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Water Solutions:
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What to Do When Water Gets Scarce
Dams and drills can't create new water. Time to start working with nature.
For at least three decades, Americans have had some inkling that we face an uncertain energy future, but we've ignored a much more worrisome crisis—water. Cheap and seemingly abundant, water is so common that it's hard to believe we could ever run out. Ever since the Apollo astronauts photographed Earth from space, we've had the image of our home as a strikingly blue planet, a place of great water wealth. But of all the water on Earth, only about 2.5 percent is freshwater —and two-thirds of that is locked up in glaciers and ice caps. Less than one hundredth of one percent of Earth's water is fresh and renewed each year by the solar-powered hydrologic cycle.
Across the United States and around the world, we're already reaching or overshooting the limits of that cycle. The Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers are now so overtapped that they discharge little or no water to the sea for months at a time. [ 1 ] In the West, we're growing food and supplying water to our communities by overpumping groundwater. This creates a bubble in the food economy far more serious than the recent housing, credit, or dot-com bubbles: We are meeting some of today's food needs with tomorrow's water. [ 2 ]
The massive Ogallala Aquifer, which spans parts of eight states from southern South Dakota to northwest Texas, and provides 30 percent of the groundwater used for irrigation in the country, is steadily being depleted. [ 3 ] As of 2005, a volume equivalent to two-thirds of the water in Lake Erie had been pumped out of this water reserve. Most farmers will stop irrigating when the wells run dry or the water drops so far down that it's too expensive to pump.
At the same time, climate change is rewriting the rules about how much water we'll have available and when. Climate scientists warn of more extreme droughts and floods, and of changing precipitation patterns that will make weather, storms, and natural disasters more severe and less predictable. [ 4 ] The historical data and statistical tools used to plan billions of dollars worth of annual global investments in dams, flood control structures, diversion projects, and other big pieces of water infrastructure are no longer reliable. [ 5 ]
While farmers in the Midwest were recovering from the spring flood of 2008 (in some areas the second "100-year flood" in 15 years), farmers in California and Texas fallowed cropland and sent cattle prematurely to slaughter to cope with the drought of 2009. In the Southeast, after 20 months of dryness, Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue stood outside the State Capitol in November 2007 and led a prayer for rain, beseeching the heavens to turn a spigot on for his parched state. Two years later, Perdue was pleading instead for federal aid after intense rain storms near Atlanta caused massive flooding that claimed eight lives. [ 6 ]
Although none of these disasters can be pinned directly on global warming, they are the kinds of events climate scientists warn will occur more often as the planet heats up. It's through water that we'll feel the strains of climate change—when we can no longer count on familiar patterns of rain, snow, and river flow to irrigate our farms, power our dams, and fill our city reservoirs.
In answer to the climate crisis, the economy will need to move away from fossil fuels toward solar, wind, and other non-carbon energy sources. But there is no transitioning away from water. Water has no substitutes. And unlike oil and coal, water is much more than a commodity: It is the basis of life. A human being can only live for five to seven days without water. Deprive any plant or animal of water, and it dies. Our decisions about water—how to use, allocate, and manage it—are deeply ethical ones; they determine the survival of most of the planet's species, including our own.
Shifting Course
For most of modern history, water management has focused on bringing water under human control and transferring it to expanding cities, industries, and farms. Since 1950, the number of large dams worldwide has climbed from 5,000 to more than 45,000—an average construction rate of two large dams per day for half a century. [ 7 ] Globally, 364 large water-transfer projects move 105 trillion gallons of water annually from one river basin to another—equivalent to transferring the annual flow of 22 Colorado Rivers. Millions of wells punched into the Earth tap underground aquifers, using diesel or electric pumps to lift vast quantities of groundwater to the surface.
Big water schemes have allowed oasis cities like Phoenix and Las Vegas to thrive in the desert, world food production to expand along with population, and living standards for hundreds of millions to rise. But globally they have also worsened social inequities, as poor people are dislocated from their homes to make way for dams and canals, and as downstream communities lose the flows that sustained their livelihoods.
The upshot of this shift in thinking is a new movement in water management that is much more about ideas, ingenuity, and ecological intelligence than it is about big pumps, pipelines, dams, and canals.
Such approaches also ignore water's limits and the value of healthy ecosystems . Today, many rivers flow like plumbing works, turned on and off like water from a faucet. Fish, mussels, river birds, and other aquatic life no longer get the flows and habitats they need to survive: 40 percent of all fish species in North America are at risk of extinction.
As we face the pressures of climate change and growing water demands, many leaders and localities are calling for even bigger versions of the strategies of the past. By some estimates the volume of water moved through river transfer schemes could more than double globally by 2020. But mega-projects are risky in a warming world where rainfall and river flow patterns are changing in uncertain ways.
Such big projects also require giant quantities of increasingly expensive energy. Pumping, moving, treating, and distributing water takes energy at every stage. Transferring Colorado River water into southern California, for example, requires about 1.6 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity per cubic meter (about 264 gallons) of water; the same quantity of water sent hundreds of kilometers from north to south through California's State Water Project takes about 2.4 kWh. As a result, the energy required to provide drinking water to a typical southern California home can rank third behind that required to run the air conditioner and refrigerator. [ 8 ]
Planners and policy-makers are eyeing desalination as a silver-bullet solution to water shortages. But they miss—or dismiss—the perverse irony: By burning more fossil fuels and by making local water supplies more and more dependent on increasingly expensive energy, desalination creates more problems than it solves. [ 9 ] Producing one cubic meter of drinkable water from salt water requires about 2 kWh of electricity.
Water for People and Nature
As the limitations of big‑infrastructure strategies have become more apparent, a vanguard of citizens, communities, farmers, and corporations are thinking about water in a new way. They're asking, what do we really need the water for, and can we meet that need with less? The upshot of this shift in thinking is a new movement in water management that is much more about ideas, ingenuity, and ecological intelligence than it is about big pumps, pipelines, dams, and canals.
These solutions tend to work with nature, rather than against it. In this way, they make effective use of "ecosystem services"—the benefits provided by healthy watersheds and wetlands . And through better technologies and more informed choices, they seek to raise water productivity—to make every drop count.
Communities are finding, for example, that protecting watersheds is the best way to make sure water supplies are clean and reliable. A healthy watershed can do the work of a water treatment plant—filtering out pollutants, and at a lower cost to boot. New York City, for instance, is investing some $1.5 billion to restore and protect the Catskill-Delaware Watershed (which supplies 90 percent of its drinking water) in lieu of constructing a $6 billion filtration plant that would cost an additional $300 million a year to operate. [ 10 ] A number of other cities across the United States—from tiny Auburn, Maine, to Seattle—have saved hundreds of millions of dollars in avoided capital and operating costs by opting for watershed protection over filtration plants. [ 11 ]
Communities facing increased flood damage are achieving cost-effective flood protection by restoring rivers. After enduring 19 flood episodes between 1961 and 1997, Napa, Calif., opted for this approach over the conventional route of channelizing and building levees. In partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the $366 million project is reconnecting the Napa River with its historic floodplain, moving homes and businesses out of harm's way, revitalizing wetlands and marshlands, and constructing levees and bypass channels in strategic locations. In addition to increased flood protection and reduced flood insurance rates, Napa residents will benefit from parks and trails for recreation, higher tourism revenues, and improved habitat for fish and wildlife. [ 12 ]
Similarly, communities facing increased damage from heavy stormwater runoff can turn roofs, streets, and parking lots into water catchments. Portland, Ore., is investing in "green roofs" and "green streets" to prevent sewer overflows into the Willamette River. [ 13 ] Chicago now boasts more than 200 green roofs—including atop City Hall—that collectively cover 2.5 million square feet, more than any other U.S. city. The vegetated roofs are providing space for urban gardens and helping to catch stormwater and cool the urban environment. [ 14 ]
Many communities are revitalizing their rivers by tearing down dams that are no longer safe or serving a justifiable purpose. Over the last decade more than 500 dams have been removed from U.S. rivers, opening up habitat for fisheries, restoring healthier water flows, improving water quality, and returning aquatic life to rivers. [ 15 ] In the 10 years since the Edwards Dam was removed from the Kennebec River near Augusta, Maine, populations of alewives and striped bass have returned in astounding numbers, reviving a recreational fishery that adds $65 million annually to the local economy. [ 16 ]
If all U.S. residents reduced their consumption of animal products by half, we could save the equivalent of the annual flow of 14 Colorado Rivers.
Conservation remains the least expensive and most environmentally sound way of balancing water budgets. Many cities and towns have reduced their water use through relatively simple measures like repairing leaks in distribution systems, retrofitting homes and businesses with water-efficient fixtures and appliances, and promoting more sensible and efficient outdoor water use. Motivated by a cap on groundwater pumping from the Edwards Aquifer in south-central Texas, San Antonio has cut its per capita water use by more than 40 percent, to one of the lowest levels of any Western U.S. city. [ 17 ] Even more impressive, a highly successful conservation program started in 1987 in Boston cut total water demand 43 percent by 2009, bringing water use to a 50-year low and eliminating the need for a costly diversion project from the Connecticut River. [ 18 ]
But the potential for conservation has barely been tapped. It is especially crucial in agriculture . Irrigation accounts for 70 percent of water use worldwide and even more in the western U.S., so getting more crop per drop is central to meeting future food needs sustainably. In California, more famers are turning to drip irrigation, which delivers water at low volumes directly to the roots of crops. Between 2003 and 2008, California's drip and micro-sprinkler area expanded by 630,000 acres, bringing its total to more than 2.3 million acres—62 percent of the nation's total area under drip irrigation. [ 19 ]
As individuals, we'll also need to make more conscious choices about what and how much we consume. Some products and foods—especially meat—have a high water cost. It can take five times more water to supply 10 grams of protein from beef than from rice. So eating less meat can lighten our dietary water footprint (while also improving our health). If all U.S. residents reduced their consumption of animal products by half, the nation's total dietary water requirement in 2025 would drop by 261 billion cubic meters per year, a savings equal to the annual flow of 14 Colorado Rivers. [ 20 ]
We'll need to change how we use water in and around our homes and neighborhoods. Turf grass covers some 40.5 million acres in the United States—an area three times larger than any irrigated farm crop in the country. [ 21 ] Particularly in the western United States, where outdoor watering typically accounts for 50 percent or more of household water use, converting thirsty green lawns into native drought-tolerant landscaping can save a great deal of water. Las Vegas now pays residents up to $1.50 for each square foot of grass they rip out, which has helped shrink the city's turf area by 125 million square feet and lower its annual water use by 7 billion gallons. [ 22 , 23 ] Albuquerque, New Mexico, has reduced its total water use by 21 percent since 1995, largely through education and rebates to encourage water-thrifty landscapes. [ 24 ]
Energy and water are tightly entwined, and all too often public policies to "solve" one problem simply make the other one worse. For example, the 2007 congressional mandate [ 25 ] to produce 15 billion gallons of corn ethanol a year by 2015 would require an estimated 1.6 trillion gallons of additional irrigation water annually (and even more direct rainfall)—a volume exceeding the annual water withdrawals of the entire state of Iowa. [ 26 ] Even solar power creates a demand for water, especially some of the big solar-thermal power plants slated for the sunny Southwest. [ 27 ]
It's still possible to have a future in which all basic food and water needs are met, healthy ecosystems are sustained, and communities remain secure and resilient, even in the face of climate disruptions. Just as the economic crash is forcing Americans to reassess what they value financially, the water crisis requires us to pay attention to how we value and use water. Across the country, communities will need to learn to take care of the ecosystems that supply and cleanse water, to live within their water means, and to share water equitably.
Where Have All the Rivers Gone? , Sandra Postel, World Watch 8, May/June 1995; When the Rivers Run Dry, Fred Pearce, Boston, Beacon Press, 2006.
Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? Sandra Postel, New York, W.W Norton & Co., 1999.
Ground Water Depletion in the High Plains Aquifer , Predevelopment to 2005, V.L. Mcguire, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Fact Sheet 2007-3029, 2007. ; 30 percent figure from "High Plains Regional Ground Water (HPGW) Study," USGS,
Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); and Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, "Summaries for Policymakers," IPCC, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 2007.
"Stationarity is Dead: Whither Water Management?," P.C.D. Milly et al., Science, February 1, 2008.
"Iowa Flood, Midwest Flooding: Videos, Maps, News and Background," , ; "Governor Sonny Perdue Prays for Rain in Georgia, , November 14, 2007; "Rain Stops, but 8 are Dead in Southeast Floods," Robbie Brown and Liz Robbins, The New York Times, September 22, 2009
Number of large dams (those at least 15 meters high) from Dams and Development, World Commission on Dams, London, Earthscan Publications, 2000; "Interbasin Water Transfers and Water Scarcity in a Changing World—A Solution or a Pipedream?," Jamie Pittock et al., Frankfurt, World Wildlife Fund Germany, August 2009.
Methodology for Analysis of the Energy Intensity of California's Water Systems, and an Assessment of Multiple Potential Benefits Through Integrated Water-Energy Efficiency Measures, Robert Wilkinson, Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara 2000; Electricity Efficiency Through Water Efficiency, Report for the Southern California Edison Company, QEI, Inc., Springfield, NJ, 1992.
Debbie Cook, former Mayor of Huntington Beach, Calif., has said "The next worst idea to turning tar sands into synthetic crude is turning ocean water into municipal drinking water.", quoted in "Desalination – Energy Down the Drain," The Oil Drum, March 2, 2009. .
Liquid Assets: The Critical Need to Safeguard Freshwater Ecosystems, Sandra Postel, Worldwatch Paper 170, Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 2005.
"Watershed Protection: Capturing the Benefits of Nature's Water Supply Services," Sandra Postel and Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Natural Resources Forum 29, no.2, May 2005.
Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., The National Academy Press, 2005; $366 million figure from "Sacramento District Project Wins Public Works Project of the Year," David G. Killam, website of the U.S. Army, February 12, 2009.
Natural Security: How Sustainable Water Strategies are Preparing Communities for a Changing Climate, Will Hewes and Kristen Pitts, Washington, DC: American Rivers, 2009.
"Chicago Green Roof Program," Emily Pilloton, Inhabitat, August 1, 2006
Figure from Serena McClain at American Rivers, April 26, 2010.
$65 million figure from Natural Security, Hewes and Pitts; for more on dams and rivers, see Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature, Sandra Postel and Brian Richter, Washington, D.C., Island Press, 2003.
Edwards Aquifer Authority website, at ; water use from 2008 Annual Report, San Antonio Water System; the 130 gallon figure is an approximate average of recent years since per capita water use varied considerably between rainy and dry years; see the informative website of the San Antonio Water System at .
For conservation methods and examples, see Handbook of Water Use and Conservation: Homes, Landscapes, Businesses, Industries, Farms, Amy Vickers, Amherst, MA, WaterPlow Press, 2001; Boston example from Liquid Assets, Sandra Postel and "Lessons from the Field–Boston Conservation," Sandra Postel, National Geographic, March 2010
USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2007 Census of Agriculture: Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, 2008, Volume 3, Special Studies, Part I, November 2009; updated February 2010.
Dietary water requirement from "Nutritional Water Productivity and Diets," D. Renault and W.W. Wallender, Agricultural Water Management 45, 2000; calculation assumes average annual dietary water requirement drops from 1,971 cubic meters per person to 1,242; U.S. 2025 population of 358.7 million is the medium variant estimate of the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
"Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States," Cristina Milesi et al., Environmental Management 36, September, 2005; "Our Love Affair With Our Lawns is Hurling the U.S. Toward Water Crisis," Dara Colwell, AlterNet, October 2, 2009. .
Southern Nevada Water Authority, accessed on April 20, 2010.
Personal communication with Kristen Howe, Public Information Coordinator, SNWA
Personal email communication with Katherine M. Yuhas, Water Conservation Officer, Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Authority, Albuquerque, NM, October 12 -13, 2009.
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, U.S. Congress, 110th Cong., 1st session, 2007.
"The Water Footprint of Biofuels: A Drink or Drive Issue?" R. Dominguez-Faus et al., Environmental Science & Technology, May 1, 2009."
Alternative Energy Projects Stumble on a Need for Water," Todd Woody, The New York Times, September 30, 2009.


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St. Martin Parish dispensaries in Louisiana can be found in this marijuana dispensary directory along with our trusted list of medical and recreational legal weed dispensaries, THC and CBD suppliers, doctor recommendation and evaluation services, clinics and medical marijuana dispensaries in various Cities in the County of St. Martin Parish, LA in Louisiana.
While you wait to get your marijuana card, you can shop now at the Kush Dispensary for cannabis products with Hemp CBD and Delta THC cannabinoids. You can buy Delta-9 edibles and THCa flowers that give you the same quality experience you'd expect from products you can purchase with your card.
Patients with a legal marijuana card looking for thc or cbd, flowers, vape pens, extracts, edibles can buy cannabis products of their choice at medical marijuana dispensaries St. Martin Parish. Its easy to get your first order when visiting a local dispensary. Satisfaction should be guaranteed with lab testing requirements at all licensed dispensaries in order to provide the highest quality grown only in Louisiana.
With our dispensary search directory its easy to find the best cannabis marijuana providers for THC, CBD, concentrates, hash, rosin, oils, edibles, tinctures and other similar cannabis treatments. If you don't have a medical card already, after following a Louisiana doctors approval you'll receive your State issued medical marijuana card. Its easy to find out if you qualify today in St. Martin Parish and receive a first time patient discount at a dispensary.
Dispensary Business Listings in St. Martin Parish LA (6 found)
Louisiana Dispensary Patient Satisfaction
When visiting a St. Martin Parish marijuana dispensary in Louisiana, what will determine satisfaction is how they meet your expectations which you should set very high. You should expect a highly organized company with extensive cannabis experience and very qualified staff to offer you the best marijuana products they can produce with their own custom proprietary processes and extraction methods.
Not all companies grow medical marijuana or cannabis the same, and their hash and extracts and other products may all be made with different processes. Since the marijuana medicine is very important to your health and well being you should never accept anything less than the best CBD and THC.
Its important you enjoy their consistency of product quality and variety, delivery methods, low pricing, ease of location, overall convenience etc. Also equally important is the atmosphere or ambience of the store and its friendly staff that should always be courteous and helpful with obtaining the right medicine for your medical needs.
(#1) Variety of Products with High Quality & Consistency
Having available a good variety of high quality and consistent products is the most important factor for a patient when dealing with dispensaries. Its important to not lose sight of how important it is for products to be of the highest quality. The ultimate determining factor for a patients satisfaction and well being when dealing with a dispensary in St. Martin Parish, LA is whether there is a variety of consistently well made products to choose from that are guaranteed to be effective at the right doses. If a product is not effective, a patients satisfaction certainly can't be guaranteed.
Only if a patient is satisfied enough with the products they purchase should they be happy to return to buy those same products again and again. Its best if the quality is always consistent for a patient, instead of having to search for another dispensary business in seek of another product to try. Questioning staff about growing and curing methods can give a deeper understanding on how their products are made.
(#2) Multiple Medical Approaches & Formulations
Theres great need for patients to have many formulations and formats to accomplish the goal of an evidence-based approach to relief. There should be several product options available for patients to review and discover which may be the preferred form of the medical marijuana plant to use with regard to a Doctor recommendation.
Another good reason its important to have multiple medical approaches and different formulations is because there may be advantages and disadvantages of each method that can be different from patient to patient. Not all methods may be appropriate and comfort all patients in the same way in their path to relief of what ails them.
Its important for patients to use titration, start off with a low dosage and titrate the dose by slowly increasing the amount until the desired effect has been met. There may be some trial and error first using cannabis, but paying close attention to the reaction to dosage amounts will give you a good understanding of its effectiveness.
(#3) Low Pricing on THC and CBD Products with Home Delivery Available
Low pricing on Louisiana cannabis marijuana is a big factor for all residents as this medicine may be required to be taken on a routine basis so its important to have a budget. Medicine costs can be detrimental to some patients livelihood depending on their condition and ability to work and afford a subscription of marijuana medicine.
The availability of having thc or cbd products delivered to a home may further the savings, depending on the costs of delivery in St. Martin Parish, LA. Receiving a delivery can be a great convenience factor for some patients who simply prefer the ease of delivery.
(#4) Dispensary Location & Customer Experience
Patients are important just like any customer for any business, they'll continually return if satisfied with the service, products, location and maybe most importantly their overall experience. A few key factors when visiting a facility, it should be a smoke free environment and have a comfortable setting thats easy to navigate and review whats available. Having businesses located nearby can be nice, but if a dispensary is far away, a customer may still travel from home to a far location of their choosing and disregard the distance in order to buy the products they know they can rely on being effective for them.
Not only does a business need to make sure their products are really effective and provide satisfaction to a patient, when that patient visits a dispensary the employees should always be compassionate, considerate, polite, and respectfully accomodating to any concerns. Theres a good chance of finding a legal St. Martin Parish, LA dispensary location or maybe within 15 miles or so of your current location. The customer is always right, so with that said, the patient is always right.
What to Expect when Visiting a Dispensary in St. Martin Parish, LA
Most likely you will have a good experience at a licensed dispensary in St. Martin Parish. Depending on how knowledgeable you are on cannabis products and what your recommended or seeking, the staff your presented with is guaranteed to be very knowledgeable and can always be helpful to provide assistance in guiding through the medicinal options available. There are many different terpenes in marijuana which can be important to have an understanding of and how they may make someone feel, thats where the staffs experience comes in.
Don't be afraid to ask questions, the staff should always have enough answers and can maybe help make product recommendations according to what you might have a preference for. With all these details you should know what to expect in your search for the best medical marijuana dispensary in St. Martin Parish Louisiana.
Add new listings for St. Martin Parish, LA dispensaries or related medical marijuana business. Use this marijuana business submission form for Medical Marijuana Businesses in St. Martin Parish, LA.
Add Dispensary Listing
Receive a marijuana recommendation before visiting Louisiana dispensaries. If you have not already, you can apply for a medical marijuana evaluation in St. Martin Parish, LA and receive service from the best doctor offices in your area.
Apply for Marijuana Evaluation
Get a medical marijuana card in Louisiana. There are helpful services, legal marijuana doctors and clinics available to help patients with a medical marijuana card in St. Martin Parish, LA and in all the other States with medical marijuana laws.
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This is MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Renee Montagne.
And I'm David Greene. We are getting a new read this morning on the state of the U.S. economy. It's a jobs report for the month of November, and it came in stronger than expected. The Labor Department says the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent, and employers added 146,000 jobs to payrolls. This news comes, of course, as the White House and Congress try to find a compromise on how to address tax hikes and spending cuts that are due to hit starting next month.
Joining us to discuss what this report means for that, as well as the economy, are NPR's White House correspondent Scott Horsley and business correspondent Yuki Noguchi.
Good morning to you both.
SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: Good morning.
YUKI NOGUCHI, BYLINE: Good morning.
GREENE: Yuki, get things started for us, if you can. What do you see in this report that's significant?
NOGUCHI: Well, we were all expecting this report to be downbeat because of Superstorm Sandy, and the surprise was that that didn't happen. The Labor Department is saying, in fact, the weather did not substantively impact this report. Now, we could see some revisions, and that could change. But as of today, the report says the number of jobs added last month was much better than expected: 146,000.
GREENE: Well, that - give us a sense of what that number means, in the context everything.
NOGUCHI: Well, here's an interesting thing. Are you ready?
GREENE: Yeah.
NOGUCHI: The number of jobs added every month for the last two years has been about 150,000. For two years, that's the average. And that's what you're seeing, of course, this month. You saw about 150,000 new jobs. So it wasn't worse last month, but it really hasn't gotten better for a long time. And 150,000 is just enough job growth to chip away at the unemployment rate, and as you mentioned, it dropped from 7.9 percent to 7.7 percent last month.
GREENE: So one sign that, over the last few years, the economy is not getting worse, but also not getting better, perhaps.
NOGUCHI: Yes.
GREENE: Scott, let me turn to you. You know, when we talked about jobs a month ago, jobs report, we were talking about a bitter presidential election fight. Now we're talking about a political fight over the - avoiding the fiscal cliff in Washington. Could this report change those negotiations at all?
HORSLEY: Well, because it came in so average, I don't think it's going to be a major factor. One thing that's interesting is that the numbers for September and October were both revised down. Those months turned out not to be as strong in terms of job growth. But President Obama is really sticking with his line that tax rates for the upper-income earners have to go up. That's where fight over the fiscal cliff is, and I don't see this being a major influence on that battle.
GREENE: Could this report do anything else? I mean, could it spur some kind of action in Congress, perhaps a new stimulus, or maybe an extension of unemployment benefits?
HORSLEY: I don't really see that, at least in terms of the new stimulus - perhaps an extension of unemployment benefits. Even though this report came in better than expected, you know, we're still talking about unemployment that's 7.7 percent. That's much higher than anybody should be comfortable with. The jobs numbers are still not enough to really make a meaningful dent in the millions of people who are looking for work.
But even though the president's been pushing for stimulus for over a year and a half now, it's just not getting a lot of traction in Congress. I think the prospects for a major government addition to the economy are pretty slim. The best we can hope for is that they don't have a major subtraction for the economy, which is what the fiscal cliff would be.
GREENE: And, Yuki, this unemployment number, 7.7 percent, it's a new low for some time right now, right?
NOGUCHI: The lowest it's been in four years.
GREENE: But still a pretty high number, as I'm sure a lot of Americans are feeling. If there is new hiring, Yuki, where's the hiring coming from?
NOGUCHI: Well, last month, it happened in retail, professional services and in the medical field. And where it's losing ground is in construction and manufacturing. Now, I have talked to businesses who say they've already changed their hiring plans because of the fiscal cliff. And it's - you know, it's not just that businesses may have to pay higher taxes. It's that the fiscal cliff could take a bite out of an already weakened economy. This quarter, the fourth quarter, is expected to just barely grow. So depending on whether we hit that cliff, you know, we could move into negative territory, recession territory. Then again, David, a lot has changed, and one thing seems to have stayed the same: The economy stubbornly keeps adding the same number of jobs month after month.
GREENE: OK. We're talking this morning about a new jobs report that says, for the month of November, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent, and employers added 146,000 jobs. NPR's Yuki Noguchi, NPR White House correspondent Scott Horsley, thank you both.
HORSLEY: You're welcome.
NOGUCHI: Thank you, David. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


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- Mandoline features precision food grip with three styles of grip: pinch grip for small items; Centre grip for round slices; Flat grip for longer slices
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- Items are to be collected from the respective outlet which was selected at checkout.
- To collect the items, you will need to bring the Sales Order number and National Identity Card.
We hope you will be happy with your purchase. However, in the unlikely event that you are unsatisfied with the purchase or have received an incorrect or damaged item, you can request a return, replacement, or exchange.
Please note that exchanges can only be made for goods of equal value, or as part payment for higher valued goods. In the case of a higher value, you will be invoiced for the balance amount. No partial refund will be given, and therefore exchanges for a lower priced item(s) are not permitted.
Restocking Fee:
If you decide to cancel the order or return an item due to a change of mind, we will provide a refund, deducting a 10% restocking fee. To qualify for a refund, please notify us within 24 hrs of purchase, provide clear proof of purchase, and ensure the product and packaging are in original, unopened, and re-saleable condition. Kindly note that the 10% restocking fee will be applied to the return, and deducted from the refund amount.
How to return:
- If the product received is damaged, please bring it to the notice of the delivery personnel immediately at the time of delivery or when picking up the items from our outlet.
- • In the case of defective items, you may return them within 24 hours of delivery in their original packaging. We shall not accept any good(s) used or not in the condition in which they were delivered.
Refunds: To request a refund, please email email@example.com or contact our hotline at 797 2828. Please provide a description of the items you would like to return, the invoice or bill number, and the reason for return in your email.
In the rare event that we're unable to fulfill an order due to stock shortages, we'll promptly notify you and issue a full refund for the affected item(s). While we strive to maintain accurate inventory levels, occasional discrepancies may occur. We apologize for any inconvenience and appreciate your understanding.
Warranty Coverage:
- Our products are covered by various warranty periods, depending on the brand and type of the item. The warranty coverage period will be displayed next to each brand or item in our stores and on our website.
- The warranty period starts from the date of purchase, as indicated on the original invoice.
Eligibility for Warranty Claims:
All returned items must be received in their original condition, undamaged, and packed in the original packaging, along with satisfactory proof of purchase, which includes the bill or invoice. Items must be in brand-new condition and suitable for restocking. We do not accept the return of used or damaged goods, and customers will not be eligible for a refund or exchange.
Hologram stickers or serial numbers must match those on the original invoice.
Under the warranty, the defective product will be repaired/replaced without any charge, provided we are satisfied that:
- The product have not been previously opened for repair, service, or altered by anyone other than the service provider.
- The product has not been tampered with.
- The serial number on the item have not been altered or removed.
- The failure has occurred due to a manufacturing or material defect.
- The product has been purchased from a Sonee Hardware store.
- Warranty will not allow products to be refunded without the original packaging and all standard accessories included with them.
- Transportation costs incurred in carrying the product to and from the Service Centre must be borne by the customer.
- Warranty is valid only in Maldives.
Warranty Claim Process:
- Customers should visit our outlet or service center to initiate a warranty claim.
- The Outlet Supervisor/Manager will assess the claim's eligibility.
- For discrepancies, the product will not be accepted,and customers will be informed accordingly.
- Accepted items will undergo diagnostic tests, and defective products will be addressed by our Service Center.
- Refunds,replacements,or repairs will be coordinated with the customer by our retail or sales team.
Our Commitment to Customer Satisfaction
Our commitment extends beyond the point of sale. We strive to provide exceptional after-sale service to ensure customer satisfaction.
Testing and Assurance
Before release, electronic and electrical items undergo rigorous testing to confirm their working condition. The "Tested Stamp" on the invoice serves as a testament to this commitment to quality.
Technical Support
Our knowledgeable and friendly retail and sales team is readily available to assist you with any questions or issues you may encounter with your product. Whether you need assistance setting up the product, troubleshooting technical difficulties, or understanding its various features, our team is here to help. You can reach our retail and sales team by phone or email.
Warranty Repairs
For products covered under warranty (Bosch and Karcher), our service center team is here to assist you with any necessary repairs. Please visit our service center to initiate the repair process under the warranty claim.
Replacement Parts
If your product (Bosch and Karcher) requires replacement parts, we can provide them to you for a fee. Please contact our service center team for detailed information on pricing and availability.


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Bookoo communities near you:
Because it's fun! Bookoo is made by yard sale fans, for yard sale fans.
We started Bookoo so we could find the bargains we needed with less running around town and leaving more time for family. What it has become is a better way to buy and sell stuff with neighbors.
The kids are outgrowing clothes, the new stuff costs a fortune, and the stuff they've outgrown is filling up the garage.
Moms and Dads use Bookoo to:You could be buying something from your mayor, your kid's teacher, Mark, or Julianne. Real People. Real Neighbors. Real Friendly.
It's like the family stuff filter to:Grandma can do it. Your 3-year-old* could do it, if they manage to sneak your phone when you're not looking. Mom can do it, one-handed*, while driving five kids to soccer practice. Seriously.
Simply contact the seller, meet up, exchange stuff for money and be on your way.
Bookoo brings neighbors together. There's no need for shipping or online transactions between buyers and sellers.
That's it!


text: How Can I Keep More of My Mutual Fund Profits?Provisions in the tax code allow you to pay lower capital gains taxes on the sale of assets held more than one year. Short-term gains — those resulting from the sale of assets held for one year or less — are taxed as ordinary income at your highest marginal income tax rate. This means that if you've been buying shares in a stock or mutual fund over the years and are considering selling part of your holdings, your tax liability could be significantly affected by the timing of your sale. The main pitfall for most investors is the IRS "first-in, first-out" policy. Simply stated, this means the IRS assumes that the first shares you sell are the first shares you purchased. Thus, the first shares in become the first shares out. As a result, if the value of your shares has appreciated, more of the money you receive from the sale will be considered to be taxable as a capital gain. Fortunately, there is an alternative. When you place a sell order, instruct your broker or mutual fund transfer agent to sell those shares that you purchased for the highest amount of money. This will reduce the percentage of the proceeds of the sale that can be considered capital gain and are therefore taxable. In order for this strategy to work, you must specify exactly which shares you are selling and when they were originally purchased. Ask your broker to send you a transaction confirmation that identifies by purchase date the shares you want to trade. This will enable you to reduce your taxable gain and maximize your deductible losses when you fill out your tax return. In some cases, you may be better off selling the first shares you purchased, even if this results in a larger gain. If the first shares are subject to the 15% long-term capital gains rate, but the recently purchased shares are subject to the higher short-term rate, the correct choice may not be obvious. Always consult a tax professional. By carefully reviewing your brokerage statements, you can determine which shares you paid the most for. You can then specify exactly which shares you'd like to sell. A word to the wise: Make this request in writing. If the IRS calls the transaction into question, the burden of proof is on you. Finally, the IRS also allows you to calculate your tax basis by taking the average cost of all your shares. On an appreciating asset, this should result in a lower tax liability than the first-in, first-out rule would dictate. Be aware, though, that if you elect to average, you must continue to average for any subsequent sales. Using either system, you may end up with a lower tax liability from the sale of your shares than the IRS would assume using the first-in, first-out rule. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law in December 2017, established "breakpoints" for application of these rates as under current law, except the breakpoints will be adjusted for inflation. This law also leaves in place the 3.8% net investment income tax (also referred to as the unearned income Medicare contribution tax). Taxpayers with modified adjusted gross incomes over $200,000 ($250,000 for married taxpayers filing jointly) are subject to an additional 3.8% tax on net investment income as a result of a provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The value of stocks and mutual funds fluctuates so that shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Mutual funds are sold by prospectus. Please consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, and expenses carefully before investing. The prospectus, which contains this and other information about the investment company, can be obtained from your financial professional. Be sure to read the prospectus carefully before deciding whether to invest. The information in this newsletter is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. |


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Striker S160 - Required Accessories - Ash Drawer Pedestal- WS-PED-ASHD
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Ash Drawer Pedestal
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Ash Drawer Pedestal
This item is currently not in stock, but available to order. We want to let you know well in advance that we are currently experiencing longer than normal lead times. We will do everything we can to make sure your purchase arrives as quickly as possible.
Do you have a deadline? Call us now to discuss lead times so we can help you decide if this item will arrive in time or what alternatives might be available to you at a faster rate. We apologize for the current long lead times that so many businesses are currently experiencing!


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Free Fight
Vitor Belfort returns to the Octagon on May 18 to face Luke Rockhold on FX...
On May 18, Vitor Belfort will compete in his native Brazil for the third time in his last four bouts, taking on the last man to hold Strikeforce's middleweight title – Luke Rockhold – in the main event of UFC on FX 8 in Jaragua do Sul. It's another opportunity for "The Phenom" to make a case for another shot at the 185-pound crown as well as build on the legacy that you can read about below.
Tra Telligman – February 7, 1997 – UFC 12
Result – Belfort TKO 1
Few, if any, knew about Brazil's Vitor Belfort when the fresh-faced 19-year old made his UFC debut against the Lions Den's Tra Telligman at UFC 12. 77 seconds after the opening bell though, people couldn't stop talking about his fast hands and fight-altering power. Belfort would win another bout later that night, in 43 seconds over Scott Ferrozzo, and when he destroyed Tank Abbott in less than a minute three months later at UFC 13, the legend of "The Phenom" was born.
Randy Couture I – October 17, 1997 – UFC 15
Result – Couture TKO 1
Entering this bout at UFC 15 in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, Randy Couture was a virtual unknown in MMA, with two UFC wins under his belt and an impressive resume as a world-class wrestler. Belfort was another story completely. The 20-year-old wunderkind had three UFC victories under his belt, with each of his wins being frenetic displays of Tyson-esque speed and power. No one expected Belfort to lose anytime soon, let alone to the soft-spoken 34-year-old. Couture threw a wrench in the works that night though, stopping Belfort at the 8:16 mark and changing the face of MMA forever.
"I was totally out of focus," Belfort told me a few years later. "I wasn't training, I was thinking I was the greatest and that nobody could beat me."
Wanderlei Silva – October 16, 1998 – UFC Brazil
Result – Belfort TKO 1
With countrymen Belfort and Wanderlei "The Axe Murderer" Silva both possessing the ability to end a fight in an instant, you just knew that their fight at Ultimate Brazil was going to end explosively. Well, it did, with the 21-year-old Belfort stopping his local rival with a dazzling array of strikes that sent the Sao Paulo crowd into a frenzy. Silva, just two years into his career at the time, would soon go on to greatness in Japan. For Belfort, 6-1 at the time, it was to be his last UFC bout for three years, as he proceeded to sign a deal with PRIDE in Japan that saw him win four of five fights from 1999 to 2001, with his only loss coming to Kazushi Sakuraba.
Chuck Liddell – June 22, 2002 – UFC 37.5
Result – Liddell W3
After four straight wins in Japan over Gilbert Yvel, Daijiro Matsui, Bobby Southworth, and Heath Herring, Belfort was scheduled to return to the UFC to face light heavyweight champion Tito Ortiz on September 28, 2001's UFC 33 card in Las Vegas. It was the UFC's first event in Nevada, and the first since the organization got back on pay-per-view cable TV. But it was not to be, as Belfort pulled out of the fight due to injury. Nine months later, Belfort was finally back in action, this time on free cable television via Fox Sports Net against Chuck Liddell, and instead of dazzling the new fans of the UFC, it was "The Iceman" who made his first major move towards superstardom with a three round decision win punctuated by an oft-replayed knockdown of Belfort late in the fight.
Randy Couture II – January 31, 2004 – UFC 46
Result – Belfort TKO 1
After getting back in the UFC win column with an impressive TKO of Marvin Eastman at UFC 43, Belfort was granted a rematch with light heavyweight champ Couture, the first man to beat him. And even though Couture was coming off dominating wins over Liddell and Ortiz, he was once again going to be facing a younger, more explosive opponent, making the UFC 46 main event a compelling one.
Adding to the drama was the fact that Belfort's sister, Priscila, had been kidnapped on January 9th of that year, leaving the recently married Belfort in an understandable state of emotional distress. He soldiered on through training camp though, telling me before the fight, "The only reason I'm here is because God wants me here. He's given me the strength. If not for that I wouldn't be here; I'd be very depressed. I'm praying for God to continue to give me the strength until the day of the fight. Then I can go back and hopefully I can have good news of my sister. I'm supposed to go to a honeymoon, but my honeymoon is not going to happen."
And once the bout commenced, it was over almost as soon as it began.
The two briefly sparred with each other, and then Belfort grazed Couture with a straight left. The two clinched against the fence, with Couture in obvious discomfort. Referee John McCarthy intervened, bringing in ringside physician Margaret Goodman to examine Couture's left eye, and she recommended that McCarthy call a halt to the bout at the 49-second mark, a stoppage that crowned Belfort the new champion.
The culprit that ended the contest was a gashed lower left eyelid of Couture, a cut caused by a seam on Belfort's glove, and that exposed the eyeball and required immediate surgery. It was a bittersweet victory for the new champion.
Tito Ortiz – February 5, 2005 – UFC 51
Result – Ortiz W3
Less than seven months after defeating Couture, Belfort was stopped in three rounds by "The Natural" and surrendered his 205-pound belt. His next bout in the UFC would be against the man he was supposed to face in 2001, Tito Ortiz, and the three rounder was worth the wait.
Early in the first round, Ortiz quickly drove Belfort to the fence, but the Brazilian was able to escape and soon followed Ortiz across the Octagon with a quick flurry of strikes that put the former champion on the defensive.
Ortiz weathered the storm though, and locked up with Belfort against the fence, controlling the pace with knees and his superior strength. Referee John McCarthy broke the two at the midway point of the frame, and after the two veterans warily circled each other, Ortiz shot in with punches, only to get countered well by Belfort, who put Ortiz in trouble with strikes to the head. Ortiz quickly looked for a takedown to get out of trouble, and wound up in Belfort's guard with a bloodied nose for his trouble. In the final minute Ortiz pounded away with forearms to the head, looking to exercise his trademark ground and pound as the horn intervened.
Round two saw Ortiz looking for the takedown again, only to be foiled by Belfort's sprawl, and later by a guillotine attempt that turned into side control by the Brazilian. Ortiz kept his cool as he tried to work his forearm shivers, but Belfort responded with hard forearms of his own to the head, much to the delight of the crowd. Belfort continued to pound Ortiz as McCarthy watched the action closely, but the game Ortiz refused to give in against "The Phenom". With 1:30 left in the second round, McCarthy stood up the fight, but Belfort quickly pulled Ortiz back to the mat, which was a poor move as Ortiz gained the upper hand in the final seconds with strikes to the head until round's end.
Ortiz confidently began the final round with a high kick that was deflected by Belfort, and followed up with another takedown. Working with Belfort pinned against the fence, Ortiz's ground and pound left the tired Brazilian with little chance of escape, though a standup with under two minutes left gave Belfort a brief reprieve – so brief that Ortiz was again in his face within seconds, pinning him against the fence before yet another takedown just before the bell.
And though many felt Belfort had done enough to win, the judges rendered a split (29-28, 29-28, 28-29) verdict for Ortiz.
Matt Lindland – January 24, 2009 – Affliction – Day of Reckoning
Result – Belfort KO 1
Discouraged by the loss to Ortiz, Belfort took his show on the road and outside of the UFC, competing for four different organizations over the next four years. But after his 2006 loss to Dan Henderson in PRIDE, the now 30-year old Belfort started to show the maturity and focus he had lacked consistently over the previous years. Three straight wins over Ivan Serati, James Zikic, and Terry Martin followed – two by knockout – and in January of this year he was matched up with former UFC middleweight title challenger Matt Lindland. The end came just 37 seconds into the bout, and Belfort had scored a spectacular knockout over "The Law," one of his most impressive finishes since his early days in the UFC. But there would be more fireworks to come.
Rich Franklin – September 19, 2009 – UFC 103
Result – Belfort KO 1
In September of 2009, Belfort made his long-awaited return to the Octagon, but he didn't stay long, earning Knockout of the Night honors for his first round finish of former middleweight champion Rich Franklin. It was the performance all of Belfort's long-time fans were hoping for, as he showed off the deadly hands that made his name back in the late-90s. Next up – a world title shot.
Anderson Silva – February 5, 2011 - UFC 126
Result – Silva KO 1
The highly-anticipated middleweight championship showdown between Belfort and countryman Anderson Silva came to an abrupt end at 3:25 of the first round when Silva landed a front kick to the face that instantly earned a spot on UFC highlight reels for eternity. Left to deal with the aftermath of the devastating defeat was Belfort, who, like he had many times before, would rise again.
Michael Bisping – January 19, 2013 - UFC on FX
Result – Belfort TKO 2
Following his loss to Silva, Belfort was seemingly reborn, using impressive first round finishes over Yoshihiro Akiyama and Anthony Johnson to re-establish his place in the division immediately. And while his next foe after the Johnson fight was expected to be Alan Belcher at UFC 153 in October of 2012, Belfort got an offer he couldn't refuse for September 22 – an opportunity to regain his light heavyweight title from the most talked about fighter in the game: Jon Jones. It was a risky move, but when Belfort locked on an armbar in the first round, he was moments away from a stunning upset win. Jones would escape and submit Belfort in the fourth round, while the Brazilian returned to 185 pounds in January of 2013, delivering another fantastic finish when he knocked out Michael Bisping in the second round.


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1.100% food-grade silicone, FDA/LFGB,SGS certificated.
2.Non-stick,easy to separate, clean, eco-friendly, low carbon, can be recycled.
3.Simple and useful, healthfulness,natural antibackerial,high strength softness,corrosion resistant and adaptability.
4.Not easy to be damaged,no crack,resistance to extreme temperature,-40 centigrade degree to 230 centigrade degree.
5.Safety,non-toxic,no smell,heated evenly.
6.Color:sent at random.
3D nicole flower silicone mold for fondant candy DIY cake decoration L658


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Find The Best Accident Attorney in Union To Fight For Your Compensation. We Have Professional Car Accident Lawyers, Motorcycle Accident Lawyers & Truck Accident Lawyers Near You To Get The Legal Consultation About Your Road Accident Claims & Road Accident Personal Injury Claims.
Local Attorneys 360 is a most sensible accident law firm in Union. The accident lawyers at Local Attorneys 360 are remarkable in Union. Our lawyers are well versed in the traffic laws and criteria given by Union, and will at once take up your accident cases. We get the most Compensation For Bus Accident casualties at Local Attorneys 360. If you meet with some sort of wound during an accident, you must discuss it with our lawyers as soon as you can. We will provide you with immediate legal help and relief. By hiring our Attorneys For Accident Payment, you can get remarkable assistance and have a reliable shoulder to lean on. Our legal services are attainable twenty-four hours a day, making sure to assist you out.
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In cases of car accidents, the injury must be compensated by law. Experienced and qualified lawyers at Local Attorneys 360 will get you through the Personal Injury Claim made after you have been in an automobile accident. You must assign our lawyers immediately, in case any unpredicted circumstance arises. We will get you through the Legal Process at top fees in Union. You will attain reliable legal assistance from our lawyers, and have the ideal firm present your case.
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Bus accident claims are one of the many legal processes dealt with by Local Attorneys 360. Bus accidents are devastating and the sufferers need quick justice. The lawyers at Local Attorneys 360 have worked with many bus accident claims. Hiring our attorneys, who are proficient and professional, will be worth the money you spend. You will attain the optimum legal assistance while doing your documents and will have a famous Bus Accident Lawyer aiding you out with your case. At Local Attorneys 360, you can find the prime lawyer for your bus accident claim.
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If the truck accident is caused by any reason that averts from the safety standards for trucks, you can File A Truck Accident Lawsuit. The court will hear your case and with the help of our lawyers, you will get the justice you worth. You will get the correct reparation for the casualties instigated by truck accidents in Union.
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It's well into 2015, the year of content marketing. Every marketer has been trying to increase sales with branded content. What exactly is content marketing? It's branded business storytelling. It's sharing your professional, company, and employee stories with your audience. Storytelling cultivates a client relationship. People tend to trust brands more when they are humanized. Here are three tips to creating your own content marketing strategy.
Do your research—Complete a comprehensive analysis into your audience, trends, media and competition. These areas will address the "who, what, where, and why" of content marketing. Next, a strategy will naturally evolve from the research.
Tell a story—Your audience wants to see the human side of your company. They're interested in the values and employees of your company. A story engages the emotional side of your audience and captures their attention.
Create a conversation—After you have published your story or stories and captivated your audience, it's important to keep up that humanizing factor. Humanize by allowing your audience to comment on your blog articles and social media posts. More importantly, respond to them in a colloquial (but not slang) manner. Responding shows them that you care about cultivating a client relationship.


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NON-PROFIT MARKETING: Drive Donor Retention and Fundraising
With no "sales force," every nonprofit must rely on marketing to raise funds, find volunteers, and spread the word about its good work and needs.
Ask us about the donor databases we can access on your behalf. Let's talk about why 80% of all charitable giving still comes as the result of well-crafted and well-targeted direct mail. Then let's discuss which donor retention tactics are known to work best at the lowest investment. At Allegra, nonprofits are one of our largest client categories and have been for decades. Contact Allegra today to get started with:
- Donor acquisition and retention strategies
- Online and offline fundraising strategies
- Email marketing
- Direct mail and letter campaigns


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Learn more about WordPress core software security in this free white paper. You can also download it in PDF format.
This document is an analysis and explanation of the WordPress core software development and its related security processes, as well as an examination of the inherent security built directly into the software. Decision makers evaluating WordPress as a content management system or web application framework should use this document in their analysis and decision-making, and for developers to refer to it to familiarize themselves with the security components and best practices of the software.
The information in this document is up-to-date for the latest stable release of the software, WordPress 4.7 at time of publication, but should be considered relevant also to the most recent versions of the software as backwards compatibility is a strong focus for the WordPress development team. Specific security measures and changes will be noted as they have been added to the core software in specific releases. It is strongly encouraged to always be running the latest stable version of WordPress to ensure the most secure experience possible.
Executive summary
WordPress is a dynamic open-source content management system which is used to power millions of websites, web applications, and blogs. It currently powers more than 43% of the top 10 million websites on the Internet. WordPress' usability, extensibility, and mature development community make it a popular and secure choice for websites of all sizes.
Since its inception in 2003, WordPress has undergone continual hardening so its core software can address and mitigate common security threats, including the Top 10 list identified by The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) as common security vulnerabilities, which are discussed in this document.
The WordPress Security Team, in collaboration with the WordPress Core Leadership Team and backed by the WordPress global community, works to identify and resolve security issues in the core software available for distribution and installation at WordPress.org, as well as recommending and documenting security best practices for third-party plugin and theme authors.
Site developers and administrators should pay particular attention to the correct use of core APIs and underlying server configuration which have been the source of common vulnerabilities, as well as ensuring all users employ strong passwords to access WordPress.
An overview of WordPress
WordPress is a free and open source content management system (CMS). It is the most widely-used CMS software in the world and it powers more than 43% of the top 10 million websites1, giving it an estimated 62% market share of all sites using a CMS.
WordPress is licensed under the General Public License (GPLv2 or later) which provides four core freedoms, and can be considered as the WordPress "bill of rights":
- The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
- The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish.
- The freedom to redistribute.
- The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.
The WordPress Core leadership team
The WordPress project is a meritocracy, run by a core leadership team, and led by its co-creator and lead developer, Matt Mullenweg. The team governs all aspects of the project, including core development, WordPress.org, and community initiatives.
The Core Leadership Team consists of Matt Mullenweg, five lead developers, and more than a dozen core developers with permanent commit access. These developers have final authority on technical decisions, and lead architecture discussions and implementation efforts.
WordPress has a number of contributing developers. Some of these are former or current committers, and some are likely future committers. These contributing developers are trusted and veteran contributors to WordPress who have earned a great deal of respect among their peers. As needed, WordPress also has guest committers, individuals who are granted commit access, sometimes for a specific component, on a temporary or trial basis.
The core and contributing developers primarily guide WordPress development. Every version, hundreds of developers contribute code to WordPress. These core contributors are volunteers who contribute to the core codebase in some way.
The WordPress release cycle
Each WordPress release cycle is led by one or more of the core WordPress developers. A release cycle usually lasts around 4 months from the initial scoping meeting to launch of the version.
A release cycle follows the following pattern2:
- Phase 1: Planning and securing team leads. This is done in the #core chat room on Slack. The release lead discusses features for the next release of WordPress. WordPress contributors get involved with that discussion. The release lead will identify team leads for each of the features.
- Phase 2: Development work begins. Team leads assemble teams and work on their assigned features. Regular chats are scheduled to ensure the development keeps moving forward.
- Phase 3: Beta. Betas are released, and beta-testers are asked to start reporting bugs. No more commits for new enhancements or feature requests are carried out from this phase on. Third-party plugin and theme authors are encouraged to test their code against the upcoming changes.
- Phase 4: Release Candidate. There is a string freeze for translatable strings from this point on. Work is targeted on regressions and blockers only.
- Phase 5: Launch. WordPress version is launched and made available in the WordPress Admin for updates.
Version numbering and security releases
A major WordPress version is dictated by the first two sequences. For example, 3.5 is a major release, as is 3.6, 3.7, or 4.0. There isn't a "WordPress 3" or "WordPress 4" and each major release is referred to by its numbering, e.g., "WordPress 3.9."
Major releases may add new user features and developer APIs. Though typically in the software world, a "major" version means you can break backwards compatibility, WordPress strives to never break backwards compatibility. Backwards compatibility is one of the project's most important philosophies, with the aim of making updates much easier on users and developers alike.
A minor WordPress version is dictated by the third sequence. Version 3.5.1 is a minor release, as is 3.4.23. A minor release is reserved for fixing security vulnerabilities and addressing critical bugs only. Since new versions of WordPress are released so frequently — the aim is every 4-5 months for a major release, and minor releases happen as needed — there is only a need for major and minor releases.
Version backwards compatibility
The WordPress project has a strong commitment to backwards compatibility. This commitment means that themes, plugins, and custom code continues to function when WordPress core software is updated, encouraging site owners to keep their WordPress version updated to the latest secure release.
WordPress and security
The WordPress Security Team
The WordPress Security Team is made up of approximately 50 experts including lead developers and security researchers — about half are employees of Automattic (makers of WordPress.com, the earliest and largest WordPress hosting platform on the web), and a number work in the web security field. The team consults with well-known and trusted security researchers and hosting companies3.
The WordPress Security Team often collaborates with other security teams to address issues in common dependencies, such as resolving the vulnerability in the PHP XML parser, used by the XML-RPC API that ships with WordPress, in WordPress 3.9.24. This vulnerability resolution was a result of a joint effort by both WordPress and Drupal security teams.
WordPress security risks, process, and history
The WordPress Security Team believes in Responsible Disclosure by alerting the security team immediately of any potential vulnerabilities. Potential security vulnerabilities can be signaled to the Security Team via the WordPress HackerOne5. The Security Team communicates amongst itself via a private Slack channel, and works on a walled-off, private Trac for tracking, testing, and fixing bugs and security problems.
Each security report is acknowledged upon receipt, and the team works to verify the vulnerability and determine its severity. If confirmed, the security team then plans for a patch to fix the problem which can be committed to an upcoming release of the WordPress software or it can be pushed as an immediate security release, depending on the severity of the issue.
For an immediate security release, an advisory is published by the Security Team to the WordPress.org News site6 announcing the release and detailing the changes. Credit for the responsible disclosure of a vulnerability is given in the advisory to encourage and reinforce continued responsible reporting in the future.
Administrators of the WordPress software see a notification on their site dashboard to upgrade when a new release is available, and following the manual upgrade users are redirected to the About WordPress screen which details the changes. If administrators have automatic background updates enabled, they will receive an email after an upgrade has been completed.
Automatic background updates for security releases
Starting with version 3.7, WordPress introduced automated background updates for all minor releases7, such as 3.7.1 and 3.7.2. The WordPress Security Team can identify, fix, and push out automated security enhancements for WordPress without the site owner needing to do anything on their end, and the security update will install automatically.
When a security update is pushed for the current stable release of WordPress, the core team will also push security updates for all the releases that are capable of background updates (since WordPress 3.7), so these older but still recent versions of WordPress will receive security enhancements.
Individual site owners can opt to remove automatic background updates through a simple change in their configuration file, but keeping the functionality is strongly recommended by the core team, as well as running the latest stable release of WordPress.
2013 OWASP Top 10
The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is an online community dedicated to web application security. The OWASP Top 10 list8 focuses on identifying the most serious application security risks for a broad array of organizations. The Top 10 items are selected and prioritized in combination with consensus estimates of exploitability, detectability, and impact estimates.
The following sections discuss the APIs, resources, and policies that WordPress uses to strengthen the core software and 3rd party plugins and themes against these potential risks.
A1 – Injection
There is a set of functions and APIs available in WordPress to assist developers in making sure unauthorized code cannot be injected, and help them validate and sanitize data. Best practices and documentation are available9 on how to use these APIs to protect, validate, or sanitize input and output data in HTML, URLs, HTTP headers, and when interacting with the database and filesystem. Administrators can also further restrict the types of file which can be uploaded via filters.
A2 – Broken Authentication and Session Management
WordPress core software manages user accounts and authentication and details such as the user ID, name, and password are managed on the server-side, as well as the authentication cookies. Passwords are protected in the database using standard salting and stretching techniques. Existing sessions are destroyed upon logout for versions of WordPress after 4.0.
A3 – Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
WordPress provides a range of functions which can help ensure that user-supplied data is safe10. Trusted users, that is administrators and editors on a single WordPress installation, and network administrators only in WordPress Multisite, can post unfiltered HTML or JavaScript as they need to, such as inside a post or page. Untrusted users and user-submitted content is filtered by default to remove dangerous entities, using the KSES library through the wp_kses
As an example, the WordPress core team noticed before the release of WordPress 2.3 that the function the_search_query()
was being misused by most theme authors, who were not escaping the function's output for use in HTML. In a very rare case of slightly breaking backward compatibility, the function's output was changed in WordPress 2.3 to be pre-escaped.
A4 – Insecure Direct Object Reference
WordPress often provides direct object reference, such as unique numeric identifiers of user accounts or content available in the URL or form fields. While these identifiers disclose direct system information, WordPress' rich permissions and access control system prevent unauthorized requests.
A5 – Security Misconfiguration
The majority of the WordPress security configuration operations are limited to a single authorized administrator. Default settings for WordPress are continually evaluated at the core team level, and the WordPress core team provides documentation and best practices to tighten security for server configuration for running a WordPress site11.
A6 – Sensitive Data Exposure
WordPress user account passwords are salted and hashed based on the Portable PHP Password Hashing Framework12. WordPress' permission system is used to control access to private information such an registered users' PII, commenters' email addresses, privately published content, etc. In WordPress 3.7, a password strength meter was included in the core software providing additional information to users setting their passwords and hints on increasing strength. WordPress also has an optional configuration setting for requiring HTTPS.
A7 – Missing Function Level Access Control
WordPress checks for proper authorization and permissions for any function level access requests prior to the action being executed. Access or visualization of administrative URLs, menus, and pages without proper authentication is tightly integrated with the authentication system to prevent access from unauthorized users.
A8 – Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
WordPress uses cryptographic tokens, called nonces13, to validate intent of action requests from authorized users to protect against potential CSRF threats. WordPress provides an API for the generation of these tokens to create and verify unique and temporary tokens, and the token is limited to a specific user, a specific action, a specific object, and a specific time period, which can be added to forms and URLs as needed. Additionally, all nonces are invalidated upon logout.
A9 – Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities
The WordPress core team closely monitors the few included libraries and frameworks WordPress integrates with for core functionality. In the past the core team has made contributions to several third-party components to make them more secure, such as the update to fix a cross-site vulnerability in TinyMCE in WordPress 3.5.214.
If necessary, the core team may decide to fork or replace critical external components, such as when the SWFUpload library was officially replaced by the Plupload library in 3.5.2, and a secure fork of SWFUpload was made available by the security team15 for those plugins who continued to use SWFUpload in the short-term.
A10 – Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards
WordPress' internal access control and authentication system will protect against attempts to direct users to unwanted destinations or automatic redirects. This functionality is also made available to plugin developers via an API, wp_safe_redirect()
Further security risks and concerns
XXE (XML eXternal Entity) processing attacks
When processing XML, WordPress disables the loading of custom XML entities to prevent both External Entity and Entity Expansion attacks. Beyond PHP's core functionality, WordPress does not provide additional secure XML processing API for plugin authors.
SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery) Attacks
HTTP requests issued by WordPress are filtered to prevent access to loopback and private IP addresses. Additionally, access is only allowed to certain standard HTTP ports.
WordPress plugin and theme security
The default theme
WordPress requires a theme to be enabled to render content visible on the frontend. The default theme which ships with core WordPress (currently "Twenty Twenty-Three") has been vigorously reviewed and tested for security reasons by both the team of theme developers plus the core development team.
The default theme can serve as a starting point for custom theme development, and site developers can create a child theme which includes some customization but falls back on the default theme for most functionality and security. The default theme can be easily removed by an administrator if not needed.
WordPress.org theme and plugin repositories
There are approximately 50,000+ plugins and 5,000+ themes listed on the WordPress.org site. These themes and plugins are submitted for inclusion and are manually reviewed by volunteers before making them available on the repository.
Inclusion of plugins and themes in the repository is not a guarantee that they are free from security vulnerabilities. Guidelines are provided for plugin authors to consult prior to submission for inclusion in the repository17, and extensive documentation about how to do WordPress theme development18 is provided on the WordPress.org site.
Each plugin and theme has the ability to be continually developed by the plugin or theme owner, and any subsequent fixes or feature development can be uploaded to the repository and made available to users with that plugin or theme installed with a description of that change. Site administrators are notified of plugins which need to be updated via their administration dashboard.
When a plugin vulnerability is discovered by the WordPress Security Team, they contact the plugin author and work together to fix and release a secure version of the plugin. If there is a lack of response from the plugin author or if the vulnerability is severe, the plugin/theme is pulled from the public directory, and in some cases, fixed and updated directly by the Security Team.
The Theme Review Team
The Theme Review Team is a group of volunteers, led by key and established members of the WordPress community, who review and approve themes submitted to be included in the official WordPress Theme directory. The Theme Review Team maintains the official Theme Review Guidelines19, the Theme Unit Test Datas20, and the Theme Check Plugins21, and attempts to engage and educate the WordPress Theme developer community regarding development best practices. Inclusion in the group is moderated by core committers of the WordPress development team.
The role of the hosting provider in WordPress security
WordPress can be installed on a multitude of platforms. Though WordPress core software provides many provisions for operating a secure web application, which were covered in this document, the configuration of the operating system and the underlying web server hosting the software is equally important to keep the WordPress applications secure.
A note about WordPress.com and WordPress security
WordPress.com is the largest WordPress installation in the world, and is owned and managed by Automattic, Inc., which was founded by Matt Mullenweg, the WordPress project co-creator. WordPress.com runs on the core WordPress software, and has its own security processes, risks, and solutions22. This document refers to security regarding the self-hosted, downloadable open source WordPress software available from WordPress.org and installable on any server in the world.
Core WordPress APIs
The WordPress Core Application Programming Interface (API) is comprised of several individual APIs23, each one covering the functions involved in, and use of, a given set of functionality. Together, these form the project interface which allows plugins and themes to interact with, alter, and extend WordPress core functionality safely and securely.
While each WordPress API provides best practices and standardized ways to interact with and extend WordPress core software, the following WordPress APIs are the most pertinent to enforcing and hardening WordPress security:
Database API
The Database API24, added in WordPress 0.71, provides the correct method for accessing data as named values which are stored in the database layer.
Filesystem API
The Filesystem API25, added in WordPress 2.626, was originally created for WordPress' own automatic updates feature. The Filesystem API abstracts out the functionality needed for reading and writing local files to the filesystem to be done securely, on a variety of host types.
It does this through the WP_Filesystem_Base
class, and several subclasses which implement different ways of connecting to the local filesystem, depending on individual host support. Any theme or plugin that needs to write files locally should do so using the WP_Filesystem family of classes.
The HTTP API27, added in WordPress 2.728 and extended further in WordPress 2.8, standardizes the HTTP requests for WordPress. The API handles cookies, gzip encoding and decoding, chunk decoding (if HTTP 1.1), and various other HTTP protocol implementations. The API standardizes requests, tests each method prior to sending, and, based on your server configuration, uses the appropriate method to make the request.
Permissions and current user API
The permissions and current user API29 is a set of functions which will help verify the current user's permissions and authority to perform any task or operation being requested, and can protect further against unauthorized users accessing or performing functions beyond their permitted capabilities.
White paper content License
The text in this document (not including the WordPress logo or trademark) is licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
A special thank you to Drupal's security white paper, which provided some inspiration.
Additional reading
- WordPress News https://wordpress.org/news/
- WordPress Security releases https://wordpress.org/news/category/security/
- WordPress Developer Resources https://developer.wordpress.org/
Authored by Sara Rosso
Contributions from Barry Abrahamson, Michael Adams, Jon Cave, Helen Hou-Sandí, Dion Hulse, Mo Jangda, Paul Maiorana
Version 1.0 March 2015
[1] https://w3techs.com/, as of December 2019
[2] https://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/about/release-cycle/
[3] https://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/about/release-cycle/version-numbering/
[4] https://wordpress.org/news/2014/08/wordpress-3-9-2/
[5] https://hackerone.com/wordpress
[6] https://wordpress.org/news/
[7] https://wordpress.org/news/2013/10/basie/
[8] https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2013-Top_10
[9] https://developer.wordpress.org/apis/security/
[10] https://developer.wordpress.org/apis/security/data-validation/
[11] https://wordpress.org/support/article/hardening-wordpress/
[12] https://www.openwall.com/phpass/
[13] https://developer.wordpress.org/apis/security/nonces/
[14] https://wordpress.org/news/2013/06/wordpress-3-5-2/
[15] https://make.wordpress.org/core/2013/06/21/secure-swfupload/
[16] https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_safe_redirect/
[17] https://wordpress.org/plugins/developers/
[18] https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/getting-started/
[19] https://make.wordpress.org/themes/handbook/review/
[20] https://codex.wordpress.org/Theme_Unit_Test
[21] https://wordpress.org/plugins/theme-check/
[22] https://automattic.com/security/
[23] https://codex.wordpress.org/WordPress_APIs
[24] https://developer.wordpress.org/apis/handbook/database/
[25] https://codex.wordpress.org/Filesystem_API
[26] https://wordpress.org/support/wordpress-version/version-2-6/
[27] https://developer.wordpress.org/plugins/http-api/
[28] https://wordpress.org/support/wordpress-version/version-2-7/
[29] https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/current_user_can/


text:
There are two main filters to start your search of Tłı̨chǫ Government publications:
- Filter by Category
- Filter by Date
Filters are located on the right hand side of the screen.
You can check one box or multiple to refine your search.
If you are not able to find a publication please email info[at]tlicho[dot]com
Tłįchǫ Lands Claims and Self-Government Act
This consolidation is current to May 27, 2014. The last amendments came into force on April 1, 2014.
Tłı̨chǫ Land Claims and Self-Government Act (Bill C14)
This Government of Canada Act received Royal Assent February 15, 2005. This is the legislation approving the first comprehensive land claim and self government agreement in the Northwest Territories and the second such agreement in Canada. The agreement created the Tłı̨chǫ Government, which owns 39,000 square kilometers of land, including subsurface resources. The Tłįchǫ also receive approximately $152 million over 14 years, and a share of resource royalties from development in the Mackenzie Valley.
Treaty 11
Signed by Chief Monfwi on August 22, 1921; Reprinted from Edition of 1926 by Edmond Cloutier.


text:
Awards Given to Most Caring Cities in Each State
All for one and one for all.
At some point in your life, you or someone you know has probably benefited from the service of a counselor, a teacher, a nurse or some other professional whose career is dedicated to benefitting others in their community.
These are the citizens who devote their working lives to their community despite both personal risk and sacrifice. They frequently put their bodies on the line, work well into their own personal time, or remain on-call and at-the-ready at a moment's notice. They make their cities a better place to live, and they often do so without the recognition they deserve.
These awards are a small effort to make up for that lack of acknowledgment.
Selection Process for Insurify's Most Caring Cities Award
In determining the Most Caring Cities in the U.S., the data science and research team at Insurify, an online car insurance comparison platform, turned to their database of 2 million American car insurance applications. Each application included both the occupation and the city of residence for each driver in the database. With this information, analysts were able to determine the percentage of each city's drivers who worked in one of the following professions:
- Caregivers
- Counselors
- Firefighters
- Hospice volunteers
- Nurse practitioners
- Paramedics
- Physicians/medical doctors
- Teachers
- Therapists
- Social workers
The communities with the highest percentage of these selfless professionals were awarded as the Most Caring City in their respective state.
Congratulations to these winning cities and to the residents that make their communities happier and safer day in and day out! Without further ado, here are the winners:
Winners of Insurify's Most Caring Cities Awards
- Alabama: Auburn
- Alaska: Anchorage
- Arizona: Sierra Vista
- Arkansas: Russellville
- California: Clovis
- Colorado: Golden
- Connecticut: Manchester
- Deleware: Seaford
- Florida: Tarpon Springs
- Georgia: Sharpsburg
- Hawaii: Honolulu
- Idaho: Pocatello
- Illinois: Springfield
- Indiana: Bloomington
- Iowa: Cedar Rapids
- Kansas: Lawrence
- Kentucky: Hazard
- Louisiana: Alexandria
- Massachusetts: Springfield
- Maryland: Bowie
- Michigan: Saginaw
- Minnesota: Rochester
- Mississippi: Natchez
- Missouri: Poplar Bluff
- Montana: Helena
- Nebraska: Lincoln
- Nevada: Henderson
- New Hampshire: Nashua
- New Jersey: Camden
- New Mexico: Los Lunas
- New York: Staten Island
- North Carolina: Asheville
- North Dakota: Fargo
- Ohio: Springfield
- Oklahoma: Tahlequah
- Oregon: Bend
- Pennsylvania: Scranton
- Rhode Island: Providence
- South Carolina: Kingstree
- South Dakota: Rapid City
- Tennessee: Johnson City
- Texas: Rockwall
- Utah: Bountiful
- Virginia: Charlottesville
- Washington: Yakima
- West Virginia: Huntington
- Wisconsin: Madison
- Wyoming: Cheyenne
Due to insufficient data, cities in Maine and Vermont were not included on this list.
If you have questions or comments about this article, please contact email@example.com.


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Payment Plans
Approved methods for payment include, but are not limited to, any of the following methods.
- We accept credit cards issued by U.S. banks only: Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express.
- We also accept debit cards that show a MasterCard or Visa logo on the front.
- We accept business and personal checks, cashier's checks, and money orders, issued by U.S. banks only. We do not accept checks issued by foreign (non U.S.) banks.
- In addition, we offer open accounts for government and educational institutions and for pre-approved local and regional businesses. If you would like details about how to open an account at our printing firm, please call us in advance of placing your order. We'd be happy to discuss the details and explain the payment options and terms available to you.
What credit cards do you accept for online orders?
At the current time, we accept the following credit cards:
- Visa (credit or debit)
- MasterCard (credit or debit)
- American Express
- Discover
Can I pay by check?
Yes, we accept business checks, money orders, and cashier checks, but we may ask you to mail us a check before we begin to process your work unless you've created an open account with us.
Can you bill me?
We do offer open accounts for pre-approved local and regional businesses, as well as for government and educational institutions. If you would like details about how to open an account at our printing firm, please call us in advance of placing your order. We'd be happy to discuss the details and explain the payment options and terms available to you.
What information is needed for online credit card payments?
We need the credit card number, the full cardholder's name as it appears on the card, the expiration date, and the security card code verification (CCV) on the back of the card. We'll also need billing information, including your name and your (or your company's) address as it appears on the credit card statement.
When will I be charged for my order?
If you pay by credit card, we will process that charge at the time you place your order. If you pay by check, we may require you to send us that check before we begin work on your printing. For open accounts, we will bill you at the time your order is accepted at our firm.
Why does the billing address have to match the address on the credit card I use?
In a word: security. This is the policy the credit card companies use to protect you from unauthorized or fraudulent use of your credit card. The billing address must be the same as the address where your credit card company sends its statements for the credit card you are using. If you enter a different address on our billing information page, the credit card company (not us) will not authorize the charge. This is a security feature that is in place for your safety.
Is your printing firm's website secure for online payments?
Absolutely. When you enter your credit card information on our website, it is encrypted and transmitted directly to our credit card processor's secure, PCI-compliant web server, where the payment is then processed. The processor's web server sends back data, letting us know if the charge was approved or denied. Your credit card information never touches our web servers and is not stored or associated in any way with your account information on our website.