text:
Foreign Function Interface
WARNING: This article covers the ccall method, which is discouraged. Use capi instead (User's Guide)![1] (This just means replacing all uses of ccall with capi and adding {-# LANGUAGE CApiFFI #-} at the top of the file. The rest is still correct.)
The Foreign Function Interface (FFI) allows Haskell programs to cooperate with programs written with other languages. Haskell programs can call foreign functions and foreign functions can call Haskell code.
Compared to many other languages, Haskell FFI is very easy to use: in the most common case, you only have to translate the prototype of the foreign function into the equivalent Haskell prototype and you're done. For instance, to call the exponential function ("exp") of the libc, you only have to translate its prototype:
double exp(double);
into the following Haskell code
--- warning: consider whether you really want to use ccall, see warning in beginning of article
foreign import ccall "exp" c_exp :: Double -> Double
Now you can use the function "c_exp" just like any other Haskell function. When evaluated, it will call "exp".
Similarly, to export the following Haskell function:
triple :: Int -> Int
triple x = 3*x
so that it can be used in foreign codes, you only have to write:
foreign export ccall triple :: Int -> Int
It can get at little more complicated depending on what you want to do, the function parameters, the foreign code you target, etc. This page is here to explain all of this to you.
FFI extension
The Foreign Function Interface (FFI) is an extension to the Haskell standard. To use it, you need to enable it with the following compiler pragma at the beginning of your source file:
{-# LANGUAGE ForeignFunctionInterface #-}
Calling conventions
When a program (in any language) is compiled into machine code, functions and procedures become labels: a label is a symbol (a string) associated to a position into the machine code. Calling a function only consists in putting parameters at appropriate places into memory and registers and then branching at the label position. The caller needs to know where to store parameters and the callee needs to know where to retrieve parameters from: there is a calling convention.
To interact with foreign code, you need to know the calling conventions that are used by the other language implementation on the given architecture. It can also depend on the operating system.
GHC supports standard calling conventions with the FFI: it can generate code to convert between its internal (non-standard) convention and the foreign one. If we consider the previous example:
foreign import ccall "exp" c_exp :: Double -> Double
we see that the C calling convention ("ccall") is used. GHC will generate code to put (and to retrieve) parameters into memory and registers conforming to what is expected by a code generated with a C compiler (or any other compiler conforming to this convention).
Other available conventions supported by GHC include "stdcall" (i.e. Pascal convention).
Foreign types
Calling conventions depend on parameter types. For instance, floating-point values (Double, Float) may be passed into floating-point registers. Several values can be combined into a single vector register. And so on. As an example, in http://www.x86-64.org/documentation/abi.pdf you can find the algorithm describing how to pass parameters to functions on Linux on a x86-64 architecture depending on the types of the parameters.
Only some Haskell types can be directly used as parameters for foreign functions, because they correspond to basic types of low-level languages such as C and are used to define calling conventions.
According to [1], the type of a foreign function is a foreign type, that is a function type with zero or more arguments where:
- the argument types can be marshallable foreign types, i.e. Char, Int, Double, Float, Bool, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Word8, Word16, Word32, Word64, Ptr a, FunPtr a, StablePtr a or a renaming of any of these using newtype.
- the return type is either a marshallable foreign type or has the form IO t where t is a marshallable foreign type or ().
Warning: GHC does not support passing structures as values yet.
The Foreign.C.Types module contains renaming of some of these marshallable foreign types with names closer to those of C types (e.g. CLong, CShort).
If the foreign function performs side-effects, you have to explicitly indicate it in its type (using IO). GHC has no other way to detect it.
foreign import ccall "my_func" myFunc :: Int -> IO Double
Data structures have to passed by reference (using pointers). We will see how to use them later in this document.
Exported functions
GHC can generate wrappers so that a foreign code can call Haskell code:
triple :: Int -> Int
triple x = 3*x
foreign export ccall triple :: Int -> Int
In the generated binary object, there will be a label "triple" that can be called from a language using the C convention.
Note that to call a Haskell function, the runtime system must have been initialized with a call to "hs_init". It must be released with a call to "hs_exit" when it is no longer required.
The GHC Users Guide has a section on the Foreign Function Interface.
Function pointers
Sometimes you want to manipulate foreign pointers to foreign functions: these are FunPtr in Haskell.
You can get a function pointer by using "&" before a foreign function symbol:
foreign import ccall "&exp" a_exp :: FunPtr (Double -> Double)
Some foreign functions can also return function pointers.
To call a function pointer from Haskell, GHC needs to convert between its own calling convention and the one expected by the foreign code. To create a function doing this conversion, you must use "dynamic" wrappers:
foreign import ccall "dynamic" mkFun :: FunPtr (Double -> Double) -> (Double -> Double)
Then you can apply this wrapper to a FunPtr to get a Haskell function:
c_exp :: Double -> Double
c_exp = mkFun a_exp
You can also perform the opposite operation to give to the foreign code a pointer to a Haskell function. You need a "wrapper" wrapper. GHC generates the callable code to execute the wrapped Haskell closure with the appropriate calling convention and returns a pointer (FunPtr) on it. You have to release the generated code explicitly with `freeHaskellFunPtr` to avoid memory leaks: GHC has no way to know if the function pointer is still referenced in some foreign code, hence it doesn't collect it.
add :: Int -> Int
add = x+y
foreign import ccall "wrapper" createAddPtr :: (Int -> Int) -> IO (FunPtr (Int -> Int))
main = do
addPtr <- createAddPtr add
-- you can use addPtr like any other FunPtr (e.g. give it to foreign code)
-- you MUST free the FunPtr, otherwise it won't be collected
freeHaskellFunPtr addPtr
Marshalling data
In Haskell we are accustomed to let the runtime system -- especially the garbage collector -- manage memory. When we use the FFI, however, we sometimes need to do some manual memory management to comply with the data representations of the foreign codes. Hopefully, Haskell makes it very easy to manipulate low-level objects such as pointers. Moreover, many useful Haskell tools have been designed to simplify conversions between data representations.
A pointer is an offset in memory. In Haskell, it is represented with the Ptr a data type. Where "a" is a phantom type that can be used to differentiate two pointers. You can think of "Ptr Stuff" as being equivalent to a "Stuff *" type in C (i.e. a pointer to a "Stuff" data). This analogy may not hold if "a" is a Haskell type not representable in the foreign language. For instance, you can have a pointer with the type "Ptr (Stuff -> OtherStuff)" but it is not function pointer in the foreign language: it is just a pointer tagged with the "Stuff -> OtherStuff" type.
You can easily cast between pointer types using `castPtr` or perform pointer arithmetic using `plusPtr`, `minusPtr` and `alignPtr`. NULL pointer is represented with `nullPtr`.
Memory allocation
There are basically two ways to allocate memory:
- on the Haskell heap, using `alloca*` functions in Foreign.Marshal.Alloc
The allocation is ephemeral: it lasts the time of the execution of an IO action, as in the following example:
allocaBytes 128 $ \ptr -> do
-- do stuff with the pointer ptr...
-- ...
-- do not return "ptr" in any way because it will become an invalid pointer
-- here the 128 bytes have been released and should not be accessed
- on the "low-level" heap (the same as the runtime system uses), using `malloc*` functions in Foreign.Marshal.Alloc
Allocations on the low-level heap are not managed by the Haskell implementation and must be freed explicitly with `free`.
ptr <- mallocBytes 128
-- do stuff with the pointer ptr...
-- ...
free ptr
-- here the 128 bytes have been released and should not be accessed
Foreign Pointers
An hybrid approach is to use ForeignPtr. Foreign pointers are similar to Ptr except that they have finalizers (i.e. actions) attached to them. When the garbage collector detects that a ForeignPtr is no longer accessible, it executes its associated finalizers. A basic finalizer is `finalizerFree` [2] that calls `free` on the pointer.
You can convert a Ptr into a ForeignPtr using `newForeignPtr`, add additional finalizers, etc. [3].
In the following example, we use `mallocForeignPtrBytes`. It is equivalent to call `malloc` and then to associate the `finalizerFree` finalizer with `newForeignPtr`. GHC has optimized implementations for `mallocForeignPtr*` functions, hence they should be preferred.
ptr <- mallocForeignPtrBytes 128
-- do stuff with the pointer ptr...
-- ...
-- ptr is freed when it is collected
Using pointers: Storable instances
You often want to read or to write at the address a of pointer. Reading consists in obtaining a Haskell value from a pointer; writing consists in somehow writing a representation of the Haskell value at the pointed address. Writing and reading a value depends on the type of the value, hence these methods are encapsulated into the Storable type class.
For any type T such that it exists a Storable T instance:
- you can read a value, using
peek :: Ptr T -> IO T
- you can write a value, using
poke :: Ptr T -> T -> IO ()
`Storable a` also defines a `sizeOf :: a -> Int` method that returns the size of the stored value in bytes.
All the marshallable foreign types (i.e. basic types) have Storable instances. Hence we can use these to write new Storable instances for more involved data types. In the following example, we create a Storable instance for a Complex data type:
data Complex = Complex Double Double
instance Storable Complex where
sizeOf _ = 2 * sizeOf (undefined :: Double) -- stored complex size = 2 * size of a stored Double
peek ptr = do
real <- peek ptr
img <- peekByteOff ptr (sizeOf real) -- we skip the bytes containing the real part
return $ Complex real img
poke ptr (Complex real img) = do
poke ptr real
pokeByteOff ptr (sizeOf real) img
This is not very complicated but it can become very cumbersome if our data type has many fields. Several tools have been developed to automatically or semi-automatically create the Storable instances.
Newtypes and Storable instances
It is very common to use newtype
to rename types for some specific purpose. In the following example we declare the type Pair which contains a pair of Double values just like our Complex type from above.
newtype Pair = Pair Complex
If we want to store Pair values exactly like Complex values, we have several possibilities:
- unwrap the Complex value each time we want to use its Storable instance
- create a new Storable Pair instance that does the same thing
- automatically derive the Storable Pair instance
The last solution is obviously the simplest one. It requires an extension however:
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
newtype Pair = Pair Complex deriving (Storable)
It is very common to read and to write arrays of values. Foreign.Marshal.Array provides many functions to deal with pointers to arrays. You can easily write an Haskell list of storable values as an array of values, and vice versa.
Strings in Haskell are lists of Char, where Char represents a unicode character. Many foreign codes use the C representation for strings (CString in Haskell): an array of bytes where each byte is a extended ASCII character terminated with a NUL character.
In Foreign.C.String, you have many functions to convert between both representations. Be careful because Unicode characters outside of the ASCII range may not be representable with the C representation.
foreign import ccall "echo" c_echo :: CString -> IO ()
echo :: String -> IO ()
echo str = withCString str $ \c_str ->
c_echo c_str
Data structures
Marshalling data structures of foreign languages is the most cumbersome task: you have to find out the offset of each field of the data structure (considering padding bytes, etc.). Hopefully, there are Haskell tools to help with this task.
Suppose you have a C data structure like this:
struct MyStruct { double d; char c; int32_t i; };
And its Haskell counterpart:
data MyStruct = MyStruct
{ d :: Double
, c :: Word8
, i :: Int32
The following sub-sections present the different ways to write the Storable instance for MyStruct.
The following header is implied:
import Control.Applicative ((<$>), (<*>))
import Foreign.Storable
The explicit way
instance Storable MyStruct where
alignment _ = 8
sizeOf _ = 16
peek ptr = MyStruct
<$> peekByteOff ptr 0
<*> peekByteOff ptr 8
<*> peekByteOff ptr 12 -- skip padding bytes after "c"
poke ptr (MyStruct d c i) = do
pokeByteOff ptr 0 d
pokeByteOff ptr 8 c
pokeByteOff ptr 12 i
- The structure alignment is the least common multiple of the alignments of the structure fields. The alignment of primitive types is equal to their size in bytes (e.g. 8 for Double, 1 for Word8 and 4 for Word32). Hence the alignment for MyStruct is 8.
- We indicate the offset of each field explicitly for peek and poke methods. We introduce padding bytes to align the "i" field (Word32) on 4 bytes. A C compiler does the same thing (except for packed structures).
- The size of the structure is the total number of bytes, including padding bytes between fields.
hsc2hs is a tool that can help you compute field offsets by using C headers directly.
Save your Haskell file with a .hsc extension to enable the support of hsc2hs.
#include <myheader.h>
instance Storable MyStruct where
peek ptr = MyStruct
<$> (#peek MyStruct, d) ptr
<*> (#peek MyStruct, c) ptr
<*> (#peek MyStruct, i) ptr
c2hs is another tool that can help you doing the same thing as hsc2hs for data structure marshalling. They have differences in other aspects though.
#include <myheader.h>
instance Storable MyStruct where
peek ptr = MyStruct
<$> {#get MyStruct->d} ptr
<*> {#get MyStruct->c} ptr
<*> {#get MyStruct->i} ptr
You can also derive the Storable instances from the types of the fields and their order in the Haskell data type by using c-storable-deriving package.
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Foreign.CStorable
data MyStruct = MyStruct {...} deriving (Generic)
instance CStorable MyStruct
instance Storable MyStruct where
sizeOf = cSizeOf
alignment = cAlignment
poke = cPoke
peek = cPeek
The CStorable type-class is equivalent to the Storable type-class but has additional default implementations for its methods if the type has an instance of Generic.
Pointers to Haskell data
In some cases, you may want to give to the foreign code an opaque reference to a Haskell value that you will retrieve later on. You need to be sure that the value is not collected between the time you give it and the time you retrieve it. Stable pointers have been created exactly to do this. You can wrap a value into a StablePtr and give it to the foreign code (StablePtr is one of the marshallable foreign types).
You need to manually free stable pointers using `freeStablePtr` when they are not required anymore.
There are several tools to help writing bindings using the FFI. In particular by using C headers.
Using C headers
Dynamic function call
- libffi: allow to call a C function without knowing its type at compile time.
There are several ways for GHC to find the foreign code to link with:
- Static linking: the foreign code binary object is merged with the Haskell one to form the final executable
- Dynamic linking: the generated binary uses libraries (e.g. .dll or .so) that are automatically linked when the binary is executed
- Explicit dynamic linking: the Haskell code explicitly loads libraries, finds symbols in them and makes calls to them
The first two modes are well described in GHC and Cabal manuals. For the last one, you need to use platform dependent methods:
- on UNIX, you can use System.Posix.DynamicLinker
Explicit dynamic linking helps you obtaining function pointers (FunPtr). You need to write "dynamic" wrappers to call the functions from Haskell.
Dynamic linker template
dynamic-linker-template is a package that uses template Haskell to automatically generate "dynamic" wrappers for explicit dynamic linking (only supporting Unix for now).
The idea is that a library is like a record containing functions, hence it is easy to generate the code that load symbols from a library and store them into a Haskell record.
In the following code, the record matching library symbols is the data type MyLib. The generated code will apply "myModifier" to each field name of the record to find corresponding symbols in the library. myModifier should often be "id" but it is sometimes useful when symbols are not pretty. Here in the foreign code "_v2" is appended at the end of each symbol to avoid symbol clashes with the first version of the library.
The package supports optional symbols: functions that may or may not be present in the library. These optional functions are represented by encapsulating the function type into Maybe.
The `libHandle` field is mandatory and contains a pointer to the loaded library. You can use it to unload the library.
A function called `loadMyLib` is generated to load symbols from a library, wrap them using "dynamic" wrappers and store them into a MyLib value that is returned.
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell, ForeignFunctionInterface #-}
import System.Posix.DynamicLinker.Template
data MyLib = MyLib {
libHandle :: DL,
thing1 :: Double -> IO Int, -- Mandatory symbol
thing2 :: Maybe (Int -> Int -> Int) -- Optional symbol
myModifier :: String -> String
myModifier = (++ "_v2")
$(makeDynamicLinker ''MyLib CCall 'myModifier)
-- Load your library with:
-- loadMyLib :: FilePath -> [RTLDFlags] -> IO MyLib
Enhancing performance and advanced topics
To enhance performance of a call to a foreign function, you first need to understand how GHC runtime system works. GHC uses user-space threads. It uses a set of system threads (called "Tasks"). Each system thread can execute a "capability" (i.e. a user-space thread manager). User-space threads are distributed on capabilities. Each capability executes its associated user-space threads, one at a time, using cooperative scheduling or preemption if necessary.
All the capabilities have to synchronize to perform garbage collection.
When a FFI call is made:
- the user-space thread is suspended (indicating it is waiting for the result of a foreign call)
- the current system thread executing the capability executing the user-space thread releases the capability
- the capability can be picked up by another system thread
- the user-space threads that are not suspended in the capability can be executed
- garbage collection can occur
- the system thread executes the FFI call
- when the FFI call returns, the user-space thread is woken up
If there are too many blocked system threads, the runtime system can spawn new ones.
Unsafe calls
All the capability management before and after a FFI call adds some overhead. It is possible to avoid it in some cases by adding the "unsafe" keyword as in the following example:
foreign import ccall unsafe "exp" c_exp :: Double -> Double
By doing this, the foreign code will be directly called but the capability won't be released by the system thread during the call. Here are the drawbacks of this approach:
- if the foreign function blocks indefinitely, the other user-space threads of the capability won't be executed anymore (deadlock)
- if the foreign code calls back into the Haskell code, a deadlock may occur
- it may wait for a value produced by one of the locked user-space threads on the capability
- there may not be enough capabilities to execute the code
Foreign PrimOps
If unsafe foreign calls are not fast enough for you, you can try the GHCForeignImportPrim extension.
{-# LANGUAGE GHCForeignImportPrim,
UnliftedFFITypes #-}
import GHC.Base
import GHC.Int
-- Primitive with type :: Int -> Int -> IO Int
foreign import prim "my_primop_cmm"
my_primop# :: Int# -> Int# -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, Int# #)
my_primop :: Int64 -> Int64 -> IO Int64
my_primop (I64# x) (I64# y) = IO $ \s ->
case (my_primop# x y s) of (# s1, r #) -> (# s1, I64# r #)
Then you have to write your foreign function "my_primop_cmm" using C-- language used internally by GHC.
As an alternative, if you know how C-- is compiled on your architecture, you can write code in other languages. For instance directly in assembly or using C and LLVM.
Here is a comparison of the different approaches on a specific case.
Bound threads
Some foreign codes use (system) thread-local storage. Some others are not thread-safe. In both case, you have to be sure that the same system thread executes the FFI calls. To control how user-space threads are scheduled on system threads, GHC provide bound threads. Bound threads are user-space threads (Haskell threads) that can only be executed by a single system thread.
Note that bound threads are more expensive to schedule than normal threads. The first thread executing "main" is a bound thread.
Inline FFI calls
If you want to make a one-shot FFI call without the hassle of writing the foreign import, you can use the following technique (using Template Haskell).
In AddTopDecls.hs:
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
module AddTopDecls where
import Language.Haskell.TH
import Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax
importDoubleToDouble :: String -> ExpQ
importDoubleToDouble fname = do
n <- newName fname
d <- forImpD CCall unsafe fname n [t|Double -> Double|]
addTopDecls [d]
[|$(varE n)|]
In your module:
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
module Main where
import Language.Haskell.TH
import Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax
import AddTopDecls
main :: IO ()
main = do
print ($(importDoubleToDouble "sin") pi)
print ($(importDoubleToDouble "cos") pi)
Header inclusion
In old versions of GHC (6.8.3 and earlier), the compiler was able to check the prototypes of the foreign imports by including C header files into the generated C code. For instance, you could write:
{-# INCLUDE <math.h> #-}
foreign import ccall "math.h sin" c_sin :: Double -> Double
to include the "math.h" header.
This is deprecated in GHC. Nevertheless you may still find examples using this syntax so it is good to know that it has been used. Moreover, other compilers may still use this feature.
- Justification of the deprecation from the GHC 6.10.1 manual:
"C functions are normally declared using prototypes in a C header file. Earlier versions of GHC (6.8.3 and earlier) #included the header file in the C source file generated from the Haskell code, and the C compiler could therefore check that the C function being called via the FFI was being called at the right type.
GHC no longer includes external header files when compiling via C, so this checking is not performed. The change was made for compatibility with the native code backend (-fasm) and to comply strictly with the FFI specification, which requires that FFI calls are not subject to macro expansion and other CPP conversions that may be applied when using C header files. This approach also simplifies the inlining of foreign calls across module and package boundaries: there's no need for the header file to be available when compiling an inlined version of a foreign call, so the compiler is free to inline foreign calls in any context.
The -#include option is now deprecated, and the include-files field in a Cabal package specification is ignored."
- ↑ Oleg Grenrus/phadej on capi vs ccall: haskell-cafe post from June 2021
- FFI addendum
- The Foreign Function Interface section of the Haskell 2010 report
- FFI chapter in the GHC user guide
- "Tackling the awkward squad" paper
- "Extending the Haskell FFI with Concurrency" paper (the number of capabilities is now greater than 1)
- http://blog.melding-monads.com/2011/10/24/concurrency-and-foreign-functions-in-the-glasgow-haskell-compiler/
Related links
- Ivory: EDSL for writing safer low-level C.
Old links
Select one of the following links for more information:
- FFI Introduction
- GHC manual: Writing Haskell interfaces to C code: hsc2hs
- haskell-ffi-tutorial at GitHub
- The official description: chapters 8 and 24 to 37 of The Haskell 2010 Language Report (a draft: The Haskell 98 Foreign Function Interface 1.0. An Addendum to the Haskell 98 Report)
- FFI cook book
- FFI complete examples
- GHC/Using the FFI
- Tackling the awkward squad
- fficxx, a Haskell-C++ Foreign Function Interface Generator
- Applications and libraries/Interfacing other languages
- Use another language to call a function; Haskell
- TABI a typeful tagged cross-language calling convention
Blog articles
- Dealing with fragile C libraries (e.g. MySQL) from Haskell
- Simple demonstration of Haskell FFI
- C and Haskell sitting in a tree…
- C2HS example: To save other people frustration
- Cxx foreign function interface; how to link to a C++ library
- Safety first: FFI and threading
- Calling C++ from Haskell
Example libraries
- https://github.com/paulrzcz/HSvm calls c++ from Haskell, uses .hsc for size/alignment, and extern C to marshall data
- https://github.com/julmb/biteopt/ calls c++ from Haskell
- Fix References section
- Foreign language specific issues
- C++ symbol mangling
- Embedded Objective C
- Precision
- The Haskell report only guarantees that
has 30 bits of signed precision, so convertingCInt
is not safe! On the other hand, many classes have instances forInt
but notCInt
, so it's generally more convenient to convert from the C types. To convert, I suppose you could either write acheckedFromIntegral
function if you're sure it's small or just useInteger
- The Haskell report only guarantees that
- Fix [4]
- One page per tool?
- Links to external tool specific tutorials
- Linking
- pkgconfig
- cabal
- explicit (ghc parameters)
- cf http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4959802/how-to-specify-dependency-on-external-c-library-in-cabal


text:
Golf Resin Tri Star, 7"
Golf Resin Tri Star, 7"
PLEASE NOTE: Due to COVID we cannot accept any returns or exchanges unless due to a manufacturers defect. Please measure your favourite t-shirt and compare with our size chart in product images.
Please refer to size chart in product images for sizing

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This fonds contains textual and photographic materials related to the life and literary work of Colin Stuart - a poet most active in the Vancouver literary scene in the 1960's and '70's. Personal setbacks limited the publishing of his poems, so the bulk of this fonds consists of multiple loose copies and drafts of an extensive body of work that spans almost 4 decades.
The contents of this archive have been divided into six series: Series 1: Manuscripts, drafts, and notes ([ca. 1964]-[before May 2018]).; Series 2: Correspondence (1964-2005); Series 3: Notebooks (1967-2018); Series 4: Photographs ([after 1973]-[2000?]); Series 5: Education and administrative ([195-]-1995); Series 6: Works by Duncan McNaughton and others ([ca. 1974]-2019). Series 1 has been divided into the following sub-series: Sub-series 1: Manuscripts and complete poems (1967-[200-]); Sub-series 2: Partial manuscripts, drafts, and notes ([ca. 1964]-[before May 2018]).
Stuart, Colin


text:
Saying it has "determined that airlines can safely expand passenger use of Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) during all phases of flight," the Federal Aviation Administration announced Thursday that it is advising airlines they can let fliers use their much-loved e-books, tablets and other handhelds "gate-to-gate."
Cellphone calls, however, would still be prohibited.
The agency says it expects that by the end of this year, "many carriers will prove to the FAA that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate." And according to the FAA:
"Passengers will eventually be able to read e-books, play games, and watch videos on their devices during all phases of flight, with very limited exceptions. Electronic items, books and magazines, must be held or put in the seat back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing roll. Cellphones should be in airplane mode or with cellular service disabled — i.e., no signal bars displayed — and cannot be used for voice communications based on FCC regulations that prohibit any airborne calls using cell phones. If your air carrier provides Wi-Fi service during flight, you may use those services. You can also continue to use short-range Bluetooth accessories, like wireless keyboards."
"Thursday's decision marks a major change for passengers eager to keep reading an electronic book, listen to music or play a game while the plane is less than 10,000 feet in the air, where those activities have been prohibited.
"The decision on other gadgets follows a report Sept. 30 from a 28-member committee representing airlines, manufacturers, electronics makers, pilots and flight attendants.
"The prohibition against electronics began decades ago because of concerns about interference with cockpit communications and navigation equipment. But passengers have sought easier use of their gadgets as electronics become more widespread and as aircraft equipment has become less susceptible to stray signals."
NPR's David Schaper previewed this decision on All Things Considered last month. As he reported, "it's news many airline passengers have waited to hear."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


text:
Since we are both from Malaysia so I prepared this simple claypot chicken rice which is a very popular dish from Malaysia. Claypot chicken rice can either be served as dinner or lunch. It is a dish that you can find at most of the hawker places in Malaysia. Claypot chicken rice is cooked in the claypot first. Then, the rest of the ingredients like chicken, mushroom and Chinese sausages are added to the top. Thus, I reckon, it can be easily categorized under one-pot cooking.
Do stop by at My Cooking Hut and check out the recipe there. Leemei, thanks for having me as your guest.


text:
Search Texas Arrest Records
Searching for arrest records in Young County in the state of Texas
Whenever a person is arrested in Young County, the state of Texas or anywhere in the US, then an arrest record is created for that incident. Of course, just because a person is arrested by the police, it does not necessarily mean they have done anything wrong; once arrested they could be released without charge, found not guilty in the federal, state or district court, or even have their conviction quashed on appeal. Finding out that someone you know or are thinking of employing has an arrest record simply means that at one time in their life, the police felt they had enough evidence to detain them in regards to a particular crime or incident. They may even have been arrested simply as a witness to something that happened! Employers in particular should be careful that they do not use information such as arrest records on their own to discriminate against an existing or potential employee without looking into the incident further.
If you know that the person you are searching for has lived in Young County in the state of Texas all their lives, then searching for any documents relating to their past is going to be much easier. Documents relating to arrest records are maintained either by the police or by the courts, if the case ended up going to trial. The county courthouses in Young County will have archives of court documents, including arrest records, many of which will be on computer databases to make searching much easier. The staff at these courthouses will be able to help you get your search started, and can even carry out a search on your behalf if you live a long way from Young County or the state of Texas. Just send them a request by mail or email, along with the standard fee that usually applies. Of course, the staff here has lots of other things to do, so you may end up waiting quite a while for your search results to be returned.
It may be quicker for you to search online, either on the police or court websites if they have a search facility, or on a commercial website that collects together information on arrest records in Young County from many different sources. These sites often also offer national data, which can be useful if you are not sure that the person you're searching for has lived in Young County or the state of Texas all their lives. You simply have to input what information you have about the person, such as name, date of birth, previous addresses, and if they have ever been arrested, you will get a list of results. There may be limits as to exactly what information you can see, depending on some of the details of the arrest or when it took place, and you might have to pay these sites a fee in order to see this extra information, but most will charge you nothing if you get no "hits" on the name you are searching for.
The most likely reasons that you would want to search for arrest records in Young County in the state of Texas are to check up on a new partner before you move in with him or her or before you marry them, to look into the background of current or potential employees or even as a part of your research into your family tree. In the first two cases, be careful not to jump to conclusions – an arrest record does not mean the person was guilty. Employers may be restricted as to the kinds of background searches they are allowed to carry out on employees without their permission, and they can get into trouble themselves if they act upon information like this when it is not allowed. If you are an employer in Young County wanting to carry out this kind of background check on your employees, the staff at the local courthouse will be able to tell you what information you are actually allowed to access. Arrest records contain a lot of personal information, which is why they are useful to genealogists. No-one wants to find out that their ancestors were criminals, but if it helps to piece together where they lived or who their relatives were, then any documents of this kind can help. Of course, more historic documents in Young County and throughout the state of Texas might not yet have been transferred to computer systems, meaning you will just have to search through the older, paper files in the courthouse archives. These will be indexed, and the courthouse staff will be able to offer you some advice and tips to get you started.


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If you have never suffered from dry eye, you might not appreciate how important your tears are to your eye health. Without enough moisture, your eyes can become dry, itchy, red and uncomfortable. Dry eye occurs when you do not make enough tears or the tears you produce are not high quality.
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British Telecom: please include freedom in your new music service
Dear BT,
British Telecom is a leader of telecommunication and digital content markets, and has a reputation for product innovation. Plans recently reported for a new not-for-profit music download service1 for BT's 5.5 million broadband customers have sparked much discussion, and once again placed BT at the fore of the future of digital content delivery in the UK.
Amongst those speculating about the nature of the new service are the growing number of BT customers who use Free Software2 web-browsers, operating systems, and multimedia players. Currently these and other Free Software users are unable to enjoy many popular content delivery systems such as Spotify, Steam, and iTunes, because they are not compatible with Free Software, or require the waiving of users' rights and freedoms in order to use them3 4 5. The nature of BT's new service, and the extent to which it respects the freedom of it's users, are therefore of particular concern.
Powerful new Open Standards6 like HTML5 and CSS3, combined with widely used Free Software codecs for rich multimedia like VP8 and Ogg Vorbis, make it easier than ever to build powerful cross-platform applications which respect user freedom whilst maintaining long term accessibility. Recent adoption of these technologies by established content providers such as YouTube, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, Dailymotion, and Deutschlandradio, reflect a growing industry trend towards platform independence through use of Free Software and Open Standards7 8 9 10.
In addition to these web-based technologies exists Free Software tools like Qt and Gtk, which continue to be used by thousands of companies11 to develop world-class desktop applications compatible with all major operating systems.
BT already makes wide use of Free Software12, and "recognises, and welcomes the use of open source software"13. Therefore we ask that you recognise the value of your customer's freedom as you design and deploy your new subscription service, and take the opportunity to benefit from one of the many Free Software technologies which will allow you to achieve this.
The Free Software Foundation Europe is happy to assist you with any questions regarding this issue or Free Software and Open Standards in general.
Yours Sincerely,
UK Team, Free Software Foundation Europe
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/pda/2011/mar/28/bt-illegal-filesharing-music
- https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/freesoftware.html
- http://www.spotify.com/int/legal/end-user-agreement/#section-12
- http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2010-08-12-valve-on-steam-part-two-interview
- http://images.apple.com/legal/sla/docs/itunes.pdf
- https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/standards/standards.html
- http://www.youtube.com/html5
- http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/playogg/sites/norway
- http://www.dailymotion.com/html5
- http://www.dradio.de/wir/ogg/
- http://www.digia.com/C2256FEF0043E9C1/0/405002251
- http://opensource.bt.com/ under "products and projects"
- http://www.selling2bt.bt.com/Downloads/BTOpenSourcePolicyextractsforsuppliersIssue1.pdf ("Open source software" and "Free Software" refer to the same thing with different connotations)


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Cookie Policy
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Who should take this course?
Love scuba diving? Want to share it with others on a whole new level? Take the PADI Divemaster course and do what you love to do as a career. Scuba divers look up to divemasters because they are leaders who mentor and motivate others. As a divemaster, you not only get to dive a lot, but also experience the joy of seeing others have as much fun diving as you do.
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Welcome to our catalogue of images, video, animations, maps and figures from Hub projects. This imagery may be used in accordance with Creative Commons licence CC 3.0. Please also credit the image authors. For images containing people, permission should be sought beforehand: please contact us.
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Sunday, June 14, 2009
Chinese Dumplings/Pot Stickers
From the kitchen of One Perfect Bite...The Daring Bakers' June challenge was chosen by Jen from use real butter. She proposed that we make dumplings, boiled, steamed or fried. This was intriguing, but due to time constraints I came down to the wire and almost missed the deadline. Fortunately, it was not a difficult challenge. I've used the dough recipe for many years, primarily as a wrapper for egg rolls, so creating the discs to hold the filling was not a problem. The only trick is allowing the gluten to relax before going at it with a rolling pin. Shaping the dumplings was another story. I did a quick scan of Jaden Hair's wonderful instructions for pleating dumplings to get some idea how this is done manually. I have a small gadget that I normally use for shaping dumplings. I couldn't use it for this challenge because the dumplings had to be made by hand. I decided to use the shrimp filling included in Jen's recipe breakdown for the challenge. The filling is very nice. I decided to steam the dumplings and serve them with a dipping sauce that we often use at our table. I hope you'll try making your own dumplings. It really is fun to do. Here's are the recipes used for this month's challenge.
Chinese Dumplings...from the kitchen of One Perfect Bite
2 cups plain flour
1/2 cup warm water
flour for work surface
Shrimp Filling
1/2 lb (225g) raw shrimp, peeled, deveined, and coarsely chopped
1/2 lb (225g) ground pork
3 stalks green onions, minced
1/4 cup (55g) ginger root, minced
1 cup (142g) water chestnuts, minced
1 tsp (5g) salt
3 tbsp (40g) sesame oil
2 tbsp (16g) corn starch
Dipping Sauce
1/3 cup soy sauce
1/3 cup rice wine vinegar
1/3 cup chopped scallions
1 teaspoon dark sesame oil
1 tablespoon sriracha or sambal
1) To make the dough: Place the flour in the work bowl of a food processor with the dough blade. Run the processor and pour the warm water in until incorporated. Pour the contents into a sturdy bowl or onto a work surface and knead until uniform and smooth. The dough should be firm and silky to the touch and not sticky.[Note: it's better to have a moist dough and have to incorporate more flour than to have a dry and pilling dough and have to incorporate more water). Knead the dough about twenty strokes then cover with a damp towel for 15 minutes. Take the dough and form a flattened dome. Cut into strips about 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide. Shape the strips into rounded long cylinders. On a floured surface, cut the strips into 3/4 inch pieces. Press palm down on each piece to form a flat circle (you can shape the corners in with your fingers). With a rolling pin, roll out a circular wrapper from each flat disc. Take care not to roll out too thin or the dumplings will break during cooking - about 1/16th inch. Leave the centers slightly thicker than the edges. Place a tablespoon of filling in the center of each wrapper and fold the dough in half, pleating the edges along one side). Keep all unused dough under damp cloth.
2) To make the filling: Combine all filling ingredients in a large mixing bowl and mix thoroughly . Cover and refrigerate until ready to use (up to a day, but preferably within an hour or two).
3) To make the dipping sauce: Combine all the ingredients in a shaker jar. Shake to combine. For best results, prepare ahead of time to allow the flavors to blend. Store in a sealed container in the refrigerator until ready to use. (Use within 3 to 4 days). Serve with dumplings.
4) To cook dumplings: If boiling, bring a large pot of water to a boil and add dumplings to pot. Boil the dumplings until they float. If steaming, place dumplings on a single layer of napa cabbage leaves or on a well-greased surface in a steamer basket with lid. Steam covered for about 6 minutes. If pan frying, place dumplings in a frying pan with 2-3 tbsp of vegetable oil. Heat on high and fry for a few minutes until bottoms are golden. Add 1/2 cup water and cover. Cook until the water has boiled away and then uncover and reduce heat to medium or medium low. Let the dumplings cook for another 2 minutes then remove from heat and serve. Yield: about 28 dumplings.
54 comments :
- My Little Space said...
The steamed dumplings looking good. Is it your 1st attempt?
- June 14, 2009 at 2:39 AM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
It is my first attempt using this recipe and making the wrappers completely by hand. I have a gadget that I normally use to shape dumplings. I couldn't use for this challenge.
- June 14, 2009 at 3:24 AM
- Katy ~ said...
Wow, a labor of love. They look perfect and delicious!
- June 14, 2009 at 5:41 AM
- MyKitchenInHalfCups said...
You sure knocked the socks off this one! Gorgeous pot of dumplings.
- June 14, 2009 at 7:51 AM
- Hootin Anni said...
Mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. Delicious, I'm sure.
- June 14, 2009 at 7:53 AM
- Cook the Books said...
Your dumplings look wonderful! I chose to try the pan fry method, but I think I'm going to head to the kitchen supply store for a steamer basket! Great job :)
- June 14, 2009 at 7:57 AM
- Cindy Khor said...
i love dumpling stickers pan-fried version. never tried to steam them though as i don't fancy soft skin. but your dumplings are full of wonderful ingredients that maybe i'll try making them.
- June 14, 2009 at 10:13 AM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
Cindy, a quick welcome to my blog. I hope you'll visit often.
- June 14, 2009 at 11:15 AM
- Audax said...
What a great job you did on this challenge. Your pleating skills look ace (that is very very good) to me. You learnt to do them so fast and the pixs are clear and informative. Thanks for your very nice comments on my blog.
- June 14, 2009 at 11:27 AM
Your dumplings look fabulous! It's more than one perfect bite. I'd take at least 100 perfect bites out of them. Congrats!
- June 14, 2009 at 12:56 PM
- Amy I. said...
Your dumplings came out lovely, and the pleating looks great! One of my favorite parts of being a Daring Cook is seeing what everyone else did and discovering new blogs. Glad to have found yours!
- June 14, 2009 at 1:06 PM
- Claire said...
Your dumplings look fantastic. Great job battling against time constraints
- June 14, 2009 at 2:13 PM
They just look so professionally done! I am always impressed when I see what you've made, Mary.
I also loved this challenge! So fun! - June 14, 2009 at 2:16 PM
- Isabelle said...
Your dumplings just amaze me, they look so perfect! I never try to steam them.
Thanks for your nice comments on my blog. - June 14, 2009 at 2:19 PM
- Angie said...
Thanks for the comment, Mary! Yours look great!
- June 14, 2009 at 2:34 PM
- Heather B said...
Great job on your dumplings! They look delicious!
- June 14, 2009 at 3:14 PM
- Jen Yu said...
A beautiful plate of dumplings there! You are now officially a pro :) Your pleating looks fantastic. Great job on the challenge.
- June 14, 2009 at 3:59 PM
- tina said...
Your steamed version looks yummy and plump.
- June 14, 2009 at 4:47 PM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
Tina, thank you. I think I found my way to your site. Yours are beautiful and wonderfully photographed.
- June 14, 2009 at 5:49 PM
- Isolated Foodie said...
Beautiful steamed dumplings! The more pictures I see of the plump steamed version, the more I want a bamboo steamer. This is my first visit to your blog -- your blog photo is just gorgeous!
- June 14, 2009 at 6:11 PM
- Patsyk said...
Your dumplings look beautiful! I haven't made any in quite some time, and really need to do it again soon after seeing yours!
- June 14, 2009 at 7:32 PM
- Dips said...
Great dumplings Mary..it was definitely fun to make the wrappers from scratch..wasnt it? I think over time I can make it thin and small enough like real dumplings :)
- June 14, 2009 at 7:45 PM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
PatsyK, It's good to see you here. The dumplings are really fun to make and pleating is like riding a bicycle. It comes back quickly.
- June 14, 2009 at 8:06 PM
Yummy looking dumplings! I did the pan-fried version and am looking forward to trying them steamed too...
- June 14, 2009 at 8:37 PM
- Lori said...
Mary- Very impressive for coming down to the wire!
- June 14, 2009 at 9:35 PM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
Lori, I am without a kitchen this weekend and did not know that was going to be the case until late Thursday night. I really did have to hustle. Things will be back to normal tomorrow.
- June 14, 2009 at 9:49 PM
- Kris Ngoei said...
Dumplings look delicious. Make me drool! Great job!
Kris - June 15, 2009 at 12:04 AM
- chriesi said...
Beautiful pot of dumplings! Have a great week!
- June 15, 2009 at 2:39 AM
- Culinary Wannabe said...
Nice job! I'm jealous of your pleating skills. :)
- June 15, 2009 at 6:19 AM
- Dharm said...
These dumplings look just super Mary!! very lovely indeed!
- June 15, 2009 at 7:14 AM
- Jerry said...
I really enjoyed this challenge - it was nice to use my own dough rather than the store bought stuff I've bought in the past! Your dumplings look amazing.
- June 15, 2009 at 7:27 AM
You did a great job on these! Your wrappers look very thin an tender which is no easy feat. I love your blog. Thanks!
- June 15, 2009 at 9:21 AM
Yours look amazing. Particularly the steamed ones. Yum!
- June 15, 2009 at 9:54 AM
- Lauren said...
Wow! Your dumplings look perfect =D. Beautiful photos as well!!
- June 15, 2009 at 10:54 AM
- Delicious Dishings said...
I love your dumplings - they look so good!
- June 15, 2009 at 12:38 PM
- Connie said...
Great job! They looks so delicious!
- June 15, 2009 at 12:43 PM
- CRUISNDIVA said...
Your dumplings look delish and you did a fantastic job of pleating even without your handy gadget. Great work!!
- June 15, 2009 at 1:46 PM
- Jenny said...
Your dumplings look absolutely perfect!
Thanks for visiting our blog - the flu passed by quickly so the dumplings are probably on the dinner table tomorrow.
I love your blog header (is that the correct term?) BTW - beautiful picture! - June 15, 2009 at 4:45 PM
- Mary | Deep South Dish said...
That's a lot of work but they are gorgeous!
- June 15, 2009 at 6:42 PM
Hi Mary,
Your dumplings look awesome too!!!
-cait - June 15, 2009 at 6:53 PM
- Rose said...
They look beautiful! Great job! :)
- June 16, 2009 at 12:16 AM
- Christina Kim said...
These are beautiful! I also love how you steamed them the "right" way, with the bamboo steamer and lettuce leaves.
- June 16, 2009 at 1:30 AM
- Woman with a Whisk said...
Beautiful presentation!
- June 16, 2009 at 12:36 PM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
A warm welcome to all of you who are visiting One Perfect Bite for the first time. I really do enjoy blogging with you and hope you'll come again.
- June 16, 2009 at 12:46 PM
- Karen said...
I love pot stickers and these look delicious. I just can't see myself making them because they look like they require patience, of which I have none ;)
- June 16, 2009 at 3:14 PM
- Tres Jolie Studios said...
You did a wonderful job and your potstickers look like a perfect bite!!
- June 16, 2009 at 5:49 PM
- ice tea: sugar high said...
Great job! love your photos, and i bet they taste as good as they look. yum yum
- June 18, 2009 at 1:08 AM
- Lisa said...
The translucency of the steamed ones shows how perfectly thin you got your dough! They look so beautiful and mouth watering! Well done!
- June 18, 2009 at 5:51 AM
- Arundathi said...
I had a lot of fun making it too and it wasn't as hard as I thought it was going to be. You've done a lovely job!
- June 18, 2009 at 7:54 AM
- Madeline said...
Great job, they look fantastic! Your photos are beautiful and I am crazy about your header photo :) I never thought of using this dough for egg rolls. Would you roll them a little thicker and deep fry them?
- June 18, 2009 at 3:35 PM
- Mary Bergfeld said...
Madeline, I try to keep the wrapper thin, but I do deep fry eggrolls made with this skin.
- June 18, 2009 at 3:51 PM
- Melissa and Zack said...
I don't know why but these look better to me than the japanese gyoza. I will be trying this soon!
- July 9, 2009 at 2:17 PM
- free online adventure games said...
This is something I think my family will love. Where I live, the dipping sauce for such dumplings is usually black vinegar with strips of ginger. You might like to try that too!
- October 25, 2009 at 11:05 PM
- claire said...
wow! these look gorgeous! i havent braved making my own dumplings yet!
- November 24, 2010 at 9:42 AM


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Firing a Muzzleloader
The firing procedure depends on the type of muzzleloader you are using.
- Percussion Lock Muzzleloader: When you're ready to fire the muzzleloader safely, place the percussion cap on the nipple. Be sure that your surroundings and your backstop are safe. Then aim and fire.
- Flintlock Muzzleloader: When priming a flintlock, pull the hammer to a half-cock position and open the priming pan cover. Check your flint, making sure the setting is tight and properly adjusted. Insert a vent pick or fine wire into the barrel's touchhole to make sure the opening is clear. With your pan primer, fill the pan about three-fourths full of FFFFg powder. Close the frizzen and pull the hammer to full cock when you're ready to fire the shot safely.
After firing, place the hammer in the half-cock position and swab the barrel to remove sparks that might be inside.


text:
2 PC Unstitched | Poly Satin Shirt + Trouser
Digital Printed Poly Satin Shirt
Digital Printed Poly Satin Trouser
Shipping & Handling
- We can ship to virtually any address in the world.
- Orders are processed within 24 hours and are generally scheduled for delivery after the order is confirmed.
- Timely delivery is subject to the availability of stocks and payment authorizations.
- We charge Flat 99 Rupees as shipping on all domestic orders.
- International shipping is applicable on all orders according to weight, region/state, shipping charges are mentioned separately as a part of the order on the check-out page. The final amount charged will include shipping charges.
- Actual delivery time is 3-5 working days for orders placed nationwide and for international orders, it's 7-10 working days.
- Our delivery agents will make two attempts to deliver a parcel.
The customers are responsible for an international order to pay all customs duties or taxes on arrival according to their own country's law.
Returns & Exchanges
We facilitate all our clients to exchange their ordered items, provided they have made the purchase in Pakistan, online or at any of our store (One Time Only).
- Any Article purchased online in full price can be exchanged within 10 days of receipt from the courier.
- The item(s) is faulty, damaged or defective at the time of delivery.
- The item(s) does not match the original specifications of the product or is found to be not the same as you had actually purchased.
- No product/item ordered online can be exchanged at any Ittehad retail store.
- All exchanges based on personal preferences will be charged delivery fee of PKR 250/- and return will solely be customer's responsibility.
- Colors may vary slightly from the original ones due to shoot purposes. Such exchange requests cannot be catered.
- Replacement will be sent in case a defected/faulty/damaged item is shipped both domestically and internationally. You will be required to email photographic evidence of the defective item at email@example.com If the article is not used, all tags are intact, packing is in its original condition and you have the original invoice with you, then you are good to go ahead with the exchange.
- Articles purchased on discount/sale are not qualified for exchange or return.
There are certain scenarios where it is difficult for us to support returns & exchanges. Such scenarios include but are not limited to the following:
- Exchange request is made outside the specified time frame.
- Product is damaged because of use.
- Product has tampered.
We don't offer cash refunds instead you will be issued a coupon of the same value valid for Online Store ONLY, which you can use to buy now or in the future provided it falls in the categories defined above.
The fastest way for exchange is that you can contact our customer service department by emailing us at email@example.com or you can call us at +92-3000 341 421. Provide all the required information to our friendly representative and if all the conditions met we will schedule the pick-up from your doorstep. At Ittehad, we look at each dispute on a case-by-case basis and tries to be fair to both parties.
Size |
Color |
Orange |
Piece |


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text:
Windscreen repair and windscreen replacement in Wantage
We've 1 auto glazier(s) covering the Wantage area.
Getting a windscreen repair or windscreen replacement in Wantage is easy via myWindscreen, our auto glaziers can also carry out side or rear window replacement. You'll be glad to know the technicians can repair and replace car and van glass on most makes / models of vehicles, you can visit them, or they can come to your home, workplace, garage or they can meet with you at the side of the road.
Our automotive glass technicians can carry out windscreen chip repairs and windscreen replacement while you wait and within an hour on the same day or next day. The technicians have well in excess of 300 years of auto glazing experience between them and you'll be pleased to know that our network covers the Wantage area.
The myWindscreen network makes getting your car or van glass repair affordable, simple and effortless. Call or request a no-obligation quote online today!
A windscreen replacement in Wantage was amongst the highest volume of jobs our technicians carried out this year, this was followed closely by windscreen chip repairs.
What are you waiting for? Get a no-obligation quote.
Need help? Call 07553 344 525 or 07788 398 621
When calling mention you found us on "myWindscreen"
location_on Expert Windscreens - Unit 123, Home Farm Works, Deddington, Banbury, OX150TP
About us
For world-class glass repairs and replacements for your vehicle in Oxfordshire and beyond, look no further than our highly experienced and fully mobile automotive ...
More informationHow much does a windscreen repair or a windscreen replacement cost in Wantage?
The cost of repairing or replacing a windscreen in Wantage can depend on the make and model of the vehicle (new models tend to have more features so will generally cost more to fix). Labour rates will be higher or lower depending on where in the country you are. The technicians featured above cover Wantage so give them a call or click on the "GET A QUOTE" tab above and complete the process of getting a windscreen repair, replacement, side or rear window replacement quote online.
Windscreen repair in Wantage
Even a tiny chip needs to be attended to as soon as it happens - over time, that apparently harmless chip can develop into a crack, which will affect the structural integrity of your vehicle.
Your car is subject to many stresses and lots of vibration when it's out on the road. Our increasingly poor road surfaces can quickly cause damage to vehicle glass due to the frequent jars and shocks.
If you have a damaged windscreen, and you are due for an MOT test, it makes sense to get the damage repaired in advance. Depending on where the damage is, and how big the damaged area, it could cause your vehicle to fail the line of sight test, which means an MOT fail.
Fortunately, a windscreen repair is not too large a task, and an expert technician can usually complete a repair within half an hour, leaving you free to get on with something else.
It can be hard to tell if it's necessary to replace a windscreen or it's OK to repair a windscreen. The list below contains the type of information our technicians use to make an informed assessment of the problem, and come to the right decision.
A repairable chip:
- Is smaller than a £1 coin; if it's bigger than that, you will need a windscreen replacement.
- Sits at least 3 centimetres away from the windscreen edge.
- Is out of the driver's line of sight. If it's within the line of sight, it must be no bigger than 10 millimetres.
If you do need a windscreen replacement, this is a fairly straightforward process in 4 main stages:
- The technician will drape the areas under and around the windscreen with a cover, which will protect both the paintwork and the car interior from dust and scratches.
- The adhesive or sealant holding the windscreen into the aperture will be removed, usually by cutting.
- The framework surrounding the windscreen aperture will be primed, and allowed drying time. The new windscreen will receive a coat of bonding adhesive on the edges prior to insertion. Once the glass and the frame are fitted together, the glass will be permanently bonded to the frame.
- You will need to wait at least one hour after the glass is fitted to ensure the adhesives are bonded properly - you can't drive your vehicle before the time has elapsed.
What if the windscreen is completely cracked / smashed?
Severe damage to your vehicle windscreen must be dealt with straight away.
It's important to remember that cheapest is not always best when it comes to car or van windscreen replacement. The cheapest quote may result in a rushed job, which stores up problems for the future.
It's always best to contact a qualified mobile windscreen technician who covers the Wantage area. Someone who can come to you, and they can repair or replace your windscreen, side or rear window, whilst you carry on with your day.
Finding a car or van auto glazier that you can not only trust to do a professional job, but also charge you a reasonable price, may not seem easy, but we've made it as simple as possible for you.
Our network has 300 technicians spread all over the UK, so we can help you to find the most competitive windscreen repair or replacement services available locally.
To find your ideal windscreen replacement or windscreen repair service in Wantage;
- Click on the "GET A QUOTE" tab above.
- Enter your vehicle location (where you want the work carried out).
- We'll send you a selection of great value quotes from technicians in Wantage.
You can compare all the quotes to choose the best deal in Wantage, before booking a local windscreen repair or replacement technician.


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I despise you all, you bunch of idiots. ;)
See? The little ;) shows I'm joking! ;)
Also, last I checked California was still attached. Just sayin'.
UPDATE: Yes, my loyal and attentive Wreckies, I DID see the apostrophe is in the wrong place on this cake. Rest assured I am not advocating some new radical apostrophe-placement coup. It's bad. Baaa-aad.
Q: Hey, what's better than a mean goodbye cake?
A: One that's misspelled! Duh.
"That's nice of you to say, but it does seem like you're a little biased, being the seller and all..."
Chris, Heather, Ellen F., Mike, & Erin M., are you guys still here?


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Startups and apps
This collection is aimed at helping you present your tech startups or apps in English. You can memorize useful phrases for presenting, pitching, being interviewed on your product or service. Use the same clever collocations as successful startups used and still use in their interviews clipped from tech blogs. Such as: "Ping was born from a personal frustration with having a...", "Our Aim is To Bridge The Gap Between...", "At the core of the app lies a clever algorithm that allows" etc.


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There are various kinds of funny costumes available at our online store. We even make available plus size costumes for our customers. If you have any funny unique ideas, we are there to convert it into costume. Free your mind and run your imagination to get the ultimate designs of funny costumes such as ketchup bottle, Banana, Hot dog, Lime wedge or a funny can of sperm. You can even pair with your friends for any funny duo combination. You can even become superheroes characters such as batman, wonder women or Spiderman. It would be great if you can come up with some great creative ideas that will help you look different from the crowd and funny at the same time.
This Halloween dress up to fulfill all your weirdest and wildest imaginations. You can even dress your whole family according to a particular theme. Be different and enjoy this festival because Halloween gives a chance to get spooky, wild, wicked, and naughty or whatever you want. You can become anyone, but try something different and unusual that can put you apart from the crowd. But at last apart from dressing up just enjoy the occasion.
There are many popular costumes available at our store. If can't find out your costume for this Halloween season, you can take the help of your near and dear ones. You can even follow the current trend or just choose your favorite celebrity or any cartoon character of your choice. Some other popular and scary Halloween costumes are zombies, vampires, witches, mummies, demons and devils.
We have humorous costume for Halloween for your whole family. So if you have decided to make everyone laugh at your own cost then select any one of our humorous costumes like jolly jester costume, clown costume, scary clown costume or a polka dots clown costume.


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Manufacturer Part Number: 00143617
Product Condition: New
This is an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) part
We strongly recommend that you verify the compatibility of this part with your specific appliance model to ensure proper fit, function, and safety.
Designed for:
This Part is No Longer Available (NLA)
This item is no longer being made by the manufacturer. If we show inventory or the part shows in stock, then it is available at our warehouse, but once we sell out - there's a very good chance that you will not be able to get the part again.
If we show that we have no stock:
What can you do?
Here are a few suggestions that may help:- Contact the manufacture. They will need your model number and may be able to provide alternative solution.
- Contact local parts supply stores, they may be able to help, sometimes they may be able to fix the part.
- Contact an appliance technician. They may be able to fix the part or have alternative solutions.
- Try searching on Google using your part number to see if you can find another solution.
- Try eBay, Amazon, and Craigslist
- Try a used appliance parts store.
Bosch Thermador Strip 143617
Cancer and Reproductive Harm - Prop 65 WARNING(S)
Mfg Part No.:
Product Condition: New
Product Type:OEM Part
This part has our own one year warranty service!


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Money & Time Saving Tips For A Successful Move
The following is a sample from this special report:
This brochure has been developed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to assist you in a successful move across state lines.
While most household moves go smoothly, FMCSA is concerned about consumers who experience difficulties in resolving disputes with household goods carriers (movers) or worse, are defrauded by dishonest movers. We want you to be informed and aware of your options when choosing a reputable mover.
FMCSA regulates interstate household goods movers and requires them to register with the agency. These movers must provide each customer with the names of process agents in every state in which they operate, so that legal documents can be served on the mover, if required. For the protection of your household goods, FMCSA also requires registered movers to have proof of cargo insurance...
To receive the complete contents of this special report titled "Money & Time Saving Tips For A Successful Move" and get vip access to the rest of our FREE home loan success reports, simply fill out the form below and we will send you an INSTANT ACCESS link to the email address you provide below.
Also, make sure you register for our Insider Mortgage Secrets, browse our Homebuying Resources section and fill-out a free no-obligation secure online application or call our Bradenton, Florida office at 630-971-1901 with any questions you have.


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To return an item, you must first request a Return Merchandise Authorization ("RMA") number from Dieselogic. To obtain an RMA number, please click on the link above under "RMA Form." Once an RMA number has been issued, add your RMA number to the address below and send the Product to: Dieselogic ATTN: RETURNS/RMA#_____ 2345 Harper St. Jacksonville, FL 32204 Some Circumstances in which credit will NOT be issued are not limited to: • Product is a "Special Order" item • Product has been installed and/or used • Product has been damaged from an attempt to be installed and/or used • Product is shipped back without original box, manual and/or parts • Seal on electrical parts is broken • Product serial number does not match that which was originally shipped to buyer • Product is deemed not resalable by Dieselogic due to customers own actions in dealing with the Product
It is important to note that expedited shipping timeframes are estimates of time in transit only and do not include weekends or holidays. Some orders will require processing, production, assembly, and/or procurement time before the order is ready for shipment. Please contact our team to discuss if your order will be subject to these limitations. Effective March 26, 2020 and until further notice, UPS and FedEx have suspended all service guarantees for all shipments from any origin to any destination.
-This is a Manufactured Again product
"Manufactured Again" The definition:
A properly "Manufactured Again" injector is the functional equivalent of a new part, and is virtually indistinguishable from new part performance. Manufactured Again takes products through a restorative process, using highly refined industrial procedures in a factory setting to promote greater resource productivity, and aims to reduce waste and avoid pollution. It is the only form of reuse, re-purpose, repair, or recycle that produces warranted products that meet or exceed quality and performance expectations.
Invest in a quality product instead of being misled by false representations of a "quality" Manufactured Again injector.
Every injector is completely disassembled, cleaned and 100% of all parts/components examined for wear and breakage. Worn out, missing or non-functioning components are replaced with new or manufactured again components. After full disassembly is complete, the part is reassembled and tested for compliance with OEM Bosch performance specifications with our patented Dieselogic NEO.
NEO – resolves complex "shot to shot" Multiple Injections with Dieselogic Patented Fiber optic technology. The NEO provides validity testing of Common Rail Injection internal calibration emission tolerances and stimulates the aftermarket economy while lowering emissions for a greener environment. For more info on the NEO click here.
For information regarding Returns or Warranty Claims, please see our Returns & Warranty policy.


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Direct Mail in Atlanta
The best direct mail services in Atlanta, Georgia!
At Postcard Wizards in Atlanta, we want to make sure that our direct mail solutions attract the attention of consumers and businesses that businesses want to reach. That's why we craft eye-catching direct mail pieces that are delivered to your top prospects in the Atlanta metro area.
Postcard Wizards in Atlanta prints and mails millions of targeted direct mail campaigns every year and conducts direct mailing campaigns all over the country. We use our wealth of direct marketing experience and unique consumer data to conduct the most effective and efficient direct mail campaigns for each and every unique client.
Our direct mail process is designed to yield fast results with no hassle for our clients. We work with you to develop a unique design for your direct mail campaigns that will capture your target audience and quickly generate quality leads for your business. After that, we can take care of the printing, mailing, or shipping for you. If your direct mail campaign needs to operate on a strict timetable to inform customers about a current promotion or a temporary offer, we typically have your direct mail campaign in the mail in as little as 2 days!


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The Jordan 1 Low White Black Grey features a white leather upper with black overlays and grey Swooshes. From there, Jordan Wings and Jumpman logo embroideries on the heel and tongue complete the design.
The Edit LDN is a Global online marketplace for Sneakers, Streetwear and Collectibles - Please read carefully below:
Please allow 24 hours for order confirmation.
Please note that all international orders may be subject duties & taxes payments upon or prior to delivery.
You'll receive a full refund if order cannot be fulfilled.
We aim to process orders within 0-10 working days. However, this time may vary depending on the location and/or rarity of the item. Please note: delivery times may be longer during the Christmas period
All items shipped via global couriers, fully tracked.
Shipping worldwide
All sales are final - Click Here > Refunds & Exchanges
Download our Mobile App for exclusive offers and deals
Every product is checked against its own set of brand standards, these are a set of expected conditions for each individual product. Read More
We currently operate a strict no returns policy; for more info please Click Here
Choose options


text:
Forward Lighting
Exterior Lighting
Interior Lighting
HID Headlight Kits, HID/LED Replacement Bulbs, LED Headlight Kits, HID Bulbs, And Accessories. Options For 2018 Harley Davidson FXFB Fat Bob 107 HID & LED Conversion Kits. Looking To Improve Looks, Security & Visibility 2018 Harley Davidson FXFB Fat Bob 107 HID & LED Conversion Kits Automotive Lighting Store. Possible to Enable drivers to benefit up to 300% more Light. Simple Plug And Play Installation. Lifetime Warranty and Free Shipping. Input your car's make, model, and year to view our inventory.
Comparison Time – LED vs. HID Headlights
Automakers are always making bumper-to-bumper improvements and offering newer upgrades to vehicle owners. Over the years, headlights have witnessed a significant change, and the industry is seeing better innovations. LED headlights and HID headlights are the two common automotive lights gaining popularity. With their introduction, the use of halogens is seeing a steep decline. So if LEDs and HIDs are the new in-thing, which one's better than the other? In this blog, we discuss the critical differences between LED vehicle lights and HID headlights so you can choose the best for your needs.
LED Headlights Explained
LED car lights are more commonly seen on high-end vehicles and help create a signature look for the car. An electric current travels through a diode, producing LED light that is bright enough for decent on-road illumination. These lights can power on instantly, unlike HIDs that do not offer an immediate light up. Besides, LEDs don't burn out too quickly but get dull with use. If you currently have a halogen lighting system, make sure you first determine whether or not an LED mechanism would work best for the same.
HID Headlights Explained
HID headlight bulbs, also called HID xenon lights, give off the brightest, white-blue light and last anywhere between 2,000 and 8,000 hours. These are super bright and often mistaken as hi-beams. HIDs create artificial light without a filament and power up just like mercury vapor lamps with the help of high-pressure xenon gas charging amid high-volt electrodes. These are also placed behind projector beams for focused illumination and reduced glare. If you mostly drive in the dark, HIDs prove to be a better option. But make sure you only purchase these from a reputable supplier and get a professional installation.
Upgrade 2018 Harley Davidson FXFB Fat Bob 107 HID & LED Conversion Kits with HID Nation
Whatever automotive lights you choose, it is going to be a different driving experience with both options. The bottom line is to feel comfortable while driving without denting your pocket or affecting the vehicle's style.
At HID Nation, we offer top-of-the-line LED kits and HID conversion kits for auto enthusiasts to upgrade or convert headlights at the most reasonable prices. If you are looking to upgrade, please get in touch with us right away. You can also shop with us online or speak to our representatives to make an informed decision.