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I received this cunning little sketch last week, and it has been sitting on my bedside table while I decide its fate. To scrapbook, or not to scrapbook? To consign to the bottom of the dustbin, or to frame and display in the front hallway? To deconstruct as artifact of postmodern motherhood, or to roll eyes at and discard?
A fistful of Smarties to anyone who can tell me what it is, or at least make some outrageously funny suggestion so that I can appropriate the narrative of this sketch and reframe it into something that won't keep me awake at night. Which, yes, is a hint.
(It's two sketches, actually. The scribble below the fold is a separate image, scrawled with a flourish to underscore a point about the main image, above the fold.)


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Home M Range Boss Kit Special XJ6 Boss Collapsible 70-75mm PCD
M Range Boss Kit Special XJ6Boss Collapsible 70-75mm PCD
Delivery costs are calculated at checkout. We have a range of delivery options available, including next day UK delivery to select addresses.
While we endeavour to deliver to as many locations as possible, your address may not yet be in an area that we cover. In this event, please contact us to discuss alternative options for delivery.
The prices shown are subject to change, and are not treated as final. We work hard to ensure all of our systems are up to date, but due to the nature of our business, prices from suppliers may rise and not be updated online for a few hours.
Products shown are for illustration purposed only. Colours and finishes are not an exact match to the product you will receive upon delivery. While we endevour to avoid this, our suppliers may provide photography that alters the actual colour. Further to this, your device screen may cause the product colours to look slightly different to the original image. We will always help you in store by showing swatches and colour options in person, to show how the product will look when you buy.
From time to time, our suppliers may discountinue a product and give us very short notice. In this instance, these products may still be shown on our website, whilst being unavailable for purchase. Although rare, in this event, we will help work to get you the product shown, or find a similar product in a similar price range.

subset: commoncrawl


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Office Policies
How are appointments scheduled?
Do I stay with my child during the visit?
What about finances?
Our Office Policy Regarding Dental Insurance
How are appointments scheduled?
The office attempts to schedule appointments at your convenience and when time is available. Preschool children should be seen in the morning because they are fresher and we can work more slowly with them for their comfort. School children with a lot of work to be done should be seen in the morning for the same reason. Dental appointments are an excused absence. Missing school can be kept to a minimum when regular dental care is continued.
Since appointed times are reserved exclusively for each patient we ask that you please notify our office 24 hours in advance of your scheduled appointment time if you are unable to keep your appointment. Another patient, who needs our care, could be scheduled if we have sufficient time to notify them. We realize that unexpected things can happen, but we ask for your assistance in this regard.
Do I stay with my child during the visit?
We invite you and well-behaved siblings to stay with your child during the examination. In some cases we may recommend that the child being examined will do better without a parent present. We will discuss these options with you. In these cases, we can usually establish a closer rapport with your child when you are not present. Our purpose is to gain your child's confidence and overcome apprehension. However, if you choose, you are more than welcome to accompany your child to the treatment room. For the safety and privacy of all patients, other children who are not being treated should remain in the reception room with a supervising adult.
What about finances?
Payment for professional services is due at the time dental treatment is provided. Every effort will be made to provide a treatment plan which fits your timetable and budget, and gives your child the best possible care. We accept cash, personal checks, debit cards and most major credit cards.
Our Office Policy Regarding Dental Insurance
If we have received all of your insurance information on the day of the appointment, we will be happy to file your claim for you. You must be familiar with your insurance benefits, as we will collect from you the estimated amount insurance is not expected to pay. By law your insurance company is required to pay each claim within 30 days of receipt. We file all insurance electronically, so your insurance company will receive each claim within days of the treatment. You are responsible for any balance on your account after 30 days, whether insurance has paid or not. We will be glad to send a refund to you if your insurance pays us.
PLEASE UNDERSTAND that we file dental insurance as a courtesy to our patients. We do not have a contract with your insurance company, only you do. We are not responsible for how your insurance company handles its claims or for what benefits they pay on a claim. We can only assist you in estimating your portion of the cost of treatment. We at no time guarantee what your insurance will or will not do with each claim. We also can not be responsible for any errors in filing your insurance. Once again, we file claims as a courtesy to you.
Fact 1 - NO INSURANCE PAYS 100% OF ALL PROCEDURES
Dental insurance is meant to be an aid in receiving dental care.
Many patients think that their insurance pays 90%-100% of all dental
fees. This is not true! Most plans only pay between 50%-80% of the
average total fee. Some pay more, some pay less. The percentage paid
is usually determined by how much you or your employer has paid for
coverage, or the type of contract your employer has set up with the
insurance company.
Fact 2 - BENEFITS ARE NOT DETERMINED BY OUR OFFICE
You may have noticed that sometimes your dental insurer reimburses
you or the dentist at a lower rate than the dentist's actual fee.
Frequently, insurance companies state that the reimbursement was
reduced because your dentist's fee has exceeded the usual,
customary, or reasonable fee ("UCR") used by the company.
A statement such as this gives the impression that any fee greater than the amount paid by the insurance company is unreasonable, or well above what most dentists in the area charge for a certain service. This can be very misleading and simply is not accurate.
Insurance companies set their own schedules, and each company uses a different set of fees they consider allowable. These allowable fees may vary widely, because each company collects fee information from claims it processes. The insurance company then takes this data and arbitrarily chooses a level they call the "allowable" UCR Fee. Frequently, this data can be three to five years old and these "allowable" fees are set by the insurance company so they can make a net 20%-30% profit.
Unfortunately, insurance companies imply that your dentist is "overcharging", rather than say that they are "underpaying", or that their benefits are low. In general, the less expensive insurance policy will use a lower usual, customary, or reasonable (UCR) figure.
Fact 3 - DEDUCTIBLES & CO-PAYMENTS MUST BE CONSIDERED
When estimating dental benefits, deductibles and percentages must be
considered. To illustrate, assume the fee for service is $150.00.
Assuming that the insurance company allows $150.00 as its usual and
customary (UCR) fee, we can figure out what benefits will be paid.
First a deductible (paid by you), on average $50, is subtracted,
leaving $100.00. The plan then pays 80% for this particular
procedure. The insurance company will then pay 80% of $100.00, or
$80.00. Out of a $150.00 fee they will pay an estimated $80.00
leaving a remaining portion of $70.00 (to be paid by the patient).
Of course, if the UCR is less than $150.00 or your plan pays only at
50% then the insurance benefits will also be significantly less.
MOST IMPORTANTLY, please keep us informed of any insurance changes such as policy name, insurance company address, or a change of employment.


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High-Speed Chase Ends in Crash
NORTH ADAMS, Mass. — A high-speed chase on Saturday night ended with a single-car crash on Route 2 that sent three of the vehicle's occupants to the hospital.
According to police, Michael Gancarz, 18, of Lime Street, Adams, was traveling north on Howland Avenue at speeds in excess of 100 mph in a 2006 Subaru Impreza at about 9:30.
The vehicle was totaled; booms can be seen near where the car landed to contain any oil leakage. |
Adams Police pursued and contacted North Adams Police. Within minutes, the Subaru had smashed through the guardrails and a stop sign at the intersection of Curran Memorial Highway and South State Street, near The Range miniature golf course.
The car went airborne and landed in a ditch near the near a body of water.
Passengers Justin Meczywor, 17, of Clarksburg and two girls whose names were not released because of their ages were taken to North Adams Regional Hospital.
Gancarz was charged by Adams Police with operating a vehicle with intent to endanger, failing to stop for police, a marked-lanes violation and speeding.
Tags: motor vehicle, accident, injuries |
Williamstown Accident Sends Three to Hospital
WILLIAMSTOWN, Mass. — The three-car accident in front of the Spruces on Tuesday afternoon sent the three people involved to the hospital.
According to police, Elin Ozdemir, 79, of Emerald Lane, the Spruces, was stopped in the eastbound lane of Main Street waiting to turn left into the mobile home park at about 3:20 p.m. when she was struck from behind by a 2002 Honda Odyssey operated by Nicole Deblois, 38, of Dalton.
The collision pushed Ozdemir's 1992 Plymouth Acclaim into the westbound lane of Main Street, where she was then struck by a westbound 2010 Ford Escape, operated by Lenore Freeman, 61, of Williamstown.
Ozdemir's Plymouth ended up perpendicular to Main Street in the middle of the roadway. Deblois' Honda ended up on the eastbound sidewalk at the intersection with Hamel Avenue. Freeman's Ford veered right, jumped the curb, and traveled across the Spruces lawn, coming to rest near the fence of the Spruce's pool.
Williamstown Police and Fire, along with Village and North Adams Ambulance services responded to the scene. The Fire Department used the Jaws of Life to assist in extracting Ozdemir from her Plymouth.
All three operators were the sole occupants of their vehicles and all three were transported to North Adams Regional Hospital. None of the injuries appeared to be life threatening.
All three vehicles were towed from the scene, each with extensive damage. Deblois was cited for following too closely.
Tags: motor vehicle, accident, injuries |
Pittsfield Woman Injured in New Ashford Crash
NEW ASHFORD, Mass. — A Pittsfield woman was injured in a single-car crash on Thursday morning on Route 7.
Guadalupe Santiago-Castro, 23, was transported to Berkshire Medical Center after apparently losing control of her 2003 Trailblazer just north of The Mill on the Floss restaurant on New Ashford Road. The accident was reported at 9:10 a.m. and witnesses at the scene described her as appearing to be badly injured.
Santiago-Castro is being cited for unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle, speeding, failure to keep to right when view is obstructed and marked lanes violation.
A state police spokesman had no further information on the accident.
Tags: motor vehicle, accident, injuries |
Great Barrington Crashes Leave Two Dead
GREAT BARRINGTON, Mass. — Police are investigating two serious motor vehicle crashes on Wednesday afternoon that left two dead.
According to police, the first accident occurred at 12:50 p.m. Janet E. Chase, 62, of Sheffield died on the scene when her BMW sedan veered into the northbound lane of Route 7, just north of the Sheffield/Great Barrington line, and crashed head-on with a Honda minivan in the northbound lane. The van was driven by Maureen L Boisvert, 50, of Needham. Boisvert was taken to Berkshire Medical Center with severe injuries.
While state and local police were investigating that accident, a vehicle backing out of Timberlyn Heights nursing home on Maple Avenue (Route 23) was struck by a westbound vehicle. Phillip Hoffman, 90, of Sandisfield died at Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield overnight as a result of the crash. His wife, Ann, 88, is at Berkshire Medical Center with "life-threatening injuries" as of Thursday.
The other driver, Brian K. Deland, Jr., 34, of Ashley Falls, was treated and released from Fairview Hospital.
That accident occurred at 3:10 p.m. and is being investigated by state and local police.
Also last night a Jeep Cherokee collided with a tractor-trailer near the New York state border on Route 20 in Hancock.The driver of the Jeep was taken to Berkshire Medical Center while the driver of the truck was unhurt. Route 20 was shut down for more than an hour.
Tags: fatal, motor vehicle, accident, injuries |
Icy Conditions Cause Multiple Crashes in Lenox
LENOX, Mass. — Four motor vehicle accidents involving at least 10 cars stopped traffic on routes 7 and 20 in both the north and southbound lanes early this morning.
According to a press release issued by Police Chief Stephen O'Brien, officers from the Lenox Police Department were responding to a two-car, head-on crash that occurred around 7 a.m. when other vehicles were forced off the road because of extremely icy conditions. In addition to Lenox Police, Lenox Fire Department and state police as well as County Ambulance were called to the scene to assist.
One eyewitness, Brian Sisco of Sheffield, said he was driving through Lenox at 8 a.m. on his way to work when he met up with black ice and bumper-to-bumper traffic in the north and southbound lanes.
"I was coming up through Lee on Route 20 and Lee was fine," he said. "But once Route 7 came up on the bypass that's when things got ugly. There was a road block both ways at Walker Street and they were sending people right or left. The road was definitely slick with black ice. At one point at a stop light my tires were spinning. The roads weren't sanded or salted or anything."
The first accident included what appeared to be a small light-colored pickup or sport utility vehicle with heavy front-end damage. The second vehicle was over the banking of the northbound lane. Emergency vehicles were parked along the side of the road for nearly 100 yards.
A light snow was falling over Pittsfield and South County in the early morning hours. Roadways were slushy through much of the region.
According to Sisco, traffic was backed up for at least a mile and half as police and rescue workers tried to handle one crash after another, saying there were at least three flatbeds and two tow trucks trying to clear away disabled vehicles.
"I drove through Great Barrington at about 6:30 this morning and the roads were fine; sanded and salted. The same through Stockbridge and Lee," he said. "It did not look slippery at all. There was snow covering the roads but it just looked wet. You would think that because there are so many people who drive up Route 7 to get to work that that road would be salted as well. Pittsfield was fine, too. They had already sanded."
The road was finally opened again at 8 a.m. when it was deemed passable by police. At least eight people were transported to Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield. Although none were reported to have life-threatening injuries, investigators are still compiling operator and vehicle information. Police said one accident involved eight vehicles.
Tags: motor vehicle, accident, ice, injuries |


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Flyers ground Stanford for trip to Elite 8
Published 1:41 am Friday, March 28, 2014
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Like a red and blue blur, the Dayton Flyers were pressing and passing, shooting and scoring. The waves never seemed to stop coming, with 10, 11 and then 12 players giving them quality minutes.
An exhausted and foul-plagued Stanford simply couldn't keep up.
The underdog Flyers — an 11 seed in this South Region — are now in the Elite Eight for the first time since 1984 after an emphatic 82-72 victory over Stanford on Thursday night.
"We had 11 guys score in the game and from top to bottom, we kept coming and coming," Dayton coach Archie Miller said. "The way they shared the ball and moved the ball … it was a true team effort. It's nice that on the biggest stage, we acted like ourselves."
Jordan Sibert scored 18 points and freshman Kendall Pollard added a season-high 12, as Dayton (26-10) made sure this one wasn't particularly close after slipping by in the first two rounds. The 6-foot-4 Sibert was spectacular, slashing to the basket and draining 3-pointers, to help the Flyers lead for almost the entire night.
Dayton showed its depth early, using a dozen players in the first half to wear down Stanford.
"They were relentless," Stanford coach Johnny Dawkins said. "That's the best way I can put it."
No. 10 Stanford (23-13) had the superior post play, but it wasn't enough. Chasson Randle led the Cardinal with 21 points, but shot 5 of 21 from the field.
Dwight Powell added 17 and Stefan Nastic — who fouled out with more than five minutes left — had 15.
Dayton, the last remaining of the six Atlantic 10 teams in the field of 68, plays Florida on Saturday for a trip to the Final Four. Florida beat UCLA 78-69.
Sibert finished 7 of 12 from the field, including 4 of 9 from 3-point range. He had plenty of help, including from Pollard, a 6-foot-6 guard who continually got to the basket and helped the Flyers stretch their lead in the first half.
"People have been doubting us and not giving us a lot of credit," Sibert said. "I know these guys. I know what coach wants. We all want to win. At the end of the day we all want to be considered winners."
Pollard was averaging two points per game, but Miller didn't hesitate to give him big minutes once he got hot.
"This guy's a big-time winner," Miller said. "He's not afraid of anything."
Devin Oliver scored 12 points and Matt Kavanaugh added 10. Dayton's bench had a 34-2 scoring advantage over Stanford.
The Flyers were good in just about every facet, shooting 48.3 percent (28 of 58) and dishing 19 assists on 28 field goals.
They made just about everything they threw at the basket early. Scoochie Smith's corner 3-pointer put the Flyers ahead 15-13 early and Stanford's Powell — who averages nearly 14 points per game — was quickly banished to the bench with two fouls.
Foul trouble was an early theme, and a much bigger problem for Stanford.
The Cardinal rely on a six-man rotation. When the Flyers would lose a man to foul trouble, they simply replaced him with someone who was just as capable.
Things went from bad to worse for Stanford late in the first half. The Cardinal fell behind by double-digits and Dawkins was called for a technical foul. Dawkins said it was the right call.
"I was just more or less trying to get my team going," Dawkins said. "I thought we were losing momentum, we had already burned a timeout and it was a situation where I wanted to get our guys fired up."
It didn't work.
Sibert nailed a 3-pointer from the corner to give Dayton a 42-29 lead, though the Flyers had to settle for a 42-32 halftime advantage.
Stanford made a comeback early in the second half — as famous Cardinal supporters Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman and former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice looked on — thanks to strong post play.
But the Cardinal simply couldn't stay out of foul trouble. Nastic — who was leading Stanford with 13 points at the time — picked up his fourth foul with more than 13 minutes remaining and fouled out with more than five minutes left.
Stanford managed to pull within 64-58 after Powell made the bucket and free throw after being fouled, but the Cardinal couldn't get any closer. The Flyers simply kept sending waves at the Cardinal, scoring from inside and out in the final minutes.
Both teams had made impressive runs to make it to this point. Dayton had knocked off in-state rival Ohio State and Syracuse while Stanford has dispatched higher-seeds New Mexico and Kansas.
Follow David Brandt on Twitter: www.twitter.com/davidbrandtAP


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The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) proudly welcomes 12 new members in August 2017.
Materials Sciences Corporation
Texas Department of Public Safety
These organizations joined a federation that represents more than 125,000 companies and well over 3.5 million professionals. Under the Institute's umbrella, this diverse constituency works together to strengthen the competitiveness of business operating in the global marketplace and to improve the quality of life for all citizens by developing, implanting, and promulgating voluntary consensus standards and related conformance assessment systems.
"Active participation in ANSI and its programs can serve as both a strategic and tangible asset for an organization," said S. Joe Bhatia, ANSI president and CEO. "Not only will they gain access to information and business intelligence that is not available elsewhere, but they will also receive discounts on many products and services. Equally important, they can build relationships that empower them with a voice and influence over the standardization and conformity assessment decisions that directly affect their business. "


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Are you | about your Dengue?
Is your mind clouded with questions like:
- Is my Dengue curable?
- In how many days will I get cured completely?
- Is the treatment permanent?
- What are the treatment options?
- Is homeopathy right for me? And so on....
Well, You're not Alone
Almost 90% of our patients share the same feeling & questions. You need answers, you need clarity and you need assurance that life will be better & you will receive relief and permanent cure to your problem.
Experience of 22 years in Treating Chronic Diseases
In Curability Consultation with Dr. Ravi
He will help you get the clarity about your problems and find out if there is hope for you. He believes in curing the person in disease rather than the disease in person. This curability consultation is a very interactive session where he listens to you & understands your pains and then give you his expert consultation about your curability.
Treated 50,000+ Patients in last 22 years
Is Dr. Ravi your Best chance?
Don't just listen to us! Let our patients' around the world share their stories about the care they received with us.
Naseem Mohammad Fahad Dhaka
After struggling hard to cure my year's long "seborrheic dermatitis".One day I found Dr.Ravi on youtube and as a ray of hope I have decided to see him at his Lucknow center.I traveled all alone from Dhaka via Kolkata to Lucknow, but due to my late train, I could not reach the clinic.Dr.Ravi was kind enough to see me at "cumsum" restaurant of Railway station as my returning train was scheduled. He had taken my history and plucked two hairs for treatment. I was very skeptical initially of this mode of treatment but as a last resort, I had crossed my fingers. His confidence was well placed and my condition got better day by day, even my year's long stammering problem has been cured. I am so inspired by his technique that being an engineer by profession I have taken admission in Diploma course for Homeopathy at Dhaka to learn and spread this great healing art.
Syed Jafar
I feel like, it is something which no other medicine can give. It is a very personalized experience. It is to extent that you feel the changes inside you & you are the only person who can tell the change is happening. Over a period you will realize these were the symptoms which were there. Because of this treatment symptoms have gone and you are living a better life. Quality of life definitely improves. This is one way I have taken Homoeopathy. I suggested this medicine transmission through hair to many people, few of them were not able to come, some of them said that they would like to try it for sure. It is about believing or not believing. Actually, the way it is done, people think that it is not possible. I'm a kind who had been benefited by it so I'm propellent of it.
Rajeshwari Tiwari
After cure of my Mausi for dreaded CSF Rhinorrhea, I have consulted Dr. Ravi for my mother's various health issues including a brain tumor, kidney stone, and gallstone. Once she developed fever and in an emergency we rushed to nearby Shekhar Hospital and then to Sahara Hospital, somehow she developed Hospital Acquired Infection leading to the constant fever which was resistant to antibiotics. Then I called Dr.Ravi as an alternative hope, he changed her hair from his clinic and she recovered very fast. She is now also free from the kidney stone. Her protein leakage has also been cured by Dr.Ravi. She is still under his treatment and doing fine Karun Tiwari S/O Rajeshwari Tiwari
Devendra Kumar Mishra
I came to the clinic for Urticaria treatment. Earlier used to have eruption very often. I have consumed more than 1500 Citizen tablets for it and many more. But never got any permanent solution. Since treatment started here my condition started to get better day by day. For more than 1 year I have not got any eruption. Thank Dr. Ravi. Devendra Kumar Mishra
Shivangi Suman Gorakhpur
In Vitiligo of my daughter, it worked like a magic. It has been cured very soon without any side-effects. I'm happy with the treatment. Mother of Shivangi Suman ( Gorakhpur)
Shikha Srivastava
I took treatment for PCOD, migraine & thyroid. Now after treatment. I'm blessed with a kid. Now I don't have Any complaints regarding Thyroid. My migraine is also good. Although I can't sleep properly nowadays despite that don't have migraine pain. Only had it one time but with not such intensity. Thank you, Dr. Ravi. Shikha Srivastava
Ritu Raj Ambedkarnagar
This Medicine transmission is like a mobile network... wifi. Everything is good in this system. I wandered a lot for chyluria treatment since last 1 year. Doctors in PGI told that it will never be cured. In KGMC doctors said to inject silver - nitrate. But one of the doctors there advised not to do anything like this. He said to me to avoid fats for the whole of my life. Since I'm taking treatment here I have started taking proper diet. Still avoid poori, parathas but often consumes Non- veg and alcohol, even that doesn't increase my complaints. Chile doesn't appear even after dancing or any kind of exertion. All I need is to take rest as feel little lethargic. RituRaj ( Ambedkarnagar)
Rohit Rai
Doctor, You are a very good doctor and a nice human being as well because you hear your patients and understand their sufferings. I had very much ups and downs during 6 months of initial treatment. I was fed up of taking treatments earlier at various doctors. But ultimately got relief. I came to know earlier that the oral medicine (placebo) was not working. The thing affecting me is medicine transmission so I was not taking those oral pills for long. One of my relatives also taking treatment from here and getting good relief. Rohit Rai
Vansh Mishra
When I have visited this clinic first time, I was expecting some medicine or ointment for my son's stubborn trouble. After showing my kid to Dr. Ravi I have seen information written at his clinic of the method of "hair transmission", but as the last hope, I have tried. I have been to many dermatologists from Lucknow to Balrampur but they offered no permanent results. One of dermatologist suggested me for CAUTERISATION and before that expecting to sign a clinical agreement as if any damage to the eye will happen he will not be responsible. I was scared and left him. Fortunately, I met Dr.Ravi and I have " no words" to explain my joy of curing my son with such a harmless and gentle way. My wife's acidity problem has also been cured. Thanks
Amir Mohammad Saudi arabia
Hi, I am Amir Mohammad from Saudi Arabia. Basically, I am from India from Jharkhand state. Since long I was suffering from digestive trouble including diarrhea, constipation and abdominal pain. I had a frequent cramp in the abdomen. One day I have found Dr.Ravi from youtube and contacted him over the phone. He assured me for good result and advised me to send hair. I have started his treatment and now I have no headache and gastric complaints. In fact, I have gained weight as a good effect of treatment. I am almost cured. My treatment for my skin complaint is still on and I am very positive.
Ratnesh Kumar Barabanki
I was unable to do my business, I used to have attacks of pain and vertigo so severe that I used to get admitted to Hospital very often. There must be an accompanying person to assist me in my travel. Now I am driving a motorcycle from Barabanki to Lucknow and carrying my crate of cold drink. When people saw my recovery they now say definitely it works. My gastric symptoms of IBS has also been cured by Sir. Ratnesh Kumar ( Barabanki )
Dr.Himanshu Dhar Dwevedi
Over the past three years, I have found Dr. Ravi's support has helped me greatly in meeting health and life challenges. His profound intuition and extensive practical experience are applied with crystal clarity and deep compassion. Dr. Ravi's skills as a Classical Homeopath to deeply listen and the ability to articulate what the patient is feeling and experiencing makes him an exceptional Homeopath. You are in good hands with Dr. Ravi. The difference to 'me', my 'wife' and my 'father in law' have been phenomenal after starting his homeopathic treatment through hair transmission. It's absolutely fantastic. I can't believe the difference in my health since I've been coming to Dr. Ravi. It's just incredible to me. I don't have to think about my health anymore.
Madhuri Singh
I was suffering from severe spondylitis, even I was not been able to move my hand. I had undergone 6 months of allopathic treatment with no response. Then I have taken treatment from Dr.Ravi and has been fully cured under his treatment, My wife has also been cured by His able hand for her Fungal nail, hence I recommend this young dynamic homeopath. Dr.J.S. Chauhan
Anurag Sharma Ghaziabad
Dr. Ravi's method of treatment is the most effective and unique. My health issues got resolved in a very short span of time. Most people think that homeopathic treatment is slow. But after taking treatment from Dr. Ravi, I think no other treatment in this world can match the speed. His treatment is like taking an insurance policy, the difference is that your health is recovered quickly and without using any harmful allopathic medicines. I thank Dr. Ravi and wish him good luck in helping people with his unique treatment.
Poonam Singh
A migraine had made my life like hell, I was suffering since 3-4 years, I was been under treatment by neuro physician but no effect, I was relieved within the first month and remain free from a headache since then. Thanks a lot, sir for your help.
Nirlesh Kumar Tripathi
I"m fine now. When I tell people that I'm taking medicine with this method, people are surprised. They tell me just be safe as You may get complaints in future …. But I'm quite sure about the treatment as I'm getting relief & believe that I'm going to be cured here. My experience at Dr. Ravi clinic is that you have not to take any medicine orally, my complaint gets better within the half hour if I call the doctor, what a fantastic method, medicine transmission through hair. No need to get scheduled drug doses every time, it's Hassle-free, I highly recommend this Dr. Thanks Nirlesh Kumar Tripathi
Suresh Pal
I'm very happy I got total relief My allergy and Bronchitis (Sinus Bronchitis infections ) and Skin deceases have cured now under the Good treatment by Dr. Ravi Singh I've been taking treatment since 1 Year I never gave up to give a try with many Doctors but Dr. Ravi is the One and Unique He takes care of everything about the patient , I'm writing is less than what He did for me so far , It was the great experience with such a Wonderful Doctor , He's not curing the decease only even also giving a new Life to the Patient who hadn't hope to be cured, Even though I have bad experience with Other Doctors , They criticize to patient by giving a lot of descriptions to follow and avoid and Bla Bla Bla things I've gotta bored with all those prescriptions , then I tried on Google to find a Good doctor after a few searches I found Dr. Ravi's Clinic Website , I had a small conversation via online chat on the Website then I personally visit to Clinic He picked my all query about decease Just started transmission of Drugs . I found some changes inside then I felt wow it's working really I was shocked for a while but that worked for me ....... Now patiently I've cured All credit goes to Dear Dr. Ravi Becoz He deserves it , He's the best Doctor in My Experience Awesome ..... Thank You SO Muchhhh, Dr. Ravi Singh Ji. I salute You're doing such a wonderful job for people to save their lives & hope ..
Divyanshu Pathak Colonelganj
I was suffering from a migraine for more than 6 months, Dr. Amar Singh of Balrampur has referred me to Dr. Ravi clinic. I had the daily migraine attack typically for 20 minutes and disappeared suddenly, allopathic medicines have no effect, even one allopathic physician has said that I m hysterical. I have left my studies due to pain With the treatment of Dr. Ravi my duration and intensity of a headache has decreased day by day and now I am free from a headache. I am doing my regular studies, thanks to Dr. Ravi sir for saving my future.
Muni Ji
With God grace, I have been cured by Ravi Ji treatment. His miraculous way of treatment by hair drug transmission has amazed me many times. Whenever I have got pain I have called over phone Raviji has changed my medicine from his center and I got relief on the same or next day. With gratitude, I am praying for Dr. Raviji God bless him with all name and fame Raviji ko..once again heartiest gratitude...With Infinite duaaas.. from Muni Ji Sufi.New Delhi
Anuradha Dewal
I suffered from a migraine last 13 years and depression last 4 years and for 4 months I have taken treatment with Dr. Ravi Singh and recently my aunt was suffered from spondylitis and she recovers without any medicine,It was really an amazing experience of taking the treatment, the way of treatment was kind of very different from other Homeopathic Doctors, and initially I was not very much convinced with this kind of treatment. But the time my treatment started, it was just a magic for me. I was amazed to see the quick recovery from my illness :) Thank you, Dr. Ravi. I would recommend all of you to at least consult once with Dr. Ravi and show your trust in his way of treatment, I am sure you will get the positive results very soon.
Manvendra Singh Banda
Best Doctor in the world of Homeopathy, I would like to recommend all the IBS patients to at least consult Dr. Ravi once in life. I have been cured of my disease 99 %, I have lost hope for my life as every good Gastrologist has disappointed me, I have wasted more than 50 K for the test including colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. I am a big fan of his hair transmission technique. Now I have gained my weight from 61.3 to 80.1 Kg. Thanks
What happens in the initial consulting session :
This is the beginning of the doctor patient relationship and it starts with listening to their pains and having an honest communication about their curability. Check out this video to get an idea about how our patients feel right after their first consulting session.
Have Questions about curability session? Write us or call us at 7311-160-111.


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Please Note:The BEA Web site has taken on a new look and feel as part of a redesign.
It is understood that many users create 'bookmarks' or 'favorites' for their most frequently accessed pages on our site. However, due to some alterations to our directory structure, some 'bookmarked' URLs may no longer work.
The links provided below will assist you in locating information within the BEA site. Should you be unable to locate the information you want, please contact us at email@example.com and let us know the web page you were looking for.
It may be useful to try one of these links:
- Home page
- National Main page
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Contact information:
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- Industry Staff Contacts
If you think you received this page in error, please notify BEA's Webmaster.


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With this form, we collect your name and contact information so that we can process your inquiry. Please refer to our privacy policy to learn about how we protect and manage this data.
Fill out your contact details below, to get in touch with the owner of this domain name.


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7 Letter Words Starting with DOF and Containing E
7 letter words that start with DOF and contain E can set you on the path to victory in word games like Scrabble® or Words With Friends®. Word lists exactly like these 7 letter words are only a few quick finger taps away on WordFinder®. Dive into words that start with DOF or words with E to find your next super high-scoring play.
Words With Friends®
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doffers | ||
1 of 1 words


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Choosing the best Wedding Photographer Belgrade is definitely a tough decision as a couple. There are so many amazing artists all around the area and it's not easy to find the right choice in the abundance of photographers out there.
We are updating this page constantly. We simply want to make sure that we are able to offer you the absolute best photographers in our mind. Feel free to scroll down, check out our selected artists and click on their profiles. See more images, visit their websites and make sure to contact them for your wedding in Belgrade. If you are constantly looking for amazing photographers or videographers you might also be interested in our global artist search.
Just have a look at our map of the world and pick your location. See who is available to shoot in your area. Super easy and super helpful if you don't want to spend countless hours browsing the web to find what you are looking for. Feel free to also check out our LOOKSLIKEFILM Weddings Instagram account as a constant source of inspiration.
If you did not find what you are looking for, head over to our list for Wedding and Elopement Photographers Serbia to view the best artists that we could find in the country. Sometimes it makes sense to book someone from somewhere else if you simply fell in love with their images.
Being one of the largest photography communities out there gives us the ability to show you our short list of the Best Wedding Photographers in Belgrade. Besides that our community consists of over 50K artists from all around the world. We handpicked the best artists to make your search easier so you can spend time on things that really matter.
It's time to finally scroll down and pick you an artist.


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Learn what motivates the restive Muslim youth from Tunis to Tehran, what political positions Islamists from Mali to Chechnya are fighting for, where the seeming obsession with Islamic law comes from, where the secularists have vanished to, and whether it makes sense to speak of an Islamic state.
Since 2009 there has been a renewed wave of popular unrest sweeping throughout much of the Muslim world. Secular, but generally repressive and inefficient autocracies have come under pressure or been swept aside entirely. At the same, the various Islamic Republics have not fared much better, but been convulsed by internal unrest, economic and social decline. Throughout the Muslim lands, existing constitutional arrangements are being challenged, often very violently.
This course is a survey of the constitutional ideas and institutions that have developed since the mid 19th century throughout predominantly Muslim countries, but its focus will lie on the actors that have dominated this discourse and shaped its outcomes. We will look at the large body of classical writings on the Islamic state only in so far as it is necessary to understand the contemporary debate, but concentrate on the legal and political developments of the 20th and 21st centuries.
Three common themes will characterise the course:
We privilege the study of the legal and social reality and seek to highlight where it is at odds with dogmatic stipulations, be they religious or constitutional.
We seek to illustrate the practical tensions posed by limited administrative capabilities and political legitimacy that resulted from the incomplete reception of modern bureaucratic statehood.
We seek to examine how popular dissatisfaction with the practical performance of Muslim governments has fuelled demands for greater accountability under the guise of cultural authenticity.
Ultimately, the course aims to equip participants to better understand Muslim contemporary discourse about the res publica, better contextualise the demands for religious law in public life, and to better ascertain the theoretical and practical feasibility of postulated religious alternatives to the still-dominant secular model of governance.
Price: Enroll For Free!
Language: English
Subtitles: English, Spanish, Arabic, French
Constitutional Struggles in the Muslim World – University of Copenhagen
TUN Helps Students!
Copyright, 2024 – TUN, Inc


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Customized Digital Signage - Enhance Your Organization's Visibility
If you're running a small business, you need to be diligent about getting your name out there. You've established your brand, started building visibility on the Internet, even pressed palms with potential clients; and you've seen some success from that. Would you like to extend your reach by taking your company's marketing initiatives to the next level? Macro Systems, your one-stop shop for all business-related technology solutions, offers a full range of digital sign and billboard services that can extend the local and region visibility of your business.
The poster and billboard have been staples of advertising for over a century. There are records of signs being used to mark businesses and public services from over 4,000 years ago. Nowadays, with the technology that is available, our partners have begun to manufacture digital signs so the we can bring advanced marketing capabilities to organizations like yours. If yours is like other organizations, you are currently looking for ways to make more sales and create additional relationships. Digital Signage Solutions from Macro Systems is a great option to consider.
Get Eyes On Your Brand, For Less
Interactive and informative signs can really boost your company's marketing efforts.
For any administrator or marketing professional whose organization spends a significant portion of their budget on advertising, being presented a more affordable solution is often too good to be true. The value of our digital signage service is that it is affordable to begin and won't cost your organization typically high printing costs, usually associated with an outbound marketing campaign. Each ad is of your own design and can be altered to correspond with promotions or events your organization is undertaking. Our Digital Signage solutions give your organization options to provide possible customers with customized messages to keep your marketing freshly updated and aligned with your organization's sales and marketing strategies.
Like many of the technology solutions we offer, our digital signage solution is easy to implement and scalable. There are flexible options to give your organization just what it's looking for, without the kind of capital outlay many companies pay for traditional marketing solutions. The digital advertising options Macro Systems provides allows organizations like yours to present your brand as the only brand that potential customers think of when they have an issue or problem that would necessitate them purchasing goods and services from a company that does what you do. That kind of recognition is what you advertise for. Get the most visibility for less with Macro Systems.
Digital Signage Works for Organizations of All Types
Our flexible digital signage solution is not just for businesses.
It's true that businesses aren't the only organizations that can use a digital signage solution. Many organizations can use additional visibility to push their directives forward. By incorporating a digital sign into your nonprofit or educational endeavor, you will have an avenue to inform the beneficial aspects and deeds your organization undertakes. This type of advertising, creates an effect called mind sharing that promotes ideas in a way that is simply not possible with traditional advertising. For more information about our scalable digital signage solution or to speak to one of our knowledgeable IT professional about your organization's technology, call us today at (703) 359-9211.


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Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperature above 18�C (64�F) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60mm (2.36 in) of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry seasons than a tropical monsoon climate. Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia and North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States.
The K�ppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Aw". (Tropical Savanna Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Babahoyo is 75.0°F (23.9°C). The warmest month, on average, is February with an average temperature of 78.0°F (25.6°C). The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of 73.0°F (22.8°C).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Babahoyo is 66.5" (1689.1 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is February with 16.3" (414 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 0.1" (2.5 mm).


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andy castro
5 Things to Know Before You Sign Your Publishing Contract
The following is the first of five emails from a free e-course about understanding publishing contracts. You can sign up for the rest of the course here. In any publishing deal, you're in charge. That's because a publishing contract is you giving the publisher permission to use your work. They need permission and
Read more...Want Katie's tips via email?
Sign up here:


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Forklift rental near El Centro CA
Searching for forklifts for rent in El Centro CA? Searching for a forklift lease in El Centro CA? ForkliftDirectory.com is your #1 source for affordable fork lift rentals and forklift rentals in El Centro CA. Our forklift suppliers also specialize in new or used lift truck sales. Submit your forklift specifications and requirements on our quote form to get started. It's free and there are no obligations.
Forklift for sale El Centro CA
Are you looking to buy a new forklift or used forklift in El Centro CA? ForkliftDirectory.com can save you time and money. Our equipment suppliers in El Centro CA carry every major fork lift brand in inventory. Need a used pallet jack? Looking to purchase an order picker? We have you covered! Submit your request on our quote form for free forklift prices and information.
All major brands in stock! New and used forklifts for sale:
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The criteria for purchasing a brand new forklift are very basic and a bit different than buying a used forklift. Simply put, if your business only uses a forklift for a few hours or less a day, it would be more economical to buy a used forklift. Likewise, if your work requiring a forklift is seasonal, you may want to consider renting or leasing one. ForkliftDirectory.com has new or used fork lifts in El Centro CA and we are ready to compete for your business.
Used forklift El Centro CA
Buying a used forklift? In order to be sure of the used forklift's past, it is best to buy your used fork lift from a company that stands by its reputation. ForkliftDirectory.com only works with the finest and most reputable forklift dealers in El Centro CA.
Used fork lift El Centro CA
Searching for used forklifts for sale in El Centro CA? If done properly, your purchase of a used forklift or used pallet jack can last as long as a new forklift for half the price. ForkliftDirectory.com will send you quotes from the best and most reputable lift truck companies in El Centro CA who stand by and support their customers.
Used pallet jack El Centro CA
Searching for a pallet jack for rent in El Centro CA? Our lift truck dealers can rent you electric forklifts, pallet jacks, order pickers, lift trucks, small forklifts, all terrain forklifts, crown lift trucks, and more!
Forklifts for rent El Centro CA
Elms Equipment Rental, Inc., 580 E Dealwood Rd, El Centro, CA 92243
Jordan Central Implement Co, 950 S Dogwood Rd, El Centro, CA 92243
K C Welding & Rentals, 1549 Dogwood Rd, El Centro, CA 92243
Papé Material Handling, 651 Ross Ave, El Centro, CA 92243
Toyotalift Inc., 302 E Aurora Dr, El Centro, CA 92243


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The majority of people assume that the purpose of the clutch is just to put the car in neutral gear. However, there's more to that, because it disengages the transmission from the drivetrain.
While the engine is on, it is designed to be constantly spinning. If the engine is not spinning, it would stop running and shut down. The motion is transferred to the drive shaft by the transmission and, in turn, to the wheels. However, you certainly don't want your transmission or your wheels to be spinning all the time. The main purpose of the clutch is to disengage the transmission from the motor in order for you to shift gears without grinding.
Over time, the clutch wears out, but its repair is not difficult maintenance in comparison to the more complicated transmission repair. In some cases, you have to replace the entire clutch, because the clutch disc has been worn out completely. Other common problems include a leak in the hydraulics, air bubbles formed in the hydraulic line and stretched cable controls.
If you suspect that there's something wrong with your clutch, the best thing to do is to bring your vehicle to our auto repair shop, where our certified technicians will run a diagnostic test in order to pinpoint the exact cause for concern.


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Find the best IELTS tutors in Washington DC and compare different preparation options for the IELTS test including classes and workshops in Washington DC.
Manhattan Review Tutoring
Manhattan Review offers IELTS Private Tutoring in over 80 locations worldwide. Private Tutoring is completely customized to meet the needs of each student in terms of content covered and scheduling. Before getting started all tutoring students complete a questionnaire, to help Manhattan Review match them with a tutor of best fit and ensure goal-oriented sessions. Students who prefer a structured approach to their private lessons can also request a personalized course. A personalized course adheres to the structure of a classroom course, however since each session is 1-on-1 students are able to accomplish more in a shorter timeframe.
Tutoring and Private Courses
IELTS Tutoring In-Person Washington DC | Individual time schedule |
IELTS Tutoring Online Online | Individual time schedule |
» Full Schedule of Washington DC at Manhattan Review Website


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Here at Tamara Maule and Associates, we really appreciate our patients. We are proud of all of our eye care services and are glad that you continue to come to us for all of your eye care needs.
We are dedicated to providing the very best care to our patients. We also know that there are a lot of choices, so we are happy to know that you continue coming to us for all of your eye care needs.
To thank our dedicated patients, we are proud to offer many different specials so that they can get the best care at the best price. Be sure to stop back often to check out all of the specials we are running. We want you to get the care you deserve while also saving some money.
There are two ways to take advantage of our specials. Many people prefer to print out this page, while others just show it to us on their phone. We do ask that you check the expiration date because we are constantly changing our specials.
Again, our entire staff at Tamara Maule and Associates wants to thank you for being a loyal patient. We are proud to be able to take the very best care of your eyes. We also enjoy helping you save money in the process.


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I Had A Cranberry Party
plateful of cranberry goodness |
(recipes below!)
The Back Story:
The Simply Cranberry Cocktail people (through BlogHer) contacted me and asked if I'd like to throw a dinner party and use their new Simply Cranberry Cocktail as a springboard for the menu-planning.
I then set to work planning the menu: baked brie with cranberries, cranberry martinis, cranberry chicken, triple-threat cranberry brisket, and cranberry fluff for dessert (scroll down for all the recipes).
(of course she's on trial for murder right now, but I think Gaby is about to confess.)
I need to have dinner parties more often. I think sometimes in the name of saving money I forget it's the little things in life that matter--good friends, good food, and good fun.
I used the candied pecan and cranberry brie recipe I made back in 2008 but didn't use the pecans because one of our little friends has a nut allergy. I did, though, add a drop of balsamic vinegar to the brown sugar and a bit of rosemary they way I did with the balsamic apricot brie.
Cranberry Martinis
Shake well and serve in chilled martini glasses with sugared rims. (Adam did the glasses by rubbing a cut lime on the edge then dipping the glasses in Baker's Sugar. He froze them for 2 hours or so before the party).
P.S: I didn't make these up.
No duplicate comments.
You may receive (2) total entries by selecting from the following entry methods:
a) Leave a comment in response to the sweepstakes prompt on this post
b) Tweet about this promotion and leave the URL to that tweet in a comment on this post
c) Blog about this promotion and leave the URL to that post in a comment on this post
d) For those with no Twitter or blog, read the official rules to learn about an alternate form of entry.
This giveaway is open to US Residents age 18 or older. Winners will be selected via random draw, and will be notified by e-mail. You have 72 hours to get back to me, otherwise a new winner will be selected.
I'll randomly select a winner from the responses (leave an email address or sign in so I can find you!) and will make sure the gift card gets sent out promptly.
The Official Rules are available here.
This sweepstakes runs from 5/7/2012 - 6/1/2012
updated 6/2/12: This CONTEST IS NOW OVER. A representative from BlogHer will contact the randomly selected winner. THANK YOU to all who entered!
Be sure to visit the Promotions & Prizes page on BlogHer.com where you can read other bloggers' reviews and find more chances to win!
"Simply Cranberry™" is a trademark of Simply Orange Juice Company.


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Table of Contents
This document has been archived and replaced by NSF 13-001.
- About the National Science Foundation
- Foreword
- Listing of Acronyms
- Definitions & NSF-Grantee Relationships
- NSF Organizations
- NSF Organizational Chart
Part I - Grant Proposal Guide
Part II - Award & Administration Guide
A. About the National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent Federal agency created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (42 USC 1861-75). The Act states the purpose of the NSF is "to promote the progress of science; [and] to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare by supporting research and education in all fields of science and engineering."
From those first days, NSF has had a unique place in the Federal Government: it is responsible for the overall health of science and engineering across all disciplines. In contrast, other Federal agencies support research focused on specific missions such as health or defense. The Foundation also is committed to ensuring the nations supply of scientists, engineers, and science and engineering educators.
NSF funds research and education in most fields of science and engineering. It does this through grants and cooperative agreements to more than 2,000 colleges, universities, K-12 school systems, businesses, informal science organizations and other research organizations throughout the US. The Foundation accounts for about one-fourth of Federal support to academic institutions for basic research.
The Foundation considers proposals1 submitted by organizations on behalf of individuals or groups for support in most fields of research. Interdisciplinary proposals also are eligible for consideration.
NSF does not normally support technical assistance, pilot plant efforts, research requiring security classification, the development of products for commercial marketing, or market research for a particular project or invention. Research with disease-related goals, including work on the etiology, diagnosis or treatment of physical or mental disease, abnormality, or malfunction in human beings or animals, is normally not supported. Animal models of such conditions or the development or testing of drugs or other procedures for their treatment also are not eligible for support. However, research in bioengineering, with diagnosis- or treatment-related goals, that applies engineering principles to problems in biology and medicine while advancing engineering knowledge is eligible for support. Bioengineering research to aid persons with disabilities also is eligible.
NSF does not have any programs involving the construction of public works in metropolitan areas, no development assistance programs, no programs requiring State plans as a condition of assistance, none involving coordination of planning in multi-jurisdictional areas and no programs of grants to State and local governments as defined in Section 6501(4) of Title 31 of the United States Code (USC).
NSF receives approximately 40,000 proposals each year for research, education and training projects, of which approximately 11,000 are funded. In addition, the Foundation receives several thousand applications for graduate and postdoctoral fellowships. The agency operates no laboratories itself but does support National Research Centers, user facilities, certain oceanographic vessels and Antarctic research stations. The Foundation also supports cooperative research between universities and industry, US participation in international scientific and engineering efforts, and educational activities at every academic level.
NSF is structured much like a university, with grants-funding divisions/offices for the various disciplines and fields of science and engineering and for science, math, engineering and technology education. NSF also uses a variety of management mechanisms to coordinate research in areas that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. The Foundation is assisted by advisors from the scientific and engineering communities who serve on formal committees or as ad hoc reviewers of proposals. This advisory system, which focuses on both program directions and specific proposals, involves approximately 50,000 scientists and engineers each year. NSF staff members who are experts in a certain field or area make award recommendations; PIs receive unattributed verbatim copies of peer reviews.
Grantees are wholly responsible for conducting their project activities and preparing the results for publication. Thus, the Foundation does not assume responsibility for such findings or their interpretation.
Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities provide funding for special assistance or equipment to enable persons with disabilities to work on NSF-supported projects. See GPG Chapter II.D.2 for instructions regarding preparation of these types of proposals.
NSF has Telephonic Device for the Deaf (TDD) and Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) capabilities that enable individuals with hearing impairments to communicate with the Foundation about NSF programs, employment or general information. TDD may be accessed at (703) 292-5090 and (800) 281-8749, FIRS at (800) 877-8339.
The NSF Information Center may be reached at (703) 292-5111.
B. Foreword
The Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide2 is comprised of documents relating to the Foundation's proposal and award process. It has been designed for use by both our customer community and NSF staff and consists of two parts:
- Part I is comprised of NSFs proposal preparation and submission guidelines -- the NSF Grant Proposal Guide and the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide.3 Both the Grant Proposal Guide (GPG) and Grants.gov Application Guide provide guidance for the preparation and submission of proposals to NSF, whether by the NSF Fastlane System or Grants.gov.4 Some NSF programs have program solicitations that modify the general provisions of these Guides, and, in such cases, the guidelines provided in the solicitation must be followed.
It is important that proposers use the appropriate guidelines when preparing proposals for submission to NSF. As such:
When preparing proposals via FastLane, the guidelines contained in the Grant Proposal Guide govern; and
When preparing proposals via Grants.gov, the guidelines contained in the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide govern.
- Part II is comprised of the documents used to guide, manage, and monitor the award and administration of grants and cooperative agreements made by the Foundation. Coverage includes the NSF award process, from issuance and administration of an NSF award through closeout. Guidance regarding other grant requirements or considerations that either is not universally applicable or which do not follow the award cycle also is provided.
General information about NSF programs may be found on the NSF website at https://www.nsf.gov/funding/browse_all_funding.jsp. Additional information about special requirements of individual NSF programs may be obtained from the appropriate Foundation program offices. Information about most program deadlines and target dates for proposals are available on the NSF website at https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_list.jsp?org=NSF&ord=date . Program deadline and target date information also appears in individual program announcements and solicitations and on relevant NSF Divisional/Office websites.
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
NSF programs fall under the following categories in the latest Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) issued by the Office of Management and Budget and the General Services Administration:
47.041 -- Engineering Grants47.049 -- Mathematical and Physical Sciences
47.050 -- Geosciences
47.070 -- Computer and Information Science and Engineering
47.074 -- Biological Sciences
47.075 -- Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences
47.076 -- Education and Human Resources
47.078 -- Office of Polar Programs
47.079 -- Office of International Science & Engineering
47.080 - Office of Cyberinfrastructure
47.081 - Office of Experimental Program To Stimulate Competitive Research
47.082 - Trans-NSF Recovery Act Research Support
A listing of applicable NSF CFDA numbers, is available on the NSF Website at: https://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/cfda.jsp.
Any questions or comments regarding the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide should be addressed to the Policy Office, Division of Institution & Award Support, at (703) 292-8243 or by e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
C. Acronym List
AAG - Award & Administration Guide
ABR - Accomplishment-Based Renewal
ACH - Automated Clearing House (U.S. Treasury)
AD - Assistant Director
ADPE - Automatic Data Processing Equipment
AOR - Authorized Organizational Representative
AUO - Area Utilization Officer (GSA)
BFA - Budget, Finance & Award Management
CAAR - Cost Analysis & Audit Resolution Branch
CAFATC - Cooperative Agreement Financial/Administrative Terms and Conditions
CAM - Contract Award Manual
CAPTC - Cooperative Agreement Programmatic Terms and Conditions
CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
CGI - Continuing Grant Increment
CMIA - Cash Management Improvement Act
COI - Conflict of Interest
Co-PD - Co-Project Director
Co-PI - Co-Principal Investigator
DACS - Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support
DAS - Division of Administrative Services
DD - Division Director
DFM - Division of Financial Management
DGA - Division of Grants and Agreements
DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services
DIAS - Division of Institution and Award Support
DOC - Department of Commerce
DUNS - Data Universal Numbering System
EAGER - EArly-Concept Grants for Exploratory Research
EFT - Electronic Funds Transfer
E.O. - Executive Order
F&A - Financial & Administrative Costs
FAADS - Federal Assistance Award Data System
FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions
FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations
FASED - Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities
FCCOM - Facilities Capital Cost of Money
FDP - Federal Demonstration Partnership
FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency
FFR - Federal Financial Report
FIRS - Federal Information Relay Service
FOIA - Freedom of Information Act
FWA - Federal-wide Assurance
GC-1 - Grant General Conditions
GOE - Government Owned Equipment
GPG Grant Proposal Guide
GPO - Government Printing Office
GSA - General Services Administration
IACUC - Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
IBC - Institutional Biosafety Committee
ILS - Institutional Ledger Section
IRB - Institutional Review Board
IRS - Internal Revenue Service
IR&D - Independent Research and Development
LOI - Letters of Intent
MREFC - Major Research Equipment and Facilities
NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act
NIH - National Institutes of Health
NSB - National Science Board
NSF - National Science Foundation
OEO - Office of Equal Opportunity Programs
OGC - Office of the General Counsel
OHRP - Office of Human Research Protections
OIG - Office of Inspector General
OMB - Office of Management and Budget
ONR - Office of Naval Research
PD - Project Director
PHS - Public Health Service
PI - Principal Investigator
PO - Program Officer
RAPID - Rapid Response Research Grants
REU - Research Experiences for Undergraduates
ROA - Research Opportunity Awards
RTC - Research Terms and Conditions
RUI - Research in Undergraduate Institutions
SBA - Small Business Administration
SBIR - Small Business Innovation Research Program
SF - Standard Form
SF LLL - Disclosure of Lobbying Activities
SGER - Small Grants for Exploratory Research
SPO - Sponsored Projects Office
SSN - Social Security Number
STTR - Small Business Technology Transfer
TDD - Telephonic Device for the Deaf
URL - Universal Resource Locator
USC - United States Code
USDA - U. S. Department of Agriculture
D. Definitions & NSF-Grantee Relationships
a. An AUTHORIZED ORGANIZATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE (AOR)/AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE is the administrative official who, on behalf of the proposing organization is empowered to make certifications and assurances and can commit the organization to the conduct of a project that NSF is being asked to support as well as adhere to various NSF policies and grant requirements.
b. ASSISTANCE AWARDS are awards that entail the transfer of money, property, services or other things of value from the Federal government to a recipient to accomplish a public purpose of support or stimulation. In the case of NSF, assistance awards involve the support or stimulation of scientific and engineering research, science and engineering education or other related activities. NSF is authorized to use grants or cooperative agreements for this purpose.
c. A GRANT5 is a type of assistance award and a legal instrument which permits an executive agency of the Federal government to transfer money, property, services or other things of value to a grantee when no substantial involvement is anticipated between the agency and the recipient during the performance of the contemplated activity. Grants are the primary mechanism of NSF support. NSF awards the following two types of grants:
(i) A STANDARD GRANT is a type of grant in which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support for a specified period of time with no statement of NSF intent to provide additional future support without submission of another proposal.
(ii) A CONTINUING GRANT is a type of grant in which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support for an initial specified period of time, usually a year, with a statement of intent to provide additional support of the project for additional periods, provided funds are available and the results achieved warrant further support.
d. A COST REIMBURSEMENT AWARD is a type of grant under which NSF agrees to reimburse the grantee for work performed and/or costs incurred by the grantee up to the total amount specified in the grant. Such costs must be allowable in accordance with the applicable cost principles (e.g., OMB Circular A-21 (2 CFR Part 220) or OMB Circular A-122 (2 CFR Part 230). Accountability is based primarily on technical progress, financial accounting and fiscal reporting. Except under certain programs and under special circumstances, NSF grants and cooperative agreements are normally cost reimbursement type awards.
e. A FIXED AMOUNT AWARD is a type of grant used in certain programs and situations under which NSF agrees to provide a specific level of support without regard to actual costs incurred under the project. The award amount is negotiated using the applicable cost principles or other pricing information as a guide. This type of grant reduces some of the administrative burden and record-keeping requirements for both the grantee and NSF. Except under unusual circumstances, such as termination, there is no governmental review of the actual costs subsequently incurred by the grantee in performance of the project. There typically is a requirement for the grantee to certify that the approximate number of person-months or other activity called for in the grant was performed. Payments are based on meeting specific requirements of the grant and accountability is based primarily on technical performance and results.
f. A COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT is a type of assistance award which should be used when substantial agency involvement is anticipated during the project performance period. Substantial agency involvement may be necessary when an activity is technically and/or managerially complex and requires extensive or close coordination between NSF and the awardee. Examples of projects which might be suitable for cooperative agreements if there will be substantial agency involvement are: research centers, large curriculum projects, multi-user facilities, projects which involve complex subcontracting, construction or operations of major in-house university facilities and major instrumentation development.
g. A GRANTEE is the organization or other entity that receives a grant and assumes legal and financial responsibility and accountability both for the awarded funds and for the performance of the grant-supported activity. NSF grants are normally made to organizations rather than to individual Principal Investigator/Project Director(s). Categories of eligible proposers may be found in GPG Chapter I.
h. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR (PI/PD) is the individual designated by the grantee, and approved by NSF, who will be responsible for the scientific or technical direction of the project. If more than one, the first one listed will have primary responsibility for the project and the submission of reports. All others listed are considered co-PI/PD, and share in the responsibility of the scientific or technical direction of the project. The term "Principal Investigator" generally is used in research projects, while the term "Project Director" generally is used in science and engineering education and other projects. For purposes of this Guide, PI/co-PI is interchangeable with PD/co-PD.
a. Grants will be used by NSF when the accomplishment of the project objectives requires minimal NSF involvement during performance of the activities. Grants establish a relationship between NSF and the grantee in which:
(i) NSF agrees to provide up to a specified amount of financial support for the project to be performed under the conditions and requirements of the grant. NSF will monitor grant progress and assure compliance with applicable standards.
(ii) The grantee agrees to perform the project as proposed, to the prudent management of the funds provided and to carry out the supported activities in accordance with the provisions of the grant. (See Award and Administration Guide (AAG) Chapter I.B, for the documents that comprise an NSF grant.)
b. Cooperative agreements will be used by NSF when the accomplishment of the project objectives requires substantial ongoing agency involvement during the project performance period. Substantial agency involvement may be necessary when an activity is technically and/or managerially complex and would require extensive or close coordination between NSF and the awardee. This, however, does not affect NSFs right to unilaterally suspend or terminate support for cause or consider termination in accordance with AAG Chapter VII, if it is in the best interest of NSF or the Government. NSF will notify the awardee before any action of this nature is taken.
Cooperative agreements will specify the extent to which NSF will be required to advise, review, approve or otherwise be involved with project activities, as well as require more clearly defined deliverables.
The distinction of a cooperative agreement is that NSF is substantially involved; however, awardees have primary management responsibility for conduct of their projects. To the extent that NSF does not reserve responsibility for coordinating or integrating the project activities with other related activities or does not assume a degree of shared responsibility for certain aspects of the project, all such responsibilities remain with the awardee. As appropriate, NSF may provide advice, guidance or assistance of a technical, management, or coordinating nature and require that the awardee obtain NSF prior approval of specific decisions, milestones, or procedures. While NSF will monitor cooperative agreements in accordance with the terms and conditions of the award, it will not assume overall control of a project or unilaterally change or direct the project activities. All cooperative agreements will state the nature and extent of expected NSF involvement to ensure that the responsibilities of each party are fully understood.
Some cooperative agreements are funded through the Foundations Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account. The MREFC appropriation provides a separate budget account for major research equipment and facilities. Once an award for an MREFC project is established with MREFC funds, no other funding will be commingled with these funds. Operating funds for MREFC activities and supplements will be funded under a separate award to support the MREFC activities. The awardee is required to segregate MREFC from Operations accounts to avoid the commingling of MREFC funds with other appropriations under NSF assistance awards. In special cases, as in the awards for the NSF-supported Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs), a cooperative agreement will be used as an umbrella award, establishing the overall basic provisions of the agreements. Separate cooperative support agreements with specific terms and conditions will be issued for MREFC and Operations activities.
E. NSF Organizations
The NSF organizations/offices described below are normally of most direct interest to the NSF proposer and awardee community. Consult the NSF website at https://www.nsf.gov/staff/orglist.jsp for the most current listing of NSF offices/directorates. An NSF Organization Chart is included as Exhibit 1 of the PAPP Introduction.
The National Science Board establishes the policies of the National Science Foundation within the framework of applicable national policies set forth by the President and the Congress. The Board is composed of 24 members, representing a cross section of American leadership in science and engineering research and education; appointed by the President to six-year terms, with one third appointed every two years; and selected solely on the basis of established records of distinguished service. The NSF Director is a member ex officio of the Board. In addition to establishing the policies of the Foundation, the Board along with the Director, recommends and encourages the pursuit of national policies for the promotion of research and education in science and engineering.
Program Divisions/Offices are responsible for the scientific, technical and programmatic review and evaluation of proposals and for recommending that proposals be declined or awarded. The scientific, engineering and/or educational aspects of an award will be monitored by the NSF Program Officer identified in the award notice. Integral staff in the program division/office relative to the NSF proposal and award process are:
a. NSF Program Officers. Program Officers conduct merit review of proposals and recommend which projects should be supported by the Foundation. They are considered subject matter experts and they often provide technical and programmatic advice. Carrying out these responsibilities requires a thorough intellectual understanding of the specialty and knowledge of its substantive technical issues, as well as knowledge of NSFs processes. (See GPG Chapter III for a detailed description of the NSF Merit Review Process.)
b. NSF Division Directors. A Division Directors responsibilities include:
- long-range planning, contributing to the achievement of the Foundations strategic goals and objectives;
- providing stewardship for budgetary and other resources; and
- overseeing merit review of proposals and the award process, if his/her Division is part of a program directorate.
3. Division of Grants & Agreements (DGA)
The Division of Grants and Agreements (DGA) provides stewardship of the federal funding awarded by NSF and is responsible for business, financial, and administrative assistance across the continuum of awards from pre-award through closeout. DGA supports a diverse set of stakeholders including Awardees, NSF Directorates and others within the national scientific research and education communities, and maintains a leadership role in the federal grants arena. In carrying out NSF's primary mission of providing basic research support, DGA interacts on a continuing basis with academic and non-academic institutions, private industry, state and local governments, and other Federal agencies. DGA is responsible for the business, financial and administrative review of all recommended grants, most cooperative agreements6 and other assistance awards and assuring that they are consistent with applicable policies, regulations, directives and fund certifications.
Note that recommendation for an award by an NSF Program Officer does not constitute approval or obligation of Federal funds. Only an NSF Grants and Agreements Officer has the delegated authority to approve grants, cooperative agreements, or other assistance awards that will obligate NSF funds for expenditure by the awardee for proposed project activities. Grants Officers are also responsible for issuing all amendments and certain post award prior approvals under these awards, for monitoring awardee compliance with the terms and conditions of the awards, and for the administration and closeout of these awards.
NSF Grants and Agreements Officers provide customer service and pre- and post-award technical assistance on the aforementioned policies, regulations, and directives, both to the NSF directorates and awardees through a number of mechanisms. Such assistance is provided through a variety of venues, including on-site visits to awardee institutions, outreach forums and by serving on project advisory teams.
4. Division of Institution and Award Support (DIAS)
DIAS is responsible for risk assessment and post-award monitoring activities, grants and agreements policy including clearance of NSF proposal-generating documents, outreach to the external community, cost analysis and award support, audit resolution and electronic awards and systems administration.
a. DIAS, through the Policy Office, is responsible for the development, coordination, and issuance of NSF pre- and post-award policies for the assistance programs of the National Science Foundation. The Policy Office provides guidance on policies and procedures related to NSF's electronic proposal and award systems. The responsibility for reviewing and providing official clearance approval for all NSF proposal-generating documents also resides in the Policy Office.
Another important function of the Policy Office is the coordination of outreach programs for external stakeholders and NSF staff. Through a variety of mechanisms, the Policy Office coordinates the release of timely and relevant information regarding NSF policies and procedures, proposal preparation, and award management to the broad research community. In addition to working closely with professional research administration associations, the Policy Office coordinates two major regional grants conferences held at various institutions around the country (one in the spring and one in the fall).
b. DIAS staff in the Cost Analysis and Audit Resolution (CAAR) Branch perform cost analyses and resolve audit findings pertaining to the allowability, allocability, and appropriateness of costs claimed under all NSF awards, including grants and cooperative agreements. CAAR responsibilities include the performance of accounting systems, financial capability, budget reviews, and award monitoring and business assistance. CAAR also negotiates indirect cost rates for organizations that have numerous Federal awards where NSF provides the preponderance of funding.
c. With regard to electronic award and procurement systems administration, the Systems Office within DIAS is responsible for the administration, oversight, and interpretation of business rules for assistance awards across NSF's corporate systems. In addition, the Systems Office is responsible for systems analysis and requirements development necessary for the implementation of assistance awards business rules across NSF's corporate systems.
5. Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support (DACS)
DACS provides acquisition and cooperative agreement award support for the Foundation. The Contracts Branch is responsible for planning, solicitation, negotiation, award and administration of research and research support contracts for NSF. The Cooperative Support Office (CSO) is responsible for planning, solicitation, negotiation, award and administration of cooperative agreements for FFRDCs, major research facilities and various science, technology, engineering and education center programs. CSO provides cooperative agreement management and oversight for supported multi-institutional and international programs. This includes key participation and input on NSF project advisory teams, business process reviews and redesign, risk assessments, financial and administrative assistance to all stakeholders and on-site support for large research facilities and FFRDCs.
6. Division of Financial Management (DFM)
The Institution Ledger Section (ILS) of DFM is available to assist grantee financial and business officials in matters of payment and financial reporting discussed in Chapter III of the AAG.
7. Office of the General Counsel (OGC)
OGC is the legal advisor and advocate for the Foundation, providing legal advice and assistance on all aspects of the Foundation's programs, policies, and operations, as well as areas affecting science and technology more broadly. Advice is provided in a wide variety of areas, such as: contracts and grants; intellectual property; conflicts of interest; privacy (including the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), the Privacy Act and the Sunshine Act); civil rights; health, safety and environment; public regulation of research; Federal fiscal and administrative law and procedure; international law and agreements; and national security restrictions of scientific research (including export controls).
8. Office of Equal Opportunity Programs (OEOP)
OEOP is responsible for responding to all civil rights matters pertaining to NSF programs or activities receiving Federal financial assistance. (See AAG Chapter VI.A for additional information.)
9. Office of Inspector General (OIG)
OIG is an independent oversight office that reports directly to the National Science Board and the Congress. It is responsible for conducting audits, reviews, and investigations of NSF programs and organizations that receive NSF funding. OIG also evaluates allegations of research misconduct, such as plagiarism or the falsification or fabrication of data, involving researchers who request or receive NSF funding (see AAG Chapter VII.C.1). The OIG staff includes scientists, attorneys, certified public accountants, investigators, evaluators, and information technology specialists. OIG audits focus on NSFs internal agency programs, as well as grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements funded by NSF. Their purpose is to ensure that the financial, administrative, and program activities of NSF and its awardee organizations are conducted efficiently and effectively. OIG investigations focus on program integrity and possible financial or non-financial wrongdoing by organizations and individuals who submit proposals to, receive awards from, conduct business with, or work for NSF. Grant recipients and administrators should contact the OIG (1-800-428-2189) to report any instances of possible misconduct, fraud, waste, or abuse.
1 For purposes of this Guide, the term proposal is interchangeable with the term application. Back to Text
2 This Guide has been developed is for use with NSF assistance programs; for information relating to NSF contracts, consult the NSF Contract Award Manual. Back to Text
3 The NSF Grants.gov Application Guide will be inserted into the NSF Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide at a later date. Back to Text
4 Grants.gov, part of the Presidents Management Agenda to improve government services to the public, provides a single Government-wide portal for finding and applying for Federal grants online. See http://www.grants.gov for more information. Back to Text
5 For purposes of this Guide, except where explicitly noted, the term grant is interchangeable with the term cooperative agreement, and the term grantee is interchangeable with the awardee of a cooperative agreement. Back to Text
6 The Division of Acquisition and Cooperative Support (DACS) is responsible for negotiation, award and administration of cooperative agreements for FFRDCs, major research facilities and various science, technology, engineering and education center programs. Back to Text


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Women's Cycling Shorts
One of the easiest things you can do to improve your cycling comfort is to wear quality bicycling shorts. Why do you need special shorts for biking? One of the key reasons is that most ordinary shorts, even those made for sports like running, have seams in them. And, when you sit on a bike seat, these seams are right in the way, where they can cause chafing and numbness.
Also, gym and casual shorts aren't made to breathe, wick or protect, and they don't support the major muscles used for pedaling. That's why most common saddle discomfort issues go away once you start riding in cycling shorts, and why they're so popular.
And, the best news is that modern women's cycling shorts come in all styles and fashions, from basic spandex models, to casual and versatile baggies, to capris and knickers, to even skorts, a cycling skirt with shorts beneath. Plus, you can choose from basic black, to logo prints that make you look like a pro, to a wide range of hues and styles made to go perfectly with your favorite cycling jerseys, gloves and socks.
Packed With Features
Beyond the style and fashion, all our women's shorts are functional pieces with impressive features designed to maximize your comfort. Such fine touches may include a custom-feeling anatomic fit, top-notch freedom of movement for easier pedaling, stretch panels that compress and support your muscles, wicking and breathing fabrics so you stay dry, leg grippers that hold the shorts in place, pockets, and women's-specific protective padding (called a "chamois") that prevents chafing, reduces ride vibrations and can also be antibacterial. Some shorts even include reflective detailing for safety.
It all means that you'll say goodbye to discomfort and start enjoying riding more. And that your shorts will become an indispensable part of your cycling wardrobe. Plus, a good pair of women's cycling shorts will easily last for several seasons making them a great value.
We carry a wide selection of women's cycling shorts and look forward to showing you, and having you try on some of our favorites. You'll be impressed. Until then, here are some basic tips for selecting a great pair.
All Types
With so many companies offering women's cycling shorts you're sure to find the perfect pair for you and your body. Because they're so comfortable, body-hugging spandex/Lycra models are among the most popular. They come in a variety of styles, designs and inseam lengths and all provide excellent freedom of movement, muscle support and usually wicking and padding too.
Baggies, capris and skorts provide outstanding coverage and fashionable flair, making them great for the office after commuting into work, hanging out at the burrito joint, etc. Then, there are shorts designed specifically for indoor cycling (Spinning). These feature a mini chamois because it's actually more comfortable for this type of riding since you are more likely to sit and spin and not move around as much as riding outdoors.
There are also triathlon shorts that also have a smaller tri chamois made from fleece or a thin foam that dries fast, offers comfort on the bike, and won't interfere with your legs and chafe on the run. Note that tri-specific seats generally have more padding so the shorts can have less.
Buying Tip - By getting several pairs of shorts in different inseam lengths, you can keep changing and avoid a distinctive tan line. That's why most makers offer similar styles in varying inseams.
Materials And Construction
When you sit on a bicycle, you flex at the waist, lean forward and bend your legs to pedal. To accommodate this unique position, cycling shorts are usually contoured to match. The back is a little higher than the front, the legs are long enough not to ride up and the shorts are cut to follow your curves.
Manufacturers accomplish this many ways. You may find shorts comprised of panels, contoured shorts and anatomic models. Many shorts are sewn together with flat seams so they don't chafe. And, some models feature welded seam construction.
As far as materials go, tight-fitting shorts may use basic spandex, nylon, Lycra or other proprietary fabrics that boost freedom of movement, breathability and support. In baggies designed for off-road and everyday riding, you see tougher fabrics in the outer short to withstand the rigors of trail riding and often pockets to hold small essentials. Baggies sometimes have mesh inner shorts with padding, vents for airflow and gussets for additional durability, too.
Buying Tip - If you ride several times a week, you'll want multiple pairs of cycling shorts since they should be laundered after every ride.
Maybe the best reason to ride in cycling shorts is the padding most models offer. Often called a "chamois," this lines the crotch area and adds a protective layer of padding between you and your seat that prevents excess friction and heat, eliminates chafing, absorbs vibrations from the road and trail, and wicks and breathes so you stay dry and comfortable.
Women's shorts have padding designed for your anatomy but you should still try the shorts on to see how it works for you. There are different shapes, padding thicknesses and materials. Depending on how upright or leaned over you sit, how fast you pedal, how far you ride, what types of riding you do and even the seat you ride on, you will like some types of padding more than others.
You want the padding to fit so you're not sitting on an edge. The softest parts should be under your sit bones. The padding should be thick enough for comfort yet not so thick you experience that bulky "diaper" feeling that actually interferes with pedaling. There also shouldn't be any wrinkles or bunching in the padding because this can create bumps that chafe and cause pain.
Padding (chamois) has become impressively high-tech over the years. For example, you may find some with 3- and 4-way stretch for an awesome fit and feel, perforations for superior moisture management, gel inserts and cutouts to protect sensitive areas and multi-level and multi-density padding. As mentioned before, there are even mini styles for triathlon and indoor cycling. We're happy to show you these features and recommend what we find works for cyclists like you. You'll really enjoy how much more comfortable the right padding makes cycling.
Buying Tip - A common source of discomfort for many people new to cycling-specific shorts is the wearing of standard underwear. The seams in underwear cause the very chafing and numbness that seam-free and padded cycling shorts are made to prevent. Keep in mind that for even more wicking and protection, there is seam-free cycling-specific underwear available, but please leave the standard undies in the drawer.
Like all types of apparel, the fit of cycling shorts differs from maker to maker so we carry a variety of brands to help you find what you like. A great starting point is to select the style of short that appeals to you, and then choose a short, medium or long inseam. This has to do with your leg length, whether you ride indoors or out (or both) and how much coverage you want for your legs. For example, long-distance road riders like longer inseams so the large quadriceps muscles are supported. If you're riding shorter distances you can get by with less coverage. But, it's really a personal decision and you should choose what you prefer.
When it comes to waistbands, women's shorts are moving away from the drawstrings of old, and toward wide-banded elastic, grippers (wide versions of a leg gripper) or contoured Lycra panels, sometimes wider than 3 inches. These feel great and keep the shorts in place without the constriction of a tight waistband or drawstring.
There are bib shorts for women too. These have built-in shoulder straps that act like suspenders but are usually made of stretchy, light and breathable mesh. Bibs mean that the shorts can be made without a true waist for the ultimate in freedom of movement and breathing ease. Bibs are also great for women with long torsos because they prevent any exposed skin between your jersey and shorts when you lean over into the riding position.
Buying Tips - Most companies provide sizing charts for their shorts that you can check to find the right fit. And, if you can't actually sit on a bike seat to check the fit of a pair of shorts, be sure to at least bend over a little and assume your cycling position. Do the shorts feel comfortable? Can you breathe easily? Are they too tight anywhere? Does the padding feel natural, like a second skin? Is the length right for your legs? Does the waist land in the right spot?
We hope this article is helpful and we look forward to showing you our wide selection of women's cycling shorts soon! Thanks for reading.


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Current local time in Cava De Tirreni, Italy
22:15 :30
Thursday, 25 July 2024 (CEST)
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Cava De Tirreni Information
Time Zone
Abbreviation / Name
CEST - Central European Summer Time
CET - Central European Time
CET - Central European Time
UTC / GMT Offset
+2:00 hours during Central European Summer Time, currently in use.
+1:00 hour during Central European Time.
+1:00 hour during Central European Time.
Daylight Saving Time Change
+1:00 hour - DST is in use
Daylight Saving Time Starts
Sunday, March 31, 2024 at 2:00 am local time. DST starts annually the on last Sunday of March. Clocks are turned forward 1 hour to Sunday, March 31, 2024, 3:00 am local daylight time instead. Also called Spring Forward or Summer Time.
Daylight Saving Time Ends
Sunday, October 27, 2024 at 3:00 am local time. DST ends annually the on last Sunday of October. Clocks are turned backward 1 hour to Sunday, October 27, 2024, 2:00 am local standard time instead. Also called Fall Back or switch to Winter Time.
Cava De Tirreni Facts
Alternative Names
Cava, Cava de' Tirreni, Cava de'Tirreni, Cava dei Tirreni
Euro (EUR)
Geographic Coordinates
40° 41' N Latitude / 14° 42' E Longitude
International Dialing Code