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January 13, 2012
Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)
Journal of Molecular Biology Research Vol 1, No 1 (2011)
Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First
Gerard Lucotte, Thierry Thomasset, Peter Hrechdakian
This paper describes the finding of the determination of the Y-haplogroup of French Emperor Napoléon I (Napoléon Bonaparte). DNA was extracted from two islands of follicular sheaths located at the basis of two of his beard hairs, conserved in the Vivant Denon reliquary. The Y-haplogroup of Napoléon I, determined by the study of 10 NRY-SNPs (non-recombinant Y-single nucleotide polymorphisms), is E1b1b1c1*. Charles Napoléon, the current collateral male descendant of Napoléon I, belongs to this same Y-haplogroup; his Y-STR profile was determined by using a set of 37 NRY-STRs (non-recombinant Y-microsatellites).
39 comments:
In Italy the nickname "Moro" is given to someone with black hairs and a darker skin than average, but I do not think Napoleon knew of an oriental origin of his family.
Another famous "Moro" was Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan. - Friday, January 13, 2012 9:13:00 pm
- Katharós said...
Napoleon Bonaparte, Hitler, Louis XVI and Stalin, all despotic haplo East men. I see a system here.
Talk about "Orientals" taken over Europe. lol - Saturday, January 14, 2012 12:02:00 pm
- Average Joe said...
It is interesting that both Hitler and Napoleon should belong to the same haplogroup considering that they were from different ethnic backgrounds and the haplogroup is not that common in Europe.
- Saturday, January 14, 2012 7:16:00 pm
- mooreisbetter said...
Oh my God! What's really interesting, DagoRed and others, is how much people like you still confuse recent and ancient origins.
E1b has a long history in Europe. All over Europe. With the exception of a few clades in Spain and Sicily, it does NOT mark a recent (i.e., during historical times, i.e. during recent memory, i.e., during the last 3000 years) origin.
So to call either of these guys "oriental" or "eastern" is such a stretch.
Put another way, ALL haplogroups originally have an origin outside of Europe, except Hg I. But to call someone non-European because of it is fallacious at best and totally clueless and misleading at worst. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 12:19:00 am
- Antoine1706 said...
E-V13 has a long history in Europe but not E-M34, even if both are subclades of E1b1.
So, yes of course, it does not mean that Napoleon was "oriental" but his paternal line clearly was. E-M34 is definitely found mainly in Ethiopia and Arabic peninsula. It is also found at very small frequencies in southern Europe like in Sicily but this is a signal of recent middle-eastern influence.
See its distribution here:
Moreover, in the case of Napoleon, his ancestor was called nickname "il Mauro". As stated above, this nickname is given to someone with black hairs and a darker skin than average... So why was he darker than average ? This can be explained just because his ancestor came from middle-east, probably during the 7th or8 th century ...
Accorring to the scientists of Igenea
"On hint to Napoleons ancestry is already given by the genealogy of his family: One of his ancestors, Francesco Buonaparte, has been called "il Mauro". His ancestors can be traced back to the city of Sarzana in northern Italy. In the the Middle ages this city has frequently been under attack by Saracens who controlled the Mediterranean Sea at this time. Therefore, Napoleons arabian ancestors probably came to Italy during the islamic expansion as conqueror or merchants." - Sunday, January 15, 2012 11:34:00 am
@mooreisbetter I am not confusing anything, but you're right saying that the haplogrupp is very ancient in Europe, I only wanted to prevent confusion about the term Moor, which is a very common nickname in Italy, but has nothing to do with the Moors of North Africa, like many can think of.
In Rome, for example, it is common to call a boy "a'more'(hey brown). For this reason I say that Napoleon could not know anything about Eastern origin of his family, because the nickname of his ancestor was generic and not geographical. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 3:15:00 pm
By the way: the Bonaparte family was surely originated in Tuscany and one of Sarzana was one of his branch.
Someone wrote that it was of Lombard origin, but I have never read anything specific on this, and Napoleon's dna seem did not confirm this thesis. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 3:55:00 pm
- Katharós said...
You are right,genetics is just one part of the picture of belonging to a certain Cultural realm.
But in the case of Hitler it's hard not to grin,as someone who is 50/50 German-Palestinian and carrier of the "Caucasian" Haplo G2a. In contrast to Hitlers E1b1b. "as Führer des nordischen Herrenmenschen." ;-)
In the case of Bonaparte, I doubt that he would have been disturbed by his likely oriental ancestry. In fact he would have declared himself probably Emperor of the Arabs or something. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 4:04:00 pm
- mooreisbetter said...
Actually guys, the studies overwhelmingly conclude that this clade, like most of the other branches of E found in Europe, were introduced there during the Neolithic expansion.
Napoleon's clade is found in parts of Spain and Portugal that were never subject to Moorish invasions.
It is also routinely found on Corsica and among Italians in small percentages.
The continued repetition that very widespread markers are due to a historical diffusion proves the maxim that "a little knowledge can be dangerous" but simultaneously reveals an utter lack of knowledge of prehistoric movements and of historical cultural prejudices. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 8:30:00 pm
- mooreisbetter said...
And let me elaborate on the history, because I know I will get some questions.
Mobility in the Middle Ages was almost nil. You do realize that human beings at that time needed the permission of the soverign (local nobility or national nobility) to relocate ONE VILLAGE over.
In other words, a resident of a tiny little village in Europe needed permission to MARRY someone from the very next village over.
In addition, the attitude towards foreigners, was, as you may imagine, even crazier than the attitude toward the rival village.
Europe, especially Napoleon's ancestral lands, were more or less in a state of total war against the "Oriental" or "Moorish" or Arabic-speaking or Islamic world, from 700 AD to 1492.
You have to take the most fearing, paranoid, hateful American now towards Osama bin Laden, multiply that by 1000, and add real violence (kidnappings, mass murder), and that was Europe's attitude toward the Arabic world then.
Thus, the notion that some Arabic merchant picked up his bags and said "honey, I hear Tuscany is beautiful and I like their cream sauces" and moved to Sarzano is JUST. SO. HILARIOUS!!!!
(As an aside, Sarzano is not named after Saracens as you imply. It is named for it's star-shaped fortess.)
Put down the pop-genealogy tomes and learn the true cultural history. The Internet is so filled with so much crap trying to tie modern ancestry, invariably, to a historical event, when the reality is most often that it resulted to a much more boring prehistoric migration or peopling event. - Sunday, January 15, 2012 8:41:00 pm
- matt said...
I like to see the datas on historical event genealogy whether it is the progeny of Khan or Neill, the bones of Napoleon, Ötzi, and other burials or known historical migrations.
Unfortunately the distance from hypothesis to hallucination is far too short for most of these fictions.
I just have to wait for DNA evidence of the historical migrations to put the pre historic in some perspective. - Monday, January 16, 2012 12:25:00 am
- apostateimpressions said...
"You are right,genetics is just one part of the picture of belonging to a certain Cultural realm.
But in the case of Hitler it's hard not to grin,as someone who is 50/50 German-Palestinian and carrier of the "Caucasian" Haplo G2a. In contrast to Hitlers E1b1b. "as Führer des nordischen Herrenmenschen." ;-)"
I have had close contact with leftists in London and one of their most disturbing tendencies is their confusion of laughter with meaning. "Comedy" is routinely used as PC propaganda in the British media and in leftist "comedy" clubs in London and it shows how the leftists see the mental level of their audience that they can be swayed in grave matters with a snigger. Plato warned about all of this; the misuse of media and the extension of political influence to the masses (and ultimately to whoever controls the mass media). It is beyond me how a snigger can justify leftist statements like "genetics is just one part of the picture of belonging to a certain Cultural realm" but my contact with leftism has accustomed me to the rather nauseating phenomenon. In my estimation we as a civilisation are rushing toward a social catastrophe and we rush thence with a mental attitide not much higher than a snigger. - Monday, January 16, 2012 1:20:00 am
- Antoine1706 said...
The studies does not conclude at all that this clade were introduced during the Neolithic expansion.
According to the study, E-M34 (contrary to E-V13) arose very recently only about 3750 years ago "
Its estimate age was 3850 ± 450 years. Parts of the descendants LATER migrated to Europe"
Here is the real conclusion of the study :
"Napoléon I himself knew his ancestry. In the St-Helen Memorial (Walter, 1956), he declared: "The mother of Pope Nicolas V originated from Sarzane; she was also a Buonaparte". He confidentially said to Dr Francesco Antommarchi, his latest physician, about this male ancestry (Antommarchi, 1975): "My most remote ancestor, who inhabited Toscane, had the principles that I profess". Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed "The Maur of Sarzane". But, at this time (Tulard, 1999), the knowledge of his ancestry did not have the same importance as today." - Monday, January 16, 2012 8:38:00 am
- eurologist said...
Put down the pop-genealogy tomes and learn the true cultural history. The Internet is so filled with so much crap trying to tie modern ancestry, invariably, to a historical event, when the reality is most often that it resulted to a much more boring prehistoric migration or peopling event.
I agree 100%. Luckily, we see associated "calculated" times of origin justifiably ridiculed pretty much every time an ancient haplogroup is determined. So, it is just a matter of a few years when all these card houses will fall apart.
As to mobility, there were of course regional differences. In parts of central and northern/ north-eastern Europe, mobility was somewhat higher during that time (e.g., Slavic expansion and push-back; repeated attempts of Danish and Swedish control of the southern North Sea and Baltic coast lines, etc.). - Monday, January 16, 2012 10:25:00 am
With regard to the Bonaparte family we are fortunate enough, because it did the job for us.
Napoleon to come to the school of war needed a noble ancestry and his family did do extensive research on its origins.
They knew that their branch came from Sarzana and the first ancestor was a Bonapars or Bonapax (1245 AD)
They also knew that the family was expelled from Florence (San Miniato) after the defeat of the imperial party, the Ghibellines.
They asked the Grand Duke of Tuscany, a certification in order to bring Napoleon to the academy, but the Grand Duke refused it, because now the Bonapartes were foreign nationals.
Today the Bonaparte's heirs use only the name Napoleon like a surname,instead Bonaparte, and this isn't a good thing. - Monday, January 16, 2012 12:36:00 pm
- Katharós said...
A while ago I met a man who worked in a Church archive and he told me that it sometimes happened that Germans abducted Turkish war prisoners and took them along to Germany in the wake of the 17th century Ottoman wars. According to him, most prisoners converted to Christianity as a mean of survival and showed up by Nobles as an exotic Turk prize.
He told me of a documented case from the 17th century in his archive ,of a Turkish woman who was taken captive in the Ottman wars and winded up as a Lady's maid of a noble woman. And what's makes the matter even more "amusing", she ended up marrying a German Pastor.One of the reasons this case was documented is because the woman wore expensive dresses uncommon for a Pastor wife. This was actually noted in the Church-archive.
And another of an Barbary corsair who was taken captive in a slave route abroad his ship and brought to Europe. I know this sounds bizarre, but this same man stood one day in front of a Church in South Germany and wanted to convert to Christianity. That's why this case is documented in the Church archive. - Monday, January 16, 2012 6:50:00 pm
- alfio said...
Moreover, in the case of Napoleon, his ancestor was called nickname "il Mauro". As stated above, this nickname is given to someone with black hairs and a darker skin than average... So why was he darker than average ? This can be explained just because his ancestor came from middle-east, probably during the 7th or8 th century ...
Accorring to the scientists of Igenea
"On hint to Napoleons ancestry is already given by the genealogy of his family: One of his ancestors, Francesco Buonaparte, has been called "il Mauro". His ancestors can be traced back to the city of Sarzana in northern Italy. In the the Middle ages this city has frequently been under attack by Saracens who controlled the Mediterranean Sea at this time. Therefore, Napoleons arabian ancestors probably came to Italy during the islamic expansion as conqueror or merchants."
What a pile of false statements. First of all in Italy "moro" is called also someone with black hair and not necessarily darker than average in skin tone.
Second you have darker people in all Europe and not necessarily they are descendants of Moors.
3rd Sarzana only had raids from Saracen pirates who roamed in the med(mostly in Cote Azur in France) , it never had settlements from Moors and the pirates were Turks, not "Arabian". - Monday, January 16, 2012 8:08:00 pm
- alfio said...
I knew that once this new started to roam the net the usual ridicolous statements of Arabs and Saracens would come out. Moreover If his haplo arrived in Italy 3500 years before he was born he was as arab as as a modern arab with R1b with iranid phenotype is. Some people seem to focus to one only ancestor forgiving all the other ancestry down the line. Quite ridiculous.
- Monday, January 16, 2012 8:20:00 pm
- Fanty said...
As for assimilation practises:
I once saw a TV documentation about the "Teutonic Order". It claimed, the orders documents show, that it freqently used to attack a baltic village, kill all the adults for there is no chance these ever become true christians, but adopt the children and raise them as christian German speakers in East Prussia. - Monday, January 16, 2012 9:19:00 pm
- mooreisbetter said...
Thank you so much Eurologist and Alfio for helping rebut the zany "logic" of the pop-sci set.
I hope this will be the last word on the subject. I guess I can sum things up by just saying that Nap's Hg is relatively common in Italy, particularly in South Italy, yet no one has mentioned the notion that he could have been Southern Italian...
I kind of feel like this:
The wackos, White Supremacists, and many practitioners of pop science always like to say that the Ancient Greeks were blonde Aryans (and imply that is why they were so smart and successful).
The same wackos say that the Ancient Italians were blonde Aryans, and that Southern Italians are now "so dark" because they mixed with . . . Ancient Greeks!
You can waste time parsing all the false statements above, but the last one to me is always the funniest.
Here, we have always heard that Southern Italians are "marked" by the presence of more E1b/E3b haplogroups. And then when a famous person turns up of that Hg, we're told he can't be Southern Italian, can't be Italian at all, but must have been a "Moor."
It is also so hilarious if you think of it... - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 1:27:00 am
- Kepler said...
A friend of mine, Dutch, has as surname De Moor. He thought it came from some Moor. He ended up having haplogroup I...and he is white-pinkish with light blue eyes.
Don't try to see so much in a couple of patterns found in any one person. - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 1:38:00 am
- Lathdrinor said...
I do find it curious that Napoleon and Hitler shared a paternal haplogroup that is not all that common in Europe. Not because it points to any sort of Oriental connection, but because it is peculiar that such a haplogroup would be overrepresented among two of Europe's most expansionist dictators, and who are otherwise not all that related. Could be coincidence, but could also be something to do with the haplogroup itself.
- Tuesday, January 17, 2012 2:02:00 am
- Azerty said...
napoleon looks is classified as alpo mediteranean or in other references "berberid type" according to Hotoon and carlenton coon, M123 is founded among berber moroccans 3,7% and kabyle people 10% , Tunisians 15% and libyan jews 20% also founded among italians and portuguese around 3% to 5%, in fact M123 in europe and north africa seems to be be so much closest than his parallels in the levant and anatolia
- Tuesday, January 17, 2012 3:40:00 am
- Katharós said...
Here are some Wiki articles on Beutetürken "Bootyturks" in the German-realm.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türkengräber_von_Hammet_und_Hasan - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 12:12:00 pm
- Crimson Guard said...
His surname means "Good-Side" in English. His Haplogroup is Neolithic and not that uncommon to Italy he probably has Southern Italian ancestry. even today the surname Buonaparte is more commonly found in Southern Italy than anywhere else.
"The homeland of haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (M34) is placed in a relatively small region of the Middle East, covering south-east Asia Minor and the Levant areas (Syria and Palestine) [1]. This opinion is based on the fact that it is here presented as the haplogroup E1b1b1c1 * (M34), and its known subclades: E1b1b1c1a * (M84), E1b1b1c1a1 * (M136) and E1b1b1c1b * (M290) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. It may be the result of the long-term presence of this haplogroup. The haplogroup was found in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, in the European Mediterranean countries, the British Isles [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] as well as on the Arabian peninsula, but with relatively low diversity [12, 13, 14]."
"E-M34 is found at low frequencies in Ethiopia, the Near East, Europe and northern Africa. According to the authors, it was introduced into Ethiopia from the Near East. Their justification is that it is found in several populations of the Near East, whereas in eastern Africa it is limited to Ethiopia and not found in Somalia or Kenya. The authors suggest that E-M34 was introduced into Europe in the Neolithic from the Near East, but they caution against this hypothesis, because E-M34 is absent in the Balkans, while it is present in southern-central Europe (6.6% of Sicilians, 2.3% of southern Italians, 3.5% of Sardinians). So, it is either of African origin, or of Neolithic origin in southern-central Europe."
http://dodona.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=genetics&action=display&thread=6431 - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 1:22:00 pm
- Crimson Guard said...
My fault,dont know if that Gens Italia link was posted correctly. Here:
http://www.gens.labo.net/it/cognomi/gif.html?cognome=BUONAPARTE&k=FF&t=cognomi&s=B - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 1:28:00 pm
- Bobbie said...
Napoleon is E-M34 not M123.
Flores et al. reported 10% E-M34 in Galicia too. - Tuesday, January 17, 2012 5:03:00 pm
- pconroy said...
Napoleon's origins solved - here's what well know DNA blogger Didier Vernade wrote:
You are welcome. It would be easier to follow for others with my previous writing.
Here is the link :
see the answer by "Aldous"
Here is what he is writing (in french) :
"Ce qui est intéressant c'est que ça recoupe une hypothèse d'origine levantine des Bonaparte que Napoléon aurait mise en avant dans sa jeunesse pour se trouver des quartiers de noblesse.
Une hypothèse qu'il feindra d'ignorer une fois devenu empereur, étant devenu lui même le fondateur d'une dynastie.
Selon cette hypothèse, la famille Bonaparte serait issue d'une famille noble de Trébizonde, cité grecque sur la mer noire, qui est même devenue la capitale d'un éphémère Empire de Trébizonde à la chute de Constantinople à la tête duquel à régné celui qu'on peut considérer comme l'ultime "empereur romain" David II Comnène.
Selon donc cette hypothèse, la partie noble de la famille aurait fui l'invasion ottomane et serait partie en exil en Italie.
Le nom de la famille serait Kaloméridès c'est à dire en grec "bonne partie" qui aurait été ensuite italisé en "buona parte" et finalement Buonaparte, nom de naissance du petit Napoleone.
La légende familiale avait fait lever à l'époque les moqueries car il était assez facile de se prévaloir d'une lignée noble byzantine puisque l'empire avait disparu depuis plus depuis 300 ans et avec lui toute les preuve infirmant ou confirmant cette éventuelle filiation.
Ce qui est intéressant, c'est que la légende familiale rattachant les Buonaparte/Kaloméridès à une lointaine descendance patriarcale romaine, peut être même impériale, a manifestement entretenu en Napoléon la conviction d'un destin singulier, légitimant sa restauration de l'empire, avec lui dans le rôle de César."
and here is what I posted on this list a few hours ago in an answer to Argiedude :
Yes, More precisely M34+ . It just happens that a new SNP (actually 2 similar SNPs) were found to unify the D2 cluster and the D1 cluster ; L791 and L792 . So, all these haplotypes are supposed to be L791+ and that would target rather nicely.
Now the question is : what about this D2 cluster ?
Since the beginning of this search and through different forums I gathered some interesting thoughts. One is about a familial tradition of the Bonaparte family (I am translating from a post in french) : the original name would have been Kaloméridès (greek) later translated in Italian as "buona parte" and Buonaparte , made in french as Bonaparte. The origin would be the Trébizonde empire on the black sea ; a remnant of the greek position in Anatolia. These people would have left Anatolia when the Ottoman came in. My idea about the whole story is that M34+ is correlated with the city of Jericho on the dead sea. After the fall of this city some people were assimilated as greeks (possibly merchants) adn later went as greeks in the rest of the roman empire.
Argiedude wrote :
It's a member of a well known cluster of E1b1b-M123:
I did some estimates of this cluster. In north Italy it's about 2 to 4 samples out of 1500 total samples, or 0.2%. In south Italy it's 5 or 6 samples out of 550 total samples, or 1%.
NB : my blog (in french) made a maximum of 30 visits thanks to this interesting subject.
(www.chezdidier.org) - Friday, January 20, 2012 8:08:00 pm
- Dienekes said...
There is absolutely no evidence linking Napoleon with the Empire of Trebizond.
- Friday, January 20, 2012 8:21:00 pm
There have been known Europeans who have haplogroup that are not common in Europe. As Napoleon is E1b1b1c1, Thomas Jefferson was of haplogroup T, which originated in the Middle East. It doesn't mean that these men weren't white.
- Friday, January 20, 2012 8:40:00 pm
- pconroy said...
Here's more:
"One of [Louis Napoleon's] ancestors, David II., Emperor of Trebisonde, was the rightful heir to the throne of Constantinople, but was put to death by Mahomed II.; his only surviving son, George Nicephor Comnene, fled to Mania in Peloponesus in 1476, and was made Protogeras over the community that was settled there. This official dignity was held by ten members of the Comnene family in succession, until 1675, when Constantine Comnene, the tenth protogeras, was induced from fear of being subjugated by the Turks, to emigrate from Mania to Italy with 3000 of his fellow-countrymen. Arriving in Genoa on Jan. l, 1676, he obtained from the Genoese Senate a grant of some tracts of land in Corsica, which were thenceforth colonized by him and his descendants. One of his sons, Calomeros Comnene, subsequently settled in Florence in Tuscany, and as the Greek word Calomeros (icaXog jiepog) signifies in Italian buona parte, he therefore adopted the name of Buonaparte. In 1719 Antonio Buonaparte, a member of this Buonaparte branch of the Comnene family, emigrated from Tuscany to Corsica: and Napoleon Buonaparte, who was born at Ajaccio in Corsica on Aug. 15, 1769, was his grandson. Corsica was ceded by the -Genoese to France in 1768. The descent of the Comnene family from David II.r lust Emperor of Trebisonde, was attested by letters patent of Louis XVI., issued on Sept. 1, 1783. This account of Napoleon's family is given in the Memoirs of the Duchess D'Abrantes, published at Paris in 1835."
http://books.google.com/books?id=WNVCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Memoirs+of+the+Duchesse+D%27Abrantes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3M8ZT6jRE8XctwflouicBw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Memoirs%20of%20the%20Duchesse%20D%27Abrantes&f=false - Friday, January 20, 2012 10:41:00 pm
- pconroy said...
For me the interesting thing is that my daughter's grandfather is from Corsica and bear a strong resemblance to Napoleon. Here's my daughter's Oracle K12a Results, Mixedmode:
> DodecadOracle(c(39.77,0.00,0.16,40.58,0.01,0.00,9.56,7.16,0.00,2.40,0.00,0.37), mixedmode=T, k=10)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] "18.9% Greek_D + 81.1% Kent_1KG" "0.3228"
[2,] "80.9% British_D + 19.1% Greek_D" "0.3636"
[3,] "80% Dutch_D + 20% Tuscan" "0.5829"
[4,] "79.4% Dutch_D + 20.6% TSI25" "0.6129"
[5,] "74.9% British_Isles_D + 25.1% O_Italian_D" "0.7165"
[6,] "81.4% British_Isles_D + 18.6% S_Italian_D" "0.7273"
[7,] "19.4% S_Italian_Sicilian_D + 80.6% British_Isles_D" "0.7432"
[8,] "80.3% Dutch_D + 19.7% O_Italian_D" "0.7596"
[9,] "17.8% C_Italian_D + 82.2% Dutch_D" "0.7814"
[10,] "21% O_Italian_D + 79% CEU25" "0.8236" - Friday, January 20, 2012 10:46:00 pm
Here the link for the complete Bonaparte's family lineage.
Google books has the study which it is based
In italian, sorry.
The stories about imperial lineage or with an ancient Lombard Count was invented to flatter Louis Napoleon III. Modern studies have shown their inconsistency. - Monday, January 23, 2012 6:05:00 pm
- DH said...
I am an ashkenaz Jew E1b1b1c1a as done by familytreedna & dna heritage,, and i am really Pale skinned. So just because you are E1b1b1c does not mean you are dark. I do have very black hair as does all my siblings and father for what its worth... This haplogroup came from the eastern mediterranean and transversed into the levant, arabian pennisula, and northeast Africa (ethiopia & somalia). From those areas it traveled north to europe via italy & north across the black sea to eastern europe. Of course there must have been plenty of other routes to Europe via the Mediterranean sea & turkey & more...
E1b1b1c is much different than E1b1b1a (generally southern european branch) & E1b1b1b (generally berber north african). E1b1b1c is the "semetic" branch as its mostly found in populations within dominant haplogroup J populations.(speak & spoke Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic as well as other semetic languages). E1b1b1c is most notably found in modern day Israel & ancient Judean and levantine populations.
Just to note Haplogroup E is one of the most dominant lineages found in Black Africans. But those lineages are any E haplogroups outside of E1b1b. - Thursday, February 02, 2012 2:40:00 am
- Zindani E1b1b1c1 said...
I belong to the Zindani tribe thats 100% E1b1b M123 In Israel, Yemen & Libya all Zindani/Zintani are E1b1b M123
The Zindani tribe still exists in Yemen centered around Khums Zindan in Arhab all members tested exclusively E1b1b M123, All Israeli Zindani families also tested E1b1b M123 with matching haplotypes, Zintani Libyans are also E1b1b M123 (although they have other haplogroups also, who toke the surname after the place in Libya they have Khums Zintan)
E1b1b M123 itself has many Proto-Semitic branches, the Zindan/Zintan tribe is so far the only verified lineage, that can be tested & proven.
E1b1b M123 = Mein People
So go look for your own tribe! - Thursday, April 19, 2012 9:05:00 pm
Hitler's obsession was eugenically transubstantiating the present human race -- the Irano-Aryan Indo-Germanics being the best candidates for this "mutation" into Uebermenschen.
Hitler openly mocked the primeval Germanism cult of Himmler. Hitler stated while ancient Germans were building huts, Romans were building a civilization.
Hitler's whole thing was like a mixture of Theosophical spiritual racism and Nietzschean futurism. Hitler claimed the "Aryo-Nordics" were merely only the best *CANDIDATE* for the future "transubstantiation/mutation", -- Blavatsky root-race theory playing an underscored, but heavy, heavy part here...
Let's at least be scholastically truthful about his ideology before we use a false argument to defeat a false position.
Moreover, an ill-informed person stated social mobility in medieval times was "nil." A more ignorant statement could not have been made... Any commoner who went the extra mile and displayed exceptional merit, either in intellectual prowess (educationally) or in patriotic, warkuje virtue in battle, was capable of ennoblement. Platonic virtue-ethics was the basis of medieval aristocratic theory: arete was intrinsically ennobling as a quality in itself... One only has to look up the term "knight-banneret" -- a commoner who displayed truly above-average bravery was ennobled straight on the battle-field, even by the regal potentate himself sometimes... - Saturday, August 04, 2012 12:53:00 am
There was constant migration in medieval times. Italy was always mobile and of course MERCHANTS will come to whatever cities they want. Kind of ridiculous.
But I agree that the e1b groups have zero to do with "moors". They are spread everywhere in small numbers and are associated with phoenicians, ethiopians, lebanese and jews.
Maybe they come from east africa, maybe even SA.
While you can't take too much out of patriarchal ancestor a lot of populations have deeply intermixed only recently or they'd not show up as lineages at all any more.
I find it interesting they all have large heads and similar skull shape, and more interesting it seems that a large percentage of historically famous people come from relatively rare haplogroups. - Tuesday, March 05, 2013 7:21:00 am
E1b has nothing to do with Semites or middle-eastern people
E1b is a Hamitic branch of people that arose in east-Africa.
J is a Semitic haplogroup!
Jews and so-called Arabs with y-dna e1B are not Semites, but Hamites that converted to Juidism.
The real children of Abraham are Y-dna J (J1 and J2)
The HAMITES ARE: Berbers, Cushites, ancient Egyptians, Balkan(Albania/Serbia/greece) and some Hamites of the middle-east - Wednesday, April 17, 2013 7:38:00 pm
Napoleon III. the son of Louis Bonaparte was supposed to have the same DNA as Napoleon I.
But it is not. He has I2b1. Thus, they are not genetically related.
http://jacqmace.wix.com/histoires#!haplogroupe-napolon-iii/c21oz - Monday, April 20, 2015 2:01:00 pm

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lindsay comes with a metal skeleton so you can try lots of different positions with her!
What's Included
Your doll comes with a wig and a set of clothing or nightie. Depending on availability it may not be the clothes shown in the product photos. The doll shipped is always exactly as seen in the photos.
Clothing Size: When trying to determine a clothing size we recommend that you utilize the body measurements listed to check the size chart of the clothing manufacturer to get the appropriate size for their clothing.
Every doll is made-to-order so each customer only receives brand new, quality products. It will take 7-10 days for production to create your doll after which you will be emailed photos of your doll. Once we receive your approval, your doll will be prepared for shipping by gently wrapping the doll in blankets before it is secured in protective styrofoam, ensuring your package arrives safely. Once shipped, you will receive your package from FedEx within approximately 7 days. Your doll arrives in a discreet, unmarked box to maintain your privacy.
We provide free shipping to US & most places. Email us if you are outside the United States. We do not ship to P.O. Boxes.
Please note that the doll has been styled with hair, makeup, clothing and accessories by the manufacturer for stylistic purposes.
- Height (CM): 148
- Cup Size: D
- Material: TPE
- Waist (IN): 22
- Hip (IN): 34.6


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Service Disruption in the South East region on Wednesday 24th July 2024
Service Disruption in the South East region on Wednesday 24th July 2024
You can zoom in to an area by clicking on any of the red bus stops.
More bus stop icons will appear as you zoom in. Once bus route information appears on a bus stop icon, you can click on the Real Time link at the bottom.
You can also use the normal pan and zoom controls at the top left hand side of the map to locate bus stops in your chosen area.
All passengers over the age of 15 who are not eligible for a discounted fare must purchase an Adult Ticket.
Child tickets are valid for children under the age of 16. One child under the age of 4 will be carried free if accompanied by and in the charge of a fare-paying passenger, provided that the child does not occupy a seat to the exclusion of another passenger. Where doubt exists as to the eligibility of a child for a reduced fare, it is the responsibility of the passenger claiming the child fare to produce evidence of age.
Children under 12 years of age will NOT be carried, unless accompanied by a responsible person over the age of 16, on the following categories of Bus Éireann services: All Expressway services - as detailed in Expressway timetable booklet or Non-Expressway services where the intended journey of the child passenger exceeds 50 kilometres.
Student Tickets are issued at discounted fares on production of current International Student Identity Card (ISIC), or a valid Student Identity Card issued by a recognised third-level college in the Republic of Ireland, but otherwise have the same conditions of validity as ordinary Return Tickets. The full list of colleges whose Student Identity Cards will be recognised by Bus Éireann for entitlement to student fares is given in "Your Journey/Student Travel" area of website.
Return Tickets are valid for one outward journey on date of departure and for one return journey based on the ticket type selected.
Single tickets are valid for one single journey on date of issue as shown by fare paid and\or other details on the ticket.
10 Journey Tickets Valid for ten journeys for a period of seven consecutive days inclusive of date of issue and including Sundays, for journey selected only. For example a Weekly Ticket issued on Tuesday is valid up to and including the following Monday.
Family Return Tickets are issued to family groups consisting of one or two adults and up to a maximum of three children under sixteen years of age.
Service Disruption in the South East region on Wednesday 24th July 2024
Service disruption in the Eastern and North East region on Wednesday 24th July 2024.
Service Disruption in the South region on Wednesday 24th July 2024.
Services will resume operating into Carew Park from first departures on Saturday 20th July.


text:
The Light from the TV Shows: A Chat with Billy Campbell ("Killing Lincoln")
Billy Campbell got his initial break in Hollywood when he pulled a recurring role on "Dynasty" in 1984, started to escape from the small screen somewhat in 1991 by playing the title in Disney's highly underrated "The Rocketeer," and has since bounced back and forth between TV and film, most recently spending two seasons on AMC's "The Killing." This Sunday, however, Campbell can be seen in another "Killing," when he steps back through the mists of time to play American's 16th President in the National Geographic original movie, "Killing Lincoln," based on the book by Bill O'Reilly.
During the Winter 2013 TCA Press Tour, Campbell took some time – more than his publicist was expectingly, frankly, not that we were complaining – to chat with Bullz-Eye about his surprise over being pitched the role of Lincoln, his strong views over Disney's mishandling of "The Rocketeer," his even stronger statements to the bloggers who bitched about the Season 1 finale of "The Killing," and how he was only one audition away from getting the role of Commander William T. Riker on "Star Trek: The Next Generation."
Bullz-Eye: To begin at the beginning, how did you find your way into "Killing Lincoln" in the first place? Did you audition for the gig, or did they actually come looking for you?
Billy Campbell: I didn't audition. They… [Hesitates.] What did they do? [Laughs.] They approached me months before this happened, and I…well, they didn't approach me. My manager called me and said, "I got this weird sort of feeler: would you be interested in playing Lincoln?" And I burst into laughter, and I thought, "Ridiculous! I'm not Lincoln!" Nevertheless, we sent them a photo which I thought was Lincoln-esque—or a photo that I thought was the least non-Lincoln-esque—that I could find, and I forgot all about it. And then months later I got a call from my agent saying, "You've been offered Lincoln." And I was…amused. But I accepted. And that was it.
Posted in: Entertainment, Interviews, News, Television
Tags: Abraham Lincoln, Alan Arkin, Bill O'Reilly, Billy Campbell, Brent Sexton, David Lynch, Dune, Dynasty, Erik Jendresen, Flash Gordon, Gettysburg, Gods and Generals, Havana, Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Jennifer Connelly, Joe Johnston, Joel Kinnaman, Jonathan Frakes, Junie Lowry, Killing Lincoln, Larry Niven, Michelle Forbes, Mireille Enos, National Geographic Channel, Peter Falk, Ringworld, Robert Redford, Star Trek, Sydney Pollack, The 4400, The In-Laws, The Integral Trees, The Killing, The Light from the TV Shows, The Rocketeer, The Rookies, The Russians Are Coming, USA Network, Will Harris, William Campbell, William Riker


text:
Search & Buy Domains in Bulk
Enter or upload a list of domains
Paste or upload a list.
Buy in bulk.
Monetize your domains.
Everything you need for domain investing.
Bulk Search Features
Buy and save more.
Save when you buy domains in bulk.
Enter or upload a file.
Enter or paste a domain list — up to 500 at a time.
Filter search results.
Select specific TLDs, exact matches or only premium domains.
Add privacy in bulk.
Easily add Domain Privacy and Protection to all domains in Cart.
Bulk Domain Search FAQ
Bulk Domain Search - is there an easy way?
GoDaddy takes the headache out of registering multiple domains with its bulk domain check tool. Enter as many as 500 domains in the box, making sure to list each domain you want on a separate line.
GoDaddy returns two lists: Unavailable Domain Names and My Selected Domain Names. Use the Select All option to quickly register all available domains or look through the list and pick those you'd like to register one by one.
Does GoDaddy offer discounts for multiple domains?
We offer discounts on multiple domains, but discount amount varies depending on the domain and extension.*
What if a domain I want is already registered to someone else?
You can try to find out who owns the domain by looking in the WhoIs database. However, if the domain owner has not chosen to make their information public, their contact information won't be displayed.
If you like, you may contact the owner directly and ask if he or she is willing to sell the domain name. In cases of private registration, you must contact the owner through the company that provides the registration.
Not confident in your ability to close the deal on your own? Check out GoDaddy's Domain Broker Service, whereby one of our agents acts as an intermediary between you and the seller. Our agent negotiates for the lowest possible price up to a limit you choose.
I misspelled my domain name. Now what?
Once you register a domain, it's yours – even if it's spelled wrong. We suggest you register the correct domain right away, if it's available. You may cancel the misspelled domain if you like, but we can't refund any part of the registration fee.
You might consider keeping the misspelled domain and directing it to your main (correctly spelled) domain. If you misspelled your name, others looking for your website might do the same thing. Owning a misspelled domain allows you to capture visitors who would otherwise be lost.
Why should I register more than one domain name?
There are lots of reasons to own more than one domain name. Businesses often buy misspellings of their names, for example, to capture those Web searchers who aren't good spellers (or typists). Domainers register hundreds or even thousands of domains with the end goal of selling at least some of them at a profit. For them, the bulk domain search tool is a must.
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- Give your customers more ways to find you on the Web
- Protect your brand and online identity from squatters who might try to sell you related domains at outrageous prices
Thanks to GoDaddy's bulk domain name search tool, you can check the availability of up to 500 domains at once.
Can I register a domain that's expired?
Once a domain has expired and the owner has not renewed it during the grace period, the domain may be released. When a domain goes to public auction, you may bid on it and win it that way.
If an expired domain isn't renewed, redeemed, or sold at auction, it goes back to its registry. The registry decides if and when to release it for registration. Once released, that domain can be registered through any registrar, including GoDaddy.


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Want to succeed in real estate? Make sure you read this blog post to learn how to do it! If you're ready to invest in real estate in Lake Charles, here are 4 tips for success…
Ready to invest in real estate in Lake Charles? Here are 4 tips for success…
Tip #1. Read, Read, Read
Whether online or at your local bookstore or library, there is a wealth of information about real estate investing. Look for both how-to books as well as stories of others who have invested in real estate.
Read between the lines by stopping every 2-3 pages, pretending that you are that person in the story, and identifying what challenges you would have and how you would be successful in that situation. Our brains are muscles, so the more we exercise them and think about 'what if' scenarios, the more creative we become.
Our brains are muscles, so the more we exercise them and think about 'what if' scenarios, the more creative we become.
Tip #2. Analyze, Analyze, Analyze
Spend time every week figuring out the gross and net profit on 5 – 10 (or more) properties. The more practice that you have making calculations, the faster you will become. Research has shown that people need between 5,000 – 10,000 hours (3-5 years) to become an expert at something.
To become successful when investing in real estate, you need to become good at many different areas but if you are not getting a great deal when you buy based on the numbers, then you will not be successful.
Tip #3. Have an INNER and an OUTER Circle of Support
Inner circle – There will always be people around you who say, 'you don't have the ability to do that', or 'that is too risky', or 'you can't do that here'. What you are looking for are 2-3 close friends or family who will encourage you as you move forward. Your inner circle should also include one or more real estate mentors.
You need a real estate mentor but you may also need a life coach to help you strengthen your mindset and self-confidence.
Outer circle – Those you met in person in your city or town or through books, seminars, and/or online who also invest in real estate, who will support, encourage, and offer guidance. These people will not be involved on a daily or weekly basis in your investing but they will be available as you need them.
In addition, you need to know some professionals who are familiar with real estate. You don't go to a dentist to fix a broken arm, nor should you go to a lawyer who rarely or never is involved with real estate investments. Gather a database of real estate lawyers, real estate agents, accountants, tax planners.
You will be using their services regularly in the years to come so you want to know their level of expertise and if you can work with them on a regular basis.
Tip #4. Take Deliberate Action
Look at your time and money, make sure that you are not trying to mix in real estate investing with 20 other major activities in your life, and then plan out what you will do daily, in the next month, three months, 6 months, and in the next year as you start your journey towards being a real estate investor .
Or consider this when you're going to invest in real estate…
You've just read 4 tips to help you invest in real estate. They're good tips that will serve anyone. However, maybe you don't want to do all that work. Well, one suggestion is to work with a wholesaler who has already done a lot of this work for you. And that's what we do here at Prestigious Properties, LLC! We can help you skip a lot of these steps and start investing right away!


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Are you interested in getting auto title loans? Looking for a reliable company near you in Sayreville, New Jersey? Come to us! Title Loan Depot is one of the most trusted and reputed title loan companies in Sayreville, New Jersey. We specialize in offering complete solutions for auto title loans, including car title loans, motorcycle title loans, RV motor home title loans, truck title loans, and more. Our experts will guide you to get emergency funds quickly and easily. So, don't waste your time and apply today!
APPLY NOWWhen it comes to a reliable auto title loan company in Sayreville, Title Loan Depot can provide you the fastest solutions. We are offering a wide range of hassle-free car title loans, including car title loans, truck title loans, motorcycle title loans, RV motorhome title loans, SUV title loans, salvage car title loans, and classic car title loans.
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We take pride in offering a quick and hassle-free auto title loan. Our experts will guide you and also help you to make this procedure easy.
After checking your title loan application, we will let you know within a short while if it is approved or not. We determine your loan amount based on the value of your vehicle and your ability to repay the loan. We will deposit cash into your bank account within 24 hours of signing.
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Sayreville is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Sayreville is within the heart of the Raritan Valley region, located on the south banks of the Raritan River, and also located relatively near the Raritan Bay.
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(a) Loan approval is subject to meeting the lender's credit criteria, which may include providing acceptable property as collateral. Actual loan amount, term and Annual Percentage Rate of the loan that a consumer qualifies for may vary by consumer. Loan proceeds are intended primarily for personal, family and household purposes. Minimum loan amounts vary by state. Consumers need to demonstrate ability to repay the loan. (b) Form Inquiry processes could take five (5) minutes to complete. Upon completion, a conditional approval may be given pending review of documentation. Funding time is based on the time from final approval following receipt and review of all required documents and signing.
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Dr. J. W. Grant MacEwan collection
- Coleção
- 1939-2001
The collection consists of books written by, objects, graphic material, and clippings connected to Dr. J.W. Grant MacEwan. These include 10 logs whittled by Grant MacEwan, 52 books (most signed; complete works of Grant MacEwan), clippings, 35 plaques, miscellaneous objects including 2 suitcases, 2 cowboy hats, straw hat, fireman's helmet, policeman's hat and billy club, headphones, radio and microphone, and sweatshirts and buttons from Grant MacEwan Day. Graphic material includes posters and photographs. Textual records include a letter to Grant MacEwan regarding the naming the institution after him, the program for the official opening in 1972, the transfer of land document for City Centre Campus, and the records of the Grant MacEwan Day Committee.
Sem título


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Life Insurance
Life Insurance
FL Low Cost Insurance Group – Your Florida Life Insurance Professionals
The first step to learning about life insurance, is understanding it's necessity and importance. Life insurance is essential for a number of different reasons. It is a financial instrument that allows you to protect your family and loved ones when you're gone.What are the principal types of life insurance?
There are two major types of life insurance—term and whole life. Whole life is sometimes called permanent life insurance, and it encompasses several subcategories, including traditional whole life, and universal life. In 2003, about 6.4 million individual life insurance policies bought were term and about 7.1 million were whole life. Life insurance products for groups are different from life insurance sold to individuals. The information below focuses on life insurance sold to individuals.Term
Term Insurance is the simplest form of life insurance. It pays only if death occurs during the term of the policy, which is usually from one to 30 years. Most term policies have no other benefit provisions. There are two basic types of term life insurance policies—level term and decreasing term.- Level term means that the death benefit stays the same throughout the duration of the policy.
- Decreasing term means that the death benefit drops, usually in one-year increments, over the course of the policy's term.
Whole Life/Permanent Insurance
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What a Shaman Sees in A Mental Hospital
The Shamanic View of Mental Illness
In the shamanic view, mental illness signals "the birth of a healer," explains Malidoma Patrice Somé. Thus, mentaldisorders are spiritual emergencies, spiritual crises, and need to be regarded as such to aid the healer in being born.
What those in the West view as mental illness, the Dagara people regard as "good news from the other world." The person going through the crisis has been chosen as a medium for a message to the community that needs to be communicated from the spirit realm. "Mental disorder, behavioral disorder of all kinds, signal the fact that two obviously incompatible energies have merged into the same field," says Dr. Somé. These disturbances result when the person does not get assistance in dealing with the presence of the energy from the spirit realm.
One of the things Dr. Somé encountered when he first came to the United States in 1980 for graduate study was how this country deals with mental illness. When a fellow student was sent to a mental institute due to "nervous depression," Dr. Somé went to visit him.
"I was so shocked. That was the first time I was brought face to face with what is done here to people exhibiting the same symptoms I've seen in my village." What struck Dr. Somé was that the attention given to such symptoms was based on pathology, on the idea that the condition is something that needs to stop. This was in complete opposition to the way his culture views such a situation. As he looked around the stark ward at the patients, some in straitjackets, some zoned out on medications, others screaming, he observed to himself, "So this is how the healers who are attempting to be born are treated in this culture. What a loss! What a loss that a person who is finally being aligned with a power from the other world is just being wasted."
Another way to say this, which may make more sense to the Western mind, is that we in the West are not trained in how to deal or even taught to acknowledge the existence of psychic phenomena, the spiritual world. In fact, psychic abilities are denigrated. When energies from the spiritual world emerge in a Western psyche, that individual is completely unequipped to integrate them or even recognize what is happening. The result can be terrifying. Without the proper context for and assistance in dealing with the breakthrough from another level of reality, for all practical purposes, the person is insane. Heavy dosing with anti-psychotic drugs compounds the problem and prevents the integration that could lead to soul development and growth in the individual who has received these energies.
On the mental ward, Dr Somé saw a lot of "beings" hanging around the patients, "entities" that are invisible to most people but that shamans and psychics are able to see. "They were causing the crisis in these people," he says. It appeared to him that these beings were trying to get the medications and their effects out of the bodies of the people the beings were trying to merge with, and were increasing the patients' pain in the process. "The beings were acting almost like some kind of excavator in the energy field of people. They were really fierce about that. The people they were doing that to were just screaming and yelling," he said. He couldn't stay in that environment and had to leave.
In the Dagara tradition, the community helps the person reconcile the energies of both worlds–"the world of the spirit that he or she is merged with, and the village and community." That person is able then to serve as a bridge between the worlds and help the living with information and healing they need. Thus, the spiritual crisis ends with the birth of another healer. "The other world's relationship with our world is one of sponsorship," Dr. Somé explains. "More often than not, the knowledge and skills that arise from this kind of merger are a knowledge or a skill that is provided directly from the other world."
The beings who were increasing the pain of the inmates on the mental hospital ward were actually attempting to merge with the inmates in order to get messages through to this world. The people they had chosen to merge with were getting no assistance in learning how to be a bridge between the worlds and the beings' attempts to merge were thwarted. The result was the sustaining of the initial disorder of energy and the aborting of the birth of a healer.
"The Western culture has consistently ignored the birth of the healer," states Dr. Somé. "Consequently, there will be a tendency from the other world to keep trying as many people as possible in an attempt to get somebody's attention. They have to try harder." The spirits are drawn to people whose senses have not been anesthetized. "The sensitivity is pretty much read as an invitation to come in," he notes.
Those who develop so-called mental disorders are those who are sensitive, which is viewed in Western culture as oversensitivity. Indigenous cultures don't see it that way and, as a result, sensitive people don't experience themselves as overly sensitive. In the West, "it is the overload of the culture they're in that is just wrecking them," observes Dr. Somé. The frenetic pace, the bombardment of the senses, and the violent energy that characterize Western culture can overwhelm sensitive people.
Schizophrenia and Foreign Energy
With schizophrenia, there is a special "receptivity to a flow of images and information, which cannot be controlled," stated Dr. Somé. "When this kind of rush occurs at a time that is not personally chosen, and particularly when it comes with images that are scary and contradictory, the person goes into a frenzy."
What is required in this situation is first to separate the person's energy from the extraneous foreign energies, by using shamanic practice (what is known as a "sweep") to clear the latter out of the individual's aura. With the clearing of their energy field, the person no longer picks up a flood of information and so no longer has a reason to be scared and disturbed, explains Dr. Somé.
Then it is possible to help the person align with the energy of the spirit being attempting to come through from the other world and give birth to the healer. The blockage of that emergence is what creates problems. "The energy of thehealer is a high-voltage energy," he observes. "When it is blocked, it just burns up the person. It's like a short-circuit. Fuses are blowing. This is why it can be really scary, and I understand why this culture prefers to confine these people. Here they are yelling and screaming, and they're put into a straitjacket. That's a sad image." Again, the shamanic approach is to work on aligning the energies so there is no blockage, "fuses" aren't blowing, and the person can become the healer they are meant to be.
It needs to be noted at this point, however, that not all of the spirit beings that enter a person's energetic field are there for the purposes of promoting healing. There are negative energies as well, which are undesirable presences in the aura. In those cases, the shamanic approach is to remove them from the aura, rather than work to align the discordant energies
Alex: Crazy in the USA, Healer in Africa
To test his belief that the shamanic view of mental illness holds true in the Western world as well as in indigenous cultures, Dr. Somé took a mental patient back to Africa with him, to his village. "I was prompted by my own curiosity to find out whether there's truth in the universality that mental illness could be connected with an alignment with a being from another world," says Dr. Somé.
Alex was an 18-year-old American who had suffered a psychotic break when he was 14. He had hallucinations, was suicidal, and went through cycles of dangerously severe depression. He was in a mental hospital and had been given a lot of drugs, but nothing was helping. "The parents had done everything–unsuccessfully," says Dr. Somé. "They didn't know what else to do."
With their permission, Dr. Somé took their son to Africa. "After eight months there, Alex had become quite normal, Dr. Somé reports. He was even able to participate with healers in the business of healing; sitting with them all day long and helping them, assisting them in what they were doing with their clients . . . . He spent about four years in my village." Alex stayed by choice, not because he needed more healing. He felt, "much safer in the village than in America."
To bring his energy and that of the being from the spiritual realm into alignment, Alex went through a shamanic ritual designed for that purpose, although it was slightly different from the one used with the Dagara people. "He wasn't born in the village, so something else applied. But the result was similar, even though the ritual was not literally the same," explains Dr. Somé. The fact that aligning the energy worked to heal Alex demonstrated to Dr. Somé that the connection between other beings and mental illness is indeed universal.
After the ritual, Alex began to share the messages that the spirit being had for this world. Unfortunately, the people he was talking to didn't speak English (Dr. Somé was away at that point). The whole experience led, however, to Alex's going to college to study psychology. He returned to the United States after four years because "he discovered that all the things that he needed to do had been done, and he could then move on with his life."
The last that Dr. Somé heard was that Alex was in graduate school in psychology at Harvard. No one had thought he would ever be able to complete undergraduate studies, much less get an advanced degree.
Dr. Somé sums up what Alex's mental illness was all about: "He was reaching out. It was an emergency call. His job and his purpose was to be a healer. He said no one was paying attention to that."
After seeing how well the shamanic approach worked for Alex, Dr. Somé concluded that spirit beings are just as much an issue in the West as in his community in Africa. "Yet the question still remains, the answer to this problem must be found here, instead of having to go all the way overseas to seek the answer. There has to be a way in which a little bit of attention beyond the pathology of this whole experience leads to the possibility of coming up with the proper ritual to help people.
Longing for Spiritual Connection
A common thread that Dr. Somé has noticed in "mental" disorders in the West is "a very ancient ancestral energy that has been placed in stasis, that finally is coming out in the person." His job then is to trace it back, to go back in time to discover what that spirit is. In most cases, the spirit is connected to nature, especially with mountains or big rivers, he says.
In the case of mountains, as an example to explain the phenomenon, "it's a spirit of the mountain that is walking side by side with the person and, as a result, creating a time-space distortion that is affecting the person caught in it." What is needed is a merger or alignment of the two energies, "so the person and the mountain spirit become one." Again, the shaman conducts a specific ritual to bring about this alignment.
Dr. Somé believes that he encounters this situation so often in the United States because "most of the fabric of this country is made up of the energy of the machine, and the result of that is the disconnection and the severing of the past. You can run from the past, but you can't hide from it." The ancestral spirit of the natural world comes visiting. "It's not so much what the spirit wants as it is what the person wants," he says. "The spirit sees in us a call for something grand, something that will make life meaningful, and so the spirit is responding to that."
That call, which we don't even know we are making, reflects "a strong longing for a profound connection, a connection that transcends materialism and possession of things and moves into a tangible cosmic dimension. Most of this longing is unconscious, but for spirits, conscious or unconscious doesn't make any difference." They respond to either.
As part of the ritual to merge the mountain and human energy, those who are receiving the "mountain energy" are sent to a mountain area of their choice, where they pick up a stone that calls to them. They bring that stone back for the rest of the ritual and then keep it as a companion; some even carry it around with them. "The presence of the stone does a lot in tuning the perceptive ability of the person," notes Dr. Somé. "They receive all kinds of information that they can make use of, so it's like they get some tangible guidance from the other world as to how to live their life."
When it is the "river energy," those being called go to the river and, after speaking to the river spirit, find a water stone to bring back for the same kind of ritual as with the mountain spirit.
"People think something extraordinary must be done in an extraordinary situation like this," he says. That's not usually the case. Sometimes it is as simple as carrying a stone.
A Sacred Ritual Approach to Mental Illness
One of the gifts a shaman can bring to the Western world is to help people rediscover ritual, which is so sadly lacking. "The abandonment of ritual can be devastating. From the spiritual view, ritual is inevitable and necessary if one is to live," Dr. Somé writes in Ritual: Power, Healing, and Community. "To say that ritual is needed in the industrialized world is an understatement. We have seen in my own people that it is probably impossible to live a sane life without it."
Dr. Somé did not feel that the rituals from his traditional village could simply be transferred to the West, so over his years of shamanic work here, he has designed rituals that meet the very different needs of this culture. Although the rituals change according to the individual or the group involved, he finds that there is a need for certain rituals in general.
One of these involves helping people discover that their distress is coming from the fact that they are "called by beings from the other world to cooperate with them in doing healing work." Ritual allows them to move out of the distress and accept that calling.
Another ritual need relates to initiation. In indigenous cultures all over the world, young people are initiated into adulthood when they reach a certain age. The lack of such initiation in the West is part of the crisis that people are in here, says Dr. Somé. He urges communities to bring together "the creative juices of people who have had this kind of experience, in an attempt to come up with some kind of an alternative ritual that would at least begin to put a dent in this kind of crisis."
Another ritual that repeatedly speaks to the needs of those coming to him for help entails making a bonfire, and then putting into the bonfire "items that are symbolic of issues carried inside the individuals . . . It might be the issues of anger and frustration against an ancestor who has left a legacy of murder and enslavement or anything, things that the descendant has to live with," he explains. "If these are approached as things that are blocking the human imagination, the person's life purpose, and even the person's view of life as something that can improve, then it makes sense to begin thinking in terms of how to turn that blockage into a roadway that can lead to something more creative and more fulfilling."
The example of issues with an ancestors touches on rituals designed by Dr. Somé that address a serious dysfunction in Western society and in the process "trigger enlightenment" in participants. These are ancestral rituals, and the dysfunction they are aimed at is the mass turning-of-the-back on ancestors. Some of the spirits trying to come through, as described earlier, may be "ancestors who want to merge with a descendant in an attempt to heal what they weren't able to do while in their physical body."
"Unless the relationship between the living and the dead is in balance, chaos ensues," he says. "The Dagara believe that, if such an imbalance exists, it is the duty of the living to heal their ancestors. If these ancestors are not healed, their sick energy will haunt the souls and psyches of those who are responsible for helping them." The rituals focus on healing the relationship with our ancestors, both specific issues of an individual ancestor and the larger cultural issues contained in our past. Dr. Somé has seen extraordinary healing occur at these rituals.
Taking a sacred ritual approach to mental illness rather than regarding the person as a pathological case gives the person affected–and indeed the community at large–the opportunity to begin looking at it from that vantage point too, which leads to "a whole plethora of opportunities and ritual initiative that can be very, very beneficial to everyone present," states. Dr. Somé.
The Shamanic View of Mental Illness
by Stephanie Marohn (featuring Malidoma Patrice Somé)
(Excerpted from The Natural Medicine Guide to Schizophrenia,
pages 178-189, or The Natural Medicine Guide to Bi-polar Disorder)


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