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Loud Apparel ME Dress in Black
Plus -2 More
When shopping at Sugar and Spice Children's Boutique, we understand how important it is for you to receive your items the way you expect them to look! You can be certain we will make every effort to ship you order in a timely fashion and with minimal interruptions.
We offer FREE shipping to Canada with a minimum purchase of $100.00 before tax and to the Continental U.S. with a minimum purchase of $150.00 (CDN) before tax.
Local pickup is available FREE of charge within the GTA (Greater Toronto Area).
For more info and for any questions, please don't hesitate to email us at email@example.com and we will do our best to assist you.
For shipping to other countries, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for shipping rates.
We want you to be completely satisfied with your purchase. It is very important to us that you are happy with your order. If for any reason you are not, you can send it back to us for an exchange or full refund.
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Sugar and Spice will refund customers in the same method as original payment. Please allow up to 3 business days upon receipt of returned merchandise for refund. You will receive a confirmation by email when your return/exchange has been processed. In the event that merchandise is not available for exchange, you will be fully refunded.
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Admission requirements
This course is only available for students in the BA International Studies who have successfully completed a Thematic Seminar course (10 ects) and who have passed courses of the first two years of the International Studies programme worth a total of 100 EC.
The student writes the thesis in the area of specialisation.
Public security and the State in Latin America
The central topic for this thesis seminar will be on public security in Latin America. The region is currently one of the most crime-ridden and violent areas in the world, where the high level of insecurity has a profound impact on people's lives. The state institutions' difficulty of curving down the violence and crime is negatively affecting their legitimacy and level of trust in the eyes of the citizens. In particular, the countries' police forces are under much scrutiny. The course analyses the principal challenges the Latin American states have in order to improve the level of security and living conditions for their citizens. The course will give attention to the historical, political and socioeconomic dynamics influencing the public security sector. In addition to this, attention will be devoted to study the particularities of police reform, the main local challenges that exist in the judicial and penitentiary systems, as well as the difficulties faced by local authorities in the security management scheme.
Building on earlier exercises in essay-writing, in particular the essay for the second year's Thematic Seminar course, a bachelor's thesis is the finishing paper of the programme. It is a research paper of 10,000 words (± 10%), excluding bibliography and notes, which to a considerable extent is the result of research and writing that is independently done.
Collective supervision is provided in thesis seminars. The aim of the thesis seminar is to guide students through the process of designing a research question; collecting literature, sources, data, and other materials that are necessary for answering the question; bringing logic and persuasive order in the material and in the arguments supported by it; and designing appropriate research methods.
Assignments within the seminar include designing a research question and plan, as well as writing a literature review (ca. 2500 words).
Apart from collective supervision, students will receive individual supervision, specifically focused on the subject of their research. The thesis seminar leader is also the one who provides this individual supervision. Students will have four individual meetings with their supervisor during the semester.
Each seminar will be devoted to one of the geographical areas covered by International Studies, and will focus on a broad theme relevant to the programme.
The exact set-up of the seminars may vary somewhat, due to the nature of the area, and the teaching approach of the seminar leader. The theme of a seminar lends focus to the class discussions, and provide extra guidance for students to decide on their research topic.
Course objectives
Based on the knowledge and skills acquired, students will be able to:
work with research techniques that are current in the discipline(s) applied by them;
comprehend sophisticated academic debates;
report on their studies and research in good written English;
work and write under time-pressure, and deal with deadlines;
participate in debates in an active, prepared and informed way, respecting other people's convictions and emotions;
understand fundamental cultural differences and divisions.
The general academic skills covered by these aims are:
collect and select specialized literature using traditional and electronic methods and techniques;
analyze and evaluate this in terms of quality and reliability;
formulate a well-defined research problem based on this;
set up, under supervision, a study of limited size, taking into consideration the traditional and electronic methods and techniques relevant for the discipline;
formulate a reasoned conclusion on the basis of this;
explain research findings in writing, in a clear and well-argued way.
The timetables are available through My Timetable.
Mode of instruction
Four to six seminar class meetings of two hours, spread over the semester; four individual meetings with supervisor (30 min. on average).
Attending a seminar is mandatory; no thesis can be submitted that has not been written in the context of a thesis seminar. If you are unable to attend a session, please inform your lecturer in advance. If you are absent at two or more class meetings or more than one individual meeting, the lecturer may have you disenrolled from the seminar.
Assessment method
Submission of the following assignments is prerequisite for submitting your thesis:
Research question and research plan (1200-1500 words);
Literature review (ca. 2500 words);
Draft version of the Thesis.
End Grade
The grade for the thesis seminar is determined by the thesis grade.
To successfully complete this course, the grade for the thesis needs to be a 6.0 or higher.
Students who score an insufficient grade for the thesis (below 6.0) are allowed to resubmit a reworked version of their thesis. The deadline for resubmission of the thesis is 10 working days after receiving the grade for the thesis and subsequent feedback.
In case of resubmission of the thesis the grade will be lowered as a consequence of the longer process of completion.
Students who fail to hand in their thesis on or before the original deadline, but still within 5 working days of that deadline, will receive a grade and feedback on their thesis. This will be considered a first submission of the thesis; however, the grade will be lowered as a consequence of the longer process of completion.
Students who fail to hand in their thesis on or before the original deadline, and also fail to hand in their thesis within 5 working days of that deadline, get 10 working days, counting from the original deadline, to hand in a first version of their thesis. However, this first version will count as a resubmitted thesis with consequential lowering of the grade, and there will be no option of handing in a reworked version based on feedback from the supervisor.
Reading list
Not applicable.
Registration occurs via survey only. Registration opens 16 December 2022:
1) On 16 December 2022 you will receive a message with a link to the survey.
2) Indicate there which Thesis Seminar has your preference, and your reasons for this preference.
3) Based on preferences indicated by 2 January 2023 and spots available per seminar, the Thesis Seminar Coordinator will assign you to a specific Thesis Seminar by 23 January 2023.
4) Students will then be enrolled for the specific groups by the Administration Office.
5) All students will be enrolled for their group in Brightspace to access all course information.
Students cannot register in uSis for the Thesis Seminar, or be allowed into a Thesis Seminar in any other way.
For substantive questions, contact the lecturer listed in the right information bar.
For questions about enrolment, admission, etc, contact the Education Administration Office: Student Affairs Office for BA International Studies
No thesis can be submitted that has not been written in the context of a thesis seminar.
There are four important due dates during the seminar: in the Fall semester, students are to submit a research question in week 9; a literature review in week 12; a draft version of the thesis in week 18; and the definitive version in week 23 (deadline 9 June, 2023).
The due dates are not negotiable.
Since both the number of individual meetings with the supervisor, and their duration is limited, it is important that students go to them well-prepared.
Consult the Thesis Seminar Guidelines.


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Our hospital offers a variety of anesthesia services for your pet. The term anesthesia indicates the use of medication to block sensation, typically resulting in unconsciousness. Anesthesia is induced using a variety of medications, both injectable and inhaled. It is used for procedures that require an unconscious animal, such as surgery, certain imaging studies or medical procedures.
Pets undergoing anesthesia are typically pre-medicated with an injectable drug. This pre-medication helps the pet relax so that full anesthesia can be induced more smoothly and safely. Next, the pet receives intravenous medication to cause loss of consciousness. A tube is then placed into the pet's upper airway, and gas anesthesia keeps the pet comfortably anesthetized during the course of the procedure. Trained staff act to ensure that your pet's procedure goes smoothly.
While a patient is under anesthesia, he or she will be monitored in much the same way as a human undergoing anesthesia would be. This monitoring includes listening to your pet's heart and lungs, visually assessing your pet's reflexes, and using equipment to monitor your pet's blood pressure, level of blood oxygen, and temperature. Your pet will also likely be monitored using an ECG machine.


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What's your worldview? Are you an optimist or a pessimist by nature? Do you always expect good things to happen or are you waiting for the other shoe to drop? Our mental attitude affects how we interact with others and how we respond to events and the comings and goings in our daily lives. Remarkably, our mental attitude also affects our health and well-being. How we feel, not only mentally but also physically, is significantly impacted by what has been termed our "internal guidance mechanism".
Back in the 1960s a plastic surgeon named Maxwell Maltz wrote Psycho-Cybernetics, a groundbreaking book that has been continuously in print for almost 50 years. Psycho-Cybernetics, one of the original self-help books, popularized the idea that the subconscious part of our mind is a goal-seeking mechanism. Maltz famously compared the subconscious to a guided missile, stating that the subconscious would do exactly what it is programmed to do. If you want to achieve a goal, Maltz proposed, visualize its successful completion. Visualize yourself driving that red sports car. Visualize the fun you and your family are having on your trip to Hawaii or Italy. Visualize living in your beautiful home. Provided that the instructions are clear, your subconscious will go to work to cause your goal to manifest in your life.
This wasn't mumbo-jumbo. Maltz was a scientist and made a very strong case for his theory, backed up by decades of interaction with his patients. Since then, of course, hundreds if not thousands of self-help gurus have sprung up, publishing books, giving seminars, and being interviewed in broadcast media. Maltz, Napoleon Hill, Norman Vincent Peale, Emmet Fox, and Ernest Holmes were the originals, the pioneers who promulgated the concepts and precepts of taking charge of your own life.
In terms of health, for example, attitude is critically important.1,2,3 How do you respond, internally, if a nearby co-worker coughs or sneezes throughout the day? Have you noticed that if you think that you, too, are going to get sick, that in fact you do? But others, exposed to the same environment, do not. Is it possible that these others paid no attention to the ill co-worker, that they did not internalize the notion that they were being exposed to contagion? Such a scenario is not necessarily true, but it is possible. The conclusion could be that our thoughts matter. As Earl Nightingale, one of the pioneers of the personal development field, famously stated, "You become what you think about".
So what should we do? Think happy thoughts all day long? Not really. But it is important to remember that attitude counts. If we are more frequently seeing the glass as half-full rather than half-empty, it is possible that we are going to have a more productive, more successful, more fulfilled day. And, unbeknownst to us, our subconscious mind will build on those successes and help to bring us more success, personal growth, happiness, and well-being.
1Matsunaga M, et al: Association between perceived happiness levels and peripheral circulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in middle-aged adults in Japan. Neuro Endocrinol Lett August 5, 2011 (Epub ahead of print)
2Layous K, et al: Delivering happiness: translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depressive disorders. J Altern Complement Med 17(8):675-683, 2011
3Sadler ME, et al: Subjective wellbeing and longevity: a co-twin control study. Twin Res Hum Genet 14(3):249-256, 2011


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What are these strange symbols on the map? They are code for locations where spies must contact secret agents!
Two rival spymasters know the agent in each location. They deliver coded messages telling their field operatives where to go for clandestine meetings. Operatives must be clever. A decoding mistake could lead to an unpleasant encounter with an enemy agent – or worse, with the assassin! Both teams race to contact all their agents, but only one team can win.
Codenames: Pictures differs from the original Codenames in that the agents are no longer represented by a single word, but by an image that contains multiple elements.


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The Birth of Samson. 1a The Israelites again did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, who therefore delivered them into the power of the Philistines for forty years.
2There was a certain man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites,* whose name was Manoah. His wife was barren and had borne no children.b 3c An angel of the LORD appeared to the woman and said to her: Though you are barren and have had no children, you will conceive and bear a son. 4d Now, then, be careful to drink no wine or beer and to eat nothing unclean, 5for you will conceive and bear a son. No razor shall touch his head, for the boy is to be a nazirite for God* from the womb. It is he who will begin to save Israel from the power of the Philistines.
6The woman went and told her husband, "A man of God came to me; he had the appearance of an angel of God, fearsome indeed. I did not ask him where he came from, nor did he tell me his name. 7But he said to me, 'You will conceive and bear a son. So drink no wine or beer, and eat nothing unclean. For the boy shall be a nazirite for God from the womb, until the day of his death.'" 8Manoah then prayed to the LORD. "Please, my Lord," he said, "may the man of God whom you sent return to us to teach us what to do for the boy who is to be born."
9God heard the prayer of Manoah, and the angel of God came again to the woman as she was sitting in the field; but her husband Manoah was not with her. 10The woman ran quickly and told her husband. "The man who came to me the other day has appeared to me," she said to him; 11so Manoah got up and followed his wife. When he reached the man, he said to him, "Are you the one who spoke to my wife?" I am, he answered. 12Then Manoah asked, "Now, when what you say comes true, what rules must the boy follow? What must he do?" 13The angel of the LORD answered Manoah: Your wife must be careful about all the things of which I spoke to her. 14She must not eat anything that comes from the vine, she must not drink wine or beer, and she must not eat anything unclean. Let her observe all that I have commanded her. 15Then Manoah said to the angel of the LORD, "Permit us to detain you, so that we may prepare a young goat for you." 16But the angel of the LORD answered Manoah: Though you detained me, I would not eat your food. But if you want to prepare a burnt offering, then offer it up to the LORD. For Manoah did not know that he was the angel of the LORD. 17* Then Manoah said to the angel of the LORD, "What is your name, that we may honor you when your words come true?" 18e The angel of the LORD answered him: Why do you ask my name? It is wondrous. 19f Then Manoah took a young goat with a grain offering and offered it on the rock to the LORD, who works wonders. While Manoah and his wife were looking on, 20as the flame rose to the heavens from the altar, the angel of the LORD ascended in the flame of the altar. When Manoah and his wife saw this, they fell on their faces to the ground; 21but the angel of the LORD was seen no more by Manoah and his wife.g Then Manoah, realizing that it was the angel of the LORD, 22said to his wife, "We will certainly die,* for we have seen God." 23But his wife said to him, "If the LORD had meant to kill us, he would not have accepted a burnt offering and grain offering from our hands! Nor would he have let us see all this, or hear what we have heard."
24The woman bore a son and named him Samson, and when the boy grew up the LORD blessed him. 25The spirit of the LORD came upon him for the first timeh in Mahaneh-dan, between Zorah and Eshtaol.
* [13:2] The clan of the Danites: before the migration described in chap. 18 the tribe of Dan occupied a small territory west of Benjamin, adjacent to the Philistine plain; see note on 3:3.
* [13:5] A nazirite for God: according to the rules for nazirites set forth in Nm 6:2–8, Samson's vows would have obliged him to abstain from wine and other products of the vine and to keep his hair uncut. As the story that follows shows, the last requirement proved especially fateful in Samson's life.
* [13:17–19] Manoah asks for a name so that he will know how to acknowledge the help of the visitor, but the angel will say only that his name is "wondrous," i.e., beyond human comprehension. Manoah's response is to dedicate his offering to "the Lord, who works wonders."
* [13:22] We will certainly die: seeing God face to face was believed to be fatal, as explained in note on 6:22, where Gideon's reaction is similar to that of Manoah here.
a. [13:1] Jgs 2:11–14; 3:7–8, 12; 4:1–2; 6:1; 10:6–8.
c. [13:3] 1 Sm 1:20; Lk 1:13, 31.
h. [13:25] Jgs 3:10; 6:34; 11:29; 14:6, 19; 15:14; 1 Sm 11:6.
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Crews seek survivors, bodies after Texas blast
JOHN L. MONE and NOMAAN MERCHANT
The Associated Press
| Friday, April 19, 2013, 10:05 a.m.
WEST, Texas — Rescuers searched the smoking remnants of a Texas farm town Thursday for survivors of a thunderous fertilizer plant explosion, gingerly checking smashed houses and apartments for anyone still trapped in debris while the community awaited word on the number of dead.
Initial reports put the fatalities as high as 15, but later in the day, authorities backed away from any estimate and refused to elaborate. More than 160 people were hurt.
A breathtaking band of destruction extended for blocks around the West Fertilizer Co. in the small community of West. The blast shook the ground with the strength of a small earthquake and crumpled dozens of homes, an apartment complex, a school and a nursing home. Its dull boom could be heard dozens of miles away from the town about 20 miles north of Waco.
Waco police Sgt. William Patrick Swanton described ongoing search-and-rescue efforts as "tedious and time-consuming," noting that crews had to shore up much of the wreckage before going in.
There was no indication the blast, which sent up a mushroom-shaped plume of smoke and left behind a crater, was anything other than an industrial accident, he said.
On Thursday evening, several hundred people packed St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church in downtown West for a non-denominational church service. A victim relief services chaplain said prayers and hymns were offered in honor of blast victims.
The explosion was apparently touched off by a fire, but there was no indication what sparked the blaze. The company had been cited by regulators for what appeared to be minor safety and permitting violations over the past decade.
The Wednesday night explosion rained burning embers and debris down on terrified residents. The landscape Thursday was wrapped in acrid smoke and strewn with the shattered remains of buildings, furniture and personal belongings.
Firefighter Darryl Hall choked up as he described the search.
"You're strong through it because that's your job. That's what you've been trained to do. But you're reminded of the tragedy and your family. And that it could be you," Hall said. "Then it's a completely different story."
While the community tended to its deep wounds, investigators awaited clearance to enter the blast zone for clues to what set off the plant's huge stockpile of volatile chemicals.
"It's still too hot to get in there," said Franceska Perot, a spokeswoman for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, later adding that she wasn't sure when her team would be able to start its investigation.
The precise death toll was uncertain. Three to five volunteer firefighters initially were believed to be among the dead, which authorities said could number as many as 15. But the state Department of Public Safety later said the number of fatalities couldn't be confirmed.
The Dallas Fire-Rescue Department said one of its off-duty firefighters, Capt. Kenny Harris, was among those killed. Harris — a 52-year-old married father of three grown sons — lived in West and had decided to lend a hand to the volunteers battling the blaze.
The many injuries included broken bones, cuts and bruises, respiratory problems and minor burns. A few people were reported in intensive care and several more in critical condition.
First-responders evacuated 133 patients from the nursing home, some in wheelchairs. Many were dazed and panicked and did not know what happened.
William Burch and his wife, a retired Air Force nurse, entered the damaged nursing home before first-responders arrived. They searched separate wings and found residents in wheelchairs trapped in their rooms. The halls were dark, and the ceilings had collapsed. Water filled the hallways. Electrical wires hung eerily from the ceilings.
"They had Sheetrock that was on top of them. You had to remove that," Burch said. It was "completely chaotic."
Gov. Rick Perry called the explosion "a truly nightmare scenario for the community" and said he had been in touch with President Barack Obama, who promised his administration's assistance with operations on the ground.
Authorities said the plant handles both the fertilizers anhydrous ammonia and ammonium nitrate, the latter of which was used in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and several other attacks, such as the first bombing attempt at the World Trade Center in 1993.
Ammonium nitrate makes big explosions, be they accidental or intentional, said Neil Donahue, professor of chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University. It is stable, but if its components are heated up sufficiently, they break apart in a runaway explosive chemical reaction, he said.
"The hotter it is, the faster the reaction will happen," he said. "That really happens almost instantaneously, and that's what gives the tremendous force of the explosion."
About a half-hour before the blast, the town's volunteer firefighters had responded to a call at the plant, Swanton said. They immediately realized the potential for disaster because of the plant's chemical stockpile and began evacuating the surrounding area.
The blast happened 20 minutes later.
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board was deploying a large investigation team to West. The ATF team that investigates all large fires and explosions was bringing fire investigators, certified explosives specialists, chemists, canines and forensic specialists. American Red Cross crews were helping evacuated residents.
Records reviewed by The Associated Press show the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration fined West Fertilizer $10,000 last summer for safety violations that included planning to transport anhydrous ammonia without a security plan. An inspector also found the plant's ammonia tanks weren't properly labeled.
The government accepted $5,250 after the company took what it described as corrective actions, the records show. It is not unusual for companies to negotiate lower fines with regulators.
In a risk-management plan filed with the Environmental Protection Agency about a year earlier, the company said it was not handling flammable materials and did not have sprinklers, water-deluge systems, blast walls, fire walls or other safety mechanisms in place at the plant.
State officials require all facilities that handle anhydrous ammonia to have sprinklers and other safety measures because it is a flammable substance, according to Mike Wilson, head of air permitting for the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
But inspectors would not necessarily check for such mechanisms, and it's not known whether they did when the West plant was last inspected in 2006, said Ramiro Garcia, head of enforcement and compliance.
That inspection followed a complaint about a strong ammonia smell, which the company resolved by obtaining a new permit, said the commission's executive director Zak Covar. He said no other complaints had been filed with the state since then, so there haven't been additional inspections.
A woman who answered the phone at the home of plant owner Don R. Adair said he wasn't feeling well and would not be available for comment.
The federal Chemical Safety Board has not investigated a fertilizer plant explosion before, but Managing Director Daniel Horowitz said "fertilizers have been involved in some of the most severe accidents of the past century."
He noted the 2001 explosion at a chemical and fertilizer plant that killed 31 people and injured more than 2,000 in Toulouse, France. The blast in a hangar containing 300 tons of ammonium nitrate came 10 days after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, raising fears at the time that the two could be linked. A 2006 report blamed the blast on negligence.
Horowitz also mentioned a disaster in Texas City in 1947, when a cargo ship holding more than 2,000 tons of ammonium nitrate caught fire and exploded, killing more than 500 people.


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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
Septic tanks are a major part of your waste system. Unfortunately, this also means that damaged or faulty septic tank installations can be a serious concern. A broken septic tank system can even become a health hazard if left unchecked.
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We supply and install septic tanks in Arniston EH23 4 which act as wastewater treatment.
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Each new project we take on is handled using the most expert advice and techniques we have at our disposal.
A septic tank is concrete, fibreglass, or plastic subterranean chamber through which home wastewater runs for basic treatment.
Solids and organics are reduced by settling and anaerobic processes, but treatment efficiency is only moderate. Septic tank systems are a type of onsite sewage treatment system.
Septic tanks are connected to a drain field or other absorption field and are designed to take wastewater from a property and release it into the surrounding soil.
This effectively helps put water back into the natural rain cycle while also disposing of the waste in the systems.
These systems can work in various ways depending on the kind of septic tank installed, but the general idea is always the same.
This means that most systems can suffer from the same basic septic tank problems, no matter what kind of tank you are using.
Septic tanks are commonly used to treat human waste and separate solids and liquids in wastewater in rural areas, campgrounds, and picnic areas instead of sewer systems.
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We have a range of shapes and sizes available, so you will be sure to find a system that meets your requirements.
Septic tank installation involves multiple core steps. As a professional septic tank installer company, our installation team knows how to get a new septic tank installed quickly and reliably in any location and can adapt our methods to suit any property we are called to work on.
After a ground survey for soil suitability and collecting the relevant permits, we can install most septic tank designs at least two feet underground.
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Then, we can simply re-cover the pipes, allowing the installation to run safely underground.
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The type and size of the tank you require will determine the installation procedure. No matter your current ground condition, we can install a tank above or below the surface.
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Fill in the contact form provided, and a member of our team will be in touch shortly with more information and detail regarding the installation.
As septic tanks hold and filter waste from nearby buildings, you should always make sure they are installed correctly.
As professional, qualified installers in Arniston EH23 4 we understand the installation procedure and conform to all the standards set.
As waste is within the tanks, you need to make sure that it's handled safely and securely. Our installers meet all the standards set to give you a perfectly installed septic tank.
Get in touch with us today if you would like to find out more information regarding the installers working in your surrounding areas.
Or, if you would like to see more about sewage tanks http://www.septictank.org.uk/sewage-plants/midlothian/arniston/ and how you can use them, talk to our specialists today.
Your septic tank installation should match your general wastewater production, although this can be hard to estimate at first. Most septic tank installers recommend judging the size using the following equation:
Size = 150 litres x people in the property + 2,000 litres
This means that a 4-person property would be estimated to need a 2,600-litre septic tank installation - but remember, this is just a guideline and general estimate. A minimum of 2,000 is required under most building regulations.
Aside from the 2,000-litre minimum, there are plenty of other septic tank installation regulations that you need to follow.
If your old septic tank does not meet these requirements, then getting a new septic tank is a legal requirement.
A full list of rules is available in the form of the Environment Agency Septic Tank General Binding Rules from 2022.
This includes details such as not emptying septic tanks into a waterway and checking with your local government to get permission before installing a new septic tank.
A septic tank costs between £6,000 and £15,000 on average to supply and install in the UK. This price will generally include land clearing, installation, and land drainage.
The exact total cost of the process is very hard to estimate as a general ballpark number.
These prices vary depending on the size required, the area and the extent of work required on each individual installation.
Labour costs can also be a factor, and there can be a small fee for applying to get the necessary permits to comply with the General Binding Rules.
If a septic tank and land drainage system are determined to be insufficient to treat the sewage from your property, there are numerous sewage treatment systems that may remove significant amounts of pollution from the wastewater while also helping to safeguard the environment.
We have listed some additional budget costs associated with septic tank installations and sewage systems in the UK.
For further advice on budgeting for your new system, contact us to get some professional advice and price estimates. We are fully aware of the septic tank installation process and what can influence the total cost.
Sewage treatment plants cost around £4,500 to £12,000 to install in the UK for single homes. This includes the plant cost, installation and the installation of the land drainage system.
A modern extended aeration system for a single home will cost between £2,500 and £6,000, which includes installation and plant costs.
This price will depend on the drain run required, which varies heavily depending on your property as a whole.
A filter sewage treatment plant costs in the region of £4,750 - £7,500. This includes materials, installation and drainage system.
A reed bed sewage treatment system will cost around £16,000 for a specialist septic tank installer to fit.
A reed bed is a natural filtration device for treating and improving water quality before it is discharged into the environment.
It takes advantage of a reed's ability to carry oxygen to the soil, allowing microorganisms to digest the pollutants in the effluent.
Get in touch today to speak to a member of our team who can help with septic tank installation enquiries.
Septic tanks require ongoing maintenance to work properly. If you want to avoid constant septic tank replacement costs, you want to have your septic tank work consistently by maintaining it well.
We can offer septic tank maintenance services http://www.septictank.org.uk/maintenance/midlothian/arniston/, helping our customers ensure that their installation can operate properly and is not going to break down any time soon.
This also gives us a way to identify issues, such as sludge-blocked pipes or issues with the direction of the drainage under the ground.
If your septic tank is no longer functioning correctly, we can provide a full repair service.
This might involve us opening part of your house garden - especially if the ground is covered with concrete or recently-installed furnishings - but it allows us to cover and repair any faults the installation might have.
We can repair your entire mains drainage system and sewage treatment plant if needed. Both domestic and commercial properties need repairs eventually, and we can aim to keep your installation in excellent condition as often as necessary.
Septic tanks eventually get full of solids, sludge, and other discharges and can't always pump it into the ground. We can be on-site to empty the installation for you, clearing it out and allowing it to run as normal again.
If your installation is outdated or no longer working correctly, we can replace your tank with a brand new one.
We can also do the same to your treatment plant and some of your mains drainage pipes, among other parts of the installation.
Septic surveys, including a percolation test, will be required both before and during the septic tank installation process.
A percolation test checks if the soil is reliable enough for the system, and a full site survey can help point out any unwanted flaws.
A site survey might be important if you plan to point an outlet pipe towards surface water, since not all water is okay to contaminate.
These tanks can offer numerous useful advantages over other similar systems - or not having a system at all.
We work nationwide to supply and install septic tanks for both commercial and domestic properties. As recognised expert suppliers, we only provide high-quality systems that are great value for money.
No matter what shape, size, or type of septic tank you are looking to purchase, we can cater to your every need.
It is always best to look into your suppliers before purchasing to ensure that you are getting great standards and that they are worth your time and money.
While you can fit your own tank and drainage field, it is usually better to get the installation done by a professional.
Effluent and discharge can be dangerous, and customers who try to handle the project themselves might struggle to comply with the core rules.
A good septic tank installation can handle processing effluent and discharge at the same drainage field site for between 15 and 20 years, some as much as 25 or more.
Of course, this varies based on a number of factors, including the quality of the installation itself.
Read the current General Binding Rules for these systems if you want to know more about the current rules. Each project needs to fall within the GBR to be officially permitted on most properties.
You should replace your septic tank every 10-15 years on average. Be sure to contact a professional like us to get the job done quickly and conveniently.
Aside from normal concerns like contractor travel time - if you live in West Sussex, then a local contractor is faster than a far-away one - most projects will take around one or two weeks at most. This is often extended due to whatever damage necessitated the replacement.
The ideal site from your house is around seven meters. If this were under concrete, further away is fine - the cost of pulling up the concrete will not usually be worth it.
A septic service specialist should inspect the average homeowner's septic system at least once every three years. This is because septic tanks in homes are usually pumped every three to five years.
Yes, to put it succinctly. You'll need planning clearance from a local authority to install a septic tank, whether it's at your home or a business location.
Ensure your septic tanks do not discharge to surface water drains, rivers, canals, ditches, streams or any other type of waterway.
You are also required to upgrade or replace your septic tank treatment system to a full sewage treatment plant by 2020, or when you sell property, if it's before this date.
If you would like to find out more information regarding the septic tanks we have available in Arniston EH23 4 contact us today!
The cost of an installation like this is nothing compared to the many advantages they can offer and the money that they can save you in the long term.
We've got all the details available for you, so you can be sure to know exactly what we provide and how they can benefit you. As experts, we have the highest standards in place and only provide the best service.
Fill in the contact form provided, and a member of our team will be back in touch as soon as we can with more information.


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In Stock!
Author: O. Richard Norton
Paperback: 444 pages
This popular nontechnical introduction to meteorites, asteroids, comets, and impact craters is now even better! With more than 50 new photographs and illustrations, updated and revised text, and fun cosmic humor, Rocks from Space, Second Edition, probes the latest astronomical discoveries. Watch Sojourner bump its way across Mars. Sneak another look at Comet Hale-Bopp streaking through the dark sky. View photos of the impact scar - twice the size of Earth - where Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with Jupiter. And learn the latest on meteorite chemistry and classification.


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EU Digital Services Act
As of June 30, 2024 realmodelsnude had approximately under 1 million average monthly recipients of the service within the European Union, calculated as an average over the period of the past six months.
Your message has been sent
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JWS Americas S.à r.l. and JWS International S.à r.l.
44, Avenue John F. KennedyL-1855 LuxembourgGrand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Jorgio Premiera JO9160
Regular price Rs. 2,500
Model Number | JO9160 |
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To know your Face Size?
1. Measure with your existing pair of glasses
Did you know that the width of your credit card is approximately the same as the width of a standard size lens (also defined as 'M' or 'medium' size) and it may be a perfect tool within sight, to help you get an accurate measurement of the perfect pair of glasses for you.
1. Stand in front of a mirror with a credit card in your hand.
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3. If the card ends at the end of your eye, you should pick the standard size (M).
4. If it extends beyond the end of your eye, then opt for small (S).
5. If the card does not even reach the end of your eye, then large (L) would be your perfect fit.
To Know Your Face Shape?


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Thursday (July 25, 2024)
Time Zone | America/ New_York |
Universal Time Coordinated GMT / UTC | UTC-5 |
Daylight Saving Time EDT: Eastern Daylight Time (North America)Currently in use | UTC-4 |
Standard Time EST: Eastern Standard Time (North America) | UTC-5 |
from 2:00 am to 3:00 am
from 2:00 am to 1:00 am
Compare the local time of two timezones, countries or cities of the world.
6:15 am
Local time8:47 pm
Local timeLouisville is a city in United States.
The name of the time zone is America/New_York.
9,126 People


text: Alfy (No Ratings Yet)Loading... Action gazda 23 srp , 2019 0 PLAY NOW! GAME INFO Alfy combines Jump 'n' Run action with challenging puzzles. In a beautiful, starry night Alfy leaves his home and wanders off to find the magical fern flower that is able to fulfil any desire. Alfy is the youngest son of an old and wise forest spirit and with this noble quest he wants to prove himself. Of course Alfy is young and inexperienced so he would probably never succeed if it wasn't for your help. Take Alfy by the hand, help him on his path and with a little luck you will not only find the magical flower but also the beautiful princess in need of rescue. Play Alfy now for free and discover the very best Jump 'n' Run game in your browser!


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This is a great replacement for a lost or damaged singer sewing machine model 1050 .These manuals are download able and you'll need the free adobe reader to open them. You may print off a copy or keep it on your computer. When possible the manuals are in full color, just like the originals.These are for personal use and not to be redistributed. Copyright 2009,and all rights reserved


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The FTD® Blooming Embrace™ Bouquet
C22-5181A hug sent from across the miles wrapped in blooming beauty, this fresh flower arrangement conveys your heartfelt emotions with each astonishing bloom. Lavender roses are sweetly stylish surrounded by purple carnations, frilly and fragrant white gilly flower, and green button poms, accented with lush greens and presented in a classic clear glass vase. A lovely way to send your warmest wishes in honor of a birthday, anniversary, or simply to say they are always on your mind. GOOD bouquet includes 14 stems. Approx. 17'H x 18"W. BETTER bouquet includes 17 stems. Approx. 18"H x 20"W. BEST bouquet includes 21 stems. Approx. 19"H x 21"W.
- For U.S. and Canada deliveries only
- Delivery Information
All items featured on this site represent the types of arrangements we offer and may vary depending upon availability in certain regions. Substitution Policy


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Proper Field Carries: Three Hunters, Side by Side
Carry selection is based primarily on muzzle control and terrain. If three hunters are walking side by side:
- The ones at the sides may carry their guns pointing either to the side away from their party or to the front.
- The one in the center should keep the gun pointing to the front or up.


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Premium Cotton-Linen Men's Trousers | Sand
- Color: Sand
- Fabric: Cotton-Linen
- Fit: Regular Fit
- Sleeves: Full Length
- Pattern: Plain
- Occassion: Casual
- Pocket: 4
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- Style No: NROBT 06
The model is wearing a size L (Height-188 CM, Chest-100CM, Waist-78CM, Hips-97CM)
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DEITY's expanded aluminum handlebar line now includes the SKYLINE 787 All MTN / Enduro / Trail handlebar. We've taken all of our experience in developing the strongest handlebars and implemented a featherweight version to bring DEITY to the top of the mountain!
Utilizing our trade-secret Gradient Butting Technology, while investing the time and cost to properly heat-treat each handlebar model individually, we are able to deliver the lightest premium DEITY aluminum handlebar in the line. Most manufacturers don't take the time or absorb the cost to heat treat a single production handlebar model separately from other models. Nevertheless, the resulting 20% increase in strength in all of our aluminum handlebars is just one of the many reasons we go the extra mile at any cost to allow you to climb – descend – repeat!
- The DEITY All MTN / Enduro / Trail handlebar
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- The SKYLINE handlebar is our lightest aluminum bar
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Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN |
31.8mm / Red / 25mm / 787mm | 817180021202 | 26-SKY25-RD |


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Liquitex Professional Paint Markers are an outstanding range of professional water-based acrylic markers for artists. Lightfast and permanent, Liquitex Professional Paint Markers offer the widest selection of brilliant colours and a choice of sizes with precision nibs for ultimate control.
Suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, Liquitex Professional Paint Markers can be used on a wide range of surfaces, including primed canvas, wood, masonry, metal, and glass.
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JJ Rodz Construction LLC: Electrical Service
Electrical problems can spring up without a moment's notice. From blown fuses to power surges, problems with your electrical system can come out of nowhere. Don't be caught off guard—when issues come up, know who to call.
JJ Rodz Construction LLC is a licensed, professional electrical company. Our efficient technicians are able to quickly solve any electrical problems your home or business is experiencing, minimizing the disruption problems have on your routine.
Trusted Electricians
When your home or office is affected by electrical problems, it isn't something that can wait. For a business, electrical issues can severely impact staff productivity, and at home, they can make basic chores next to impossible.
Whether you are currently experiencing difficulties, or just need the name of a trusted electrical company for when an issue comes up, give us a call today. Once you work with us once, you'll understand why so many of our customers have been with us since the very start.
Electrical Experts
Electrical work is a complicated, varied thing. Many systems are different, and if you aren't fully confident and properly trained, you can severely injure yourself and cause even further damage to the system. Professional electricians are able to swiftly identify the issues and work to correct them, preventing future problems from arising.
For electrical problems big and small, you can count on us to have your system up and running in no time, all for a price you can be happy with.
Maintain Your Electrical System
A responsible property owner is one who maintains their electrical system through regular inspection. The best way to prevent problems from popping up is by developing a maintenance schedule.
During these inspections, a qualified electrician from JJ Rodz Construction LLC can go over your entire electrical system, checking to make sure that everything is running as it should be.
If we encounter any problems, they can be swiftly dealt with, saving you from larger expenses down the road. These inspections are designed to protect home and business owners from hefty fines or problems that arise due to outdated wiring or systems that are otherwise unsafe.
Fix Electrical Problems
One of the most important qualities an electrician can have is reliability. When you hire a JJ Rodz Construction LLC electrician, they will be at your door right on time, ready to take care of whatever the problem is.
Electrical problems can be disruptive, so there's no need to make things more frustrating by working with a technician who is unqualified or unreliable. The work we do is backed by countless happy customers over the years, so you can believe it when we say we're one of the top companies in town.


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Landscape Lighting
You no doubt already know what a well designed and maintained landscape can do for your commercial or residential property, but are you getting all that you can out your landscape if it's not properly lit? We regret to inform you that if you haven't invested in landscape lighting, only half of your landscape's value-boosting potential has been tapped.
There are a ton of benefits you can expect to reap once you invest in landscape lighting, namely safety and security. When your commercial or residential property is covered in darkness, the chances of someone missing a step or tripping over something decorative and hurting themselves is high. Providing visitors and residents with the necessary light to see their surroundings lowers the chances of injury and increases safety. And when you eliminate dark pockets in a yard or green space, doing away with any potential hiding spots, you can deter people from trespassing or loitering on your property.
Get in touch todayNow, these are obviously two very practical benefits of investing in landscape lighting, but don't forget the esthetic value outdoor lighting can add. There are a number of different lighting techniques that can be applied to your property to create a nighttime scene that looks like it should be on a canvas in a museum rather than exist in real life.
Of course, the only way to reap the many benefits of landscape lighting is to find experienced, licensed and insured electrical contractors who can design, install and maintain these types of systems. If you want to work with landscape lighting experts that are both affordable and highly recommended by commercial and residential clients all over the area, get in touch with Budget Lightscapes today.
Budget Lightscapes has completed hundreds of outdoor lighting installations and we are ready to start collaborating on a design to perfectly accent your home or business today.
Dos and Don'ts of Landscape Lighting
Before you call Budget Lightscapes to start planning your outdoor lighting system, let us review some of the basic principles of landscape lighting to help you form an idea that's both practical and beautiful.
- Use a variety of intensities throughout the property to give a sense of texture and depth.
- Think about shadow as well as light because the interplay between the two elements is an essential part of creating atmosphere.
- Choose LED lights for your landscape lighting because they offer an extremely long service life.
- Don't only light walkways, patios and trees. Doing so can isolate these elements and surround them in an eerie darkness, which can make it difficult to unwind after a long day at work and can also invite vandals towards your commercial building.
- Don't under-light landscaping features. Using one light to illuminate trees, lawn statues or water features causes harsh shadows that won't create your desired ambiance.
Contact Us today
Getting your outdoor lighting perfect is about as difficult to do as wiring it all yourself. So, spare yourself the headache and let Budget Lightscapes's experts design, install and maintain your residential or commercial property's landscape lighting.


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Double-convex (DCX) lenses have two outward curved surfaces, a positive focal length and are useful for 1:1 imaging and in multi-element systems.
1 - 14.9mm Experimental Quality Double-Convex (DCX) Lenses are offered in several experimental grade options. Grade 1 is standard optical glass, edged, free of visible scratches, chips, stains, or oxidation. Grade 2 is unedged, non-optical glass, small chips, slight stains, or other defects. They may have slight edge cement separation.
Note: Specifications for experimental grade optics may vary as much as 10% from those listed. Also, no additional information is available other than what is provided.


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This site is the archived OWASP Foundation Wiki and is no longer accepting Account Requests.
To view the new OWASP Foundation website, please visit https://owasp.org
OWASP Periodic Table of Vulnerabilities
After 25 years of software engineering since the first Internet worm was written to exploit a buffer overflow vulnerability, web developers are still building insecure software. It is time for a new approach. The vast majority of software bug classes can be eliminated by making changes to protocols and standards and building protections into perimeter technologies, platform infrastructures, and application frameworks before a developer even writes a single line of custom code. By allowing developers to focus on just a small subset of bug classes, training and standards programs can be more targeted and effective, enabling developers to write secure code much more efficiently.
Vulnerabilities and weaknesses from industry-recognized indexes including OWASP Top 10, WASC TCv2, and CWE-25 are analyzed to determine which of the remediation strategies are ideal for solving the software security problem. Where changes to internet standards and protocols are required, alternatives in perimeter, framework, or custom code solutions are also provided until the internet-scale solutions are in place. If a solution can be completely implemented in perimeter or infrastructure technologies, only that solution is provided. Similarly, if any part of the solution can be provided in standard or custom frameworks, that solution is not recommended to be implemented in custom code. The guiding principle is essentially: "implement security controls as far from custom code as possible." Only if there is no other way to solve a particular security problem is a custom code solution recommended.
Browsers, Standards, and Protocols
The most scalable and effective approach to addressing vulnerability classes is to fix the browsers, standards, and protocols that enable web applications. This approach can sometimes increase security for every application on the internet without changing a single line of application code. The amount of industry collaboration required to implement a protocol/standard change can be enormous, but some classes of vulnerabilities simply cannot be addressed without this kind of change (e.g. Clickjacking). A solution at this level is incredibly powerful: a Content Security Policy (CSP) solution to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) might allow most application owners to write a simple policy file instead of implementing a costly framework or custom code solution to protect their existing application assets.
Perimeter / Platform Technologies
Less scalable, but almost as effective, is to address vulnerabilities in perimeter technologies such as application firewalls, load balancers, geocaching services (e.g. Akamai), and proxies. These technologies can shield vulnerable applications without requiring changes to the applications themselves. While most classes of vulnerability depend heavily on the application code and aren't easily solved by a generic perimeter solution, some are generalizable to the point where a perimeter solution could protect any application behind it before an attack even has a chance to do damage. Anti-automation and protocol validation are especially good solutions for perimeter technologies to address.
Similarly, some vulnerability classes should be addressed in platform technologies such as web servers, application servers, and operating systems. Often these technologies are responsible for exposing the vulnerability in the first place, and must be responsible for providing the solution.
Generic Application Frameworks
The next most scalable approach requires upgrading popular application frameworks so they are robust against common attack classes. Platforms such as Java Struts/J2EE, Ruby on Rails, and PHP can theoretically prevent developers from introducing most classes of vulnerability in the first place. However, the current state of the framework industry is a result of being more driven by features than by security; any conflict between the two is usually decided in favor of adding features and ease of use, as opposed to difficult-to-use security enhancements. Some frameworks even have built-in vulnerabilities out of the box!
Improvements to application frameworks won't immediately help protect existing applications (though they would make any new applications built on the platform much safer). Many applications currently rely on insecure features of their frameworks that would be eliminated or refactored when the framework is secured. Existing applications would need to follow an upgrade path provided by a "secure" branch of existing frameworks before these solutions could take effect. Many applications don't even use popular frameworks at all, and so could never be helped by improvements to common development platforms.
Generic Framework solution guidelines would, however, help application owners prioritize refactoring efforts for their existing applications in order to make their application code more robust against future development mistakes. This is true whether their applications use popular frameworks or not. Implementing a robust solution to a vulnerability class is much more cost-effective in the long run than training every developer to understand every vulnerability and continuously patching new instances of the vulnerability each time they appear. Cross-Site Scripting is a classic example of the "whac-a-mole vulnerability" that recurrently wastes developer time and attention and could be solved more holistically with a framework wrapper. Application owners can pattern their security refactoring efforts against the recommended solutions for Generic Frameworks in order to completely eliminate the same classes of vulnerabilities from their existing applications, even if they can't easily port their applications to a framework which has already addressed those vulnerabilities.
Custom Application Frameworks
Some vulnerabilities are unique to a specific application and can't be solved by a generic framework solution. For example, a generic framework might ship with a Social Security Number (SSN) validator, but a custom framework solution would be needed for a CustomWidgetItem validator. The SSN data type is well-defined and not unique to a specific application or business, but the CustomWidgetItem is unique to that application and has its own validation rules.
Organizations should still customize application frameworks to support their own application-specific APIs and security controls. Developers can leverage these controls during development instead of having to build the controls in during their daily coding efforts. If developers use a CustomWidgetItem object that has already been validated by framework code, it is much more likely that they will use it safely than if they have to remember to do their own validation each time they use the object. By addressing the vulnerability once with a single framework customization, the application owner can protect all future development from introducing the vulnerability into new code.
Custom Code
If none of the other solution options are possible for a given vulnerability class (or the solution still requires the developer to do something in order to leverage a framework feature), developers will be required to think about how to protect against that class in every line of code that they write. This is the least scalable of all of the solution models, which explains why current efforts to educate developers about all vulnerability classes hasn't resulted in secure software. Some classes of attacks, such as Abuse of Functionality, depend completely on the custom code and business logic of the application and cannot be abstracted at all into other solution models.
The set of vulnerabilities which must be eliminated in custom code is only a small fraction of the total vulnerability space. By focusing training and testing efforts on just this set of issues, after addressing all other problems in a more scalable manner, developers have a much better chance of building secure applications in the future.
Standards | Infrastructure/Perimeter | Generic Framework | Custom Framework | Custom Code | ||
Abuse of Functionality | AF | All features should have defined abuse cases and implemented protections against these abuses. | ||||
Application Misconfiguration | AM | Ensure proper application settings are deployed in configuration file/s. Varies by platform and technology stack. | ||||
Brute Force (Generic) / Insufficient Anti-automation | BF | Perimeter technologies including geocaching/proxy services must support automatic and/or manual "panic button" anti-automation, enforcing progressive CAPTCHA for unvalidated requests, triggering on excessive 5XX responses, or direct signal from application. | Provide configurable per-user/session request rate limits. | Provide a common configurable anti-automation framework available to any feature. | Any feature sensitive to high transaction rates should expose configurable rate limits per user or globally per feature. | |
Brute Force Login | BL | Provide capabilities to detect brute force attacks and help enforce lockout or CAPTCHA based on signals from the application. | Provide configurable progressive lockout/delay for failed authentication requests to a single account and detection/alerting for fixed-password variable-username attacks. Provide configurable CAPTCHA enforcement. | |||
Brute Force Session Identifier | BI | Define a new standard for transmitting session information. | Detect and alert on a configurable rate of session ID cache misses. Provide configurable session lockout if source IP for a session changes during an event. Ensure that token generation is secure, random, and from a sufficiently large key space. | |||
Brute Force Predictable Resource Location/Insecure Indexing | BP | Generic anti-automation response should trigger during spikes in 4XX responses. | Provide a configurable GUID-based obfuscator for sensitive parameter values. Do not expose administrative interfaces on the same path as user interfaces. | Require authentication wherever possible. Create independent interfaces for administrative access and enforce stricter authentication rules. | ||
Buffer Overflow | BO | Defend infrastructure from known exploit signatures (e.g. CodeRed) and alert/block parameter anomalies. | Build on a memory-managed code platform or otherwise prohibit direct memory management. | |||
Clickjacking | CJ | Browser vendors should standardize on CSP directives to support safe framing options for framed sites. | Support configurable options for setting X-Frame-Options header and automatically embedding framebusting code in HTML/Script/CSS for older user agents that do not support XFO. | |||
Content Spoofing | CS | Provide a new response status code for "File not found, but show custom 404 content body AND replace the URL displayed in the title bar because the current requested URL will confuse users". | If the framework supports user-supplied content, such content must be clearly marked as such in the display context. | |||
Cookie Theft/Session Hijacking | SH | Define a new standard for transmitting session information to replace cookies. | Terminate/regenerate session if the session token is transmitted insecurely. Help enforce cookie/session management rules. | Prevent leakage of session tokens with strict cookie parameters and other rules. Detect evidence of successful hijack to proactively terminate compromised sessions. Rotate the session token as often as possible. | ||
Cross-Site Request Forgery | XF | Change default browser behavior to look for policy file for cross-domain writes instead of "default allow", transitioning through CSP framework. | Automatically generate and check tokens for all POST requests by default, with configuration-based exclusion list. Disallow state changes via GET requests, enforcing RFC. | |||
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) - DOM-Based | XD | "Web 2.0" frameworks must expose an API for page creation/modification that does not use document.write/ln or allow dynamic data to be injected into innerHTML or similar DOM element attributes. | ||||
Denial of Service (Application Based) | DA | See Brute Force (Generic) | Profile resource-dependent transactions and build transaction queues and alerting when queues reach thresholds. Enforce transaction-based rate limits. | |||
Denial of Service (Connection Based) | DS | Recognize and dynamically adapt to deliberately slowed connection attempts by dropping slower connections during a detected event. The perimeter should protect itself and the Web server from saturation by slow connections. | ||||
Directory Indexing | DI | Disable directory listings in the web- or application-server configuration by default. | ||||
Fingerprinting | FP | Infrastructure should not leak any information which can be used to identify the platform or infrastructure technology. Perimeter technologies should strip all such information from outgoing responses. | URL structure should not reveal the underlying technology. Default content should be removed when possible. Tools that assist development or debugging should not be hosted or accessible. | |||
Format String | FS | Alert and/or block on known format string signatures. | Prohibit access to vulnerable APIs and provide safe wrappers of those APIs instead. | |||
HTTP Request/Response Smuggling | RG | Tighten RFC standards to describe precise behavior for malformed request/response data. Increase SSL adoption to prevent proxy tampering. | Enforce strict parity match between requests and responses, discarding extraneous Content-Length headers and canonicalizing requests/responses. | |||
HTTP Response Splitting | RS | Automatically URL-encode CRLF characters in dynamic data before writing to HTTP response headers. | ||||
Implicit Logout | IG | Define a new standard for handling sessions. Define CSP or other standard for triggering a logout flow when user browses away from a site. At least destroy session cookies. | Detect when a user browses away from the site and automatically log the user out of the application. | |||
Improper Filesystem Permissions | IF | Ensure that proper file and directory permissions are applied. Enforce stricter default permissions. | ||||
Improper Input Handling | IH | Provide canonicalization and positive validation APIs for common data and file types, with configurable rules to reject or sanitize bad data. | Provide canonicalization and positive validation APIs for custom data and file types, strictly enforcing business rules, with configurable rules to reject or sanitize bad data. | Never use primitives in custom code. | ||
Improper Output Handling | OH | Provide context-sensitive encoders for all common data types in all output contexts, ensuring no custom code can write directly to output. | Provide context-sensitive encoders for all custom data types in all output contexts, ensuring no custom code can write directly to output. | |||
Information Leakage | IL | Alert, block, or sanitize classified data in responses. Automatically scrub HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and other data formats of comment data and stack traces. Configure platform to return generic error codes by default and log locally. | Provide common error-handling framework and APIs which take two error messages as parameters: one to be displayed to the user and one to be written to logs. Provide configurable content expiration/caching interface; default to no-cache, no-store. | Don't leak information via error parity mismatches. | ||
Insufficient Authentication/Authorization | IA | Provide configuration-based authentication and authorization platform. | Apply least-privilege principle to all transactions, requiring authentication and authorization where applicable. | |||
Insufficient Data Protection | ID | Provide a configuration-based suite of encryption utilities for all data security needs including HMAC, symmetric, password hash, and asymmetric encryption requirements. | ||||
Insufficient Password Recovery | IR | Provide generic credential recovery with configurable "secret question" and multi-factor side-channel authentication functionality (e.g. SMS, email, etc.). | ||||
Insufficient Process Validation | IP | Require state validation rules to be specified for multi-step flows. | Enforce state validation for asynchronous transactions. | |||
Insufficient Session Expiration | IS | Define a new standard for instructing the browser about session timeouts and how to handle them. | Provide and enforce configurable absolute and inactivity-based session timeouts. | |||
Insufficient Transport Layer Protection | IT | Fix DNS and browser technologies so that the intent of domain owners can be more strictly followed. | Enforce Strict Transport Security and redirect any HTTP request to HTTPS. | |||
Integer Overflow/Underflow | IO | Provide safe wrappers for primitive numeric types. | Never use primitives without strict checking for underflow/overflow conditions. | |||
LDAP Injection | LI | Provide safe libraries for LDAP communication which properly encode dynamic data. | ||||
Mail Command Injection | MI | Provide safe libraries for SMTP and IMAP interaction that properly encode dynamic data. | ||||
Null Byte Injection | NB | Alert and/or block on known null byte attacks. | Provide safe libraries that automatically encode dynamic data in any context which uses null bytes as control characters. | |||
OS Commanding | OC | Build safe wrappers for system calls which prevent dynamic data from changing the intended meaning of the call. | ||||
Path Traversal | PT | Canonicalize URLs and prevent directory access outside the web root. | Provide safe libraries for accessing the file system which canonicalize path references and enforce proper access control. | |||
Race Conditions | RC | Prevent singletons from instantiating class-scope objects. Provide transaction integrity for task queues. | ||||
Remote File Inclusion | RF | Define a standard for safe inclusion of 3rd-party code and content which enforces namespace separation and mediates namespace/DOM access. | Provide proxy library to sanitize/sandbox third-party code and content for safe inclusion (e.g. Caja). | |||
Routing Detour | RD | Provide configuration-based whitelist for WS Routing destinations. | ||||
Server Misconfiguration | SM | Ensure proper application settings are deployed in configuration file/s. Provide secure default settings. | ||||
Session Fixation | SF | Do not create sessions using session IDs generated by the HTTP client. Expire and rotate session IDs whenever the privilege level associated with a session changes. | ||||
SOAP Array Abuse, XML Attribute Blowup, XML Entity Expansion | SA | Perform schema validation of XML structure on incoming requests. | ||||
SQL Injection | SI | Provide safe libraries for communicating with SQL servers which enforce parameterized query patterns. | Do not create queries with dynamic data in stored procedures. | |||
SSI Injection | SS | Do not support SSI with dynamic file names. | ||||
URL Redirector Abuse | UR | Provide configurable white list for redirection URLs in 3XX responses, Refresh headers, and JavaScript redirects. | ||||
Weak HTTP Authentication Methods | WA | Define a new, safe standard for HTTP-based authentication. | Reject HTTP Basic Auth, NTLM, and Digest Authentication requests. Block or proxy inline 3rd-party content. | Block or proxy inline 3rd-party content. | ||
XML External Entities | XE | Disable External Entities within the XML parser. Enforce strict, static, internal DTDs. | ||||
XML Injection | XI | Provide safe libraries for constructing XML documents which automatically encode dynamic data. | ||||
XPath/XQuery Injection | XP | Provide safe libraries for constructing XPath queries with dynamic data. Provide safe libraries for XQuery construction which parameterize query values. |
- Compressed view - One-pager that highlights the vulnerability classes that developers will still have to worry about at the top, with "solved" vulnerabilities ordered toward the bottom.
- Infographic - Cartoony, visually-appealing storyboard introduction of the project, its goals, and high-level approach.
- Working View/Summary - Working view summarizes solutions in respective columns for quick reference but doesn't provide details. Links directly to detailed sections.
- Solution Detail (see linked issues on summary view) - Detailed view combines references, detailed solution designs, discussion/controversy detail, and other relevant information for each solution recommendation. The detail view does NOT explain what each vulnerability/weakness is - it only references existing vulnerability descriptions from other projects (e.g. OWASP Top 10, WASC TCv2, CWE, etc.). A short summary of root cause(s) is included, but only to the level of depth required to suggest all of the solution design elements that need to be addressed.
- Solution Checklist - Summary of solutions grouped by target (e.g. perimeter or framework) so that maintainers of standards, frameworks, and perimeter technologies can view the solutions required for their areas ONLY. May require templating to generate list automatically, or short summaries in place of detailed descriptions.
- Periodic Table Interactive View - Minimal representation of the Periodic Table View combined with a legend mapping each symbol to the vulnerability name, related taxonomies, and solution targets. Rolling over each element gives solution highlights. Clicking an element opens the corresponding Solution Detail view.
- Periodic Table Poster-Size View - Vulns/Weaknesses laid out like the table of chemical elements, with solution target along the top and some measure of severity progressing down through the "periods". Top 10 could be highlighted in some way. Issues may show up in multiple periods. Poster-size so we can get all the relevant information in each "element".
- Periodic Table Compact View - Minimal representation of the Periodic Table View combined with a legend mapping each symbol to the vulnerability name, related taxonomies, and solution targets. View is designed to fit on a single US Letter size piece of paper, printed in grayscale.
PROJECT INFO What does this OWASP project offer you? |
RELEASE(S) INFO What releases are available for this project? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This project is part of the OWASP Builders community. Feel free to browse other projects within the Defenders, Builders, and Breakers communities. |


text:
The Financial Super-Storm of 2013
The destructive whirlwind that hits New York in 2013 will be a financial Frankenstorm.
Resistance, Revolution, Liberation: A Model for Positive Change (print $25)
(Kindle eBook $9.95)
We are like passengers on the Titanic ten minutes after its fatal encounter with the iceberg: though our financial system seems unsinkable, its reliance on debt and financialization has already doomed it.We cannot know when the Central State and financial system will destabilize, we only know they will destabilize. We cannot know which of the State's fast-rising debts and obligations will be renounced; we only know they will be renounced in one fashion or another.
The process of the unsustainable collapsing and a new, more sustainable model emerging is called revolution.Rather than being powerless, we hold the fundamental building blocks of power. We need neither permission nor political change to liberate ourselves. A powerless individual becomes powerful when he renounces the lies and complicity that enable the doomed Status Quo's dominance.
Thank you, Michael S. ($25), for yet another magnificently generous contribution to this site--I am greatly honored by your steadfast support and readership. |


text:
Explore the book
You can search here for people, places or livery companies mentioned in the Great Parchment Book. Choose the initial letter of the name (surname when searching for people), within the People, Places or Companies tabs below to see a list of names. Click on a name to be taken to a list of folio(s) containing that name. Click on an individual folio to be taken to the image and transcription. For details of conventions used in the transcription of names please see the Transcription Methodology and Conventions section of this site.
1 folio found for 'Gortcorbes (townland)'


text:
Invisible Braces for Adults and Teens in Chula Vista
Since Invisalign is nearly invisible, you can straighten your teeth without anyone knowing. Dr. Valeria Poggio is a certified Invisalign treatment provider. He has treated many cases with this leading edge appliance system.
Invisalign – A "braceless" alternative to traditional metal braces!
Have you ever wished for a straighter, healthier smile, but not looked forward to all the metal wires and bands that often go along with braces? At Otay Lakes Orthodontics we can make your dream of having a new smile come to life. Dr. Poggio is a certified Invisalign orthodontist, giving patients a "clearly" effective and incredibly comfortable way to wear braces! To learn more about Invisalign and if you are a candidate or your child is a candidate for Invisalign Teen, contact our office today to schedule your complimentary Invisalign evaluation.
What is Invisalign?
Invisalign uses a series of customized, clear aligners to straighten teeth faster and with fewer office visits than traditional braces. Thousands of orthodontists in the United States and Canada use Invisalign braces to accurately and effectively treat their patients. Invisalign aligners are:
- Completely invisible – Invisalign aligners cannot be seen while you are wearing them! Friends, family members and co-workers may never even know you are wearing braces, unless of course you tell them!
- Comfortable to wear – The aligners are made from a special plastic that has smooth, rounded edges so they won't irritate your mouth and tissues like traditional braces often can.
- Customized just for you – Your Invisalign aligners are customized to fit your mouth. Dr. Poggio uses advanced 3-D computer imaging technology to replicate an exact impression of your mouth and teeth, then he customizes each aligner so that it fits your mouth, and over time moves your teeth into the proper position.
- Removable –Unlike traditional metal braces, you can remove your aligners to eat, drink, brush your teeth, floss and for special occasions. There's no need to change your lifestyle with Invisalign!
- Effective – You will begin to notice a significant difference even before your treatment is complete! Most treatments are completed within one year; however this can vary from patient to patient.
Why Consider Invisalign
People everywhere are beginning to experience the benefits of Invisalign treatment. Here's why people just like you are choosing Invisalign over traditional braces:
- With Invisalign you can have a straighter, healthier smile without all the noticeable wires and brackets of traditional braces.
- Invisalign aligners are removable making it easy for you to enjoy the foods you love without worrying about breaking or bending your brackets and wires. You can also remove your Invisalign aligners to brush and floss regularly.
- You don't need to change anything about your current lifestyle! With Invisalign you can continue participating in day-to-day activities without changing a thing. Invisalign is great for professionals, athletes, brides, and parents.
- Office visits and checkups are easy, quick, and painless. Fewer appointments are required throughout your entire treatment.
How Does Invisalign Work?
When you begin your Invisalign treatment you will receive several sets of custom fit aligners. Each set of aligners is worn for only two weeks. After two weeks you can switch your aligners with the next set and continue straightening your teeth. Over time you will notice changes in the alignment of your teeth and in just a few months you will have a straighter, healthier smile!


text:
On Modesty
by Tertullian
Originally printed in 1885, the ten-volume
set, Ante-Nicene Fathers, brings together the work of
early Christian thinkers. In particular, it brings
together the writings of the early Church fathers prior to the fourth
century Nicene Creed. These volumes are noteworthy for their inclusion
of entire texts, and not simply fragments or excerpts from these great
writings. The translations are fairly literal, providing both readers
and scholars with a good approximation of the originals. This volume
continues with the works of Tertullian, compiling a series of his
shorter treatises. It also contains the work of other Church Fathers
from "Latin Christianity"--Minucius Felix and Commododianus. Finally, it
contains some of the works of well-known and influential theologian
Origen. These writings were heavily influential on the early Church, and
for good reason, as they are inspirational and encouraging. These
volumes also come with many useful notes, providing the reader with new
levels of understanding. Overall, Ante-Nicene Fathers, or any
part of
it, is a welcome addition to one's reading list.
Tim Perrine
CCEL Staff Writer
Tim Perrine
CCEL Staff Writer
Available formats


text:
Learn what makes us a Great Commission seminary and read our institution's confessional and affirmed statements
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Theological education is more accessible than ever. Click here to explore the different ways that you can take classes at SEBTS.
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text:
Eet Smakelijk
Refunds will not be given for cancellations within 10 days of the party. Guests are welcome to pick up their prepared signs and stencils to paint on their own. Kelly will paint it it for guests (upon request) for a $20 charge. You may also choose to reschedule your party within 6 weeks of the original scheduled date.
A full refund will be given to guests if a party is cancelled at least 11 days prior to the party.


text:
RNAshape abstraction maps structures to a tree-like domain of shapes, retaining adjacency and nesting of structural features, but disregarding helix lengths. Shape abstraction integrates well with dynamic programming algorithms, and hence it can be applied during structure prediction rather than afterwards. This avoids exponential explosion and can still give us a non-heuristic and complete account of properties of the molecule's folding space.
Author: S. Janssen