text:
November 6, 2012
Guest: Oliver Sacks
TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. My guest, neurologist Oliver Sacks, has explored perception, memory and consciousness through such bestselling books as "Awakenings," "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" and "Musicophilia." His new book, "Hallucinations," draws on history, literature and the patients he's treated, patients who have experienced hallucinations brought on by neurological disorders, brain injuries, medications, fevers, blindness and more, hallucinations that range from the terrifying to the transcendent.
One chapter, called "Altered States," is about his own experiments with mind-altering drugs in the '60s, when he was a neurology resident. These drugs connected with the reason he wanted to be a neurologist, which was to study how the brain embodies consciousness and the self and to understand its amazing powers of perception and distortion.
Dr. Oliver Sacks, welcome back to FRESH AIR.
OLIVER SACKS: It's good to be with you again.
GROSS: In our previous interview two years ago, for your book "The Mind's Eye" about visual disturbances, you had a chapter about losing vision in one eye because of cancer, and you wrote in a footnote: In the '60s, during a period of experimenting with large doses of amphetamines, I experienced a different sort of vivid mental imagery.
And we talked about that a little bit because I was so surprised that such a big revelation that you'd taken large doses of amphetamines was confined to a little footnote. But now, your whole book is about hallucinations, and there's a whole chapter about the hallucinatory drugs you took when you were young.
Did you know that that footnote was going to become a book when you wrote it?
SACKS: No, by no means. I knew I would have a book on hallucinations, but the personal chapter was not in the manuscript until relatively late, and then it was evoked for me. I was actually in hospital with a broken hip and feeling rather bored and testy, and a friend said you sometimes talked about the '60s, can you tell me more?
So I told him stories, and he transcribed them and brought them back to me. And that's the way, the way they got into the book.
GROSS: And you're comfortable with that?
SACKS: Fairly comfortable, at least I'm talking about something which is long past. But I sort of regard myself as a subject for case history, as I regard anyone else. And fortunately, I survived it, and I'm here to tell the tale 45 years later.
GROSS: And an interesting tale it is, as we'll hear in a moment. But first, why did you want to write about hallucinations, hallucinations caused by medical problems, by drugs, by neurological disturbances, intentional hallucinations, unintentional hallucinations?
SACKS: Well, I think I've been interested in hallucinations almost all my life. And, you know, and I was fascinated by, say, "Great Expectations," reading about the hallucinations of Miss Havisham, which Pip has. A lot of Dickens books are about being haunted by hallucinations. But then as a medical student and a doctor, I saw hallucinations of every sort.
And with a brother who was schizophrenic, he would talk with his hallucinations, and that was a very different sort of experience. I've written bits about hallucinations, I think, in most of my earlier books, but I thought it was time to try and bring the whole lot together, the more so as we now have methods of looking at the brain and seeing exactly what goes on while people are hallucinating.
GROSS: You're talking about functional MRIs.
SACKS: Yeah.
GROSS: So at the beginning of your chapter about your own experimentation with altered states, you write: Every culture has found chemical means of transcendence. At some point, the use of such intoxicants becomes institutionalized at a magical or sacramental level. What are you thinking of there?
SACKS: Well, I was thinking of peyote ceremonies with Native Americans, but similar ceremonies in Mexico with morning glory seeds - ololiuqui, similar ceremonies in Central America with magic mushrooms, similar ones in South American with both - I can't pronounce it, ayahuasca. And so there's - this seems to happen in every culture at some point.
GROSS: And you write that some drugs like hallucinogenic drugs promise transcendence on demand. Is that why you wanted to experiment with them?
SACKS: Well, I think it's one of the reasons. It's probably a little too high-sounding for all of my reasons. I mean, I think I sometimes just wanted pleasure. I wanted to see a visually and perhaps musically enhanced world. I wanted to know what it was like, and I think those are ways an observer part, as well as the participant. I would often keep notes when I got stoned.
GROSS: What - did it seem absurd to you to keep notes on the experience because the experience was so heightened and can be so absorbing to take notes on, it brings you outside of it while you're in it, which can seem absurd in that moment?
SACKS: Yes, well, I didn't always take notes on it. I especially tended to take notes, I think, if a trip turned frightening, and then the taking notes would help me stand outside this, in a way.
GROSS: What was the first time you tried a drug that induced perceptual distortions?
SACKS: I think it was in 1963, and I was in Los Angeles, at UCLA, doing a residency in neurology, but I was also much on the beach, on Venice Beach and Muscle Beach. And there, there was quite a drug culture, as there was also in Topanga Canyon, where I lived. And one day, someone offered me some pot.
And I took two puffs from it, and I'd been looking at my hand for some reason, and the hand seemed to retreat from me but at the same time getting larger and larger until it became a sort of cosmic hand across the universe. And I found that astounding.
GROSS: So what did you find most interesting, pleasing or disturbing about that first experience that made you want to seek more experiences like it?
SACKS: I was fascinated that one could have such perceptual changes and also that they went with a certain feeling of significance, an enormous numinous feeling. I'm strongly atheist by disposition, but nonetheless when this happened, I couldn't help thinking that must be what the hand of God is like, or how it is experienced.
GROSS: Were you already a neurology student?
SACKS: Yes, I was a neurology resident at that time, and the air was buzzing with discoveries and talk about neurotransmitters and drug actions and what one could do for people with psychosis or people with Parkinson's. And so the chemistry of the nervous system was a very hot topic and inviting one to try for oneself.
GROSS: So you started taking LSD in 1964, and you write that you took mind-altering drugs every weekend for a while. Give us a sense of one of the better experiences that you had that made you want to keep using it.
SACKS: Well, a particular experience was with a color. I had been reading about the color indigo, how it had been introduced into the spectrum by Newton rather late, and it seemed no two people quite agreed as to what indigo was, and I thought I would like to have an experience of indigo.
And I built up a sort of pharmacological launch pad with amphetamines and LSD and a little cannabis on top of that, and when I was really stoned I said: I want to see indigo now. And as if thrown by a paintbrush, a huge pear-shaped blob of the purest indigo appeared on the wall.
It again had this luminous, numinous quality. I leapt toward it in a sort of ecstasy. I thought: This is the color of heaven, or this is the color which Giotto tried to get all his life but never could. I thought maybe this is not a color which actually exists on the Earth, or maybe it used to exist or no longer exists.
And all this went through my mind in four or five seconds, and then the blob disappeared, giving me a strong sense of loss and heartbrokenness, and I was haunted a little bit when I came down, wondering whether indigo did exist in the real world.
And I would turn over little stones. I once went to a museum to look at azurite, a copper mineral which is maybe the nearest to indigo, but that was disappointing. I did in fact have that experience again, but when I had it the second time, it was not with a drug, it was with music, and I think music can take one to the heights in a way comparable with drugs.
But I think the indigo was my favorite hallucination.
GROSS: My guest is neurologist Oliver Sacks. His new book is called "Hallucinations." We'll take more - talk more after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: So if you're just joining us, my guest is Dr. Oliver Sacks, who's best known for his case studies in neurology. He's a neurologist, and he often writes about what people experience perceptually when they have neurological disorders. His books include "The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat," "Musicophilia" and "Awakenings." His new book is called "Hallucinations."
So give us an example of a really bad time that you had on a hallucinogenic drug.
SACKS: Well, I think the worst time was also a rather puzzling time. It was in '65. I was new to New York. I was sleeping very badly. I was taking ever-increasing doses of a sleeping medication called chloral hydrate. And then one day I ran out of it. But I didn't think much of this, though when I went to work, I noticed I was rather tremulous, and at that time I was doing neuropathology, and it was my turn to slice a brain and describe all the structures, which I usually enjoyed doing and did easily.
But this time it was difficult, and I hesitate, and I felt my tremor was becoming more obvious. When the session was over, I went to have a coffee across the road, and suddenly my coffee turned green and then purple. And I looked up, there was a man paying at the register, and he seemed to have some huge proboscidean head like a sea elephant.
I was panicked. I didn't know what was happening. I ran across the street to a bus, got on it, but the people on the bus terrified me. They all seemed to have huge egg-shaped heads with eyes like the eyes of insects, compound eyes, which moved suddenly.
I wrote all this in my journal. I felt that I would get dangerously out of control one way or another, either with panic or catatonia or whatever, unless I made a note. And I somehow managed to get off the bus and onto a train and get off at the right stop that when I got off - I lived in the Village then, as I do again now - the houses, the buildings were flapping like flags in a high wind.
When I got back to my apartment, I phoned up a friend of mine, we'd interned together, her name was Carol Burnett, and I said: Carol, I want to say goodbye. I've gone mad. And she said: Oliver, what have you just taken? And I said: I haven't just taken anything. And she thought for a moment and said: What have you just stopped taking?
And I said: That's it, the chlor. And so this was the beginning of an attack of the DTs, the delirium tremens, not induced by alcohol withdrawal but by chloral withdrawal. It's a dangerous state. I should really have checked myself into hospital, but I didn't. I thought I wanted to go through it with some kindly medical supervision, and I did.
But there were many, many terrifying things there.
GROSS: Was it helpful while you were having these nightmarish hallucinations, because of withdrawal from the medicine that you were taking, was it helpful to know that they were medically induced hallucinations, that you weren't losing your mind and that this was going to end?
SACKS: Yeah, yeah, yeah, absolutely. When I realized it was medication and not madness, that was a relief so huge that I felt I could sit through the rest of it.
GROSS: As a neurologist, what did you learn from that experience?
SACKS: Well, I think I learned that one shouldn't be silly. But in particular, from that experience, there were all sorts of particular, odd visual perceptions. Sometimes I could not see continuous motion, I would only see a series of stills. And that fascinated me very much, and it made me in fact wonder whether the sense of visual motion is an illusion, whether in fact we see a series of stills.
I don't think I'd had that thought until I was seeing stills. I felt that almost every possible sensory combination was offered to me, every fantasy, every dreamlike distortion. And with hallucinations one remembers them, unlike dreams, and on the whole they're not like dreams because dreaming, you're asleep, you're only a dreaming consciousness, whereas here you're awake and observing yourself.
GROSS: So just another experience I want to ask you about here, you write about how your parents were both doctors, and once while they were out of town you raided their medicine cabinets and injected yourself with morphine to see what that would be like. And I was wondering if they ever found out.
SACKS: I don't think they found out, and if they did, they didn't say anything. That was a one and only time when I raided their medicine cabinet and also when I tried morphine, IV. The experience was both - was intriguing in a way, but it also lasted, to my shock, for 13 hours, when I thought it had only lasted for 20 minutes.
And it made me realize how dangerous the opiods were.
GROSS: Did it affect how you prescribe morphine as a doctor?
SACKS: Well, I don't prescribe morphine too often. In general I'm a - I act as a consultant, and I may suggest various medications without - you know, without myself prescribing them. But I think that morphine is indispensible for very severe pain. In England, for that matter, they use heroin, and I think that to deny morphine, say, to people with terminal pain on the ridiculous notion that they may become addicted to it is - is the height of cruelty.
I think there are times when morphine is needed.
GROSS: So I want to quote something you wrote about how you stopped doing amphetamines. You wrote: After taking amphetamines, I would feel I had made a crazy ascent into the stratosphere but had come back empty-handed and had nothing to show for it, that the experience had been as empty and vacuous as it was intense.
Then you write about how one time when you came down, you'd retained a sense of illumination and insight, and you had a revelation about migraine, and the next day you started writing about this, and you realized writing was where your real joy was, it was about writing for you, and you never took amphetamines again.
SACKS: Yeah. Well, I think one of the reasons I took drugs was somehow to regain the feeling of intellectual energy and enjoyment and maybe creativity, which I'd known years before as a boy in my days when I loved chemistry but which then seemed to have abandoned me.
And with that particular amphetamine trip, which went along with the fact that I was seeing patients with migraine, who I found fascinating and felt deeply for, and as well as a wonderful old book written in the 1860s on migraine, and the overwhelming feeling was that now it was the 1960s and we should have such a book again, and who would write it?
And a very loud inner voice said, you silly bugger, you're the man. And after that, something seemed to be switched on in my head, and basically I never took drugs again.
GROSS: Dr. Oliver Sacks will be back in the second half of the show. His new book is called "Hallucinations." I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross, back with neurologist Oliver Sacks, author of the bestselling books "Awakenings," "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" and "Musicophelia." His books are based on the patients he's treated, as well as medical history, literature and his own experiences. His new book, "Hallucinations" is about hallucinations brought on by neurological disorders, brain injuries, medications, fever, blindness, mind-altering drugs and more - hallucinations ranging from the terrifying to the transcendent.
So, you know how some people say the human brain is wired for God, you know, wired to...
SACKS: Uh-huh.
GROSS: ..to have religion. What's your take on that?
SACKS: I'm very intrigued by the relationship between drugs and religion and hallucination and religion. There's a long chapter on epilepsy, which at one time was called the sacred disease - although Hippocrates said there was nothing sacred about it. Although, he allowed sometimes the symptoms of epilepsy may be visionary and, in particular, there is a sort of seizure which some people get called an ecstatic seizure, when there will be a feeling of bliss or rapture, a feeling of being transported to heaven, sometimes of hearing angelic voices or seeing angels or communing with God.
Experiences like this can happen with seemingly quite irreligious people who have - who don't seem to have an iota of religious disposition, but the experience may be rather overwhelming and may lead to conversion.
GROSS: But it's interesting how often those visions - if we want to call it that - come from something that nowadays would be diagnosed as a disorder, and in fact are disorders like epilepsy or schizophrenia.
SACKS: Yes. Well, certainly. I think there's probably always been visions and voices, and these were variously ascribed to the divine or demonic or the muses. I think many poets still feel they depend on an inner voice, or a voice which tells them what to do.
The medicalization of hallucinations really only occurred in the 19th century, and following that, people became, I think, very much more anxious about hallucinations and secretive and ashamed, and the subject was much less discussed. I think hallucinations need to be discussed. There are all sorts of hallucinations, and there are many sorts which are OK, like the ones I think which most of us have when we're in bed at night before we fall asleep when we can see all sorts of patterns or faces or scenes.
GROSS: Now I want to ask you about visual migraines. And...
SACKS: Yes.
GROSS: I want you to describe the kind of visual distortions that people with migraines often get.
SACKS: Well, the most characteristic one starts as a brilliant, scintillating zigzag which expands over the course of a few minutes and becomes a huge crescent, which looks rather like a medieval fort. And this is sometimes called a fortification pattern. It is extremely bright, dazzlingly bright, and there may be an area of blindness around it. It takes something between 15 and 20 minutes to develop and disappear, and this is precisely coincident with a wave of electrical excitement crossing one's visual brain, one's occipital cortex.
Sometimes there are more complex things in a migraine. For example, Siri Hustvedt has described and written about how on one occasion, in a migraine aura, she saw a little man and his ox about six inches high on the ground. She had this Lilliputian hallucination which charmed her, and this again lasted a few minutes and then vanished.
One can, in fact, have almost any sort of hallucination with migraine, including hallucinations of smell or hearing or music, though the commonest ones are visual. And I would say there are a hundred visual migraines for anything involving another sense. If you're lucky, you don't go on from the visual migraine to the headache and nausea. I'm lucky that way. I don't. But my mother, who had this, would have the whole thing.
GROSS: Now, you speculate in the book that visual migraines, which can sometimes be patterns of color, might have inspired ancient art that's patterned art, or even, you know, patterned - ancient pattern rugs and things like that. Can you just describe some of your thoughts about that?
SACKS: Yeah. Well, besides the fortification, there are all sorts of complex, geometrical patterns, very symmetrical, some of them looking like the finest doily or something like this. And patterns like this tend to appear in migraine, but they may also appear with fever. They also appear with various drugs. They may also be seen as one is falling asleep.
And one can't help comparing them with various forms of ornamental art and cave art, and wondering whether individuals or cultures have been inspired by some of these patterns which are built into the nervous system. These patterns are generated when a - when millions of neurons are behaving in a particular sort of way. And I - at a higher level, I've, you know, one has wondered whether the sort of stories of imps and elves and sprites and fairies may have something to do with the sort of Lilliputian vision which Siri Hustvedt described, which is also not uncommon.
GROSS: Do you still get visual migraines?
SACKS: Yes. I got a particularly strong one after watching "The Book of Mormon."
GROSS: You're not blaming it on the show, are you?
SACKS: No. No. It was simply - for me, there was a - I think there was a huge - I think it's a brilliant, funny show, but for me, it was a huge sensory overload. It was much too bright and much too loud, and so I think this was my brain objecting to it.
GROSS: So what patterns do you see when you have a visual migraine?
SACKS: I usually get the zigzag, but I may also see lattice patterns, like tessellations. Sometimes these lattice patterns seem to cover people's faces or a piece of paper I'm writing on. I mostly get complex, geometrical patterns. I've never actually visually seen images with migraine, although on at least two occasions, I've had a smell, in particular a smell of hot, buttered toast with a strong sense that I was about of being three years old, being put in a high chair and about to be given some hot, buttered toast.
A sort of olfactory hallucination often goes with the recollection of that sort of way. The first time I got that, I was in the hospital and I went searching for the toast. The second time, I was driving along Bronx River Parkway where there's obviously no toast to be had.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Dr. Oliver Sacks, and his new book is called "Hallucinations." He's also the author of "Musicophilia," "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" and "Awakenings."
Let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk more about hallucinations. This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is neurologist Dr. Oliver Sacks, best-known for such books as "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat," "Musicophilia," and "Awakenings." His new book is called "Hallucinations," and it's about medically induced hallucinations, naturally occurring hallucinations - like between waking and sleeping - and hallucinations that are side effects of drugs, hallucinations that are caused by various medical conditions. Yeah.
SACKS: Can I add to your list? Hallucinations which are caused by real-life experiences, such as bereavement.
GROSS: Yes. I'm glad you mentioned bereavement. And that is such a common form of hallucination, where, you know, you've lost somebody who you love and you think you've seen them or heard them say something. And when that happens, I think it's fair to say it feels like a visitation. How would you describe that?
SACKS: Yeah. Well, someone dies, there's a hole in your life and that hole can be briefly filled, I think, by a hallucination. Typically, the bereavement hallucinations - which are common; something like 40 or 50 percent of bereaved people get them occasionally - are often felt as very comfortable, comforting, and they may help them through the mourning process, and when one has mourned fully, they disappear.
GROSS: How, as a neurologist, would you interpret those hallucinations?
SACKS: Well, with any hallucinations, if you can say do functional brain imagery while they're going on, you will find that the parts of the brain usually involved in seeing or hearing - in perception - are, in fact, being active, have become super-active by themselves. And this is an autonomous activity. This does not happen with imagination. But hallucination, in a way, simulates perception, and the perceptual parts of the brain become active. And - but, you know, what else is going on, there's obviously a very, very strong, passionate feeling of love and loss with bereavement hallucinations, and I think intense emotion of any sort can produce a hallucination.
GROSS: Say you had actually seen - say it really was like a visitation from the person who you're mourning, what would be happening in your brain, compared to the activation that you're describing in a hallucination? In other words, like, does the FMRI, the functional brain imagery prove that it really wasn't a visitation, that it was just something induced by your brain?
SACKS: Well, you would see a precise coincidence between the visitation and quite major changes in the brain, and you cannot reduce the visitation to those changes, but you also cannot just discuss those changes without saying it was experienced as a visitation. I mean, the whole hard question of neurology or of science or philosophy is how to connect brain activity with experience and mind. And all we could say, on the whole, is that things go parallel.
GROSS: I'm just curious. Like how - how do you do functional brain imagery of somebody who has had a hallucination? I mean, they're probably not hooked up to the FMRI...
SACKS: Yeah.
GROSS: ...when they're feeling like they had this visitation from a lost loved one.
SACKS: Well, there, it will be difficult, because hallucinations like this are rare and sporadic and unpredictable. But there are other people - and I am especially interested in this, because I've worked in old age homes for the last 40 years or so, and I've seen many, many elderly people who are intellectually intact, but have impaired vision or hearing, have visual or auditory hallucinations on this basis.
The visual one they call Charles Bonnet Syndrome, and people may see faces. They may see landscapes, patterns, musical notation, for hours a day. And in this situation, you can have someone inside a functional MRI, and they can, say, raise a finger when they are hallucinating. You may then say to them: You are hallucinating faces. They may say, how the hell do you know? And you will say, because the face recognizing part of your brain suddenly became very active.
GROSS: Wow. Uh-huh...
SACKS: And it is this sort of thing, especially with patients with Charles Bonnet Syndrome, that you can plot, you can map the brain by the sort of hallucinations people get.
GROSS: You write in your book "Hallucinations" about an auditory hallucination you had that really might've saved your life. You were mountain climbing and you'd injured your foot or your leg and part of you just wanted to just, like, slow down, sleep. But then you heard a voice which said what?
SACKS: Yeah. Well, the impulse to sleep - I'd torn off most of the thigh muscles and the knee was dislocating backwards. And at one point I got quite shocked and must have a little sleep. And the voice said, no, that would be death. Go on. You've got to keep going. Find a pace you can keep up and keep it up. And this was a very clear commanding voice. It was a sort of life voice and it was not to be disobeyed.
GROSS: And so you kept going in spite of the horrible shape that your leg and knee was in.
SACKS: Yeah. I was sort of lowering myself down with my arms. I had splinted the leg as best I could with an umbrella stick and my anorak, which I tore in two. Incidentally, I thought that was going to be the last day of my life and it had every prospect of being, but I was found at twilight by two hunters. This was in north Norway.
But that voice was crucial for me and I've heard many other stories like this. One of them was from a young woman who was brokenhearted after a love affair and determined to commit suicide. And she had a bottle of sleeping tablets and a tumbler of whisky to wash them down and she had raised the tablets to her mouth when she heard a voice saying: Don't do that, I wouldn't do that if I were you, you won't always be feeling the way you're feeling now.
And she - it was a man's voice. She didn't recognize it. She was fairly startled. She said, who was that? Who was that? And she said a figure materialized in a chair opposite her for a few seconds, a figure in 18th century dress that vanished. But she feels that hallucination saved her life. And I think her story is not that uncommon. Nor mine, for that matter.
GROSS: Whose voice did you hear? Was it your voice, a stranger's voice?
SACKS: Not my voice. I often hear my voice. I am always sort of cursing or muttering to myself. But this was a very clear, assured voice. Not a voice I recognized but a voice I trusted. Which I suppose I realized came from some part of me, because there's no other place it could've come from.
GROSS: What do you speculate goes on neurologically when, in a state of extreme danger like you were in, a voice tells you to do the thing that you need to do to save your life?
SACKS: It seems to me almost like an ultimate safeguard. Some power, propensity, which is sort of built into the structure of the mind and the emotions. Probably I would think most people would go through a life and never hear it. It only announces itself in extremity.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is neurologist Oliver Sacks, who's best known for his books "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat," "Musicophilia" and "Awakenings." His new book is called "Hallucinations" and it's about the various things that can cause hallucinations and what's happening in the brain when you're hallucinating.
Let's take a short break here, then we'll talk more about hallucinations. This is FRESH AIR.
GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is neurologist Oliver Sacks, who's well known for his bestsellers "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat," "Musicophilia" and "Awakenings." His new book is called "Hallucinations" and it's about disorders, drugs, and other things that can cause hallucinations and what's happening in the brain when we have hallucinations.
It seems to me you've had a neurologically eventful life.
GROSS: Honestly, like you've had migraines from like the age of four and, you know, you heard the voice when you were mountain climbing and would have died had you not kept walking in spite of a severe leg injury. You've had spinal pain and, you know, wanted to understand the, you know, nerve causes of that. You've had visual disorders.
And it just seems like you have experienced so much, which I know has been useful to you as a doctor, but it seems like a lot for one person to go through.
SACKS: Yeah. I...
GROSS: You've lost your sight in one eye because of cancer, and that started out with all kinds of distortions.
SACKS: Yes. Well, I expect it has been a lot in a way, but I feel I'm lucky. I'm close to 80 and I'm still in fairly good shape. Especially if I can go swimming. I limp a bit on land but I'm powerful in the water. And it's true I've only got one eye now and the other one needs some surgery. But I manage.
I suspect that most people may have quite a lot of neurological things to which they don't pay much attention. I think I probably differ from others only in having paid attention to things.
GROSS: How much are you practicing now? You said you're about 80.
SACKS: Yeah. I usually have a couple of half days a week in which I go to a place and I see occasional patients in my own office.
GROSS: What has been the most dramatic change you've seen in your field since you started as a neurology resident in the '60s?
SACKS: I think probably the ability to visualize the brain in life with functional imaging or PET scanning, and if the brain is exposed to record from individual cells. But there's been a whole change of orientation. We now, for example, think of vision - what one sees - as being constructed. We know that the image on the back of the retina then has to be analyzed by 40 or 50 different systems in the brain.
And then all of these work together to produce the final image. The sense of the brain's complexity and wonder, I think, has been increased. We are now very much looking at consciousness as a central problem, whereas that was regarded as either not a problem or an insoluble problem or a mystery 30 years ago. We have found forms of treatment which could not have been imagined a few years ago.
In particular I think of the use of stem cells and other things for neurodegenerative disease. I think neurology has both expanded and become much more hopeful than it was when I entered it. So neurology is fun now.
GROSS: Well, Dr. Sacks, it's just such a pleasure to talk with you. You're always so interesting. I thank you so much for coming back to our show.
SACKS: Well, thank you so much. And I always love talking with you and I love the way you keep me focused, or you try to keep me focused.
SACKS: Although I'm incorrigible.
GROSS: You're great. I really appreciate you talking with us. Be well and thank you again so much.
SACKS: Thank you.
GROSS: Dr. Oliver Sacks is the author of the new book "Hallucinations." You can read an excerpt on our website, freshair.npr.org, where you can also download podcasts of our show. And you can follow us on Twitter at nprfreshair and on Tumblr on nprfreshair.tumblr.com.
Transcripts are created on a rush deadline, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of Fresh Air interviews and reviews are the audio recordings of each segment.


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Introducing our exclusive Horror Halloween Side Zipper Hoodie with a Double Hood! Elevate your style with this unique blend of comfort and creativity, embracing the eerie essence of the season. Perfect for Halloween parties, trick-or-treating, or simply embracing the autumn chills. Make a haunting statement with our must-have apparel!
Please check the measurement chart carefully before you buy the item.
Material: Cotton, Polyeste
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text:
Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
Description: | User authentication using DBM files |
Status: | Extension |
Module Identifier: | authn_dbm_module |
Source File: | mod_authn_dbm.c |
Compatibility: | Available in Apache 2.1 and later |
This module provides authentication front-ends such as
and mod_auth_basic
to authenticate users by looking up users in dbm password
files. Similar functionality is provided by
When using mod_auth_basic
, this module is invoked via the
with the dbm
Description: | Sets the type of database file that is used to store passwords |
Syntax: | AuthDBMType default|SDBM|GDBM|NDBM|DB |
Default: | AuthDBMType default |
Context: | directory, .htaccess |
Override: | AuthConfig |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_authn_dbm |
Sets the type of database file that is used to store the passwords. The default database type is determined at compile time. The availability of other types of database files also depends on compile-time settings.
It is crucial that whatever program you use to create your password files is configured to use the same type of database.
Description: | Sets the name of a database file containing the list of users and passwords for authentication |
Syntax: | AuthDBMUserFile file-path |
Context: | directory, .htaccess |
Override: | AuthConfig |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_authn_dbm |
The AuthDBMUserFile
directive sets the
name of a DBM file containing the list of users and passwords for
user authentication. File-path is the absolute path to
the user file.
The user file is keyed on the username. The value for a user is the encrypted password, optionally followed by a colon and arbitrary data. The colon and the data following it will be ignored by the server.
Make sure that the AuthDBMUserFile
is stored
outside the document tree of the web-server; do not put it in
the directory that it protects. Otherwise, clients will be able to
download the AuthDBMUserFile
The encrypted password format depends on which authentication
frontend (e.g. mod_auth_basic
) is being used. See Password Formats for
more information.
Important compatibility note: The implementation of
in the apache modules reads the string length of
the hashed values from the DBM data structures, rather than relying
upon the string being NULL-appended. Some applications, such as
the Netscape web server, rely upon the string being
NULL-appended, so if you are having trouble using DBM files
interchangeably between applications this may be a part of the
A perl script called
is included with
Apache. This program can be used to create and update DBM
format password files for use with this module. Another
tool for maintaining the DBM files is the included program


text:
No DST
1970 - 2030
No further time changes in 2024 in Dindigul |
Daylight Saving Time (DST) Not Observed in Year 2024
India currently observes India Standard Time (IST) all year.
Daylight Saving Time has not been used since our records start, in 1970.
DST data from before 1970 is not available for Dindigul, India. However, we have earlier DST history for Kolkata, India available.


text:
Wednesday, January 10, 2007
Apple iPhone
After weeks of speculation and expectation, Steve Jobs introduced the Apple iPhone at the Macworld Conference and Expo in San Francisco yesterday. I've already confessed my obsession for gadgets like this one.
This is a really cool product. Not only is it a phone, but also an iPod and an internet browser as well. For more details, check out the iPhone site and even watch the Steve Jobs presentation of the iPhone.
The thing is not going to be available until June. So, I have a little time to talk myself out of buying this cool gadget. But, well see....
27 comments:
- ladybug said...
i saw this on the news last night, and knew there'd be a post from you in the morning :)
it looks VERY cool. but for around $500, i dunno. i cant talk much tho, the new phone i want is $300. and its merely a phone. - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 1:16:00 PM
It's a phone, Doc! You know, the thing that rings when you're in your backswing and causes you to hit an old lady on the next hole? The thing that rings when you're answering nature's call and trying to read the sports page? The thing that rings when you're pulling into your driveway... and when you answer it you find you have to pull right out again?
No, Doc, I don't care if it looks cool. It's a phone. - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 1:34:00 PM
I want I want I want I want.
Gimme. - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 1:56:00 PM
- Dr. A said...
Hey Curmudgeon, how about this?
Yes, it's a phone. But, you can BLOG from this phone. This thing does have a full and complete internet connection. So, you can keep up on your blogging addiction.
How about now? Ok, I know, I know. It's still a phone... - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 2:32:00 PM
I can BLOG from this computer -- and it doesn't ring!
And I've never been called out of the bathroom to answer an email!
I'm afraid we may have to agree to disagree on this one, Doc.
Respectfully yours, - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 4:19:00 PM
- Dr. A said...
Point taken. Go Chicago Bears!
- Wednesday, January 10, 2007 4:31:00 PM
I want that phone 'cause...i NEED that phone...yes I need of it for....life :P
- Wednesday, January 10, 2007 5:31:00 PM
does anyone remember the old ad that showed up in 2005 (I think) that featured the phone floating up in the air, opening, playing some video, and then sitting back down, all to a very catchy tune.
here it is: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3168733759916419298
back then it was known as "iTalk" it's hard to see, but that was just a design consept. I'm glad that the touch screen remained a feature. as super steno said "Gimme Gimme Gimme" oh and curmudgeon, it is true that that net acsess wont alwy's be usefull, but on long bus rides or train rides it could be fun. I also like the addition of a wide screen. - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 8:13:00 PM
I say get it, Doc--and I want one too, oh yeah!
- Wednesday, January 10, 2007 8:38:00 PM
If I had the money and needed everything the phone did, I would get it also. Anything to get a new toy!
If you haven't already read Intueri's post about the iPhone, you should check it out. I found it funny and a good way to put the $500 price tag in perspective. - Wednesday, January 10, 2007 9:15:00 PM
Even though it would be one of the most expensive "smart" phones, I figured that the gadget-philes just can't resist its shiny-ness. I heard the Apple stock went up $7 in one day yesterday, and I'm sure AT&T too.
- Wednesday, January 10, 2007 9:17:00 PM
It seems Cisco is suing Apple over its "iPhone" trademark it already owns (smart buggers). I hope this doesn't delay your purchase!
- Wednesday, January 10, 2007 10:58:00 PM
Hmm...I don't like Ipods themselves and internet access through phones really isn't safe or secure (coming from someone in the police force) so I think this would just be a waste of money.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 9:57:00 AM
I agree with curmudgeon--I don't like cell phones. I got rid of mine a long time ago. I do like gadgets though, but I'll have to stick with the plain ol' iPod.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 11:01:00 AM
- ipanema said...
With this vital stats, it's reallu something. :)
Screen size - 3.5in (8.9cm)
Resolution - 320x480 pixels
Memory - 4GB/8GB
Wireless - Quad-band GSM/wi-fi/Bluetooth
Camera - 2 megapixels
Battery life - 5 hours talk/16 hours playback
Size - 115 x 61 x 11.6mm
Weight - 135grammes
Operating System - OS X
And yes, it could be challenged by Cisco again having owned the name since puchasing Infogear who used that name before. But Steve Jobs is very ecstatic with this revolutionary phone. :) - Thursday, January 11, 2007 11:17:00 AM
Now if only it was a phaser, too.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 3:44:00 PM
Notice they haven't announced the price yet...that I'm looking forward to! I'm a treo fan but I could easily see getting swayed to the i-side...especially if it gets cable - then I can watch the Red Sox from anywhere.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 6:55:00 PM
As a confirmed Apple junkie, I've been using a Mac for over 20 years... I too have longed for the long awaited iPhone. We Mac people who read the Mac news stuff daily, have heard the whispers about the development of this little gadget for well over a year -- some pics were leaked by someone in the R&D department via a cell phone pic about 9 months ago. If Steve Jobs would have said the iPhone was going to be on the market the day after his announcement, I might have been down at the Apple store, credit card in hand.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 6:56:00 PM
They did announce the price -- it was posted on Apple's website -- it will be around $600 and comes in 2 or 4 Gigs
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 6:57:00 PM
"Malnurtered snay" cracks me up!....
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 7:21:00 PM
I'm starting to feel really old fashioned. I like my phones to be phones and my cameras to be cameras and my mp3 players to... yeah, you get it.
I just get frustrated by these things. My Dell Axim has a screen that's too small to have fun with, really and it looks like this phone would be the same. - Thursday, January 11, 2007 8:27:00 PM
just like with the iPod, I can't get excited about this. Sure, it's neat, and that pinch thing raised my eyebrows a bit, but I will never be able to afford one. No point in getting a stiffy over it.
- Thursday, January 11, 2007 11:45:00 PM
I'll wait a year or so until the price comes down-and they've worked out any bugs.
- Friday, January 12, 2007 11:11:00 AM
- Mother Jones RN said...
You know, Doc, my birthday is in July. Don't you give nice nurses a gift on their birthday?
MJ;-) - Friday, January 12, 2007 2:31:00 PM
- Muddy said...
No, supposedly his nurses get gift cards to the Olive Garden so they can return them to Dr A a few weeks/months later ;)
- Friday, January 12, 2007 8:04:00 PM
Once you go Mac, you never go back, baby. I am so excited about the arrival of this device that I could just pee. Sure, my Treo does email and a lot of other stuff, but it doesn't play well with my much beloved mac computer. The best part about this phone (price be damned, I lust after the big 'un) is that it will operate seamlessly and speak the same language as my computer. As far as the Cisco suit goes, all I can say is, "a rose by any other name..."
- Monday, January 15, 2007 12:44:00 AM
The two devices that mankind spends the most time and money trying to improve the battery life on are mp3 players and cell phones. So now we stick the two together in one unit so that the battery only lasts half as long? How much sense does that make????
Sorry, but I'll keep my cell and mp3 player separate thanks! At least that way I should always have entertainment of some sort. - Monday, January 15, 2007 3:11:00 AM


text:
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text:
Rotary Club of West Kelowna Daybreak Privacy Policy
Last Updated: February 09, 2023
Rotary Club of West Kelowna Daybreak
This organization uses ClubRunner for its membership management software and to publish its website, maintain its database, and send email communications.
At ClubRunner, we're committed to protecting your privacy. This Privacy Policy explains how we collect, use, and disclose information processed through this website, and our online subscription service (the "Services").
This page sets out our privacy policy and describes why and how we collect, use and disclose personal information which you choose to provide to us on our website, as well as how to access, modify, or delete your personal information. This policy doesn't apply to anyone who isn't under our control or management, such as the operators of other websites that you might link to from our website. Such operators may have their own privacy policies, which might differ from ours.
How Will We Collect Personal Information?
You are under no obligation to disclose any personal information to us at any time. We collect information you provide directly to us. For example, whenever you participate in any interactive features of the Services such as filling out a form, requesting customer support, sending us an email, or calling us. In the process you may be asked to give your name, e-mail address, mailing address, and any other information you choose to provide for the purpose of these Services. We or a designated third party may collect payment and credit card information when you subscribe to our paid Services or purchase additional services.
Information We Collect Automatically When You Use Our Services
When you access or use our Services, we may automatically collect information about you, including:
- Log Information: We log information about your use of the Services, including the type of browser you use, access times, pages viewed, your IP address, your general location, and the page you visited before navigating to our Services.
- Device Information: We collect information about the computer or mobile device you use to access our Services, including the hardware model, operating system and version.
- Cookies: We use cookies to store your login session and other information to make your navigation of our Services easier. More information on cookies is available below.
Use of Cookies and Other Tracking Technologies
Our site uses "cookies" which are small files containing pieces of information that are stored by your browser on your computer's hard drive. Most Web browsers automatically accept cookies, but if you prefer, you can set your browser to block them. Our cookies can contain information such as your user ID that our website uses to recognize you. Our cookies can't read data off your hard disk or read cookie files created by other sites. The only personal information our cookies contain is the information you provide yourself. When you enter personal information on our website, your personal information will be linked to the cookie we save on your computer. If you do choose to delete your cookie, you may not be able to use the administrative features of the website.
We use Google Analytics to track how visitors interact with our website, analyze where traffic is generated from and collect information related to general site engagement.
Third party advertising management services such as Google and Facebook may display tailored messages upon you interacting with our website through the use of cookies. You can opt out of these ads at any time when displayed. For more information on Google Ads, click here. For more information on opting out of ads on Facebook, click here. Should you delete your cookies, please note, you will need to opt out of seeing these messages again. These cookies cannot personally identify you and expire after 180 days or until you clear your cookies.
On customer websites, where you engage with social share buttons (ex: Facebook Like Button or the share content buttons), the services that manage the social platform you get directed to may use cookies. ClubRunner is not affiliated with any of these services and all legalities surrounding the use of cookies are thus under the policies set by the social media platforms.
How Do We Use Personal Information?
We may use information about you for various purposes, including to:
- Provide, maintain, customize, and improve our Services;
- Provide and deliver the products and services you request, process transactions and send you related information, including confirmations and invoices,
- Send you technical notices, updates, security alerts and support and administrative messages;
- Respond to your comments, questions and requests and provide customer service;
- Communicate with you about products, services, offers, promotions, and events offered by ClubRunner and others, and provide news and information we think will be of interest to you;
- Monitor and analyze trends, usage and activities in connection with our Services; and
- Carry out any other purpose for which the information was collected.
You may receive automatically-generated emails from ClubRunner that are triggered when you perform certain tasks such as registering for an event, volunteering for a task, subscribing to a bulletin, or requesting a forgotten password.
You may also receive emails from other club members. ClubRunner does not control the frequency or content of member-generated emails. You have the option to unsubscribe from receiving these emails by either updating your communication preferences from within your profile, or removing your email address entirely.
How Is Your Personal Information Protected?
ClubRunner is committed to protecting your personal information and has developed policies and procedures to ensure our compliance with our own Security and Privacy Policy and with applicable International laws.
We also understand your concerns about online security and take reasonable measures to help protect information about you from loss, theft, misuse and unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration and destruction.
How Do We Disclose or Share Your Information?
When you voluntarily provide ClubRunner with personally identifiable information online, that information is kept within the ClubRunner family of web site(s) and will not be sold, rented or otherwise traded to any third party.
We may share your information as follows or as otherwise described in this Privacy Policy:
- With vendors, consultants, and other service providers who need access to such information to carry out work on our behalf;
- In response to a request for information if we believe disclosure is in accordance with any applicable law, rule or regulation;
- If we believe your actions are inconsistent with the spirit or language of our user agreements or policies, or to protect the rights, property and safety of ClubRunner or others;
- With your consent or at your direction.
We may also share aggregated or de-identified information, which cannot reasonably be used to identify you.
ClubRunner employs other companies and people to provide functions that form part of our Services, for example, email sending, social media sharing, payment processing, help desk software, etc. ClubRunner has made and continues to make efforts to ensure all its sub-processors comply with our privacy policies. For a list of ClubRunner's sub-processors, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Data Retention
We will retain your personal information only for as long as it is needed to provide our Services, and this depends on the purposes for which we use it, unless applicable law requires we either dispose of it or keep it longer. We may also continue to store your personal information to allow us to resolve disputes, enforce our agreements, comply with legal obligations and/or for other legally permissible purposes consistent with this Privacy Policy.
How to View, Update or Delete Your Personal Information
You may, at any time, view, update and request to permanently delete any of your personal information. These tools are made available to all Site Administrators, or you may contact ClubRunner at email@example.com.
Upon request, ClubRunner will provide you with information about whether we hold any of your personal information. If you provide us with your personal information, you have the following rights:
- To review the personal information we have stored;
- To request that we correct any errors, outdated information, or omissions;
- To unsubscribe from being contacted by us; and
- To have your information permanently deleted.
We will respond to your request within a reasonable timeframe and notify you of the action we have taken.
Questions Regarding This Privacy Policy
If you have any questions please contact ClubRunner, 2010 Winston Park Drive, Suite 200, Oakville, Ontario, L6H 5R7. You may call us at (647) 490-5878, or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Changes To This Privacy Policy
We may change this Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make changes, we will notify you by revising the date at the top of the policy and, in some cases, we may provide you with additional notice, such as adding a statement to our home page or sending an email. We encourage you to review the Privacy Policy whenever you access the Services or otherwise interact with us to stay informed about our information practices.
Note On Jurisdiction
ClubRunner is a privately held Canadian company with headquarters in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Consequently, by using our Services you agree that in all matters relating to this web site(s) you shall be governed by the laws of the province of Ontario or Canada, as applicable, and further, that you submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of the province of Ontario.
You may not use our Services if law prohibits you from doing so in the country in which you reside.


text:
Results for "tag:REST"
Found 2 out of 83 items.
Eiffel ROC CMS library is build with [EWF](http://eiffelwebframework.github.io/EWF/) and inspired by [Drupal](https://www.drupal.org/). The goal of the library is to provide the following features. - content type - user management - node management - module design - theme - API - ...
cms web rest api user node module theme authentication
Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:33:01 GMT
hal: HAL 223
Eiffel HAL is a library to work with http://stateless.co/hal_specification.html#json HAL is used for exposing RESTful hypermedia APIs. Right now the current implementation only support JSON_HAL.
Hypermedia REST Media-type API Media-Type api rest hypermedia media-type
Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:37:07 GMT
Found 2 out of 83 items.
Advanced search help:
Usage: "criterion:value" (note: "value" is aliased with "text:value") Criteria: [name] name:foo* - packages of short name matching "foo*" pattern [title] title:base - packages of title "base" [tag] tag:web - packages tagged "web" [description] description:"advanced usage" - packages with phrase "advanced usage" in their description [owner] owner:*Caesar - packages published by users with the user names matching "*Caesar" [downloads] downloads:10 - packages with at least 10 downloads [text] text:abc - equivalent to "name:abc or title:abc or tag:abc" Criteria can be combined with "and" (the default), "or" (aliased with prefix "+"), "not" (aliased with prefix "-"). Criteria "name", "title", "tag" and "description" supports wildcards (*,?).


text:
Factors to consider in choosing the right vacation rental
For every person seeking any service, the right vacation rental is the best decision that person should start making. Investing quality time to choose the right vacation rental will assure the client the best of service. The first factor to consider is the vacation rental's reputation. Reputation is essential because it assures you that the service you are going to seek is client friendly and satisfies your needs. Reputation of any vacation rental can be known especially by asking clients who have sought the same service that you are after. They will give both the positive comments about a vacation rental and the negative ones if any. Hence, a vacation rental with good reputation has many clients commending their services. Reputation also has to do with the vacation rental's experience in offering a particular service. Hence, the right vacation rental is the vacation rental is one that has been in existence for a long time with a good reputation preceding it.
The other factor to consider is the location of a particular vacation rental. In seeking a service, you have your budget and therefore distance is important to consider. You don't want to choose a vacation rental that will make you spend more costs on transport. It is important to research on services offered around your area by a vacation rental so that you avoid much spending. You might also need also to constant visit the vacation rental to ask about the service, hence the nearer the location of the vacation rental the better it will be for you.
The other tip in choosing the right vacation rental is looking at the vacation rental's service accessibility options. The contemporary world has made it easier for companies to expand their target audience. Hence every service can be offered either in a physical location and even online. The right vacation rental therefore research on what people could be needing their services and works to ensure that even those hindered by distance can get such services. Hence the right vacation rental prioritizes its service outlets to ensure that it reaches a large audience in their convenient time and resources. Hence, it is physically located in an area that is accessible to many people and especially that do not prefer the online services. The vacation rental also has the online outlet for those in far to reach places and suitable shipping or access options for them.
The other tip that is important is price of the service in that vacation rental. The right vacation rental holds customers dear to them because it believes that satisfied clients mean ultimate success. Hence, to gain many clients on board, the right vacation rental will have varied prices for the same service. This ensures that different clients with different price preferences can get the service comfortably. At the end of the day, you cannot provide services only to those who are financially stable and those financially stressed out. Both clients are important. A vacation rental will be considered popular if many clients despite the social differences can get the services they want. Hence the right vacation rental provides services considering quality but also provides a wide range of cost for similar services to different clients.


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Best Internet Providers in Austin, Minnesota for 2024
Compare the Best Internet Service Providers in Austin, MN
Not all plans are available in all areas. Provider plan, availability, and speed tier data provided by BroadbandNow.com. Speedtest real-world data is only present where sample size has reached significance within a region. Additionally, averages may include aggregated tests across multiple Internet Types (Fiber, DSL, Cable, etc.).
At Speedtest we pride ourselves on providing accurate and trustworthy data that forms the backbone of our ISP recommendations. Our real-world data is collected from millions of people worldwide who choose to take a Speedtest. This means our insights into ISP performance are reliable and current, allowing us to offer a clear, unbiased picture of ISP performance.
Three metrics will help you gauge the performance of an ISP: download speed, upload speed, and latency. Download speed is critical for tasks like streaming and downloading content, determining how swiftly data is transferred to your device. Upload speed is key for uploading content and engaging in online interactions, reflecting how quickly data is sent from your device to the internet. Latency, or ping, is essential in online gaming and video conferencing, influencing the responsiveness of your connection. With this comprehensive understanding of an ISP's capabilities you have the data you need to make an informed choice based on your specific internet usage.
ISP technology plays an important role in determining the quality of your internet experience. Technologies like fiber optics typically offer the fastest speeds, making them ideal for high-demand online activities. Cable internet, a more widely available option, usually provides good download speeds but upload speeds may lag. DSL (digital subscriber line) offers moderate speeds sufficient for basic browsing and streaming. In contrast, satellite internet, often the only choice in remote locations, tends to have higher latency and slower speeds.
How Much Speed Do I Need?
Download speeds of at least 100 Mbps and upload speeds of at least 10 Mbps are widely considered fast enough to handle nearly any online activity. A quick guide to what speeds you need for different online activities is below, and you can read our full guide to internet speeds and performance for more information. Keep in mind that the numbers below are the bare minimum for one device at a time. If you're trying to use multiple devices on a network at the same time, you'll want higher speeds.
0–5 Mbps (Slow)
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- Do anything you want on multiple devices
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Obama health law anniversary finds two Americas
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By RICARDO ALONSO-ZALDIVAR
Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Three years, two elections, and one Supreme Court decision after President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act, its promise of health care for the uninsured may be delayed or undercut in much of the country because of entrenched opposition from many Republican state leaders.
In half the states, mainly led by Democrats, officials are racing deadlines to connect uninsured residents to coverage now only months away. In others it's as if "Obamacare" -- signed Mar. 23, 2010 -- had never passed.
Make no mistake, the federal government will step in and create new insurance markets in the 26 mostly red states declining to run their own. Just like the state-run markets in mostly Democratic-led states, the feds will start signing up customers Oct. 1 for coverage effective Jan. 1. But they need a broad cross-section of people, or else the pool will be stuck with what the government calls the "sick and worried" -- the costliest patients.
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Insurance markets, or exchanges, are one prong of Obama's law, providing subsidized private coverage for middle-class households who currently can't get their own. The other major piece is a Medicaid expansion to serve more low-income people. And at least 13 states have already indicated they will not agree to that.
"It could look like two or three different countries," said Robert Blendon, a Harvard School of Public Health professor who studies public opinion on health care. "The political culture of a state is going to play an important role in getting millions of people to voluntarily sign up."
Civic leadership -- from governors, legislators, mayors and business and religious groups -- is shaping up as a huge factor in the launch of Obama's plan, particularly since the penalty for ignoring the law's requirement to get coverage is as low as $95 the first year.
People-to-people contacts will be key, and the potential for patchwork results is real.
"Obviously it's a possibility in terms of there being some real difficulties," said Sen. Bob Casey, D-Pa., whose efforts helped pass the law. Casey also said he believes the Obama administration will be ready to lead in states holding back.
Disparities already are cropping up. Town Meeting Day -- the first Tuesday in March -- is a storied tradition in Vermont, and this year it provided a platform to educate residents about their options under the health care law. As many as 250,000 may eventually get coverage through Vermont Health Connect, as the state's marketplace is known.
"Even before we were a state, these town meetings existed," said Sean Sheehan, director of education and outreach. "It's a way people come together as a community, and we are counting on those community connections to get the word out." The health care plan was on the agenda at about 100 town meetings, and other local gatherings are taking place.
Texas residents are entitled to the same benefits as Vermonters, but in the state with the highest proportion of its population uninsured, Gov. Rick Perry will not be promoting the federal insurance exchange, a spokeswoman said. Nor does Perry plan to expand Medicaid.
The result is a communications void that civic and political groups, mayors, insurers and hospitals will try to fill.
"You have people who aren't really charged up about it because they don't even know that they would qualify," said Durrel Douglas, spokesman for the Texas Organizing Project, an activist group. A national poll this week by the nonpartisan Kaiser Family Foundation found that two of every three uninsured people don't know enough about the law to understand how it will affect them.
Supporters of Obama's law in Texas say the federal government hasn't shown up yet to launch the state's insurance exchange and no one is sure when that will happen.
"It is a much bigger lift here," said Anne Dunkelberg, associate director of the Austin-based Center for Public Policy Priorities, which advocates for low-income people. "The sooner the federal exchange can get engaged and working with all the folks here who want to promote enrollment, the better."
The Congressional Budget Office predicts a slow start overall, with only 7 million gaining coverage through the exchanges next year, rising to 24 million in 2016.
At a recent insurance industry meeting, federal officials directing the rollout rattled off a dizzying list of deadlines. Public outreach will begin in earnest this summer and early fall, said Gary Cohen, head of the Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight.
The government sees three main groups of potential customers for the new insurance markets, he said.
There's the "active sick and worried," people who are uninsured or have pre-existing medical conditions. Under the law, insurers will no longer be able to turn the sick away.
There's the healthy and young. "They feel invincible, they don't feel a need for health insurance," said Cohen.
Finally, there's the passive and unengaged. "For these people, a significant education effort needs to happen," he said.
To keep premiums affordable, the government will need to sign up lots of people from the last two groups to balance those in poor health, who will have a strong motivation to join.
The official heading consumer outreach for the rollout, Julie Bataille, acknowledges the challenge but says she's confident.
"This is a really an enormous opportunity for us to change the conversation around health care and help individuals understand the benefits they can get," she said.


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If you live in Rudy, AR and you're in need of a home appliance repair, call us now at 888-251-0852 to speak with a technician that can handle your appliance repair, service and maintenance demands, no matter what type of appliance or brand. Don't be inconvenienced by malfunctioning or broken appliances. Call now, we make it easy to connect to a Rudy, AR appliance repair tech that can help. Covering cities in Crawford county and surrounding areas.
Dishwasher Repair
We rely on kitchen dishwashers to thoroughly clean our dishes, pots and pans while we spend our time on more enjoyable things like getting outside and enjoying the fresh Arkansas air. But if your dishwasher leaves cloudy residue on your glassware or fails to completely remove food from dishes, you could be putting your family's health at risk. Dishwashers also may have extended wash cycles resulting from a faulty timer or thermostat. Or a malfunctioning float or float switch could prevent the wash cycle from ending properly. Either way, it may be a good idea to call us to schedule an appointment with a Rudy, Arkansas dishwasher repair tech to assess the situation.
Crawford County Refrigerator Repair Techs
A refrigerator may be the most important appliance in your Crawford county home. It keeps food fresh and edible, protecting our health and saving us money. When your refrigerator maintains an interior temperature between 37° and 41° Fahrenheit, it retards the formation of bacteria in your food. If your refrigerator isn't working properly, call us to be connected to qualified and able Rudy, AR appliance repair tech. Some common refrigerator repairs in Rudy, Arkansas are :
· Thermostats
· Seals around the door
· Condenser
· Compressor
· Solenoids
Rudy Washer & Dryer Repair
All too often we take the convenience of our home's washer and dryer for granted. Should you ever carry a week's worth of household laundry to a Rudy laundromat you'll know how exhausting and time-consuming that chore is. If leaks, excessive vibration/agitation or drainage/spinning problems keep you from washing laundry at home, you are in need of a washer and dryer repair man in Rudy, Arkansas. Call us at 888-251-0852 will connect you with an Rudy, AR appliance repair tech who will be able visit your home and examine your washer and dryer to provide a solution to the problem. Common issues that can be fixed by a tech are -
· Belts
· Agitator
· Water Pump
· Motor & Transmission
· Dryer Blower
· Heating Element
· Pulleys and Rollers
Oven And Range Repairs in Rudy, Arkansas
Have you ever been forced to dine in restaurants because you couldn't cook in your kitchen? If so, you know how expensive it is to eat out and how much money you save by eating at home. Not only is a malfunctioning oven, stove top or range inconvenient, precious family time together is often diminished and unhealthy dietary habits can result. If you need prompt service to get your kitchen operating again, call us now to be connected an appliance repair tech in Rudy, Arkansas. Technicians can service most brands and types of stoves and ovens, including both electric and gas. Don't go another night without a home cooked meal, call now - 888-251-0852!
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Wealth & Success Shawl
Free Shipping available for purchases above Php2,000 after discountRegular Shipping at Php99 only.
Delivery Time Frame
Orders are processed from Mondays-Fridays only. Orders after 3pm, throughout the weekend, and on holidays are processed the next working day. We do not process orders on weekends and holidays. Orders made before 1pm will be handed to the courier by 5pm. Once it's with the courier, you will receive an update with your tracking number.
Upon turn over to the courier, your order can be expected within
- 3-5 working days for greater NCR, up to 8 days including weekends and holidays
- 4-7 working days for major cities outside NCR, up to 9 days including weekends and holidays
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**do expect delays in event of heavy rains, typhoons, flooding, etc.
You can track your delivery status here, Entrego or 3pl. Tracking details are updated once a day by our couriers.


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Nadab and Abihu. 1* Aaron's sons Nadab and Abihu took their censers and, putting incense on the fire they had set in them,a they offered before the LORD unauthorized fire, such as he had not commanded. 2Fire therefore came forth from the LORD's presence and consumed them,b so that they died in the LORD's presence. 3Moses then said to Aaron, "This is as the LORD said:
Through those near to me I will be sanctified;
in the sight of all the people I will obtain glory."* c
But Aaron said nothing. 4* Then Moses summoned Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Aaron's uncle Uzziel, with the order, "Come, carry your kinsmen from before the sanctuary to a place outside the camp." 5So they drew near and carried them by means of their tunics outside the camp, as Moses had commanded.
Conduct of the Priests. 6Moses said to Aaron and his sons Eleazar and Ithamar, "Do not dishevel your haird or tear your garments,e lest you die and bring God's wrath also on the whole community. While your kindred, the rest of the house of Israel, may mourn for those whom the LORD's fire has burned up, 7you shall not go beyond the entrance of the tent of meeting,f else you shall die; for the anointing oil of the LORD is upon you." So they did as Moses told them.
8The LORD said to Aaron: 9When you are to go to the tent of meeting, you and your sons are forbidden, by a perpetual statute throughout your generations, to drink any wine or strong drink, lest you die.g 10You must be able to distinguish between what is sacred and what is profane, and between what is clean and what is unclean;* h 11and you must be able to teach the Israelites all the statutes that the LORD has given them through Moses.
The Eating of the Priestly Portions. 12Moses said to Aaron and his surviving sons, Eleazar and Ithamar, "Take the grain offering* left over from the oblations to the LORD, and eat it beside the altar in the form of unleavened cakes, since it is most holy. 13You must eat it in a sacred place because it is your and your sons' due from the oblations to the LORD; such is the command I have received. 14i The brisket of the elevated offering and the leg* of the contribution, however, you and your sons and daughters may eat, in a clean place; for these have been assigned to you and your children as your due from the communion sacrifices of the Israelites. 15The leg of the contribution and the brisket of the elevated offering shall be brought in with the oblations of fat to be raised as an elevated offering before the LORD. They shall belong to you and your children as your due forever, as the LORD has commanded."
16Moses inquired closely about the goat of the purification offering* and discovered that it had all been burned. So he was angry with the surviving sons of Aaron, Eleazar and Ithamar, and said, 17j "Why did you not eat the purification offering in the sacred place, since it is most holy? It has been given to you that you might remove the guilt of the community and make atonement for them before the LORD. 18Since its blood was not brought inside the sanctuary, you should certainly have eaten the offering in the sanctuary, as I was commanded." 19Aaron answered Moses, "Even though they presented their purification offering and burnt offering before the LORD today, still this misfortune has befallen me. Had I then eaten of the purification offering today, would it have been pleasing to the LORD?" 20On hearing this, Moses was satisfied.
* [10:1–2] Nadab and Abihu are the older sons of Aaron (Ex 6:23–24). Their sin apparently involves using embers from an unapproved source instead of the altar (cf. 16:12). The fire that destroys them is the same type found in 9:24.
* [10:3] The explanation for the divine reaction indicates that improper cultic actions desecrate God and compromise God's glory. Desecration evokes divine punishment (cf. Ex 28:43; Nm 4:15, 19–20). Those near to me: i.e., cultic officials.
* [10:4–5] Moses has lay people remove the bodies so that the priests can continue their cultic activities free of contamination by a corpse (cf. Nm 19).
* [10:10] Sacred and…profane…clean and…unclean: something or someone may be either sacred or profane (i.e., ordinary, not set apart), and at the same time clean or unclean. Priests would be particularly concerned about keeping what is unclean away from the sacred.
* [10:12–13] Grain offering: this is the grain offering of the people of 9:4, 17. Only the token offering had been offered; the rest was for the priests' consumption.
* [10:14] Brisket…leg: these are from the Israelites' communion sacrifices in 9:4, 18–21.
* [10:16–20] Goat of the purification offering: this is the people's purification offering of 9:3, 15. Since its blood is not brought into the sanctuary, then, according to 6:17–23, this is the type of purification offering which is to be eaten by the priests in a holy place. Eleazar and Ithamar: they burned the entire goat of the people's purification offering (9:15) instead of eating it in a sacred place (6:19) to remove ritually the sin of the community by the ingestion of the meat of the offering. Aaron's defense of this action of his sons is somewhat vague: he merely alludes to the loss suffered in the death of Nadab and Abihu, without giving an explicit reason for Eleazar and Ithamar's not eating the people's purification offering, as required.
a. [10:1] Lv 16:1; Nm 3:4; 26:61; 1 Chr 24:2.
b. [10:2] Nm 16:35; cf. Lv 9:24.
c. [10:3] Lv 21:17, 21; Nm 20:12.
h. [10:10] Lv 11:47; 20:25; Ez 22:26; 44:23.
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Government Gazette: 2001
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01/09/2014 |
02/07/2015 |
Last updated:
07/10/2015 |
Ogumce Village, Istanbul, TR |
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www.permakamp.com |
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PRI TeacherWith the exception of the 'Member' who has never taken a PDC, all of the above can apply to become a PRI PDC Teacher. PRI PDC Teachers are those who the PRI recognise, through a vetting board, as determined and competent to teach the full 72-hour course as developed by Permaculture founder Bill Mollison – covering all the topics of The Designers' Manual as well as possible (i.e. not cherry picking only aspects the teacher feels most interested or competent in). Such teachers also commit to focussing on the design science, and not including subjective spiritual/metaphysical elements. The reason these items are not included in the PDC curriculum is because they are "belief" based. Permaculture Design education concerns itself with teaching good design based on strategies and techniques which are scientifically provable. PRI PDC Teachers may be given teaching and/or consultancy offerings as they become available as the network grows. |
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Wednesday, August 25, 2021
Santa Caterina della Rota
Helpful Hints
Getting Around
I found walking Rome was the best way to see everything.
The metro, trams and buses are also an easy and cheap option.
Buses and the metro can get crowded. Tickets must be bought before boarding and validated.
Beware of pickpockets.
Buses 40 (express) and 64 start at Termini and end near Saint Peter's, traveling past places of interest, returning the same way.
Some stops along the 64 route are:
Piazza Venezia
Via Nazionale
Corso Vittorio Emanuele II
Bus 75 takes you past the Colosseum to Trastevere
Bus 910 takes you to Villa Borghese
Ticket Options
€1.50 B.I.T (Biglietto Integrato a Tempo) is the standard ticket valid for one metro, unlimited tram or bus rides within 100 minutes.
€7.00 B.I.G ( Biglietto Integrato a Giornaliero) is a daily ticket valid for unlimited metro, tram, bus and train travel within Rome.
Purchasing Bus and Metro tickets.
Newsstands, train stations, metro stations, kiosks with the ATAC logo and tabacchi shops sell tickets for the metro, trams and buses.
Large fines apply to travelers not holding or validating their ticket. Tickets once validated start from the time they have been stamped.


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Does your pet have a microchip? Each year, millions of pets go missing and many don't make it back home. Microchipping your pet is a simple, effective way to prevent this sort of tragic loss.
About the size and shape of a grain of rice, identification microchips are encoded with your pet's vital information then implanted beneath your pet's skin, usually between the shoulder blades.
Veterinary hospitals and animal shelters across the country are equipped with special scanners capable of reading these microchips. If your pet is lost, the microchip can be scanned and the information retrieved to assist in reuniting you and your pet.