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Oxford Law Citator
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Preliminary Material
Editor's Preface and Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
Democratic Republic of Congo
The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda
The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana
The Prosecutor v. Sylvestre Mudacumura
Central African Republic
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido
The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony
The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen
The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun ("Ahmad Harun") and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman ("Ali Kushayb")
The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir
The Prosecutor v. Bahar Idriss Abu Garda
The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain
Republic of Kenya
The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang
The Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta et al.
The Prosecutor v. Walter Osapiri Barasa
The Prosecutor v. Abdullah Al-Senussi and Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi
Situation in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
The Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo
The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé
ICC Applications
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
National Cases
New Zealand
South Africa
United Kingdom
Table of Legislation
Table of International Instruments
Table of National Statutes
Netherlands East Indies
Republic of Congo
South Africa
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Introduction More than a Court, Less than a Court, Several Courts in One?: The International Criminal Court in Perspective
1 The International Criminal Court and Crisis
2 Refining Premises and Narratives
2.1 Reality and perception
2.2 Productive and irreconcilable tensions
3 The Law in Motion
4 Structure and Content of the Book
4.1 Context, challenges, and constraints
4.2 Relationship to domestic jurisdictions
4.3 Prosecutorial policy and practice
4.4 The ICC and its applicable law
4.5 Fairness and expeditiousness of proceedings
4.6 Impact, legacy, and lessons learned
5 Not a Conclusion
Main Text
Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints
1 The International Criminal Court (ICC) and Double Standards of International Justice
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Context
1.3 Double Standards in ICC-Related Practice
1.4 Beyond the Status Quo
2 The ICC and the Politics of Peace and Justice
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Arguing for Justice
2.3 The Triumph of Consequences
2.4 Four Dilemmas
2.4.1 Sequencing justice
2.4.2 Displacing the local
2.4.3 Impairing neutrality and undermining legitimacy
2.4.4 Raising the stakes for justice
2.5 Rewriting Justice
3 The Relationship between the ICC and the United Nations Security Council
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Relationship between the Court and the Council: Three Theories
3.2.1 The ICC as an instrument of international peace and security
3.2.2 Institutional autonomy
3.2.3 The Council as executive enforcement organ
3.3 The Framing of Referrals
3.4 The Funding of Referrals
3.5 Obligations to Cooperate with the Court
3.6 Non-Cooperation and Enforcement
3.6.1 Communications to the Council
3.6.2 Findings on non-cooperation
3.6.3 Responses to non-cooperation findings
3.7 Political and Operational Support for Situations Not Referred by the Council
3.8 Deferrals
3.8.1 Conditions and criteria for invoking Article 16
3.8.2 Explaining a deferral decision
3.8.3 Containing deferrals
3.9 Conclusions
4 The ICC and the AU
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Conflation of Politics and Law: Africa and International Criminal Justice
4.3 African Efforts to Close the Impunity Gap
4.4 Complementarity in Action
4.4.2 South Africa
4.4.3 Uganda
4.5 Expanding the Jurisdiction of the African Court
4.6 Conclusion
5 How Much Money Does the ICC Need?
5.1 Introduction
5.2 How much does the ICC Cost and how is that Money Spent?
5.3 The Constituencies
5.4 The 2013 Budget Process
5.5 How Efficient is the ICC?
5.6 Possible Explanations for the Comparative Inefficiency of the ICC
5.7 Conclusion
6 The ICC and the ASP
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of the ASP
6.3 Administrative Oversight
6.3.1 Policy-setting and strategic planning
6.3.2 Inspection, evaluation, and investigation
6.4 Budgetary Decisions
6.5 Legislative Decisions
6.5.1 Amendments at the Review Conference
6.5.2 Expediting the ICC's proceedings
6.5.3 Amendments arising from some African states' concerns regarding the ICC's cases
188.8.131.52 Amendments to Rule 134 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence
188.8.131.52 Kenyan and AU States Parties' proposals to amend the Rome Statute
6.6 Elections
6.6.1 Elections of judges
6.6.2 Elections of the prosecutor and the deputy prosecutors
6.7 Responding to Non-Cooperation
6.8 Other Initiatives to Support the ICC and the Rome Statute System
6.8.1 Plan of Action for achieving universality and full implementation of the Rome Statute
6.8.2 Promoting cooperation
6.8.3 Promoting complementarity
6.9 Conclusions
Part II The Relationship to Domestic Jurisdictions
7 Jurisdiction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Jurisdictional Parameters
7.3 Subject Matter Jurisdiction
7.4 Personal Jurisdiction
7.5 Territorial Jurisdiction
7.6 Temporal Jurisdiction
7.7 Conclusion
8 Ad Hoc Declarations of Acceptance of Jurisdiction: The Palestinian Situation under Scrutiny
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The 2009 Palestinian Declaration: Inconsistencies and Legal Uncertainties
8.3 Potential Review and Alternative Avenues
8.4 Palestine's New Status and its Effect on the First and Second Declaration
8.5 Conclusion
9 Self-Referrals as an Indication of the Inability of States to Cope with Non-State Actors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Self-Referrals: Genuine 'Inability' or Insidious Attempt to Frame One's Enemies?
9.3 Puzzled Trial Chambers Struggling with the Concepts of 'Inactivity' and 'Inability'
9.4 The ICC and Non-State 'Terrorists'
9.5 Self-Referrals and the State-Centred Paradigm of International Criminal Justice
9.6 Some Final Reflections
10 Admissibility Challenges before the ICC: From Quasi-Primacy to Qualified Deference?
Preliminary Material
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Status Quo
10.2.1 Article 19 challenges in review
10.2.2 Legal methodology in review
10.2.2.1 Article 17(1)—Too few prospects for deference?
10.2.2.2 Article 17(2) and (3): too much space for deference?
10.3 Dilemmas
10.3.1 Timing dilemmas
10.3.1.1 The 'race for time' dilemma
10.3.1.2 The review dilemma
10.3.2 Deference and monitoring
10.3.2.1 The rudimentary ICC framework on deferral of cases
10.3.2.2 Post-(in)admissibility monitoring
10.4 Improving 'Qualified Deference'
10.4.1 Time-management of admissibility: managing parallel proceedings
10.4.2 Monitoring of deference
10.4.3 Conditional admissibility: supervising deference
10.5 Conclusions
11 The ICC and its Relationship to Non-States Parties
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Rome Statute and Third Parties: The Law
11.2.1 Theme
11.3 The Practice of the Court with Respect to Third Parties
11.3.1 The nature of obligations for non-Party States and their nationals after a Security Council referral
11.3.2 Practical aspects of situations referred by the Security Council
126.96.36.199 Sudan
188.8.131.52 Libya
11.3.3 The ICC and P-1(?): the United States
11.3.4 A Prosecutor's headache: Palestine
11.3.5 Situations in other non-Party States
11.4 Conclusion
12 The Frog that Wanted to Be an Ox: The ICC's Approach to Immunities and Cooperation
Preliminary Material
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mapping the Interaction between Immunities and Cooperation in the Rome Statute
12.2.1 The applicable law
12.2.2 Methodological mapping of the interaction between immunities and cooperation
12.3 Preliminary Question: Can the ICC Actually Exercise Jurisdiction in the First Place?
12.3.1 Reference to customary international law
12.3.2 Removal of immunity through UNSC referral
12.3.3 The case for just applying Article 27(2) of the Rome Statute
12.4 Is There an Obligation to Cooperate with the ICC?
12.4.1 An obligation to cooperate as a consequence of the application of Article 27?
12.4.2 Finding an independent basis for the removal of immunity under Article 98
188.8.131.52 Removal of immunity under customary international law
126.96.36.199 Removal of immunity by the UNSC
18.104.22.168 The literal interpretation approach and its consequences on cooperation and immunities
12.4.3 The special case of the Genocide Convention
12.4.4 How to analyse possible conflicting obligations of states under international law
12.5 Conclusion
Part III Prosecutorial Policy and Practice
13 Putting Complementarity in its Place
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Meaningful National Prosecutions
13.2.1 Policy objectives in criminal justice
13.2.2 Referrals and the limits on national efforts
13.2.3 Conditions for national prosecutions
13.2.4 The role of civil society
13.2.5 Transitions, timing, and the interests of justice
13.2.6 The role of the international community
13.3 The Role of the Office of the Prosecutor in Catalysing National Proceedings
13.3.1 A review of the original position
22.214.171.124 Making the most of preliminary examination
126.96.36.199 Efficient hypotheses and opportunities during preliminary examination
13.4 Technical Analysis of National Proceedings
13.4.1 UK forces in Iraq
13.4.2 Colombia
13.5 Steps for the OTP
13.6 Conclusions
14 Investigative Management, Strategies, and Techniques of the ICC's OTP
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Organization and Administration of the OTP
14.2.1 Issues relating to the organization and administration of the OTP
14.2.2 Recommendations relating to the organization and administration of the OTP
14.3 Size and Composition of Investigation Teams
14.3.1 Issues relating to the size and composition of investigation teams
14.3.2 Recommendations relating to the size and composition of investigation teams
14.4 Evaluating the Sufficiency of Evidence
14.4.1 Issues relating to evaluating the sufficiency of evidence
14.4.2 Recommendations relating to evaluating the sufficiency of evidence
14.5 Conclusion
15 The Selection of Situations and Cases by the OTP of the ICC
15.1 Introductory Remarks
15.2 The Selection of Situations by the OTP
15.2.1 The process
15.2.2 Outcome
15.2.3 Observations on triggering mechanisms
15.3 The Selection of Cases by the OTP
15.3.1 Governing principles
15.3.2 When to move forward?
15.3.3 Who must be prosecuted?
15.3.4 What crimes to prosecute?
15.3.5 Briefly: when not to prosecute?
15.3.6 Judicial review of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion
15.4 Conclusions
16 Selecting Situations and Cases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Distinguishing Situations and Cases
16.3 Selection of Situations
16.4 Selecting Cases
16.5 Conclusion
17 Accountability of International Prosecutors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Balancing Accountability and Effectiveness
17.3 Internal Oversight
17.4 Judicial Oversight
17.5 Political Oversight
17.6 Administrative and Professional Oversight
17.6.2 Bar associations
17.6.3 Informal sanctions
17.6.4 Preventive measures
17.7 Conclusion
Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law
18 Article 21 and the Hierarchy of Sources of Law before the ICC
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Internal Sources of Law
18.2.1 The applicable legal texts and their hierarchy
22.214.171.124 The main legal texts
22.214.171.124 The supplementary legal texts
18.2.2 The case law of the ICC
18.3 External Sources of Law
18.3.1 Subsidiary sources of law
18.3.2 'Internationally recognized human rights' as source of law before the ICC
184.108.40.206 What are 'internationally recognized human rights'?
184.108.40.206 The meaning of 'interpretation and application'
18.4 Conclusion
19 The Rome Statute and the Attempted Corseting of the Interpretative Judicial Function: Reflections on Sources of Law and Interpretative Technique
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Rome Statute as a Means of Codifying Judicial Interpretative Restraint
19.3 Identifying the Applicable Law—From Nuremberg to the Ad Hoc Tribunals
19.4 Articles 21 and 22(2) of the Rome Statute: A Deliberate Effort to Restrict the Creative Capacity of the Bench?
19.4.1 Article 21(1) and (2)—the chaperoning of the judicial function and the prioritization of textual interpretation
188.8.131.52 The interpretation of Article 25(3)(a): the betrayal of textualism
220.127.116.11 Charting the origins of Article 21's hierarchy of sources and the potential impact on the interpretative judicial function
188.8.131.52 Article 21(1)(b)–(c) and Article 21(2): the position of customary international law, general principles of law, and internal and external precedent in the Rome Statute's interpretative regime
19.4.2 Article 21(3)—consistency with international human rights law as a general interpretative provision
19.4.3 Article 22(2)—interpretative freedom and the requirements of strict construction
19.5 Conclusions
20 Perpetration and Participation in Article 25(3)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 JCE and its Predecessors: A Twist on Complicity Liability
20.2.1 Non-categorization in normative terms
20.2.2 JCE: ever-expanding and a weak theoretical basis
20.3 Control Theory: A Novel Approach
20.3.1 The normative principal
20.3.2 Organizational liability
20.4 How to Understand Article 25(3): Some Suggestions
20.4.1 Categorization and fair labelling
20.4.2 Two liability models in one provision
20.4.3 Mitigation for aiding and abetting?
20.4.4 Control through an OSP: Dogmatik gone wrong
20.5 Concluding Observations
20.6 Outlook on the Future
21 Co-Perpetration: German Dogmatik or German Invasion?
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Emergence of Co-Perpetration
21.3 Criticisms of the Control Theory of Perpetration
21.4 Alternative Accounts of Co-Perpetration
21.5 Concluding Evaluations
22 Indirect Perpetration
22.1 Background
22.2 Ad Hoc Tribunals and Indirect Perpetration
22.3 The Inception of Article 25(3)(a) of the ICC Statute
22.4 Application of Article 25(3)(a) of the Statute by the ICC
22.4.1 Indirect co-perpetration
22.4.2 Perpetration through another person by means of an organization
22.5 Criticism of the Pre-Trial Chamber's Approach
22.6 A Narrow Version of Indirect Perpetration?
22.6.1 Indirect perpetration and the principle of legality
22.6.2 Substantive arguments
188.8.131.52 Perpetration through an organization
126.96.36.199 Indirect co-perpetration
22.7 Outlook
23 Forms of Accessorial Liability under Article 25(3)(b) and (c)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Ordering, Instigating, and Planning (Article 25(3)(b) of the ICC Statute)
23.2.1 Ordering
184.108.40.206 Introduction
220.127.116.11 Material elements
188.8.131.52 Mental elements
184.108.40.206 Differences with perpetration
23.2.2 Instigating
188.8.131.52 Introduction
184.108.40.206 Material elements
18.104.22.168 Mental elements
22.214.171.124 Differences with ordering and perpetration
23.2.3 Planning
126.96.36.199 Introduction
220.127.116.11 Material elements
184.108.40.206 Mental elements
184.108.40.206 Differences with ordering, instigating, and perpetration
23.3 Aiding, Abetting, or Otherwise Assisting (Article 25(3)(c) of the ICC Statute)
23.3.1 Introduction
23.3.2 Material elements
23.3.3 Mental elements
23.3.4 Differences with ordering, instigating, planning, and perpetration
23.4 Conclusions
24 The ICC and Common Purpose—What Contribution is Required under Article 25(3)(d)?
24.1 Preliminary Remarks: Key Features of Article 25(3)(d) and Necessary Delimitations
24.2 The Key Issue: What Objective Contribution is Required?
24.2.1 The factual nature of the contribution
24.2.2 The legal nature of the contribution
24.3 Conclusion
25 Command Responsibility under Article 28 of the Rome Statute
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Development of this Mode of Liability
25.3 Commanders and Forces, Superiors and Subordinates
25.4 Effective Command, Authority, and Control
25.5 Duties on Commanders and Superiors
25.5.1 Failure to exercise control
25.5.2 Duty to 'prevent' the commission of the crimes
25.5.3 Duty to repress or submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution
25.5.4 Taking all necessary and reasonable measures within the commander's or superior's powers
25.5.5 The 'crimes committed' by forces or subordinates
25.6 Proof of Causation
25.7 Mens Rea Requirements
25.7.1 Knowledge
25.7.2 Military commanders and persons effectively acting as such—'should have known'
25.7.3 Superiors—'consciously disregarded information which clearly indicated'
25.8 Brief Concluding Words
26 Rethinking the Mental Elements in the Jurisprudence of the ICC
26.1 Introductory Observations: The (Quest for) Balance between Intent, Specificity, and Proportionality
26.2 The Default Rule of Article 30 ICC Statute: A Groundbreaking Step in the History of ICL or the Source of Irresolvable Interpretative Uncertainties?
26.2.1 Anatomy of the default rule of Article 30 ICC Statute
26.2.2 The concept of dolu directus of the first degree
26.2.3 The requirement of awareness that the result 'will occur in the ordinary course of events'; its (complex) relation with the area of conscious risk-taking
126.96.36.199 The terms of the debate—knowledge, dolu eventualis, and recklessness
184.108.40.206 The early practice of the ICC
18.104.22.168.1 The Lubanga Decision on the confirmation of charges
18.104.22.168.2 The Katanga and Ngudjolo Decision on the confirmation of charges and subsequent jurisprudence
220.127.116.11 Liability for more serious consequences?
26.2.4 The requirement of 'awareness that a circumstance exists'; the doctrine of wilful blindness
26.3 The Default Rule of Article 30 ICC Statute between Applicability and Non-applicability
26.3.1 The (controversial) meaning of the opening clause 'Unless otherwise provided'
26.3.2 Intent, attack against civilians, and collateral damage
26.4 Concluding Remarks
27 The ICC's First Encounter with the Crime of Genocide: The Case against Al Bashir
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The ICC's Al Bashir Case Law on the Crime of Genocide
27.2.1 The teleology behind the law against genocide
27.2.2 The basic structure of the crime of genocide
126.96.36.199 The texts
22.214.171.124 The 2009 Decision
184.108.40.206 Analysis
126.96.36.199.1 The definition of the crime and the common Element of Crimes on genocide
(i) The significance of the principle of strict construction
(ii) History and travaux préparatoires
(iii) Systematic considerations
(iv) The Elements of Crimes as evidence of the opinio juris of states
(v) The prior case law
(vi) Summary
188.8.131.52.2 The genocidal campaign and a realistic genocidal intent
18.104.22.168 No requirement of a concrete threat
27.2.3 The material elements
22.214.171.124 On the concept of 'protected group' in general and that of 'ethnical group' in particular
220.127.116.11 The genocidal acts
22.214.171.124.1 Killing
18.104.22.168.2 Causing serious bodily or mental harm
18.104.22.168.3 Deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction
27.2.4 The genocidal intent
126.96.36.199 The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group as such
22.214.171.124 The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group as such
220.127.116.11 The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group as such
184.108.40.206.1 The predominant view: the purpose-based approach
126.96.36.199.2 The knowledge-based approach
22.214.171.124.3 The 2009 Decision
18.104.22.168.4 The argument in support of a knowledge-based approach embodying the concept of realistic genocidal intent
(i) The 'ordinary' meaning of the term 'intent'
(ii) The travaux préparatoires and the customary law argument
(iii) The particular seriousness of genocide
(iv) Genocide and crimes against humanity
(v) Questions of consistency
22.214.171.124 The destiny of the genocide charge in the case against Al Bashir
27.3 An Acquittal in re Genocide—A Failure? On the Rhetorics of Genocide
28 Crimes against Humanity: A Better Policy on 'Policy'
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The Theory Behind the Policy Element
28.2.1 Why a 'policy element' (or something similar) is needed
28.2.2 What the policy element means
28.2.3 What the policy element does not mean
28.2.4 The resulting concept of crime against humanity
28.2.5 A word on the approach of the Tribunals
28.3 Concerns about ICC Jurisprudence
28.3.1 Equating 'policy' with 'systematic'
28.3.2 Re-introducing 'grounds' of targeting
28.4 The Gbagbo Adjournment Decision: Direct Proof of Formal Adoption?
28.4.1 The general authorities on the policy element
28.4.2 The policy element under ICC applicable law
28.4.3 Lessons from the Gbagbo adjournment Decision
28.5 Mbarushimana: Distracted by Ulterior Purposes?
28.5.1 Incongruity of legal conclusion and factual findings
28.5.2 Reticence to find policy
28.5.3 The distraction of ulterior purpose
28.5.4 Lessons from Mbarushimana
28.6 Conclusion and Proposal for Reform
29 Charging War Crimes: Policy and Prognosis from a Military Perspective
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Underlying Permissiveness of the jus in bello Regime
29.3 Understanding the Underlying Structure of Article 8
29.3.1 The authoritative backdrop of jus in bello
29.3.2 Specific textual incorporation into Article 8
29.3.3 The consensus compromises negotiated by states
29.4 Interrelationship of the Court with Operational Realities
29.4.1 Preserving the jurisdictional floor of war crimes charging
29.4.2 Status of forces agreements
29.4.3 Protecting the precepts of command responsibility
22.214.171.124 The limits of co-perpetratorship
220.127.116.11 Properly applying the Article 28 standard
29.5 Conclusions
30 The Characterization of Armed Conflict in the Jurisprudence of the ICC
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The Exercise of Jurisdiction over War Crimes
30.3 The Characterization of Armed Conflict under the Rome Statute
30.4 Issues Impacting on the Characterization of Armed Conflict by the ICC
30.5 Conclusion
31 The Crime of Aggression
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The Kampala Amendments on the Crime of Aggression
31.2.1 Article 8bis—the definition
31.2.2 The Elements of Crimes
31.2.3 Structure of Articles 15bis and 15ter—'conditions'
31.3 Implementing the Kampala Amendments Domestically
31.3.1 Should a ratifying state criminalize aggression domestically?
31.3.2 Jurisdiction under international law
31.3.3 Immunities
31.3.4 Par in parem non habet imperium/act of state
31.3.5 Are there any additional considerations that a state contemplating exercising victim state or universal jurisdiction might ponder?
188.8.131.52 The implications of concurrent jurisdiction
22.214.171.124 Action or inaction by the Security Council
22.214.171.124 Could the Security Council halt the domestic proceedings?
18.104.22.168 Defences/grounds for the exclusion of responsibility
188.8.131.52 Should any special consent be required?
188.8.131.52 Triggering the prosecutorial function
31.4 Conclusion
32 La Lutte Continue: Investigating and Prosecuting Sexual Violence at the ICC
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Charges for Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes: The OTP's Attrition Problem
32.3 Ocampo and Investigations: The OTP's Evidence Problem
32.4 Bensouda and the Policy Paper: The OTP's Future Strategy
32.5 Conclusion
33 Cumulative Charges and Cumulative Convictions
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Cumulative Convictions
33.2.1 The matrix of substantive concursus delictorum
188.8.131.52 Identity of facts constituting several offences
22.214.171.124.1 Class 1: non-application of a concurring offence
18.104.22.168.2 Class 2: application of all concurring offences: norm competition
126.96.36.199 Non-identity of facts constituting several offences
184.108.40.206.1 Class 3: non-application of a concurring offence
126.96.36.199.2 Class 4: application of all concurring offences: norm competition
33.2.2 Customary law
18.104.22.168 Class 1
184.108.40.206 Class 2
220.127.116.11 Class 3
18.104.22.168 Class 4
33.2.3 Rome Statute
33.3 Cumulative Charges
33.3.1 Principle
33.3.2 Customary law
33.3.3 Rome Statute
33.4 Conclusion
Part V Fairness and Expeditiousness of ICC Proceedings
34 The International Criminal Standard of Proof at the ICC—Beyond Reasonable Doubt or Beyond Reason?
Preliminary Material
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Some Theoretical Considerations
34.3 Subjective Standard of Proof
34.4 Formal Standard of Proof
34.4.1 Quantitative Standard of Proof
34.4.2 Model of Relevant Variables—Inductive Probability
34.4.3 Inference to the Best Explanation
34.4.4 Qualitative Probability—Argumentation Theory
34.5 Which Model for the ICC?
34.6 Where to Set the Standard of Proof?
34.7 A Fixed or Variable Standard of Proof?
34.8 Conclusion
35 Confirmation of Charges
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Proceedings during the Confirmation of Charges Phase
35.3 Procedural Avenues for the Pre-Trial Chamber
35.3.1 Confirm the charges
35.3.2 Decline the charges
35.3.3 Adjourn the hearing
35.3.4 Withdrawal of charges
35.4 Subsequent Modification of the Legal Characterization
35.5 Conclusion: The Necessity of an Intermediary Filter Mechanism for Complex International Criminal Trials
36 Trial Procedures—With a Particular Focus on the Relationship between the Proceedings of the Pre-Trial and Trial Chambers
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Trial Experiences
36.3 Relationship between the Pre-Trial and Trial Process
36.4 Charges—From Confirmation to Adjudication
36.5 Proper Disclosure of Evidence
36.6 The Role of the Trial Chamber
36.7 Concluding Remarks
37 Proportionate Sentencing at the ICC
37.1 Introduction
37.2 The ICC's First Sentencing Judgment
37.3 Proportionality Theories
37.3.1 Retributive proportionality
37.3.2 Utilitarian proportionality
37.3.3 Expressive proportionality?
37.3.4 Implications of proportionality theory for sentencing practice
37.4 Proportionality Principles in the ICC's Applicable Law
37.4.1 The Rome Statute and Rules of Procedure and Evidence
37.4.2 Proportionality principles in treaties and customary international law
37.4.3 General principles derived from national systems
37.5 Rejecting International Retributivism
37.5.1 The dominance of retributivism in international proportionality scholarship
37.5.2 The absence of shared norms of retribution
184.108.40.206 Absence of norms regarding cardinal desert
126.96.36.199 Absence of norms to anchor the desert scale
22.214.171.124 Absence of shared intuitions of relative desert
37.5.3 The particular complexity of international judgments of desert
37.5.4 Rhetoric, narrative, and the danger of undeserved international punishment
37.6 Preventive International Proportionality
37.6.1 Components of prevention
22.214.171.124 Norm expression
188.8.131.52 General deterrence
18.104.22.168 Specific deterrence and incapacitation
188.8.131.52 Restorative justice
37.6.2 Implications of preventive proportionality for sentencing procedure
37.7 Conclusion
38 The Role of the Appeals Chamber
38.1 Introduction
38.2 The Appeals Chamber in the Context of the ICC
38.3 Jurisdiction of the Appeals Chamber
38.3.1 Interlocutory appeals
188.8.131.52 Appeals under Article 82(1)(a)
18.104.22.168 Appeals under Article 82(1)(b) and Article 81(3)(c)(ii)
18.104.22.168 Appeals under Article 82(1)(c)
220.127.116.11 Appeals under Article 82(1)(d) and Article 82(2)
38.3.2 Appeals against final decisions of the Trial Chamber
38.3.3 Revision of conviction/sentence
38.3.4 Review of sentence
38.3.5 Disqualification of the Prosecutor or Deputy Prosecutor
38.4 Early Jurisprudence: Cautious Exercise of its Powers
39 'A Stick to Hit the Accused With': The Legal Recharacterization of Facts under Regulation 55
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Is Regulation 55 Ultra Vires?
39.2.1 Routine function
39.2.2 Amending charges
188.8.131.52 Does Article 61(9) permit amendments?
22.214.171.124 Is recharacterization an amendment?
39.3 Has the Judiciary Correctly Interpreted Regulation 55?
39.3.1 Lubanga
39.3.2 Bemba
39.3.3 Katanga
39.4 Is Regulation 55 Consistent with the Rights of the Prosecution and the Defence?
39.4.1 Prosecutorial independence
39.4.2 The right to a fair trial
22.214.171.124 Lubanga
184.108.40.206 Bemba
220.127.116.11 Katanga
18.104.22.168 Ruto and Kenyatta
39.4.3 Practical implications
39.4.4 The 'impunity' rationale and judicial impartiality
39.5 Conclusion
40 Disclosure Challenges at the ICC
40.1 Introduction
40.2 The Framework
40.2.1 Incriminating evidence
40.2.2 Exonerating evidence and information material to the preparation of the defence
40.2.3 Limits on disclosure
40.3 The Challenges
40.4 Conclusion
41 Sitting on Evidence?: Systemic Failings in the ICC Disclosure Regime—Time for Reform
41.1 Introduction
41.2 General Legal Principles
41.3 Incriminatory Information
41.3.1 Pre-confirmation disclosure
41.3.2 Post-confirmation disclosure
41.4 Information which is Exculpatory or Assists the Defence
41.4.1 Disclosure demands for strategic purposes?
41.5 Exemptions from Disclosure Obligations
41.5.1 Redactions
41.5.2 Non-disclosure to the public
41.6 Concluding Remarks
41.7 Proposals for Reform
42 The Roads to Freedom—Interim Release in the Practice of the ICC
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Burden of Proof
42.2.1 Allocation of burden of proof
42.2.2 Justification for shifting the burden of proof
42.3 Interim Release under Article 60(2): Failing to Meet the Grounds for Detention
42.3.1 Reasonable grounds under Article 58(1)(a)
42.3.2 Conditions under Article 58(1)(b)
22.214.171.124 Risk of flight
18.104.22.168.1 Factors related to the conduct of the accused
188.8.131.52.2 Factors related to the Court proceedings
126.96.36.199.3 Factors related to the cooperation of states
126.96.36.199 Risk of interference with the proceedings
18.104.22.168 Risk of continuing commission of crimes
42.4 Interim Release under Article 60(4): Unreasonable Length of Detention
42.4.1 Two-tiered test under Article 60(4)
42.4.2 Relationship between Article 60(2) and 60(4)
42.5 Interim Release in Exceptional Humanitarian Circumstances
42.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
43 Testifying behind Bars—Detained ICC Witnesses and Human Rights Protection
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Legal Proceedings
43.2.1 Application for asylum
43.2.2 Detention situation
43.3 Taking Stock
43.3.1 Where are we now?
43.3.2 What's next?
43.4 Future Implications
43.4.1 Knowing the past …
43.4.2 … to understand the future
43.5 Possible Solutions
43.5.1 Preliminary safeguards for human rights protection
43.5.2 Limiting witnesses' access to human rights protection
18.104.22.168 Virtual transfer of court proceedings
184.108.40.206 Physical transfer of court proceedings
43.6 Concluding Remarks
44 External Support and Internal Coordination—The ICC and the Protection of Witnesses
44.1 Introduction
44.1.1 Topic
44.1.2 Structure
44.2 Legal Framework
44.2.1 Chambers
44.2.2 Prosecutor
220.127.116.11 Prosecution's disclosure obligation and exemptions
44.2.3 Registrar
44.2.4 travaux préparatoires Article 43(6) and Article 68(1)
44.3 Disagreements about Responsibilities for Protective Measures
44.3.1 Physical protective measures
22.214.171.124 Admittance into the witness protection programme (Lubanga 2008)
220.127.116.11 Preventive relocation (Katanga and Ngudjolo 2008)
44.3.2 Limitations to disclosure of witness identities (October 2006)
44.4 Developed Practices
44.4.1 SRA and IRA
44.4.3 The ICCPP
44.4.4 Rolling disclosure
44.5 Conclusion
45 Victim Participation Revisited—What the ICC is Learning about Itself
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Challenges of Victim Participation at the ICC: A Bird's-Eye View
45.3 Implementation of Victim Participation: Problems and Solutions
45.3.1 Application process
22.214.171.124 Formal requirements
22.214.171.124 Sustainability: the resources black hole
220.127.116.11 Judicial experimentation and review of the system
126.96.36.199.1 Gbagbo: partly collective approach
18.104.22.168.2 Kenya I and II: differentiated approach
18.104.22.168.3 Ntaganda: simplified approach
188.8.131.52 Court's review of the system and possible avenues
45.3.2 Participation at trial: key modalities
184.108.40.206 Views and concerns
126.96.36.199 Leading and challenging the admissibility of evidence
184.108.40.206 Questioning witnesses
45.3.3 Representation
45.3.4 Towards a pragmatic system: evolution or devolution of the regime?
45.4 Victim Participation as Governance Matter
45.4.1 Victim participation and the ASP: positions and action
188.8.131.52 Evolving perceptions and approaches
126.96.36.199 Appraising harmonization agenda: a case for 'soft' harmonization
45.4.2 Forging the way ahead
188.8.131.52 'Restorative complex' of 'retributive court'
126.96.36.199 Optimal 'harmonization' and amendments
45.5 Conclusion
46 The Rome Statute's Regime of Victim Redress: Challenges and Prospects
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Overview of Rome Statute's Regime of Victim Redress
46.3 The Character of the Rome Statute's Reparations Regime
46.4 The Failure of Victim Redress at the National Level: Reparations and Complementarity
46.5 Early Trends: Towards a More Flexible System of Victim Redress?
46.6 Conclusion
Part VI Impact, 'Legacy', and Lessons Learned
47 The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders
47.1 Introduction
47.2 The Effect of Prosecutions on Political Calculations
47.2.1 Northern Uganda and the LRA
47.2.3 Colombia
47.2.4 Sudan and the case of Darfur
47.2.5 Newer cases—Kenya and Mali
47.2.6 Other international criminal prosecutions
47.2.7 Assessment of practice
47.3 The Wider Context, Public Policymaking
47.3.1 The normative value of ICC prosecutions
47.3.2 Strengthening the ICC
47.4 Conclusions
48 The ICC and Capacity Building at the National Level
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Complementarity and the Challenges of National Capacity
48.3 Challenges to Domestic Capacity
48.4 Positive Complementarity: A Suitable Basis for Capacity Building?
48.5 The 'How To' of Capacity Building
48.6 Concluding Remarks
49 Completion, Legacy, and Complementarity at the ICC
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Adapting the Concept of 'Completion' to the ICC
49.2.1 Avoiding restrictions on the ICC's mandate
49.2.2 Timeliness of devising and implementing completion strategies
49.2.3 Defining completion at the ICC
49.3 Lessons Learned for Capacity Building, Outreach, and Archive Management
49.3.1 Capacity building
49.3.2 Outreach
49.3.3 Archives
49.4 A Role for the Court and the ASP
49.5 Conclusion
50 A Look towards the Future—The ICC and 'Lessons Learnt'
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Operational Challenges of the ICC
50.2.1 Global membership
50.2.2 Cooperation
50.2.3 Complementarity
50.2.4 Judicial integrity
50.2.5 Efficient management of judicial proceedings
50.3 The ICC's 'Lessons Learnt' Initiative to Increase the Efficiency of its Criminal Process
50.3.1 Initial States Parties initiatives to increase the efficiency of Court operations
50.3.2 The ICC's 'lessons learnt' exercise
188.8.131.52 Identification of legal issues
18.104.22.168 The Roadmap
50.3.3 Activities
18.104.22.168 Rule changes at the twelfth ASP
184.108.40.206 Other initiatives
50.4 Conclusion
Further Material
Name Index
Subject Index
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Part I Context, Challenges, and Constraints, 4 The ICC and the AU
Ottilia Anna Maunganidze, Anton du Plessis
The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court
Edited By: Carsten Stahn
Content type:
Book content
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
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All dogs are microchippped, neutered, current on all vaccines, heartworm tested (if age appropriate) and up to date on preventatives at the time of adoption.
All household members and any dogs from the household need to be present at the time of your appointment.
The shelter is currently open by appointment only with an approved application. Please note, all applications are considered general and stay on file for 6 months. Specific animals are NOT put on hold for adoption. When you visit, the adoption counselors will be able to make suggestions based on the type of pet you are looking for and help you find the best fit for your family.
Animal House Shelter cannot guarantee the breeds of the adoptable animals. The animals are posted on the website as the breed or breed mix based on their physical characteristics they most resemble. We also cannot guarantee the ages of our adoptable animals or how large puppies will be when fully grown.
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Pipe Types
Carrier, carrier pipe, casing, channels, conduit, ducts, product pipe, sleeve and tunnels are all terms used to describe pipes used in utility construction.
The following terms are often used in underground utility construction industry:
Carrier Pipe:
The tube which carries the product being transported and which may go through casings at highway and railroad crossings. It may be made of steel, concrete, clay, glassfiber reinforced polyester, plastic, ductile iron, or other materials. On occasion it may be bored direct under the highways and railroads.
Casing Pipe:
A pipe installed as external protection to a Product Pipe or Carrier Pipe.
A broad term that can include pipe, casing, tunnels, ducts, or channels. The term is so broad that it should not be used as a technical term in boring or tunneling.
In many instances, a term interchangeable with pipe. In the boring industry, it is usually used for small plastic or steel pipes that enclose wires or cables for electrical or communication usage.
Cased Bore:
A bore in which a pipe, usually a steel sleeve, is inserted simultaneously with the boring operation. Usually associated with Auger Boring.
Casing Pipe:
A pipe installed as external protection to a Product Pipe or Carrier Pipe.
Carrier Pipe:
The tube which carries the product being transported and which may go through casings at highway and railroad crossings. It may be made of steel, concrete, clay, glassfiber reinforced polyester, plastic, ductile iron, or other materials. On occasion it may be bored direct under the highways and railroads.
Wrapped Casing (Wrapped Pipe):
A coating on pipe for protection from corrosion, usually composed of asphalt and asphalt coated paper. Some coatings may contain plastic, fiberglass, coal tar, or other materials.
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | HDPE Pipe
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | HDPE Pipe
HDPE pipe also called poly or polyethylene pipe is ideal for many different underground utility applications including municipal, industrial, energy, geothermal and landfill. HDPE pipe is strong, durable, flexible and lightweight. When heat (butt) fused together, HDPE has a zero leak rate because the fusion process creates a monolithic HDPE system. HDPE pipe is also a more environmentally sustainable option because its non-toxic, corrosion and chemical resistant. HDPE has a long design life, and is ideal for trenchless installation methods because of its flexibility.
HDPE pipe meets or exceeds operating temperatures and pressures. HDPE pipe is an excellent insulator, with minimal heat transfer. Copper transfers heat 2,700 times more than HDPE. HDPE does not become brittle at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. HDPE does not leak because it is seamlessly fused. HDPE does not corrode.
We prefer using HDPE over other the alternatives in nearly every underground utility installation project we bore.
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | PVC Pipe
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | PVC Pipe
Regular PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a common, strong but lightweight plastic used in underground construction. It is made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers.Roughly half of the worlds polyvinyl chloride resin manufactured annually is used for producing pipes for municipal and industrial applications. In the water distribution market it accounts for 66% of the market in the US, and in sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75%.
Applications for this technology cover every aspect of piping installations including both pressure and non-pressure situations in the water, sewer, electrical, industrial and telecommunications industries.
PVC has been used for over 50 years. Owner and contractor familiarity of the pipe is well established.
PVC is todays most widely utilized pipe material in the United States.
PVC has superior stiffness (modulus) compared to other plastic pipe, which limits long term deformation under soil load.
High tensile strength (ASTM D638) of the fused joint (up to 7,000 psi) allows for higher safe pulling stresses and consequently longer installation pull-in lengths.
PVC resists hydrocarbon permeation better than other thermoplastic pipe systems (AWWA Research Foundation).
Low wall thickness for given pressure requirement translates into highest flow per outer diameter (OD) dimension.
PVC is more resistant to water disinfectant induced oxidation than other thermoplastic pipe systems.
PVC material properties have low time dependencies the properties do not change over time no pull-in relaxation period for example.
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | Steel Pipe
Alabama Boring Contractors Utility Pipes Types | Steel Pipe
Steel casing pipe protects one or many of various types of utilities such as water mains, gas pipes, electrical power cables, fiber optic cables, etc.
The utility lines that are run through the steel casing pipe are most commonly mounted and spaced within the steel casing pipe by using casing spacers that are made of various materials, including stainless steel or carbon steel and the more economical plastic versions.
Steel pipe is often required for casing underneath roads, highways and railroads particularly for wet utilities like water mains, sewer lines and oil and natural gas pipelines.
With our larger directional drilling rigs we can pull steel casing hundreds to a couple thousand feet.


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COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, Slow-Fe
WARNING: Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children younger than 6 years. Keep this product out of reach of children. If overdose does occur, seek immediate medical attention or call a poison control center.
USES: This medication is an iron supplement used to treat or prevent low blood levels of iron (such as those caused by anemia or pregnancy). Iron is an important mineral that the body needs to produce red blood cells and keep you in good health.
HOW TO USE: Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. Do not take more than the recommended dosage. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Iron is best absorbed on an empty stomach (usually if taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals). If stomach upset occurs, you may take this medication with food. See the instructions below for the liquid drops for infants/children. Avoid taking antacids, dairy products, tea, or coffee within 2 hours before or after this medication because they will decrease its effectiveness. Take tablets or capsules with a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) unless otherwise directed by your doctor. Do not lie down for at least 10 minutes after taking your tablet or capsule dose. Swallow extended-release capsules whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing. If you are taking chewable tablets, chew the medication thoroughly, then swallow. If you are taking a liquid suspension form of this medication, shake the bottle well before each dose. If you are taking the liquid form for adults, carefully measure the dose using a special measuring device/spoon. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. Mix the dose in a glass of water or juice, and drink the mixture through a straw to prevent staining the teeth. If you are giving the liquid drops to an infant or child, use the dropper provided to carefully measure the dose. The dose may be placed directly into the mouth (towards the back of the tongue) or it may be mixed in formula (not milk), fruit juice, cereal, or other food as directed to increase your child's acceptance. It is best to give this medication right after a meal. Follow the directions on the product package for the brand that you use. Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time(s) each day.
SIDE EFFECTS: Constipation, diarrhea, stomach cramps, or upset stomach may occur. These effects are usually temporary and may disappear as your body adjusts to this medication. If any of these effects persist or worsen, contact your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Iron may cause your stools to turn black, an effect that is not harmful. If your doctor has prescribed this drug, remember that he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any of the following symptoms of a serious allergic reaction: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing. This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
PRECAUTIONS: Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details. This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before taking this medication, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: iron overload disorder (e.g., hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis). Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: use/abuse of alcohol, liver problems, stomach/intestinal problems (e.g., ulcer, colitis). If your brand of iron supplement also contains folic acid, be sure to tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) before taking it. Folic acid may falsely improve certain laboratory tests for vitamin B12 deficiency without actually treating this anemia. Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency may result in serious nerve problems (for example, peripheral neuropathy symptoms such as numbness/pain/tingling sensations). Consult your doctor or pharmacist for details. Chewable tablets of this medicine may contain aspartame. If you have phenylketonuria (PKU) or any other condition that requires you to restrict your intake of aspartame (or phenylalanine), consult your doctor or pharmacist about using this drug safely. Liquid preparations of this product may contain sugar and/or alcohol. Caution is advised if you have diabetes, alcohol dependence, or liver disease. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about using this product safely. During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. This medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Your healthcare professionals (such as your doctor or pharmacist) may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially: certain antibiotics (e.g., penicillamine, chloramphenicol, quinolones such as ciprofloxacin/norfloxacin), bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate), levodopa, methyldopa, thyroid replacement drugs (e.g., levothyroxine). Avoid taking this medication at the same time as antacids or tetracycline antibiotics. Wait at least 2 hours between taking this medication and an antacid or tetracycline. If your brand of iron also contains folic acid, be sure to tell your doctor or pharmacist if you take certain anti-seizure drugs (for example, hydantoins such as phenytoin). This medication may interfere with certain laboratory tests (e.g., fecal occult blood tests), possibly causing false test results. Make sure laboratory personnel and all your doctors know you use this drug. This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.
OVERDOSE: If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
NOTES: If your doctor has prescribed this medication, do not share it with others. Laboratory and/or medical tests (e.g., complete blood count) may be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details. This medication is not a substitute for a proper diet. It is important to maintain a well-balanced diet. Foods rich in iron include red meats (especially liver), fish, beans, dried fruit, and iron-fortified/enriched cereals and bread.
MISSED DOSE: If you are taking this product on a prescribed schedule and miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time for the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store at room temperature between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not freeze liquid forms of this medication. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets. Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
Information last revised February 2019. Copyright(c) 2019 First Databank, Inc.


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張貼留言 (Atom)
Maximize the Value, GO for Dah Sing
由香港財經評論員許文昌設立,現時有逾280名投資者聯署贊助支持,目的是提供有關大新金融(港交所上市編號:440)和大新銀行(港交所上市編號::2356)的相關資訊,倡議系內重組,並連結股東、傳媒和公眾以達致共同關注和推廣大新系價值的行動。電郵:[email protected]
Godahsing web site founded by Man-Cheong (M.C.) Hui, a professional investor and finance commentator, is meant to link shareholders and investors of Dah Sing Financial (HKEx stock code: 440) and Dah Sing Bank (HKEx stock code: 2356), with the stocks' vital information considered beneficial to their welfare, including advocates for shareholding restructuring actions.
As matters now stand, we've come up with a win-win shareholding-restructuring proposal in respect of the Dah Sing Group, one that is set to be mutually beneficial to all parties concerned, as follows:
1) In order to enhance the group's future growth prospects and with a view to improving the deep share-price discount now existing to its NAV, we believe that now is the time for Dah Sing Financial (440) to seriously consider distributing 99%, if not all, of the sales proceed resulting from the sale of Dah Sing Life, say, by way of a special cash dividend once and for all;
2) Dah Sing Financial and Dah Sing Banking (2356) to determinedly go for, and on a best-effort basis, the immediate target for a shareholding restructuring, like turning it into a simple, but more clear structure, with a view to improving the valuation of the Group as a whole. This can probably be implemented and thereby achieved, say, by way of distributing in specie of the Dah Sing Banking and the Bank of Chongqing (1963);
3) Dah Sing Financial to endeavor on an ongoing basis, for whatever it takes, even if it means a longer-term perspective, to procure the sale of Dah Sing Banking , so that not only a fruitful return can be anticipated, but also to call for an upbeat and consistent return on the shareholder's funds of the bank, given the optimal efficiency so achieved through the aforesaid actions.
© Go Dah Sing 2016 - . Created by Weblogtemplates


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Welcome to my New York State Assembly Web page.
You can use this page to easily access information about the work I do both in Albany and at home to pass laws designed to build a stronger, healthier and more vibrant New York. You can contact me with issues of concern, legislation you support or oppose, or ideas to help make our community stronger, healthier and safer.
In addition, you can use the entire Assembly Web site as a great way to stay apprised of new legislation that impacts our state as well as the Assembly District. I encourage you to visit this site often to keep yourself up to date on various issues, news and legislative hearings. Thank You for visiting.


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1. Please link to the specific post, not your blog!
2. Please only post ideas that cost $100 or less--it would be great if you share the cost of your project, but not necessary.
3. Please include a brief description in link up.
4. Grab my Under $100 button on the sidebar and include it in your post or a link to Beyond the Picket Fence so people can find you and more great ideas.
5. Please check and make sure your link works. If it doesn't you can delete it and try again :)
6. Please no direct links to sales sites, i.e. ETSY or just a plain ol' commercial site, we are looking for inexpensive ideas we can recreate, thanks!


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Vinyl windows Toltec AZ
When it comes to frames, you have several choices, vinyl, wood, aluminum, or fiberglass. Vinyl windows are the best priced, and if you were strictly basing your decision on the performance numbers that are on paper, you would most likely choose vinyl windows.
Vinyl windows in Toltec AZ are low costing, and they have high performance ratings. The only downside to vinyl windows is their look. In previous models, you would notice unattractive welded corners that really made the window look not that great. Today these windows have really evolved and you can find some well crafted aesthetically pleasing models throughout Toltec.
If you're looking to replace an old set of windows, and want to upgrade to a more energy efficient, low costing, vinyl window, call to learn more.
We offer products from the brands you know and trust, like Andersen, Pella, Jeld Wen, Milgard, and Ply Gem. We can offer lower prices to our customers because of our bulk purchasing power.
We offer convenient installations backed by our Quality Workmanship Warranty, and our Satisfaction Guarantee. We're fast and friendly and are always a phone call away with the expert help you need throughout the Toltec Arizona area.
Contact us to schedule a Free In-Home Demo.
Benefits of Vinyl Windows in Toltec climate
Vinyl windows are durable; they have good insulating properties, their low maintenance and will not chip or peel so you'll never have to refinish them. They're low costing, and come in a variety of colors and finishes. Today's models even come in wood laminates that look very realistic and can match oak, cherry, or a variety of other wood finishes.
When choosing vinyl windows in Toltec AZ, it is important to review the model's Energystar and NFRC performance rating to determine if the ones you're installing will perform best for our local climate.
Our experts will help you understand the performance rating data to help you choose the ones best for your project.
Wood Windows
The beauty of these is almost impossible to match, and has been popular for a long time in throughout our area. Today, you can have the look of wood without the worry of it receiving damage from outdoor weather elements like water. We offer products from Andersen, Pella, and Jeld Wen that are energy efficient for our climate.
Aluminum Windows
Most homeowners today prefer vinyl windows in Toltec Arizona but these have been making a comeback because they look great, are suitable for many modern designs and are also energy efficient. With the combination of thermal breaking, a mechanism to block aluminum from conducting and low e glass, today performance for these has improved for local residents.
Fiberglass Windows
More and more companies like Andersen, Pella, and Jeld Wen are incorporating fiberglass into their product line, and today throughout the area you can find some good energy efficient models suitable for the local climate. Newer use fiberglass exteriors for long lasting durability, with your choice of interior material.
Casement Windows
Find vinyl casements with double panes, low e glass and other energy efficient options locally from Andersen, Pella and Jeld Wen. Extremely air tight, and great for ventilation, these are hinged from one side and open like a door using a crank. We offer installation of replacement windows for Toltec Arizona including full frames.
Double Hung Window
A popular choice among local homeowners, these work like a single hung with a sliding sash that can also tilt to open, but allow the top sash to also open. Find these at low competitive prices from Andersen Pella and Jeld Wen in vinyl, and many other frame options. We perform installation and repairs in our area learn more.
Awning Windows
A vinyl window that operates like a casement, but opens from the bottom upwards and growing in popularity again throughout the area. Suitable for kitchens, bathrooms and other rooms that can benefit from extra ventilation, you can find many styles sizes and finishes from Andersen, Jeld Wen and Pella. Learn more about our installation service.
Bay Window
A three window combination that forms a bay, these will increase natural light in any home in our area. Andersen Pella and Jeld Wen offer these in many sizes and custom options. Comparable to vinyl windows in Toltec Arizona in terms of popularity, the installation process is the biggest draw back for homeowners because they have an attendancy to leak.
Bow Window
Like the bay, these combine 5 or more panes that are either fixed into place or units that open and close for added functionality. The bow is then extended past the home and creates a panoramic view of the outside. We carry many products from brands you know and trust that include vinyl windows in Toltec Arizona and more.
Round Windows
Increase design appeal in any room, we carry round and half round units that can install in a variety of places. Vinyl and aluminum framing and many glass options like low e coating for energy efficient benefits configured for our local climate, or stained glass to complement furniture or accents.
French Windows
Get high performance out of these while making any outdoor living space more attractive. Available locally in many style and finishes with 2 choices of white that will match any vinyl window set. Andersen and Pella models carry high PG ratings showing leak resistance, and forcible entry protection.
Transom Windows
Transom is the beam over a door that these are installed over. There are many ways that you can incorporate these into your project with the many shapes styles, and sizes available for the Toltec Arizona area. Choose from fan shaped to arch tops, traditional to modern, you can really have fun with these in your local project.
Egress Window
Complete egress solutions for residential and commercial applications. Required by Arizona building code, these need to be installed in specific rooms to allow for escape and rescue. Check the building code requirements in your local area for details. Vinyl window with extra security features and a well for your basement renovation.
Double Pane Windows
These combine two panes together that are filled with insulation gas to create a blanket like effect over your home helping to keep heat in, during the our cold months. A good choice for an energy conscious shopper, these placed inside a vinyl window is a good choice, with a low price for Toltec AZ.
Triple Pane Windows
Triple panes make an extra pocket thats filled with an insulating gas, and work better at keeping a home warm than dual panes. More suitable for our local climate with a noticeable difference. 3 Panes however is not necessarily more comfortable, Its strictly based on occupant comfort. Learn more about our solutions for Toltec Arizona.


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Beautiful Jewelry Store | 300+ products
A fantastic Gold and Silver Jewellery and Accessories Store featuring over 300 products! With multiple product categories including Accessories, Kids, Mens, Womens and much more selling high quality products and accessories through your dropshipping store, with all the products hand chosen to complement each other without them being overly available in the local market to ensure you keep your edge of uniqueness , with worldwide delivery.
What the Sale Includes for GoldenSilverStore <-- Click for live site
- Choose your own store domain name which we will register and provide a logo
- 300 Products ready loaded ready for sale from day one
- Suppliers and all settings ready set up
- Submitted to Google Indexing
- The Website and domain with all files and assets
- Mobile Device Responsive design
- FREE Online Marketing Training Downloads
- FREE Store & Business Knowledgebase Downloads
- FREE Marketing Training Webinar Videos
- FREE Export Products File function
- FREE 12 Months Hosting
- FREE 12 Months Support 7 Days a Week
- FREE 12 Months SSL Security
This store is delivered to you in 24 Hours
Some Site Backend Features:
- 8 built in selectable theme layouts with multiple individual layout options for fast changes
- 11 built in selectable colour presets for fast changes
- Search for & Import Products Easily
- Update of product info and pricing with one click
- Auto Pricing Markup according to your settings, set your own profit margins
- Fulfil Orders Automatically with one click
- Optimize Product data with auto and manual SEO & Meta data
- Keep all your customer Email data
- Get Live Traffic and Sales Statistics
- Product Data, image and SEO Customization
- Unlimited number of products can be added
- Product Variations such as colours, sizes etc
- Run Discount Coupons
- Import Product Reviews
- Multiple Payment Gateways (Paypal, Stripe, Rave, Payfast, 2 Checkout, EFT)
- All-in-One Dashboard of sales, orders, traffic
- Cash-Back System of orders placed (More profit)
- Free Updates


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Ave Shops
Lizzy Cap Sleeve Top in Coral and Blue Floral
Lizzy Cap Sleeve Top in Coral and Blue Floral
Regular price
Regular price
Sale price
Unit price
Revamp your wardrobe with the Lizzy Cap Sleeve Top. Crafted from Bulgari fabric, this top boasts a playful Lizzy neckline and rolled sleeves with button tabs for a unique touch. The cap short sleeve and scoop hem bring a hint of flow to this trendy piece. Enjoy both comfort and style with the Lizzy Top.
- 94% Polyester, 6% Spandex
- Bulgari
- Wrinkle Resistant
- Cooling
- Short Sleeve Sewn Cuff
- Faux Button/Tab
- Drop Shoulder
- V-Neck
- High Stretch
- Side Slits
- Pleat in Back
S: Chest 41" Length 26"
M: Chest 44" Length 27"
L: Chest 46" Length 28"
XL: Chest 50" Length 29"
2XL: Chest 52" Length 30"
3XL: Chest 55" Length 31.5"
Model Kendall is wearing a size 1XL
Model Nia is wearing a size Small
Suggested Pairings:
- Maddie Mid Rise Braided Side Seam Relaxed Jeans
- Ava High Rise Control Top Cuffed Shorts in Black


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The photos were less than satisfactory since the entire city, and probably the skies for hundreds of kilometers are covered in dense smoke. Thousands of people on the Westside of the lake have been evacuated due to the fires. It makes us fearful because it reminds us of 2003 when hundreds of homes were lost, families displaced and 16 of the trestles on the historical Kettle Valley railway were burnt to the ground. You hear the constant whir of the helicopters as they drop their buckets into the lake to try and get the fires under control.
As food bloggers we have all been anticipating the new movie Julie and Julia since we first saw the trailer at the theatre. I expect Julie & Julia, the movie based on the bestselling memoir by Julie Powell to be "irresistible" not only to foodies like us but will tap into the psyche of a general audience to unleash their passions as well. It will bring food bloggers out of the closet and perhaps we can take photos of our dishes with gay abandon and in public and not be thought of as some crazy recluse cat ladies/gents...wink...wink....
Amy Adams plays Julie Powell, who begins writing her blog to escape the frustration of her bureaucratic job. Her unexpected reward is a new life lived with gusto and not just a new found respect for calves' livers and aspic. The film version is written and directed by Nora Ephron which is adapted from two books: My Life in France, Child's autobiography, written with Alex Prud'homme and the memoir by Julie Powell.
2/3 cup sugar, divided
3 eggs
1 tablespoon vanilla
1/8 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup flour
3 cups cherries, pitted
powdered sugar, for garnish
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
Using a blender, combine the milk, 1/3 cup sugar, eggs, vanilla, salt and flour, and blend.
Lightly butter an 8-cup baking dish, and pour a 1/4-inch layer of the blended mixture over the bottom. Set remaining batter aside.
Place dish into the oven for about 7-10 minutes, until a film of batter sets in the pan but the mixture is not baked through. Remove from oven (but don't turn the oven off, yet).
Distribute the pitted cherries over the set batter in the pan, then sprinkle with the remaining sugar. Pour the remaining batter over the cherries and sugar.
Bake in the preheated oven for 45 to 60 minutes, until the clafouti is puffed and brown and a knife inserted into the center comes out clean.


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Livewire 24X8 Xlr Fan-Box Snake 125 Ft. Rapco Horizon cables have the strength and durability to withstand more than everyday use. Superior wire Your cable is your sound. Superior wiring allows your signal to be quiet, eliminating frustrating hums, buzzing, and crackles. Sturdy construction Sturdy construction enhances signal and performance. Flexible design eliminates kinks and twists for a tangle-free performance whether you're in the studio or on the stage. Accessories, Cables & Snakes, Audio Snakes Livewire 331147.156 S24X8125FF Livewire, Audio Snakes |
Price Info: Livewire 24X8 Xlr Fan-Box Snake 125 S24X8125FF


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Table of Contents
compat-wireless - DEPRECATED
UPDATE: DO NOT USE ANYMORE. If successful, it is a downgrade from the curent version of your existing drivers UPDATE: compat-wireless is now known as backports
Compat-wireless is a package which contains the development and stable versions (pulled from the kernel's git repository) of the in-kernel wireless drivers and the mac80211 wireless stack. New packages are released pretty much every day.
This package is mentioned quite often on the forums and the IRC channel because using it is very convenient. You can think of it (in fact, you should) as a sized-down version of the kernel tree, a one that contains only the sources of the wireless drivers and the wireless stack. Therefore, you can apply any wireless-related patches to it and recompile them without having to recompile the whole kernel.
Additionally, the development versions of the drivers have one particular advantage : they're being constantly improved. It is not uncommon to see that they support more hardware, have better performance, or simply contain fixes to various bugs - in contrast to their stable versions. However, you should always remember that development versions may be incomplete or contain even more bugs than the stable ones.
We distinguish two versions of compat-wireless, development (bleeding edge) and stable. The development version may include more drivers, supported hardware and bug-fixes but may not be as stable as the 'stable' version which implies its nature. With minor exceptions, both versions will suffice in your bid to enable aircrack-ng support for your card/driver. For the majority of the users the stable version is the preferred one to use
The home page of the package is here. Visit the compat-wireless forum thread to share your experience if you need assistance.
Package requirements
In order to install this package, you need to have a few things :
- Kernel 2.6.24 or higher
- The kernel headers for the kernel you're currently running
- Basic development tools
Installing the package
If you meet the requirements of the package, you can try installing it.
Kernels 2.6.24 or higher
The installation process is as follows:
Download the latest available package from http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Download/stable/
$ tar xvjf compat-wireless-3.6-rc6-1.tar.bz2
note: the exact filename of the tarball depends on which version you have downloaded, substitute the example filename with the one corresponding to the file you downloaded
$ cd compat-wireless-3.6-rc6-1
$ wget http://patches.aircrack-ng.org/mac80211.compat08082009.wl_frag+ack_v1.patch $ patch -p1 < mac80211.compat08082009.wl_frag+ack_v1.patch
note: the next two steps are only required for compat-wireless versions before v3.3-rc1-2
$ wget http://patches.aircrack-ng.org/channel-negative-one-maxim.patch $ patch -p1 < channel-negative-one-maxim.patch
( apply any additional patches that you may need)
Before compiling, take a look at "driver-select" down the page
$ make
$ sudo make install
$ sudo make wlunload
$ sudo modprobe driver-name
Reboot, if you're unsure.
Kernels 2.6.22 - 2.6.24
If you're using an ancient kernel, currently lower than 2.6.24, you won't have much success enabling aircrack-ng. There used to be a package called compat-wireless-old which is no longer supported. You could try and dig in to Orbit's archives for older releases, be warned, the likelihood of you succeeding is very slim. Your best bet to enable compat-wireless, thus aircrack-ng, is to install a supported kernel version. An other convenient option is to utilize linux Live CD with preconfigured settings for easy aircrack-ng operation.
Uninstalling the package
Should you be in any way dissatisfied with the new drivers, you can uninstall them very easily and return to your default wireless kernel drivers:
$ cd compat-wireless-$(date -I) $ sudo make uninstall $ sudo make wlunload
Then reboot or sudo modprobe your-desired-driver to complete the process.
Driver Select
compat-wireless offers one very useful script, called driver-select, which allows you to save time when compiling your preferred driver. Currently not all drivers are available via driver-select but the most common ones are. Its useful if you install compat-wireless frequently or if you have one card on your computer. Enter the compat-wireless directory and issue:
to see all of the available drivers and options. An example of installing singular module would be
./scripts/driver-select ath9k followed by "sudo make && sudo make install"
Refer to the linux-wireless driver-select page for more details.
Compilation problems
If you encounter compilation problems, please make sure you've got kernel headers installed and that the system knows where to look for them. Generally, there should be a symlink under
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/build
which points to the directory containing the kernel headers.
Compilation errors
Every now and then, you may stumble upon errors during compilation and the process may end because of them. Its not necessarily your fault. Sometimes, the compat-wireless tar balls do come out with compile errors built in, which are usually resolved in the next few releases. Should this happens to you, simply download an older version from the previous days and try again. If your problem persists and you're stuck, share your difficulties with the community in this forum thread
Module loading problems
Firstly, make sure that the compat-wireless package was compiled with GCC whose minor version is the same as the minor version of the GCC with which the kernel was compiled. For example, if you compiled your kernel with GCC 4.3.2, but you compiled compat-wireless with GCC 4.4.1, you might run into "Invalid module format" problems. These will also occur if you've built the package for a different kernel than the one you're currently running.
Secondly, as shown above, it is imperative to unload ALL wireless modules before you attempt to load your newly compiled ones. While in the compat-wireless directory
sudo make wlunload
will make sure all of the wireless modules are unloaded, which will pave the way for your new driver take its place. Reboot if you're unsure.


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Ramban - On The Chumash - Full Size
The Torah with Ramban's commentary translated, annotated, and elucidated
Now, you will be able to master this essential commentary to the Torah - thanks to the new ArtScroll Edition of Ramban
Newly typeset text of the Torah text and translation
Newly typeset Hebrew Rashi and Targum Onkelos text
Newly typeset Ramban in Hebrew, complete with nikud, punctuation, paragraph breaks, and footnote references for ease of use.
Phrase-by-phrase translation of Ramban's non-kabbalistic commentary with added elucidation for smooth reading and clear understanding.
Introductory notes to set the stage for the commentary
Thousands of explanatory footnotes
Ramban (Nachmanides) Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, who lived in 13th-century Spain, was one of the greatest minds in an epoch of great men. He was a leader, a thinker, a Torah and Talmud commentator, a halachic decisor, a successful defender of Judaism against the Church and its Jewish apostates. At the age of 70 he was exiled from his native Aragon, and during the next three years, he wrote the monumental Chumash commentary that has stood the test of over six centuries.
Unexcelled in depth, breadth, scope, and profundity, Ramban's comprehensive commentary is exceedingly brilliant, exceedingly seminal - and exceedingly complex. Few are those who have mastered this masterpiece.
Now, thanks to a superb group of exceptional scholars, writers, and editors, Ramban's Chumash commentary is coming alive in English for everyone. Following the renowned pattern of the magnificent Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud and the Sapirstein Edition of Rashi, this classic commentary is presented with unprecedented clarity.
No effort has been spared to make this new Chumash clear, accurate, and "user-friendly". In short, this treatment of Chumash-Ramban will be the last word for generations to come. When completed, it will be seven volumes of excellence.
This historic project will be a momentous breakthrough in Torah literature. Enjoy the richness of Ramban's commentary and see your understanding of the Torah grow as you never imagined it could.
Dimensions: 7 x 10 inches


text:
BJU 5th Grade
Sorry, there are no products in this collection.
"TRAIN UP A CHILD IN THE WAY HE SHOULD GO; EVEN WHEN HE IS OLD HE WILL NOT DEPART FROM IT." Proverbs 22:6 ESV
Amidst the current political climate, and just the Holy Spirit moving in the hearts of parents, homeschooling is on the rise! Dailey Bread is ready and available to help you in your journey. Whether you need to come in store and physically look at a specific curriculum, you have questions about state requirements, or you are brand new to homeschooling, Dailey Bread is here for you. We have multiple homeschool or co-op contacts in Owensboro, Henderson, Evansville, Newburgh and surrounding cities/counties/states, which allows us to offer connections with fellow homeschoolers. We need each other!
Please find us on Facebook and Instagram!
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text:
For the easiest access to find Guys and Dolls tickets, shop pricing, and secure your dream event, download the Immortal Seats Mobile App today!
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Previous Lesson
Complete and Continue
Farm Business Essentials [Lifetime Membership]
1. Entrepreneurship 101
The Reality of Starting & Running Your Own Business
Reason #1: Not Knowing What You Really Want
Reason #2: It Might Not Be a Fit Now
Reason #3: The Family Falls Apart
Reason #4: Running a "Business" That is Really a Hobby
Reason #5: Poor Enterprise Selection
Reason #6: Poor Market Selection
Reason #7: Not Charging Enough
Reason #8: Blow Up Financially
Reason #9: Failure to Keep Records and/or Actually Look at Them
Reason #10: Lack of Confidence
Reason #11: Failing to Acknowledge How Hard This Really Is
Reason #12: Not Taking This As Serious As You Need To
Reason #13: Not Realizing - This Is A Lifestyle
Reason #14: Focusing on Ideology, Not the Necessary Reality
Reason #15: Poor Execution
Reason #16: Poor Time Management
Reason #17: The 10x Problem
Reason #18: Obsessing on Specifics
Reason #19: Too Much D.I.Y.
Reason #20: Bad Business Partners
Reason #21: The Relationship Falls Apart
Reason #22: Life Gets In the Way
Reason #23: Fighting Reality - Failure to Pivot
Putting It All Together
2. Whole Life Context
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Whole Life Context - What is it?
Lesson 3: An Overview of the Framework
Lesson 4: Where do you want to go?
Lesson 5: Where are you at now?
Lesson 6: Why do you want to go there?
Lesson 7: Is it just you doing this?
Lesson 8: What do you need to create a life like that?
Lesson 9: Putting It All Together
3. Financial Planning for the Entrepreneur
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: What is Financial Planning?
Lesson 3: What is the Financial Function of the Business?
Lesson 4: Where Are You At Right Now in Terms of Savings?
Lesson 5: Where Are You At Right Now in Terms of Debt?
Lesson 6: What Are Your Current Living Expenses?
Lesson 7: What Is Your Current Monthly Income?
Lesson 8: Is It Enough or Not?
Lesson 9: How to Increase Savings
Lesson 10: Creating a Business Budget
Lesson 11: Planning for Profitability
Lesson 12: Now Make Your Decision Based on Numbers
Lesson 13: Managing Expectations by Setting Success Metrics
Lesson 14: Act For The Now, But Think Long Term
Lesson 15: Other Considerations
Lesson 16: Don't Blow Yourself Up Financially
Lesson 17: Putting It All Together
4. Market Analysis
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Checking Out the Competition
Lesson 3: Potential Market Streams
Lesson 4: Competition is Good
Lesson 5: Your Existing Network
Lesson 6: Farm Marketing & Business Planning: Real World Proven Strategies
5. Farm Sales Models
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Our Farm's Many Sales Models
Lesson 3: Farmers' Market Pros and Cons
Lesson 4: Welcome to Retail!
Lesson 5: Selling in Bulk: An Overview
Lesson 6: Selling in Bulk: Our Program Specifics
Lesson 7: Selling in Bulk: The Chicken CSA
Lesson 8: Selling in Bulk: The Pork Bulk Program
Lesson 9: Selling in Bulk: The Beef Bulk Program
Lesson 10: Working with Stores and Restaurants
Lesson 11: Other Retail Market Streams
Lesson 12: Promotional Marketing Strategies
Lesson 13: Networking Sales Ideas
Lesson 14: Educating Consumers
Lesson 15: Marketing Truths
Lesson 16: Replacing Customers
6. Product Pricing & Cut Selection
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Setting Retail Prices: Poultry - Part 1
Lesson 3: Setting Retail Prices: Poultry - Part 2
Lesson 4: Poultry Cuts
Lesson 5: Setting Retail Prices: Pork
Lesson 6: Pork Cuts
Lesson 7: Setting Retail Prices: Beef
Lesson 8: Beef Cuts
Lesson 9: Retail Cuts: Be Professional
7. Enterprise Selection
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Defining Your Farm
Lesson 3: Choosing an Enterprise - The Analysis
Lesson 4: Pros & Cons of Pastured Poultry
Lesson 5: Pros & Cons of Pigs
Lesson 6: Pros & Cons of Grassfed Beef
Lesson 7: Enterprise Math - Pastured Poultry
Lesson 8: Enterprise Math - Pork
Lesson 9: Enterprise Math - Grassfed Beef
Lesson 10: Enterprise Math - Potential Farm Profits
Lesson 11: Selecting a Butcher
8. Farmers' Markets & Selling [On Farm Video]
Lesson 1: A Day at the Farmers' Market
Lesson 2: Packing for the Farmers' Market
Lesson 3: Farmers' Market Booth Setup
Lesson 4: Customer Interactions at the Farmers' Market
Lesson 5: Communicating with the Butcher and The Cut Sheet
9. Forming and Organizing Your Farm Business
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Why This Process is Important
Lesson 3: Hobby or Business?
Lesson 4: My Five Rules for Business Formation
Lesson 5: Formalizing Your Business: The Process
Lesson 6: FYB - Step 1: Know Your Local Laws
Lesson 7: FYB - Step 2: Create an Operating Agreement
Lesson 8: FYB - Step 3: Choosing a Business Structure
Lesson 9: FYB - Step 4: Obtaining Your Federal Tax ID
Lesson 10: FYB - Step 5: Maintaining Regulatory Compliance
Lesson 11: FYB - Step 6: Setup Your Business Bank Account
Lesson 12: FYB - Step 7: Accounting - Finding A CPA
Lesson 13: FYB - Step 8: Accounting - First Year To Do's
Lesson 14: FYB - Step 9: Software & Technology
Lesson 15: FYB - Step 10: Insurance Basics
Lesson 16: FYB - Step 11: Transactional Sales
Lesson 17: Other Considerations
Lesson 18: Putting It All Together
10. Branding
Lesson 1: Starting to Think About Your Farm Brand
Lesson 2: 3 Base Principles
Lesson 3: What Goes Into Branding?
Lesson 4: Where Does Branding Go - Websites
Lesson 5: Website & Email Capture
Lesson 6: Where Does Branding Go - Logos & Print Material
Lesson 7: Where Does Branding Go - Social Media & In Person
Lesson 8: Where to Go From Here?
11. Marketing
Lesson 1: What is Marketing?
Lesson 2: 3 Keys to Marketing
Lesson 3: What Are You Actually Selling?
Lesson 4: Understanding Your Customer
Lesson 5: Selling Through Your Story
12. Pastured Poultry
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Breed Selection
Lesson 3: Selecting a Hatchery
Lesson 4: Brooder Management - Part 1
Lesson 5: Brooder Management - Part 2
Lesson 6: Transitioning to Pasture
Lesson 7: On Pasture
Lesson 8: Transporting to the Butcher
13. The Multi-Use Chicken Tractor
Lesson 1: Design Basics
Lesson 2: Required Materials, Tools, Equipment
Lesson 3: Building a Chicken Tractor
14. Forest Raised Pork
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: Breed Selection
Lesson 3: Acquiring Piglets
Lesson 4: Training Pigs to Electric Fence
Lesson 5: Feeding Pigs
Lesson 6: Water for Pigs
Lesson 7: Forest versus Pasture
Lesson 8: Pig Health Concerns
Lesson 9: When to Raise Pigs
Lesson 10: Loading Pigs for Transport
15. Grassfed Beef
Lesson 1: Breed Characteristics & Acquisition - Part 1
Lesson 2: Breed Characteristics & Acquisition - Part 2
Lesson 3: Fencing Options
Lesson 4: Water for Cows
Lesson 5: Pasture Management
Lesson 6: Health Issues
Lesson 7: Overwintering & Feeding Hay
Lesson 8: Loading Cattle for Transport
16. Animal Systems [On Farm Video]
Lesson 1: Brooder Management
Lesson 2: Putting Baby Chicks out on Pasture
Lesson 3: Moving Chicken Tractors
Lesson 4: Loading Chickens for the Butcher
Lesson 5: Transporting Chickens to the Butcher
Lesson 6: Moving Empty Chicken Tractors
Lesson 7: Pastured Turkeys
Lesson 8: A Look at Rotational Grazing
Lesson 9: Building Soil with Rotational Grazing
Lesson 10: Forest Raised Pork
Lesson 11: Loading Pigs for the Butcher
17. Fence & Water
Lesson 1: Introduction
Lesson 2: High Tensile Fence
Lesson 3: Buried Water Systems
18. Farm Infrastructure [On Farm Video]
Lesson 1: External High Tensile Fence
Lesson 2: Internal Fence
Lesson 3: Fence Energizers and Components
Lesson 4: Hayfield
19. Farm Equipment [On Farm Video]
Lesson 1: Bulk Feed Storage
Lesson 2: Walk-in Freezer
Lesson 3: Driveable and Towable Equipment
Lesson 4: Field Equipment
20. Time Management
Lesson 1: An Introduction
Lesson 2: The Core Principle
Lesson 3: Removing Time Waste
Lesson 4: Controlling the To Do List
Lesson 5: A Roadmap for Taking Control of Your Time
Lesson 6: Distilling Down to What's Important
Lesson 7: Putting a Plan for Success In Place
21. You, Your Supporters and Your Doubters
Lesson 1: Introduction: Failure, Expectations and Emotions
Lesson 2: 8 Macro Lessons on Running A Business in Reality
Lesson 3: Failing is No Longer an Option
Lesson 4: 6 Problems You Will Probably Encounter & How to Deal with Them
Lesson 5: Building Multiple Forms of Capital
Lesson 6: The People In Your Life
22. Transitioning Considerations
Lesson 1: Keys to Success
Lesson 2: Expectations
23. Pasture Management
Lesson 1: Enhancing Grazing Areas
Downloadable Guides
A Beginner's Guide to Portable Electric Fence
Choosing a Farmers' Market
Choosing a Butcher
How to Build a Simpson Chicken Tractor
Pastured Poultry - A Guide
Downloadable Spreadsheets
Broiler Cost Analysis
Recommended Resources
The Expert Series
Allan Savory: Why Management Needs to be Holistic to Avert Tragedy
Allan Savory: Livestock in New Agriculture
Darby Simpson: Farm Marketing & Business Planning: Real World Proven Strategies
Greg Judy: Multi-Species Grazing On Leased Land
Greg Judy: Profitable Methods Used to Heal the Land With Mob Grazing
Greg Judy: Successful Implementation Using High Density Planned Grazing
Greg Judy: The Economics for Leasing Land
Joel Salatin: Ballet in the Pasture
Joel Salatin: Stacking Fiefdoms
Joel Salatin: Successional Success: Fields of Farmers
Mark Shepard: Alleycropping and Silvopasture: Transitioning to Restoration Agriculture
Mark Shepard: Managing Water on Your Farm
Mark Shepard: Restoration Agriculture: Designing Your Perennial Farm
Paul Greive: Pastured Poultry & Guerilla Farm Marketing
Lesson 2: High Tensile Fence
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