text:
Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and eval
- use Data::Dumper;
- # simple procedural interface
- print Dumper($foo, $bar);
- # extended usage with names
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
- # configuration variables
- {
- local $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1;
- eval Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
- }
- # OO usage
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
- ...
- print $d->Dump;
- ...
- $d->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deepcopy(1);
- eval $d->Dump;
Given a list of scalars or reference variables, writes out their contents in perl syntax. The references can also be objects. The content of each variable is output in a single Perl statement. Handles self-referential structures correctly.
The return value can be eval
ed to get back an identical copy of the
original reference structure. (Please do consider the security implications
of eval'ing code from untrusted sources!)
Any references that are the same as one of those passed in will be named
n (where n is a numeric suffix), and other duplicate references
to substructures within $VAR
n will be appropriately labeled using arrow
notation. You can specify names for individual values to be dumped if you
use the Dump()
method, or you can change the default $VAR
prefix to
something else. See $Data::Dumper::Varname
and $Data::Dumper::Terse
The default output of self-referential structures can be eval
ed, but the
nested references to $VAR
n will be undefined, since a recursive
structure cannot be constructed using one Perl statement. You should set the
flag to 1 to get additional statements that will correctly fill in
these references. Moreover, if eval
ed when strictures are in effect,
you need to ensure that any variables it accesses are previously declared.
In the extended usage form, the references to be dumped can be given
user-specified names. If a name begins with a *
, the output will
describe the dereferenced type of the supplied reference for hashes and
arrays, and coderefs. Output of names will be avoided where possible if
the Terse
flag is set.
In many cases, methods that are used to set the internal state of the object will return the object itself, so method calls can be conveniently chained together.
Several styles of output are possible, all controlled by setting
the Indent
flag. See Configuration Variables or Methods below
for details.
Returns a newly created Data::Dumper
object. The first argument is an
anonymous array of values to be dumped. The optional second argument is an
anonymous array of names for the values. The names need not have a leading
sign, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters. You can begin
a name with a *
to specify that the dereferenced type must be dumped
instead of the reference itself, for ARRAY and HASH references.
The prefix specified by $Data::Dumper::Varname
will be used with a
numeric suffix if the name for a value is undefined.
Data::Dumper will catalog all references encountered while dumping the values. Cross-references (in the form of names of substructures in perl syntax) will be inserted at all possible points, preserving any structural interdependencies in the original set of values. Structure traversal is depth-first, and proceeds in order from the first supplied value to the last.
Returns the stringified form of the values stored in the object (preserving
the order in which they were supplied to new
), subject to the
configuration options below. In a list context, it returns a list
of strings corresponding to the supplied values.
The second form, for convenience, simply calls the new
method on its
arguments before dumping the object immediately.
Queries or adds to the internal table of already encountered references.
You must use Reset
to explicitly clear the table if needed. Such
references are not dumped; instead, their names are inserted wherever they
are encountered subsequently. This is useful especially for properly
dumping subroutine references.
Expects an anonymous hash of name => value pairs. Same rules apply for names
as in new
. If no argument is supplied, will return the "seen" list of
name => value pairs, in a list context. Otherwise, returns the object
Queries or replaces the internal array of values that will be dumped. When called without arguments, returns the values as a list. When called with a reference to an array of replacement values, returns the object itself. When called with any other type of argument, dies.
Queries or replaces the internal array of user supplied names for the values that will be dumped. When called without arguments, returns the names. When called with an array of replacement names, returns the object itself. If the number of replacement names exceeds the number of values to be named, the excess names will not be used. If the number of replacement names falls short of the number of values to be named, the list of replacement names will be exhausted and remaining values will not be renamed. When called with any other type of argument, dies.
Clears the internal table of "seen" references and returns the object itself.
Returns the stringified form of the values in the list, subject to the
configuration options below. The values will be named $VAR
n in the
output, where n is a numeric suffix. Will return a list of strings
in a list context.
Several configuration variables can be used to control the kind of output
generated when using the procedural interface. These variables are usually
ized in a block so that other parts of the code are not affected by
the change.
These variables determine the default state of the object created by calling
the new
method, but cannot be used to alter the state of the object
thereafter. The equivalent method names should be used instead to query
or set the internal state of the object.
The method forms return the object itself when called with arguments, so that they can be chained together nicely.
$Data::Dumper::Indent or $OBJ->Indent([NEWVAL])
Controls the style of indentation. It can be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3. Style 0 spews output without any newlines, indentation, or spaces between list items. It is the most compact format possible that can still be called valid perl. Style 1 outputs a readable form with newlines but no fancy indentation (each level in the structure is simply indented by a fixed amount of whitespace). Style 2 (the default) outputs a very readable form which takes into account the length of hash keys (so the hash value lines up). Style 3 is like style 2, but also annotates the elements of arrays with their index (but the comment is on its own line, so array output consumes twice the number of lines). Style 2 is the default.
$Data::Dumper::Purity or $OBJ->Purity([NEWVAL])
Controls the degree to which the output can be eval
ed to recreate the
supplied reference structures. Setting it to 1 will output additional perl
statements that will correctly recreate nested references. The default is
$Data::Dumper::Pad or $OBJ->Pad([NEWVAL])
Specifies the string that will be prefixed to every line of the output. Empty string by default.
$Data::Dumper::Varname or $OBJ->Varname([NEWVAL])
Contains the prefix to use for tagging variable names in the output. The default is "VAR".
$Data::Dumper::Useqq or $OBJ->Useqq([NEWVAL])
When set, enables the use of double quotes for representing string values.
Whitespace other than space will be represented as [\n\t\r]
, "unsafe"
characters will be backslashed, and unprintable characters will be output as
quoted octal integers. The default is 0.
$Data::Dumper::Terse or $OBJ->Terse([NEWVAL])
When set, Data::Dumper will emit single, non-self-referential values as
atoms/terms rather than statements. This means that the $VAR
n names
will be avoided where possible, but be advised that such output may not
always be parseable by eval
$Data::Dumper::Freezer or $OBJ->Freezer([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature. Data::Dumper will invoke that method via the object before attempting to stringify it. This method can alter the contents of the object (if, for instance, it contains data allocated from C), and even rebless it in a different package. The client is responsible for making sure the specified method can be called via the object, and that the object ends up containing only perl data types after the method has been called. Defaults to an empty string.
If an object does not support the method specified (determined using UNIVERSAL::can()) then the call will be skipped. If the method dies a warning will be generated.
$Data::Dumper::Toaster or $OBJ->Toaster([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature.
Data::Dumper will emit a method call for any objects that are to be dumped
using the syntax bless(DATA, CLASS)->METHOD()
. Note that this means that
the method specified will have to perform any modifications required on the
object (like creating new state within it, and/or reblessing it in a
different package) and then return it. The client is responsible for making
sure the method can be called via the object, and that it returns a valid
object. Defaults to an empty string.
$Data::Dumper::Deepcopy or $OBJ->Deepcopy([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a boolean value to enable deep copies of structures. Cross-referencing will then only be done when absolutely essential (i.e., to break reference cycles). Default is 0.
$Data::Dumper::Quotekeys or $OBJ->Quotekeys([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are quoted. A defined false value will avoid quoting hash keys when it looks like a simple string. Default is 1, which will always enclose hash keys in quotes.
$Data::Dumper::Bless or $OBJ->Bless([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a string that specifies an alternative to the bless
builtin operator used to create objects. A function with the specified
name should exist, and should accept the same arguments as the builtin.
Default is bless
$Data::Dumper::Pair or $OBJ->Pair([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a string that specifies the separator between hash keys
and values. To dump nested hash, array and scalar values to JavaScript,
use: $Data::Dumper::Pair = ' : ';
. Implementing bless
in JavaScript
is left as an exercise for the reader.
A function with the specified name exists, and accepts the same arguments
as the builtin.
Default is: =>
$Data::Dumper::Maxdepth or $OBJ->Maxdepth([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a positive integer that specifies the depth beyond which
we don't venture into a structure. Has no effect when
is set. (Useful in debugger when we often don't
want to see more than enough). Default is 0, which means there is
no maximum depth.
$Data::Dumper::Maxrecurse or $OBJ->Maxrecurse([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a positive integer that specifies the depth beyond which recursion into a structure will throw an exception. This is intended as a security measure to prevent perl running out of stack space when dumping an excessively deep structure. Can be set to 0 to remove the limit. Default is 1000.
$Data::Dumper::Useperl or $OBJ->Useperl([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a boolean value which controls whether the pure Perl
implementation of Data::Dumper
is used. The Data::Dumper
module is
a dual implementation, with almost all functionality written in both
pure Perl and also in XS ('C'). Since the XS version is much faster, it
will always be used if possible. This option lets you override the
default behavior, usually for testing purposes only. Default is 0, which
means the XS implementation will be used if possible.
$Data::Dumper::Sortkeys or $OBJ->Sortkeys([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are dumped in
sorted order. A true value will cause the keys of all hashes to be
dumped in Perl's default sort order. Can also be set to a subroutine
reference which will be called for each hash that is dumped. In this
case Data::Dumper
will call the subroutine once for each hash,
passing it the reference of the hash. The purpose of the subroutine is
to return a reference to an array of the keys that will be dumped, in
the order that they should be dumped. Using this feature, you can
control both the order of the keys, and which keys are actually used. In
other words, this subroutine acts as a filter by which you can exclude
certain keys from being dumped. Default is 0, which means that hash keys
are not sorted.
$Data::Dumper::Deparse or $OBJ->Deparse([NEWVAL])
Can be set to a boolean value to control whether code references are
turned into perl source code. If set to a true value, B::Deparse
will be used to get the source of the code reference. Using this option
will force using the Perl implementation of the dumper, since the fast
XSUB implementation doesn't support it.
Caution : use this option only if you know that your coderefs will be
properly reconstructed by B::Deparse
$Data::Dumper::Sparseseen or $OBJ->Sparseseen([NEWVAL])
By default, Data::Dumper builds up the "seen" hash of scalars that
it has encountered during serialization. This is very expensive.
This seen hash is necessary to support and even just detect circular
references. It is exposed to the user via the Seen()
call both
for writing and reading.
If you, as a user, do not need explicit access to the "seen" hash,
then you can set the Sparseseen
option to allow Data::Dumper
to eschew building the "seen" hash for scalars that are known not
to possess more than one reference. This speeds up serialization
considerably if you use the XS implementation.
Note: If you turn on Sparseseen
, then you must not rely on the
content of the seen hash since its contents will be an
implementation detail!
Run these code snippets to get a quick feel for the behavior of this module. When you are through with these examples, you may want to add or change the various configuration variables described above, to see their behavior. (See the testsuite in the Data::Dumper distribution for more examples.)
- use Data::Dumper;
- package Foo;
- sub new {bless {'a' => 1, 'b' => sub { return "foo" }}, $_[0]};
- package Fuz; # a weird REF-REF-SCALAR object
- sub new {bless \($_ = \ 'fu\'z'), $_[0]};
- package main;
- $foo = Foo->new;
- $fuz = Fuz->new;
- $boo = [ 1, [], "abcd", \*foo,
- {1 => 'a', 023 => 'b', 0x45 => 'c'},
- \\"p\q\'r", $foo, $fuz];
- ########
- # simple usage
- ########
- $bar = eval(Dumper($boo));
- print($@) if $@;
- print Dumper($boo), Dumper($bar); # pretty print (no array indices)
- $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1; # don't output names where feasible
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0; # turn off all pretty print
- print Dumper($boo), "\n";
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 1; # mild pretty print
- print Dumper($boo);
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 3; # pretty print with array indices
- print Dumper($boo);
- $Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1; # print strings in double quotes
- print Dumper($boo);
- $Data::Dumper::Pair = " : "; # specify hash key/value separator
- print Dumper($boo);
- ########
- # recursive structures
- ########
- @c = ('c');
- $c = \@c;
- $b = {};
- $a = [1, $b, $c];
- $b->{a} = $a;
- $b->{b} = $a->[1];
- $b->{c} = $a->[2];
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a,$b,$c], [qw(a b c)]);
- $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; # fill in the holes for eval
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a, $b], [qw(*a b)]); # print as @a
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); # print as %b
- $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy = 1; # avoid cross-refs
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]);
- $Data::Dumper::Purity = 0; # avoid cross-refs
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]);
- ########
- # deep structures
- ########
- $a = "pearl";
- $b = [ $a ];
- $c = { 'b' => $b };
- $d = [ $c ];
- $e = { 'd' => $d };
- $f = { 'e' => $e };
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]);
- $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth = 3; # no deeper than 3 refs down
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]);
- ########
- # object-oriented usage
- ########
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([$a,$b], [qw(a b)]);
- $d->Seen({'*c' => $c}); # stash a ref without printing it
- $d->Indent(3);
- print $d->Dump;
- $d->Reset->Purity(0); # empty the seen cache
- print join "----\n", $d->Dump;
- ########
- # persistence
- ########
- package Foo;
- sub new { bless { state => 'awake' }, shift }
- sub Freeze {
- my $s = shift;
- print STDERR "preparing to sleep\n";
- $s->{state} = 'asleep';
- return bless $s, 'Foo::ZZZ';
- }
- package Foo::ZZZ;
- sub Thaw {
- my $s = shift;
- print STDERR "waking up\n";
- $s->{state} = 'awake';
- return bless $s, 'Foo';
- }
- package main;
- use Data::Dumper;
- $a = Foo->new;
- $b = Data::Dumper->new([$a], ['c']);
- $b->Freezer('Freeze');
- $b->Toaster('Thaw');
- $c = $b->Dump;
- print $c;
- $d = eval $c;
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$d], ['d']);
- ########
- # symbol substitution (useful for recreating CODE refs)
- ########
- sub foo { print "foo speaking\n" }
- *other = \&foo;
- $bar = [ \&other ];
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([\&other,$bar],['*other','bar']);
- $d->Seen({ '*foo' => \&foo });
- print $d->Dump;
- ########
- # sorting and filtering hash keys
- ########
- $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys = \&my_filter;
- my $foo = { map { (ord, "$_$_$_") } 'I'..'Q' };
- my $bar = { %$foo };
- my $baz = { reverse %$foo };
- print Dumper [ $foo, $bar, $baz ];
- sub my_filter {
- my ($hash) = @_;
- # return an array ref containing the hash keys to dump
- # in the order that you want them to be dumped
- return [
- # Sort the keys of %$foo in reverse numeric order
- $hash eq $foo ? (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) :
- # Only dump the odd number keys of %$bar
- $hash eq $bar ? (grep {$_ % 2} keys %$hash) :
- # Sort keys in default order for all other hashes
- (sort keys %$hash)
- ];
- }
Due to limitations of Perl subroutine call semantics, you cannot pass an
array or hash. Prepend it with a \
to pass its reference instead. This
will be remedied in time, now that Perl has subroutine prototypes.
For now, you need to use the extended usage form, and prepend the
name with a *
to output it as a hash or array.
cheats with CODE references. If a code reference is
encountered in the structure being processed (and if you haven't set
the Deparse
flag), an anonymous subroutine that
contains the string '"DUMMY"' will be inserted in its place, and a warning
will be printed if Purity
is set. You can eval
the result, but bear
in mind that the anonymous sub that gets created is just a placeholder.
Someday, perl will have a switch to cache-on-demand the string
representation of a compiled piece of code, I hope. If you have prior
knowledge of all the code refs that your data structures are likely
to have, you can use the Seen
method to pre-seed the internal reference
table and make the dumped output point to them, instead. See EXAMPLES
The Deparse
flag makes Dump() run slower, since the XSUB
implementation does not support it.
SCALAR objects have the weirdest looking bless
Pure Perl version of Data::Dumper
escapes UTF-8 strings correctly
only in Perl 5.8.0 and later.
Starting from Perl 5.8.1 different runs of Perl will have different
ordering of hash keys. The change was done for greater security,
see Algorithmic Complexity Attacks in perlsec. This means that
different runs of Perl will have different Data::Dumper outputs if
the data contains hashes. If you need to have identical Data::Dumper
outputs from different runs of Perl, use the environment variable
PERL_HASH_SEED, see PERL_HASH_SEED in perlrun. Using this restores
the old (platform-specific) ordering: an even prettier solution might
be to use the Sortkeys
filter of Data::Dumper.
Gurusamy Sarathy firstname.lastname@example.com
Copyright (c) 1996-2014 Gurusamy Sarathy. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Version 2.158 (March 13 2015)


text:
This is TELL ME MORE, from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin. Coming up, immigration is back in the news right now, in part because of a new move by the Obama administration to stop deporting young people who came here illegally as children. And now there's also new information about just who is coming here and why.
It turns out that Asians have surpassed Hispanics as the largest group of new immigrants, and Asians are now the fastest growing racial group in the United States. There's a new report that gives a new snapshot of Asian-American life. In just a few minutes, we'll talk about that.
But first, we wanted to talk about the millions of people around the world who are not able to make the choice of where to go or what to do every day.
We're talking about human trafficking. Every year, an estimated 27 million people are trafficked for labor, sex or other reasons - that according to the State Department. It just released a report that takes stock of trafficking around the world. This year, 17 countries were tagged as the worst offenders. That's an improvement, though, from last year, when the number was 23.
Here's what U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had to say at a press conference announcing the findings yesterday.
SECRETARY HILLARY CLINTON: Traffickers prey on the hopes and dreams of those seeking a better life, and our goal should be to put those hopes and dreams back within reach.
MARTIN: We wanted to find out more about this, so I'm joined now by Ambassador Luis CdeBaca. He is the head of the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Also with us, Sister Azezet Kidane. She is a nun and a nurse with Physicians for Human Rights-Israel. She's interviewed hundreds of Egyptian survivors of trafficking, and yesterday she was honored by the State Department for her work.
And I think this is a good place to mention that this conversation may not be appropriate for all listeners. So with that being said, welcome to you both. Thank you both so much for coming. And, sister, congratulations to you.
SISTER AZEZET KIDANE: Thank you.
MARTIN: Ambassador, I'm going to start with you, because I'd like to ask you to explain exactly what human trafficking entails. I mean, I think a lot of people think of human trafficking as being particularly connected to the sex trade, but it goes beyond that, as I understand it.
AMBASSADOR LUIS CDEBACA: Well, human trafficking is basically an umbrella term for all of the activities involved in holding someone in or reducing them to a condition of compelled service. In a nutshell, what we're talking about is modern slavery. We typically use the term human trafficking in a lot of fora because it's more polite or it's a euphemism, but it's a euphemism that lets us turn away from the reality that slavery, 150 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, is still out there.
MARTIN: You would prefer to use the term slavery.
CDEBACA: You know, Secretary Clinton and I both feel that we should name the crime. You don't call it sexual assault when you should be calling it rape. You know, people need to confront the realities that the victims go through, and so the honesty of calling it modern slavery is something that we've been making a point to do.
MARTIN: Tell me a little more, if you would, just about what your office does. I think some people might be surprised to know that there is a State Department office on human trafficking, particularly because this is a transnational crime. So it isn't specifically kind of an issue of the U.S. relationships with one other country or bilateral relationships per se, right?
CDEBACA: Well, we sometimes get the question, is, you know, why does the United States care if Beninois children are enslaved in Nigeria, or why does the United States care if Burmese men are enslaved on a farm in Burma? The reality is, is that this is a universal human rights norm. It's something that destabilizes countries. It destabilizes populations.
It has security impacts on things like food security and the immigration the policies and other things. But at the end of the day, this is a human rights crime, and this it's something that the United States feels - I think partially because of our own original sin of chattel slavery - feels that we really need to be working with our partners around the world on.
MARTIN: Sister Azezet Kidane, I'll turn to you now. And you prefer to be called Sister Aziza, so I will be calling you that. As I mentioned, that you were honored for your work documenting hundreds of cases of trafficking in the Sinai region of Egypt. How did these stories come to light?
KIDANE: In this clinic of Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, we started to treat people. We realized this - they were young, and they come with psychosomatic diseases and they're wounded, and they need abortion because they have unwanted pregnancies, all that. And we said: What is happening to these people? How they are coming? From where are they coming?
So we started to do a questionnaire, and when we did this questionnaire, we discover the things that we didn't want to hear. We realized that it was a metaphor for human trafficking, and a lot of - many torture camps and smugglers' camps, more than 15 camps in all the peninsula of Sinai. And really, how traumatic experience they have during the journey, and people - also people who doesn't want to come to Israel. They were kidnapped and brought to Sinai without their needs.
And some people, they work while they are chained. And the way that they bring them to Sinai as a shipment, they put them in tanks, in lorries with - covering them with vegetables or whatever they have, and they are suffocated. So many people die. And really, I agree it is a new slavery, and it has to stop, these things.
MARTIN: If you're just joining us, you're listening to TELL ME MORE, from NPR News. We're talking about a new State Department report on human trafficking with Sister Azezet Kidane. She is a nun and a nurse. She was recently honored for her work to combat human trafficking. Also with us is Ambassador Luis CdeBaca. He heads the State Department's anti-human trafficking office.
Ambassador, could you talk a little bit more and amplify what sister's telling us? I mean, obviously, I think everybody knows that Egypt's been in a state of political turmoil for more than a year now. Is that contributing to this, or was this going on before that?
CDEBACA: Well, this has been going on before that. And, of course, there's been a trade and there's been, unfortunately, trade of people up and down the Sinai and in the Levant for - since time immemorial. But what we've seen over the last couple of years is the Egyptian government coming together in a bipartisan fashion, both the Mubarak government and the opposition from the Muslim Brotherhood worked together to pass legislation in 2010 against human trafficking.
An action plan was developed by the Mubarak government that was put into place in December of 2010, just before Tahrir Square and the cries for freedom. And I think that one of the things that we've seen that bodes well going forward is, even in a tumultuous year in Egypt, in many parts of the country, trainings have occurred on the new action plan, on the new law.
That said, though, we have to look at what we would call zones of impunity. Those zones of impunity can be what happens to men on a fishing boat, you know, thousands of miles out at sea in the Southeast Asian fishery. That zone of impunity can be the immigrant communities or runaway and homeless youth here in the United States.
MARTIN: So you're saying there is trafficking in the United States.
CDEBACA: There's most certainly trafficking in the United States.
MARTIN: What form does it tend to take here?
CDEBACA: Well, it's a mixture. I used to be a prosecutor in the civil rights division at the Justice Department, and I prosecuted cases that ranged from, you know, 300 Chinese and Vietnamese in a garment factory enslaved behind barbed wire to one individual, a girl in prostitution with, you know, a pimp that was controlling them through force and threats.
The thing that holds these together - whether the victim is a United States citizen or someone who's come here in search of a better life - is that what the traffickers are selling is not fear. It's not danger. The traffickers are selling this idea of hope. They're going to that 14-year-old girl and saying: Come with me. I can give you love and glamour. I can be better than, you know, this stepfather that might be assaulting you.
And the girl goes with the pimp, thinking that she's going to be getting those things, and instead she gets a life of slavery. Same thing with the folks who come here to pick our vegetables and do the jobs that Americans are loath to do. They come here thinking that they're going to get that opportunity to help their families.
Instead, they get a crew leader or a boss who takes away their passport, takes away their documents. And suddenly, instead of in the land of the free, they find themselves enslaved.
MARTIN: Before we let you go, there seem to be some improvements. Venezuela and Myanmar are two countries that actually showed improvement this year - at least they were taken off of the list of the group of worst offenders. What did they do differently?
CDEBACA: Well, in Venezuela, we saw action by the National Assembly to update some of the slavery laws and to look at the human trafficking laws. There were trainings done. The hotline is now up and running and so a very different situation than we'd seen in Venezuela, even just a year ago. We'll want to see results going forward, obviously, from those changes.
In Burma, you know, there is a very interesting thing happening. You know, Aung San Suu Kyi is known by many as a democracy activist. She's known by those of us who fight human trafficking as one of the leaders in this field.
The first place that she went when she could travel again was to the shrimp packing plants, where Burmese migrants are enslaved in Thailand. The second place that she went was to Geneva to the International Labor Organization meetings.
So what she's working on is not just democracy. It's bringing a new day, as far as forced labor in Burma, and that's not just her work. It's also the work of Kin Sin's(ph) government. They've done some really interesting things over the last eight months on this issue. They've abolished the law that allowed for state-sponsored forced labor. That was a very big step on their part and it's something that they should be given credit for.
MARTIN: Before I let each of you go, I did want to ask - do you feel that this problem can be eradicated in our lifetime? Sister, is anything getting better in your world?
KIDANE: Only God, for me and the religious. God can change our hearts. If our heart change and all of us - we focus on respect of other person - yes. It will change. But if we are selfish and think only about our own business and our own pride and money, will not. So I do pray so God to touch our hearts or we can change our world.
MARTIN: Ambassador, what do you think?
CDEBACA: I think that Sister Azezet is spot on with this. It has to take that cultural change, the ethical change, the religious change. This is not simply something that we can prosecute the traffickers until there are no more traffickers. This has to be something where people take responsibility. Think about what you're buying. Think about what you're doing in your life and how that impacts modern slavery. Once you start doing that, it becomes everyone's business and, at that point, I think we really, truly will live to make men free.
MARTIN: Sister Azezet Kidane is a nun and a nurse. She's working to fight human trafficking. Yesterday, she was honored by the State Department for that work. Also with us, Ambassador Luis Cdebaca. He heads the State Department's office to monitor and combat trafficking in persons. They were both kind enough to join us here in our Washington, D.C. studios.
Thank you both so much for coming.
CDEBACA: Thank you.
KIDANE: Thank you.
MARTIN: Coming up, for the first time, Asians are America's fastest growing population of immigrants, surpassing Latinos. They are also the highest earning and best educated group. That's all according to a new Pew Research study called Asian-Americans on the Rise. Sounds like good news, so why are so many Asian-American activists sounding cautionary notes? We'll find out why in just a few minutes on TELL ME MORE from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

subset: commoncrawl


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Reasons Why You Should Use a Locksmith Mobile Service
Many still consider locksmiths as one with keys and locks carrying out their trade in a medieval fashion. The truth is far from this wrong idea and a reality which is way different from this imagery of an old-fashioned locksmith. With time, and like any other services, locksmithing has greatly evolved and become a profession owned by highly skilled people. Technological innovations affecting the security industry has influenced how locksmiths perform their duties in present day scenarios. High-tech innovations in security systems and how modern locks work have seen a huge transformation. Mobile locksmith services are one of the results of such evolutionary changes in locksmithing. If you need a locksmith mobile service in North Hollywood, CA then reach out to Express Lock & Key Store for the fastest available locksmith services with the best professionalism.
What is a mobile locksmith service?
A mobile locksmith service is one that is literally a locksmith workshop on wheels. It is generally operated by one person or a maximum of two sometimes. The mobile locksmiths are as good as brick and mortar locksmith establishments. These mobile workshops are equipped with all necessary tools and equipment they would need while providing their services. The locksmiths are also trained to work at expert levels as they deal with a number of situations every day. Most locksmith agencies run mobile workshops to expand their area of service. As such, a single locksmith company can own a fleet of 5 to 10 mobile locksmith workshops or may also own fewer in number depending on their company size.
Why are Mobile locksmiths popular?
- Fast response time
Mobile locksmiths have an advantage with their mobility. They are fast in their response because they are always on the go. They are stationed at various places so that they can reach an SOS within a matter of minutes. Don't be surprised if an emergency call to a locksmith is responded by a mobile workshop within 10 minutes. Yes, they can be that fast! This makes their services highly valuable in emergency situations. Always have the contact of a locksmith mobile service in North Hollywood, CA for prompt services during distress calls.
- Availability over a wide area
The mobile locksmith workshops are accessible over a wide scope of area. They can cover a service area of 30-40 square kilometers. Sometimes extra charges are levied for far-off locations. However, the service and quick availability is worth the money. Consider yourself stranded in the middle of a highway or having an ignition failure in the middle of the night. It's not only about salvaging the situation in those moments, but also is a matter of safety since you are vulnerable in odd spots or at odd hours. A professional locksmith will know how dire such situations are and will reach out to you asap.
- Advantage in remote areas
In continuation to the last point, mobile locksmiths are the trusted locksmiths when it comes to car lockouts in the remotest of places. This is one of the main advantages of hiring a mobile locksmith. When you are locked out of your car in a desolate place, or your ignition fails a mobile locksmith will be your savior. You may think of extreme steps like breaking your windows and damaging your car to access it from inside. Or, you may have to look for a towing service. All these measures are expensive and full of hassles. However, a nearby mobile locksmith will help you out in such situations. You never know when or where you may face such a situation so always keep the contact number of a locksmith mobile service in North Hollywood, CA within reach.
- They can provide specialized services
A mobile locksmith is often one who also specializes in a certain category of locksmithing. You'll find them often specializing in emergency locksmith services. This is because firstly they are readily available and faster than any brick and mortar locksmith services. Secondly, they have enough expertise in their line of trade to specialize in any category of skills they want to. This can include emergency services and others like automotive, residential, and commercial security.
- Intensive training
A mobile locksmith may appear to be a small-sized help of a broad locksmith agency. However, the four-wheeled workshop packs all things necessary to deem itself as an expert professional. A mobile locksmith operator also undergoes same amount of training and certification courses like any other locksmiths. There is no dearth in their quality of work or professionalism when a comparison is made. Also, don't undermine their on the job training as real time experiences are added value to training programs. A mobile locksmith can deal 8-10 cases a day depending on the nature of problem it is called for. They are much soughted for their quick availability and fast response time. This is why they spend hours dabbling in various kinds of jobs broadening their knowledge base and deploying their duties in a variety of jobs.
To sum it up, mobile locksmiths are as good as (if not better in some cases) for handling security and lock and key challenges. You have too many good reasons to keep the contact of a locksmith mobile service in North Hollywood, CA on your phonebook. Express Lock & Key Store is a trusted name among locksmith services in your locality. Save up their number and call them at 818-746-9061 whenever you need a reliable locksmith!


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EnginesTransmissionsDifferentialsFuel & Air
Double C Service Center in Seymour, TX partners with JASPER® in providing our diesel drivers with fuel & air components. JASPER® has been remanufacturing quality products since 1942 and is the nation's largest remanufacturer of fuel & air components, gas, and diesel engines, transmissions, differentials, rear axle assemblies, marine engines, sterndrives, performance engines, and electric motors.
Our shop is proud to provide JASPER® Fuel & Air Components for the CAT C7 HEUI and the Cummins 6.7L Fuel & Air Systems that meet or exceed OEM measured standards. JASPER® products have a nationwide transferable part and labor warranty that gives you peace of mind knowing you're getting a reliable product. JASPER® performs extensive research and development throughout its remanufacturing processes producing high-quality, reliable products, by correcting inherent design issues of the original component. In addition to available updates, they also implement those developments in training with JASPER® technicians and conjunction with their high-quality component vendors.
Cummins 6.7L Fuel and Air Components Information
JASPER® remanufactured Cummins 6.7 Fuel and Air Components are built to exact requirements to meet or exceed OEM measured standards and have a nationwide transferable part and labor warranty making them your best option for replacement.
Cummins 6.7L Holset Front Gear Turbo Provides:
- 100% new bearings and seals
- 100% tested speed sensors
- Plug and play setup
- JASPER® 100% installs a cleaning port in the Cummins 6.7L turbo. This allows periodic cleaning of the turbine housing and nozzle ring to prevent soot build-up and increase longevity.
- 100% installation of stainless steel cup plugs prevents corrosion and leaking.
- Actuators are remanufactured and calibrated for optimal performance and function of the VGT mechanism.
- JASPER performs component balancing to ensure the highest quality product.
- Turbine shafts are balanced individually and with the compressor wheel attached, before being assembled in the housing.
- High-Speed Core Balancer spins the center section at 70,000 RPM to ensure correct balance, assembly, and integrity of rotating assembly at operational speeds.
- Turbine shafts and bearing housings are inspected with a profilometer to ensure an RA surface finish of 35 or less to verify a smooth surface and reduce friction.
- JASPER uses a bore gauge to ensure proper clearance of oil between the bearing and the bearing housing.
Bosch CP3 High-Pressure Fuel Pump:
- JASPER remanufactures the Cummins 6.7L High-Pressure Fuel Pump using 100% OE parts
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- Remanufactured and calibrated to the latest specifications for performance, longevity, and emission compliance
- Tested on a Bosch EPS 815 to ensure proper pressure
- Bosch Injector
- Bosch Certified
JASPER is a service dealer for Bosch products and that partnership affords our technicians here at Double C Service Center in Seymour the opportunity to provide our diesel drivers with high-quality replacement parts with a full warranty!
CAT C7 HEUI Fuel and Air Components
JASPER® remanufactured CAT C7 HEUI Fuel and Air Components are built to exact requirements to meet or exceed OEM measured standards and have a nationwide transferable part and labor warranty giving our drivers here in Seymour the best option for high-quality replacements.
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- All parts are thoroughly evaluated for thermal distortion, shaft straightness, thread damage, and crack detection to ensure the best quality product
- 100% New bearings, seals, and O-rings are installed
- Rigid adherence to strict documented standards ensure consistent quality
- High-Speed Core Balancer spins the center section at 70,000 RPM to ensure correct balance, assembly, and integrity of rotating assembly at operational speeds
CAT C7 HEUI Injector:
- A new, unique trim code is included to provide optimum performance and increased fuel efficiencies while reducing emissions
- 100% surface lapping of critical components to ensure the pressure sealing of sub-assemblies
- 100% New O-rings installed for proper sealing
CAT C7 HEUI High-Pressure Oil Pump:
- JASPER® remanufactures the CAT C7 HEUI High-Pressure Oil Pump with an updated IPR Assembly
- 100% New gaskets, O-rings, and seals are installed
- Tested to ensure proper pressure
Talk to our team of experienced technicians today here at Double C Service Center in Seymour, TX for more information on JASPER® CAT C7 HEUI and the Cummins 6.7L fuel and air system components. Discover the difference quality can make combined with a nationwide - transferrable warranty by JASPER Engines who has been leading the industry since 1942 and "Perfecting the Art of Remanufacturing" in the USA.
Content, including images, displayed on this website is protected by copyright laws. Downloading, republication, retransmission, or reproduction of the content on this website is strictly prohibited


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How do I pay for my booking?Payment can be made by credit or debit card, either online or by phone. If this isn't an option for you, we do also accept bank transfers as a method of payment. We do not accept cash as a form of payment.


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MICROLITE 100u GAPPED CORE – EPOXY
Part Number: MP2610MPFC
Our Price: 0.00
Call for Availability: 1 (800) 317-2537
RFQBefore you can add products to your cart, you must create a customer account by registering.
If you already have a customer account, please login.
If you want to be notified when this product becomes available again, please click the Notify Me button, below.
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Products Catalog - dm62
Quick Contact: Door & Millwork Distributors Inc., Ph. 847.640.9827, Fax 847.640.9748
As a wholesale company Door and Millwork Distributors are committed to providing the highest quality products and proving to our customers that their total satisfaction is our everyday priority. We've got : interior doors, exterior doors, fire rated doors, mouldings and many more. We can deliver to: Chicago, Park Ridge, Palatine, Elk Grove Village, Mt Prospect, Deerfield, Des Plaines, Elmhurst, Wood Dale, Northbrook, Niles, Norridge, Winnetka, Highland Park, Arlington Heights, Elmwood Park, Schaumburg, Kenilworth, Lincolnwood, Oak Park, Buffalo Grove, Lincolnshire, Lincolnwood, Evanston Glencoe, Glenview, La Grang,e Lombard, Lake Forest, Downers Grove, Morton Grove, Skokie, Mount Prospect, Prospect Height and other cities in Illinois.


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Rosa - Earrings
Some of our bracelets have either a universal size (which means you can adjust the size) or a specific size.
In regard to specific size, You can choose it directly on the product page (S/M or L/XL)
Sizes are always written on the product page.
Just in between sizes?
If you're a size 17/17.5 cm (6.69/6.88″), take size L/XL, when available.
On the other hand, if you're a size 16/16.5 cm (6.29/6.49″), take size S/M.
If needed, you also have up to 30 days to return the jewel, if the size doesn't fit you.
You can buy with peace of mind.
Please find below how to measure your wrist.
S | 14-15 cm (5.51-5.90″) |
M | 15-16.5 cm (5.51-6.49″) |
L | 16.5-18 cm (6.49-7.08″) |
XL | +18 cm (+7.08″) |
- In stock - Ready for shipment (3 to 5 days)
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Get 20% off automatically today on every second item added to your cart.
Elegant and refined Rosa earrings, made from miyuki glass beads from Japan.
Comes with a unique Køss Design velvet bag.
Includes 2 x Rosa earrings
Genuine Japanese Miyuki glass beads and gold-plated stainless steel for the gold part.
Size : 8 cm (3.14")
Entirely Handmade
White and pale pink
✨ Køss Design Summer Sale✨ Up to 30% OFF the entire store, limited-time offer only
Shipping to Canada, Australia, KSA, ZA, Singapore, Norway and the USA/UK: fast (3-8 days) and secure thanks to a strong partnership with local delivery partners.
Return : a doubt about the size or about our jewelry? Don't panic, you can easily return the products within 30 days.
Quality of the beads: Our glass beads are chosen with great care and are all authentic, they all come directly from Japan.
Neat packaging: Each order contains one or more unique Køss Design satin pouches, ideal for gift giving or indulgence.
Any remaining doubt?
With over 30 000 satisfied customers to date, a rating of 4.8/5 on Trustpilot and 4.9/5 on Etsy, customer satisfaction is at the heart of our business. You can find our reviews on our website, but also on our Facebook and Instagram pages in the "Our customers" section to see all our customers reviews and testimonials.
Payment: also available with 3x free of charge with our partner Klarna


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Privacy Policy
Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC ("we" or "us") is sensitive to concerns that personal information collected from its customers ("you" or "your") be handled respectfully and appropriately. This Privacy Policy (the "Policy") discloses the privacy practices for Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC and applies solely to information collected by the web sites bridgetownnutrition.com including any related domains and subdomains (the "Sites"). This Policy is intended to notify you of the following:
- What personally identifiable information Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC collects from you through the Sites, how it is used and with whom it may be shared.
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- How you can correct any inaccuracies in the information.
What Information Is Collected?
Internet Traffic Data
Internet traffic data includes but is not limited to internet service provider information, collection of IP addresses, entry and exit pages, various operating systems and other such information. We collect no personally identifying information through this process, and it is used to help analyze user traffic with respect to various services available through Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC to allow for a more customized and enjoyable user experience.
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Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC must collect some information from you ("Identifier Information") to allow you to use and access services, products and materials. Identifier Information is only collected by you personally providing such information to Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC via e-mail, by phone, or otherwise through Bridgetown Nutrition, LLC's website pursuant to making a purchase or requesting service.
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Best Internet Providers in Gaithersburg, Maryland for 2024
Compare the Best Internet Service Providers in Gaithersburg, MD
Not all plans are available in all areas. Provider plan, availability, and speed tier data provided by BroadbandNow.com. Speedtest real-world data is only present where sample size has reached significance within a region. Additionally, averages may include aggregated tests across multiple Internet Types (Fiber, DSL, Cable, etc.).
At Speedtest we pride ourselves on providing accurate and trustworthy data that forms the backbone of our ISP recommendations. Our real-world data is collected from millions of people worldwide who choose to take a Speedtest. This means our insights into ISP performance are reliable and current, allowing us to offer a clear, unbiased picture of ISP performance.
Three metrics will help you gauge the performance of an ISP: download speed, upload speed, and latency. Download speed is critical for tasks like streaming and downloading content, determining how swiftly data is transferred to your device. Upload speed is key for uploading content and engaging in online interactions, reflecting how quickly data is sent from your device to the internet. Latency, or ping, is essential in online gaming and video conferencing, influencing the responsiveness of your connection. With this comprehensive understanding of an ISP's capabilities you have the data you need to make an informed choice based on your specific internet usage.
ISP technology plays an important role in determining the quality of your internet experience. Technologies like fiber optics typically offer the fastest speeds, making them ideal for high-demand online activities. Cable internet, a more widely available option, usually provides good download speeds but upload speeds may lag. DSL (digital subscriber line) offers moderate speeds sufficient for basic browsing and streaming. In contrast, satellite internet, often the only choice in remote locations, tends to have higher latency and slower speeds.
How Much Speed Do I Need?
Download speeds of at least 100 Mbps and upload speeds of at least 10 Mbps are widely considered fast enough to handle nearly any online activity. A quick guide to what speeds you need for different online activities is below, and you can read our full guide to internet speeds and performance for more information. Keep in mind that the numbers below are the bare minimum for one device at a time. If you're trying to use multiple devices on a network at the same time, you'll want higher speeds.
0–5 Mbps (Slow)
- Stream SD video
- Connect on Slack
- Use Microsoft Teams
- Write and read email
- Scroll social media
- General web browsing
5–20 Mbps (Better)
- Stream HD video at 1080p
20–40 Mbps (Solid)
- Stream 4K video
- Play games online
40–100 Mbps (Good)
- Stream HD games
100+ Mbps (Fast)
- Engage in multi-player gaming
- Download huge files
1+ Gbps (Very fast)
- Do anything you want on multiple devices
Gaithersburg Fixed Speeds
Download Mbps
Median download speed
Upload Mbps
Median upload speed
Latency ms
Median latency
To be added to this list for mobile or fixed broadband, 75% of a city's monthly unique user totals over a 13-month period must have a minimum of 200 monthly unique user results. To be updated for mobile or fixed broadband, 75% of a city's monthly unique user totals over a 13-month period must have a minimum of 100 monthly unique user results.
An operator or ISP must account for 3% or more of total test samples in the market to be on this list. We display data if at least two operators or ISPs meet this threshold in a designated region or city.
Internet Providers in Nearby Cities
- Aberdeen
- Adelphi
- Annapolis
- Arnold
- Aspen Hill
- Ballenger Creek
- Baltimore
- Bel Air North
- Bel Air South
- Beltsville
- Bennsville
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- Lochearn
- Lutherville-Timonium
- Middle River
- Milford Mill
- Montgomery Village
- North Bethesda
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- Ocean City
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- Severn
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- Silver Spring
- Towson
- Travilah
- Urbana
- Waldorf
- Westminster
- Wheaton-Glenmont
- White Marsh
How we test the speed of ISPs
Speedtest is the definitive way to test the performance and quality of an internet connection. Millions of users like you use Speedtest.net and our Android and iOS apps every day to test internet performance (including bandwidth, latency, coverage, video metrics, and more) in real world situations. We then use rigorous scientific approaches to aggregate and anonymize those results to empower people like you with content like this so you can understand and optimize your internet experience.
The data found within has not been subjected to the rigorous Speedtest marketing claims and data methodology, and therefore cannot be used in commercial applications. Additionally, promised speeds and plans offered are always subject to change.
How to test your internet speed
Speedtest can help you test the speed and overall performance of your internet for free from any device. Click here to open a new page and take a Speedtest. You can then compare your results with what you've learned about internet performance near you. If you aren't getting the results you expect, you can either use this guide to use your Speedtest results to talk to your internet provider or you can shop for a new provider.


text:
First, do no harm: European Parliament must delay vote on unitary patent
The European Parliament is about to vote on a "unitary patent" for Europe in its plenary session on December 11. The proposal currently on the table is widely known to have serious legal and practical problems. In the light of these problems, Free Software Foundation Europe urges the Parliament's members to delay the vote until a better solution can be worked out.
Under the current proposal, the Parliament would agree to give up its power to shape Europe's innovation policy. This is a dangerous proposition. Knowledge and innovation are crucial to our future, and we cannot simply delegate their management to a technocratic body such as the European Patent Organisation. Europe's political institutions have to have the final say over innovation policy. This is a responsibility which MEPs cannot shirk.
"MEPs must not saddle Europe's innovators with a rotten compromise. Innovation is a key part of our common future, and it is too important to be gambled away in a hasty decision," says Karsten Gerloff, FSFE's President.
The political process that has led up to the current proposal has suffered from a marked lack of transparency. The European Parliament still has not published the text of the inter-instutional agreement which it reached with the Council on November 19.
"We are deeply alarmed that such a crucial text may be ramrodded through Parliament before MEPs and the interested public have had a chance to properly consider the text," says Gerloff.
The most important practical problems with the current package:
- Instead of providing uniformity and transparency for market participants, the current proposal will create divergence and confusion. It will be hard for anyone to obtain clarity on how a patent may be used, or where its powers end.
- Lack of limitations and exceptions puts Europeans'freedom to innovate at risk. There is no provision for compulsory licenses, posing a grave danger to public welfare. The lack of a research exception puts a millstone of risk around the neck of Europe's scientists. -
- Small and medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of Europe's economy. If this wrong-headed compromise is accepted, they will bear the brunt of the resulting problems. This is not something that Europe can afford, much less in the midst of an economic crisis.
The most important legal problems with the current package:
- The compromise would lead to a fragmentation of the internal market, as patents would not be uniformly enforceable across all EU member states. Additionally, there would be four overlapping levels of patents existing side by side. This will inevitably create substantial confusion and business risks for innovators and companies.
- A proliferation of courts that may handle patent litigation will inevitably lead to a fragmentation of jurisprudence. This will even further confuse anyone who comes into contact with the patent system, increase the costs of litigation, and make patent risks even harder to calculate for businesses.
- The envisioned Unified Patent Court is incompatible with European law. Europe's policy makers have failed to address the problems highlighted by the European Court of Justice in its Opinion 1/09 (March 2011). Even the Parliament's own Legal Services department has doubts about the package's legality.
A package which leaves such significant problems unaddressed is not fit to be adopted by responsible lawmakers. Policy makers are keen to put this hotly contested issue behind them. But this desire must not lead them to rush into an ill-considered compromise with numerous known problems, in the face of widespread opposition from the patent system's stakeholders.
FSFE joins large parts of the innovation community, and in particular the Max-Planck-Institute in urging the Parliament to reconsider the unitary patent package. Until a better solution can be achieved, MEPs should heed the age-old principle: First, do no harm.


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text:
perlmacosx - Perl under Mac OS X
This document briefly describes Perl under Mac OS X.
- curl http://www.cpan.org/src/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz > perl-5.18.0.tar.gz
- tar -xzf perl-5.18.1.tar.gz
- cd perl-5.18.1
- ./Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr/local/
- make
- make test
- sudo make install
The latest Perl release (5.18.1 as of this writing) builds without changes under all versions of Mac OS X from 10.3 "Panther" onwards.
In order to build your own version of Perl you will need 'make', which is part of Apple's developer tools - also known as Xcode. From Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" onwards, it can be downloaded separately as the 'Command Line Tools' bundle directly from https://developer.apple.com/downloads/ (you will need a free account to log in), or as a part of the Xcode suite, freely available at the App Store. Xcode is a pretty big app, so unless you already have it or really want it, you are advised to get the 'Command Line Tools' bundle separately from the link above. If you want to do it from within Xcode, go to Xcode -> Preferences -> Downloads and select the 'Command Line Tools' option.
Between Mac OS X 10.3 "Panther" and 10.6 "Snow Leopard", the 'Command Line Tools' bundle was called 'unix tools', and was usually supplied with Mac OS install DVDs.
Earlier Mac OS X releases (10.2 "Jaguar" and older) did not include a completely thread-safe libc, so threading is not fully supported. Also, earlier releases included a buggy libdb, so some of the DB_File tests are known to fail on those releases.
The default installation location for this release uses the traditional UNIX directory layout under /usr/local. This is the recommended location for most users, and will leave the Apple-supplied Perl and its modules undisturbed.
Using an installation prefix of '/usr' will result in a directory layout that mirrors that of Apple's default Perl, with core modules stored in '/System/Library/Perl/${version}', CPAN modules stored in '/Library/Perl/${version}', and the addition of '/Network/Library/Perl/${version}' to @INC for modules that are stored on a file server and used by many Macs.
First, export the path to the SDK into the build environment:
- export SDK=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.8.sdk
Please make sure the SDK version (i.e. the numbers right before '.sdk')
matches your system's (in this case, Mac OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion"), as it is
possible to have more than one SDK installed. Also make sure the path exists
in your system, and if it doesn't please make sure the SDK is properly
installed, as it should come with the 'Command Line Tools' bundle mentioned
above. Finally, if you have an older Mac OS X (10.6 "Snow Leopard" and below)
running Xcode 4.2 or lower, the SDK path might be something like
You can use the SDK by exporting some additions to Perl's 'ccflags' and '..flags' config variables:
- ./Configure -Accflags="-nostdinc -B$SDK/usr/include/gcc \
- -B$SDK/usr/lib/gcc -isystem$SDK/usr/include \
- -F$SDK/System/Library/Frameworks" \
- -Aldflags="-Wl,-syslibroot,$SDK" \
- -de
Note: From Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" onwards, Apple only supports Intel-based hardware. This means you can safely skip this section unless you have an older Apple computer running on ppc or wish to create a perl binary with backwards compatibility.
You can compile perl as a universal binary (built for both ppc and intel). In Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger", you must export the 'u' variant of the SDK:
- export SDK=/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk
Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" and above do not require the 'u' variant.
In addition to the compiler flags used to select the SDK, also add the flags for creating a universal binary:
- ./Configure -Accflags="-arch i686 -arch ppc -nostdinc -B$SDK/usr/include/gcc \
- -B$SDK/usr/lib/gcc -isystem$SDK/usr/include \
- -F$SDK/System/Library/Frameworks" \
- -Aldflags="-arch i686 -arch ppc -Wl,-syslibroot,$SDK" \
- -de
Keep in mind that these compiler and linker settings will also be used when building CPAN modules. For XS modules to be compiled as a universal binary, any libraries it links to must also be universal binaries. The system libraries that Apple includes with the 10.4u SDK are all universal, but user-installed libraries may need to be re-installed as universal binaries.
Follow the instructions in INSTALL to build perl with support for 64-bit
integers (use64bitint
) or both 64-bit integers and 64-bit addressing
). In the latter case, the resulting binary will run only
on G5-based hosts.
Support for 64-bit addressing is experimental: some aspects of Perl may be
omitted or buggy. Note the messages output by Configure for further
information. Please use perlbug
to submit a problem report in the
event that you encounter difficulties.
When building 64-bit modules, it is your responsibility to ensure that linked
external libraries and frameworks provide 64-bit support: if they do not,
module building may appear to succeed, but attempts to use the module will
result in run-time dynamic linking errors, and subsequent test failures.
You can use file
to discover the architectures supported by a library:
- $ file libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib
- libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib: Mach-O fat file with 2 architectures
- libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib (for architecture ppc): Mach-O dynamically linked shared library ppc
- libgdbm.3.0.0.dylib (for architecture ppc64): Mach-O 64-bit dynamically linked shared library ppc64
Note that this issue precludes the building of many Macintosh-specific CPAN
modules (Mac::*
), as the required Apple frameworks do not provide PPC64
support. Similarly, downloads from Fink or Darwinports are unlikely to provide
64-bit support; the libraries must be rebuilt from source with the appropriate
compiler and linker flags. For further information, see Apple's
64-Bit Transition Guide at
Mac OS X ships with a dynamically-loaded libperl, but the default for this release is to compile a static libperl. The reason for this is pre-binding. Dynamic libraries can be pre-bound to a specific address in memory in order to decrease load time. To do this, one needs to be aware of the location and size of all previously-loaded libraries. Apple collects this information as part of their overall OS build process, and thus has easy access to it when building Perl, but ordinary users would need to go to a great deal of effort to obtain the information needed for pre-binding.
You can override the default and build a shared libperl if you wish (Configure ... -Duseshrplib).
With Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" and newer, there is almost no performance penalty for non-prebound libraries. Earlier releases will suffer a greater load time than either the static library, or Apple's pre-bound dynamic library.
In a word - don't, at least not without a *very* good reason. Your scripts can just as easily begin with "#!/usr/local/bin/perl" as with "#!/usr/bin/perl". Scripts supplied by Apple and other third parties as part of installation packages and such have generally only been tested with the /usr/bin/perl that's installed by Apple.
If you find that you do need to update the system Perl, one issue worth keeping in mind is the question of static vs. dynamic libraries. If you upgrade using the default static libperl, you will find that the dynamic libperl supplied by Apple will not be deleted. If both libraries are present when an application that links against libperl is built, ld will link against the dynamic library by default. So, if you need to replace Apple's dynamic libperl with a static libperl, you need to be sure to delete the older dynamic library after you've installed the update.
If you have installed extra libraries such as GDBM through Fink (in other words, you have libraries under /sw/lib), or libdlcompat to /usr/local/lib, you may need to be extra careful when running Configure to not to confuse Configure and Perl about which libraries to use. Being confused will show up for example as "dyld" errors about symbol problems, for example during "make test". The safest bet is to run Configure as
- Configure ... -Uloclibpth -Dlibpth=/usr/lib
to make Configure look only into the system libraries. If you have some extra library directories that you really want to use (such as newer Berkeley DB libraries in pre-Panther systems), add those to the libpth:
- Configure ... -Uloclibpth -Dlibpth='/usr/lib /opt/lib'
The default of building Perl statically may cause problems with complex applications like Tk: in that case consider building shared Perl
- Configure ... -Duseshrplib
but remember that there's a startup cost to pay in that case (see above "libperl and Prebinding").
Starting with Tiger (Mac OS X 10.4), Apple shipped broken locale files for the eu_ES locale (Basque-Spain). In previous releases of Perl, this resulted in failures in the lib/locale test. These failures have been suppressed in the current release of Perl by making the test ignore the broken locale. If you need to use the eu_ES locale, you should contact Apple support.
There are two ways to use Cocoa from Perl. Apple's PerlObjCBridge module, included with Mac OS X, can be used by standalone scripts to access Foundation (i.e. non-GUI) classes and objects.
An alternative is CamelBones, a framework that allows access to both Foundation and AppKit classes and objects, so that full GUI applications can be built in Perl. CamelBones can be found on SourceForge, at http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/camelbones/.
Unfortunately it is not that difficult somehow manage to break one's Mac OS X Perl rather severely. If all else fails and you want to really, REALLY, start from scratch and remove even your Apple Perl installation (which has become corrupted somehow), the following instructions should do it. Please think twice before following these instructions: they are much like conducting brain surgery to yourself. Without anesthesia. We will not come to fix your system if you do this.
First, get rid of the libperl.dylib:
- # cd /System/Library/Perl/darwin/CORE
- # rm libperl.dylib
Then delete every .bundle file found anywhere in the folders:
- /System/Library/Perl
- /Library/Perl
You can find them for example by
- # find /System/Library/Perl /Library/Perl -name '*.bundle' -print
After this you can either copy Perl from your operating system media
(you will need at least the /System/Library/Perl and /usr/bin/perl),
or rebuild Perl from the source code with Configure -Dprefix=/usr
NOTE: the -Dprefix=/usr
to replace the system Perl
works much better with Perl 5.8.1 and later, in Perl 5.8.0 the
settings were not quite right.
"Pacifist" from CharlesSoft (http://www.charlessoft.com/) is a nice way to extract the Perl binaries from the OS media, without having to reinstall the entire OS.
This README was written by Sherm Pendley <firstname.lastname@example.com>, and subsequently updated by Dominic Dunlop <firstname.lastname@example.com> and Breno G. de Oliveira <email@example.com>. The "Starting From Scratch" recipe was contributed by John Montbriand <email@example.com>.
Last modified 2013-04-29.