So we said, no more, no more free riders. We are insisting on personal responsibility."
Of course he ended his thought by vowing, once again, to repeal the federal law, because he said, unlike the Massachusetts version, it "takes over health care for the American people."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Analytics drives innovation
Three guideposts that lead to analytics success
by Fiona McNeill, Product Marketing, SAS
Being innovative is about the journey, not the destination. And in order to be innovative, companies need to guide themselves into an analytical path.
Why? By implementing analytically driven insight, monitoring analytically modeled outcomes and improving those models over time, an organization will continue to learn. Did that new customer target audience respond to the campaign? Was the increase in sales as forecasted? Was that transaction potentially a fraudulent act?
Converting the analytic environment into an operational process drives innovation. If the targeted customers didn't respond as predicted – and based on their feedback and observed behavior since the campaign – you know that you need to communicate differently.
The organization's strategy should direct the analytical environment, and the analytical environment should support the company's strategy.
This relationship between organizational strategy and the analytical environment is built in three distinct stages. These stages may be performed at different points along an analytics maturity timeline, or they can occur simultaneously.
Stage 1: Long-term informational insight
This type of analysis is what helps organizations identify trends and evaluate business scenarios. Data warehousing, data marts, data lakes, virtualized repositories, online analytical processing (OLAP), reports and interactive visual analysis on loosely coupled sources typically support this stage.
At this stage, users are concerned with presenting information about past and current behavior (e.g., sales by region, branches, products) and, of course, changes that have occurred over time.
You can easily replace sales with any other business issue or element (churn, subscriptions, claims, investments, accounts, etc.). You can also replace other dimensions (region, branch and product) by any business factor you may be interested in analyzing. You can't replace the dimension of time, however; time is always a constant in this exploratory analytical approach.
Often there is a production environment that provides source data for this kind of analytic effort, but while the data may be present, the ability to easily analyze it may not.
Analytics at this stage provides fact-based informational insights, helping to align the organization, orient the next action and even shape your strategy.
Stage 2: Internal and external environment mapping
This mapping can include market considerations, customers' behaviors, competitors' actions, and details regarding the products and services that your organization offers.
Questions explored in this stage include:
- How profitable are my products and services?
- How well have they been adopted by the target audience?
- How well do they suit my customers' needs?
Statistical analysis helps provide the answers using correlations, topic identification and association statistics methods. And often there's an analytical environment that's made available to perform such queries.
This stage of analysis is performed on demand, when business departments request deep information about a particular business issue. It differs from Stage 1 in that there typically isn't a production environment to provide real-time answers. Nor is there a predefined web portal, or any other type of interface for rapidly responding to questions.
Stage 2 analytics provides likelihoods and degrees of accuracy associated with quantified patterns. This allows organizations to identify the merits of particular scenarios or characteristics that help direct efforts to improve or change current activity.
Stage 3: Corporate strategy alignment
The development and deployment of analytical models is directed by core business goals such as product expansion (with cross-sell or up-sell initiatives), attrition prevention, fraud identification and risk mitigation. Data- and text-mining models, forecasting and other methods that use artificial intelligence, machine learning or statistics commonly support these types of endeavors.
Supervised and unsupervised models are deployed to classify and predict particular events and to recognize groups of similar behaviors. Success of the effort is monitored to evaluate if the subscribed business change occurred, and if not, adjustments are made.
Stage 3 analytics provides scenario detection for guiding future operational and organizational actions.
At its core, analytics provide a foundation for data-driven innovation, creating and delivering new knowledge, and accessible information. Each of these stages might support insights and decisions for different members of the organization, based on their roles and responsibilities.
The difference with analytically mature, innovative organizations, however, is that these insights are universally accessible – whether you work in HR, finance, sales, logistics, marketing or services. The data is recognized as a corporate asset and analytical methods become intellectual property.
Innovation demands change
Innovation means we make a conscious effort to address a particular situation and put into place something that may never have been tried before. It means pursuing an idea and determining if it is valid, feasible, consistent, understandable, comprehensive and applicable.
Innovation is a trial-and-error process. And in this respect, innovation means to try – sometimes getting it right and making things better, and sometimes not.
Fiona McNeill is Global Product Marketing Manager at SAS and oversees the product marketing and messaging for specific SAS technologies. With a background in applying analytics to real-world business scenarios, she focuses on the automation of analytic insight in both business and application processing. She has worked with organizations across a variety of industries, understanding their business and helping them derive tangible benefit from their strategic use of technology.
Read More
- The new book by Fiona McNeill and co-author, Carlos Pinheiro, The Heuristics in Analytics is now available.
- Return to Analytics Insights
Book Excerpt
- Read the first chapter of Heuristics in Analytics: A Practical Perspective of What Influences Our Analytical World.


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Ray Charles #3 Metal Print
by Retro Images Archive
Product Details
Ray Charles #3 metal print by Retro Images Archive. Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of a metal print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 1/16" thick aluminum. The aluminum sheet is offset from the wall by a 3/4" thick wooden frame which is attached to the back. The high gloss of the aluminum sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results.
Design Details
Pioneer of Rhythm and Blues music Ray Charles.
Ships Within
3 - 4 business days
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Artist's Description
Pioneer of Rhythm and Blues music Ray Charles.


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The programme catalogue holds details of all taught programmes running in the current academic year as well as showing historic data for previous years and provisional data for future academic years. This is a source of information for all staff and students and complements the prospectus details for applicants.
Programmes are the structured combinations of units that lead to awards (e.g. BA, BSc, MA, etc).
See our approval process for information on revising and setting up new units and programmes.


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Before analyzing a company for investment, it's important to have a perspective on how well the business has performed. Because at the end of the day, if you are an investor, you are buying the business. The FAST Graphs™ presented with this article will focus first on the business behind the stock. The orange line on the graph plots earnings per share since 2002. A quick glance vividly reveals the historical operating record of the company. Ryder System, Inc. (NYSE:R) is a FORTUNE 500® commercial transportation, logistics and supply chain management solutions company.
This article will reveal the business prospects of Ryder System, Inc. (NYSE:R) through the lens of FAST Graphs – fundamentals analyzer software tool. Therefore, it is offered as the first step before a more comprehensive research effort. Our objective is to provide companies that have excellent historical records and appear reasonably priced based on past, present and future data and expectations.
A quick glance at the graph itself and the orange earnings justified valuation line will tell the readers volumes about how well the company has historically been managed and performed as an operating business. Simply put, the reader should ask whether this example is worthy of a greater investment of their time and effort based on the data as presented and organized. The FAST Graphs' unique advantage is the graphical articulation of the price value proposition.
Earnings Determine Market Price: The following earnings and price correlated F.A.S.T. Graphs™ clearly illustrates the importance of earnings. The Earnings Growth Rate Line or True Worth™ Line (orange line with white triangles) is correlated with the historical stock price line. On graph after graph the lines will move in tandem. If the stock price strays away from the earnings line (over or under), inevitably it will come back to earnings.
Earnings & Price Correlated Fundamentals-at-a-Glance
A quick glance at the historical earnings and price correlated FAST Graphs™ on Ryder System, Inc. (NYSE:R) shows a picture of slight undervaluation based upon the historical earnings growth rate of 10% and a current P/E of 13.5. Analysts are forecasting the earnings growth to continue at about 12%, and when you look at the forecasting graph below, the stock appears slightly undervalued (it's inside of the value corridor of the five orange lines – based on future growth).
Ryder System Inc: Historical Earnings, Price, Dividends and Normal P/E Since 2002
Performance Table Ryder System Inc
The associated performance results with the earnings and price correlated graph, validates the principles regarding the two components of total return: capital appreciation and dividend income. Dividends are included in the total return calculation and are assumed paid, but not reinvested.
When presented separately like this, the additional rate of return a dividend paying stock produces for shareholders becomes undeniably evident. In addition to the 9% Annualized ROR (w/o Div) (green circle), long-term shareholders of Ryder System Inc, assuming an initial investment of $10,000, would have received an additional $4,451.56 in total dividends paid (blue highlighting) that increased their Annualized ROR (w/o Div) from 9% to a Total Annualized ROR plus Dividends Paid of 10.5% versus 4.3% in the S&P 500.
The following graph plots the historical P/E ratio (the dark blue line) in conjunction with 10-year Treasury note interest. Notice that the current price earnings ratio on this quality company is as normal as it has been since 2002.
A further indication of valuation can be seen by examining a company's current P/S ratio relative to its historical P/S ratio. The current P/S ratio for Ryder System Inc is .50 which is historically normal.
Looking to the Future
Extensive research has provided a preponderance of conclusive evidence that future long-term returns are a function of two critical determinants:
1. The rate of change (growth rate) of the company's earnings
2. The price or valuation you pay to buy those earnings
Forecasting future earnings growth, bought at sound valuations, is the key to safe, sound and profitable performance.
The Estimated Earnings and Return Calculator Tool is a simple yet powerful resource that empowers the user to calculate and run various investing scenarios that generate precise rate of return potentialities. Thinking the investment through to its logical conclusion is an important component towards making sound and prudent commonsense investing decisions.
The consensus of 15 leading analysts reporting to Capital IQ forecast Ryder System Inc's long-term earnings growth at 12%. Ryder System Inc has high long-term debt at 71% of capital. Ryder System Inc is currently trading at a P/E of 13.5, which is inside the value corridor (defined by the five orange lines) of a maximum P/E of 18. If the earnings materialize as forecast, based upon forecasted earnings growth of 12%, Ryder System Inc's share price would $129.82 at the end of 2018 (brown circle on EYE Chart), which would represent a 16.6% annual rate of total return which includes dividends paid (yellow highlighting).
Earnings Yield Estimates
Discounted Future Cash Flows: All companies derive their value from the future cash flows (earnings) they are capable of generating for their stakeholders over time. Therefore, because Earnings Determine Market Price in the long run, we expect the future earnings of a company to justify the price we pay.
Since all investments potentially compete with all other investments, it is useful to compare investing in any prospective company to that of a comparable investment in low risk Treasury bonds. Comparing an investment in Ryder System Inc to an equal investment in 10-year Treasury bonds illustrates that Ryder System Inc's expected earnings would be 5.3 (purple circle) times that of the 10-year T-bond interest (see EYE chart below). This is the essence of the importance of proper valuation as a critical investing component.
Summary & Conclusions
This report presented essential "fundamentals at a glance" illustrating the past and present valuation based on earnings achievements as reported. Future forecasts for earnings growth are based on the consensus of leading analysts. Although with just a quick glance you can know a lot about the company, it's imperative that the reader conducts their own due diligence in order to validate whether the consensus estimates seem reasonable or not.
Disclosure: No position at the time of writing.


text: This stylish, heirloom-quality pressed glass is handmade in the U.S.A. by L.E. Smith. They have been making glassware by hand since 1907. This 10.5" plate is one of our unique gift and tabletop items in brilliant true glass colors. Perfect for dinnerware, cakes, desserts or to accentuate a centerpiece. Made by the same company as the ones you see in the antique stores but this is new! It is the perfect choice for entertainers and gift givers with extraordinary style. Buy a piece of American beauty today.


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SOFTBPO has not given any dividends in last 5 years
Corp. Actions
Legal Orders
Dividends are a portion of earnings that a company distributes to all its shareholders every year. Dividend return is one of the most important things to be considered while investing for long term. It's the additional return on top of what investors earn through price appreciation


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Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, The 'Iron Lady,' Has Died at 87
The first female prime minister of England, Margaret Thatcher, has passed away due to a stroke. She was 87 years old.
A spokesperson for Thatcher confirmed that she has passed away. They say that a further statement will be made later. She reportedly died Monday morning after suffering a stroke.
SkyNews reports that Thatcher was very frail in recent years, and was suffering from health issues. She was admitted to the hospital just before Christmas to remove a growth in her bladder. She suffered a series of small strokes in 2004, and her health was seemingly on the decline ever since.
Thatcher was Britain's first, and only, female prime minister. She served in the role between 1979 and 1990.


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Hey party people: The weekend's just a few hours around the corner. Take a sneak preview in this week's open thread.
Same drill as always, open-threaders: You can chat and ask questions with your fellow readers all week long at the #openthread hashtag page, but our weekly open thread post is your opportunity to reach the most people. Ask questions, offer advice, discuss productivity tips, or just chat about whatever's on your mind. You'll need a commenter account to participate, then you're ready to roll.
An extra reminder: If you're not quite satisfied with the interaction in the weekly open thread or in #tips, remember that you can also share your expertise every day on our Expert Pages. Photo by Daniel Stockman.


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Real estate lingo can be hard to decipher because, well, there's so much of it! It might even seem like your Realtor is speaking another language.
From fancy acronyms to words like "escrow" and "riders," there are a lot of terms out there that might seem totally foreign. But that doesn't mean you don't have to know what they mean!
If you're in the process of selling your home, here are a few real estate acronyms you really should know.
CMA: Comparative Market Analysis
A comparative market analysis is a great way to research the market and find out what homes in your neighborhood are selling for. It's an in-depth report that lists the prices of sold homes that are similar to your home (otherwise known as "comps" or "comparables").
CMAs provide information about homes that were recently sold, home that are currently on the market, and homes that were on the market but were not sold within the listing period.
FSBO: For Sale By Owner
Home sellers who opt not to use a Realtor will list their home as For Sale By Owner. This simply means the homeowner is selling their home without the help of a Realtor and is taking on all the responsibilities of selling their home.
When you choose to sell without a Realtor, you may be saving money on their commission fee, but you're taking on a lot of additional work and responsibility. Plus, you may end up losing money in the long run if you don't know how to stage and photograph your home, market it effectively, or price it correctly and competitively.
Escrow refers to a number of documents, payments, and other material that are held by a third party. Once you've negotiated the sale of your home with a potential buyer, you'll want to make sure there's a proper escrow set up.
Basically, when a buyer makes an offer on your home, they'll write you a check for "earnest money" (kind of like a security deposit or holding fee). This money is held by a neutral third party until you and the buyer negotiate a contract and close the sale.
Since you can't use the money and neither can the buyer, the money is considered to be in "escrow".
When you're negotiating the contract of your home sale with the buyer, there are likely to be a few contingencies in your contract. Contingencies protect the buyer if they fail to qualify for a loan, if they are dissatisfied with the results of the home inspection, or if something else falls through.
Carefully consider all terms of the contract, including specific contingencies, when reviewing offers. The more contingencies an offer contains, the riskier it is to accept the offer, as there are more ways it could potentially fall through. Work with your Realtor to negotiate a contract that benefits you and the buyer.
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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
The different Ronacrete stone paving specifications fall under the title of RonaDeck surfaces. These are all commonly installed to outdoor areas in public locations and at domestic homes. Different designs can be created for each one to suit individual budgets and requirements. The range consists of resin-bound surfacing, resin bonded surfacing and a tree pit system:
Ronacrete Resin-Bound Surfacing – This is an attractive stone paving option that is commonly installed as an alternative to tarmac and concrete for paths, pavements, driveways, gardens and other pedestrian and vehicular surfaces. The specification includes natural gravel aggregate mixed with resin which is laid onto a prepared sub base. If you are looking for permeable paving, you will need to look into SUDS compliant surfaces. For information on SUDS eco surfacing, take a look at this http://www.sustainable-urban-drainage-systems.co.uk/driveway/suds-ecodrive/ Once cured, the RonaDeck resin-bound paving is long lasting and has porous qualities which make it compatible with SuDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems).
Ronacrete Resin Bonded – A specification which is installed through a scatter system where resin is applied to the sub base in the required area and then the chosen stones are scattered across and sticks to the resin. Once the application is complete, RonaDeck resin bonded surfacing leaves a textured, slip resistant finish that is ideal for sloped areas and can withstand traffic from people and vehicles. The resin-bonded system is non-porous, so does not comply with SuDS requirements.
RonaDeck Eco Tree Pit System – This is a design commonly seen near decorative trees in public spaces like local parks and main streets. The resin-bound gravel is applied onto a layer of loose gravel in the desired shape up to an edge around the tree. Due to the porous qualities of this system, water can drain through to tree roots, allowing them to grow and remain healthy.
To find out more information on these Ronacrete paving specifications, please fill in our contact form and we'll give you the information you need.
Each of the RonaDeck resin surfacing types may be designed to suit each client and create a bespoke appearance. There is a huge choice of natural stone colours so you can select a decorative pattern or a colour which suits any existing surfaces in the surrounding area. We would always advise that you have a budget in mind when thinking of installing a new outdoor paving system so you choose the perfect design.
Many homeowners near me are having SuDS compliant paving installed for driveways and gardens as they help to improve water drainage and prevent puddles from sitting on the surface. This therefore stops the water runoff from leading into other areas and causing flooding. Many other nearby built up areas like office developments also have the porous resin-bound surfaces installed for this reason as well.
Please complete our simple contact form if you would like some more details about Ronacrete stone specifications and we'll get back to you with some professional advice. We want to create a paving which is closest to your requirement which is why we would like all the information and details about your current surfacing.
Ronacrete resin bound surfacing is a permeable surface that could be installed in a number of different gravel stones. Natural stone aggregate is encapsulated with polyurethane resin, to provide a smooth, long lasting, porous, attractive flooring. The stone is low maintenance and it's also resistant against cracks. A tarmac sub base is great for this stone paving; this is simply because it is porous and it is Sustainable Urban Drainage System compliant, enabling the rain water to go through easily. Ronacrete is just one of many brands. You may also come across brands like SureSet; this is another type that we can install. For more information on SureSet surfacing, please have a look at this http://www.sustainable-urban-drainage-systems.co.uk/brands/sureset/ Resin-bound stone is perfect for a selection of several functions. Due to its level textured surface, the resin-bound surface is perfect for use with wheelchairs, plus the permeable qualities help to prevent rain water build up. Some regular maintenance is vital because this enables the surface to remain in great shape and helps to keep it looking brand new.
By setting up a servicing strategy you could improve the life span of your surface instantaneously leaving it appearing aesthetically pleasing and keeping it safe. It is vital that you never wait for the surfacing to become dangerous before you start the maintenance process as this could make the floor hazardous. It's suggested that you cleanse your flooring frequently making certain leaves, moss and dirt do not stay upon your surface for a period of time period. Any type of debris that gets trapped may affect the porosity causing the surfacing no longer SUDS certified. To get rid of any kind of weeds on ones flooring surfacing, a contamination killer can be applied however it's significant you don't use anything at all oil based as this could damage the surfaces.
Contamination and weeds development could be prevented by a gentle power spray. Warm water and a home cleansing soap could be used to cleanse the flooring; hot fluids mustn't be used as this can problems the flooring. To take off compacted snow or snowing conditions from your resin-bound aggreagte, we would suggest using a rubberized scraper or gentle bristled sweep to minimise any problems with the stone. To find out more about RBG, please click here http://www.sustainable-urban-drainage-systems.co.uk/ The design of resin-bound aggregates flooring is often set up to any section size or shape as the gravel and binder are mixed on location. The surface is put in onto a solid porous foundation which will continue being strong throughout its life expectancy.
If you are interested in having Ronacrete installed for your domestic or commercial driveway, pathway, patio or tree pit, simply contact a member of our team using the enquiry form presented on this page. Once we receive your enquiry we will offer you details on the Ronacrete stone paving specifications and the cost to install this surface type.


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Ernie Ball Power Slinky Electric Guitar Strings 11-48 (Pack Of 3)
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Got something to part exchange? Fill in our easy form to get a quick quote - Click Here
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Got something to part exchange? Fill in our easy form to get a quick quote - Click Here
Now available in convenient three-set packs Ernie Ball Power Slinky Electric Strings are a perfect match for those who like chunky rhythms for rock and roll or blues. Power Slinkys have long been favoured by Slash, Metallica, and Kenny Wayne Shepherd due to the thicker gauge combination providing a slightly more powerful tone. These strings are precision manufactured to the highest standards and most exacting specifications to ensure consistency, optimum performance, and long life. Power Slinky wound strings are made from nickel plated steel wire wrapped around a hex shaped steel core wire. The plain strings are made of specially tempered tin plated high carbon steel producing a well balanced tone for your guitar. Gauges .011, .014, .018p, .028, .038, .048
Shipping Pricing Guide
Standard Delivery for Small Parts & Accessories + Vinyl Records (2-3 Day) - £3.50
Standard Delivery for Small/Medium Items (2-3 Day) - £4.99
Express Instrument & Amp Delivery (Next Working Day on orders placed before 1PM) - £9.99
There will be a small surcharge for parts of Scottish Highlands & Ireland, please contact us for more info.
Dispatch Times
We aim to dispatch guitar orders SAME DAY, if you place your order before 1PM.
International Shipping
Shipping to most of Europe will be £80 via UPS. Please note, we're not liable for any import duty or charges you may incur due to Brexit. Please contact us for a quote.
USA Shipping £150 via UPS. - (Please contact us for a quote).
Rest of World £POA (Please contact us for a quote).
We expertly pack every item we send included in the price.
Our policy lasts 14 days. If 14 days have gone by since your purchase, unfortunately we can't offer you a refund, we may offer you an exchange or gift voucher.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging.
Several types of goods are exempt from being returned. Perishable goods such as food, flowers, newspapers or magazines cannot be returned. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases.
Additional non-returnable items:
- Gift cards
- Downloadable software products
- Some health and personal care items
To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
Please do not send your purchase back to the manufacturer.
There are certain situations where only partial refunds are granted
- Guitars with any plastic cover pick guards or pickups.
- Book with obvious signs of use
- CD, DVD, VHS tape, software, video game, cassette tape, or vinyl record that has been opened
- Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error
- Any item that is returned more than 14 days after delivery
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If you are approved, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment, within a certain amount of days.
Late or missing refunds
If you haven't received a refund yet, first check your bank account again.
Then contact your credit card company, it may take some time before your refund is officially posted.
Next contact your bank. There is often some processing time before a refund is posted.
If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at email@example.com.
We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange it for the same item, send us an email at email@example.com and send your item to: Mayalls Music Ltd., 9 Bangor Road, Conwy, LL32 8NG, United Kingdom.
If the item was marked as a gift when purchased and shipped directly to you, you'll receive a gift credit for the value of your return. Once the returned item is received, a gift certificate will be mailed to you.
If the item wasn't marked as a gift when purchased, or the gift giver had the order shipped to themselves to give to you later, we will send a refund to the gift giver and he will find out about your return.
To return your product, you should ship your product to: Mayalls Music Ltd., 9 Bangor Road, Conwy, LL32 8NG, United Kingdom.
You are responsible for shipping your return item(s) back to us.
You will be responsible for paying for your own shipping costs for returning your item.
If you are shipping an item over £25, you should consider using a trackable shipping service and/or purchasing shipping insurance. We are not responsible for any loss or damage that may occur in transit back to us.
Founded in 2017 as a physical store, we pivoted to e-commerce during the pandemic. Serving customers throughout the UK, we maintain our traditional storefront while thriving in the online space. A guitar store created by and for guitar enthusiasts.


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North Korea's hard-line army general, who is believed to have been responsible for attacks on South Korea in 2010 that killed 50 people, has been replaced by a relative unknown.
The move has analysts reading the tea leaves. The consensus is that the reshuffle at the top of the People's Armed Forces is part of a larger effort by leader Kim Jong Un to consolidate power over the military.
The promotion of Gen. Jang Jong Nam at the expense of now ex-Chief Gen. Kim Kyok Sik is "not thought to indicate a potential softening of Pyongyang's stance toward Seoul and Washington any time soon," according to The Guardian:
"Outsiders do not know much about Jang, but analysts said it was unlikely that Kim Jong Un would name a moderate to the post at a time of tension with the outside world."
The BBC says:
"Officials in Seoul said they were aware of the personnel change, but would 'need more time to figure out the overall direction' and whether the change was significant.
" 'We do not know if [Jang] is a less hawkish figure, but it appears that he is from a younger generation,' South Korean defense ministry spokesman Kim Min-seok said.
" 'Just because there is a new dot that does not mean that a whole line or landscape changes,' he added."
It's not the first time there have been high-level changes in the military since Kim assumed leadership of the country after his father's death in December 2011.
The Guardian says:
"One of the most notable changes from Kim Jong Un was the replacement of the powerful military chief Ri Yong Ho, who was dismissed because of what Pyongyang called an unspecified illness. Outside observers speculated that Ri, who held a different post from the one Jang has been appointed to, was purged as Kim tried to put his stamp on his government. Ri was also replaced by a little-known general."
Although tensions between North Korea on one side and the United States and South Korea on the other have ratcheted down in recent weeks, Pyongyang on Monday denounced Washington and Seoul over a new joint military exercise involving the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Nimitz.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Last month, Harold Koh, who is a lawyer who worked for President Obama, gave a speech where he criticized the way the president is running the drone war against terrorist targets overseas, which is an interesting thing because Koh himself provided much of the legal underpinning that the president relies on to keep the use of drones within the boundaries of national and international law. Koh waited until he had left his White House position to speak out for the need to, as he puts it, discipline drones, not because he's against drones per se but because he sees them being deployed in a way that keeps too much about their use shrouded in an unnecessary level of mystery, which makes people suspicious about what they're really up to.
In addition to disciplining drones, Koh called for the U.S. to withdraw troops from Afghanistan and for the Obama administration to close the Guantanamo prison.
Now, if you have questions for Harold Koh, who's about to be our guest, about his vision for ending what he calls the forever war, give us a call. Our number is 800-989-8255, or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Harold Koh is currently the sterling professor of international law at Yale, and he joins me here now in Studio 42. Harold, welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.
HAROLD KOH: Thank you, John.
DONVAN: So you used the phrase forever war in your speech, and you raised it as a problem. But what do you mean by the concept?
KOH: Well, I think on September 11 people felt that something new and strange had happened. About seven days later, Congress declared war against al-Qaida, the Taliban and associated forces, and that conflict has gone on for 12 years. That is now eight years longer than the Civil War or World War II and four years longer than the Revolutionary War. Most wars come to an end, and until recently there have been very little discussion about how this war would come to an end or whether it would become a perpetual global war on terror.
So the speech that I gave was designed to ask that important question: How do we bring this war to an end, and is there a strategy for doing so? A few weeks later, the president gave his own speech in which he also called to the end to war. So I think this has been a very positive movement.
DONVAN: I mean, there was a concept from - throughout the decade of a war on terror that was larger than either the operation in Iraq or operations in Afghanistan. So I just want to see where the distinction is when you're talking about ending the situation in Afghanistan, U.S. presence in Afghanistan in a military sense. Is that what you're talking about when you talked about this forever war, or are you talking about this larger, this larger sense that this enemy is always going to be out there and we always have to be engaged in some sort of action against them?
KOH: So I've never believed there's a global war on terror, and this administration never used that term. If you go back to 2009, you can't find it. What the president said, very specifically, is that we are engaged in a conflict with a particular group of people, al-Qaida and their associates. And that's a group of about 3,000 people. Now, they are not limited in their activities to one country, but that doesn't make it a global war against anybody who hates us, and that's a very important distinction.
If you have a war against a concrete group of people who could be defeated or, as in the case of the Taliban, you can enter in some sort of peace negotiations with them, the war can end. But if you're in a war against anybody who hates us, there will always be someone who hates us and it will never end. That's the difference between a forever war and a war that can be brought to an end.
DONVAN: In terms of Afghanistan - or in terms of the larger forever war, you talked about three points. You talked about withdrawing from Afghanistan, which seems to be the plan and it seems to be underway. I take it you're satisfied with that point being realized.
KOH: I think it's the only way to go. I think that the - there was a surge there. I think that people are tired. The soldiers wanted to come home. People wanted them home. I think there have been a lot of changes in Afghanistan, which I enumerated in my speech: great growth of gross domestic product, huge numbers of cellphone contracts, education of women, upsurge of the Internet. So there now has to be a new beginning in Afghanistan. But with regard to al-Qaida, the difference is you can't just declare war and walk away if they haven't been defeated because then they will attack again.
So there has to be a strategy for exactly how to address that separate concern. Now, I think the administration has done a very important thing. The last administration, I think, just diverted our attention from what was important. They invaded Iraq. They opened Guantanamo. They started military commissions. They engaged in torture. All of these hurt us internationally and didn't address the real problem. And so we returned to the real problem, which is how to defeat al-Qaida, quite late. And that's where these different pieces of strategy came in.
DONVAN: And your second point in terms of responding to a situation that you think needs to be rectified, one of those points is to close Guantanamo. And again, the president - since you gave the speech, the president has actually moved in that area by appointing somebody to take charge of the process of shutting Guantanamo finally. Are you confident that this is more than just a gesture? Do you think it's going to happen?
KOH: I think the president went back and said I'm going to go at this problem again. He couldn't let it go. I think the most important thing about his speech was it came at a time when there was a lot of fear about other things, you know, the IRS, and he could have easily just not said anything about it. But instead they have appointed Cliff Sloan, who is a very prominent and able Washington lawyer who's worked for two administrations, to be the special envoy. And the numbers are down.
So you have to remember that George Bush - George W. Bush brought 500 people off Guantanamo. Congress said not a word. When President Obama took office there are over 200. He brought another 60 people off. And then suddenly there was this resistance by Congress. New legislation passed, and then it slowed to a halt. And I think that that effort had to be revived. I think it may take a little bit of time now, but at least now the momentum is moving again.
DONVAN: The tone of your speech overall was political in the sense that you laid responsibility for a lot of the problems that you were talking about at the feet of the Bush administration. You were pretty specific about that, even had a brief moment of fantasy of a world in which Al Gore had been elected president and how much better that would have been.
So in a sense it struck me as partisan that you're an Obama guy, and yet the third point that you raised in the speech is really one that is hitting the Obama administration quite hard, on the issue of drone strategy. And that's the issue of using these unmanned aircraft, which are armed and can kill without risk to any pilot or human on the American side 'cause there is no pilot or human in these aircraft.
They've been used an awful lot by the Obama administration, much more than the Bush administration used them. And an enormous amount of criticism has been coming particularly in the last four or five months because of that. The president has addressed this topic recently, and I just want to listen quickly to what he said most recently.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: Nevertheless, it is a hard fact that U.S. strikes have resulted in civilian casualties, a risk that exists in every war. For the families of those civilians, no words or legal construct can justify their loss. For me and those in my chain of command, those deaths will haunt us as long as we live, just as we are haunted by the civilian casualties that have occurred throughout conventional fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq. But as commander-in-chief, I must weigh these heartbreaking tragedies against the alternatives. To do nothing in the face of terrorist networks would invite far more civilian casualties, not just in our cities at home and our facilities abroad but also in the very places, like Sana'a and Kabul and Mogadishu, where terrorists seek a foothold.
DONVAN: So your response then, Harold Koh, to the president's remarks, and put that in light of the criticisms you've made that you say that drones need to be disciplined.
KOH: So I think that the point that I made is suppose that the day after Congress declared war on al-Qaida, the then president said I think there are about a core of leaders who are in a particular place and we're going to have to go to war against them, capture them if possible and kill them if necessary, and I'm going to use a drone to do it. I don't think that people would have had the kind of reaction that's happened. Instead, by doing these other things, diverting our energies, investing in a war in Iraq, people became impatient.
And then when - what then happened, which is that the al-Qaida leadership dispersed and they returned to the original mission, is much harder to accomplish. Now, in March of 2010, when I was the legal advisor to the State Department, I stated publicly what we believed to be the legal standards, and the question is, are those standards being followed? And the administration took the position that they were, but then refused to release the information necessary for others to come to the same conclusion.
My view is it's a three-step process, John: transparency, consultation and standards. We ought to be open about what we're doing. If we think that someone has been lawfully targeted, we should explain why. If we've made a mistake, we should admit it. We should consult with Congress on our allies and we should agree to standards with our allies on how these should be used so that countries that have less good motives won't try to hijack this for their own purposes.
DONVAN: You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION on NPR News.
Let's bring in Blake from Sugar Land, Texas. Hi, Blake. You're on TALK OF THE NATION.
BLAKE: Hi. Thanks for taking my call.
DONVAN: Sure.
BLAKE: Yeah. My question is this - I'll try making this concise as I can. As you - I like this term the forever war. As you see these forever wars escalating and going on, are you - do you think that we're going to see more and more of these covert actions and drone strikes and oftentimes some, you know, innocent people at times getting killed, escalating along with these forever wars as they continue to go on since the military isn't directly involved, and do you see that as a potential problem? Thank you.
KOH: Thank you, Blake. I think, you know, ordinary terrorist situations are dealt with through law enforcement. We saw that at the Boston marathon. Those guys weren't at war with us. They're criminals and were pursued that way.
What happened on September 11 was unusual. We had an attack on our soil by an organized unit of about 3,000 people that killed about 3,000 people. And Congress declared war on them as they did in other wartime situation.
But when you, you know, get to the heart of the enemy, at a certain point you say that war is over and we decide whether there's a new one. This allows there to be a democratic process where we can decide how much blood and treasure we want to devote to a particular struggle, and so that the president isn't given an open-ended authorization to just use force against whoever he wants without limit.
DONVAN: What is the corrosive effect of the current practice, the way it's currently happening?
KOH: Well, I think the president put it well. He said that it's very difficult to maintain your freedom in the state of perpetual war, that...
DONVAN: It's actually - I meant more than the drone policy. In other words, as long as drones are not disciplined in the way you suggest, what's the downside? How does that hurt?
KOH: I think it erodes the confidence in our allies that were meeting standards of international law. It erodes the confidence of those who are on the fence about us as to whether or not we are distinguishing between combatants and civilians.
I think we are claiming that we are fighting within the scope of the law and we have standards that we've announced that we've said that we want to follow. So we should make it clear that the facts show that we are, in fact, following those standards.
DONVAN: And in the absence of that, it looks like we're hiding something?
KOH: If we have nothing to hide, we should be transparent. And so if we're not being transparent, it look like we have something to hide.
DONVAN: Let's bring in David from Austin, Texas. Hi, David. You're on TALK OF THE NATION.
DAVID: Good afternoon. Professor, how are you? Good to talk to you. I have a question that is from varying perspectives. When this war is declared, there wasn't a lot of exit strategy to it. And I guess from your perspective and also if you could put yourself in their shoes - from the president's or Congress's perspective, or even the enemy's perspective - what does a legitimate victory look like in the war on terror?
KOH: It's a good question. So you used the most important phrase, exit strategy. Virtually every war that we have is accompanied by a way to end it. And there are three parts here. Al-Qaida's a group of about 3,000 people, how do you defeat the heart of it? The president said that 23 of the 30 top leadership have been removed from the battlefield.
The second part is the Taliban, who were supporting al-Qaida - at the top of your show, John, you announced that negotiations are beginning with them and it may be possible to reach some kind of peace accord where they agree to follow the Afghan constitution, renounce violence but no longer on the battlefield.
And then the third are associated forces. Are there new members of al-Qaida that have continued the fight? Or are there simply sympathizers who aren't really allies of theirs? And so I think the three parts of that are defeat al-Qaida, conduct negotiations with the Taliban, and be quite restrictive on who we think are new co-belligerents.
DONVAN: So you would - that would be a scenario that you would actually call the time when we're not at war?
KOH: Yes. If you do all three, this forever war ends.
DONVAN: Let's go to...
DAVID: OK. Thank you.
DONVAN: Oh, David, thanks very much for your call. Let's go to Mary Jane in Oakland, California. Hi, Mary Jane. You're on the TALK OF THE NATION, and I have to give you about 25 seconds to ask your question.
MARY JANE: My question is, how does one negotiate with zealots?
KOH: Well, zealots do negotiate.
JANE: They negotiate with a very, extremely narrow guidelines, usually sacrificing the rights of women in this particular case. So how does one justify, you know, dividing a populous that one doesn't even live in...
DONVAN: Mary Jane, I have to hit you on the 25 seconds, so let Harold Koh go back and answer.
KOH: So I tried to address this in my speech. I think that the Afghanistan that exists today has a lot more openness and freedom than back in 19 - in the 1990s. And what has gone on is an effort to try to use this open - more open society in Afghanistan to bring about a better solution.
DONVAN: Harold Koh, former legal adviser for the State Department and currently a professor at Yale Law School, thanks so much for joining us.
And tomorrow Neal Conan is back with the conversation about what companies are doing after a judge rules that most interns must be paid. That's tomorrow in this hour. This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm John Donvan in Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Notice: This Wiki is now read only and edits are no longer possible. Please see: https://gitlab.eclipse.org/eclipsefdn/helpdesk/-/wikis/Wiki-shutdown-plan for the plan.
Evolving Java-based APIs
By Jim des Rivières, IBM
Revision history:
- October 1, 2007 - revision 1.2 - Clarified moving methods up and down type hierarchy; added note about Java reflection; split document into 3 parts because it was getting too large to edit:
- Part 1: What is an API? (this page)
- Part 2: Achieving API Binary Compatibility
- Part 3: Other Notes
- February 14, 2007 - revision 1.1 - Add coverage for JDK 1.5 language features: generics, enums, annotation types, variable arity methods.
- June 8, 2001 - revision 1.02 - Added note about breakage due to adding API method to classes that may be subclassed.
- January 15, 2001 - revision 1.01 - Added suggestion about making obsolete hook methods final.
- October 6, 2000 - revision 1.0
This document is about how to evolve Java-based APIs while maintaining compatibility with existing client code. Without loss of generality, we'll assume that there is a generic Component with a Component API, with one party providing the Component and controlling its API. The other party, or parties, write Client code that use the Component's services through its API. This is a very typical arrangement.
API Java Elements
All parties need to understand which Java elements (packages, interfaces, classes, methods, constructors, and fields) are part of the Component API, which Clients may use, and those which are part of the internal Component implementation and are off limits to Clients. Having a clearly-defined and marked boundary between API and non-API is therefore very important. The following convention uses the visibility-limiting features of the Java language to distinguish those Java elements which are considered API from those which are not:
- API package - a package that contains at least one API class or API interface. The names of API packages are advertised in the Component documentation. These names will appear in Client code; the names of non-API packages should never appear in Client code. Note that Clients must be prohibited from declaring their code in Component packages (API or otherwise).
- API class - a
class in an API package, or apublic
class member declared in, or inherited by, some other API class or interface. The names of API classes appear in Client code.- API interface - a
interface in an API package, or apublic
interface member declared in, or inherited by, some other API class or interface. The names of API interfaces appear in Client code.- API method - a
method either declared in, or inherited by, an API class or interface. The names of API methods appear in Client code.- API constructor - a
constructor of an API class. The names of API constructors appear in Client code.- API field - a
field either declared in, or inherited by, an API class or interface. The names of API fields appear in Client code.
The following elements are not considered API:
- Any package that is not advertised in the Component documentation as an API package.
- All classes and interfaces declared in non-API packages. However, when API classes and interface extend or implement non-API classes, the non-API classes and interface may contribute API elements nevertheless.
classes and interfaces in API packages. -
Default access and
methods, constructors, fields, and type members declared in, or inherited by, API classes and interfaces. -
methods, constructors, fields, and type members declared in, or inherited by, final API classes, including enums (which are implicitly final). With no ability to declare subclasses, these cannot be referenced by Client code.
API Prime Directive
As the Component evolves from release to release, there is an absolute requirement to not break existing Clients that were written in conformance to Component APIs in an earlier release.
API Prime Directive: When evolving the Component API from release to release, do not break existing Clients.
Changing an API in a way that is incompatible with existing Clients would mean that all Clients would need to be revised (and even in instances where no actual changes are required, the Client code would still need to be reviewed to ensure that it still works with the revised API). Customers upgrading to a new release of the Component would need to upgrade all their Clients at the same time. Since the overall cost of invalidating existing Client code is usually very high, the more realistic approach is to only change the API in ways that do not invalidate existing Clients.
As the Component API evolves, all pre-existing Clients are expected to continue to work, both in principle and in practice.
Suppose a Client was written to a given release of the Component and
abided by the contracts spelled out in the Component API specification.
The first requirement is that when the Component API evolves to follow-on
releases, all pre-existing Client must still be legal according to the
contracts spelled out in the revised Component API specification, without
having to change the Clients source code. This is what is meant by continuing
to work in principle.
API Contract Compatibility: API changes must not invalidate formerly legal Client code.
Since the set of Clients is open-ended, and we have no way of knowing exactly which aspects of the API are being counted on, the only safe assumption to make when evolving APIs is that every aspect of the API matters to some hypothetical Client, and that any incompatible change to the API contract will cause that hypothetical Client to fail.
API Usage Assumption: Every aspect of the API matters to some Client.
Under this assumption, deleting something in the API, or backtracking on some promise made in the API, will certainly break some Client. For this reason, obsolete API elements are notoriously difficult to get rid of. Obsolete API elements should be marked as deprecated and point new customers at the new API that replaces it, but need to continue working as advertised for a couple more releases until the expense of breakage is low enough that it can be deleted.
Clients are generally written in Java and are compiled to standard Java binary class files. A Client's class files are typically stored in a JAR file on the Client's library path. It would be unsatisfactory if a Client's class files, which were compiled against one release of the Component, do not successfully link and execute correctly with all later releases of the Component. This is what is meant by continuing to work in practice.
API Binary Compatibility: Pre-existing Client binaries must link and run with new releases of the Component without recompiling.
Achieving API binary compatibility requires being sensitive to the Java language's notion of binary compatibility JLS3, chapter 13.
While the idea that the Java source code for existing Clients should
continue to compile without errors against the revised Component API, this
is not strictly necessary (and not always achievable). For instance, adding
a new public interface to an existing API package may introduce an ambiguous
package reference into source code containing multiple on-demand type (".*")
imports. Similarly, removing a method throws
declaration for a
checked exception may cause the compiler to detect dead code in a try
block. Happily, the kinds of problems that could be introduced into Client
source code can always be easily corrected. The notion of API source compatibility
is not a requirement. (Note: Problems detected by a Java compiler are therefore not
necessarily indicators of any kind of API compatibility that we care about.)
The following sections discuss how API contract and binary compatibility can be achieved.
Achieving API Contract Compatibility
"How could I have broken anything? All I did was change a comment."
Since API contracts are captured by the API specification, any change to the API specification risks making code written against the old specification incompatible with the revised specification.
The most confining situation is an API that is specified by one party, implemented by a separate second party, and used by yet a different third party. For example, a standards body promulgates a pure specification (such as the HTTP protocol) but leaves it up to others to write browsers and servers. In such cases, making any changes to the existing specification will almost certainly break client code, implementations, or both.
Fortunately, the case is typically lop-sided. Most commonly, the party responsible for specifying the API also provides the sole implementation. Indeed, this is our earlier assumption about the Component. In this situation, the API owner can unilaterally decide to change the API specification and fix up the implementation to match. However, since they can't do anything about the client code already using the API, the changed API must be contract compatible with the old API: all existing contractual obligations must be honored. Contracts can be tightened to allow users to assume more (and require the implementation to do more); this does not invalidate existing code which would have been written assuming less. Conversely, contracts cannot be loosened to require users to assume less, as this could break existing uses.
Note that in some cases, the contractual roles are reversed. The party responsible for specifying the API provides the uses, whereas other parties provide the implementations. Callback interfaces are a prime example of this situation. Contracts can be loosened to require implementors to provide less (and allow the client to assume less); this does not invalidate existing implementations which would have been written under more stringent rules. Conversely, contracts cannot be tightened to require implementors to provide more, as this could break existing implementations.
When contemplating changing an existing API contract, the key questions to ask are:
What roles does the API contract involve?
For a method contract, there is the caller and the implementor. In the case of frameworks, there is also an additional contract between superclass and subclass regarding default behavior, extending, and overriding. - Which role or roles will each party play?
For many Component API methods, the Component plays the role of exclusive implementor and the Client plays the role of caller. In the case of Component callbacks, the Component plays the caller role and the Client plays the implementor role. In some cases, the Client might play more than one role. -
Is a role played exclusively by the Component?
Component API changes coincide with Component releases, making it feasible to change Component code to accommodate the changed APIs. - For roles played by Clients, would the contemplated API change render invalid a hypothetical Client making legal usage of the existing API?
The following examples illustrate how this analysis is done.
Example 1 - Changing a method postcondition
Standard method contracts have two roles: caller and implementor. Method postconditions are those things that an implementor must arrange to be true before returning from the method, and that a caller may presume to be true after the return. This first example involves a change to a postcondition.
Consider the following API method specification:
/** Returns the list of children of this widget. * @return a non-empty list of widgets */ Widget[] getChildren();
The contemplated API change is to allow the empty list of widgets to be returned as well, as captured by this revised specification:
/** Returns the list of children of this widget. * @return a list of widgets */ Widget[] getChildren();
Would this change break compatibility with existing Clients? It depends on the role played by the Client.
Looking at the caller role, this change would break a hypothetical pre-existing caller that legitimately counts on the result being non-empty. The relevant snippet from this hypothetical caller might read:
Widget[] children = widget.getChildren(); Widget firstChild = children[0];
Under the revised contract, this code would be seen to be in error because it assumes that the result of invoking getChildren
is non-empty; under the previous contract, this assumption was just fine. This API change
weakens a postcondition for the caller, and is not contract compatible for the caller role. The contemplated change would break Clients playing the caller role.
Looking at the implementor role, this change would not break a hypothetical pre-existing implementor which never return empty results anyway. Weakening a method postcondition is contract compatible for the implementor role. The contemplated change would not break Clients playing the implementor role.
So the answer as to whether this change breaks compatibility with existing Clients hinges on which role(s) the Client plays.
Another form of postcondition change is changing the set of checked exceptions that a method throws.
Example 2 - Changing a method precondition
Method preconditions are those things that a caller must arrange to be true before calling the method, and that an implementor may presume to be true on entry. This second example involves a change to a precondition.
Consider the following API method specification:
/** Removes the given widgets from this widget's list of children. * @param widgets a non-empty list of widgets */ void remove(Widget[] widgets);
The contemplated API change is to allow empty lists of widgets to be passed in as well:
/** Removes the given widgets from this widget's list of children. * @param widgets a list of widgets */ void remove(Widget[] widgets);
Would this change break compatibility with existing Clients? Again, it hinges on the role played by the Client.
Looking at the caller role, this change would not break hypothetical pre-existing callers since they pass in non-empty lists. However, this change would break a hypothetical pre-existing implementations that legitimately assumed that the argument is not empty.
The relevant snippet from this hypothetical implementor might read:
Widget firstChild = widgets[0];
Under the revised contract, this code would be seen to be in error because it assumes that the argument is non-empty; under the previous contract, this assumption was just fine. This API change weakens a method precondition, and is not contract compatible for the implementor role. The contemplated change would break Clients that implement this method.
Example 3 - Changing a field invariant
Fields can be analyzed as having two roles: a getter and a setter. The Java language does not separate these roles particularly, but it does have the notion of final fields which eliminates setters from the equation. (Perhaps a better way to divvy this up is to say that there is a getter role and a getter/setter role.) The API specification for a field is usually in the form of an invariant that holds for the lifetime of the field.
Consider the following API field specification:
/** This widget's list of children, or null. */ Widget[] children;
The contemplated API change is to get rid of the possibility of the null
/** This widget's list of children. */ Widget[] children;
Would this change break compatibility with existing Clients?
This change would break a hypothetical pre-existing setter that legitimately sets the field to null
. On the other hand, it would not break a hypothetical pre-existing getter that legitimately had to assume that the field could be null
. This API change weakens a field invariant, and is not contract compatible for the setter role.
Example 4 - Adding an API method
Can adding an API method to a class or interface break compatibility with existing Clients?
If the method is added to an interface which Clients may implement, then it is definitely a breaking change.
If the method is added to a class (interface) which Clients are not allowed to subclass (to implement), then it is not a breaking change.
However, if the method is added to a class which Clients may subclass, then the change should ordinarily be viewed as a breaking change. The reason for this harsh conclusion is because of the possibility that a Client's subclass already has its own implementation of a method by that name. Adding the API method to the superclass undercuts the Client's code since it would be sheer coincidence if the Client's existing method met the API contract of the newly added method. In practice, if the likelihood of this kind of name coincidence is sufficiently low, this kind of change is often treated as if it were non-breaking.
General Rules for Contract Compatibility
Whether a particular Component API change breaks or maintains contract
compatibility with hypothetical pre-existing Clients hinges on which role,
or roles, the Client plays in the API contract(s) being changed. The following
table summarizes the pattern seen in the above examples:
Method preconditions | Strengthen | Breaks compatibility for callers | Contract compatible for implementors |
Weaken | Contract compatible for callers | Breaks compatibility for implementors | |
Method postconditions | Strengthen | Contract compatible for callers | Breaks compatibility for implementors |
Weaken | Breaks compatibility for callers | Contract compatible for implementors | |
Field invariants | Strengthen | Contract compatible for getters | Breaks compatibility for setters |
Weaken | Breaks compatibility for getters | Contract compatible for setters |
Achieving API Binary Compatibility
See Part 2.
Other Notes
See Part 3.
Bundle Versioning
Copyright © 2000, 2009 IBM Corporation


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Shipping & Returns Policy
NO REFUNDS... ONLY STORE CREDIT. No Exceptions.
Order Cancellation or Change:
- Orders cannot be changed or canceled once they are placed.
Adding Items To An Order:
- We cannot add additional items to your order once it has been processed.
Coupons/Discount Codes
- It's our store policy that all coupon and discount codes must be entered at checkout. We cannot make an adjustment once your order is completed.
Anything Wrong With Your Order?
Missing, Defective, or Incorrect Items must be reported within 48 hours of package delivery, if not reported within that time frame, we will not issue credit.
- -PLEASE inspect your merchandise immediately upon receipt.
- -If you believe you have received something defective, please contact us within 48 hours of order receipt at firstname.lastname@example.com, so we can address the issue. Make sure to include your name, order number, & pictures of your issue.
- -If it has been longer than 48 hours, tags have been removed or an item has been worn or washed it becomes ineligible for a return.
Our Return Policy allow our customers to shop with confidence. We accept returns for Store Credit Only on unworn items within 10 days of delivery, in the original condition with original packaging & all tags attached.
NO REFUNDS... ONLY STORE CREDIT. No Exceptions.
Stylish Diva Boutique accepts Returns *within 10 days* of the delivery date.
- Eligible returns are for STORE CREDIT only. Store credit is issued in the form of a stylishdivaboutique.com E-gift card.
- No refunds will be issued.
- Shipping is non-refundable, unless there was a mistake on our end.
- All items are inspected on return. Items returned in poor condition will be returned to the customer as Final Sale.
Customers are responsible for shipping cost on all returns. All returns must meet the following criteria:
- Item must be unused, undamaged, unworn, unwashed, odor free, in original packaging, and with all tags attached.
- (No Returns on Sale Items, accessories, bags, clutches, swimwear, undergarments, seamless items, or bodysuits)
- Items listed as FINAL SALE/CLEARANCE or PROMOTIONAL cannot be returned.
**Please Note: All original shipping fees are non-refundable. Return shipping costs are the customer's responsibility.
Final Sale Items
Items NOT Eligible for Return:
- Any time a coupon code of 20% off or greater was used on an order.
- Any item in the sale/clearance section.
- Any item marked down or discounted greater than 25% off the original price (includes BOGO items)
- Shoes without the original box
- Bodysuits
- Seamless Undergarments
- Swimwear
Discounted items and items purchased on promotion are NOT eligible for return. They are FINAL SALE. If you used a coupon or purchased an item on clearance, the item is final sale.
Sale Items, accessories, bags, clutches, swimwear, undergarments, or bodysuits are FINAL SALE due to the delicate nature of the item.
If we detect an item is worn we will refuse the package/return and you(the customer) will have to pay shipping cost to have it returned to you.
If the criteria isn't met, or the item is damaged you will be ineligible for a return and your item will be returned back to you. You are responsible for all shipping cost.
Returns Processing:
- Once we receive your return, please allow 2-5 business days for it to be processed. If all criteria is met, a store credit will be issued. No Refunds.
To submit a return, click here to start. https://stylishdivaboutique.com/pages/returns
or to check the status of an item you have returned please Contact Us either:
- by phone or text at 251-408-9282 or
- by email at firstname.lastname@example.com
Please note that you will need to include your order number so that we can reply efficiently.
Additionally, Stylish Diva reserves the right to solely define and limit, refuse, and/or cancel orders from customers at any time due to:
- An irregular or excessive returns history indicative of "wardrobing;"
- An irregular or excessive returns history involving worn, altered, laundered, damaged, or missing items; or,
- Potential fraudulent or criminal activity.
Similarly, Stylish Diva reserves the right to limit, refuse, and/or reject returns (both in-store and online) to any customer or entity, due to similar actions as noted above.
We use UPS and US Postal Service for shipping.
Free Domestic shipping on orders over $125
Please note only qualifying states within the inner 48 states of the continental USA qualify for free shipping. This does not include (Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. Virgin Islands)
Orders are processed and shipped out in 24-48 BUSINESS hours (Monday-Friday) after order is received and normally takes 2-3 business days to be delivered. (During the holiday season it may be extended)
Some Alabama residents may receive their package in one business day. Shipping times are estimates and are not guaranteed, as there may be delays due to the holidays, and or bad weather. Express shipping is the only guarantee service we provided.
We are not responsible for and are excused from performing due to events outside of our control, including but not limited to acts of God, weather-related delays.
Your billing address MUST match your shipping address in order for us to ship your order. Orders with different billing and shipping addresses will be cancelled and refunded.
- Shipping Prices are calculated at the Checkout Screen
- Estimated Delivery Dates are normally available within 24 hours of issued Tracking Numbers
Orders placed After 12PM central time will ship the following business day for Rush and Expedited Orders.
Tracking Information
Since the customer will receive tracking information via email when the label is created, tracking information is not available right at the moment of purchase and takes 1-2 days or sooner for the customer to receive it.
Local pickup is only available to customers in Mobile, Al and surrounding areas. For in store pickup on the same day, your order must be purchased before 1pm CST. Select Local Pick-up Option at Checkout. Your purchase will be ready with-in 4-6 Business Hours. Please note your items will be held in store for you to pick up. If items are not picked up within 10 days, customer refuses the right to exchange, or get store credit for their items and the sale becomes final. If the item has not been picked up after 30 days, customer refuses the right to claim their items and no refund or store credit will be provided. By selecting in store pick up, the customer agrees to not issue any chargebacks or disputes against Stylish Diva Boutique. You must bring a valid government issued ID and the Credit Card Used To Make Purchase at the time of pick up. You will be asked to provide us with your ID number and your signature to confirm your items were picked up. Once you select your order for Local Pick-up, it can no longer be shipped out customer must pick up in store.
If your order includes multiple items and one (or more) of the items are out of stock: we will go ahead and ship the rest of your order, issuing a refund to your original form of payment for the item(s) not in stock.
Express Shipping
We use UPS Next Day Air and USPS Priority Express Shipping. If your order is placed before 12pm Central Time, and customer selects Express Shipping at check out, order will be shipped out the same day and received by the customer in 1-2 business days. Orders placed after 12pm Central Time will ship out next business day and received 1-2 days after that. Some areas do not offer next day shipping, if this is the case, customer will be notified.
We will ship to PO Boxes via USPS. However, expedited shipping is not available to a PO Box.
Please note shipping fulfillment can be delayed on holidays and on sale days due to large number of orders. Express orders are always sent out as scheduled.
Returned/Refused/Undeliverable Packages
**Please Note: All original shipping fees (shipping paid on the original order) are non-refundable, and you will not receive credit for it.
- Return shipping costs are the customer's responsibility.
- A 20% restocking fee will be applied on orders that are refused by the customer at the time of delivery or returned due to an "un-deliverable" address. This amount will be deducted from any credit issued.
- The customer will also cover any redelivery costs. We are not responsible for UPS or USPS not being able to deliver a package due to an address issue, or them not having a secure place to deliver the package.
Lost/Stolen Packages
Stylish Diva is not responsible for lost or stolen packages. If your tracking information states that your package was delivered to your address and you have not received it, you must contact the United States Postal Service directly at 1-800-ASK-USPS® (1-800-275-8777). Any lost, stolen, or damaged packages must be reported as a claim to USPS.
If you are experiencing a non-delivery or your tracking information states that your package was delivered by the carrier but you have not received it; you must contact us within 10 days to file a claim.
We will assist you in working with the carrier to complete the claims process. Please note: Claims can take up to 30 days to complete (depending on the shipping carrier used).
Did not receive your package?
Stylish Diva does not hold or accept responsibility for packages that have been reported as delivered by the carrier. We do not issue refunds or credits for packages that the carrier confirms as being delivered.
International Shipping
We offer UPS, USPS International Shipping, and DHL WORLDWIDE EXPRESS. All international orders take 2-3 Business Days to ship. USPS takes about 10-15 days to be delivered. (SHIPPING TIMES ARE ESTIMATES AND ARE NOT GUARANTEED AS THERE CAN BE DELAYS DUE TO HOLIDAYS, BAD WEATHER, AND OTHER UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES. Your patience is greatly appreciated). UPS and DHL WORLD WIDE EXPRESS is our fastest shipping speed for international shipments and take 1-3 business days depending on the area. DELAYS CAN HAPPEN AND DHL WORLDWIDE EXPRESS shipping times are just ESTIMATES. Shipping times for DHL CANNOT BE GUARANTEED. DHL and USPS is not available to all countries at this time. Shipping prices are calculated by weight at checkout.
Please note: Stylish Diva is not responsible for any customs fees assessed by the receiving country. If your package has not been delivered after 10 days of being shipped, please contact USPS or your countries' postal service to inquire about our package. Most likely the package has not been delivered because it is being held by customs and is pending a retrieval fee. Any unclaimed packages will be sent back to Stylish Diva and cannot be refunded or resent.
While we will make every effort to accommodate your shipping and billing preferences, in order to protect our customers, Stylish Diva reserves the right to require customers to use a "common" shipping and billing address in the event we are unable to process an order or verify a shipping address provided.
Additionally, Stylish Diva reserves the right to solely define and limit, refuse, and/or cancel orders from customers at any time due to:
An irregular or excessive returns history indicative of "wardrobing;"
An irregular or excessive returns history involving worn, altered, laundered, damaged, or missing items; or,
Potential fraudulent or criminal activity.
Similarly, Stylish Diva reserves the right to limit, refuse, and/or reject returns (both in-store and online) to any customer or entity, due to similar actions as noted above.