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• Pet Memorials
• Pet Cremation Jewelry
• Five-Star Customer Service • Large Selection
Pet Urns
Dog Urns
Cat Urns
Pet Cremation Jewelry
Pet Pawprint Jewelry
Pet Photo Jewelry
Pet Grave Markers
Pet Memorial Stones
Pet Memorial Plaques
Pet Memorial Frames
Pet Caskets
Figurine Pet Urns Dogs
Figurine Pet Urns | Cats
Figurine Pet Urns | Other
Pet Keepsake Urns
Biodegradable Pet Urns
Pet Loss | Gifts
Shipping Info
Common Questions
Engraving FAQs
About Memorial Gallery Pets
Return Policy
Thanks for your help My order arrived here this morning, and I'm certain my wife will love this new ring. She will now be able to carry her Brucey with her forever. Thanks again Mark (Pet Cremation Jewelry: Sterling Silver Round Ring; engraved name + pawprint) - August 21, 2012
Just wanted you to know that I really appreciate how quickly you shipped the beautiful urn for my special kitty who died. It is absolutely beautiful, and I will recommend you to the veterinary clinic that cares for my pets. The urn is everything I had hoped for. Thanks again. Bev ("Always My Kitty" Cat Cremation Urn: Walnut) - August 09, 2012
Thank you. I did receive the urn. Very timely. And the urn is very beautiful and much appreciated. (Pet Urn: Topton Series Urn; Cherry; Engraved) - August 02, 2012
My family and I wanted to say thank you again for the wonderful service, both speedy and very accurate. The urn looks wonderful and will always be prominently displayed. We go tomorrow morning to the vet with our Bosco and having the urn will not only save a second (and painful) trip, but will allow us to put some final closure on 11 years of love, loyalty and affection. While I hope that we never have to use you again, I know the time will come again and we will contact you. Our best wishes to your entire organization and heartfelt thanks. Tim (Pet Urn: Large Redwood Urn with Laser Engraving) - July 27, 2012
I received the piece and just wanted to email you that we are thoroughly happy with the entire process from the communication to the virtual proof, to the way the piece was packaged. The actual piece was excellent! Very well done. Thanks so much. Rick (Granite Photo Pet Grave Marker - 2" thick) - July 25, 2012
Dear Staff at Memorial Gallery Pets! Today we received the replacement dog urn as you sent to us. It was very well wrapped and in good condition. And it was very nice! We like it very much and we want to thank you for helping us and for your kindness when we made a phone call. Now we are going to engrave it and then fill it up with the ashes from our dead dog so he finally will come home and get a rest. Best regards Mr & Mrs Walldén from Sweden (Dog Urns: Blue with Brass Pawprint; 10") - July 19, 2012
I wanted to say thank you very much for the beautiful work you did on my sweet dog Brownie's urn. Not a pleasant time for me I am sure you can imagine but this helped. I have the urn sitting on a table above a copper color frame that matches the urn. Thank you again for making this time a little easier. Kimberly Glendale, AZ - July 16, 2012
Thank you so much. Miss Kodi is now back home and on the hearth of the fireplace along with her two favorite toys, a framed memorial from the vet which contained her footprint and a framed memorial with a tuft of her fur from the folks that cremated her and I was able to get the purple satin pouch thru hole in the urn. The urn looks so much like her, it's just like having her here. The vet provided her paw print and the crematory provided the snip of her fur. She has her two favorite babies and a chewy chicken bone also her fav. Many thanks again for the beautiful work. Beth and Bob (Sleeping Angel Dog Cremation Urn - Black) - June 26, 2012
Hi Allison- Just a quick message to say urn has arrived, A fitting tribute to a wonderful dog, I will recommend service to friends and family. David (Pet Urns: Samoyed - Laying) - June 26, 2012
I received the item in excellent conditions. Thanks for prompt response. It is really beautiful. Carmen (Partial Cat Urn: Felinicity) - June 25, 2012
Dear Allison, Thank you so much for your email and condolences. Thank you also for running a wonderful business. The most horrible part with losing a cat so suddenly, whether by accident or illness, is finding yourself having to in the midst of your grief discuss end-of-life arrangements for a baby that you had in your arms far too little time ago who was purring and content. In the first few days after such a loss, even looking at a website like yours is out of the question, but once reality sinks in, it actually gave me tremendous solace and comfort to look through everything and invest time into finding the best possible way to show how important a cat that was loved so much in life was to us. Best, Lynn (Sleeping Angel Cat Cremation Urn - Bronze, Pet Memorial Portrait- Graphite Pencil Sketch, Photo Laser Engraved Peaceful Heart Pet Cremation Jewelry) - June 13, 2012
I received the urn today (Monday, June 11, 2012). It was absolutely beautiful and the tag was perfect. Thank you so much. Miss Kodi is now back home and on the hearth of the fireplace along with her two favorite toys, a framed memorial from the vet which contained her footprint and a framed memorial with a tuft of her fur from the folks that cremated her and I was able to get the purple satin pouch thru hole in the urn. Thank you so much again. Best Regards, Beth and Bob (Sleeping Angel Dog Cremation Urn - Black) - June 11, 2012
I just wanted to tell you how beautiful the urn is! It looks just like her and so sweet. Thank you so much! It means alot to me! I want to order her sister one but she is still alive and I wouldn't have the date for it yet so I hope you continue selling these custom urns. If you ever stop, please let me know so I can get one. Thanks (Sleeping Angel Dog Cremation Urn: Custom Painted) - June 02, 2012
Dear Brenna, I just wanted to let you know that we received Ted's cremation box yesterday. The timing was perfect since I picked up his ashes yesterday too. Faith and I are so very thankful for your work on this project. The box and marble insert with Teddy's image and text is perfect. We both shed a few tears from seeing it. We now have him in a place of honor in our bedroom along with two of our other boys who are no longer with us. Thank you again. You are wonderful!! Affectionately, Jeffrey and Faith (Red Piano Finish Mahogany Photo Pet Urn Box with Tile) - June 02, 2012
Dear Memorial Gallery Pets, You have a beautiful selection of products. Of course one in particular hit home in our hearts. We had a few question and left a message by telephone. We were promptly called the next day to insure we had all the information we needed to make this transition as easy as possible with the warmest reassurances and sincere condolences. Thank you for your help, it is much appreciated. We are telling everyone we know of your kindness and great products. Sincerely, The Walsh Family - April 29, 2012
Dear Allison: I received the urn and am very happy with the product. It is beautifully constructed. It is a suitable urn for my little angel. Just as a note, and in case others order and my want info on the item: I was a little disappointed that the "shelf" was not as deep as it seemed in the photo. The photo is a bit deceiving showing the dog collar as it is. It must be one small dog collar! In case anyone asks about the item, the depth of the shelf is only about a 1/2 inch (if that). The dimensions, I guess, were outside dimensions because I had measured the small tin his cremains had come in orginally and then chose the size I thought it would fit in, thinking they were inside dimensions. The cremains only fit, if I removed them from the tin they came in, took out the bag of cremains and put them in the velvet pouch they'd also come with. So, I think the measurements are for the outside and not the inside. Allison, again, it is a beautiful urn and, overall, very pleased. It's perfect for what I want to do artistically to it. Again, you and the team are awesome. I cannot say enough about your service. I will definitely recommend you and your company to others who may find them self in need of such an item. Blessings, Cyndi (Medium Wooden Dog Urn With Photo and Shelf) - April 27, 2012
I received my pet urn yesterday with the black Doberman "stretching." We actually thought it looked like our dog when he was getting down to play as he did right up until the time that he suddenly collapsed of a massive heart attack. When I found your site, this box and figurine looked perfect to memorialize our dog and I ordered it engraved with his name as well. It was far more spectacular than I even expected. The figurine is so well-made and life-like that it brought tears to my eyes. The walnut wood is beautiful and the engraving is perfect. Thank you so much for making this difficult time a little easier with your special tribute. I have told all my friends on Facebook about your company. Lisa (Pet Urns: Doberman, Black - Stretching) - April 27, 2012
Hi Brenna, Just wanted to let you know that I received Lexi's stone and it is just beautiful It is exactly what I was looking for. Thank you so much. Susan (Granite Photo Pet Grave Marker 1" Thick) - April 26, 2012 Memorial Gallery Pets- I recieved my Heart Pendant yesterday and I'm very happy with the way it turned out. You do very good work, and I just wanted to send you a quick email to show my appreciation. Thank You. Kent (Engraved Gold-plated Heart Pendant with chain) - April 12, 2012
Just want to say Thank you! I received my neckace last night...its gorgeous...i have already posted it on Facebook and had requests for your website from others who want to memorialize their pet...thank you again..the heart is beautiful. It actually made me cry when i opened it and i'm sure you will be getting more orders from my FB friends. xoxoxoxo - Cathy (Wood Heart with Paw Print Pet Cremation Jewelry Pendant) March 27, 2012
I just received my sculptured white cat urn and it is so beautiful. I was pleasantly surprised when I opened the box and saw the incredible pearl finish on the urn. My Gadget will be in a beautiful resting place on my fireplace with his two other companions. Thank you so much for giving my baby boy such a wonderful place to stay. - Danny Kofoed (White Cat Urn) March 25, 2012
Allison, I have received it and want to thank you so much for the follow up. The necklace you sent is beautiful and although it is for an unfortunate circumstance, the meaning behind it is special...our cat will be not only in our memory, but close to her heart as well. Thanks again, your interaction with this transaction was superb and in this day and age, incredible customer service and employees is hard to come by and you have exceeded expectations. Jere (Teardrop Ribbon Heart Pet Cremation Jewelry) - March 19, 2012
I have just received the cat urn and I wanted to say thank you very much! I didn't have to pay extra costs and received the urn in excellent state! It's beautiful. Thanks again, Berber (Sleeping Cat Angel- Copper urn) March 07, 2012
Just received my urn today and am very, very pleased with it. It is beautiful!!! Thanks you so much for your great service and amazingly fast shipping!! It is much appreciated. Keep up the good work!!! Sincerely Lynn Reading (Paw Prints On Our Hearts, Large Size) February 16, 2012
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Pet Urns: Boxer, Brindle - Ears up
Our figurine pet urns come in over 280 varieties of dogs and cats, allowing you to choose the figurine that best matches your loving companion. Ashes are placed in pet urn through a removable bottom panel secured with four screws, providing tamper-resistant protection.
Wood finish options: This unique pet urn is available in three wood finishes. Made from plantation hardwood otherwise known as rubberwood, a renewable source that is a medium density tropical hardwood, light in color that can be stained.
Size L x W x H * Pet Size ** Small 7.75" x 6" x 2.75" 0-45 lb. pets Medium 7.75" x 6" x 3.75" 46-70 lb. pets Large 7.75" x 6" x 4.75" 71-95 lb. pets XLarge 7.75" x 6" x 5.75" 96-125 lb. pets *Approximate urn dimensions ** Live Weight of Pet
Expedited shipping: Rapid 1-Day and 2-Day air shipping is available! We attempt to ship all orders placed by 11 a.m. central time the same or next business day.
International Shipping Note: There will be a $10 handling fee plus an additional week is needed on top of requested shipping method.
There is a $10 restocking fee for returned items.
Memorial Gallery's unbeatable pet urns value
Made in Italy
5-star customer service
Telephone support 253-649-0567
Order online or by calling 253-649-0567


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Lunch Program
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subset: commoncrawl


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Classic Pewter Individual Keepsake with velvet bag Cremation Urn
Ships in 1-2 business days
- Description
- Specification
- Shipping & Returns
- FAQs
- Made of genuine solid brass
- Velvet bag included
- Threaded lid for a secure seal
- Dimensions are H 2.8" W 1.7" D 1.7"
- Capacity of 5 cubic inches
Engravable | This item is engravable! |
Size | Keepsake |
Capacity | 5 cubic inches |
Material | Brass |
Dimensions | H 2.8" W 1.7" D 1.7" |
Add Accessories | Velvet bag included |
Additional Info | H 2.8" W 1.7" D 1.7" |
Currently offering free ground shipping and no tax on orders over $100. (Limited time)
For a limited time only, we are offering a special for free shipping + no taxes to the lower 48 states in the U.S for orders above $100.
*Hawaii and Alaska are excluded
We want to make returns and exchanges are easy for you.
Note: Please notify us prior to any return to prevent unnecessary delays and/or additional shipping charges.
Returns/Exchanges of Non-personalized Items: If there is a quality issue with your order, you may return it in new condition and in its original packaging for a prompt exchange or a full refund. Please contact Customer Service to receive return/exchange instructions. You have 30 days from received tracking date to return your items. Please note Bogati Urns product sales are final and non-returnable, per manufacturer.
Returns/Exchanges of Personalized Items: Understandably, personalized items cannot be accepted for return, unless there is a manufacturing error, product defect, or it has a personalization error.
In the unfortunate event that an order is cancelled after an item has been personalized but before item has been shipped or delivered, the customer will be charged for the item less a courtesy discount.
Returns & Exchanges of Damaged/Defective Items: If you receive a damaged or defective item, please notify us within 48 hours of delivery to set up a return or exchange. We will replace the item ASAP or set up a return for you. Afterlife Essentials reserves the right to replace a damaged/defective item and have the damaged/defective item returned to Afterlife Essentials or our vendor for inspection, at the cost of Afterlife Essentials. Please supply photos of the damaged or defective product and email to email@example.com so that we may verify your claim--thank you for your kind understanding.
Restocking and Shipping Fees: Returns/Exchanges of non-damaged or non-personalized items may incur a 10-15% restocking fee that is charged to us by our suppliers. Shipping charges are not refundable. Proof charges are non refundable. Customer is responsible for all return packing/shipping charges and must insure item for the full purchase price. In the event that your order qualified for free shipping at the time of purchase, actual shipping charges incurred by Afterlife Essentials will be deducted from the purchase price credit.
Are Credit Card or Shoppay Installment Fees Refundable? No, they are not. If you cancel an order that we have processed and / or shipped, credit card or Shopify Installment processing fees will be deducted from your refund.
- 2.9% for credit or debit cards
- 5.9% for Shopify Installment plans
Your card or Shopify Installment charge us these non-refundable fees, which we simply pass onto you should you decide to cancel an order.
Orders cancelled after items ship but before items are delivered: Customer will not be credited our actual shipping costs or return costs even if the order qualified for "free shipping" at time of purchase.
Other notes:
- Any missing items must be reported within 48 hours of delivery
- No returns on Bogati Urns products
- The product must not be customized or personalized
- The product must not be handmade
- The product must not be handblown glass
- No returns on scattering tubes
- The product must be unused and in resaleable condition
- We have the right to refuse service or sell to anyone
- Any incurred shipping costs will be subtracted from the total amount
- We can cancel orders if pricing is incorrect
- Shipping and Proof fees incurred will not be credited back on returns unless otherwise agreed
- Color Disclaimer - due to the unique characteristics of the natural materials used to create many urns; colors, patterns, sizes and volume may vary; urns may be different than pictured in the catalog or online.
Due to unique characteristics of the natural materials used to create many urns; colors, patterns, sizes and volumes may vary; urns may be slightly different from those pictured.
All items purchased are represented on our site in as best a color scheme/description as possible, based on information relayed to us by the manufacturer. Colors, however, may vary slightly from what is shown based on the type and age of monitor the items are viewed on.
The item name and color is no different on our site than on any other site, and you agree to purchase the item based on appearance as shown and described.
No manufacturer allows returns based on colors;
Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions we receive. Click on the question below for answers, and if you don't find the question(s) you have listed here, please contact us.
What size urn should I get?
The amount of ashes, or "cremains", that each cinerary urn holds is measured in cubic inches. The industry standard used to figure before-and-after size is approximately 1 pound of healthy weight to 1 cubic inch of cremains; that is, a 180lb person will require roughly 180 cubic inches.
What urn sizes are available?
Most adult cremation urns are made to hold 200 cubic inches. Companion urns are larger, usually 400 cubic inches, and are designed for the remains of two people. Keepsake urns are smaller, intended for use when the remains are divided for burial or sharing among family members. Other types of urns include pet urns, child urns, and various specialty urns that will vary in size.
What are cubic inches?
A cubic inch is a standard unit of measurement used to measure volume. A cubic inch is the volume of a symmetrical cube with each side measuring 1 inch in length. Urn capacity is measured in cubic inches, and a simple way to figure the size urn you need is to take the individuals weight and convert it at a 1:1 ratio to cubic inches. So an individual weighing 150 pounds will need an urn with a capacity of about 150 cubic inches.
Do I need to buy an urn from a funeral home or crematorium?
No. You can purchase an urn from anywhere and bring it to the funeral home or crematorium. According to the FTC's Funeral Rule, "the funeral provider may not refuse, or charge a fee, to handle a casket [or urn] you bought elsewhere."
How will the ashes come from the crematorium or funeral home?
Each crematorium has their own unique way of handling the remains, but generally you can expect to receive the ashes in a clear, durable plastic bag (usually sealed with a twist tie), inside of a simple "temporary urn" (a plastic or cardboard box). If you purchased an urn from the funeral home, they will most likely inurn the ashes prior to giving them to you.
How do I put the remains into the urn?
To place the remains in the cremation urn you ordered online, simply open the cardboard or plastic temporary urn and remove the plastic bag containing the cremated remains. Then place the sealed plastic bag into the permanent urn and reattach the urn's lid or bottom opening panel. You may use wood glue or caulking as a sealant, but this is not required as long as the ashes remain in the plastic bag.
What if I'm not comfortable handling the remains?
If you are uncomfortable with handling the remains, many funeral homes will transfer the remains into your cremation urn for you. If you did not use a funeral home, a family member or friend may be willing to inurn the ashes for you.
If you don't want to open the 'temporary urn', we offer several cremation urns which will hold some of the common sizes of temporary urns, so that you can simply insert the entire cardboard or plastic urn into the permanent urn.
What can be done with cremated remains?
The options are nearly limitless. The cremated remains can be buried in a cemetery plot, buried or scattered on private property, scattered in the ocean, scattered elsewhere with permission from the property owner/manager, kept at home in an urn, or shared among relatives in smaller keepsake urns.
Popular alternatives range from the eco-friendly (planted as a tree) to the artistic (mixed into a painting) to the celebratory (shot in fireworks), to the completely niche (embedded in a vinyl record). There are many alternatives you can explore.
What are my options for scattering ashes?
You can scatter ashes on your own property, on private property with permission from the owner, on public property with clearance from the appropriate officials, at sea, in a river, in a lake, from a cliff, or from air via a helicopter.
You can use the container the ashes come in, purchase a decorative tube that is easy for pouring, use a hinged-lid keepsake box, or any other urn that you can open.
You can pour the remains onto the ground or into the water, rake them into the ground in a rather soothing ritual, or bury them in biodegradable urn for a touch-free natural 'scattering' that will return your loved one to the earth.
Can I get an inscription engraved on my urn?
Yes. With a few rare exceptions, nearly all of our urns can be laser-engraved with a custom inscription, usually a name, dates, and a brief epitaph or quote. Most options are listed on the product page. If you are unsure or have questions about engraving, please let us know.
Will engraving the urn add to the delivery time?
Yes and no. The actual time it takes to set up and engrave an inscription ranges from between a few minutes to several hours, which will often have little effect on the shipment date; however, there is a wide range of factors converging every day in our busy production shops that may affect the day that your urn is made, engraved, and/or shipped. If you are concerned about a custom engraved urn arriving by a specific date, please call us and we will make arrangements to best suit your need.
How can I figure out if an appliqué will fit onto the urn I want?
Because our cremation urn appliqués are sold and shipped separately, it is important to determine in advance if the chosen appliqué will fit. All of our product pages display the dimensions of the product towards the bottom of the product description, so take note of the dimensions of the appliqué and then compare that to the dimensions of the urn you've selected. If there is any doubt, please feel free to contact us and we will measure the available space to ensure that if will fit.
How do I attach an appliqué to a cremation urn?
Our urn appliqués are designed to be attached to wood and metal urns by a 3M industrial-grade double-stick tape. Make sure that the surface area is clean, dry, and free of dust, then simply remove the layer of plastic from the back of the appliqué and affix it directly to the place on the urn you would like it to go. Once you place it, it will not be removable so be careful!
How do I seal the lid on a ceramic urn?
You can choose to not seal your urn if the ashes are placed inside using a sealed plastic bag; however, should you choose to seal the lid, it can easily be sealed with a good quality silicone sealant which can be found at any home depot or hardware store.
To seal the lid onto the ceramic urn, apply a bead of sealant around the inside of the lid, and then securely fasten the lid on to the body of the urn. If you someday decide to remove the sealed lid, it is possible if done carefully by a fairly strong person. Simply twist the lid back and forth until it releases.
Should I seal my cremation urn?
In most cases you will receive the cremains from the funeral home inside a plastic bag which will be inside a plastic or cardboard temporary urn, so usually the best method (and what we generally recommend) for placing the ashes into an urn is to simply leave the cremains in the plastic bag and set the bag in the urn. Using this option, most of our cremation urns will not require a sealant, but you may apply a small bead of wood glue, caulk, or other adhesive around the edges of the urn opening if you so choose.
With most wooden urns, the entire bottom panel is removeable, allowing you to easily place the ashes into the urn. With many of our marble or stone urns, the interior of the urn is accessed by a threaded stopper and thus pouring the remains is the recommended method. Ceramic urns are often accessed by removing the lid and, depending on the size of the opening, the ashes can either be placed into the urn inside the plastic bag or should be poured in.
Should you choose an urn with a small opening or simply decide to pour the ashes into the cremation urn, sealing is recommended to prevent leakage. You may also want to apply a sealant upon closure of the urn to ensure permanance, regardless of whether the plastic bag is used or not.
How do I open a wood urn?
Most of our wood cremation urns open from the bottom by removing four screws. Simple remove the screws, place the plastic bag of remains into the urn, then reattach the bottom panel using the screws.
What is a keepsake urn?
A keepsake urn is a small urn which holds a tiny portion of cremains, usually between 1-35 cubic inches depending on the design of the keepsake (standard adult urn size holds 200 cubic inches).
What is a companion urn?
A companion urn is a cremation urn for two individuals. The industry standard size for a companion urn is 400 cubic inches. Our comprehensive resource will answer every question you may have concerning companion urns.
Should a companion urn have a divider?
The answer to this depends on the design of the urn and your preference. Some urns, such as most marble companion urns, are designed with two separate comparments for the remains. Others, like most wood companion urns, have a removeable panel that can separate the interior. Ceramic urns usually do not have a divider, due to the shape.
The remains will come to you in a plastic bag, and we generally recommend simply placing the bag into the urn. For compainon urns, this means that you can choose to either place both bags into the urn, or co-mingle the remains in a single plastic bag, thus rendered the question of a divider unnecessary.
Which cremation urns are suitable for airline travel?
Most wood, plastic, or non-lead lined ceramic urns can pass through the TSA's security screenings. Generally, most airlines will allow you to bring a cremation urn as a carry-on provided it passes through the security screenings. Out of respect for the deceased and family, airport security personnel will never open the cremation container. This is why it is important to choose an urn which will pass through the x-ray screening.
*Please verify with the airport/airplane you are flying out of to ensure guarantee passage of your urn
How long can I keep a biodegradable urn?
Most biodegradable urns are made out of hearty materials, including bamboo wood, ceramics, grolleg paper, cardboard, salt, cornstarch, and more. As long as you keep the biodegradable urn away from moisture they will last for years.
The heartier ones, such as bamboo and our ceramic-based memorial tree urns, are very durable and will take years to biodegrade in the ground. With these, you won't need to worry too much about moisture while storing the urn prior to use. Others, such as the Himalayan Rock Salt Urn, will biodegrade within four hours when placed into the water. These types will still last for years provided they are stored securely and away from water.
What forms of payment do you accept?
We accept all major credit cards, Visa, Mastercard, Discover, American Express, etc., as well as PayPal. We are PCI compliant, and our secure checkout is protected by up-to-date SSL certificates.
Our checkout process is simple; once the cremation urn is added to your cart, we require only your shipping and billing address(es), your choice of shipping method (free ground shipping, expedited, etc.), and your choice of checking out securely on our site or via PayPal.
Color Disclaimer
All items purchased are represented on our site in as best a color scheme/description as possible, based on information relayed to us by the manufacturer. Colors, however, may vary slightly from what is shown based on the type and age of monitor the items are viewed on.
The item name and color is no different on our site than on any other site, and you agree to purchase the item based on appearance as shown and described.


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More than 2,500 people dropped off the waiting list between May and August
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Thank you for improving Gammu phones database, but please note that this is not bug tracking system. Should you have any problems with Gammu, please report them in the bug tracker.
Email and name fields are voluntary, you can choose how (and whether) the email will be shown to visitors. Email can be used by Gammu developers to contact you in case they want to test something with your phone or want to clarify some things you have entered.


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Iran has hanged 16 militant prisoners in what is being called retaliation for an attack that killed more than a dozen Iranian guards near the country's border with Pakistan, according to Iran's state-affiliated media. The country is also blaming Pakistan for what it calls lax security.
NPR's Peter Kenyon filed this report for our Newscast unit:
"FARS news agency quoted a local official in the restive Sistan-Baluchistan province as saying 16 'rebels' had been hanged in reaction to the killing of the border guards Friday night in the Saravan region, known to be used by smugglers and drug traffickers.
"A group calling itself Jeish al-Adl, or Army of Justice, took credit for the attack, according to state media accounts, although the group's website appeared to describe the attack as having taken place earlier this month. Iran's deputy interior minister described the attack as an ambush by Iranians 'belonging to hostile groups.'
"The commander of the border guards said none of his men was taken hostage, contradicting earlier reports."
The AP notes that the FARS report didn't detail the prisoners' affiliation with a militant group; it also didn't mention a trial, "suggesting the prisoners may already have been convicted and sentenced to death, and their executions moved up after the ambush," the agency says.
After the attack, the deputy governor-general of Sistan and Baluchestan, Rajabali Sheikhzadeh, expressed frustration with Pakistan, citing poor security measures.
"Pakistan should feel responsible for its borders because these outlaws have fled into Pakistan after the clashes," Sheikhzadeh tells FARS.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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18 MERCEDES-BENZ Slc Kereta Rekond untuk dijual di Malaysia
Penapis Carian
Tetapkan semula
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This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington. One of the most critically acclaimed and most popular films of the year, "Zero Dark Thirty," is up for five Oscars, including Best Picture. The film follows the hunt for Osama bin Laden and sparked controversy for its depiction of CIA interrogation techniques, including water boarding.
JASON CLARKE: (As Dan) Come on, give it to me. Hasam(ph) was a friend of Gramzi Yusef(ph). You guys met in Iran back in the '90s.
REDA KATEB: (As Ammar) I don't know. (Beep).
CLARKE: (As Dan) The emails to the rest of the Saudi group...
CONAN: Some say these scenes are inaccurate, too graphic or not graphic enough. Some critics argue the film justifies torture. Some complain the film gives away operational secrets and glorifies the CIA. If you've seen the film, how did it change your thoughts on interrogation? 800-989-8255. Email us, firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also join the conversation on our website. That's at npr.org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION.
Later in the program, Eve Ensler on V Day and one billion rising. But first "Zero Dark Thirty" and the politics of interrogation. Mark Bowden is national correspondent for The Atlantic magazine, author of "The Finish: The Killing of Osama bin Laden," and joins us now on the phone from his office in Wilmington, Delaware. Nice to have you back on the program.
MARK BOWDEN: Thank you, Neal.
CONAN: And let's start by stipulating this is a movie, it encapsulates 10 years into two-and-a-half hours, so accuracy is a relative concept. Broadly speaking, did they get it right?
BOWDEN: Yes, I think they did. I think most audiences understand fully what it means when a film says that it's based on a true story, and, you know, in fact, having researched this story and written about it myself, you know, I feel that it very authentically captures both the character and a lot of the details of this story.
CONAN: And details are important. One of the complaints by Senator John McCain, of course himself a victim of torture many years ago, and other U.S. senators who have had access to classified files, is that this film wrongly suggests that the key information on the whereabouts of Osama bin Laden was a product of torture.
BOWDEN: Well, that's what they say. You know, I think that it is - it's arguable, Neal, whether the information that was produced through these interrogation sessions that involved torture was key. But it definitely did produce useful and, you know, some of the very early leads that eventually took us to Abbottabad.
CONAN: Such as?
BOWDEN: Well, the - you know, the person who led us to bin Laden was a Kuwaiti courier who was known, for many years, to the CIA only as Ahmed the Kuwaiti. His name was Ibrahim Saeed Ahmed, and they eventually, you know, made the connection between the pseudonym Ahmed the Kuwaiti and the guy's real name.
But the existence of this Ahmed the Kuwaiti emerged from some of the most notorious - publicly notorious - interrogation sessions early in the effort against al-Qaida.
CONAN: Yet it would be quite some time before that name emerged and he would lead us to bin Laden.
BOWDEN: Correct, and I think, you know, I think there's a political motive behind claiming that torture played no role in this, and perhaps even an admiral political motive, but the truth is that unless you discount all the years that the CIA was trying to figure out who Ahmed the Kuwaiti was and only begin the story when they made that connection with a real person, it's just not true to say that torture was not a factor.
CONAN: There is in fact a scene in the film, and this is, I guess, just before that pivot, after years of intelligence-gathering, which included those water boarding scenes. The film shows a moment in which a very angry CIA chief raises concerns about the information gathered after years.
MARK STRONG: (As George) There's no working group coming to the rescue. There's nobody else hidden away on some other floor. There is just us, and we are failing. We're spending billions of dollars. People are dying. We are still no closer to defeating our enemy.
CONAN: And some would suggest that those interrogations, then, did not produce any information that was practical, at least not to that point.
BOWDEN: That's correct. You know, I think the film accurately shows the frustrations of the CIA in those early years. They had lost track of bin Laden entirely, and, you know, long after they stopped utilizing coercive interrogation methods, they produced the breakthrough that eventually led to Abbottabad.
So if anything, I've argued that the film accurately depicts the failures and frustrations in those early years when these sorts of methods were being employed.
CONAN: We want to get callers in on the conversation. If you've seen "Zero Dark Thirty," how does it change your opinions on the use of enhanced interrogation? Well, that's what some call it; others call it water boarding, and some other critics would call it torture. 800-989-8255. Email us, firstname.lastname@example.com. And let's begin with Nick(ph), and Nick is on the line with us from Boise in Idaho.
NICK: Hi, I saw the movie, and I really liked it, by the way, but I think it strengthened my opinions for the use of interrogation, the fact that it allowed us to find who we were looking for, basically. It got us the answers we needed to eventually capture bin Laden.
CONAN: It was certainly not, you know, direct from Point A to Point B.
NICK: No, definitely not, but it gave us the information that allowed us to source those contacts and find out where we needed to go from the information that we currently had.
CONAN: Did it give you any qualms about the ethics? If there was no ticking time bomb, if there was no plot that was going to be interrupted that was going to take lives next week, is this sort of thing justified?
NICK: I think so, just because I think that while these people may not have been proven to be terrorists, I think if you are associated with terrorists, you've given up your rights to be treated as a normal human being.
CONAN: All right, thanks very much, Nick.
NICK: Thank you.
CONAN: And let's see if we can go next to - this is Thomas(ph), Thomas with us from Fresno.
THOMAS: Yeah, I strongly disagree with what the last caller said. I think they could have gotten that information in a different way. And if all they got from harsh interrogation was the names of associates, I believe there's other ways to ascertain that information than water boarding someone over and over again.
CONAN: There's no way to know that. There's - the fact is those interrogations did take place, the information did come as a product of those interrogations. There's no way to know they could have been gotten any other way.
THOMAS: Well, I mean, they're saying that it's guilt by association. So just by being affiliated with a terrorist, then, it gives the government supreme power to go after these people and no checks on it.
CONAN: Well, some of them were - none of them have been convicted in any court anywhere as of yet, but people like Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a self-confessed terrorist.
THOMAS: Yeah, under duress.
CONAN: All right. Thomas, thanks very much for the call, we appreciate it.
THOMAS: Thank you.
CONAN: Joining us now is John Rizzo, the former chief legal officer for the Central Intelligence Agency. He currently serves as senior counsel at Steptoe & Johnson, where he's a member of the National and Homeland Security Practice Group. He joins us by phone from his office here in Washington. Good of you to be with us today.
JOHN RIZZO: Nice to be with you.
CONAN: And you've seen the film? What did you think of it?
RIZZO: I did see the film. Well, first of all, just from a movie-going standpoint, I thought it was a ripping good action thriller, very well-made.
CONAN: And did it get it right?
RIZZO: Well, I assume you're asking about the early scenes on the interrogations. Let me initially focus on that. As anyone who saw the movie knows, it depicted water boarding, and it depicted another technique involving putting the detainee in a box. Both water boarding and the use of a box were indeed among the originally approved set of interrogation techniques that formed the basis of the original FBI program. So in that respect the movie was accurate.
Where I parted ways with it was the manner in which these two techniques were depicted in the movie, the manner by which the interrogator carried out the techniques. Now, I should emphasize that the water boarding and the use of the box, especially the water board, I would never characterize them as benign or innocuous.
I mean, as approved, they were quite aggressive. So there's no gain saying that. On the other hand, the way the water board was depicted, with the water, you know, large amounts of water basically poured into the detainee's mouth with him gagging up huge amounts, the use of the dog collar on him; and with respect to the box the fact that he was jammed into, at least to me, looking at it, it looked like he was being shoe-horned into this very teeny, tiny box.
Now those - in fact - that fact was not the way those techniques were authorized to be conducted and were not in fact carried out that - in that manner. So in that respect, the visual images, you know, I do believe struck me as over-the-top.
CONAN: And what do you say in response to people like Senator McCain, who say that, in fact, no useful information was the product of this torture and that the film is wrong in that respect?
RIZZO: Well, I - you know, this is also the position apparently that's going to be taken in the report that the Senate Intelligence Committee has prepared, which has not been released. I mean, where I come out on this, having lived with this program from the beginning, I found, looking back, it's very dangerous to make, sort of, categorical statements one way or the other that we would never have caught bin Laden were it not for these techniques.
On the other end of the spectrum, I don't - with due respect to those who take this position, seven - this program was carried out, was originally carried out, evolved over the years, was refined, produced thousands of intelligence reports and was conducted, mind you, all those years, by career CIA officers, non-political public servants.
To say - to make a blanket statement that nothing of any value ever came out of these techniques, I just think beggars the imagination. I just don't buy that.
CONAN: Stay with us, we're going to have more with John Rizzo and Mark Bowden after a short break. If you've seen "Zero Dark Thirty," call, tell us: Did it change the way you think about interrogation? 800-989-8255. Email us, firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll be right back. I'm Neal Conan. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
CONAN: This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington. Kathryn Bigelow's "Zero Dark Thirty" has been generating Oscar buzz even before its release. It's also invigorated an older debate about the CIA's interrogation techniques. If you've seen the film, tell us: How did it change your thoughts on interrogation? 800-989-8255. Email us, firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also join the conversation on our website. That's at npr.org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION.
Our guests are Mark Bowden, national correspondent for The Atlantic and author of "The Finish: The Killing of Osama bin Laden." Also with us, John Rizzo, former chief legal officer for the Central Intelligence Agency. John Riggo(ph), you were - Rizzo, excuse me, you were talking just before the break about these techniques did produce, it seemed to you, useful intelligence. Even if they did, some would argue, these techniques should not be used, and the United States should forego them.
RIZZO: Well, that's - you know, that's the ultimate question, isn't it? I can just tell you what my perspective was, my viewpoint was at the time these were conceived. I was, frankly, involved in this program heavily from the outset. When I first heard about these proposed techniques, I thought they were quite harsh, that they're very aggressive.
I didn't know at that point whether they amounted to torture because, as you know, that's a legal term. More simply, never in my 25 years before at CIA had I the occasion to deal with the torture statute. So I didn't know - first of all, we were not going to ever do anything that was deemed to be illegal. But they were clearly, by any accounts, aggressive.
But, you know, it's important to keep in mind the context of the times. These were conceived, this program was conceived just a few months after the 9/11 attacks. Everyone in the government and in large parts of the country were convinced that another attack was only a matter of time. In that context, in that environment, in that atmosphere, I mean, I don't presume to speak for everyone who was involved at the time, but I thought that if our experts thought that these sort of extraordinary measures were necessary and unavoidable to prevent perhaps another catastrophic attack, I myself concluded that they were not only worth pursuing, but it was our duty to pursue them, to at least confirm whether or not we could legally do them.
CONAN: You were among those who was involved in establishing the legal underpinning for this. Did you ever attend any of these interrogations? Did you ever watch any of the tapes?
RIZZO: No, I never viewed the videotapes, which, as you know, were destroyed without my knowledge several years later. I had lawyers working under me who regularly visited the sites when the sessions were ongoing as part of the review effort. I should if I could note, parenthetically, getting back to the movie briefly, one of the other things about these scenes, the interrogation scenes in the movie that I thought was misleading was the seemingly ad hoc nature by which the interrogator would decide to use the waterboard or jam the detainee into the box.
In fact the actual sessions were monitored by legal personnel, by medical personnel, and every technique had to be fully vetted with CIA headquarters and approved before they could be applied. So that was the other major, I think, misimpression left by the scenes, the interrogations as depicted in the movie.
CONAN: Mark Bowden, I wanted to bring you back in. Given what we've just heard from John Rizzo, does that still fall within the broad framework of based on a true story?
BOWDEN: Yeah, it does. I would think, Neal, that, you know, if the filmmakers had depicted the more clinical methods that John has described, it would have been a great deal more chilling than what we saw, at least, you know, in my way of looking at things. If I wanted to depict something really horrifying, I'd put a couple of doctors in the room and...
BOWDEN: And have everything very antiseptic and clean. I mean, to me that smacks of, you know, SS tactics or, you know, medical experiments at a concentration camp. So in that sense maybe the filmmakers did the CIA a favor.
CONAN: Karen Greenberg is director of the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School, the editor of "The Torture Debate in America." She joins us now from our bureau in New York. Good of you to be with us.
KAREN GREENBERG: Thank you for having me.
CONAN: And your thoughts on the film.
GREENBERG: Well, as you can probably imagine, I didn't particularly care for it. I didn't like seeing torture portrayed for in excess of 40 minutes. And I didn't like the message that it sent, basically what your first caller referred to, which is that it made him think that interrogation and torture worked and worked in a an incredibly important national goal, which was to locate and kill Osama bin Laden.
CONAN: You don't think it worked.
GREENBERG: Do I think that the torture worked, is that what you're asking me?
CONAN: Yeah, you're...
GREENBERG: I think that the Senate Select Intelligence Committee has done a report and that there actually is an answer to this question. And I think they should release it so that the American public or whoever wants to can read through the 6,000 pages that it apparently is.
I think that if it worked, it doesn't mean that other methods wouldn't have worked just as well. You have to really think about how long it took us to get bin Laden. One thing missing from the film, and I think it's quite unfortunate, is the - what I understand from reports and a number of books that have been written is that President Obama came into office with a firm determination to do whatever he could to amass whatever resources he could to get bin Laden.
It's something that's missing entirely from the movie. I'm not saying that the prior administration wasn't committed to getting bin Laden, but there was a renewed energy and focus and intensity and determination. So whether or not it was torture, it doesn't mean that other methods, such as those used by the FBI or any other law enforcement organization, could have gotten from any of the people that led us to bin Laden.
CONAN: And you may be right; nevertheless, that isn't what happened. And do you fault the film for showing what actually did happen?
GREENBERG: We don't know that that isn't what happened, and that's why we need to see the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report because if, as Senators Feinstein and Senator McCain say, the report does not say that torture led to bin Laden, then we need to know that.
And we actually - what this film did was to put us right back into the gray area of he-said-she-said with an ultimate sense on the American public that we can't possibly know, but this film has given us one narrative purported to be based on firsthand accounts of actual events. But we actually don't know.
CONAN: John Rizzo, how do you respond to that?
RIZZO: Well, I agree that the notion that it is ultimately unknowable. This relates to my earlier comment about I think we need to avoid absolutes in this discussion. I don't know. I don't think anyone knows. You know, perhaps if these techniques had not been used, perhaps the same information could have been elicited. I won't say that's an impossibility.
The question is we'll never know. And there was no way of knowing, in those early months after 9/11, when we had our first major terrorists, one thing we did not have was the luxury of time. It was concluded that Zubaydah, Abu Zubaydah, the first detainee, was stonewalling. We were at a crossroads.
Perhaps if the program had never come into effect, the information leading to bin Laden would have ultimately come, but if so, how long would that have taken, when would it have happened. And the final point I would make here, Neal, is, you know, we - it's a mistake now to focus on the interrogation program as having a sole raison d'etre of finding a way to find bin Laden.
The other equally important aspect of the program and motivation for the program was to elicit intelligence that could lead to the unraveling, the exposure, of other potential attacks against the homeland.
CONAN: And did it?
RIZZO: Well, in the view of our professional career analysts and operatives, it did. I mean, it was a very complicated matrix. The interrogation program was only one part of the, you know, the all-out intelligence effort, counterterrorism intelligence effort in post-9/11 years. I will not say it was the only way by which some of these plots were exposed, there were certainly other means. I think the movie actually was good in elucidating that. But it did, it did play a role. Now how big a role, you know, I'm not prepared to say. But I think it's indisputable that it played a role. Even the administration, the Obama administration, has conceded that.
CONAN: Well, John Rizzo, we know you've got another appointment. We appreciate your taking time out to speak with us today.
RIZZO: Well, thank you for having me, Neal, thanks.
CONAN: John Rizzo, former chief legal officer for the Central Intelligence Agency, currently serves as senior counsel at Steptoe & Johnson, where he's a member of the National and Homeland Security Practice Group. Still with us is Karen Greenberg, who's director of the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School and editor of - excuse me - editor of "The Torture Debate in America," and Mark Bowden, who's the author of "The Finish: The Killing of Osama Bin Laden." Let's see if we get another caller in on the conversation. This is Coop(ph). Coop with us from Granite Bay in California.
COOP: Yes. To me, this strikes me as an end-means rationale. I used to contrast the Vietnamese prisoner of war treatment by the ARVNs with our own. And you give the prisoner a bowl of soup and a cigarette and treat him humanely; you usually got more reliable information. Of course, that was - those were not hardened terrorists but...
CONAN: ARVN being the South Vietnamese Army.
COOP: Yes, yes. But you pay a heavy price. Let's assume we did get bin Laden through torture, what are you giving up? Al-Qaida is still out there. You've given - you've gained something important, but you've given up your standing in international law. You've given up that - the ill will that is going to be generated with more terrorists, and you've given up a very poor example for our troops when they're captured and on and on and on. And I used to make that - as a former infantryman in Vietnam, I used to make that point.
And then a lawyer later, as a JAG Corps officer, I used to make that point with commanders. And I think having the combat experience, generally, it gave me some credibility that they appreciated. And I just think it's an awfully heavy price. There's no absolutes, as they say. And sometimes the ends do justify the means, but it's classic rationale. That's my comment. Thank you.
CONAN: All right. Thanks very much. And, Karen Greenberg, I would think that would be an opinion you would endorse.
GREENBERG: Well, I think there's a couple of things I'd like to say in response. First is this is the first mention of the legality of it coming up, and I think it's an important point. Torture is illegal under American law, under military law and under international law. The definition of torture was changed in order to allow for this program President Obama, you know, outlawed torture again, restored the way it was in the past. But it's a very important point to make because it infuses this debate because those who participate in it are aware of the fact that before and after this it was illegal and it carries great penalties.
Second thing I want to point out is something about professionalism. The Central Intelligence Agency is an agency that prides itself on its ability to penetrate into foreign networks, to get information, to analyze information, and that is the profession. To yield to torture is such a deep professionalism of what they are trained to do that it's interesting to me that they haven't been more offended by this movie, maybe they have been. And the third thing I just want to bring up because nobody has mentioned it yet is that perhaps the thing that I find most unsettling about this film is the lack of pushback or dissent or contesting the fact of torture in the movie.
There is no character that says, gee, this isn't the way the CIA does things, or this is illegal, or maybe we should think about the morality of it. There's nothing. And as a result, it has a dehumanizing effect I believe on the nature of the story that is being told. And so I just want to make those comments in response to this caller and to John Rizzo's final comments.
CONAN: Karen Greenberg of Fordham Law School. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And, Mark Bowden, she's right on that last point, and it's a point that others within the film business have brought up as well in criticizing the film as not taking a stand against torture.
BOWDEN: No, it doesn't and nor do I feel, you know, filmmakers and artists are obliged to make a political argument or a statement. It's sufficient at least in my aesthetic if you're trying to tell a true story that you simply, you know, show what happened. And I also disagree with the interpretation of the film. The 40 minutes of coercive interrogation in the beginning of the film are depicted as an effort to try to head off a terrorist attack in Saudi Arabia, which goes ahead.
They fail to prevent that attack. In fact, they make a point in the movie of noting that their efforts to interrogate this guy failed, and he's shown to be giving them, you know, misinformation as they're, you know, pushing him into this box. So the interpretation of the film which says that that long interrogation sequence in the beginning demonstrates the usefulness of torture methods I think just fails to read the movie correctly. So, you know, I don't agree with the interpretation of the film. I do agree, however, that it's right to ban these methods, and that the price that you pay for using them, except in very rare instances where you might forestall a tragedy is too great.
CONAN: Let's get one more caller in. This is Dan. Dan with us from Jacksonville.
DAN: Hi. How are you doing?
CONAN: All right.
DAN: I've got two points. The first one is the reason why Senator Feinstein and McCain have come out against it is because it opens up our troops to those same techniques. I was an intelligence analyst in a human intelligence unit for over six years in Korea and in Iraq. And I do believe that if a prisoner is unwilling to talk that it does make them eventually want to talk. And once you get into that position where they're talking, you can then find out the truth from the lies. But if they're not willing to talk at all from the beginning, you've got to encourage them. I hate to say it that way, but that's the facts.
CONAN: I'm hearing two things here, Dan. One, that it can be effective. Two, that even if so, it exposes our troops to that same brutal treatment.
DAN: Yes. And that's why the Senate report probably won't be released is because it probably did encourage them to talk. And it therefore shows that it does work, and, therefore, our troops are going to be subject to it in a regular conflict. And the treatment that our troops receive from the terrorists, cutting off their heads is not going to change whether it works or we outlaw the techniques.
CONAN: Dan, thanks very much for the call. Appreciate it. And thank to our guests as well. We've already said goodbye to John Rizzo, but Karen Greenberg, thanks very much for your time today.
GREENBERG: Thank you for having me.
CONAN: Karen Greenberg, director of the Center on National Security at Fordham Law School, editor of "The Torture Debate in America." Mark Bowden, a national correspondent for The Atlantic. His piece is "Zero Dark Thirty is Pro-Torture" ran on The Atlantic website last month. Thanks very much for your time as always.
BOWDEN: Thank you, Neal.
CONAN: Up next, V-Day's 1 billion rise up and get down to take a stand against violence against women. Eve Ensler joins us after a short break. Stay with us. I'm Neal Conan. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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FSFE Newsletter - August 2011
Inside stories by a critical thinker
"If people do not understand why their computing is related to their freedom, it's because nobody explained them properly" (Bernhard Reiter)
Bernhard Reiter is one of FSFE's founders and architect of the original German team. He participated in setting up three important Free Software organisations: FreeGIS.org, FFII, and FossGIS. Besides that, he is founder and Executive Director of Intevation GmbH, a company with exclusively Free Software products and services since 1999.
Interesting stories about setting up FSFE, challenges for Free Software, and more are covered in this month's Fellowship interview.
Become a Critical Thinker: Get Rid of "Intellectual Property"
A lot of people talk about "intellectual property". When using this term, they usually mix different things like copyright, patents, trademarks, also right to a name, utility patents, business models, or even geographical indications. If you want to think critically and clearly about challenges in the digital age, you should separate those different issues.
If you really need a term to cover all that, you should use one which is not that much biased. There are some suggestions in the articles mentioned below, like the term "Limited Intellectual Monopolies".
But in 90% cases there is actually only one monopoly concerned. Discussions will be much more productive if everybody knows what you are talking about. So, if someone says "we need more protection of "intellectual property", ask them what that means, perhaps it means they want to have software patents. If someone says "we need to limit the scope of "intellectual property", you should ask if they want to restrain copyright, patents or even abolish trademarks.
You can read more about this in Richard Stallman's article "Did You Say 'Intellectual Property'? It's a Seductive Mirage", Georg Greve's "Fighting intellectual poverty (Who owns and controls the information societies?)", and your editor's interview with Dradio Wissen (in German).
Support FSFE in critical thinking
For FSFE it is important that all of you support us. This way our work does not depend on single donors, and we can continue to think and communicate critical to promote software freedom.
It is now possible to donate us monthly and yearly by credit card and in Germany also by direct debit. Beside that, in the Netherlands donations to FSFE can now be deducted from income tax (before it was only possible in Germany and Switzerland). If we get more than 20 new donors, your editor promises that he will not write the word "critical" in the next newsletter.
Something completely different
- Richard Stallman wrote an article "Resist the Temptations of the Cloud!" (German version) in the German Magazine "Spiegel".
- PDFreaders.org. It is boring to follow up bugs, but it does not take a lot of time and has a good effect. In Italy volunteers again managed to close 13 bugs last month. Your editor gave two talks in Brazil about the PDFreaders campaign to motivate people to fix bugs in Latin America, and our UK coordinator Sam Tuke is organising a PDFreaders bug hunt in Manchester. If you live around, join other Free Software advocates on Saturday, August 13, between 15.00-17.30 at MadLab hackerspace to find and remove UK Government adverts for non-Free PDF Readers. Cake and Pizza provided!
- New German Free Software Business Association: Lisog (124 members) and LIVE Linux-Verband (103 members) now merged into the Open Source Business Alliance (OSBA) (German).
- FSFE will take part at the Desktop Summit, a joint conference organised by the GNOME and KDE communities in Berlin, Germany, 6 - 12 August 2011 at the Humboldt University. Our president Karsten Gerloff will give a talk on "Free desktops for Europe's public sector" and Bernhard Reiter will talk about "Daily Melee: paid people within Free Software initiatives - How they tick, how to keep them and the art of behaving if you are one". (All events are available on our event page and in the Fellowship calendar.
- From the planet aggregation:
- CERN launched its Open Hardware License 1.1 and Open Hardware Repository. IBM promised to give its Lotus Symphony source code to the Apache Foundation, and W3C wants to invalidate Apple's Widget software patents. Read the legal news from 27.6.-3.7. 4.7.-10.7., and 11.7.-18.7..
- Brian Gough has announced the GNU Hackers meeting which will take place on 25. August – 28. August in Paris. There are about 45 GNU maintainers and contributors registered so far and speakers include Jim Meyering, Stefano Zacchiroli, and Jim Blandy.
- Why are students developing Free Software for the public sector? Read in Guido Arnold's weblog how students get involved in Free Software.
Get active: Read and distribute "crime story"
"When patents attack" is a good story from investigative journalists on software patents, which reads like a crime story. Your editor recommends you to read it so you have good arguments in future. If you like it, distribute the article among your colleagues and friends.
Matthias Kirschner - FSFE
Free Software Foundation Europe
FSFE News
Upcoming FSFE Events
Fellowship Blog Aggregation
Free Software Discussions


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Choose the exchange units you want to convert from and to, and type in your convert amount in the textbox. The result will show up above the currency converter.
1 Norwegian krone =
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A currency converter is a useful tool which allows a certain amount of one currency to be converted into a different currency, using up to date currency values.
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. It is the value of a foreign nations currency in terms of the home nations currency. For example an exchange rate of 91 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 91 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 3.2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Other known terms for a currency converter are: currency converter, currency calculator, conversion currency calculator, google currency converter calculator, convert the currency, convert currency google, currency money converter and calculator exchange rates.


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Something that should probably be documented is the fact that both natsort and natcasesort maintain the key-value associations of the array. If you natsort a numerically indexed array, a for loop will not produce the sorted order; a foreach loop, however, will produce the sorted order, but the indices won't be in numeric order. If you want natsort and natcasesort to break the key-value associations, just use array_values on the sorted array, like so:
$arr = array_values($arr);


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We recently found that single black men were much more likely to say they were looking for a long-term relationship (43 percent) compared to single black women (25 percent).
Those numbers come from our big poll of African-Americans' views of their lives and communities (the poll was conducted by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health). Our findings about the dating lives of single folks — that is, respondents 18-49, widowed, divorced, or never married — have sparked the most conversation so far.
And the gender skew has elicited straight-out side-eyes.
A lot of people wondered just what was going on, because the prevailing story is that black women cannot find black men who are interested in a relationship. (And if we're keeping it one hundred, these results sparked some arguments among the Code Switch team.)
So here are some additional ideas about what might explain this discrepancy. As our poll makes clear: it's hardly that neat.
1. The Financial Stability Theory.
When we asked Robert Blendon, one of the poll's co-directors, what might explain this gap, he pointed to research that has shown black folks care more about the economic cost-benefit analysis of partnering up.
"African-Americans were more concerned with financial security than whites or Hispanics when they considered marriage," Blendon said.
So why might that matter? Blendon said that black women are outpacing black men in college attendance and completion, as well as as the attainment of postgraduate degrees. (Women in general are more likely to get degrees, but it's even more pronounced among black folks: two-thirds of all bachelor's degrees awarded to African-Americans in 2009-2010 went to women.) Assuming that our female respondents are looking for equally educated black men as partners, there may be real worry about the economic prospects of their pool of partners. (Only about four percent of respondents identified themselves as LGBT.)
But if we also think about the division of household labor, which in the United States means women bear a larger share of domestic responsibilities, then a long-term relationship might seem unappealing to many women. (A federal study from 2011 showed married women reporting to have much less leisure time on a daily basis than do men, doing a whole lot more housework, and doing the lion's share of the child-rearing.)
It's possible that our single women respondents are taking all of this into account and finding the prospect of a long-term relationship wanting. (Alas, we don't have numbers for other racial groups, and no basis for comparison.)
2. The What-Do-You-Mean-By-Long-Term-Relationship Theory.
This is the theory we heard most often. Maybe people have very different definitions of "long-term relationship."Put another way: men want relationships, not marriage.
That's what Milton Appling, a single Brooklynite, told NPR's Chris Johnsonwhen asked for his thoughts on the findings. "If 'long-term relationship' means headed to marriage as a final step, as opposed to X years and we'll see what happens, then that's very different," he said. "Men in general, when they hear that term, do not necessarily mean 'marriage.' Marriage is marriage."
Danielle Belton, writing at Clutch, also wondered about the choice of words. "Commitment does not necessarily equal 'marriage,' which is what I know many of my friends, including myself, say they eventually want," she wrote. "Sure, I have no doubt that there [is many a man] who thinks life would be easier if the rent could be split, if sex was easy and plentiful, if sandwiches were made and always abundant while still having that escape clause because nobody has any papers on each other."
But the poll's respondents saw this question much more clearly. We asked the people who said they were looking for a long-term relationship if they wanted to be married. Almost all of them — 98 percent — said they did.
(Belton also wondered if singles answered differently depending on their ages, and wanted a deeper dive. "I don't know about you, but I don't know a lot of people near 50 who can relate to someone barely out of high school, let alone share their dating aspirations," she wrote. So I turned to Harvard's Kathleen Weldon for clarity. She worked on the poll. And her response: "We only have it broken down in two categories — the youngest two categories used in the general poll, so 18-29 and 30-49. But those show no statistically significant difference by age.")
3. The "Bradley Effect" Theory.
Back in 1982, Tom Bradley, L.A.'s first black mayor, was running for governor of California. Polls had shown him with a pretty sizable lead over his opponent, George Deukmejian. One newspaper even projected Bradley as the winner during election night.
But when the results came in, Bradley had lost. How?
One theory started to gain traction — white respondents, wary of being labeled racist, gave pollsters the response that they felt was most socially acceptable. This idea became known as "The Bradley Effect." (It's worth noting that this theory's been hotly debated since it was coined. We use the term without taking a stand, one way or another.)
Many commenters wondered if the Bradley Effect was in play here — in other words, respondents were fronting for pollsters to look "good." Could they have been trying to avoid coming across as no-'count, triflin' commitment-phobes?
Conversely, female respondents might have been erring in the other direction – maybe they weren't trying to come across as desperate, marriage-obsessed, single women.
But this whole idea of a dating Bradley Effect rests on a notion that no matter what the poll says, men are wary of romantic commitment while women are especially focused on getting into them.
Which brings us to our last theory...
4. Occam's Razor.
You know the theory of Occam's razor: the simplest explanation is probably the best.
Let's consider the possibility that maybe, just maybe, the poll results are spot-on accurate.
And maybe the prevailing conventional wisdom about what black women and black men want is just wrong.
This seems to be both the most obvious possibility, yet it seems to be the one to which people are most resistant. We accept — nay, we embrace — the idea/trope/stereotype that women want nothing more than to find a nice dude to settle down with. And dudes will avoid commitment at all costs, unless they're dragged kicking and screaming to the altar. This idea is everywhere.
A few years ago, there seemed to be a geyser of stories about the problems black women had in finding partners — stories that often seemed based on a flimsy, threadbare premise. ("Resolved: Census data shows there are more black women than black men: RESPOND!") And sure, those stories made for great happy hour and brunch conversation fodder — and by "great," I really mean exhausting and eternal — because it allowed everyone to kvetch and generalize and swap dating war stories. But anecdata often make rickety foundations for grand social explanations, even when those ideas rake in the pageviews and book sales. Even when they feel true.
Maybe the truth really is that lots of black men really do want to get boo'ed up while lots of black women are ambivalent.
People felt strongly, on a visceral level, that the poll results were off. But maybe what's off are our assumptions about what black women and men really want.
Which of these theories holds most sway with you? Are there others we haven't considered?
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Although the big music festivals still dominate, August and September are when the more intimate festival experiences come out to play. Here's what it takes to put them together – and why they're worth going to.
For the past few months, Rob Da Bank's handwritten planning sheets have been getting messier and messier. Unlike other operators, the BBC Radio 1 DJ and the man behind Bestival, the much-loved event on the Isle of Wight that goes down every September, prefers to plan his entire festival using pen and paper.
"My team keep on trying to persuade me to use spreadsheets, Excel and all this computer stuff," says the DJ otherwise known as Robert Gorham (b.1973). "I just can't get to grips with looking at a computer screen and bringing that to life in the same way. Even writing that down with a pencil and paper doesn't make it much easier. I'm quite a disorganised planner; I book too many acts for the festivals. I get so overexcited and end up having to change times and a stage making it a bit higgledy-piggledy, but it works out in the end."
He's right to get excited, Bestival is consistently one of the many highlights of the end of the summer. Although a couple of really big names like V and Reading are still on the books, August and September are when things start to get interesting. This is the time of year when smaller festivals, which are increasingly called boutique festivals, start to spring up. These are festivals that cater to only a few thousand people (compared to upwards of 178,000 for Glastonbury, according to the NME) and which often feature bands that are overlooked by the big boys. In other words, these festivals are an entirely different experience.
Bestival is, in fact, rapidly becoming one of the heavyweights; strange when you consider that it's barely seven-years-old. But despite its rapidly increasing numbers (50,000 will walk through the gates this year) Gorham is adamant that it's not your typical festival. "Robin Hill Park on the Isle of Wight is a naturally-suited, slightly eccentric festival sight – not just a big flat playing field or one hill. It's all over the place. People also feel liberated on the Isle of Wight because they've escaped the mainland. The magic and creativity of the crowd as well; all the people who come, a lot of them have been to Bestival before and are part of the family. You get this family vibe, which is word-of-mouth. A lot of festivals where they sell tickets purely on who they book, if they don't book a good act they won't sell out. With Bestival, people come for the show more than the bands."
One of the better small festivals currently in operation is Green Man, located in Wales' Brecon Beacons region. It's capped at 10,000 people – tiny compared to many other festivals, but it has become known for giving opportunities to bands that the mainstream circuit ignores. Although their 2009 throw-down had Jarvis Cocker and Animal Collective headlining, they also found plenty of room for low-key acts like Andrew Bird and She Keeps Bees.
And then there's the Big Chill, which takes over Eastnor Castle at the start of August. Although Big Chill certainly doesn't skimp on the music side of things (M.I.A, Massive Attack and Lily Allen are all present and correct) it's at the forefront of a growing trend in UK festivals: the desire to go beyond the musical aspect and add visual elements and unusual facilities to a festival to broaden its audience. This year the Big Chill is drafting artist, Spencer Tunick, to create a massive installation involving the festival crowd: he wants to create an enormous group of nude people, covered in body paint and set against the backdrop of the castle. If nothing else, it will be something to do between M.I.A and trips to the burger van. In addition, more and more festivals are catering to families as their core audiences get older. Gorham now puts on Camp Bestival, a slimmed-down version of the main event that goes off beforehand. "12,000 parents and 12,000 kids!" he chuckles.
But how is this all put together? Ultimately, the more things you add to the mix, the more work it takes to put it all together. Most festival organisers are more computer-savvy than Gorham, although they, like him, rely on a solid team to help see the thing through the planning stages. This is especially important for smaller festivals, which have smaller budgets and a lot more to prove. It's something that Simon Taffe (b.1980) knows a lot about.
Taffe is the director of End Of The Road, so named because it happens at the back end of September, right before the UK hunkers down for the autumn. End Of The Road is among the newest kids on the festival block: it's been around for barely five years, and Taffe still runs it as a sideline with his main job, a painting and decorating business. The festival, which takes place in the Larmer Tree Gardens in Dorset, is distinctly more folk-orientated than most: this year, Yo La Tengo and Wilco headline. And Taffe makes no bones about the work he puts into it.
"We're thinking about headliners [for the next festival] even before the festival we're working on starts," he says. "I don't book bands that are not playing other festivals. I book bands that I know and that I like. It's usually trying to get the headliners [which is the biggest challenge], because they're getting offered festivals all over the world. A band under a grand is easy to confirm, but bands that cost 20 or 30 grand are a lot more difficult to negotiate."
But once he'd started it, Taffe found that there was a clamour for this kind of festival: "Last year we sold a couple of thousand tickets before we'd even announced the line-up – people had faith that we were going to pick bands that they liked." Taffe says that although he likes the big festivals, he thinks they rely on what he terms a recycling audience. Reading, whose primary demographic is the under-25s, consistently tops up its audience levels with school leavers who, as Taffe says, are now permitted to go to Reading by their parents. And while Taffe doesn't think that End Of The Road is immune to this kind of audience, he does think that it has a certain something that keeps pulling back punters – whatever their age.
"We have a lot of the same customers who come back," he says, "and they're probably going to come there with their kids as well. But we have to pull in young people too, and get bands to attract those young people." Clearly, it's working: festivals like End Of The Road and Green Man have just been getting bigger and bigger. Taffe says that for many audiences as well as bands, this time of the year is a "last hurrah" before a long break, and therefore, he says, there's something extra-special about it.
"It's always been quite intimate, and there's only about five or six thousand people who go. The main stage is in these really cool gardens, so the sound is really good. The sound can go all over the place on a big field, especially if it's windy. It was a struggle in the first year because we didn't sell as many tickets as we'd hoped, but we had enough people there to create an atmosphere and we got loads of good reviews afterwards."
Of course, while the audiences are having an amazing time, spare a thought for the guys putting the festivals together. Often, they'll have to go beyond their standard duties to make sure everything runs smoothly. Although his planning sheets are probably stashed away somewhere safe, Gorham has certainly had to take a hands-on approach before. "The first Bestival that we opened, we didn't have a clue what we were doing," he says. "We were totally green in terms of running a festival. At midnight on the Friday, things were starting to wind down a bit. I asked the producer who was in charge overnight, and he hadn't thought about putting anyone in charge overnight, so all the production staff left. It was left to me and my wife to go round the site, shutting things down. It was horrible and scary and I didn't get any sleep that night, but actually it was a baptism of fire and it taught me that you really need to be on the case 100% of the time. The buck stops with us, we crawled into a spider-infested tepee at six in the morning, had half-an-hour's sleep and then had to get up and start getting everything ready for the next day."
For more information on these festivals: Big Chill: www.bigchill.net. Green Man: www.greenman.net. Bestival: www.bestival.net.
End Of The Road: www.endoftheroadfestival.com.
Rob Boffard


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Tired of the entertainment industry treating you like a criminal for wanting to share music and movies online? We are too—EFF is fighting for a constructive solution that gets artists paid while making file sharing legal.
The irrational war against P2P by misguided content owners and their representatives is not generating a single penny for artists. In fact despite lawsuits and other attempts to stymie P2P providers and thousands of music and movie fans file sharing is more popular than ever. What's more the entertainment industry has threatened innovation in P2P systems and many other tools that help you get more from your media. And it could get even worse -- the industry is pushing Congress to ratchet up civil and criminal sanctions for file sharing and to restrict innovation.
You can help put a stop to this misguided campaign. Together we can forge a better way forward.
Learn more about how EFF has fought to end the war on P2P
- EFF is fighting to protect the due process rights of individuals caught in the most recent predatory lawsuits.
- EFF has created a list of subpoena defense resources for those targeted by file sharing suits.
- EFF has proposed ways for artists to get paid without fans getting sued.
- EFF helped establish legal protections for privacy online including the privacy of P2P users.
- EFF has assisted Internet users mistakenly caught in the industry's dragnet.
- EFF has helped P2P users sued by the RIAA and MPAA find legal counsel.
- EFF took MGM v. Grokster to the Supreme Court and defended the right of innovators to build new technologies without begging Hollywood's permission first.
- EFF helped beat back the INDUCE Act which threatened innovation and P2P systems.
- EFF debunked Audible Magic's P2P filtering solution.
- EFF pushed for sensible solutions for college campuses concerned with file sharing.
- EFF started a petition to Congress opposing the RIAA lawsuits.
- EFF and its members helped defeat the Berman "P2P Vigilantism" Bill in 2002.