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Spark Premium WordPress Theme Build any site design without coding! You can have a fully equipped website up and running within just a few minutes. Spark WordPress theme is not just a template, it's a collection of amazing examples with tons of features.
Spark WordPress theme is part of our entire shop bundle, the 36 + WordPress Themes Mega Bundle an all-in-one bundle that expands to give you themes for every site style and plugins. Check it out at
Spark WordPress theme is a clean, modern, minimal, royal, multi-purpose and one-page WordPress theme. It has a wide range of incredible features and includes $150 worth of goodies, everything you need to create an awesome site in an incredibly easy way saving money and time doing it. Build any site design without code knowledge!
1-Click Demo Content Import – One of the most useful features that a WordPress theme can have. You will love to start the website development process at the same starting point as the wonderful theme demo pages, so you can quickly design the website of your dreams. You can fully use our carefully created demo content to start with a ready-to-go site with 1-click only!
Page Builder – Visualmodo customers can use the best, an incredible drag and drop page builder in Spark WordPress theme. See some page builder elements:
- Row Section
- Columns (6 columns grid or any column layout)
- Portfolio post type +Team Member post type
- Revolution Slider
- Latest Posts from blog
- Blog Styles
- Icons
- Boxed Icons
- Twitter Slider
- Sidebar
- Contact From
- Knowledge Base post type
- Google Maps
- Pie Chart
- Count Number
- Progress Bar
- Video/Audio Player
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- Buttons
- Lightbox Gallery/Images/Videos
- Custom Heading
- Single Image
- Pricing Table
- Text Block
- Alert Box
- Divider
- Empty Divider
Ultimate Addons for Visual Composer – Extend Visual Composer and add more power to it! This plugin ($26 value for free) adds several premium elements in your Visual Composer on top of the built-in ones given by WPBakery. Every single element in the package is crafted with utmost attention to details and a simple objective to provide you with an ultimate experience. We've put a lot of time and care to ensure that all the elements are flexible so that they will open limitless possibilities for you while maintaining simplicity at the core.
Visual Elements Plugin – Extend your page building experience and possibilities with our plugin elements list with the exclusive Visual Elements plugin that will add amazing new content elements to your Visual Composer.
Responsive – We know responsivity is important once we live in a mobile world. It's absolutely essential that your website be as accessible as necessary on all devices. However, we felt that responsive design was something else we wanted to make even better for you. Even better for the web.
Theme Options (Customizer) - the best control panel ever made with hundreds of intuitive options to bring your WordPress site to the next level of customization and easily apply, enable or disable.
- WordPress login page customization
- Favicon, dark logo/white and special mobile logo upload
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- Extra menu option for different menus for each page
- Color options (hover, dropdown, sub-menu, backgrounds, headers and global)
- Typography options (size, font, letter spacing, weight control) for each area of your site)
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- Footer options (columns, colors, image upload, height, text and social area)
- Portfolio post type options
- Team member options
- Custom URLs slug for any post type
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- Blog options (blog style, post views, post likes, related posts, standard, and single post sidebar control)
- 404 page not found options (image, background color, text, color, title and align)
- Contact map template options (map address, color, text, zoom and image market upload)
- Social networks options
- Page transition options (load animation, color, and effects)
- WooCommerce options (sidebar position, header color, social share buttons, header slider, caption and title texts)
- Custom code (tracking code, HTML code, CSS code and JS code)
- Accordion
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- Tooltip
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- Social Buttons Sharing
- Highlights
Columns – To better show your content! With our page builder row columns elements, you can build any page layout you want, you can easily choose between 1. 2. 3. 4 and 6 columns with offset or 1/3 + 2/3. you can create any layout you want and have the complete freedom to build your own columns layout as easy as a click on a button. Your only limit it's your imagination!
Column Height, Gaps and Position – Control the height of your columns by applying equal height option. Set gaps between columns or merge them together with one click. Control position of columns and content within columns with vertical alignment.
Parallax Background for Rows – Add parallax style background to Visual Composer rows. Combine Design Options and parallax background to create even more advanced layouts.
Frontend Editor – Enjoy a "What You See Is What You Get" page building experience with our amazing frontend editor. See how your content will look on the frontend, instantly, with no additional clicks or switches.
Backend Editor – Prefer to work on the backend? No problem! Visual Composer still supports native content management on the backend, with all the important functions and options at your fingertips.
Advanced Grid Builder – Visual Composer comes with advanced grid builder bundled. Display posts, portfolio, and any other custom posts type or media in a grid or masonry grid. Tons of options and 40+ predefined styles.
Template System – Copy or re-use existing pages, and save templates for later. Build posts using 40+ professional, pre-defined layouts from the WPBakery team.
Design Options – Control how elements look with new Design Options. Set borders, margins, paddings, border radius and background with a few simple clicks. Use color panel and alpha to enhance your design. Create up to date design solutions with ease.
Video Background – Insert YouTube videos into row backgrounds to create dynamic and visually appealing effects. Combine YouTube video background with Visual Composer parallax effect.
Cross Browser Compatibility – No browser is left behind with the Spark WordPress Theme! All modern browsers supported by Rare include Google Chrome, Firefox, IE, Opera, and Safari.
Slider Revolution – Spark not only supports but includes the premium Slider Revolution plugin (a $26 value) for free along with your purchase of the theme. Easily create and manage unique slideshows with captivating transitions and animations that are all completely responsive. With Spark, you can easily include a slider in any page with the best slider plugin.
Contact Form 7 - Spark theme supports the best contact form plugin and also display it elegantly and have elements to easily apply it form in a page.
Side Menu – Spark comes with a side menu (widgets and pages-menu) area, a clickable icon on your header menu to show more content in an elegant vertical bar.
Social – Enable social media icons and easy share functionality with the click of a button to any social network and display it on your footer, sub-menus, side menu or page body area.
WooCommerce E-Commerce Plugin - Sell anything elegantly. Transform your site into a powerful store with the best store plugin WooCommerce. Spark WordPress theme support this plugin and make it even better with a fully customizable control panel and performance optimizations.
A Real Theme for your online store/shop! Spark is ready as an eCommerce platform, having built-in styles for WooCommerce plugin, which at this moment empowered ~30% of the world online stores!! but we take it to the next level!! Currently, inside Spark, we added 3 different store landing pages and refreshed the overall feel and layout, but we're planning to continuously release new niched demos and entirely new styles - Periodically try dropping a visit, you're more than welcome! Spark also has its own advanced custom style for your cart/account and check-out WooCommerce pages to make your store look amazing and user-friendly for your clients! Make sure all your shop clients will love to purchase your products/services once your shop is powered by our theme store framework.
Site Layout – Choose between boxed or full-width layouts across all Stacks to find a design that truly suits your needs.
Translation Ready – Spark WordPress Theme is translation ready to better serve you.
Child Theme Compatible – Spark is child theme compatible, with child themes available upon your purchase of the theme to make customization easy and painless.
Retina Theme - Show your content in the best possible way clear and in high-definition in all devices.
Clean Code – Spark conforms to industry best practices at all levels. The attention to detail given by our developers on all levels is absolutely unparalleled. Implementing the latest HTML5 and CSS3 techniques, we not only develop the theme but work with it on our personal websites and projects every day.
4000 Icons - We know everybody loves good icons set so we've made an awesome icons list to you give wings to your imagination and make your design more unique with Font-Awesome and IcoMoon most wanted icons.
Custom Post Types - With Spark WordPress Theme you have some great posts types to better show your content with our Portfolio, Team Member, Knowledge Base and gives you a freedom to build your own post type in the way you like.
Custom Post Formats – Manage your blog posts better by taking advantage of WordPress' custom post formats. The following post formats are included:
- Standard
- Image
- Gallery
- Audio
- Video
- Quote
- Link
Custom Widgets – It's simple to include your Flickr, Dribbble or Twitter feed into your theme with custom widgets. Simply drag and drop them wherever you desire, input your user information, and you're ready to go!
Search Engine Optimized – An important topic or any site is the search engine optimization. We actually have data to back it up. Spark was built to the help your site rank. Rest assured that everything from the functional markup utilizing the latest semantic HTML5 elements, working together with the best WordPress SEO plugin compatibility.
Help Center (support) - We want to see your site on the top and for this reason gives you the best support on the market that really works full-time to help you, HD video tutorials and a good documentation. Feel free to call us!
One Page Sites / Landing Pages – Easily setup one-page navigation with Spark theme on your front-page or across multiple pages to create unique and engaging layouts for your visitors.
Sidebars - Create the sidebar you want and easily manage it on your page in any position with the SPARK WordPress Theme.
Timetable Responsive Schedule For WordPress - Is a powerful and easy-to-use schedule plugin for WordPress. It will help you to create a timetable view of your events in minutes. Perfect for gym classes, school or kindergarten classes, medical departments, nightclubs, lesson plans, meal plans etc. It comes with Events Manager, Event Occurrences Shortcode, Timetable Shortcode Generator, and Upcoming Events Widget. You gain this plugin ($26 value) for free purchasing the Spark WordPress theme.
Custom Footer – Choose from 1 to 4 columns in the footer, and set it up in your own style. Show you content elegantly in an easy way.
Different Logo Versions – Different logo versions for initial and sticky headers, as well as for dark and light header skins, the mobile menu, and more.
Portfolio – Create the portfolio post you want and show it in 3 different portfolio list layouts. Set the desired number of columns for each portfolio list.
Visual Menu (mega menu)– In the case you want to display more content, the Visualmodo Menu provides you with a visually engaging way to organize complex navigation layouts and build any menu style in an elegant and easy way.
- Submenu columns
- Menu and submenu icons
- Submenu background image
- Menu and Submenu alignment
- Dropdown & top-header widgets
- Submenu posts grid
- Ful- width menu option
Fully Customizable Title Area – Choose between a responsive title image, parallax title image, zoom in/out title image and no image. Show or hide each title area. Choose the position of the title text. Choose colors, separators & much more. Apply those settings on a global or page specific level.
Fullscreen Menu – Easily enable the beautiful Full-screen Menu to show your header pages in a different way and completely change your site style.
Blog Layouts – Choose the best look for your blog. SPARK comes with a large collection of blog layouts, all carefully crafted and easy to add to any page.
Add Custom Styles – No need to wallow through lines of code just to add your own custom CSS. We've embedded a custom CSS field in the Theme Options panel to make your life easier.
Posts Slider – You can build an amazing posts-slider from regular WordPress posts. All you have to do is setup one slide and Slider Revolution does all the work! There are literally millions of layout combinations.
Vertical Menu Possibility – The vertical menu serves many purposes, besides the fact that it's unique and stands out compared to the standard horizontal menu at the top of a website. In fact, some argue that designs look more creative and appealing when you have that vertical menu lining the side of the page. The first reason you might think about using our vertical menu theme is that of how easy it is to locate the navigation. The menu generally sticks around when someone scrolls down, which makes it more versatile for both one page and multi-page designs.
Unlimited Header & Menu Layouts – Choose the perfect header & navigation style for your website: Center your menu, move to the left side, right side, menu closer to logo, menu away from logo, full-width, wide, boxed, vertical menu, horizontal, centered logo aligned with menu, centered logo with menus on the edges and much more. Do it all on the powerful Theme options panel with 1-click only.
A Real Multi-Purpose WordPress Theme – We found our theme used for so many niches, it's incredible how flexible the theme is, whether for real estate, hotel, furniture shop, fitness, brico, interior, a school, university or agency, even church and nonprofit and so many other fields. It's an awesome adventure and we're thrilled when we see our work, used in so many domains and industries.
Future – We want to make our work better and better every single day upgrading the theme for free and introducing new features because it's our Visualmodo mission. Thank you so much for watching our presentation and feel free to contact us on
Professional and Fast Support – Our support team can't wait to help you. Just submit a ticket to our support forum and one of our highly professional and expertly trained support consultants will be there to lend a hand
Smart Loader – Unlike other WordPress frameworks and page builders, Wedding is doing its best to load only the necessary resources that you page needs. This will make your website super fast.
High Performance – Fast loading, light-weight, best UX. Made for high performance, tested on pagespeed, yslow and co.
A Word About Speed Performance – This is the fastest theme available. We spent a considerable amount of time tweaking every aspect of the theme to perform at it's absolute best. All the queries are hand inspected to be optimal, all the images and resources are carefully compressed to make the site load blazing fast and all the scripts are profiled and modified to run at top speed.


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Claw Clip - CC088
- Regular price
- Sale price
- Regular price
Product Description
Size: 105mm * 45mm * 22mm
Embellishments: Rhinestone
Why Choose June Kam Accessories?
- June Kam Accessories is the BEST Jewelry Gift for people who are having a hard time to get the right jewelry that will not cause allergic to their precious skin.
- June Kam Accessories guarantees the jewelry will not rust over time. It is also hypoallergenic / safe for sensitive skin as well.
- June Kam Accessories guarantees the jewelry are carefully handcrafted by our experienced teams in the workshop, using the finest materials.
Material Description
- Sterling silver / S925 silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925. Sterling silver jewelry is an excellent, high quality choice in most circumstances. The metal will not rust or perish, plus if you look after your jewelry it will look great well into the future. You should even be able to pass your silver jewelry on to future generations.
- Lead-free and nickel-free copper is suitable for wearers who are allergic to accessories that contain lead and/or nickel.
- Titanium steel / 316L surgical steel is hypo-allergenic making it a great choice for someone whose skin is sensitive to metal. Another good thing about titanium steel jewelry is that its look last longer and durable, It doesn't tarnish, rust or fade. 316L surgical steel is also used in the manufacture and handling of food and pharmaceutical products where it is often required in order to minimize metallic contamination.
Jewelry Care
- Avoid contact with perfumes/chemicals to prevent colour fade.
- Jewels is not recommended to be worn during bathing. This is to prevent potential damage and allow the piece to remain in top condition.
- Please clean jewels with a dry soft cloth or polishing cloth after wearing then only store your jewellery carefully in a airtight plastic bag to prevent tarnishing when you are not wearing it.
- Silver post earring is relatively softer than others, if the ear post bending is not defect. You can adjust it carefully, it does not affect to use.

subset: commoncrawl


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myagtsvc.exe – Here is the scoop on beagle.dz trojan as it pertains to computer network security. The big question: what is myagtsvc.exe and is it spyware, a trojan and if so, how do I get rid of beagle.dz trojan?
myagtsvc.exe (beagle.dz trojan) – Details
If you find a program with the name myagtsvc.exe running on your computer, your system might be infected with a trojan known as 'beagle.dz'.
myagtsvc.exe is considered to be a security risk, not only because antivirus programs flag beagle.dz trojan as a trojan, but also because other sites consider it a Trojan as well.
beagle.dz trojan is likely a Trojan and as such, presents a serious vulnerability which should be fixed immediately! Delaying further investigation of myagtsvc.exe may cause serious harm to your system and will likely cause a number of problems, loss of data, loss of control or leaking private information.
You should take our Firewall Test and look at your Digital Footprint to make sure your system is not giving away valuable information or has open ports on your firewall that may allow attackers to compromise your computer; these tests are completely free.
Whenever you have a concern about a file like myagtsvc.exe, feel free to leave a comment (you'll find the comment section at the bottom of this page); we'll research your process or dll file and post the results to the site.
We do our best to update process information as often as possible but inaccuracies may still exist; a prime example would be a virus that is named after a legitimate file and perhaps beagle.dz trojan is such a case. If you find an inaccuracy or have information that will help others, please, don't hesitate to leave a comment!
MYAGTSVC.EXE – Disclaimer
Every attempt has been made to provide you with the correct information for myagtsvc.exe or BEAGLE.DZ TROJAN. Many spyware / malware programs use filenames of usual, non-malware programs. If we have included information about myagtsvc.exe that is inaccurate, we would greatly appreciate your help by leaving a comment with the correct information below and we'll do our best to correct it.
You should verify the accuracy of information we provided about myagtsvc.exe.


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San Antonio Break-In Repairs
Locked out? If you're in need of 24 hour emergency locksmith services for your car, home, or business then we are here for you. Our response time average 30 minutes or less, 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Lock outs, lock changes, rekeys, and key replacement are available at any time.
Time is important regardless of the fact that most lockouts happen at or near the home. Whenever is it a good time to be locked out of your property? Never. What you need is a locksmith in the area who is close and ready to help at any time. Don't bother with companies that make you wait hours for service.
When you want a locksmith that you can depend on from copying keys and providing emergency lockout service to individual customers concerned about safety, to developing full-featured, modern security solutions for some of the area's largest businesses, there's no problem we can't solve. Proudly serving your area, we provide full-service security solutions to some of the most technologically advanced people and businesses in the world.
Local San Antonio TX Break-In Repairs Services
Not every lock is the same, and trusting your safety to an inexperienced professional is a gamble you shouldn't be willing to take. We boast an extensive list of competencies including residential and commercial systems of all types, electronic access, safes, keys, hardware, push button locks, mortise locks, cylindrical locks, access control networks, electric strike releases, latches, deadbolts, and more.
Our service technicians are certified and qualified to provide you with the help you need at any time of the day. Our prices are competitive with the market and will never have hidden surcharges. There is no reason to risk your property and personal security on another company that doesn't care about your well being.
Our expert locksmiths can handle any kind of problem that you may have, whether it is directly related to your car, home, or office! Call us today!


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Guess GU2719 052 52
Top-quality lenses made by Lentiamo
No reflection or dirt
We offer a free anti-reflective coating with every pair of glasses. The coating prevents unwanted glare on the front and back of the lens. It protects the lenses from scratches as well as water and dirt, so you can easily clean your glasses.
Lightweight but solid
We use CR-39 and Trivex lenses because of their excellent optics and robustness. Their lightweight material offers a high level of wearing comfort.
100% UV protection
All our lenses offer 100% protection from UV rays.
A clear choice for optimal vision
Authorised reseller
We exclusively sell eyewear from renowned brands.
All frames in stock
Prescription glasses customised and dispatched within 6 working days.
Free delivery
Free shipping for orders over £57 and all Lentiamo Collection eyewear.
Product details
The legendary Guess brand present the combination of French elegance and unconventional style with an emphasis on long lasting quality, modern approach and exclusivity. The Guess brand rules the fashion industry and their glasses collection offers a wide range of styles and colour combinations.
The women's glasses Guess GU2719 052 52 are popular with everyone.
Glasses frame
- The brown colour of the frame perfectly matches a warm skin tone and light brown, black or dark blonde hair.
- Round frames are an ideal choice for those with a square or oval face shape.
- The frame of the glasses is made of a combination of metal and plastic. It offers high durability, stability and extraordinary style.
- Full-rimmed glasses have the most common types of frames which consist of a frame front and a pair of temples. They will elevate and complement your style thanks to their noticeable design. One of their advantages is sturdiness, durability, the fact that they fully enclose the lens, and mainly their protection against damage. This type of frame is suitable for all lenses, including lenses with higher optical power.
- We deliver the glasses in their original case. The colour of the case and its design may vary.
- The cloth supplied is ideal for cleaning and caring for glasses. Some models may come with a fabric bag instead of a cloth.
Explore the full glasses range to find more styles or check out our glasses guide if you need help choosing.
This is a medical device. Read instructions before use.
129 mm Width
140 mm Temple length
Gender: | Women |
Frame shape: | Round |
Frame type: | Full rim |
Clip-on: | No |
Adjustable nose pad: | No |
Frame material: | Metal/Plastic |
Frame colour: | Brown |
Case: | Yes |
Cleaning cloth: | Yes |
Size: | S |
Lens width: | 52 mm |
Lens height: | 45 mm |
Bridge width: | 17 mm |
Temple length: | 140 mm |
Width: | 129 mm |
Code: | GU2719 052 52 |
Weight: | 100 g |
Brand: | Guess |
Category: |
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Approved by our customers
From 3605 reviews 98% are positive. Take a look at selected customer reviews.


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Filth Texture set
By Georges "TRaK" Grondin
Some textures, specifically the Threadplate textures and the striped warning textures, were created using base textures from Yves "Evillair" Allaire's e8 textures that are released under the GPL. Some were also created using base textures from my Babel texture pack, which uses photo references from CGtextures.com
Some source textures are copyrighted by CGTextures.com. Permission to use these specific textures under the GPL license has been granted to to the author of this texture pack. Textures downloaded from CGTextures.com DO NOT fall under the GPL license by default.
If you wish to use these textures under a license other than the GPL or CC-by-SA, please contact me.
Enjoy :)


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Our aim is that pre-order items will be shipped to reach you on the official release date.
Please note that release dates are liable to change at any time due to unforeseen circumstances (most often delays in the product being delivered to our warehouse due to third party manufacturing or shipping delays) - we will post any new release dates onto our site as soon as they are available.
Please remember that we are dependent on the distributors, record labels and couriers to deliver the releases to us on time and pre-order release dates are often subject to change due to factors out of our control.
In rare circumstances, due to factors out of our control, releases that are placed on pre-order are cancelled by the record label. In this instance we will inform you that the release is no longer going to be released and refund your order.


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Arequipa 40x40 cmDark Grey
Arequipa cushion 40x40cm
Arequipa is woven in 100% baby alpaca. Which is our finest warm and soft quality.
The cushion will be delivered including inner pillow with filling
Wool is a unique natural material. Wool insulates. It can keep you both cool and warm thanks to the fibres' special structure, which is able to trap lots of air. It is the air in the textile that provides insulation, and a thin woollen plaid is therefore much warmer than a thicker one made of cotton, for example.
At Silkeborg Uldspinderi our focus begins on the raw wool so that we are always able to ensure that we can attain the desired quality that is then processed and transformed into plaids and cushions of a quality that will last for many years.
Baby Alpaca
The alpaca has adapted to the Andes' harsh climate with its fantastic thick coat that provides insulation against both heat and cold.
The Alpaca fibres are smooth, supple and flexible. As a result, a plaid or a scarf of alpaca is attractive, soft and lustrous. Even very thin plaids are warm – and can be used by the majority of people who are allergic to wool.
At Silkeborg Uldspinderi we work with alpaca from Peru, where the vast majority of the population of alpaca have their natural habitat. The skills of local artisans have been refined down through generations, thus enabling the raw fibres to be transformed into beautiful textiles of exceptional quality.
Premium Baby Alpaca
Premium Baby Alpaca are the finest classification of the Alpaca fibers, is determined by how thin and fine each fibre is – and thus has nothing to do with the age of the animal. The fibres are sorted meticulously after shearing, with only the finest hairs being designated Premium. Premium alpaca has an almost silky feel and a special lustre; it is used for our most exclusive plaids.
Alpaca & Wool
Wool and alpaca each have their own unique properties and we have chosen to combine in a number of soft, warm products.
Wool fibres provide volume and airiness, whilst the alpaca's long, smooth fibres provide extraordinary softness and lightness. The result is a quality which is lighter than that found in pure wool, but which is at the same time more woolly and airy than our pure alpaca series. Light, soft plaids with an attractive appearance and lots of warmth.
The wool and alpaca fibres in all our products are naturally dirt-repellent, so the majority of stains caused by juice, coffee, etc., can be prevented by carefully dabbing the surface with a dry cloth before the stain gets into the fibres.
Wool and alpaca fibres are excellent at absorbing moisture and are to a certain extent self-cleaning. We, therefore, recommend airing our clothes on a frequent basis.
All our products in 100% wool can be washed on a wool cycle at maximum 30 degrees Celsius and a maximum 600 revs when spin-drying.
It is important that the item is laid out to dry as soon as the washing cycle is complete. Do not hang up the item, but lay it flat – e.g. on a drying rack or similar. Make sure that the garment is completely dry before folding. In the event that the item is heavily soiled – e.g. with red wine or oil – we recommend sending it to be dry-cleaned before attempting to wash it yourself.
Baby Alpaca & Premium Baby Alpaca
Our plaids, scarves and cushions in alpaca are manufactured from very fine and thin fibres. We therefore always recommend that you have your alpaca products dry-cleaned if stains or similar appear on them.


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You have no item in your shopping cart
This is tab contain links your account and display styles for product.
Introduce many styles for men and women.
Fashion very important in life. So everybody should focus it.
£35 – Striped Sweater For Men
£9 – Fashion Autumn
£18 – Pretty fashionista
£30.00–£35.00, style for men
Unlimited style to choose
Black & White
Dress for teen
Coach women winter
New products from Paris
Now, what better way is there to get clothing you're sure to love than by making it yourself?
These stores are places where people can take clothes they no longer feel attached to and then other people (who haven't worn that dress already) can go.
In many ways, London is a typical 3-year-old: She loves dancing, "Frozen," and anything "sparkly." The biggest difference is this toddler happens to have a killer fashion sense.
Showing 1–12 of 23 results


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All about Botulinum Toxin – Botox and Xeomin
Background of Botulinum
- Botulinum Toxin is one of the most poisonous biological substances known to mankind. It is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. It has been called "miracle poison" because of its various uses despite being one of the most poisonous substances known and a potential bioterror weapon.
- Botulinum toxin is being increasingly used in clinical practice over the past 2 decades across all fields of medicine. It was originally approved by the US FDA in 1989 as a possible therapeutic modality in the management of strabismus and blepharospasm. It has been used ever since for both functional and cosmetic indications in ophthalmology and oculofacial plastic surgery cases. There has been a steady rise in the use of botulinum toxin for various cosmetic and neurological disorders over the past couple of decades such that it is now the most often performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure.
- Following are some of the applications of this wonder drug over the past two decades:
- 1989 – For the management of strabismus and blepharospasm
- 1992 - It has been used for management of Facial rhytids with significant clinical improvement
- 2002 – FDA approval for the aesthetic management of glabellar furrows
- Presently, it is an efficient and reliable option in minimally invasive facial rejuvenation, facial and cervical dystonias, achalasia cardia, bruxism, hemifacial spasm, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, correction of lines, creases, and wrinkles over the face, chin, neck and chest.
- Botulinum toxin is available as various preparations, each with its distinct chemical and therapeutic characteristics. The most commonly available preparations are Botox and Xeomin and have been extensively studied for various cosmetic and neurological uses.
Source of Botulinum Toxin
- Botulinum Toxin is a product of the gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming rod, Clostridium botulinum and is commonly found on plants, soil, water and gastrointestinal tract of animals. It is a potent neurotoxin which inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of the peripheral nervous system blocking neural transmission after acting on the presynaptic terminal. When injected into any muscle, it leads to muscle paralysis thereby causing its therapeutic effect.
- Botulinum toxin has 7 different serotypes, serotypes A through G, each derived from a different strain of the bacteria. However, only types A and B are found to be clinically useful and approved by the FDA for intramuscular injections. The most potent of them, Type A botulinum toxin is approved for both aesthetic and functional use while Type B botulinum toxin is approved only for the management of cervical dystonia.
Mechanism of Action of Botulinum
- Toxin Botulinum Toxin acts by blocking neural transmission at four different sites in the body - the neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings and postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings that release acetylcholine. It irreversibly blocks the release of acetylcholine, the principal neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, without causing degeneration of the nerve terminals.
- The botulinum-induced irreversible paralytic effect starts in 24 to 72 hours and is complete in four to seven days after injection. There is recovery of muscle function only with the formation of new nerve terminals and new synaptic contacts which takes about two to three months.
- Hence, repeat injections should be given every three or four months based on individual response to therapy. It should be kept in mind that tolerance to the drug develops with repeated injections due to antibody formation. Therefore, it is advised that the lowest effective dose be given as infrequently as possible.
Available Preparations of Botulinum Toxin
- Botulinum toxin serotype A was the only commercially available form of botulinum toxin for clinical use for quite some time but recently, Myobloc, a botulinum toxin type B preparation has been used with some success in cervical dystonia.
- Following is a list of available preparations of Botulinum toxin with their clinical uses:
- OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox, Botox Cosmetic): First commercially available preparation of Botulinum toxin. It is highly potent and has a well-established safety profile. Botox is stored in a freezer at or below -5°C and has to be used within 4 hours of reconstitution with 0.9% saline. Treats excessive, abnormal contractions in blepharospasm by binding to receptor sites on motor nerve terminals and inhibiting release of ACh, which, in turn, inhibits transmission of impulses in neuromuscular tissue.
- Botox: cervical dystonia, severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis, strabismus, blepharospasm
- Botox Cosmetic: moderate-to-severe glabellar lines
- AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport): Botox is four times more potent than Dysport
- Uses include cervical dystonia, moderate-to-severe glabellar lines
- IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin): It is a highly purified Botulinum Type A formulation containing pure 150 kD neurotoxin, free from complexing proteins of the natural toxin, hence it does not induce antibody formation. Its potency is equal to that of Botox. It is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent.
- Used in cervical dystonia and blepharospasm previously treated with Botox
- Rimabotulinumtoxin B (Myobloc or Neurobloc): It has a shelf life of more than a year after reconstitution but is less potent than Botox.`
- Used in cervical dystonia
- OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox, Botox Cosmetic): First commercially available preparation of Botulinum toxin. It is highly potent and has a well-established safety profile. Botox is stored in a freezer at or below -5°C and has to be used within 4 hours of reconstitution with 0.9% saline. Treats excessive, abnormal contractions in blepharospasm by binding to receptor sites on motor nerve terminals and inhibiting release of ACh, which, in turn, inhibits transmission of impulses in neuromuscular tissue.
Technique of Administration
- Botulinum toxin is administered by injecting an appropriate dose into the affected muscle or gland using a 30-gauge 1-inch needle. Lower doses are preferred in females and those with pre-existing weakness.
- The injections are administered through hollow Teflon coated needles directly into affected or overactive muscles and are occasionally guided by electromyography.
Precautions after Botulinum toxin injection
- A patient should go home immediately and take rest after receiving Botulinum toxin injection.
- To prevent toxins from affecting neighbouring muscles, the patient should avoid any strenuous physical activity for one to two days, and refrain from laser/IPL treatments, facials and facial massage for one to two weeks after injections.
- Patient selection and the proper choice of dose and administration site are the most important determinants for a favourable response to botulinum toxin injections.
Indications for Botulinum Toxin
- Botulinum toxins have found veritable applications in the management of various medical, neurological, dermatological, ophthalmic and cosmetic conditions with good response to treatment.
- Clinical Applications include:
- Strabismus
- Focal dystonias
- Hemifacial spasms
- pastic movement disorders
- Headaches
- Hypersalivation
- Hyperhidrosis
- Alternative to surgery in chronic anal fissures
- Achalasia cardia
- Ptyalism
- Gustatory sweating after parotid gland surgery
- Dermato-Cosmetological Applications include:
- Glabellar lines
- Correction of lines, creases and wrinkles all over the face, chin, neck, and chest
- Depressor anguli oris, nasolabial folds, mentalis, medial and lateral brow lifts
- Lessen shadows on one's face
- Maintain a smooth outline of the jaw and cheeks from all directions
- Localized axillary or palmar hyperhidrosis nonresponsive to conventional therapy
Adverse Effects of Botulinum Toxin
Botulinum toxin injections are generally well-tolerated and cause relatively few side-effects which are divided into two groups: paralysis of the wrong muscle group and allergic reaction.
- Unwanted weakness or paralysis of the wrong muscle group: It is the most feared adverse effect but it is temporary and lasts from a few weeks to several months.
- Upper lid or brow ptosis
- Double vision
- Uneven smile
- Weakness of the lower eyelid or lateral rectus resulting in exposure keratitis
- Dysphagia due to toxin reaching the oropharynx
- Neck weakness due to weakening of the sternocleidomastoid muscles
- Rare cases of generalized weakness
- Allergic Reaction
- Rare but can occur due to hypersensitivity towards any of the components of the injections such as egg albumin.
- Systemic Side Effects
- Headache
- Flu-like syndromes
- Immune-mediated plexopathy
- Blurred vision
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue
- Swelling and redness at injection site
Contraindications to Botulinum Toxin Injection
- Preexisting motor neuron disease
- Myasthenia gravis
- Eaton-Lambert syndrome
- Neuropathies
- Psychological unstability
- History of allergy to toxin or albumin
- Pregnancy and lactating mothersnfection at the injection site
- Aminoglycosides accentuate the effect of botulinum toxin
- Penicillamine, quinine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine reduce the effect of botulinum toxin
- Calcium channel blockers and blood thinning agents such as warfarin and aspirin may possibly cause bruising
Why does Botulinum Toxin Injection fail may be?
- Photodamage and age-related changes which are not dynamic in origin
- Improper injection technique
- Denatured toxin used for injection
- Neutralizing antibodies due to repeated exposure or individual variation
Future of Botulinum Toxin
- The future of botulinum toxin is bright as it has revolutionized the treatment of various ophthalmic spastic disorders, facial dystonias and periocular wrinkles. As we gain more insight into the uses of various toxins for chemodenervation, there is hope for better uses of botulinum toxin.


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We Begin at
the CELTIC ERA
and end at
Departure Point
The History of Paris - Part I
Site Overview
Quick Links
Paris Chapters
The History of Paris - Part I
The Origins of Paris
The first human to lay eyes upon the Parisian basin must have found it beautiful. No matter where his viewpoint, be it from one of the hills enclosing the valley or from the banks of the then very wide river, the countryside presented what was most probably a breathtaking vista of greenery, bluffs and limpid water.
Perhaps it was its river islands centrepieces that made this scene so enticing. There were many along the river's arc through the valley; the largest was the ancestor to today's île de la Cité, which was in fact four then. This latter island's western tip was divided between two parallel islets, and just to the east from there, a narrow strait divided a long and thin strip of land from its island mainland to the north. The next largest island to the east would become today's Île Saint-Louis, and yet another island further upstream would become the "île Louviers". Still diminishing from its former torrential state, the Seine had a sluggish then, leaving its main artery near today's Arsenal to follow the Grands Boulevards until returning to its source near Chaillot.
The land to the north of the river was covered in a carpet of dense forest, the ancestor to today's bois de Boulogne, until a point above the centre of the abovementioned islands where it gave way to marshland s created because of the low lie of the land between the river arms. Roughly following the north bank from the southwest, the thick forest covering rose into a ridge to the east, exposing cliffs on its face towards us on its way, dipped into a valley then rose again before giving way to bare the rises of the hill that would be today's Montmartre. The eastern flank of this hill was covered in sparse woodland, as was the almost equally high hill just to its east and its flank extending gently towards the river to its southeast. The land to the south of river was a vast plain broken only by one round crest to the south-east of the islands, flooded often in its low-lying sandy western regions. The varied natural environments that were all of the above must have made an ideal home to a wide variety of wildlife.
The river may have been a marvellous highway for those travelling by boat, but it was but a barrier to those travelling by land. To cross the Seine, it would be only natural to do so where its straits were narrowest: across its central islands. For this many historians think that a meridian-aligned beaten path, the ancestor to today's rue St-Jacques and rue St-Martin, had existed even since prehistoric times.
Men began to hunt these lands from around 3900 BC, according to recent discovery of dugout canoes and weaponry in excavations near Bercy, but little is known about when they settled the valley for the first time. What is certain is that a Celtic tribe, the Senons, had made the lands to the south-east (near today's town of Sens) their home from around 1500 BC, and by 250 BC a sub-tribe of these, the Parisii, inhabited the lands that are today's Parisian basin. Their home was on the central island, defended by the natural rampart that was the Seine.
Roman Rule
The legions of Labenius, Lieutenant of Julius Caesar's westward campaigns, conquered the Parisian basin in 52 BC. The Parisii had burned their island village to the ground rather then leave it to the invader, and in all evidence it seems that the lands remained empty for almost half a century. When Romans eventually began to settle the area they referred to the village they built as the town of "Lutetia". This name would become the Gallicised "Lutèce" in later references.
As for the layout of the town, we have but archaeological evidence to go by today. In all evidence it was centred on the Left Bank's largest hill with it's largest building, the Forum or Palace, as its centre. Perhaps not coincidentally, this building's southeast corner stood at the corner of today's rue Saint-Jacques and the rue Soufflot, the highest point of the hill. This possible "zero point" for the town was also the point of departure for a route to the southeast that was Lutèce's direct connection to Italy through the town of Lyon; the trace of this road is preserved in today's rue Lhomond. By far the town's most important route was the adaptation to the route running north to cross the island, a route that formed the central axis for the town and a solidly paved route to the northerly Durocortorum (Reims) and Cenabum (Orléans) to the south. This road crossed to the Seine's north shore over two bridges, the "grand-pont" across the greater arm of the Seine to the north of the island, and the "petit pont" as its counterpart to the southern mainland. The latter bridge is still in its original location with its original name today. Another roadway with a still-detectable trace was the "via inferior," running parallel to the main roadway along today's boulevard Saint-Michel. Both parallel routes continue on the northern shore along today's rue Saint Denis and Saint Martin, so it is imaginable that at one point or another there were more at least wooden bridges crossing the Seine than those mentioned above.
At its apogee in the mid-1st century, the Left bank town seems to have covered a rough diamond whose opposite corners were at today's petit-pont and Denfert-Rochereau. The archaeological discoveries there were: still existing today, vast Roman baths at the corner of today's Boulevards Saint-Germain and Saint-Michel; to the south-west from there, a temple; to the east just outside of the town, an arena; lastly, forming the southern tip of the diamond, by the main road, a necropolis. Montmartre had two temples to Mars and Mercury as well as another Roman villa on its eastern flank.
Another monument uncovered under the foundations of Notre Dame told much of the land's Gallo-Roman integration and Lutèce's commercial importance: a series of stone blocks engraved on all four of their vertical sides with images depicting Gallic and Roman gods, but most importantly engraved with a dedication from the "Boatmen of Paris" to Jupiter and the Emperor Tiberius) (17-37 AD). In effect, probably because of its location at the crossroads of a main roadway and river, trade and transport seems to have been Lutèce's principal vocation even then.
Paris, Fortified City
All of the above architecture was open to the countryside, as Lutèce needed no walls then. This would change from 276 AD with the first of the raids westward-campaigning Germanic tribes.
By that time Lutèce was a much smaller city than it was during its 1st-century glory. It had shrunk to an area around its forum, its southerly necropolis was in a state of abandon, and its outskirts were in a state of uninhabited ruin; as later archaeological finds show, rubble from the uninhabited building of the Roman town would serve to build the city's first ramparts when its inhabitants were forced to flee for the protection of the river island.
It seems that the Gallic Romans took up permanent residence on the île de la Cité from then. They built a palace to its western end, a to Jupiter to its east, and its town in between, the whole surrounded around the island's rim by a solid wall built from blocks recuperated from Left Bank ruins. The bridges, burned in the retreat to the island, were rebuilt solidly and (it is thought) protected with mainland gatehouses.
In that era the Roman Empire was disintegrating under the burden of its own corruption and its war on two fronts with Germany and Persia. Lutèce had become little more than a garrison in 360. That year Rome ordered its ruling (Julian II) to abandon the town to the raiders and bring his troops (Gaul's for the most part) to the Persian front: the general refused, an action for which his armies hailed him as their "true Auguste" and Emperor. From that year Lutèce was given its former Gaulish "Paris" appellation and declared (by Julian) to be the capital of the new "Western Roman Empire" – a unification of the "old" Roman empire with three major Gaulish territories. Paris' first role as a capital was short-lived, as after Julian's assassination in 363 his successor would move the Western Empire's capital to Trèves.
It seems that the Roman garrisons were already gone when a new aggressor came to the capital in 451 in the horse-backed bandits of Attila the Hun. Far different from the Germanic tribes invading Gaul then, these warriors from the Mongol steppes, known for their rapidity and ferocity in combat, had arrived at Paris as part of a short-lived westward conquest. After sacking everything outside Paris' walls, the left for Orleans where their defeat by a temporary alliance of Visigoth and Gallo-Roman armies would force them back to their homelands.
Frankish Rule
Rome fell to the Visigoths in 410, the Occidental Roman Empire fell to the Franks 476, and the most of France was under the control of the latter by the end of the same century. The most dominant leader in the lands then was Hlodowig (dit "Clovis") King of the Franks, a tribe originating from the lands of today's Belgium. Particularly attached to Paris, upon the defeat of the last of his rivals in 508, he declared it as his capital.
One of the reasons that Clovis became accepted as a ruler was his adoption of the Roman Catholic faith, as most of the lands inhabitants were already indoctrinated to the same. Paris' île de la Cite had a chapel dedicated to the {{Saint-Etienne}} since 375, and upon his claiming of Paris, Clovis ordered the construction of another dedicated to the Saint-Pierre on the left bank hill near the ruins of the old Roman forum. Clovis never saw the completion of his church as he died in 511.
In following the Merovingian Frankish tradition, the realm of the father was divided equally between his gender upon his death, and Paris and its territories went to Childebert I (511-558), one Clovis' four sons. Though Paris lost importance because of the diminished lands it ruled, it gained elsewhere in its architecture: Childebert was a very pious man, and the king did much during his lifetime to increase the importance of Catholicism}} through his lands. It was he who would lay the foundations for two of Paris' most important religious institutions: in 528 he would build, next to Saint-Etienne where the Roman temple to Jupiter once stood, a great church dedicated to Notre-Dame; on the southern banks of the Seine below the Cité he built another dedicated to Saint Victor and the Sainte-Croix. Childebert would be buried there in the days following its consecration in 588, as would all of the other Merovingian Kings from then. This same church would later be elevated to abbey status and renamed "Saint-Germain-des-Près."
With the Merovingian dynasty began a period of intrigue that would last one thousand years. The Merovingian kings were happy to reap their gains from inherited territories without meddling in local affairs, and left the ruling of their lands to a sort of Lord called a "Palace Mayor". Through alliances, disputes and even inter-regional warfare, a few of these feudal Counts would eventually become more powerful than the king himself. One these lords, Pepin III ("le Bref" – 751-768), son of the powerful and famous Moor defeater Charles Martel, disposed of the then puppet king altogether to himself become king from 751. Thus ended the Merovingian dynasty and began the Carolingian.
After Pepin III's son, Charlemagne (771-814), controlled the totality of the Frankish domains (France, Germany and northern Italy) from 771, he chose Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) as his capital. He did reside at the île de la Cite Royal palaces upon his visits to Paris, and possibly stayed at the country manor his father was said to have had to the south of the city in the valley of the river Bièvre, but Paris was little more than a prosperous county capital then.
The Normans
Norsemen, from the lands around today's Denmark (we could call them Vikings for clarity's sake), fierce warriors and able seamen, began raiding the Frankish territories from the early 9th century. They travelled around France's northern coasts to penetrate inland through the continent's western estuaries, pillaging, burning and ransoming everything on the way. Arriving along the Seine from its mouth at Nimes, one hundred and twenty longboats assaulted the capital for the first time in 845.
Paris had only its old roman ramparts to defend it then. These were inhabitants fled for the surrounding countryside and monasteries while the Vikings burned and pillaged the city, but the latter would only leave after the King Charles II ("le Chauve" – 823-877) managed to buy their departure for 7000 pounds silver. The Norsemen returned to raid the capital once again the following year, and once again a year later, destroying all churches save the Abbey St-Germain that they held for a ransom. Successful in their bid, they returned yet again in 857, this time occupying the Rive Droite church Saint-Germain d'Auxerrois and transforming it into a fortress. They would return yet again in 861 and 869.
Paris finally had a means of defending itself from 870 when King Charles doted its island fortifications with ramparts and rebuilt the city's two bridges into a much stronger form. For reasons unknown, but probably to bring the river crossing closer to the island palace, the king rebuilt the Grand-Pont to the west of its former location (at today's pont de Notre-Dame) at the level of today's Pont au Change. The new tower guarding the grand-pont, the "grand-Châtelet", was much larger than its petit-pont counterpart even though it was the lesser used of the two city gates.
When the Norsemen returned again in 885, this time 700 boats strong, one couldn't imagine that they were pleased to find the way blocked below the ramparts of fortified Paris. Because the Count Eudes (or "Odo"), the then lord of the City of Paris and its dependencies, had refused the invaders both ransom and passage, they launched a massive assault on the city's northern bridges and tower. The city resisted several days of attacks, and remained confined within their ramparts for months during the siege that followed. The conflict ended in September the same year when King Charles III ("le Gros" – 884-888) finally paid them 700 pounds silver to leave. The Vikings would return in the years following for two more unsuccessful sieges, managing only to damage the Grand-Pont in 887.
Partly because of his success during the above conflicts, Count Odo – 888-898) became popular and powerful enough to be elected (in a temporary interruption to the Carolingian dynasty) King of the Western Franks from 888, and he would spend much of his reign battling the Norse invaders elsewhere in France. Yet when the Norsemen returned yet again to the capital in 911 during the reign of the Carolingian Charles III ("le Simple" – 898-922), the army-less regent could only ransom vast lands in northern France (known today as Normandy) in exchange for Paris' freedom an end to the raids.
Paris, Capetian Capital.
Another element in Count Odo's election was on the account of an edict that his predecessor had drawn in the year of his death. Instead of titles being granted by the crown, as was the custom until then, King Charles III had made them hereditary, which meant that each County became a dynasty unto itself. Paris was of no exception, and Count Odo and his inheritors would do all they could to add to their wealth, eventually becoming one of the Western Frankish territories' most powerful families. From here onwards the Carolingian dynasty would fade quietly through a succession of increasingly powerless kings to finally end with the death of Louis V ("le Fainéant" – 967-987) in 987. Instead of the next natural heritor in the Carolingian lineage, the Counts of the Western Frankish realm elected Hugh Capet (987-996), Count of Paris, son of the powerful Hugh the Great, descendant of the abovementioned Eudes, count of Paris and King of France.
Though king in title, Capet had little power outside of his lands (scattered between Paris and Orleans). Like his Count of Paris ancestors, he resided the royal residences to the western end of the île de la Cité. His son, Robert II ("le Pieux" - 996-1031) would rebuild them in a larger and luxurious form. The latter monarch passed a law in 1007 that perhaps definitely fixed Paris into its role as Capital of the Frankish realm: He removed the City's statute as an independent feudal State and attached it and its lands directly to those of the Crown.
Paris changed mostly in its palaces and fortifications through the reigns of the kings later in the Capetian rule: Louis VI ("le Gros" – 1108-1137) made additions to the île de la Cite palace and rebuilt Charles the Bald's mainland bridge-guarding gatehouses into "Châtelets". The grand-Châtelet still the larger of the two, but both had moats and a drawbridge to their sides away from the river.
Paris became the official Capital of Francia (in preference to Orléans) from 1112, and it is namely from then that Paris began its transformation into a capital worthy of that name. It still has today a monument resulting from this change in importance: the largest ecclesiastical structure existing there then was a "Great Church" standing to the eastern end of the île de la Cité; deemed architecturally insufficient for a Capital city, it was rebuilt into Notre-Dame cathedral from 1163.
Rive Droite Growth
Paris almost doubled in population from the early to middle 12th century. Growth was such that its inhabitants were obliged to migrate from the fortified island to the mainland; yet this time, instead of its former Roman Left Bank city Centre, Paris grew towards the north.
This may have been because of the state of the Rive Gauche then. Lutèce's outskirts had already begun to fall to ruin in the 4th century decline of Gallo-Roman rule, it was totally abandoned before the progression of German invaders, and laid to waste by almost a century of Viking raids. There stood little there outside of the abbey Saint-Genevieve, the Abbey Saint-Germain des Prés, a chapel dedicated to Saint-Victor and an oratory dedicated to Saint-Séverin. Although the most central of these, the Saint-Séverin oratory, formed the centre of a small agglomeration, there were few constructions of any stature there and much of the land below the island remained uncultivated. This may have been because of the barrier the stone ruins posed to any new building there: before any new structure could be built, old stone and foundations would either have to be reused or removed. Perhaps it is for this that Paris' then residents preferred to use the Rive Gauche ruins as a quarry and build to the virgin land to the north of the island.
Paris' butchers are thought to have been the first artisans to make the move to the Rive Droite, as the slaughtering of cattle was best done away from any population centre. Their slaughterhouse was to the north of the Grand-Châtelet below the St-Merri church, and they sold their meat from stands lined along its outer walls. Fishmongers and those dealing in poultry soon came to join them, as well as tanners and those selling meat by-products. In short, the land to the north of the Châtelet, a land called "Les Champeaux" ("the little fields") then, became a new centre of commerce.
Growth was enough that towards the late 10th or early 11th century the whole was valued enough to merit fortifications: these were (it is thought) a wooden wall and stone gates running roughly along today's rue Saint-Honoré and rue de la Verrerie to turn towards the river along the rue de l'Amiral Coligny and rue du pont Louis-Philippe. Only evidence about the easternmost extremity of this wall has been uncovered; it is plausible that it would surround the then churches of Saint-Germain-le-Rond (Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois) Saint-Merri and Saint-Gervais. These churches were within stone Cloître walls of their own, and it is possible that this wall was but a connection between them.
An accelerator for Rive Droite growth was most certainly the opening of a port there. The city's increasing population meant an increase in fluvial traffic; by the early 12th century the load on its then-unique port Saint-Landry became too much to bear. In 1141 Louis VII ("Le Jeune" – 1137 – 1180) sold to Paris' merchant guild a stretch of Rive Droite riverbank to the east of its bridges: This land, called simply "la Grêve" ("the riverbank"), is today's place de l'Hotel de Ville. This place was behind the creation of the Les Champeaux marketplace; rather than go through all the trouble of carting produce to the island from the new port, Paris' merchants preferred to sell their wares on the land nearby. It is around then that another agglomeration of houses appeared towards the top of the hillock at today's place Saint-Gervais around the primitive church of the same name.
Save for the land mentioned above, the rest of the Rive Droite was but wood and marshland then. Everything to the west of Paris' main road northwards from the island (today's rue St.-Denis) was still covered by the very ancient and dense forest of Rouvray. The land to the north until Montmartre and to the east until around today's Bastille was low, flat, and prone to flooding; it seems that the land around the Seine's second arm was wet even then. In any case, this would change with the development of the Saint-Opportune monastery further to the north along the same road, as they began to raise the lie of the land around their monastery with landfill from 1154. With the nearby market and growing populations in mind, the monks were quick to see the financial interest in attracting agriculture and settlement to their lands nearby. Other monasteries still further north, namely Saint-Laurent and Saint-Martin, would follow suit in later years. Eventually the whole of the Parisian basin's Rive Droite would be dry save for a sluggish rivulet running the length of the Seine's old second arm – and this, in those times, in addition to the Seine, could be considered as Paris' first sewer although it was not yet used as such then.
It was around then early 11th century that Rive Droite growth would begin to eclipse that of the Île de la Cité. The eastern extremity of Paris' island would soon be filled with the Notre-Dame Cathedral, its archbishopric palace, its Hotel-Dieu hospital and Canonical residences: With its opposite extremity filled by the Royal Palaces that would expand through the centuries to fill everything to the west of today's boulevard du Palais, the only land remaining for the island's development would be a shrinking strip down its centre. From here onwards, Paris centre moved northwards.
– The Paris of Philippe-Auguste
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Introduction to the Bayard Police Department in Nebraska
If you live in Bayard, Nebraska, you can easily find a police department near you. Whether you need to report a crime or have an emergency, you can go to the Bayard police department and receive assistance. You can also use your local police department's website to read safety-related news about Bayard, or even Nebraska. Police departments are designed to serve as a public resource, and you never know when you may need to contact one for help.
No matter where you live in Bayard, it is in your best interest to get to know your local Nebraska police department. Workers at this facility can also teach you safety prevention tips, and you can use the Bayard department's site to learn about volunteer opportunities with the police.
How to Find a Nebraska Police Department in Bayard
The Bayard, Nebraska police departments are listed below. You can also use these entries to find out how to contact the department and where it is located. If you have specific questions about the Bayard police department, you can reach the department by phone. If you are in the area, you can also stop by the department and ask your questions in person.
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Sally Beauty Syracuse NY
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Source: Genshin Impact
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It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Linda Wertheimer.
And I'm David Greene. Two large objects showed up satellite images bobbing in a remote part of the Indian Ocean.
WERTHEIMER: Now the search is on to find those objects and see if they are part of the missing Malaysia Airlines plane. Search planes and boats are covering an area about 1,500 miles southwest of Perth, Australia.
GREENE: And NPR's David Schaper joins us on the line now with the latest on the search. David, good morning.
DAVID SCHAPER, BYLINE: Good morning, David.
GREENE: So what do we know as of now about what's playing out in that remote part of the Indian Ocean?
SCHAPER: Well, authorities in Australia say that so far the search planes have not been able to locate those two objects that had been spotted in the South Indian Ocean by satellite. There are concerns among some that the debris, if it even was from the plane, has sunk to the bottom of the ocean. You know, 24 to 36 hours ago, Australia's prime minister and others were calling this the strongest possible lead as to the whereabouts of the missing Malaysian airliner.
Now officials are saying that they still are optimistic and will continue to hunt for at least another day.
GREENE: And you know, when we first heard about objects being spotted on satellite, you had this feeling that you could really pinpoint something, but this still a huge area of ocean, thousands of square miles. It's a long distance from land. I mean how do these search crews figure out exactly where to look for these objects?
SCHAPER: Well, it is difficult. These satellite images now are five days old and there's no doubt that the objects have drifted quite a bit. So the first thing search crews did was they dropped these data buoys in the water in the area where the objects were at the time. They gathered data on the ocean currents and wind speeds and that will help them figure out about how far the material may have traveled and in which general direction it may have gone.
But you know, this is a part of the ocean that is notorious for bad weather, fierce winds. There's a lot of high wave action and strong currents, and I'm told that is complicating the search for where this debris may be.
GREENE: And David, we had heard that there planes heading there, boats. I mean, do you understand exactly how this search is taking place?
SCHAPER: As the experts in these sorts of search missions have told me, the search planes that are being used are high tech submarine hunters. Now, it takes a good three or four hours to get to the search area from the Australian coast, so the planes that they're using can only search for a couple of hours before they have to head back to land to refuel.
But the Australian planes, they're American-made P-3 Orions, and there's an American anti-sub aircraft, the Navy's P-8 Poseiden, and these are equipped with the latest search tools. They have very sophisticated radar. It's designed to locate something as small as a submarine's periscope sticking out the water. And they have something else that they can deploy if they think that they're close to where the plane went down.
It's called a sonobuoy, sonor-equipped buoys that can actually listen for the underwater locater beacons of the flight recorders. Here's Bill Waldock, director of the crash lab at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona, to explain what that means.
BILL WALDOCK: What it's designed to do in sub hunting is it sends our a sonar signal so if you've got a submarine in the area , you lay a line of sonobuoys, and they help you pinpoint where the sub is.
SCHAPER: Now, Waldock says the searchers have to be pretty close to the wreckage to hear the plane's beacons with those sonobouys, assuming that the beacons are still transmitting, and that's why finding any debris from the plane on the surface of the water is so important.
GREENE: So David, you're describing a lot of high tech stuff. I mean are human beings also involved? I mean could this come down to a person just actually spotting one of these objects on the ocean?
SCHAPER: Well, absolutely, David. Experts say it is most likely that the radar would first locate the floating objects or the debris. And first of all, they're not going to have crew members looking out the windows with binoculars. They're going to use sophisticated what's called electro optical infrared imaging. It's similar to what military reconnaissance and strike drones use.
That will give them a very detailed video image of the object. But that still might not be enough to positively identify what the debris may be. And experts say it will ultimately come down to just getting some eyeballs on the debris, and that may mean getting a helicopter there or a boat there so you can put people in the water with the object.
GREENE: All right. NPR's David Schaper updating us on that search in the remote South Indian Ocean for debris that could, could be part of that Malaysian airliner. David, thanks very much.
SCHAPER: Thank you, David. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Creatine (creatine monohydrate) is a colorless, crystalline substance used in muscle tissue for the production of phosphocreatine, an important factor in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the source of energy for muscle contraction and many other functions in the body.1, 2
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