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4.2. Value Expressions
- 4.2.1. Column References
- 4.2.2. Positional Parameters
- 4.2.3. Subscripts
- 4.2.4. Field Selection
- 4.2.5. Operator Invocations
- 4.2.6. Function Calls
- 4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions
- 4.2.8. Window Function Calls
- 4.2.9. Type Casts
- 4.2.10. Collation Expressions
- 4.2.11. Scalar Subqueries
- 4.2.12. Array Constructors
- 4.2.13. Row Constructors
- 4.2.14. Expression Evaluation Rules
- 4.2.2. Positional Parameters
Value expressions are used in a variety of contexts, such as in the target list of the SELECT
command, as new column values in INSERT
or UPDATE
, or in search conditions in a number of commands. The result of a value expression is sometimes called a scalar, to distinguish it from the result of a table expression (which is a table). Value expressions are therefore also called scalar expressions (or even simply expressions). The expression syntax allows the calculation of values from primitive parts using arithmetic, logical, set, and other operations.
A value expression is one of the following:
A constant or literal value
A column reference
A positional parameter reference, in the body of a function definition or prepared statement
A subscripted expression
A field selection expression
An operator invocation
A function call
An aggregate expression
A window function call
A type cast
A collation expression
A scalar subquery
An array constructor
A row constructor
Another value expression in parentheses (used to group subexpressions and override precedence)
In addition to this list, there are a number of constructs that can be classified as an expression but do not follow any general syntax rules. These generally have the semantics of a function or operator and are explained in the appropriate location in Chapter 9. An example is the IS NULL
We have already discussed constants in Section 4.1.2. The following sections discuss the remaining options.
4.2.1. Column References
A column can be referenced in the form:
is the name of a table (possibly qualified with a schema name), or an alias for a table defined by means of a FROM
clause. The correlation name and separating dot can be omitted if the column name is unique across all the tables being used in the current query. (See also Chapter 7.)
4.2.2. Positional Parameters
A positional parameter reference is used to indicate a value that is supplied externally to an SQL statement. Parameters are used in SQL function definitions and in prepared queries. Some client libraries also support specifying data values separately from the SQL command string, in which case parameters are used to refer to the out-of-line data values. The form of a parameter reference is:
For example, consider the definition of a function, dept
, as:
CREATE FUNCTION dept(text) RETURNS dept AS $$ SELECT * FROM dept WHERE name = $1 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
Here the $1
references the value of the first function argument whenever the function is invoked.
4.2.3. Subscripts
If an expression yields a value of an array type, then a specific element of the array value can be extracted by writing
or multiple adjacent elements (an "array slice") can be extracted by writing
(Here, the brackets [ ]
are meant to appear literally.) Each subscript
is itself an expression, which will be rounded to the nearest integer value.
In general the array expression
must be parenthesized, but the parentheses can be omitted when the expression to be subscripted is just a column reference or positional parameter. Also, multiple subscripts can be concatenated when the original array is multidimensional. For example:
mytable.arraycolumn[4] mytable.two_d_column[17][34] $1[10:42] (arrayfunction(a,b))[42]
The parentheses in the last example are required. See Section 8.15 for more about arrays.
4.2.4. Field Selection
If an expression yields a value of a composite type (row type), then a specific field of the row can be extracted by writing
In general the row expression
must be parenthesized, but the parentheses can be omitted when the expression to be selected from is just a table reference or positional parameter. For example:
mytable.mycolumn $1.somecolumn (rowfunction(a,b)).col3
(Thus, a qualified column reference is actually just a special case of the field selection syntax.) An important special case is extracting a field from a table column that is of a composite type:
(compositecol).somefield (mytable.compositecol).somefield
The parentheses are required here to show that compositecol
is a column name not a table name, or that mytable
is a table name not a schema name in the second case.
You can ask for all fields of a composite value by writing .*
This notation behaves differently depending on context; see Section 8.16.5 for details.
4.2.5. Operator Invocations
There are two possible syntaxes for an operator invocation:
expression operator expression (binary infix operator) |
operator expression (unary prefix operator) |
where the operator
token follows the syntax rules of Section 4.1.3, or is one of the key words AND
, and NOT
, or is a qualified operator name in the form:
Which particular operators exist and whether they are unary or binary depends on what operators have been defined by the system or the user. Chapter 9 describes the built-in operators.
4.2.6. Function Calls
The syntax for a function call is the name of a function (possibly qualified with a schema name), followed by its argument list enclosed in parentheses:
... ]] )
For example, the following computes the square root of 2:
The list of built-in functions is in Chapter 9. Other functions can be added by the user.
When issuing queries in a database where some users mistrust other users, observe security precautions from Section 10.3 when writing function calls.
The arguments can optionally have names attached. See Section 4.3 for details.
A function that takes a single argument of composite type can optionally be called using field-selection syntax, and conversely field selection can be written in functional style. That is, the notations col(table)
and table.col
are interchangeable. This behavior is not SQL-standard but is provided in Postgres Pro because it allows use of functions to emulate "computed fields". For more information see Section 8.16.5.
4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions
An aggregate expression represents the application of an aggregate function across the rows selected by a query. An aggregate function reduces multiple inputs to a single output value, such as the sum or average of the inputs. The syntax of an aggregate expression is one of the following:
[ , ... ] [order_by_clause
] ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ]aggregate_name
[ , ... ] [order_by_clause
] ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ]aggregate_name
[ , ... ] [order_by_clause
] ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ]aggregate_name
( * ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ]aggregate_name
( [expression
[ , ... ] ] ) WITHIN GROUP (order_by_clause
) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ]
where aggregate_name
is a previously defined aggregate (possibly qualified with a schema name) and expression
is any value expression that does not itself contain an aggregate expression or a window function call. The optional order_by_clause
and filter_clause
are described below.
The first form of aggregate expression invokes the aggregate once for each input row. The second form is the same as the first, since ALL
is the default. The third form invokes the aggregate once for each distinct value of the expression (or distinct set of values, for multiple expressions) found in the input rows. The fourth form invokes the aggregate once for each input row; since no particular input value is specified, it is generally only useful for the count(*)
aggregate function. The last form is used with ordered-set aggregate functions, which are described below.
Most aggregate functions ignore null inputs, so that rows in which one or more of the expression(s) yield null are discarded. This can be assumed to be true, unless otherwise specified, for all built-in aggregates.
For example, count(*)
yields the total number of input rows; count(f1)
yields the number of input rows in which f1
is non-null, since count
ignores nulls; and count(distinct f1)
yields the number of distinct non-null values of f1
Ordinarily, the input rows are fed to the aggregate function in an unspecified order. In many cases this does not matter; for example, min
produces the same result no matter what order it receives the inputs in. However, some aggregate functions (such as array_agg
and string_agg
) produce results that depend on the ordering of the input rows. When using such an aggregate, the optional order_by_clause
can be used to specify the desired ordering. The order_by_clause
has the same syntax as for a query-level ORDER BY
clause, as described in Section 7.5, except that its expressions are always just expressions and cannot be output-column names or numbers. For example:
SELECT array_agg(a ORDER BY b DESC) FROM table;
When dealing with multiple-argument aggregate functions, note that the ORDER BY
clause goes after all the aggregate arguments. For example, write this:
SELECT string_agg(a, ',' ORDER BY a) FROM table;
not this:
SELECT string_agg(a ORDER BY a, ',') FROM table; -- incorrect
The latter is syntactically valid, but it represents a call of a single-argument aggregate function with two ORDER BY
keys (the second one being rather useless since it's a constant).
If DISTINCT
is specified in addition to an order_by_clause
, then all the ORDER BY
expressions must match regular arguments of the aggregate; that is, you cannot sort on an expression that is not included in the DISTINCT
The ability to specify both DISTINCT
and ORDER BY
in an aggregate function is a Postgres Pro extension.
Placing ORDER BY
within the aggregate's regular argument list, as described so far, is used when ordering the input rows for general-purpose and statistical aggregates, for which ordering is optional. There is a subclass of aggregate functions called ordered-set aggregates for which an order_by_clause
is required, usually because the aggregate's computation is only sensible in terms of a specific ordering of its input rows. Typical examples of ordered-set aggregates include rank and percentile calculations. For an ordered-set aggregate, the order_by_clause
is written inside WITHIN GROUP (...)
, as shown in the final syntax alternative above. The expressions in the order_by_clause
are evaluated once per input row just like regular aggregate arguments, sorted as per the order_by_clause
's requirements, and fed to the aggregate function as input arguments. (This is unlike the case for a non-WITHIN GROUP
, which is not treated as argument(s) to the aggregate function.) The argument expressions preceding WITHIN GROUP
, if any, are called direct arguments to distinguish them from the aggregated arguments listed in the order_by_clause
. Unlike regular aggregate arguments, direct arguments are evaluated only once per aggregate call, not once per input row. This means that they can contain variables only if those variables are grouped by GROUP BY
; this restriction is the same as if the direct arguments were not inside an aggregate expression at all. Direct arguments are typically used for things like percentile fractions, which only make sense as a single value per aggregation calculation. The direct argument list can be empty; in this case, write just ()
not (*)
. (Postgres Pro will actually accept either spelling, but only the first way conforms to the SQL standard.)
An example of an ordered-set aggregate call is:
SELECT percentile_cont(0.5) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY income) FROM households; percentile_cont ----------------- 50489
which obtains the 50th percentile, or median, value of the income
column from table households
. Here, 0.5
is a direct argument; it would make no sense for the percentile fraction to be a value varying across rows.
If FILTER
is specified, then only the input rows for which the filter_clause
evaluates to true are fed to the aggregate function; other rows are discarded. For example:
SELECT count(*) AS unfiltered, count(*) FILTER (WHERE i < 5) AS filtered FROM generate_series(1,10) AS s(i); unfiltered | filtered ------------+---------- 10 | 4 (1 row)
The predefined aggregate functions are described in Section 9.21. Other aggregate functions can be added by the user.
An aggregate expression can only appear in the result list or HAVING
clause of a SELECT
command. It is forbidden in other clauses, such as WHERE
, because those clauses are logically evaluated before the results of aggregates are formed.
When an aggregate expression appears in a subquery (see Section 4.2.11 and Section 9.23), the aggregate is normally evaluated over the rows of the subquery. But an exception occurs if the aggregate's arguments (and filter_clause
if any) contain only outer-level variables: the aggregate then belongs to the nearest such outer level, and is evaluated over the rows of that query. The aggregate expression as a whole is then an outer reference for the subquery it appears in, and acts as a constant over any one evaluation of that subquery. The restriction about appearing only in the result list or HAVING
clause applies with respect to the query level that the aggregate belongs to.
4.2.8. Window Function Calls
A window function call represents the application of an aggregate-like function over some portion of the rows selected by a query. Unlike non-window aggregate calls, this is not tied to grouping of the selected rows into a single output row — each row remains separate in the query output. However the window function has access to all the rows that would be part of the current row's group according to the grouping specification (PARTITION BY
list) of the window function call. The syntax of a window function call is one of the following:
... ]]) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ] OVERwindow_name
... ]]) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ] OVER (window_definition
( * ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ] OVERwindow_name
( * ) [ FILTER ( WHEREfilter_clause
) ] OVER (window_definition
where window_definition
has the syntax
] [ PARTITION BYexpression
[, ...] ] [ ORDER BYexpression
[ ASC | DESC | USINGoperator
] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ] [frame_clause
The optional frame_clause
can be one of
{ RANGE | ROWS | GROUPS }frame_start
] { RANGE | ROWS | GROUPS } BETWEENframe_start
where frame_start
and frame_end
can be one of
UNBOUNDED PRECEDINGoffset
PRECEDING CURRENT ROWoffset
and frame_exclusion
can be one of
Here, expression
represents any value expression that does not itself contain window function calls.
is a reference to a named window specification defined in the query's WINDOW
clause. Alternatively, a full window_definition
can be given within parentheses, using the same syntax as for defining a named window in the WINDOW
clause; see the SELECT reference page for details. It's worth pointing out that OVER wname
is not exactly equivalent to OVER (wname ...)
; the latter implies copying and modifying the window definition, and will be rejected if the referenced window specification includes a frame clause.
The PARTITION BY
clause groups the rows of the query into partitions, which are processed separately by the window function. PARTITION BY
works similarly to a query-level GROUP BY
clause, except that its expressions are always just expressions and cannot be output-column names or numbers. Without PARTITION BY
, all rows produced by the query are treated as a single partition. The ORDER BY
clause determines the order in which the rows of a partition are processed by the window function. It works similarly to a query-level ORDER BY
clause, but likewise cannot use output-column names or numbers. Without ORDER BY
, rows are processed in an unspecified order.
The frame_clause
specifies the set of rows constituting the window frame, which is a subset of the current partition, for those window functions that act on the frame instead of the whole partition. The set of rows in the frame can vary depending on which row is the current row. The frame can be specified in RANGE
or GROUPS
mode; in each case, it runs from the frame_start
to the frame_end
. If frame_end
is omitted, the end defaults to CURRENT ROW
A frame_start
of UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
means that the frame starts with the first row of the partition, and similarly a frame_end
of UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
means that the frame ends with the last row of the partition.
In RANGE
or GROUPS
mode, a frame_start
of CURRENT ROW
means the frame starts with the current row's first peer row (a row that the window's ORDER BY
clause sorts as equivalent to the current row), while a frame_end
of CURRENT ROW
means the frame ends with the current row's last peer row. In ROWS
mode, CURRENT ROW
simply means the current row.
In the offset
and offset
frame options, the offset
must be an expression not containing any variables, aggregate functions, or window functions. The meaning of the offset
depends on the frame mode:
mode, theoffset
must yield a non-null, non-negative integer, and the option means that the frame starts or ends the specified number of rows before or after the current row.In
mode, theoffset
again must yield a non-null, non-negative integer, and the option means that the frame starts or ends the specified number of peer groups before or after the current row's peer group, where a peer group is a set of rows that are equivalent in theORDER BY
ordering. (There must be anORDER BY
clause in the window definition to useGROUPS
mode, these options require that theORDER BY
clause specify exactly one column. Theoffset
specifies the maximum difference between the value of that column in the current row and its value in preceding or following rows of the frame. The data type of theoffset
expression varies depending on the data type of the ordering column. For numeric ordering columns it is typically of the same type as the ordering column, but for datetime ordering columns it is aninterval
. For example, if the ordering column is of typedate
, one could writeRANGE BETWEEN '1 day' PRECEDING AND '10 days' FOLLOWING
. Theoffset
is still required to be non-null and non-negative, though the meaning of "non-negative" depends on its data type.
In any case, the distance to the end of the frame is limited by the distance to the end of the partition, so that for rows near the partition ends the frame might contain fewer rows than elsewhere.
Notice that in both ROWS
and GROUPS
mode, 0 PRECEDING
and 0 FOLLOWING
are equivalent to CURRENT ROW
. This normally holds in RANGE
mode as well, for an appropriate data-type-specific meaning of "zero".
The frame_exclusion
option allows rows around the current row to be excluded from the frame, even if they would be included according to the frame start and frame end options. EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW
excludes the current row from the frame. EXCLUDE GROUP
excludes the current row and its ordering peers from the frame. EXCLUDE TIES
excludes any peers of the current row from the frame, but not the current row itself. EXCLUDE NO OTHERS
simply specifies explicitly the default behavior of not excluding the current row or its peers.
The default framing option is RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
, which is the same as RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
. With ORDER BY
, this sets the frame to be all rows from the partition start up through the current row's last ORDER BY
peer. Without ORDER BY
, this means all rows of the partition are included in the window frame, since all rows become peers of the current row.
Restrictions are that frame_start
cannot be UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
, frame_end
cannot be UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
, and the frame_end
choice cannot appear earlier in the above list of frame_start
and frame_end
options than the frame_start
choice does — for example RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND
is not allowed. But, for example, offset
is allowed, even though it would never select any rows.
If FILTER
is specified, then only the input rows for which the filter_clause
evaluates to true are fed to the window function; other rows are discarded. Only window functions that are aggregates accept a FILTER
The built-in window functions are described in Table 9.62. Other window functions can be added by the user. Also, any built-in or user-defined general-purpose or statistical aggregate can be used as a window function. (Ordered-set and hypothetical-set aggregates cannot presently be used as window functions.)
The syntaxes using *
are used for calling parameter-less aggregate functions as window functions, for example count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY x ORDER BY y)
. The asterisk (*
) is customarily not used for window-specific functions. Window-specific functions do not allow DISTINCT
or ORDER BY
to be used within the function argument list.
Window function calls are permitted only in the SELECT
list and the ORDER BY
clause of the query.
More information about window functions can be found in Section 3.5, Section 9.22, and Section 7.2.5.
4.2.9. Type Casts
A type cast specifies a conversion from one data type to another. Postgres Pro accepts two equivalent syntaxes for type casts:
CAST (expression
The CAST
syntax conforms to SQL; the syntax with ::
is historical Postgres Pro usage.
When a cast is applied to a value expression of a known type, it represents a run-time type conversion. The cast will succeed only if a suitable type conversion operation has been defined. Notice that this is subtly different from the use of casts with constants, as shown in Section 18.104.22.168. A cast applied to an unadorned string literal represents the initial assignment of a type to a literal constant value, and so it will succeed for any type (if the contents of the string literal are acceptable input syntax for the data type).
An explicit type cast can usually be omitted if there is no ambiguity as to the type that a value expression must produce (for example, when it is assigned to a table column); the system will automatically apply a type cast in such cases. However, automatic casting is only done for casts that are marked "OK to apply implicitly" in the system catalogs. Other casts must be invoked with explicit casting syntax. This restriction is intended to prevent surprising conversions from being applied silently.
It is also possible to specify a type cast using a function-like syntax:
However, this only works for types whose names are also valid as function names. For example, double precision
cannot be used this way, but the equivalent float8
can. Also, the names interval
, time
, and timestamp
can only be used in this fashion if they are double-quoted, because of syntactic conflicts. Therefore, the use of the function-like cast syntax leads to inconsistencies and should probably be avoided.
The function-like syntax is in fact just a function call. When one of the two standard cast syntaxes is used to do a run-time conversion, it will internally invoke a registered function to perform the conversion. By convention, these conversion functions have the same name as their output type, and thus the "function-like syntax" is nothing more than a direct invocation of the underlying conversion function. Obviously, this is not something that a portable application should rely on. For further details see CREATE CAST.
4.2.10. Collation Expressions
The COLLATE
clause overrides the collation of an expression. It is appended to the expression it applies to:
where collation
is a possibly schema-qualified identifier. The COLLATE
clause binds tighter than operators; parentheses can be used when necessary.
If no collation is explicitly specified, the database system either derives a collation from the columns involved in the expression, or it defaults to the default collation of the database if no column is involved in the expression.
The two common uses of the COLLATE
clause are overriding the sort order in an ORDER BY
clause, for example:
SELECT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE ... ORDER BY a COLLATE "C";
and overriding the collation of a function or operator call that has locale-sensitive results, for example:
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE a > 'foo' COLLATE "C";
Note that in the latter case the COLLATE
clause is attached to an input argument of the operator we wish to affect. It doesn't matter which argument of the operator or function call the COLLATE
clause is attached to, because the collation that is applied by the operator or function is derived by considering all arguments, and an explicit COLLATE
clause will override the collations of all other arguments. (Attaching non-matching COLLATE
clauses to more than one argument, however, is an error. For more details see Section 23.2.) Thus, this gives the same result as the previous example:
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE a COLLATE "C" > 'foo';
But this is an error:
SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE (a > 'foo') COLLATE "C";
because it attempts to apply a collation to the result of the >
operator, which is of the non-collatable data type boolean
4.2.11. Scalar Subqueries
A scalar subquery is an ordinary SELECT
query in parentheses that returns exactly one row with one column. (See Chapter 7 for information about writing queries.) The SELECT
query is executed and the single returned value is used in the surrounding value expression. It is an error to use a query that returns more than one row or more than one column as a scalar subquery. (But if, during a particular execution, the subquery returns no rows, there is no error; the scalar result is taken to be null.) The subquery can refer to variables from the surrounding query, which will act as constants during any one evaluation of the subquery. See also Section 9.23 for other expressions involving subqueries.
For example, the following finds the largest city population in each state:
SELECT name, (SELECT max(pop) FROM cities WHERE cities.state = states.name) FROM states;
4.2.12. Array Constructors
An array constructor is an expression that builds an array value using values for its member elements. A simple array constructor consists of the key word ARRAY
, a left square bracket [
, a list of expressions (separated by commas) for the array element values, and finally a right square bracket ]
. For example:
SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3+4]; array --------- {1,2,7} (1 row)
By default, the array element type is the common type of the member expressions, determined using the same rules as for UNION
or CASE
constructs (see Section 10.5). You can override this by explicitly casting the array constructor to the desired type, for example:
SELECT ARRAY[1,2,22.7]::integer[]; array ---------- {1,2,23} (1 row)
This has the same effect as casting each expression to the array element type individually. For more on casting, see Section 4.2.9.
Multidimensional array values can be built by nesting array constructors. In the inner constructors, the key word ARRAY
can be omitted. For example, these produce the same result:
SELECT ARRAY[ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY[3,4]]; array --------------- {{1,2},{3,4}} (1 row) SELECT ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]]; array --------------- {{1,2},{3,4}} (1 row)
Since multidimensional arrays must be rectangular, inner constructors at the same level must produce sub-arrays of identical dimensions. Any cast applied to the outer ARRAY
constructor propagates automatically to all the inner constructors.
Multidimensional array constructor elements can be anything yielding an array of the proper kind, not only a sub-ARRAY
construct. For example:
CREATE TABLE arr(f1 int[], f2 int[]); INSERT INTO arr VALUES (ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]], ARRAY[[5,6],[7,8]]); SELECT ARRAY[f1, f2, '{{9,10},{11,12}}'::int[]] FROM arr; array ------------------------------------------------ {{{1,2},{3,4}},{{5,6},{7,8}},{{9,10},{11,12}}} (1 row)
You can construct an empty array, but since it's impossible to have an array with no type, you must explicitly cast your empty array to the desired type. For example:
SELECT ARRAY[]::integer[]; array ------- {} (1 row)
It is also possible to construct an array from the results of a subquery. In this form, the array constructor is written with the key word ARRAY
followed by a parenthesized (not bracketed) subquery. For example:
SELECT ARRAY(SELECT oid FROM pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%'); array ------------------------------------------------------------------ {2011,1954,1948,1952,1951,1244,1950,2005,1949,1953,2006,31,2412} (1 row) SELECT ARRAY(SELECT ARRAY[i, i*2] FROM generate_series(1,5) AS a(i)); array ---------------------------------- {{1,2},{2,4},{3,6},{4,8},{5,10}} (1 row)
The subquery must return a single column. If the subquery's output column is of a non-array type, the resulting one-dimensional array will have an element for each row in the subquery result, with an element type matching that of the subquery's output column. If the subquery's output column is of an array type, the result will be an array of the same type but one higher dimension; in this case all the subquery rows must yield arrays of identical dimensionality, else the result would not be rectangular.
The subscripts of an array value built with ARRAY
always begin with one. For more information about arrays, see Section 8.15.
4.2.13. Row Constructors
A row constructor is an expression that builds a row value (also called a composite value) using values for its member fields. A row constructor consists of the key word ROW
, a left parenthesis, zero or more expressions (separated by commas) for the row field values, and finally a right parenthesis. For example:
SELECT ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test');
The key word ROW
is optional when there is more than one expression in the list.
A row constructor can include the syntax rowvalue
, which will be expanded to a list of the elements of the row value, just as occurs when the .*
syntax is used at the top level of a SELECT
list (see Section 8.16.5). For example, if table t
has columns f1
and f2
, these are the same:
SELECT ROW(t.*, 42) FROM t; SELECT ROW(t.f1, t.f2, 42) FROM t;
Before PostgreSQL 8.2, the .*
syntax was not expanded in row constructors, so that writing ROW(t.*, 42)
created a two-field row whose first field was another row value. The new behavior is usually more useful. If you need the old behavior of nested row values, write the inner row value without .*
, for instance ROW(t, 42)
By default, the value created by a ROW
expression is of an anonymous record type. If necessary, it can be cast to a named composite type — either the row type of a table, or a composite type created with CREATE TYPE AS
. An explicit cast might be needed to avoid ambiguity. For example:
CREATE TABLE mytable(f1 int, f2 float, f3 text); CREATE FUNCTION getf1(mytable) RETURNS int AS 'SELECT $1.f1' LANGUAGE SQL; -- No cast needed since only one getf1() exists SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test')); getf1 ------- 1 (1 row) CREATE TYPE myrowtype AS (f1 int, f2 text, f3 numeric); CREATE FUNCTION getf1(myrowtype) RETURNS int AS 'SELECT $1.f1' LANGUAGE SQL; -- Now we need a cast to indicate which function to call: SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test')); ERROR: function getf1(record) is not unique SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test')::mytable); getf1 ------- 1 (1 row) SELECT getf1(CAST(ROW(11,'this is a test',2.5) AS myrowtype)); getf1 ------- 11 (1 row)
Row constructors can be used to build composite values to be stored in a composite-type table column, or to be passed to a function that accepts a composite parameter. Also, it is possible to compare two row values or test a row with IS NULL
or IS NOT NULL
, for example:
SELECT ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test') = ROW(1, 3, 'not the same'); SELECT ROW(table.*) IS NULL FROM table; -- detect all-null rows
For more detail see Section 9.24. Row constructors can also be used in connection with subqueries, as discussed in Section 9.23.
4.2.14. Expression Evaluation Rules
The order of evaluation of subexpressions is not defined. In particular, the inputs of an operator or function are not necessarily evaluated left-to-right or in any other fixed order.
Furthermore, if the result of an expression can be determined by evaluating only some parts of it, then other subexpressions might not be evaluated at all. For instance, if one wrote:
SELECT true OR somefunc();
then somefunc()
would (probably) not be called at all. The same would be the case if one wrote:
SELECT somefunc() OR true;
Note that this is not the same as the left-to-right "short-circuiting" of Boolean operators that is found in some programming languages.
As a consequence, it is unwise to use functions with side effects as part of complex expressions. It is particularly dangerous to rely on side effects or evaluation order in WHERE
and HAVING
clauses, since those clauses are extensively reprocessed as part of developing an execution plan. Boolean expressions (AND
combinations) in those clauses can be reorganized in any manner allowed by the laws of Boolean algebra.
When it is essential to force evaluation order, a CASE
construct (see Section 9.18) can be used. For example, this is an untrustworthy way of trying to avoid division by zero in a WHERE
SELECT ... WHERE x > 0 AND y/x > 1.5;
But this is safe:
SELECT ... WHERE CASE WHEN x > 0 THEN y/x > 1.5 ELSE false END;
construct used in this fashion will defeat optimization attempts, so it should only be done when necessary. (In this particular example, it would be better to sidestep the problem by writing y > 1.5*x
is not a cure-all for such issues, however. One limitation of the technique illustrated above is that it does not prevent early evaluation of constant subexpressions. As described in Section 39.7, functions and operators marked IMMUTABLE
can be evaluated when the query is planned rather than when it is executed. Thus for example
SELECT CASE WHEN x > 0 THEN x ELSE 1/0 END FROM tab;
is likely to result in a division-by-zero failure due to the planner trying to simplify the constant subexpression, even if every row in the table has x > 0
so that the ELSE
arm would never be entered at run time.
While that particular example might seem silly, related cases that don't obviously involve constants can occur in queries executed within functions, since the values of function arguments and local variables can be inserted into queries as constants for planning purposes. Within PL/pgSQL functions, for example, using an IF
statement to protect a risky computation is much safer than just nesting it in a CASE
Another limitation of the same kind is that a CASE
cannot prevent evaluation of an aggregate expression contained within it, because aggregate expressions are computed before other expressions in a SELECT
list or HAVING
clause are considered. For example, the following query can cause a division-by-zero error despite seemingly having protected against it:
SELECT CASE WHEN min(employees) > 0 THEN avg(expenses / employees) END FROM departments;
The min()
and avg()
aggregates are computed concurrently over all the input rows, so if any row has employees
equal to zero, the division-by-zero error will occur before there is any opportunity to test the result of min()
. Instead, use a WHERE
or FILTER
clause to prevent problematic input rows from reaching an aggregate function in the first place.


text:
This blog provides stories that Denyse O'Leary, a Toronto-based journalist, has found to be of interest, as she covers the growing intelligent design controversy. It supports her book By Design or by Chance? (Augsburg 2004). Does the universe - and do life forms - show evidence of intelligent design? If so, Carl Sagan was wrong and so is Richard Dawkins. Now what?
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Simon Templar, played here by Vincent Price (with Barry Sullivan substituting in two episodes), was wealthy and refined. He was well dressed, well traveled, and well educated. He was also The Saint, the "Robin Hood of modern crime," who was not afraid to break the law if that's what had to be done to ensure that justice was served.
Larry Dobkin co-stars as Louie the Cabbie in these digitally restored and remastered tales that find Templar sailing, skiing, and delving in to the disparate worlds of mining, baseball, prizefighting, mystery writing, and more. The Saint sets all manner of matters straight, all the while maintaining excellent form.
Includes a Program Guide written by Ian Dickerson, featuring photographs and a series history.
Episodes Include: The Saint Goes Underground 07-31-49, Greed Causes Murder 08-14-49, A Schizophrenic Psychiatrist (a.k.a. The Colorblind Killer) 09-18-49, The Sinister Sneeze 06-11-50, The Problem of the Peculiar Payoff 07-09-50, Follow the Leader 07-16-50, The Frightened Author 07-23-50, The Case of the Previewed Crime 07-30-50, The Corpse Said Ouch 08-06-50, Cupid and the Corpse 08-27-50, Baseball Murder 09-03-50, The Horrible Hamburger 09-10-50, The Ghost That Giggled 09-17-50, Dossier on a Doggone Dog 09-24-50, It's Snow Use 10-29-50, Miss Godby's School for Girls 11-05-50, The Dame on the Doorstep 11-12-50, No Hiding Place 11-19-50, The Terrible Tintype 11-26-50, Martin Hickerson, Private Eye 12-03-50
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text:
I am so excited about this project, you have no idea, and I got started on it this weekend!
Here is a current outline of the challenge schedule:
We are in Week 1 which means, Entry and Living Area. I combined the two since often times they are combined in our homes.
And I REALLY wanted to start with the entry area, because it's really the first place you see when you enter the home. And what do you usually find in the entry? Why SHOES of course!
I know we all NEED shoes, but who doesn't just LOVE shoes? I mean really, such an incredible way to make a fashion statement, am I right or am I right? Dog's are a man's best friend, shoes are a girls! And shoes are also a huge investment. And to ensure they look great from day to day, keeping them organized is EXTREMELY important!
Let's paint a picture shall we? Imagine... your sporting a rockin' hot outfit and getting ready to head out on the town. You know exactly which shoes you want to complete your outfit, however.... whomp whomp, you can't find them! Urg, now your late. And once you do find them, they were under a pile of school books, sippy cups or piles of clothes that need to be washed, meaning, they are bent and deformed and looking a little shabby. More whomp sound effects welcome. Not a happy story. But it's definitely one that can be avoided!
These days, there are oodles of ways to store shoes via innovative shoe storage solutions... like a shoe wheel:
Or an over the door shoe rack, like we had seen in readers, Elisabeth's, entry:
There are also shoe pockets:
Shoe cubbies:
Shoe boxes {which work great with a picture of the shoe attached to the front}:
And shoe shelves:
I've actually blogged a couple times now about how I have been fond of the Closetmaid Stackable Shoe Shelves thus far:
In fact, up until recently, our shoes have been residing here, in our "shoe" closet in the kitchen:
However, as many of you observant friends have noticed on my home tour page, I came up with a new solution for our shoes. Here's why:
1. We tried to use our coat hooks by our back door all winter long, for our jackets and snow gear, so that we could keep this closet for shoes {there really was good logic to this originally...}
2. Once winter had come to an end, so had my patience with the shoe closet/jacket situation. Shoes were being carried through the house from both the entry and the garage to the centrally located "Shoe Closet"... meaning dirt was coming through the house frequently...
3. Because the closet was out of site, out of mind, it was easier for individuals to leave shoes piled up by the front door and by the garage door under the jackets on the hooks.
That's when I found this beautiful piece of shoe organizing storage furniture:
It spoke to me and I knew that it absolutely was the storage solution I had been waiting for, for the entire 10 years we have lived in our home. Sure, it's a little on the pricey side for this gal, however, it hasn't been regretted one day since it came home with us.
Here is a picture of the problem wall, in which shoes would get lined up... you can see clearly in this photo that we have absolutely ZERO entry, and because of the location of the stairs, ZERO closet...
I had all sorts of ideas swirling, however, nothing was narrow enough to be installed on the wall, as to not completely block the traffic into the living room. Until the shoe cabinet was found...
As you can see, because it's only just over 11 inches deep, it's the perfect way to add storage to our non-existent entry {yes, those are Lego's in the background...}
The part that sold me was that it was meant to be able to store a minimum of 12 pairs of shoes. And knowing that my little guys still have some little feet, I knew it would be able to store more!
Organizing our shoes is important so they are easy to access when running out the door, easy to put away when coming in the door, and kept in good shape at the same time! In fact, keeping them here is protecting them from being stacked and tossed around and tripped on by the front door! Such a win!
And the cabinet is affixed to the wall, so when the doors open, it won't topple.
I put the kid's shoes towards the bottom of the cabinet since they are easier to reach there. And that's another win about this shoe storage system, it's easy for the kids to put away their own shoes!
Of course, as I mentioned, shoes are a gal's bff! So although the kid's and hub's complete shoe selection is here {with the exception of a basket of flip flops stored nearby}, I have another stash hidden back in our clothes closet.
Again, nicely organized on shoe stands, easy to find exactly what I am looking for! I typically keep my slip-on-and-go shoes by the front door, and my dressier options in my bedroom closet. And to ensure my boots stay in tip top shape, I just roll up an old magazine and stick it inside!
And that's how the Jones family organizes their shoes! And because our space is limited, so are the amount of shoes one gal is allowed to keep... I am getting rid of 11 pairs of shoes for this month's challenge!
My Shoe Organizing Tips:
1. Sort shoes by individual. PURGE! I believe that each kiddo really only need 2-3 pairs of shoes max, one nicer pair and a play pair {then again, I don't have little girls either}. For adults, it's all about asking those same questions we ask when purging anything else in our lives. Do I LOVE this pair of shoes? Are they in usable condition? When was the last time I wore these shoes? Are they worth the valuable space they are taking up? Do they fit? Are they comfortable? Do I have a similar pair? Girls, bear with me, but it's true. Sure, if you have the space that allows you to place all your pretty pumps on display, live it UP! But most of us don't have that luxury and we need to be realistic about what stays and what goes. A lot of the shoes I decided to say farewell too, didn't make the cut because they were duplicates to another pair that I loved more.
2. Once you have your shoes paired down and purged, take inventory and begin searching for a shoe organizer. It's important to select a shoe organizer that allows you to visually see each pair of shoes, allowing for you to quickly "grab n' go". I also believe in keeping the families shoes in one central location and grouped together, vs. keeping them in multiple locations around the home or in individual closets. Over the door hangers allow you to maximize vertical space while shoe racks/shelves are great lower levels of closets and near entry doors.
3. When placing into your organizer, keep your daily grabs or your "top picks" at easy reach, and store away the pairs used less frequently or for special occasions. Shoe boxes with photos placed on the front or bedroom closets are a good place for the "special" shoes.
- I say, if you invested in a great pair of shoes that are lightly worn or next to perfect condition, try selling them! You may make back some of your investment by using Craigslist or Ebay. In fact, I picked out three pairs of shoes that I plan to list on Ebay this week. Saving them for a garage sale is also a great way to bring in a little extra moolah
- There are many fantastic organizations that take shoes. Let's face it, many of us are blessed with pretty footwear to keep our toes in tip top shape, however, many are not. Many individuals are in need of shoes so donating your extras is such an incredible thing! Here are some sites I found online that take old shoes:
- http://www.soles4souls.org/
- http://donateyouroldshoes.org/
- http://www.recycledrunners.com/
- http://www.nikereuseashoe.com/
- http://www.goodwill.org/
- Remember, when you donate your shoes, you are not only helping a fellow friend in need, you are being "green", and helping the earth. Soles4souls reported the followings scary statistic, "Last year alone, Americans discarded more than 300 million pairs of shoes. When these shoes break down in our landfills, the toxic glue that holds the shoes together can leak into our water supply and atmosphere." Not OK peeps. Tossing shoes really isn't a great idea, there are even places that recycle your shoes to make new shoes, so let's do our part in getting our shoes donated and keep them out of a landfill!
- I spoke to an employee at my local Goodwill store. I asked about their process when it comes to taking shoe donations. I was informed that only the best of the best make the cut to be sold in the stores, however, the rest are always salvaged and sent to those in need. Music to my ears!
So who's motivated? Who's in? Who's got some additional shoe stories or tips and organizing/purging tricks?
Oh and STAY TUNED! Really, you aren't going to want to miss the "Shoe-Tastic" giveaway coming up later today!
Pssst! Looking for information on caring for your footwear? Here is a great resource over at Real Simple.
I decided a little challenge would be fun! This month we are spending the next thirty days saying goodbye to thirty things! Wanna Join in? Take photos and blog about your awesomeness as you go! I am hoping to do a giant, "We did it!" celebratory post where we can all link up our purging success stories at the end of the month!


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48 %
(% comparisons won)
This statistic shows the popularity of a club among Transfermarkt users over time. The monthly values only take into account the votes during the month in question, while the total value counts all votes ever. Please note that a user can only vote once per pair - a possible previous vote is overwritten.


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text: Based on information from California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. as of Jul 25, 2024 10:17:am. This information is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. Display of MLS data is usually deemed reliable but is NOT guaranteed accurate by the MLS. Buyers are responsible for verifying the accuracy of all information and should investigate the data themselves or retain appropriate professionals. Information from sources other than the Listing Agent may have been included in the MLS data. Unless otherwise specified in writing, Broker/Agent has not and will not verify any information obtained from other sources. The Broker/Agent providing the information contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.


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text:
Estimated read time: 5-6 minutes
This archived news story is available only for your personal, non-commercial use. Information in the story may be outdated or superseded by additional information. Reading or replaying the story in its archived form does not constitute a republication of the story.
AP Entertainment Writer
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Barbra Streisand would really rather relax than star in a movie.
"I like not to be bothered," she said during a recent interview. "I like to look at the ocean and swim in my pool and play with my dog and see my son."
But for the director and writer of "The Guilt Trip," in theaters Wednesday, Streisand was the only choice to play Joyce Brewster, a loving but meddling mom who sees the bonding opportunity of a lifetime when her only son, Andy (Seth Rogen), invites her on a cross-country road trip. Streisand declined the role for a year. Then her real-life son, Jason Gould, joined the chorus of voices urging her to do it, so the legendary 70-year-old entertainer made a few "requests" of producers.
Could they promise weekends off and no call times before 8:30 a.m.? Would they consider renting a warehouse closer to Streisand's Malibu home rather than shooting on a proper sound stage?
"I get a little carsick sometimes so I didn't want to schlep to Paramount, which is an hour and a half to two hours that time of the morning," Streisand said. "So if you rent a warehouse and built the sets _ it's ridiculous what I was asking."
Yet the filmmakers obliged her every demand, and in the end, Streisand and Rogen shared one of the most pleasant, fun and creatively comfortable acting experiences they've ever had. The two approach work similarly, they said, and they really became like mother and son on set.
"Aw, you were proud of your mommy?" Streisand asked Rogen sweetly, laying her head on his shoulder playfully after he complimented her performance in the film.
Rogen, 30, said Streisand reminds him of his own mother.
"I think there's a whole generation of mothers who kind of model themselves off of Barbra. She's the patient zero of Jewish mothers," he said. " A lot of people see the movie from all races and nationalities and they're like, `Oh man, she reminds me so much of my mother,' and I think it's because, it's probably because your mother is a fan of hers and acts like her."
Rogen and Streisand also bonded as filmmakers. As multi-hyphenates who work on both sides of the camera, they brought a broad understanding of the moviemaking process and resulting openness to their roles. For example, during one scene where Streisand's character tries to eat a four-pound steak to win a free meal, the actress in her didn't want to do it, but the director in her knew she had to.
"Because, as a filmmaker, I don't care what the actress has to go through," she said.
"Some actors are like that, Rogen said. "Ones who've made movies are like that. You can see that even though they don't want to be doing that, they know that they have to because it's the best thing for the movie."
That director's sense of story and filmmaking also informed their improv scenes. Streisand said ad-libbing comes naturally to her _ "not that I've had to use it before in something like `Prince of Tides.'"
Though their characters may seem Jewish (like the actors that play them), both said they tried to make them more generic.
"But then your natural instincts come out," Streisand said.
"And you go Jewish," Rogen added with a laugh.
Streisand then reminded him, "There are a lot of very famous Jewish entertainers," echoing every Jewish mother ever.
The mutual respect between the two was evident when they discussed their upcoming projects. Rogen just finished his co-directorial debut, "The End of the World," which he also wrote and produced.
"How did you find dealing with your actors?" Streisand asked. "Because your actors were all your friends, right? So you could say anything to them."
Rogen said it made it easier in some ways and more difficult in others. The actors all play themselves, he said, and he and Streisand shared a laugh about potential character discussions on set between actor and director.
"You hired me for me, and this is what I want to do!" Streisand laughed.
When she revealed that she's having trouble finding financing for her next directorial project, Rogen commiserated. "It's tough to get a movie going," he said.
Though Streisand's reputation as a legendary talent and reported diva precedes her, Rogen said he was impressed by the Oscar-winner's approach to her work and demeanor on set.
"If anything, it showed me that I should maintain sanity," he said. "There's no excuse to be crazy. Because Barbra's not crazy. She acts very reasonably and she can get away with a lot of (stuff) that she doesn't pull. I've seen people with much less power than her get away with crazier (things) than she's ever pulled... She could go bonkers and she doesn't do anything."
"I'm like this nice person," Streisand said. "Why do I have this strange reputation?"
"I'm saying you could," Rogen said. "I think people project what they would maybe do if they had as much power as you."
All she did was move "The Guilt Trip" sets a little closer to her house.
AP Entertainment Writer Sandy Cohen is on Twitter: www.twitter.com/APSandy.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text:
Archive for February, 2020
- SkinnyBunnny on February 9th, 2020
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text:
...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
Copyright © 2005-2007 Douglas Gregor, Matthias Troyer, Trustees of Indiana University
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt )
Table of Contents
Boost.MPI is a library for message passing in high-performance parallel applications. A Boost.MPI program is one or more processes that can communicate either via sending and receiving individual messages (point-to-point communication) or by coordinating as a group (collective communication). Unlike communication in threaded environments or using a shared-memory library, Boost.MPI processes can be spread across many different machines, possibly with different operating systems and underlying architectures.
Boost.MPI is not a completely new parallel programming library. Rather, it is a C++-friendly interface to the standard Message Passing Interface (MPI), the most popular library interface for high-performance, distributed computing. MPI defines a library interface, available from C, Fortran, and C++, for which there are many MPI implementations. Although there exist C++ bindings for MPI, they offer little functionality over the C bindings. The Boost.MPI library provides an alternative C++ interface to MPI that better supports modern C++ development styles, including complete support for user-defined data types and C++ Standard Library types, arbitrary function objects for collective algorithms, and the use of modern C++ library techniques to maintain maximal efficiency.
At present, Boost.MPI supports the majority of functionality in MPI 1.1. The thin abstractions in Boost.MPI allow one to easily combine it with calls to the underlying C MPI library. Boost.MPI currently supports:
and gather
with both built-in and user-defined data types and function objects.
Boost.MPI can be accessed either through its native C++ bindings, or through its alternative, Python interface.
Last revised: April 02, 2015 at 09:18:04 GMT |


text:
In March 2011, Arab Spring–inspired protests kicked off in the impoverished Syrian agricultural town of Dara'a. The mini-uprising, defined by its peaceful character, met a brutal response, one that few observers at the time could have anticipated would blow up into a far wider rebellion against President Bashar Assad and the entrenched, decades-long rule of his family. With Syrian authorities clamping down on journalistic access and freedoms, we saw glimpses of the unrest there for months only through grainy YouTube footage—images as uncertain and hard to corroborate as the events on the ground.
But roughly two years of violence has witnessed an all-out civil war, one that has perhaps irredeemably fissured the country along sectarian lines. The estimated death toll, according to the United Nations, is more than 70,000, though others claim it has surpassed 100,000. More than a million have been made refugees. Forces loyal to the Assad regime continue their onslaught on opposition strongholds, making ancient medieval cities like Homs, Hama and Aleppo front-page news. The rebels, a patchwork of defectors, militias and extremist groups, have wrested control of large swathes of territory.
Journalists have stolen across the border with the aid of rebel groups to document the shelling of civilians and the bloody unraveling of the Assad status quo. Some have paid the price for access with their lives. Diplomatic efforts at the U.N. to curb the killings have stalled amid a mess of geopolitics. Former U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan attempted to make peace in early 2012, but was met with resistance by an unwilling Assad government and a deadlock in the Security Council. Annan resigned on Aug. 2, 2012, and was replaced by Lakhdar Brahimi whose attempt at a ceasefire during the Eid al-Adha failed quickly. A group of 130 international representatives known as the Friends of Syria formally recognized the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces as "the legitimate representative of the Syrian people," and warned the Assad regime against the use of chemical weapons. Meanwhile, while aid flows in from Gulf states, the rebels clamor for tactical and military support from the West that has yet to come—a consequence, in part, of fears in Western capitals that the anti-Assad forces are too extremist for their liking. The war's chaos has spread throughout Syria and neighboring Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Lebanon with no clear end in sight. —Ishaan Tharoor and Tanner Curtis


text:
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text: It's the rustling of the trees against the window, the unmistakable creek of the floorboards, and the eager faces of leering children with open bags. Halloween is here. Send a friendly boo or a Singing Halloween eCard for Co-Worker! You'll easily get in the Halloween spirit, with Doozy's dozens of Halloween eCards offerings that are creatively fun and affordable.


text:
Indenture Nathl. Jennison
Sepr. 81 foundfor an Assault of
Bony [Body] on Quack
1 May 81 -- & beat with a stick
& imprisond 2 hours --
born in Caldwell house, who
engaged he should have his free-
dom at 25 -- his Wido who
married deft promisd ye same
When he was 28, dismissed --
& deft attempted
Mr. Caldwell -- The
Negro, came to my house
abt. a week before ye Warrt.
-- he was at work in my
field with a team work-
ing -- heard a Screaming
-- got upon a Nole 5 or 6
rods from Jennison & several
others, who had got ye. Negro
down, Young fellow upon ye.
Negro, I took him off --
bruised his fingers -- carried
him off -- Went to a saw
mill -- & told Jennison
his Master had freed him
-- & Winslow let him go.
& Arms -- My Brother
said always he should be
free at 25 -- Mrs. Caldwell
Quack -- I was
10 yrs. old when Master
-well died -- Mrs. lived
a No. of years before she
married agen -- I livd
with Dr. Jennison till
years & 1/2 after I was 21.
My old Master said I
be free at 24 or 25 --
Mistress told me I should
be free a[t] 21. said so to
-nison, before & after Marriage.
Defence --
from Zach. Stone to Caldwell
Bill of Sale of Mingo & Dina
1754 F & quaco 9 mths. old
Chs. Baker -- I was divider
of Caldwell's Estate (abt
20 yrs. ago -- he died) 2 or 3
years after, ye Wido recd.
Dividend --
Mr. Jones -- Quaco livd
with Caldwell till he died
-- apprizd at £ 40 --
Set off to his Mrs. as
part of ye. personal Estate.
-- She married Jennison
abt. 1770 -- & died abt.
3 Years after --
Josh Winslow -- I was
desird by deft to help
him reclaim Quaco --
Fact proved --
Justification yt. Quak is a
Slave -- & to prove it tis
said, yt. quack
when a
child abt. 9 months old
with his father & mother
were sold by bill of sale
in 1754, abt. 29 yrs.
to Mr. Caldwell now
decd. -- That when he
died, Quack was apprizd
as part of ye. personal
Widow in her share of ye
personal Estate; yt. Mr.
Jennison marrying her was
intitled to Quack as his
property -- & threfore yt. he
had a right to bring him
home when run away.
& yt. the deft only took
proper Measures for yt purpose.
& the defts council also
rely on some former laws
of ye province, wch. give coun-
tenance to Slavery.
To this it is answer'd
that if he ever was a Slave,
he was liberated both by
his Master Caldwell
& by ye. Widow after his
death, that they ye. first of whom
& engaged, he should be
free at 25 -- ye. other at 21.
As to ye. doctrine of Slavery
& ye. right of Christians to
holding Africans in perpetu-
-al servititude [servitude] , & selling
& treating them as we do our horses
& Cattle, that, (it is true)
has been heretofore counte-
formerly, but no where
is it expressly enacted or established. -- It has
been a usage -- a usage which
took its origin, from ye.
practice of some of ye.
European nations, & the
regulations of british Govmt
respecting the then Colonies,
for ye. benefit of trade
& Wealth. But whatever
Sentiments have been for-
merly prevailed in this
particular or slid in upon
us by ye. Example ofothers, a different Idea
has taken place with
ye people of America
more favorable to ye.
natural rights of Man-
kind, & to that of and natural innate, desire
of Liberty, with which
Heaven (witht. regard to Colors, complexion or Shapes of
noses features) has inspired
all ye. human Race.
And upon this Ground,
our Constitution of
Govmt, Sets out into
by wch. ye people of this
Commonwealth havesolemnly bound them-
-selves, Sets out with
declaring that all men
are born free & equal --
& yt. Every subject is
intitled to Liberty, & to
have it guarded by ye.
Laws, as well as Life &
property -- & in short is
totally repugnant to ye.
Idea of being born Slaves.
This being ye. Case I think
ye. Idea of Slavery is in
consistent with our own
conduct & Constitution& there can be no such
thing as perpetual servi-
tude of a rational Crea-
ture, unless it his Liberty is forfeited
by Some Criminal Conduct or
giv given up by personal
Consent or Contract.
It appears yt. ye. negro
verdict Guilty
[Accounting notes on horses at bottom of page, not transcribed.]
The preceding Case
was the One in which, by the foregoing Charge,
Slavery in
was forever abolished.
The Court was held by
Hon Wm
Cushing, Chief Justice
Nathl. Peaslee Sargeant
David Sewall
Increase Sumner
Robt. Treat Paine,
Atty Genl, for the
Sprague for Deft.
The fine was 40 shillings & costs of prosecution.


text:
I responded to an article in Hospitality Magazine about the alarming shortage of people who seek to become apprentices and various views why.
I know that I have a reputation of being "old school "and yes I did start cooking nearly 60 years ago.
I acknowledge many in the modern culinary world would leave me for dead on a stove now as my last Kitchen Gig / appearance was a couple of years ago.
However, my career started in Haute- Classical (French) and touched - Nouvelle- Fusion – and many other styles and cultures. There are a couple of very well known Melbourne chefs with whom I have in very recent years (in fun) participated in joint events in their kitchen, mainly as guest appearances gigs, and to their and the brigades amazement was able to deliver a quality experience.
In addition, yes, I can also use a sous vide machine and a smoke gun.
Substantially experienced in culinary education, authored a number of books and passionately kept up to date; even years after most others have curled up on bowling greens or gone walkabout. Even now, discover that I often know more about the state of the nation than some young guns.
I also believe that Melbourne has some excellent chefs and restaurants. However, there is alarming evidence that the cookery industry is on a slippery slope.
In my opinion - The main issue is about attitude not skills alone. I have often said Chefs "look in the mirror" and agree with that opinion, and here are some reasons why.
I realise, that I will be shouted down again about a long-term issue of mine, wearing a chef's hat.
Symbols influence attitudes in all aspects of our culture, and I suggest the symbol of a chef's hat impacts on the prestige of being a chef. A classic chef's hat shapes the subconsciously opinion of the public of the value of being a chef and reinforces the respectability of commercial cookery as a career.
Realise, the industry lost a lot of respect by dropping a global symbol that identifies the wearer as a person who belongs to a unique trade, and proud to show they are a cook; we lost the branding of a chef and threw out the baby with the bathwater.
Consequently, subconsciously the young say, "Where is my role mode"? Where is the badge I need to respect? Who will respect me in the future? Forget the many other material reasons why one should, or even should not wear one; and there are many good reasons on both sides. Just please seriously examine the "respect issue".
What occurs in any kitchen is the chef's domain, but when a chef appears in any public arena without a chef's hat, it subconsciously destroys the perception of cookery as a respectable career and thus become an industry wide issue.
The public do not see the unique difference between a chef and any other occupation. They may acknowledge an individual, but do not subconsciously associate the individual with the whole industry, so the uncapped chef may receive the kudos but the industry does not gain the same level of respectability.
Added thoughtless schools administrators swapped classical hats for caps in their classes, and by doing so foolishly endorsed the lowering of standards, accepted mediocrity, and removed the very symbol admired globally.
I am highly honoured to know some seriously great chefs and educators, but cannot understand why they do not see this flaw in their attitude.
The second point, that some will have some refusing to accept is about titles.
When we started calling apprentices cooks – apprentice chefs we took away a stage of development for them to strive to attain. We removed an important difference of recognition, between naming a person who has eight or eighteen years experience and the trainee with only one. We confused the public, gave creditability to the con artists, and developed a public perception that everyone who can peel a carrot or read a recipe is a legitimate chef.
The same principle applies up the brigade ladder. When anyone calls themselves an" executive chef" and not technically entitled to do so, they destroy the publics understanding of chain of command and rightful recognition of position and responsibility and only demonstrating to peers they do not understand the equal status of Chef de cuisine, while wrongly believing that "Executive" has a higher status.
The attitude unknowingly promoted by a host of bad practices including: the inexperienced media who appear to encourage industry hype by using images of chefs in kitchens without hats, companies who use clowns in their adverts, misuse of titles in articles, reviewers who really believe that one meal experience is adequate evidence to evaluate a restaurant and more.
The third point, which from experience below most will choose to ignore.
I wonder how many readers know that there is an official code of conduct for cooks and chefs, compiled, and endorsed by over 80 chefs and culinary educators Australia wide and endorsed by the major chefs associations over five years ago.
Which after officially requesting and justifying on numerous occasions to state and national curriculum authorities for the codes be added to curriculum in first year of culinary training to improve young attitudes, and has this been done NO. Has it even been examined NO, Has the peak restaurant associations promoted the codes to its members NO. There is an Idiom: A fish goes bad from its head?
Then when we read employers stating in articles that they seek a second or third year apprentice because of greater experience; meaning in reality they scrounge on someone else doing the hard investment in the first year, then poach, and burn him or her out. In addition, probably leave them to self-train and alone to run the show, further often without a trained chef at hand to advise and supervise.
I could continue to explore equally other appalling attitudes and industry practises, but these will take forever including:
Exchanging fulltime career teachers with part timers on the pretext, they are more up to date. In some cases yes, but more importantly do not have the skills to impart knowledge nor the passion required to teach.
Blindly accepting that only current industry practices will form the curriculum and overlooking the very principle of walking a fine line between reflecting industry practice, while leading industry practice by being a role model.
Chefs who believing that if taught at school, it does not need industry rehearsal, because of the invalid view that competency at school is the same as being industry ready.
Still we all need to remember; it is also a supply and demand issue.
When the cookery industry gets ugly enough and unable to find sufficient people, because the public begin to realise the whole story: burnout, lack of respect, TV shows do not reflect industrial conditions, One cannot fail even in a competency model, and more; (Evidence that this is starting to happen) only then will the pendulum will swing in the opposite direction.
Someone has to say it. Some will not be able to see the points, but there again; I am from the old school
However, I can remember:
I was able to ask questions of my teachers and exchange conversations without using profane language in the sentence.
We believed that our chef was god who was always right and knew that even when wrong he was right.
Failing a test was actually bad and no one worried that telling me that I had failed might hurt my feelings and psychologically damage me for life.
We not only used numerous technical terms to communicate in a kitchen, but others in the kitchen actually understood them.
We did not wear baseball caps in a kitchen, nor would we have worn them backwards to keep the sunlight off the neck while on the stove.
Celebrities were real people who were famous for exceptional acting skills, while now many celebrities become famous for trying to act as an exceptional chef.
Cooking, cookery and cook were used to describe the job while cheffery and cheffing used by inexperience and usually the uneducated.
Moreover, Ice was made only from water.
Wow- How right you are - I am old school. But with an attitude I am proud of.


text:
Crown lengthening is generally performed in order to improve the health of the gum tissue, or to prepare the mouth for restorative or cosmetic procedures. In addition, crown lengthening procedures can also be used to correct a "gummy" smile, where teeth are covered with excess gum tissue. Crown lengthening exposes more of the natural tooth by reshaping or recontouring bone and gum tissue. This treatment can be performed on a single tooth, many teeth or the entire gum line, to expose a pleasant, aesthetically pleasing smile.
Reasons for crown lengthening
Crown lengthening is a versatile and common procedure that has many effective uses and benefits. The vast majority of patients who have undergone this type of surgery are highly delighted with the results.
Here are some of the most common reasons for crown lengthening:
What does crown lengthening involve?
Crown lengthening is normally performed under local anesthetic. The amount of time this procedure takes will largely depend in how many teeth are involved and whether a small amount of bone needs to be removed, in addition to the soft tissue. Any existing dental crowns will be removed prior to the procedure, and replaced immediately afterwards.
The dentist will make a series of small incisions around the soft tissue in order to separate the gums away from the teeth. Even if only one tooth requires the re-contour, neighboring teeth are usually treated to provide a more even reshaping. Separating the gums provides the dentist with access to the roots of the teeth and the underlying bone.
In some cases, the removal of a small amount of tissue will provide enough tooth exposure to place a crown. In other cases, the dentist will also need to remove a small amount of bone from around the teeth. The bone is usually removed using a combination of special hand instruments, and rotary instruments. The rotary instruments roughly resemble the drill that is used in cavity treatment.
When the dentist is satisfied the teeth have sufficient exposure, the wound will be cleaned with sterile water and the gum tissue will be sutured with small stitches. The teeth will look noticeably longer immediately after surgery because the gums have now been repositioned.
The dentist will secure the surgical site using an intraoral (periodontal) bandage, which serves to prevent infection. Prescriptions may be provided for pain medication, and a chlorhexidine (antimicrobial) mouth rinse may be given to help reduce any bacteria attempting to re-colonize. The surgical site will be completely healed in approximately two to three months.
If you have any questions about crown lengthening, please ask your dentist.
Excellent care from a professional staff!
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text:
Travel Bingo Cards
Sale price
Regular price
B-I-N-G-O! Play this fun travel bingo game in the car on your next road trip!
PDF comes with 8 unique road trip bingo cards in two different designs - one with a colored background and on with a white background.
All files are digital, nothing will be shipped. Because of the nature of digital files, no refunds are available.
If you run into an issue with a file, email me at email@example.com, and I'll do my best to help resolve the issue.
These are frequently asked questions about our printables and digital files.
Will anything be shipped?
No, all files are digital so nothing will be shipped.
How will I receive my files?
You'll receive a confirmation email after your purchase or once you fill out the form. Minutes later you will receive a second email with link to download your files.
If you do not receive the confirmation email with the download link, please check your spam and junk folders - they often get lost there.
My file isn't downloading or won't open, can you help?
Try to open the file on a desktop computer rather than a mobile device or tablet. Many of the files are large and require an actual computer to open. If it is a zipped file, you need to unzip the file using an unzip software to open.
The file won't print. Can you help?
Make sure that you download the actual file to your computer and print it from your computer rather than the internet browser. This often solves most printing issues. If that doesn't work, try sending to a friend, family member, or printing company to print.
Can you change XYZ in a printable or send me an editable version?
I will not be customizing any printables during the holidays. If it is something non-holiday related, please reach out again after the break.
I've having a party for XYZ. Can you help?
I love to help with ideas but will taking a break from this until after the holidays. If you need Christmas party games, this post has 40+ of my game ideas all in one place.
I'm having technical issues with my files. Can you help?
No, unfortunately technical support is not included.
What license does my purchase include? How can I use these files?
All files are for personal use only and the personal license covers one person's use only. Play Party Plan retains all rights, license, copyright, title, and ownership of all products.
If you would like a commercial license to use files for profit or sale of any kind, please reach out to email@example.com to discuss pricing for a commercial license.
Can I use multiple discounts at once?
No, only one discount code may be used per transaction. Discount codes are often only available for a limited time and if code is expired, discount will not be given.
Where do I enter the discount code?
On the checkout page you will see a box to enter your discount code. If it is not there, that means you are already taking advantage of another automatic discount on the site (e.g., buy X + Y and get both for 40% off) and discounts cannot be stacked. If you are already using another bundle discount, the discount code box will not show up.
What happens if a file I purchased gets updated?
If I make seasonal updates to a file that you have purchased (e.g., NYE year end trivia or Super Bowl commercial bingo cards), you will receive an updated link when the games are updated.
If a game is updated to fix an error, typo, or make it more user friendly - you'll received an updated link with the new game.
- Reviews
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Your input is very much appreciated. Share it with your friends so they can enjoy it too!
So fun!
These are exciting and make road trips less boring!
Great product
This is a lovely resource to have, neat design, fun game, and kind pricing. Thanks for your creativity.


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From NPR News, it's ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Melissa Block.
And I'm Audie Cornish.
The Philadelphia '76ers have lost their last 15 games and no one would be surprised if they didn't win again this season. But the big question now is whether all that losing is intentional and whether the league needs to do something about it. Sportswriter Stefan Fatsis joins us now. Hey there, Stefan.
STEFAN FATSIS, BYLINE: Hey, Audie.
CORNISH: All right. So put this losing streak in context, right? How bad is this team?
FATSIS: Well, right now, the '76ers don't even have the worst record in the NBA. They're 15 and 46. Milwaukee has three fewer wins. But Philly has gotten worse as the season has progressed. Kevin Pelton of ESPN found that the team's winless February was one of the worst months in NBA history. Losses averaging around 20 points a game, so a record-breaking, season-ending run of 36 straight losses definitely within reach.
CORNISH: And I guess by having the worst record in the league, Philadelphia would have the best chance at the top pick in the 2014 NBA Draft. Is that the gist of this?
FATSIS: That is the idea. This team was designed to not compete. Last year, the 6ers traded one of their best players for a high draft pick, and then they used the pick on a guy that they knew wasn't going to play this season because of a knee injury. Last month, they traded two starters for draft picks, benchwarmers, and some payroll flexibility. So the debate is this: Should a team be rewarded with the best chance for the number one pick for selling a deliberately inferior product?
CORNISH: And earlier this week, former NBA head coach Stan Van Gundy called what the 6ers are doing embarrassing. He said they're tanking, you know, trying to lose.
FATSIS: Yeah. He said it at the annual Sloan Sports Conference at MIT. And on the same panel, former Toronto general manager Bryan Colangelo admitted trying to tank a couple of years ago. Now, part of this is semantics. The NBA's new commissioner, Adam Silver, said that he defines tanking as intentionally trying to lose once a game has started and that what's happening in Philly is a legitimate rebuilding strategy. Either way, it is a scourge on the league and it's unfair to fans and sponsors. Silver needs to do something about it.
CORNISH: So what would that something be? I mean, reforming the draft?
FATSIS: Yes. Reforming the draft would be a big step. Right now, it's a weighted lottery. The teams with the worst records have a better chance of landing the top picks. And one way to end the tanking would be to give all 14 teams that don't make the playoffs an equal shot at the top pick.
But there's another more intriguing proposal and it was created by the Boston Celtics assistant general manager, Mike Zarren. It's called the wheel. The 30 NBA teams would cycle through the draft slots over 30 years. But it would be done in a mathematically balanced way. Every team would get one top six pick every five seasons. For instance, the team picking first this year, then would pick 30th and then 19th, 18th, 17th and then sixth. If you're drafting, say, third, you'd go three, 28, 21, 16, nine, four. You get three top 10 picks in six years.
CORNISH: All right. Is the NBA actually taking any of this seriously?
FATSIS: Yes, it is. Silver said he likes the idea. He has sent it the team executives. One reaction has been that it might lead college kids to try time when they come into the NBA based who's picking first. I don't think that's terribly reasonable. Good for Adam Silver for considering a mathematical solution to a long-standing problem.
CORNISH: Stefan, thanks so much.
FATSIS: Thanks, Audie.
CORNISH: Stefan Fatsis, he's a panelist on Slate's sports podcast "Hang Up and Listen." He joins us most Fridays to talk about sports and the business of sports. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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NAGAOKA RECORD CLEANER ARGENTO WETRelease Date: Label: NAGAOKA
All original product is sealed or brand new condition. However, if an item is defective (sealed and unused) Please send us proof of item and we will be happy to exchange the defective copy for a replacement of the same item within the first week after receiving the return item from you. If a replacement isn't available, we will offer you a store credit or refund (your choice). There will not be a shipping charge for this exchange.
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Pantone yellow color and white color,green color Setting Silk Printed Saree
Rs 3,350.00
+ Dry Clean Only.
+ No Gurantee for Colour Running,Fabric and Work.
+ Do not Iron on print or Embroidery.
+ Dry in side out in Shade.
+ More information
call us – at 0773073831
showrooms –
No,260A.Old kottawa road, Embuldeniya, Nugegoda.- 0764351705
Queen Nithijaya No,78 Pagoda road, Nugegoda – 0773073831
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Pantone yellow color and white color, green color Setting Silk Printed Saree
Images displayed across the range of fabric may slightly contrast from the actual color.
This may happen due to multiple settings in your monitor or viewing device, or the effect of our digital photo.
Nitijaya Sari is a local business that has been gaining a high reputation among Sri Lankan women since 2007 by importing and selling sari suitable for Sri Lankan women at a very reasonable price, making it one of the latest fashions made in India for women up to the age of 18 years and above. Maintaining the high quality of all the saris made, we have been very friendly with the customers in selecting the saris according to their needs. We have provided a very high-quality service. Also, our website has been activated so that purchases can be made, and for the first time in Sri Lanka, customers have been able to view and order saris through video technology through media such as Facebook and YouTube. You can view our saris on all other social media as well. You can also come to the branches and make purchases. You can get sarees imported from India as well as locally made batik sarees, handloom sarees as well as state-of-the-art saris designed by the company in a very short period of time. We are pleased to announce that we are doing business in a Buddhist environment while attracting customers. We wish you the best of luck as we have been promoted since 2007.
More information
call us – at 0773073831
showrooms –
No,260A.Old Kottawa Road, Embuldeniya, Nugegoda.- 0764351705
Queen Nithijaya No,78 Pagoda Road, Nugegoda – 0773073831
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