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Prisoners' Rights
The nature and extent of the privileges afforded to individuals kept in custody or confinement against their will because they have been convicted of performing an unlawful act.
For most of U.S. history, the treatment of prisoners was left entirely to the discretion of prison administrators. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the federal courts began to oversee state prison systems and develop a body of law dealing with prisoners' rights. During the 1980s, however, a more conservative Supreme Court limited prisoners' rights, and, in the 1990s, Congress enacted laws that severely restricted litigation and post-conviction appeals by prisoners.
Two statutes enacted during the 104th Congress have had a significant effect on the federal court's treatment of prisoners who seek to bring claims against prison officials. Congress passed the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) of 1995, Pub. L. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321, to place restrictions on the ability of federal courts when they consider claims by prisoners. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, reformed the system of habeas corpus review in federal court. Although prisoners continue to bring lawsuits in federal court, these statutes have made it more difficult for prisoners to make successful claims.
Prisoners and Detainees
A prisoner is anyone who is deprived of personal liberty against his or her will following conviction of a crime. Although not afforded all the privileges of a free citizen, a prisoner is assured certain minimal rights by the U.S. Constitution and the moral standards of the community.
Detainees are individuals who are kept in jail even though they have not yet been convicted of a crime. A majority of detainees are individuals who are unable to obtain sufficient funds to post bail and therefore cannot be released from jail pending a trial on the criminal charges.
Historical Background
Until the 1960s, courts refused to set standards for the treatment of prisoners, claiming they lacked the authority and the expertise to do so. Courts deferred to experienced prison administrators to avoid interfering with their ability to respond to the varied, complex issues involved in a penal system, such as custody, security, rehabilitation, discipline, punishment, and limited resources.
By the late 1960s, however, prison conditions in many states were clearly intolerable. Courts began to review the claims of prisoners and to intervene regularly on their behalf. Finding that even prisoners are entitled to minimum rights, federal courts in particular exhibited renewed interest in the right of access to the courts, freedom of expression and religion, the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and the right to due process of law.
Rights of Detainees
A great number of persons are jailed before their trials. These persons, known as pretrial detainees, are ordinarily held because they are unable to satisfy the financial requirements for a bail bond.
Important law concerning the rights of pretrial detainees emerged in the 1970s. In Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 99 S. Ct. 1861, 60 L. Ed. 2d 447 (1979), the Supreme Court rejected the theory that pretrial detainees cannot be deprived of any right except the right to come and go as they choose. The Court criticized lower federal courts that had given detailed orders to prison administrators regarding how they should do their jobs. Although prisons cannot employ methods designed only to punish detainees before conviction, they can use suitable procedures for purposes of security and discipline.
Rights of Citizenship
Convicted offenders are deprived of many of their civil rights, both during and after their period of incarceration. A majority of states deprive citizens of the right to vote in all state and federal elections upon conviction of a felony. Even in jurisdictions where offenders can vote after release, they ordinarily cannot obtain an absentee ballot and vote while in prison.
Conviction and incarceration for serious crimes can also lead to the total or partial loss of the right to start a lawsuit not related to imprisonment or to enter into a contract. Correction officials argue that permitting a prisoner the right to carry on business as usual creates an impossible security burden. Most states, however, permit a prisoner to be sued.
The right of a prisoner to inherit property or receive a pension can be affected by various state laws. Most of the legal disabilities to which prisoners are subject are upheld because they do not interfere with fundamental human rights.
Personal Property
Prisoners have certain rights regarding personal property in their possession. Court decisions have established the right of a prisoner to own some personal items, such as cigarettes, stationery, a watch, cosmetics, or snack foods. In certain cases, prison officials have been found to be justified in forbidding certain items because they fear that permitting inmates to accumulate some form of wealth encourages gambling, theft, and buying favors from guards. Judges have sometimes refused to support prisoner demands for the right to own such items as radios, televisions, or personal typewriters.
Prisoners do not have the right to expect privacy in a prison setting. Court decisions have established that prison officials can properly monitor and record prisoners' conversations, provided that the prisoner and the visitor are warned that this will be done. Prison officials cannot intrude upon conversations that are legally afforded confidentiality, such as those between the prisoner and the prisoner's attorney or spouse.
In Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 104 S. Ct. 3194, 82 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1984), the Supreme Court declared that prisoners do not have a fourth amendment right to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures of their property because the Fourth Amendment is inapplicable to them.
Throughout U.S. history, prison officials have severely restricted the mail of prisoners. For example, officials have opened incoming mail to catch plans and instruments of escape, weapons, pornography, drugs, and other contraband. The threat of revoking mail privileges has also been used to enforce discipline. Courts have mandated, however, that prison officials offer good reasons for banning publications they consider inflammatory, obscene, or racist. A vague allegation that a book or magazine is likely to stir up trouble has been held inadequate to justify broad censorship.
Prison administrators cannot unreasonably restrict or censor a prisoner's outgoing mail. In 1974, the Supreme Court, in Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 94 S. Ct. 1800, 40 L. Ed. 2d 224, ruled that the California Department of Corrections could not censor the direct personal correspondence of prisoners unless such censorship was necessary to further important interests of the government in security, order, and rehabilitation. The Court also held that a procedure must be established to determine that censorship, when appropriate, is neither arbitrary nor unduly burdensome.
Free Speech
Prisoners do not have a first amendment right to speak freely. Prison officials may discipline inmates who distribute circulars calling for a mass protest against mistreatment. Administrators have traditionally limited prison newspapers to issues that promote good morale.
The restrictions against First Amendment rights to prisoners have extended to so-called "inmate law clerks." In many prisons, a certain inmate is often declared the inmate law clerk by prison authorities to consult fellow inmates about legal problems and to assist them with filling out paper work. The use of inmate clerks provides inmates with inexpensive and accessible counseling. However, prison authorities often maintain control over the clerks by preventing them from consulting with inmates without prior approval.
An inmate in a Montana prison who had violated the rules restricting unauthorized communication in his role as the inmate law clerk with another inmate brought suit claiming that the restriction violated his First Amendment rights. Although the Ninth Circuit declared that inmates have a constitutional right to assist other inmates with their legal claims, the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed. In Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 121 S. Ct. 1475, 149 L. Ed. 2d 420 (2001), the Court, in an opinion by Justice clarence thomas, noted that a prior ruling on prisoner-to-prisoner communications required that restrictions must be "reasonably related to legitimate and neutral government objectives." Therefore, the sole question was whether legal correspondence merited a blanket exception to this rule. Thomas made comparisons to other First Amendment restrictions of prisoners, including prohibitions against giving media interviews, organizing private labor unions, and uncensored correspondence among inmates. The restrictions on legal correspondence were no different, according to the Court, and were not entitled to First Amendment protection.
The law has long recognized the importance of visitation rights, because such rights aid the prisoner's eventual transition back into the community by keeping the individual in touch with society.
Prisoners do not have a constitutional right to enjoy contact visits, as opposed to arrangements in which prisoners are only permitted to talk to visitors over a telephone (Block v. Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576, 104 S. Ct. 3227, 82 L. Ed. 2d 438 [1984]). Courts have held that restrictions on visitation must be reasonable and related only to security needs and good order. Prisoners do not have a right to engage in sexual relations with a visitor.
The issue of the right of a prisoner to communicate and see visitors becomes more significant when the proposed visitor is a news reporter. Federal courts have held that a genuine need for security must be given greater weight than access to the media. Although inmates have a First Amendment right to communicate with the media, this right can be satisfied through the mail.
Before an individual interview with a reporter is approved, prison officials can require the prisoner or reporter to complete an application that discloses the names of the persons involved and the nature of the intended discussions. Officials can also limit reporters to random interviews conducted during a tour of the prison, as opposed to prearranged interviews with specific prisoners. In addition, face-to-face interviews can be banned for any prisoner who has been placed in maximum security.
Access to the Courts
States cannot interfere with the right of a prisoner to petition a court for relief. Neither a state nor a prison official can refuse, for any reason, to review a prisoner's applications and submit them to federal court. In addition, a state is not permitted to prohibit prisoners from having law books or legal papers in their cells on the basis that such materials tempt other prisoners to steal or create a fire hazard. If a prisoner is indigent, the state cannot require him to pay even a small fee to file legal papers with the court. However, a prisoner association cannot have filing fees waived. The right to proceed as an indigent party is allowed only for individual prisoners.
Prisoners have a fundamental right to legal counsel that requires special consideration. Prison officials must allow reasonable times and places for prisoners to communicate confidentially with their attorneys. Prisoners who cannot afford an attorney generally turn to fellow inmates who are experienced in arguing their own cases. Assistance from these jailhouse lawyers was forbidden in most prisons until 1969, when the Supreme Court, in Johnson v. Avery, 393 U.S. 483, 89 S. Ct. 747, 21 L. Ed. 2d 718, held that prisons cannot completely forbid inmate assistance unless there is an alternative for prisoners.
Prisoners must be provided with writing materials and law books. Additionally, prisoners must be able to have their legal papers notarized.
Prisoners ordinarily receive token wages for work performed in prison. Courts have rejected prisoner lawsuits demanding fair wages for prisoner labor, concluding that prisoners do not have to be paid at all. Prisoners have no right to their own labor, or the benefits of it, while incarcerated.
Prisoners cannot refuse to work or choose the work they will do. Prison officials can punish prisoners for refusing to do work assigned to them.
Every prisoner is entitled to food in amounts adequate to sustain an average person. Various groups of prisoners have protested the failure of prisons to furnish them with special diets, and prisoners with special medical needs are generally accommodated. Dietary accommodations have been made for Orthodox Jews and for Muslim prisoners, though prison officials may balance the needs for prison security and economy with the religious beliefs of the inmates.
Prisoners must be allowed to practice their religion, obtain and keep written religious materials, see or communicate with a religious leader, and obey the rules of their religion that do not endanger order and security in the prison. In addition, wherever possible, formal religious observances for groups of inmates must be allowed on a regular basis. Prisoners can have access to religious programs broadcast on radio and television. Different religions within a particular prison must be given equal treatment.
Until 1997, when the U.S. Supreme Court overturned portions of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (42 U.S.C.A. § 2000bb-1 [1993]), prisoners who had been denied permission to exercise their religious beliefs sought to obtain relief under this federal law. Under the law, a restriction that imposed a substantial burden on religious exercise had to further a compelling state interest in the least restrictive way to be constitutional. However, as of 2003, prisoners had not been successful in overturning restrictions under this law because courts generally agreed with prison officials that compelling state interests were at stake.
Medical Care
Prisoners are entitled to adequate medical treatment. A prison official's refusal to provide medical care to a seriously ill inmate violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S. Ct. 285, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 [1976]). In cases where the treatment is neither cruelly withheld nor intentionally mismanaged but is inept, prisoners can sue physicians in state courts for medical malpractice.
Prisons traditionally have strictly regulated the appearance of prisoners. In situations where prisoners have complained that they were denied opportunities to shower or shave, courts have insisted on minimum standards of human decency and personal hygiene. When necessary, courts have allowed prisons to force inmates to
keep themselves clean for purposes of maintaining the health of the general prison population.
Discipline and Punishment
The rules regarding conduct must be clearly defined and explained to inmates, and each prisoner must be provided with a written list of the rules when entering a correctional facility. Disciplinary rules must relate to the needs of security, good order, and good housekeeping.
A prisoner accused of breaking rules does not have all the rights of an accused at trial because a prison disciplinary proceeding is not the same as a criminal prosecution. Inmates are not entitled to an attorney at disciplinary hearings, nor are they entitled to confront or crossexamine the witnesses against them.
Prisoners must be given notice of the charges against them, the particular rules they are charged with violating, and the penalties for such infractions. A hearing can be informal for small infractions. The ordinary procedure is for the fact finder to write a statement that explains the evidence relied on and the reason for any disciplinary action taken. The punishment must reasonably relate to the seriousness of the infraction.
Prison personnel can use force in self-defense, stopping fights between inmates, compelling obedience to lawful orders where milder measures fail, and defending state property. Where guards use force without justification, a prisoner does not necessarily have the right to resist. The use of tear gas and chemical mace is justified only when an immediate danger of riot or serious disorder exists.
Prison officials may punish prisoners by withdrawing certain privileges, such as seeing visitors, buying items from the commissary, or earning wages. Prisoners cannot be denied fundamental human necessities.
Segregation is the most common type of punishment used in prisons for rule breaking. Prisoners can be categorized into groups and segregated from the general inmate population for a number of other reasons as well. Each prison has its own system and titles for different degrees of segregation. Separate areas may be set aside for young prisoners, repeat offenders, or prisoners who have been sentenced to death. Homosexuals and other prisoners who have or may be subjected to sexual abuse can be segregated. Segregation cannot be used, however, to separate prisoners according to race.
A number of prisons have more than one level of segregation, the most serious of which is solitary confinement. Punitive isolation is not unconstitutional in and of itself. Conditions in some prisons, however, have been found to be so strict that they constitute cruel and unusual punishment. A person in solitary confinement can be punished by the restriction of ordinary privileges, but a prisoner cannot be denied basic food, light, ventilation, or sanitation.
Unconstitutional Prisons
Many federal courts have found that mere confinement in some prisons amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. The intervention of federal courts in prison reform began in the early 1970s and continued into the early 2000s. In 1996, eight jurisdictions (Alaska, Mississippi, New Mexico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) were under court order or a consent decree to improve prison conditions. At the same time, major prison facilities in 32 jurisdictions were under court supervision. Typically, federal courts intervene when a facility has serious overcrowding or does not meet minimum standards.
Federal court intervention has forced states to improve prisons through the expenditure of money for new facilities, more staff, and improvements at existing prisons. However, many states have objected to what they perceive as unwarranted federal interference. Congress responded by passing the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) in 1995, which imposed substantive and procedural limitations on the ability of federal courts to issue injunctions mandating prison reform. The act also restricted the courts' ability to employ special masters to assist in prison condition cases. (A special master is a person appointed by the district court to handle the day-to-day details and oversight of a case.) The law has been challenged on many fronts by those seeking reforms in prison conditions.
Lower federal courts have confronted issues posed by the PLRA by finding that the statute restricts their ability to establish minimum prison conditions. In Inmates of Suffolk County Jail v. Rouse, 129 F.3d 649 (1st Cir. 1997), the First Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the PLRA required a district court to vacate a 1979 consent decree that set conditions for confinement of pretrial detainees in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. In its decision, the court rejected the inmates' contention that the PLRA was unconstitutional because it violated the separation of powers principle and the Due Process and equal protection Clauses of the fourteenth amendment.
The PLRA contains a section that entitles a state or local government entity to the immediate termination of "any prospective relief" previously ordered by a court. Under the act, prospective relief includes all relief other than compensatory damages. This definition meant that provisions of the consent decree dealing with the housing of prisoners could be terminated. The First Circuit found that the statute was constitutional and held that the law mandated the termination of the consent decree unless the district court made specific findings that the decree was narrowly drawn to correct a violation of federal law.
Remedies Available to Prisoners
Prisoners who seek to protect a constitutional or civil right are entitled to complain, but they are required to pursue whatever procedures exist within the prison before taking the case to court.
The most popular vehicle for prisoner lawsuits has been a federal civil rights statute, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (1871; recodified 1979). A "section 1983 action" permits a prisoner to sue in federal court for an alleged deprivation of a federally protected or constitutional right by a person acting under the authority of state law. A prisoner may sue the warden or supervisor, a guard, or the local government that owns and runs the prison.
In the early 1980s, as many as 15,000 section 1983 actions were filed each year, many of them frivolous. The Supreme Court responded by requiring many prisoners to use state tort claims acts rather than the federal statute and the federal courts. The Court also established difficult standards of proof for prisoners to meet.
In 1995, Congress sought to restrict prisoner lawsuits by devoting numerous provisions of the Prison Litigation Reform Act to this subject. The statute requires prisoners to exhaust administrative remedies before bringing a lawsuit, expands the federal courts' ability to dismiss lawsuits filed by prisoners, imposes numerous restrictions on the fees that can be awarded to a prisoner's attorney, and forbids a prisoner from filing an action for mental or emotional injury without a prior showing of physical injury. In addition, the act imposes restrictions on the ability of prisoners to proceed without paying filing fees. Another provision requires courts to prescreen lawsuits filed by prisoners and expands the grounds for dismissal of such suits. Finally, the act grants federal courts the power to revoke the good time credits of prisoners who file frivolous or harassing lawsuits or present false testimony or evidence to the court.
A prisoner's ability to file a habeas corpus action in the federal courts challenging prison conditions was also diminished. A writ of habeas corpus is a legal document ordering anyone who is officially holding the petitioner to bring him into court to determine whether the detention is unlawful. A federal court can hear an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a state prisoner who is being held in custody, allegedly in violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States.
Traditionally a writ of habeas corpus was granted only for the purpose of ordering an immediate release of a prisoner from all restraints. A court would have to find that the imprisonment itself was illegal, for example, if the petitioner was convicted but his constitutional rights were violated during the trial. The scope of federal habeas corpus expanded in the 1970s and early 1980s, entitling prisoners to the writ even if they were legally in custody but the conditions of the confinement violated their constitutional rights. The writ is rarely used in these circumstances, however, because federal courts prefer to improve prison conditions rather than set a convicted felon free.
Provisions of the Antiterrorism and Death Penalty Act of 1996 further limited the power of federal courts to review cases through habeas corpus review. The act lowered the applicable statute of limitations to one year after the judgment convicting the defendant becomes final, which is generally the date of a final appeal or the final date when an appeal would be available. The act also provides several restrictions on the ability of a federal court in a habeas corpus review from reconsidering the factual and legal bases for the defendant's incarceration.
further readings
Call, Jack E. 1995. "The Supreme Court and Prisoner's Rights." Federal Probation 59 (March).
Robbins, Ira P. 1993. "The Prisoners' Mail Box and the Evolution of Federal Inmate Rights." Federal Rules Decisions 144 (January).
Mushlin, Michael B. 2002. Rights of Prisoners. 3d ed. St. Paul, Minn.: Thomson/West.
Palmer, John W. 1997. Constitutional Rights of Prisoners. 5th ed. Cincinnati: Anderson.


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Kentucky alumnus, vol. 1-8, no. 09, 1918
- 1918
- University of Kentucky Alumni Association.
- English
- v. : ill. ; 28 cm. Quarterly, Publication suspended 1922 and resumed with v. 1, no. 1 (May 1929); v. 5, no. 9 (May 1933) not published; issues for v. 37, no. 2-v. 40, no. 1 (spring 1966-spring 1969) incorrectly numbered as v. 38, no. 2-v. 43, no. 1; v. 40 (1969) complete in 3 no.
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'Not in a million years, kid.'
'Get the fuck out of my face!'
Four cities in two days, and more doors slammed in my face than I can count. I sling my backpack over my shoulder and scratch another name from my list.
Hopping on to a bus and hopping off thirty minutes later, I scan the mix of both commercial and apartment numbers down the block, then knock on my last door.
"Coach Hennesy?"
He's a tall man, his hair like pepper, clad in sweats, with a yellow timer hanging from his neck. He gives me a questioning look.
"I'm your next champion."
He laughs, but then he must see something on my face. In my stance. Thirst, resoluteness, guts. Maybe I'm wearing my balls in my eyes. He falls sober and swings the door wide-open. "Come on in."
He doesn't ask for my name.
I guess with one look, he knows he'll find my name in the dictionary, right next to "determined."
He leads me to his garage. "Where'd you train before?" he asks.
"Self-taught. I watch videos."
He scoffs, then shrugs. "Okay, let's see what you've got."
I eye the equipment across the room. The heavy bag hangs from the ceiling, the leather worn from other fighters before me. There's a boxing dummy at the corner. Speed bag. Weights. A whole private gym set up here. I drop both my bags, then zip open my backpack and start to put on the gloves without bothering to remove my hoodie.
"Take that off; I need to know what you've got. Need to see your form," Hennesy says.
I clench my jaw. Slowly unzip my hoodie. Take it off and glance past my shoulder, shifting to keep my back from the coach's view. The guy is clearing the fighting area. Good. We can get down to business. He walks to me when I face him.
"Give it over." I hand him my hoodie and he tosses it aside, then crosses his arms and looks at me. "Speedball first."
I inhale, position myself before the speedball, and hit. Wham.
I keep on hitting, lightning fast, my fists making the bag fly.
I would have warmed up first, but I've been doing this for days, and I won't stop until I've got myself a coach—and not even then.
I've got momentum now, and I pick up speed, my arms moving back and forth, working the speed bag until it's moving so fast you can't even see it.
I'm starting to sweat; it's stuffy in here, but I can't stop. I need him to take me on. I need one yes to get me in the ring. Just one yes and I'll do the rest.
"Time." Hennesy stops me. He signals to the boxing dummy and the heavy bag. "Let's see you pound the bag."
I swing out and slam my knuckles on the bag, putting everything into my fists. Thack, thump, thud.
Hennesy's composure starts to crumble with excitement. "Holy shit, boy!"
I'm getting in to it. I'm in the zone—where it's just me, the leather brown bag, my fists, and nothing else but slamming the spot I'm looking at.
"I've seen enough." He stops the bag from swinging. His eyes glassy. "Fill this out."
I pull off my right glove and grab a pen as he slaps a paper onto a desk at the corner. I bend down to fill out my name and contact information and realize, too late, that I exposed the tattoo on my back.
"You're his boy."
I freeze midsignature.
A second ticks by. Then two.
I slowly set the pen down and take one last look at the paper. I might not get to fill it out after all. I turn.
His face has paled.
I wait it out for a few beats. Maybe he's different. Maybe he can deal with it.
He tosses my jacket at me. "Get out. Nobody wants to see you fight."
I frown fiercely as I catch my jacket in my fist and edge forward, equally mad now. "That's too damn bad. 'Cause I'm fighting anyway."
I keep my eyes on him as I pull off my left glove, shove my arms into my hoodie, and zip up.
I walk out and the door slams behind me. I clench my jaw, and I shove my gloves into my bag and spot the old, black gloves inside too. I push them down into the bottom of the duffel bag and zip it up.
The season starts in a week and a half. No coach? No fight. I can't even get into a gym.
But I won't let anyone or anything keep me from the ring.
I pick up a penny from the ground.
And I spot a girl in workout clothes across the street, tying her shoelaces. She's a step away from the gym door. I straighten, pull my hoodie over my head, and cross the street, following after her like I belong.
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Rogue (Book Four) The Real Series
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Ripped (Book Five) The Real Series
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About the Author:
Hey! I'm Katy Evans and I love family, books, life, and love. I'm married with two children and three dogs and spend my time baking, walking, writing, reading, and taking care of my family. Thank you for spending your time with me and picking up my story. I hope you had an amazing time with it, like I did. If you'd like to know more about books in progress, look me up on the Internet, I'd love to hear from you!
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Let your search for a real estate professional end here. Our office of qualified real estate professionals are ready to assist you with any of your real estate needs. Our approach is customized for each client; our solutions for you are never one-size-fits-all!
Please view this website as an introduction of our services and capabilities in this local area. Give us a call or send an email when you are ready to visit some homes, or to schedule a free home selling consultation. We look forward to working with you!


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Elevate your designs with our stunning Always Stay Humble And Kind SVG! Whether you are creating logos, posters, or anything in between, our high-quality vector graphics will surely add an adventurous touch to your work.
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Engagement Rings San Diego CA | Best Quality Diamonds Direct California
Where to Buy Engagement Rings in San Diego | Best Quality Diamonds Direct Worldwide
An engagement ring is a significant milestone on the journey to "I do." However, finding the perfect ring can be overwhelming. There are endless options, and it's a considerable investment, so you must do your research before buying. Don't worry, we're here to help! With our inventory of hundreds of diamond rings for sale, it's hard not to find what you want from Best Quality Diamonds Direct.
If you are starting to feel overwhelmed about embarking on your search for the ideal representation of your love and commitment, don't worry. Our user-friendly online shopping experience takes the stress out of the whole engagement ring search!
San Diego Engagement Rings: Cut, Carat, Clarity, and Color
You've probably heard of the "Four Cs," the official diamond grading system that has made its way into the mainstream. Here's a quick decoder on what each "C" stands for and how you can use that knowledge to locate the best diamond for your budget.
By "cut," we don't mean shape—instead this term speaks to a diamond's sparkle factor, and it's only applicable for round brilliant diamonds. Cuts are graded from excellent to poor, and they are graded against a round brilliant diamond's ideal and exact proportions.
The size or weight of a diamond is measured in carats. The average diamond in an engagement ring is one carat, or 200 milligrams (about the size of an Advil tablet). By contrast, Kim Kardashian's infamous stolen emerald-cut weighed 20 carats—and reportedly cost $4.5 million.
Even a perfect-looking stone can have flaws, which are otherwise known as inclusions. These are tiny black or white flecks or lines that occur naturally as the diamond forms in the earth over millions of years. These minute imperfections determine clarity, which is graded by the number, intensity, and position of inclusions. The smaller, fewer, and less visible the inclusions, the higher the clarity.
Diamonds come in a spectrum of shades, but the rarest ones are colorless. Color is ranked on a scale from D—no color, the most expensive—all the way to Z, which is visibly yellowish. Recently, so-called fancy colors—like pink, yellow, or chocolate—have become popular. For those, the more saturated the color, the more valuable the stone.
Pick Your Shape
The type of diamond you choose should speak to your individual style (plus it will kick off your ring stack options). Here's a brief overview of the most popular shapes:
- Round: It's the most sought-after shape and best highlights a diamond's brilliance.
- Oval: This shape complements long, lean fingers.
- Emerald: Its large facets showcase excellent clarity. (See: Beyoncé and Amal Clooney.)
- Asscher: A square emerald that has an art deco feel.
- Cushion: Created in the 1800s, this vintage style is predominantly square with rounded corners.
- Princess: The broad, flat-top, and pyramidal shape can sometimes appear smaller than their carat weight.
- Marquise: This long, tapered style maximizes carat size.
- Pear: A round-marquise hybrid looks extra delicate on a light, thin band.
Buying an Engagement Ring in San Diego
Getting married? The engagement ring and wedding rings you select for you and your fiancée will be symbols of your love and commitment for the rest of your life.
Getting engaged is one of the most exciting moments in life. But before you get down on one knee, you'll need to find the perfect engagement ring for your partner. Luckily, there is no shortage of quality diamond rings in our department.
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Merchant | Title | Description | Exp | Bank |
5% cash back Get up to $100 back | Earn 5% cash back on all of your Elm St Saloon purchases, until a $100.00 cash back maximum is reached. Offer only applies to the following location: 2708 Elm St Dallas, TX 75226 Offer expires 9/30/2024. Offer only valid on purchases made directly with the merchant. Offer not valid on purchases made using third-party services, delivery services, or a third-party payment account (e.g., buy now pay later). Payment must be made on or before offer expiration date. |
Sep 30, 2024 | Chase |


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Star Wars Limited Edition We Meet Again Ingot
Star Wars Limited Edition We Meet Again Ingot
Only 832 left in stock
We Meet Again. The poignant last fight between two of the most influential characters in the Star Wars universe. Measuring approx. 75 x 50mm this scene is certainly worth capturing. Our Limited Edition ingot, limited to 9,995 worldwide, is individually numbered and includes a display stand within is presentation box.
Free Shipping
All our UK Shipping is included in the price.
For the rest of the world we send all items by courier, on average they take 7 working days to reach most countries.
We provide Free Shipping to all customers on the terms that the Minimum Order Requirement is met. The Minimum Order Requirement is region based, the requirements are below;
Europe - £300+
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If you cancel your order prior to shipment then you will be refunded the full amount including any shipping charges. Please note that it can take +5 working days for the funds to appear back in your bank account, this is something we have no control over.
If your item has already shipped then you will need to notify us within 14 days of receiving your order and then return the item to us (at your cost), we can then refund the cost of the item but not the original shipping cost.
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The overwhelming feelings of despair, disbelief, shock, and numbness caused by the passing of a loved one cannot be conveyed by mere words. Even when the death is expected, the pain that loss brings can still be devastating. In truth, no one is completely prepared for the death of someone close to their heart.
During this difficult time, there are decisions to be made immediately, arrangements to be coordinated, and a lot of things to be considered for your loved one's final farewell. We understand how this may feel overwhelming, especially with the grief you're feeling over the loss. Please know that we are here to help and support you.
On this page, we've put together helpful information to guide you through this process.
If your loved one passes away while under the care of a facility — such as a nursing home or a hospital — staff from the facility will contact you and notify appropriate authorities themselves.
If the death occurred in the workplace or at home, you will need to get in touch with his/her physician or emergency medical personnel, as the cause of death must be identified and indicated in legal documents.
In the event that no one was present at the time of death, you will need to contact the police before moving the deceased to another location.
Our caring funeral director can assist you with your funeral arrangements. We will collect information from you in order to facilitate the transfer of your loved one's remains to our facility. You would also be asked if the deceased has made pre-arrangements and whether or not you'd like for him/her to be embalmed. While of course you can ask any questions you have in your mind during this call, note that once you visit the funeral home, we can discuss the arrangements in greater detail.
During this call, you'll also be informed about the things that you need to bring with you like the clothes your deceased loved one will use for the burial. Feel free to call us whenever you feel the need to. Remember that we are here to listen to you, help you, and guide you during this difficult and trying time.
On your first meeting with us, we will discuss the arrangements for your loved one's burial. You will be shown a list of our packages/services so you can decide what suits your family's preferences and budget. You will be asked whether you'd prefer burial or cremation arrangements and optionally you would select a casket, schedule a time and date for the services, decide on the location of the burial, draft an obituary notice, arrange for vehicle services, and select pallbearers.
We would also use this opportunity to inquire about your loved one for us to have a better understanding of the person the services will honor. It will be extremely helpful if you can bring some memorabilia — photos, videos, treasured items, letters — that would give us a clearer picture on how you envision paying tribute to your loved one.
A death certificate is a legal document indicating the cause of death, including other vital statistics pertaining to the deceased, signed by the attending physician. In case your loved one died due to an accident, a coroner or the county medical examiner may prepare the form. If you feel that you need assistance in filing for this legal document with the state, we can help you. Certified copies of the death certificate can also be purchased at the same time. These certified copies are important when gaining access to bank accounts and safety deposit boxes, claiming for benefits due to the family (like the Veteran's benefits or insurance claims), and transferring or selling ownership of properties.


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Our Universe May Be One Of Many
The Universe is all of space and time (spacetime) and its contents, which includes planets, moons, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space and all matter and energy. While the size of the entire Universe is still unknown, it is possible to measure the observable universe.
The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the centre of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the centre of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the Universe. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate. Roughly eighty percent of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called dark matter which cannot be directly observed.
"The cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever will be. Our feeblest contemplations of the Cosmos stir us — there is a tingling in the spine, a catch in the voice, a faint sensation, as if a distant memory, or falling from a height. We know we are approaching the greatest of mysteries."
— Carl Sagan, Astronomer
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the Universe. Under this theory, space and time emerged together 13.799±0.021 billion years ago with a fixed amount of energy and matter that has become less dense as the Universe has expanded. After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled, allowing the first subatomic particles to form and then simple atoms.
Giant clouds later merged through gravity to form galaxies, stars, and everything else seen today. It is possible to see objects that are now further away than 13.799 billion light-years because space itself has expanded. This means that objects which are now 46 billion light years away can still be seen in their distant past, because at that time they were much closer to us.
There are many competing hypotheses about the ultimate fate of the universe and about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang, while other physicists and philosophers refuse to speculate, doubting that information about prior states will ever be accessible. Some physicists have suggested various multiverse hypotheses, in which the Universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist.


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Charles Lloyd has a way of talking that sounds a lot like the notes from his saxophone: full of youthful energy, yet packed with experiences reserved for grownups.
"Look," Lloyd says. "I heard Billie. I heard Dinah, I heard Aretha, Marvin. I knew Sam Cooke — he used to come and get me and take me in his Ferrari up in the hills and stuff."
Lloyd's namedropping comes from a lifetime in the company of celebrated artists. It all started when he was a kid in Memphis, where house guests included Duke Ellington, Lionel Hampton and Count Basie.
"My mother had a large house, and there wasn't an adequate hotel, so these musicians, they would stay," Lloyd says. "I had so many questions, and they were all very kind to me.
Lloyd's early fascination with music took him to amateur shows on Beale Street. When he was 7, he won second place as a singer — but that victory, he says, was short lived.
"I was walking down the street in my neighborhood, which was called Orange Mound in those days," he says. "A girl was approaching me, a little older than myself, and she looked at me and she said,' You didn't deserve to win that prize.' And she was right. I didn't have the voice for it."
So he changed course and picked up the saxophone — first an alto and later a tenor.
"That piece of plumbing became my voice," Lloyd says, "and so all these years I've been pursuing that singing sound because I still think of myself as a singer."
Lloyd's professional connections with singers go way back, too. He first became friends with The Beach Boys in the 1960s; they recorded and toured together. He includes one of their signature songs, "God Only Knows," on his latest album, Hagar's Song.
"It's a Beach Boys song that I remember Carl Wilson used to sing with a very pure voice, and it touched me very deeply. And I sort of filed that away as something that I wanted to play one day."
On the album, he plays it with pianist Jason Moran.
"It's classic Lloyd," Moran says, laughing, "in that he really steps beautifully through the melody. And I really just follow him as he moves."
Lloyd's last record featured the singer Maria Farantouri.
"Maria, when I heard her sing, it moved me so much," Lloyd says. "There was Billie Holiday right before me when I heard Maria. They're not singing the same song, but the same heart informs you."
Lloyd met the Greek singer a decade ago. In 2010, the two played a program of traditional Greek and Byzantine melodies with jazz improvisation. Farantouri says she felt comfortable singing with Lloyd, and together, they began to build a bridge connecting ancient forms with jazz.
"I remember the musicians, they started to smile, dancing with the rhythms," Farantouri recalls. "And then I think, 'OK, we can walk over the bridge.'"
Moran says part of Lloyd's affinity for singers is his understanding of lyrics.
"Oftentimes when we're on the road," Moran says, "he is singing while we're waiting to board a plane. He is singing when we're checking into a hotel. At sound check, there are these very private videos of him singing into the microphone at the piano. The lyrics — he really takes them to heart when he plays those melodies. And I feel it every time he then decides to put the saxophone to his mouth."
Lloyd's connection to the human voice has kept his music distinctive — that, and the 75-year-old musician's childlike sense of wonder.
"This 9-year-old music lover is still in here, and it informs all I do," Lloyd says. Maybe a little bit of that 7-year-old singer is still in there, too.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Taxi transfers from Sweden
Taxi transfers from Sweden
Taxi transfers from airports, hotels, bus and railway stations, ferry ports and other locationsare the most comfortable and elegant way of travel.
Compared to other means of transportation such as buses, trams or subway,
taxi transfers are by far most convenient and very similar to using one's car at home.
When You book a transfer from one of our drivers,
You can be sure that Your taxi and driver will be there.
taxido·net is a new taxi transfers company with a simple goal:
to connect taxi drivers with people who search for affordable and reliable taxi transfers.
We offer taxi transfers from airports, hotels, bus and railway stations, ferry ports
and other locations to and from more than 5000 destinations worldwide.
Just to remind You: You don't book a taxi transfer from taxido·net,
but directly from one of taxi drivers listed on our site.
Taxi transfers from Sweden
Booking a taxi transfer is very simple - just follow these instructions.
You have selected Sweden as a country where Your transfer is starting from.
If You scroll down, You'll see a list of places in Sweden.
Select one of them as a starting point of your taxi transfer.
If You haven't alreday done this -
please fill-in the number of passengers, select Your pick-up date and time
and if You need a return transfer select Your return transfer date and time.
Don't forget to click Set button to confirm Your taxi transfer details.
Coming soon...
Taxi transfers from Sweden
Please select Your starting point here:* type any part of the name to narrow the list
- Bjursas Ski Center
- Bromma
- Enskede
- Hagersten
- Hallstaberget
- Hasselby
- Kista, Stockholm
- Lidingo
- Malarhojden
- Marsta
- Nacka
- Norrkoping
- Nynashamn
- Orebro
- Romme Alpin
- Saltsjobaden
- Sollentuna
- Solna
- Stockholm
- Stockholm Arlanda Aiport
- Stockholm Bromma Airport
- Stockholm Port
- Stockholm Skavsta Airport
- Stockholm Vasteras Airport
- Taby
- Tarnaby
- Uppsala
Tags: Sweden Sweden taxi Sweden transfer Sweden transportation Sweden airports Sweden hotels


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Ever wondered why you're not supposed to bake with cold eggs or whether marinating really tenderizes meat? Read on.
America's Test Kitchen host Chris Kimball "whisks away" some cooking myths as he talks with Morning Edition host Renee Montagne about the book he wrote, The Science of Good Cooking, with fellow Cook's Illustrated magazine editors. Being the science and cooking geeks that we are, we tuned in.
If you've ever looked up a meat recipe online, chances are it calls for a marinade. But marinating doesn't really tenderize meat. "This is your awakening," Kimball tells Montagne.
"The problem is, marinades contain acids, usually vinegar, and those break down meat but only to about a quarter of an inch of thickness. And when they break it down, they turn it to mush. They don't really tenderize it," he says.
"What does work is salting," Kimball says. "Salt gets in, it allows the protein molecules to absorb water, it loosens up the protein fibers so it retains that water and it's easier to chew." So brining meats in a mixture of salt and water and sometimes sugar is what produces a juicier meat. (Remember that, as you get ready for Turkey Day next month.)
Another myth Kimball busts is about seeding tomatoes. A lot of soup recipes call for the tedious process of ripping the seeds out of tomatoes for a smooth soup or gazpacho.
While you may get a smoother soup, you won't get one that's as tasty as it could be. "It turns out the seed in [the tomato] jelly ... has three times more flavor compounds called glutamates than the flesh, so when you seed the tomato... you're actually throwing out most of the flavor," Kimball explains.
Glutamates are what give tomatoes that meaty, umami mouthfeel. They also give MSG its flavor, but that's for another day.
Kimball tells Montagne it's totally fine to bake with cold eggs straight from the fridge most of the time, despite the fact that many baking recipes call for room-temperature ingredients.
"For years I've made cakes with cold eggs and they come out OK. It does make a difference when you're making a cake that's heavily dependent on egg whites ... like angel food cakes," he says. (According to The Science of Good Cooking, that's because cold eggs don't whip as well as room-temperature eggs, and when Kimball and crew tested them, those "finicky" cakes didn't rise right and became too dense.)
But Montagne is skeptical about whether Kimball has fully embraced this idea.
"Your recipe [for fluffy yellow layer cake] includes, I quote, 'bring all the ingredients to room temperature before beginning this recipe,'" she says.
"There's an old expression, do as I say and not as I do," Kimball says, laughing. "I am mature enough to recognize that we've held onto these myths in the kitchen.... We can grow. We can learn, too," he says.
"A little bit of science goes a long way in the kitchen, and it can make a big difference."
For more science tips and tricks from Chris Kimball, listen to the entire Morning Edition interview.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Rescued parts of damaged vintage Barongs reclaimed as wall art!
A few reminders before placing your order
- Please read our Store Policies before checking out.
- For bulk orders and those with more than 10 pieces per item, please email us instead at email@example.com.
- Order processing and shipping may take 4 -7 business days.
- NOTE: Processing time may change depending on location and if item/s purchased is/are custom or made-to-order. We hope you understand!
- Common Room PH is a shared arts and crafts store for Filipino crafters and artists. It carries thousands of locally designed cards, pins, notebooks, stickers, pouches and bags among others. It also has a wide range of handmade and homemade decor, scents, and leather goods — perfect for gifts and souvenirs. If you've been having a creative itch, the store carries art and craft tools/supplies for aspiring makers! Shop online or in our physical stores for your daily dose of crafts.
- Note, though, that messages on products by our local creatives do not necessarily reflect the views of the gift shop owners.
- Common Room houses products of more than 200 homegrown brands. Ensuring the quality of the products in the shop's inventory is the responsibility of the brand owners/partners.


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HUD's goal is to create equal housing opportunities for all persons living in America by administering laws that prohibit discrimination in housing on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, and familial status.
HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity administers federal laws and establishes national policies that ensure all Americans have equal access to the housing of their choice. Particular activities carried out by the Office include implementing and enforcing the Fair Housing Act and other civil rights laws, including Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 109 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, and the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968.
In addition, the Office:
For more information about fair housing practices, please visit the HUD website.


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There are a number of reasons why there can be debate about which record should be considered to have been "Number One" in a particular country on a certain date. These are discussed further down this page. However there is clearly a sizable group that don't want to know about these details and just want to know what record was top of the charts on a given date (such as their birthday). This table shows which records were number one for various countries over the month of November 1940.
As was mentioned above, there are all sorts of reasons why the entries here rather over simplify the real situation. We have made a large number of sweeping assumptions in order to present a simple picture to the vast number of users that just want a song title. This means that there are a number of entries in these tables that should be handled with caution. In addition where these entries differ from the original sources (listed later) it should be assumed that the sources are correct, where these entries conflict with the main data assume that the other data is correct, if you find either of these cases please tell us and we'll correct the data here. If, like us, you are the type of person that wants to know if a song was top of the Jukebox or Jockeys chart, or where a double-A side was released, or when chart entries did not specify an artist, or when the charts switched from one magazine to another we suggest that you have a look at the original sources:


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Your free preview of York Notes Plus+ 'Macbeth (Grades 9–1)' has expired. Either purchase below, or click on the video below to learn more.


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Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. The conjunctiva is the membrane that lines the inside of the eye and also a thin membrane that covers the actual eye.
There are many different causes of conjunctivitis. The following are the most common causes:
Bacteria, including:
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenza
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhea
Chlamydia trachomatis
Viruses, including:
Herpes virus
Chemicals (seen mostly in the newborn period after the use of medicine in the eye to prevent other problems)
Conjunctivitis is usually divided into at least two categories--newborn conjunctivitis and childhood conjunctivitis--with different causes and treatments for each.
Newborn conjunctivitis. The following are the most common causes and treatment options for newborn conjunctivitis:
Chemical conjunctivitis. This is related to an irritation in the eye from the use of eye drops that are given to the newborn to help prevent a bacterial infection. Sometimes, the newborn reacts to the drops and may develop a chemical conjunctivitis. The eyes are usually mildly red and inflamed, starting a few hours after the drops have been placed in the eye, and lasts for only 24 to 36 hours. This type of conjunctivitis usually requires no treatment.
Gonococcal conjunctivitis. This is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea. The newborn obtains this type of conjunctivitis by the passage through the birth canal from an infected mother. This type of conjunctivitis may be prevented with the use of eye drops in newborns at birth. The newborn eyes usually are very red, with thick drainage and swelling of the eyelids. This type usually starts about 2 to 4 days after birth. Treatment for gonococcal conjunctivitis usually will include antibiotics through an intravenous (IV) catheter.
Inclusion conjunctivitis. This is caused by an infection with chlamydia trachomatis, obtained by passage through the birth canal from an infected mother. The symptoms include moderate thick drainage from the eyes, redness of the eyes, swelling of the conjunctiva, and some swelling of the eyelids. This type of conjunctivitis usually starts five to 12 days after birth. Treatment usually will include oral antibiotics.
Other bacterial causes. After the first week of life, other bacteria may be the cause of conjunctivitis in the newborn. The eyes may be red and swollen with some drainage. Treatment depends on the type of bacteria that has caused the infection. Treatment usually will include antibiotic drops or ointments to the eye, warm compresses to the eye, and proper hygiene when touching the infected eyes.
Childhood conjunctivitis. Childhood conjunctivitis is a swelling of the conjunctiva and may also include an infection. It is a very common problem in children. Also, large outbreaks of conjunctivitis are often seen in daycare settings or schools. The following are the most common causes of childhood conjunctivitis:
The following are the most common symptoms of childhood conjunctivitis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Gritty feeling in one or both eyes
Itchy, irritated eyes
Clear, thin drainage (usually seen with viral or allergic causes); increased tearing
Sneezing and runny nose (usually see with allergic causes)
Stringy discharge from the eyes (usually seen with allergic causes)
Thick, green drainage from the eyes (usually seen with bacterial causes)
Ear infection (usually seen with bacterial causes)
Lesion with a crusty appearance (usually seen with herpes infection)
Eyes that are matted together in the morning
Swelling of the eyelids
Pink or red discoloration of the whites of one or both eyes
Discomfort when the child looks at a light
Burning in the eyes
The symptoms of conjunctivitis may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your child's doctor for a diagnosis.
Conjunctivitis is usually diagnosed based on a complete medical history and physical examination of your child's eye. Cultures of the eye drainage are usually not required, but may be done to help confirm the cause of the infection.
Specific treatment for conjunctivitis will be determined by your child's doctor based on:
Your child's age, overall health, and medical history
Extent of the condition
Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
Expectations for the course of the condition
Your opinion or preference
Specific treatment depends on the underlying cause of the conjunctivitis.
Infection can be spread from one eye to the other, or to other people, by touching the affected eye or drainage from the eye. Proper handwashing is very important. Also avoid touching your eyes with your hands, change pillowcases frequently, and do not reuse tissues or hand towels on your face. Drainage from the eye is contagious for 24 to 48 hours after beginning treatment.
Bacterial causes. Your child's doctor may order antibiotic drops to put in the eyes.
Viral causes. Viral conjunctivitis usually does not require treatment. Your child's doctor may order antibiotic drops for the eyes to help decrease the chance of a secondary infection.
Allergic causes. Treatment for conjunctivitis caused by allergies usually will involve treating the allergies. Your child's doctor may order oral medications or eye drops to help with the allergies.
Herpes. If your child has an infection of the eye caused by a herpes infection, your child's doctor may refer you to an eye care specialist. Your child may be given both oral medications and eye drops. This is a more serious type of infection and may result in scarring of the eye and loss of vision.


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From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish. Thousands of protesters flooded into the streets of Egypt today, some in support of the Islamist President Mohamed Morsi, others condemning what they called a power grab by the president that puts Egypt on the path to one-man rule. It is, in short, a nation visibly divided today. NPR's Leila Fadel reports from Cairo.
CROWD: (Chanting) Morsi, Morsi...
LEILA FADEL, BYLINE: Supporters of Islamist President Morsi chanted his name as he stood in front of them outside the presidential palace. A moment in which Morsi, the elected Islamist president, declared himself protector of last year's revolution and warrior against remnants of former strongman Hosni Mubarak's regime.
PRESIDENT MOHAMED MORSI: (Through translator) I am with what the Egyptian street wants, with clear legitimacy. I did not take any decision to be against anyone. This shouldn't be a concern. I have to put myself on the right road that leads to the right goals.
FADEL: He told the crowds to trust him, he would not abuse exceptional powers. He made his decision to neutralize the judiciary in order to rebuild Egypt's state institutions and root out remnants of the old regime.
MORSI: (Through translator) I would like to say: rest assured, I will never be unjust to anyone. Rest assured, I would not give the opportunity to those who want to spoil the revolution.
FADEL: He welcomed the opposition protests, but warned against thugs, Mubarak allies and foreign hands that may be trying to undermine Egypt's transition. All this a day after Morsi made a series of controversial unilateral decrees. One that would put any decision he made above judicial oversight until a constitution is in place. Another that gave him all rights to take any action against anything he deemed a threat to the revolution. And a third that protects Egypt's constituent assembly, tasked with writing the constitution, and the largely toothless upper-house of parliament from judicial challenges. The decisions drew international and domestic outcries.
CROWD: (Chanting in foreign language)
FADEL: Nermine Yosri protested with thousands of others, mostly from the political liberal elite. She laughed at Morsi's claims that this is the path to democracy.
NERMINE YOSRI: We don't have to do this. We don't have to make a new dictator for democracy. Actually, it's the opposite of the word.
FADEL: Across town, at the presidential palace, a comparably sized demonstration turned out in the thousands to support Morsi.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: (Foreign language spoken)
FADEL: Protesters, mostly Islamists, admonished the liberals for trying to stop progress and force their will on the majority.
MOHAMED YOUSSEF: (Foreign language spoken)
FADEL: Mohamed Youssef held a sign. We want to build the country and move on, it read. That, he said, is what Morsi is trying to do. Around him others applauded his move to cleanse the judiciary. Among Morsi's decrees, was the decision to replace the general prosecutor and demand that Mubarak and his top aides be retried for the killing of protesters during last year's revolt. Morsi's allies say this is the only way to democracy. Gehad Haddad, a senior advisor to the Muslim Brotherhood and the Freedom and Justice Party.
GEHAD HADDAD: With such exceptional circumstances as we're in at the moment, every time we're approaching the end of a transitional process or period, the constitutional court intervenes. Let me identify the constitutional court: it's a Mubarak-appointed constitutional court. And it interferes by design to contradict the popular demand of the Egyptians.
FADEL: Haddad says that Morsi is trying to protect the only bodies with a popular mandate. The comparison between Morsi and Mubarak, he says, is ridiculous.
HADDAD: Now, we're talking about the first democratically elected civil president of Egypt who managed to put the military out of power in Egypt, who is working towards building the remaining state institutions so that we can have a stable democracy, and who is being undermined by the remaining pockets of power left over from the Mubarak regime.
FADEL: Observers say Morsi made a shrewd political move at a time when he is receiving international praise for his role in the ceasefire between Hamas and Israel, but also at a time when ordinary Egyptians are tired of the political bickering and want reforms of a corrupt and broken system. Mone el-Ghobashy, an Egypt expert at Barnard College, says claims Morsi is on the path to dictatorship are premature. Right now, there is a time limit on his exceptional powers. When a constitution is in place, the decrees are void.
MONE EL-GHOBASHY: In two or three months from now if we see Morsi further entrenching himself with these kinds of safeguards against judicial review then I think there will be something to the claim that there's dictatorship. But right now as troubling as it is I think those claims are overblown and are being used by his opposition to try to rally support.
FADEL: But human rights groups are concerned that the vast powers Morsi now has will undermine rule of law in Egypt and put all the power in Morsi's hands. Egypt's researcher for Human Rights Watch, Heba Morayef.
HEBA MORAYEF: You don't deal with the need for judicial reform by completely disabling the judiciary's role in providing some oversight to the powers of the executive.
FADEL: Terrifying is the word she uses to describe Morsi's unilateral decrees. Right now, she says, Morsi is the law. Leila Fadel, NPR News, Cairo. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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International Interest for Armi
Interest is based how many people viewed this name from each country and is scaled based on the total views by each country so that large countries do not always show the most interest. Darker blue on the map indicates that people in the country are more likely to search for this name.
If the chosen name for your baby has a number value of 5, it suggests brilliance, enthusiasm, energy and versatility. These individuals are believed to be adventurous and love their freedom. They like challenges and get bored with routine. They often need several activities to keep their active mind occupied.
The throat chakra is the fifth chakra and its color is blue. It is one the three primary colors. The main energy of blue is communication and it is the color used to soothe the soul. Explore this Divine color in depth, learn what it means and what it represents.
The color blue is one of trust, honesty and loyalty. It is sincere, reserved and quiet, and doesn't like to make a fuss or draw attention. Blue hates confrontation, and likes to do things in its own way. From a color psychology perspective, blue is reliable and responsible. This color exhibits an inner security and confidence. You can rely on it to take control and do the right thing in difficult times. It has a need for order and direction in its life, including its living and work spaces.
Search for most popular names by country:


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Cutie Pie Kitten Face T-Shirt
Exchange & Return Policy: Your satisfaction is paramount, but with that said we understand sometimes that something just needs to go back. It's all good, you can return or exchange any purchase within 125 days of the delivery date - it's that simple.
Estimated delivery time: Processing Time: 1-4 days, Shipping Time: 1-5 days
Customers who bought this product also bought:
• 100% ring-spun cotton
• Mottled hand-dyed and printed using water-based inks in the USA
• After dyeing washed and dried
• Comfortable, pre-shrunk & ready to wear
• Crewneck
• Short sleeves
• Reinforced double-stitching on all seams
• Relaxed fit
• the US sizing; if in-between sizes, consider sizing down
Colors can slightly differ from the picture on the website as these masterpieces are individually hand-dyed and printed with water-based inks in the USA.


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Made to order baby gift basket. This set includes a monogrammed hooded towel, 3 burp cloths and 1 bib. You may pick a color theme and let me pick out fabrics and fonts, or you can choose it all.
If you have a specific color or theme in mind, I can send you a picture of the fabrics I have in that color family. The fabric samples pictured above are only a small example, I have TONS more fabric than what is pictured above.
All towels are full size 30X54 inches plus the hood. They will fit a baby and last for years! All burp cloths measure 19"X13".
Towel colors, fabric, monogram and font options included in this listings pictures.
*WHERE ARE THE OPTIONS? Please swipe through the listing pictures to see the Personalization Guide and Options for Embroidery.
*WHERE DO I PUT MY PERSONALIZATION DETAILS? Please leave name/initials and thread color in the Optional Note text box during the checkout process. This will appear on the final Review Order screen after the payment screen. If no thread color is specified, I will stitch with a coordinating color.
5-7 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
I only use the personal information you provide during checkout to complete and ship your order. I will never provide your information to any third party, or use for an reason outside Etsy.
My turnaround time depends on the item. Please see individual listings for processing time. If you need something by a certain date, feel free to message me and I will let you know if I can make it work!
All monograms go in the following order- first, LAST, middle. For example John Patrick McLochlin would be JMP, with the last name being the middle letter in the monogram. If unsure leave the full name in the personalization box.
I do not offer gift wrapping, but all items will be packaged beautifully in tissue paper. You can mark your order as a gift and leave a message for me to add to the package if you are shipping directly to the recipient. Please be sure to make sure the "shipping to" address is correct before placing your order.
Due to the personalized nature of my products, I do not offer returns unless a mistake is made on my part. Please double check your personalization details for accuracy.
Domestic Shipping is always FREE from Multiple Monograms! If you are outside of the US, your shipping costs will be automatically calculated during the checkout process based of the item(s) weight and size.
Processing time + shipping time.
Processing time- 1- 14 business days depending on the listing (please see each individual listing for estimated processing time). Most items ship within 3 days! The baby gift baskets tend to take a little longer but usually will be ready to ship in 7-10 days.
Shipping- Within the US, First Class Mail will take 1-5 days and Priority Mail will take 1-3 days. The shipping class is chosen based on weight, but can be upgraded during checkout.
Multiple Monograms works to stitch and ship your purchases as quickly as possible. For this reason, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to cancel your order after it has been placed. If you need to cancel your order please send a message and we will do our best to accommodate your request.
On Etsy- Enter the personalization details in the text box underneath the dropdown menus.
On MultipleMonograms.com- Enter the personalization details in the Optional Note box during the checkout process. This will be in the Final Review Order screen after entering in your payment details.
Care instructions for Nap Mats-
Machine wash. *Prior to washing please make sure to remove pillow and secure velcro so it does not snag on the stitching.
Hand to dry.


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Changes related to "News:2014/06/23 Rock FM 95.2 Marilyn Manson Interview"
From MansonWiki, the Marilyn Manson encyclopedia
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Cosmetic Dentistry
Composite White Fillings
Ask Smiles in Joplin if our services are right for you
Make an AppointmentComposite white fillings offer the ability to effectively deal with cavities while maintaining the cosmetic appeal of a bright, white smile.
Benefits of Composite White Fillings
- Created to match your tooth to ensure a natural look and feel
- Because composite fillings can be created for smaller restorations, less of your tooth structure is lost and less drilling is needed
- The material is made from acrylic and glass particles, containing no mercury or other metals
- Provides support to remaining tooth structure and insulates against temperature changes
The Filling Process
- First, the targeted tooth is prepared by removing decay.
- Next, a bonding agent is applied to the prepared tooth.
- The composite material is placed and molded to your tooth structure.
- The material is hardened by focusing intense light rays on it for about a minute (the time required may vary according to each patient's needs and specific dental condition).
The filling is now complete and you have a bright, natural-looking new tooth!
Your filling brightness can be maintained by simply practicing good oral hygiene and avoiding staining food and drinks such as coffee, soda, tea, etc.
For more information on composite white fillings or to schedule an appointment, call Smiles in Joplin at 417-782-2021.


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The names, birth date, and email you give us are used only in the preparation of your Name and Birthdate Report. We do not share or give this information to anyone. [Privacy Policy]
Although some names possibly appear suitable and have some of the qualities you are looking for, the name may not harmonize with your last name and the baby's birth date and could create restrictions and lack of success.
Call us before choosing a baby name at 1-866-489-1188 (toll-free in North America) or 604-263-9551. We would be happy to assist you or visit our Baby Name Page for more information.
Look up the meaning of thousands of first names.
Alphabetical list of first names
Updated July 25, 2024
Your name of Prudence has made you desire system ... All names are not equal. Prudence, the names you use create your life experiences. Find out how the meaning of Prudence and the energy of your name have shaped your life. Request a Free Name Report.
Alphabetical First Name Meaning Index
Prudence - Detailed Meaning
As Prudence, you experience opposing qualities in your nature: the desire for system, concentration, settled conditions, and step-by-step progress, and the urge for change and new experiences. As a result, you do not find it easy to be happy and content but feel frustration at times in trying to understand your turbulent feelings and thinking. You are analytical and matter-of-fact, and have interests along scientific, technical, or mathematical lines. You enjoy hobbies that are creative but practical. Unless you have other qualities in your names that offset the practical influence, this name does not allow you fully to develop your depth of appreciation for philosophy, music, or the arts. Although you are curious about life, you must first be interested in a subject through facts and details before you will pursue a line of thought. Obscure theory and imaginative speculation are not of interest to you. You could be exceptionally brilliant in any subject or activity that holds your interest. You are an exacting person, capable and efficient, appreciating routine and a certain consistency of effort. Efficiency is important to you. It is difficult for you not to become irritated by the ineptitude and carelessness of others. When given a challenge, you are thorough, persistent, and conscientious, but once the challenge wanes, it becomes an aggravation to carry on. You scatter your efforts and find it extremely difficult to finish what you start. That is when your qualities of impatience and discontent may express, and you begin to desire something new to offset the feelings of limitation and restlessness you are experiencing. On the other hand, many times you are taken into new experiences before you have had a chance to complete a current undertaking satisfactorily, and that also creates frustration. However, you can be rather impulsive and there are times you make decisions and regret them. Rarely does an accomplishment bring you satisfaction as you are extremely analytical and demanding, of both yourself and others. The practicality of your name inhibits your deeper, softer, affectionate feelings towards others. You are inclined to be candid in speech and manner. You show your love for family and friends in what you do for them rather than what you say. Delicate matters are not easy for you to handle with finesse. You enjoy the outdoors and could excel in sports activities. You have boundless ingenuity and nervous energy. Sometimes you find it hard to relax your mind or body unless you have reached the point of exhaustion. Mostly you appreciate a settled home environment, an occupation that carries a certain challenge and opportunities to develop practical skills. However, because of the opposing qualities in your nature, rarely are you completely satisfied with your lot in life. Being independent and somewhat set in your ways, you do not change your mind readily once you have formed your opinions. This turmoil of opposing forces affects your nervous system, causing tension in your stomach, and intestinal or generative organs.
Health Analysis
Your date of birth defines your unique core purpose, the reason for your life. In living your purpose, you will find your greatest happiness, contentment, and success.
Whether your purpose fully expresses depends upon all the names you use, because your names create the basic blueprint of your thinking pattern and reveal your destiny.
Is your name in harmony with your purpose?
Find out by requesting a Free Name and Birthdate Report below and it will be emailed to you immediately.
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Call us before choosing a baby name at 1-866-489-1188 (toll-free in North America) or 604-263-9551 (local and international). We would be happy to assist you or visit our baby name page for more information.
Want more out of life? You can discover your core purpose and make it a reality through a Kabalarian Balanced Name - ancient wisdom for a modern world.
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BRATTLEBORO, Vt. — Mocha Joe's roasting company founder Pierre Capy was not impressed the first time he tried a cup of coffee made with beans grown in Cameroon.
Capy has run his Main Street roasting facility in Brattleboro since 1994. He has traveled around the United States, and the world, educating others about what it takes to produce the highest grade of coffee. So when he tried that cup of Cameroon-grown coffee in 2008, he did not taste a coffee bean that could take its place with some of the best in the world.
But what Capy did taste that day was potential, and he has been working ever since to strengthen the specialty coffee market in Cameroon — and trying to convince the rest of the gourmet coffee community that the country should be able to produce excellent coffee.
Now Mocha Joe's has started an online fund-raising effort to raise money for an expanding organic certification program in Cameroon. The money will also be used to register farmers in local credit unions and start a revolving loan fund to give coffee farmers access to capital.
"The challenge for me, from the start, was to try to create something from nothing," he said. "Cameroon has the soil, it has the elevation, it has a rain and dry season and I thought we could produce incredible coffee there."
Capy's improbable introduction to Cameroon, a West African country that is mostly known for growing bulk, low-grade coffee beans for the European market, came when he hired Hamidou Yaya, then a student from the School for International Training in Brattleboro.
Yaya showed Capy some coffee that was grown in his homeland.
Capy looked through the bag of Cameroon coffee and the beans were dirty and unsorted. But among the ungraded beans Capy found large, well-formed beans that he thought could hold up to some of the best coffee in the world.
He had some coffee sent over and Capy pulled out the best beans and paid careful attention to the roasting process
"The coffee had a syrupy, caramel flavor. It was very good. You could compare it to Kona or Jamaican varietals, " said Capy. "Cameroon had a clean slate. No one was importing Cameroon coffee to America, and I knew that if we could differentiate the beans and create a market we could sell some over here."
In March 2009, Mocha Joe's Roasting Company partnered with the Farmer's Cooperative Initiative, a group of U.S. roasters and investors working with 31 farming families in the northwest of Cameroon. The collaborative imported the first container of specialty-grade Cameroon coffee to the U.S.
Later that year, Capy and another Mocha Joe's employee traveled to Cameroon to oversee the harvest and sorting processes. Prior to the visit most of the coffee was dried and shipped for the commercial market. There was no awareness of growing and sorting specialty coffee, which Capy knew would bring a much higher price to the farmers. It took a while to convince area residents that sorting was an important part of the coffee growing process, and after a number of failed experiments Capy helped set up a communal sorting facility. It was the first step in improving the grade of coffee being shipped out of Cameroon.
In 2011 he spent another four months in the region with his wife and two children during the growing and harvest season. They lived in the village of Fongo Tongo with coffee farmers and, while there that year, Capy hired Philip Younyi, a local agronomist, to be his director of operations.
The quality of Cameroon coffee continued to improve, and Capy introduced it to other small roasters around New England. In 2012, Capy started working in the village of Oku, where farmers use traditional growing techniques that are close to international organic growing standards. Capy knew that if the farmers could get their USDA organic certification, their coffee would bring an even better price.
The certification is very expensive and Capy helped some of the farmers with no- and low-interest loans to go through the certification process. The following year 54 family farmers in Cameroon obtained their organic certification, and Mocha Joe's imported the very first shipment of certified organic coffee from Cameroon.
Capy said the Cameroon project is now at a pivotal point. Working with other roasters this year, Mocha Joe's and the other companies will import three tons of organic coffee and 16 tons of specialty coffee from Cameroon.
"Originally we were primarily focused on improving the quality of the coffee harvested, but as our familiarity with the coffee and our connection with the community have deepened, our goals for the project have expanded," Capy said. "For the past two-and-a-half years we have been working on getting organic certification, and with the success of this pilot project we are ready to expand the project into a larger program."
Mocha Joe's is now trying to raise $5,500 to support the Cameroon coffee project. The contributions will be used to enroll farmers in a local credit union which allows them to borrow money at a low interest rate of 1.5 percent, instead of the up to 200 percent that local non-regulated money lenders charge.
Capy also said the funding would bring more farmers into the organic certification process, and would help ensure that organic coffee growing in Cameroon remains stable, even if Mocha Joe's pulls out of the growing, sorting and certification processes. Capy said about 75 more farms need to get their organic certification to keep the project moving forward.
"We're just a small Vermont business and this has only worked because we've done things step by step," Capy said. "No bank will lend us money for this. We are trying to get more people interested in coffee from Cameroon, and have enough farmers growing quality coffee so that it is sustainable on its own. We're really proud of how far we've come and we're excited to see where we can take it."
Original Articular http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/lifestyle/20140311/us-roaster-is-helping-make-cameroon-coffee-beans-magic


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