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How the Magna Carta Became a Minor Carta
Down the road only a few generations, the millennium of Magna Carta, one of the great events in the establishment of civil and human rights, will arrive. Whether it will be celebrated, mourned, or ignored is not at all clear.
That should be a matter of serious immediate concern. What we do right now, or fail to do, will determine what kind of world will greet that event. It is not an attractive prospect if present tendencies persist — not least, because the Great Charter is being shredded before our eyes.
The first scholarly edition of Magna Carta was published by the eminent jurist William Blackstone. It was not an easy task. There was no good text available. As he wrote, "the body of the charter has been unfortunately gnawn by rats" — a comment that carries grim symbolism today, as we take up the task the rats left unfinished.
Blackstone's edition actually includes two charters. It was entitled The Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest. The first, the Charter of Liberties, is widely recognized to be the foundation of the fundamental rights of the English-speaking peoples — or as Winston Churchill put it more expansively, "the charter of every self-respecting man at any time in any land." Churchill was referring specifically to the reaffirmation of the Charter by Parliament in the Petition of Right, imploring King Charles to recognize that the law is sovereign, not the King. Charles agreed briefly, but soon violated his pledge, setting the stage for the murderous Civil War.
After a bitter conflict between King and Parliament, the power of royalty in the person of Charles II was restored. In defeat, Magna Carta was not forgotten. One of the leaders of Parliament, Henry Vane, was beheaded. On the scaffold, he tried to read a speech denouncing the sentence as a violation of Magna Carta, but was drowned out by trumpets to ensure that such scandalous words would not be heard by the cheering crowds. His major crime had been to draft a petition calling the people "the original of all just power" in civil society — not the King, not even God. That was the position that had been strongly advocated by Roger Williams, the founder of the first free society in what is now the state of Rhode Island. His heretical views influenced Milton and Locke, though Williams went much farther, founding the modern doctrine of separation of church and state, still much contested even in the liberal democracies.
As often is the case, apparent defeat nevertheless carried the struggle for freedom and rights forward. Shortly after Vane's execution, King Charles granted a Royal Charter to the Rhode Island plantations, declaring that "the form of government is Democratical," and furthermore that the government could affirm freedom of conscience for Papists, atheists, Jews, Turks — even Quakers, one of the most feared and brutalized of the many sects that were appearing in those turbulent days. All of this was astonishing in the climate of the times.
A few years later, the Charter of Liberties was enriched by the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, formally entitled "an Act for the better securing the liberty of the subject, and for prevention of imprisonment beyond the seas." The U.S. Constitution, borrowing from English common law, affirms that "the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended" except in case of rebellion or invasion. In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the rights guaranteed by this Act were "[c]onsidered by the Founders [of the American Republic] as the highest safeguard of liberty." All of these words should resonate today.
The Second Charter and the Commons
The significance of the companion charter, the Charter of the Forest, is no less profound and perhaps even more pertinent today — as explored in depth by Peter Linebaugh in his richly documented and stimulating history of Magna Carta and its later trajectory. The Charter of the Forest demanded protection of the commons from external power. The commons were the source of sustenance for the general population: their fuel, their food, their construction materials, whatever was essential for life. The forest was no primitive wilderness. It had been carefully developed over generations, maintained in common, its riches available to all, and preserved for future generations — practices found today primarily in traditional societies that are under threat throughout the world.
The Charter of the Forest imposed limits to privatization. The Robin Hood myths capture the essence of its concerns (and it is not too surprising that the popular TV series of the 1950s, "The Adventures of Robin Hood," was written anonymously by Hollywood screenwriters blacklisted for leftist convictions). By the seventeenth century, however, this Charter had fallen victim to the rise of the commodity economy and capitalist practice and morality.
With the commons no longer protected for cooperative nurturing and use, the rights of the common people were restricted to what could not be privatized, a category that continues to shrink to virtual invisibility. In Bolivia, the attempt to privatize water was, in the end, beaten back by an uprising that brought the indigenous majority to power for the first time in history. The World Bank has just ruled that the mining multinational Pacific Rim can proceed with a case against El Salvador for trying to preserve lands and communities from highly destructive gold mining. Environmental constraints threaten to deprive the company of future profits, a crime that can be punished under the rules of the investor-rights regime mislabeled as "free trade." And this is only a tiny sample of struggles underway over much of the world, some involving extreme violence, as in the Eastern Congo, where millions have been killed in recent years to ensure an ample supply of minerals for cell phones and other uses, and of course ample profits.
The rise of capitalist practice and morality brought with it a radical revision of how the commons are treated, and also of how they are conceived. The prevailing view today is captured by Garrett Hardin's influential argument that "freedom in a commons brings ruin to us all," the famous "tragedy of the commons": what is not owned will be destroyed by individual avarice.
An international counterpart was the concept of terra nullius, employed to justify the expulsion of indigenous populations in the settler-colonial societies of the Anglosphere, or their "extermination," as the founding fathers of the American Republic described what they were doing, sometimes with remorse, after the fact. According to this useful doctrine, the Indians had no property rights since they were just wanderers in an untamed wilderness. And the hard-working colonists could create value where there was none by turning that same wilderness to commercial use.
In reality, the colonists knew better and there were elaborate procedures of purchase and ratification by crown and parliament, later annulled by force when the evil creatures resisted extermination. The doctrine is often attributed to John Locke, but that is dubious. As a colonial administrator, he understood what was happening, and there is no basis for the attribution in his writings, as contemporary scholarship has shown convincingly, notably the work of the Australian scholar Paul Corcoran. (It was in Australia, in fact, that the doctrine has been most brutally employed.)
The grim forecasts of the tragedy of the commons are not without challenge. The late Elinor Olstrom won the Nobel Prize in economics in 2009 for her work showing the superiority of user-managed fish stocks, pastures, woods, lakes, and groundwater basins. But the conventional doctrine has force if we accept its unstated premise: that humans are blindly driven by what American workers, at the dawn of the industrial revolution, bitterly called "the New Spirit of the Age, Gain Wealth forgetting all but Self."
Like peasants and workers in England before them, American workers denounced this New Spirit, which was being imposed upon them, regarding it as demeaning and destructive, an assault on the very nature of free men and women. And I stress women; among those most active and vocal in condemning the destruction of the rights and dignity of free people by the capitalist industrial system were the "factory girls," young women from the farms. They, too, were driven into the regime of supervised and controlled wage labor, which was regarded at the time as different from chattel slavery only in that it was temporary. That stand was considered so natural that it became a slogan of the Republican Party, and a banner under which northern workers carried arms during the American Civil War.
Controlling the Desire for Democracy
That was 150 years ago — in England earlier. Huge efforts have been devoted since to inculcating the New Spirit of the Age. Major industries are devoted to the task: public relations, advertising, marketing generally, all of which add up to a very large component of the Gross Domestic Product. They are dedicated to what the great political economist Thorstein Veblen called "fabricating wants." In the words of business leaders themselves, the task is to direct people to "the superficial things" of life, like "fashionable consumption." That way people can be atomized, separated from one another, seeking personal gain alone, diverted from dangerous efforts to think for themselves and challenge authority.
The process of shaping opinion, attitudes, and perceptions was termed the "engineering of consent" by one of the founders of the modern public relations industry, Edward Bernays. He was a respected Wilson-Roosevelt-Kennedy progressive, much like his contemporary, journalist Walter Lippmann, the most prominent public intellectual of twentieth century America, who praised "the manufacture of consent" as a "new art" in the practice of democracy.
Both recognized that the public must be "put in its place," marginalized and controlled — for their own interests of course. They were too "stupid and ignorant" to be allowed to run their own affairs. That task was to be left to the "intelligent minority," who must be protected from "the trampling and the roar of [the] bewildered herd," the "ignorant and meddlesome outsiders" — the "rascal multitude" as they were termed by their seventeenth century predecessors. The role of the general population was to be "spectators," not "participants in action," in a properly functioning democratic society.
And the spectators must not be allowed to see too much. President Obama has set new standards in safeguarding this principle. He has, in fact, punished more whistleblowers than all previous presidents combined, a real achievement for an administration that came to office promising transparency. WikiLeaks is only the most famous case, with British cooperation.
Among the many topics that are not the business of the bewildered herd is foreign affairs. Anyone who has studied declassified secret documents will have discovered that, to a large extent, their classification was meant to protect public officials from public scrutiny. Domestically, the rabble should not hear the advice given by the courts to major corporations: that they should devote some highly visible efforts to good works, so that an "aroused public" will not discover the enormous benefits provided to them by the nanny state. More generally the U.S. public should not learn that "state policies are overwhelmingly regressive, thus reinforcing and expanding social inequality," though designed in ways that lead "people to think that the government helps only the undeserving poor, allowing politicians to mobilize and exploit anti-government rhetoric and values even as they continue to funnel support to their better-off constituents" — I'm quoting from the main establishment journal, Foreign Affairs, not from some radical rag.
Over time, as societies became freer and the resort to state violence more constrained, the urge to devise sophisticated methods of control of attitudes and opinion has only grown. It is natural that the immense PR industry should have been created in the most free of societies, the United States and Great Britain. The first modern propaganda agency was the British Ministry of Information a century ago, which secretly defined its task as "to direct the thought of most of the world" — primarily progressive American intellectuals, who had to be mobilized to come to the aid of Britain during World War I.
Its U.S. counterpart, the Committee on Public Information, was formed by Woodrow Wilson to drive a pacifist population to violent hatred of all things German — with remarkable success. American commercial advertising deeply impressed others. Goebbels admired it and adapted it to Nazi propaganda, all too successfully. The Bolshevik leaders tried as well, but their efforts were clumsy and ineffective.
A primary domestic task has always been "to keep [the public] from our throats," as essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson described the concerns of political leaders when the threat of democracy was becoming harder to suppress in the mid-nineteenth century. More recently, the activism of the 1960s elicited elite concerns about "excessive democracy," and calls for measures to impose "more moderation" in democracy.
One particular concern was to introduce better controls over the institutions "responsible for the indoctrination of the young": the schools, the universities, the churches, which were seen as failing that essential task. I'm quoting reactions from the left-liberal end of the mainstream spectrum, the liberal internationalists who later staffed the Carter administration, and their counterparts in other industrial societies. The right wing was much harsher. One of many manifestations of this urge has been the sharp rise in college tuition, not on economic grounds, as is easily shown. The device does, however, trap and control young people by debt, often for the rest of their lives, thus contributing to more effective indoctrination.
The Three-Fifths People
Pursuing these important topics further, we see that the destruction of the Charter of the Forest, and its obliteration from memory, relates rather closely to the continuing efforts to constrain the promise of the Charter of Liberties. The "New Spirit of the Age" cannot tolerate the pre-capitalist conception of the Forest as the shared endowment of the community at large, cared for communally for its own use and for future generations, protected from privatization, from transfer to the hands of private power for service to wealth, not needs. Inculcating the New Spirit is an essential prerequisite for achieving this end, and for preventing the Charter of Liberties from being misused to enable free citizens to determine their own fate.
Popular struggles to bring about a freer and more just society have been resisted by violence and repression, and massive efforts to control opinion and attitudes. Over time, however, they have met with considerable success, even though there is a long way to go and there is often regression. Right now, in fact.
The most famous part of the Charter of Liberties is Article 39, which declares that "no free man" shall be punished in any way, "nor will We proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land."
Through many years of struggle, the principle has come to hold more broadly. The U.S. Constitution provides that no "person [shall] be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law [and] a speedy and public trial" by peers. The basic principle is "presumption of innocence" — what legal historians describe as "the seed of contemporary Anglo-American freedom," referring to Article 39; and with the Nuremberg Tribunal in mind, a "particularly American brand of legalism: punishment only for those who could be proved to be guilty through a fair trial with a panoply of procedural protections" — even if their guilt for some of the worst crimes in history is not in doubt.
The founders of course did not intend the term "person" to apply to all persons. Native Americans were not persons. Their rights were virtually nil. Women were scarcely persons. Wives were understood to be "covered" under the civil identity of their husbands in much the same way as children were subject to their parents. Blackstone's principles held that "the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing." Women are thus the property of their fathers or husbands. These principles remain up to very recent years. Until a Supreme Court decision of 1975, women did not even have a legal right to serve on juries. They were not peers. Just two weeks ago, Republican opposition blocked the Fairness Paycheck Act guaranteeing women equal pay for equal work. And it goes far beyond.
Slaves, of course, were not persons. They were in fact three-fifths human under the Constitution, so as to grant their owners greater voting power. Protection of slavery was no slight concern to the founders: it was one factor leading to the American revolution. In the 1772 Somerset case, Lord Mansfield determined that slavery is so "odious" that it cannot be tolerated in England, though it continued in British possessions for many years. American slave-owners could see the handwriting on the wall if the colonies remained under British rule. And it should be recalled that the slave states, including Virginia, had the greatest power and influence in the colonies. One can easily appreciate Dr. Johnson's famous quip that "we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes."
Post-Civil War amendments extended the concept person to African-Americans, ending slavery. In theory, at least. After about a decade of relative freedom, a condition akin to slavery was reintroduced by a North-South compact permitting the effective criminalization of black life. A black male standing on a street corner could be arrested for vagrancy, or for attempted rape if accused of looking at a white woman the wrong way. And once imprisoned he had few chances of ever escaping the system of "slavery by another name," the term used by then-Wall Street Journal bureau chief Douglas Blackmon in an arresting study.
This new version of the "peculiar institution" provided much of the basis for the American industrial revolution, with a perfect work force for the steel industry and mining, along with agricultural production in the famous chain gangs: docile, obedient, no strikes, and no need for employers even to sustain their workers, an improvement over slavery. The system lasted in large measure until World War II, when free labor was needed for war production.
The postwar boom offered employment. A black man could get a job in a unionized auto plant, earn a decent salary, buy a house, and maybe send his children to college. That lasted for about 20 years, until the 1970s, when the economy was radically redesigned on newly dominant neoliberal principles, with rapid growth of financialization and the offshoring of production. The black population, now largely superfluous, has been recriminalized.
Until Ronald Reagan's presidency, incarceration in the U.S. was within the spectrum of industrial societies. By now it is far beyond others. It targets primarily black males, increasingly also black women and Hispanics, largely guilty of victimless crimes under the fraudulent "drug wars." Meanwhile, the wealth of African-American families has been virtually obliterated by the latest financial crisis, in no small measure thanks to criminal behavior of financial institutions, with impunity for the perpetrators, now richer than ever.
Looking over the history of African-Americans from the first arrival of slaves almost 500 years ago to the present, they have enjoyed the status of authentic persons for only a few decades. There is a long way to go to realize the promise of Magna Carta.
Sacred Persons and Undone Process
The post-Civil War fourteenth amendment granted the rights of persons to former slaves, though mostly in theory. At the same time, it created a new category of persons with rights: corporations. In fact, almost all the cases brought to the courts under the fourteenth amendment had to do with corporate rights, and by a century ago, they had determined that these collectivist legal fictions, established and sustained by state power, had the full rights of persons of flesh and blood; in fact, far greater rights, thanks to their scale, immortality, and protections of limited liability. Their rights by now far transcend those of mere humans. Under the "free trade agreements," Pacific Rim can, for example, sue El Salvador for seeking to protect the environment; individuals cannot do the same. General Motors can claim national rights in Mexico. There is no need to dwell on what would happen if a Mexican demanded national rights in the United States.
Domestically, recent Supreme Court rulings greatly enhance the already enormous political power of corporations and the super-rich, striking further blows against the tottering relics of functioning political democracy.
Meanwhile Magna Carta is under more direct assault. Recall the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, which barred "imprisonment beyond the seas," and certainly the far more vicious procedure of imprisonment abroad for the purpose of torture — what is now more politely called "rendition," as when Tony Blair rendered Libyan dissident Abdel Hakim Belhaj, now a leader of the rebellion, to the mercies of Qaddafi; or when U.S. authorities deported Canadian citizen Maher Arar to his native Syria, for imprisonment and torture, only later conceding that there was never any case against him. And many others, often through Shannon Airport, leading to courageous protests in Ireland.
The concept of due process has been extended under the Obama administration's international assassination campaign in a way that renders this core element of the Charter of Liberties (and the Constitution) null and void. The Justice Department explained that the constitutional guarantee of due process, tracing to Magna Carta, is now satisfied by internal deliberations in the executive branch alone. The constitutional lawyer in the White House agreed. King John might have nodded with satisfaction.
The issue arose after the presidentially ordered assassination-by-drone of Anwar al-Awlaki, accused of inciting jihad in speech, writing, and unspecified actions. A headline in the New York Times captured the general elite reaction when he was murdered in a drone attack, along with the usual collateral damage. It read: "The West celebrates a cleric's death." Some eyebrows were lifted, however, because he was an American citizen, which raised questions about due process — considered irrelevant when non-citizens are murdered at the whim of the chief executive. And irrelevant for citizens, too, under Obama administration due-process legal innovations.
Presumption of innocence has also been given a new and useful interpretation. As the New York Times reported, "Mr. Obama embraced a disputed method for counting civilian casualties that did little to box him in. It in effect counts all military-age males in a strike zone as combatants, according to several administration officials, unless there is explicit intelligence posthumously proving them innocent." So post-assassination determination of innocence maintains the sacred principle of presumption of innocence.
It would be ungracious to recall the Geneva Conventions, the foundation of modern humanitarian law: they bar "the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples."
The most famous recent case of executive assassination was Osama bin Laden, murdered after he was apprehended by 79 Navy seals, defenseless, accompanied only by his wife, his body reportedly dumped at sea without autopsy. Whatever one thinks of him, he was a suspect and nothing more than that. Even the FBI agreed.
Celebration in this case was overwhelming, but there were a few questions raised about the bland rejection of the principle of presumption of innocence, particularly when trial was hardly impossible. These were met with harsh condemnations. The most interesting was by a respected left-liberal political commentator, Matthew Yglesias, who explained that "one of the main functions of the international institutional order is precisely to legitimate the use of deadly military force by western powers," so it is "amazingly naïve" to suggest that the U.S. should obey international law or other conditions that we righteously demand of the weak.
Only tactical objections can be raised to aggression, assassination, cyberwar, or other actions that the Holy State undertakes in the service of mankind. If the traditional victims see matters somewhat differently, that merely reveals their moral and intellectual backwardness. And the occasional Western critic who fails to comprehend these fundamental truths can be dismissed as "silly," Yglesias explains — incidentally, referring specifically to me, and I cheerfully confess my guilt.
Executive Terrorist Lists
Perhaps the most striking assault on the foundations of traditional liberties is a little-known case brought to the Supreme Court by the Obama administration, Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project. The Project was condemned for providing "material assistance" to the guerrilla organization PKK, which has fought for Kurdish rights in Turkey for many years and is listed as a terrorist group by the state executive. The "material assistance" was legal advice. The wording of the ruling would appear to apply quite broadly, for example, to discussions and research inquiry, even advice to the PKK to keep to nonviolent means. Again, there was a marginal fringe of criticism, but even those accepted the legitimacy of the state terrorist list — arbitrary decisions by the executive, with no recourse.
The record of the terrorist list is of some interest. For example, in 1988 the Reagan administration declared Nelson Mandela's African National Congress to be one of the world's "more notorious terrorist groups," so that Reagan could continue his support for the Apartheid regime and its murderous depredations in South Africa and in neighboring countries, as part of his "war on terror." Twenty years later Mandela was finally removed from the terrorist list, and can now travel to the U.S. without a special waiver.
Another interesting case is Saddam Hussein, removed from the terrorist list in 1982 so that the Reagan administration could provide him with support for his invasion of Iran. The support continued well after the war ended. In 1989, President Bush I even invited Iraqi nuclear engineers to the U.S. for advanced training in weapons production — more information that must be kept from the eyes of the "ignorant and meddlesome outsiders."
One of the ugliest examples of the use of the terrorist list has to do with the tortured people of Somalia. Immediately after September 11th, the United States closed down the Somali charitable network Al-Barakaat on grounds that it was financing terror. This achievement was hailed one of the great successes of the "war on terror." In contrast, Washington's withdrawal of its charges as without merit a year later aroused little notice.
Al-Barakaat was responsible for about half the $500 million in remittances to Somalia, "more than it earns from any other economic sector and 10 times the amount of foreign aid [Somalia] receives" a U.N. review determined. The charity also ran major businesses in Somalia, all destroyed. The leading academic scholar of Bush's "financial war on terror," Ibrahim Warde, concludes that apart from devastating the economy, this frivolous attack on a very fragile society "may have played a role in the rise… of Islamic fundamentalists," another familiar consequence of the "war on terror."
The very idea that the state should have the authority to make such judgments is a serious offense against the Charter of Liberties, as is the fact that it is considered uncontentious. If the Charter's fall from grace continues on the path of the past few years, the future of rights and liberties looks dim.
Who Will Have the Last Laugh?
A few final words on the fate of the Charter of the Forest. Its goal was to protect the source of sustenance for the population, the commons, from external power — in the early days, royalty; over the years, enclosures and other forms of privatization by predatory corporations and the state authorities who cooperate with them, have only accelerated and are properly rewarded. The damage is very broad.
If we listen to voices from the South today we can learn that "the conversion of public goods into private property through the privatization of our otherwise commonly held natural environment is one way neoliberal institutions remove the fragile threads that hold African nations together. Politics today has been reduced to a lucrative venture where one looks out mainly for returns on investment rather than on what one can contribute to rebuild highly degraded environments, communities, and a nation. This is one of the benefits that structural adjustment programmes inflicted on the continent — the enthronement of corruption." I'm quoting Nigerian poet and activist Nnimmo Bassey, chair of Friends of the Earth International, in his searing expose of the ravaging of Africa's wealth, To Cook a Continent, the latest phase of the Western torture of Africa.
Torture that has always been planned at the highest level, it should be recognized. At the end of World War II, the U.S. held a position of unprecedented global power. Not surprisingly, careful and sophisticated plans were developed about how to organize the world. Each region was assigned its "function" by State Department planners, headed by the distinguished diplomat George Kennan. He determined that the U.S. had no special interest in Africa, so it should be handed over to Europe to "exploit" — his word — for its reconstruction. In the light of history, one might have imagined a different relation between Europe and Africa, but there is no indication that that was ever considered.
More recently, the U.S. has recognized that it, too, must join the game of exploiting Africa, along with new entries like China, which is busily at work compiling one of the worst records in destruction of the environment and oppression of the hapless victims.
It should be unnecessary to dwell on the extreme dangers posed by one central element of the predatory obsessions that are producing calamities all over the world: the reliance on fossil fuels, which courts global disaster, perhaps in the not-too-distant future. Details may be debated, but there is little serious doubt that the problems are serious, if not awesome, and that the longer we delay in addressing them, the more awful will be the legacy left to generations to come. There are some efforts to face reality, but they are far too minimal. The recent Rio+20 Conference opened with meager aspirations and derisory outcomes.
Meanwhile, power concentrations are charging in the opposite direction, led by the richest and most powerful country in world history. Congressional Republicans are dismantling the limited environmental protections initiated by Richard Nixon, who would be something of a dangerous radical in today's political scene. The major business lobbies openly announce their propaganda campaigns to convince the public that there is no need for undue concern — with some effect, as polls show.
The media cooperate by not even reporting the increasingly dire forecasts of international agencies and even the U.S. Department of Energy. The standard presentation is a debate between alarmists and skeptics: on one side virtually all qualified scientists, on the other a few holdouts. Not part of the debate are a very large number of experts, including the climate change program at MIT among others, who criticize the scientific consensus because it is too conservative and cautious, arguing that the truth when it comes to climate change is far more dire. Not surprisingly, the public is confused.
In his State of the Union speech in January, President Obama hailed the bright prospects of a century of energy self-sufficiency, thanks to new technologies that permit extraction of hydrocarbons from Canadian tar sands, shale, and other previously inaccessible sources. Others agree. The Financial Times forecasts a century of energy independence for the U.S. The report does mention the destructive local impact of the new methods. Unasked in these optimistic forecasts is the question what kind of a world will survive the rapacious onslaught.
In the lead in confronting the crisis throughout the world are indigenous communities, those who have always upheld the Charter of the Forests. The strongest stand has been taken by the one country they govern, Bolivia, the poorest country in South America and for centuries a victim of western destruction of the rich resources of one of the most advanced of the developed societies in the hemisphere, pre-Columbus.
After the ignominious collapse of the Copenhagen global climate change summit in 2009, Bolivia organized a People's Summit with 35,000 participants from 140 countries — not just representatives of governments, but also civil society and activists. It produced a People's Agreement, which called for very sharp reduction in emissions, and a Universal Declaration on the Rights of Mother Earth. That is a key demand of indigenous communities all over the world. It is ridiculed by sophisticated westerners, but unless we can acquire some of their sensibility, they are likely to have the last laugh — a laugh of grim despair.
This article was originally published by TomDispatch.


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5. Disclosure of Your Personal Information. We may sell or rent certain personally identifiable information about you to third parties with which we have advertising and name-sharing agreements. However, you may opt out of these arrangements by clicking on the relevant opt-out indicators on our site. We may disclose personally identifiable information about You to other companies or people when: (i) You give us Your consent to share the information; (ii) we need to share Your information to provide the product or service You have requested; or (iii) we need to send the information to persons or companies who work on our behalf to provide a product or service to You; (iv) if we are required to do so by applicable law as described more fully below, or (v) when we determine You have violated the TOS. It is our policy to cooperate with all law enforcement inquiries, as well as other third parties to enforce laws, such as: intellectual property rights, fraud and other rights. We may disclose (and You authorize us to disclose) any information about You to law enforcement in response to subpoenas or court orders, or other government officials or agencies as we, in our sole discretion, believe necessary or appropriate, in connection with an investigation of fraud, intellectual property infringements, or other activity that is a violation or potential violation of law or may expose us or You to legal liability.
Due to the possibility of requirements from existing or future regulatory authorities or due to the current or future state of technology, we cannot ensure that all of Your private communications and other personally identifiable information will never be disclosed in ways not otherwise described in this Policy. For purposes of illustration only, third parties may unlawfully intercept or access transmissions or private communications, or users may abuse or misuse Your information that they collect from the Site. Therefore, although we use industry standard practices to attempt to achieve the stated goals of our privacy policies, as a matter of practicality we cannot and we do not promise, and You should not expect, that Your personally identifiable information or private communications will always remain private.
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15. Use of Site. Use of the Site constitutes acceptance of this Policy as it is now written and as it may be modified from time to time and appears on the Site. You specifically agree to check back on the Site from time to time to ensure that You are familiar with this Policy as it may exist from time to time, but also agree that You are bound by such Policy as the same may exist on these pages, whether or not You have actually viewed them in their then existing form.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Download All Latest La-Ngwenya Songs, Best Albums, New & Old DJ Mix (2024)
La-Ngwenya Discography
- Tracks: (1)
- Genre: Amapiano, Amapiano Kwaito
- Added By: Whizz
- Last Updated: 5 months ago
Download All Top Latest La-Ngwenya Songs, Album, Videos, Speed up Songs, New Music, Lyrics Old Songs and DJ Mixtapes here on Celebnob.com
La-Ngwenya is a popular Amapiano, Amapiano Kwaito musician with an estimated total of 1 songs as of this year 2024
How to Download La-Ngwenya Songs
With Celebnob.com you can download list of all latest La-Ngwenya songs. If you are looking for any song go to Celebnob.com search bar, search for the song title, click on the song download button to download it.
Here you will find full list all the latest La-Ngwenya singles, featured songs, top 10 songs, DJ mix, old songs, recent music videos sped up songs and new album released in 2024.


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Your Global Life Sciences & Healthcare Logistics Partner
DHL offers reliable and compliant end to end supply chain solutions to the Life Sciences and Healthcare industry, improving your productivity, increasing efficiency and reducing cost. We are committed to drive value within all of our customers' supply chains.
What DHL can offer you:
- Global Infrastructure and Networks. Over 150 Life Sciences and Healthcare facilities across 25 countries and a worldwide network of 45 Life Sciences Competence Centers
- Reliability. Seamless end-to-end transport of temperature sensitive products across countries and modes
- Innovation and Simplicity. Investment and development of real-time temperature monitoring and the latest Life Sciences and Healthcare specific solutions
- Expertise. In-depth knowledge in ColdChain and Clinical Trials business and a worldwide network of over 4,000 dedicated and trained experts
What We Do For the Life Sciences & Healthcare Sector
Offering 24/7/365 proactive shipment monitoring and intervention, this service delivers regulatory compliance with high visibility of the customer's product movement throughout the supply chain.
Meeting global standards for temperature-controlled life sciences air freight shipments, the service is supported by our global Good Distribution Practice (GDP) compliant network of certified life sciences stations.
Adhering to regulatory compliant customer procedures, this service is managed through the industry-dedicated IT system 'LifeTrack'.
- A single global network of certified life sciences stations managed by and compliant to DGF's GDP guidelines
- 24/7/365 proactive shipment monitoring and intervention
- Single Quality Management System with DGF GDP guidelines embedded into the processes
- Over 4,500 trained and certified life sciences specialists
- End-to-end SOP driven process, delivering the highest quality standards
- Shipment visibility and monitoring supported by in-transit temperature data and monitoring RFID
- Import/export customs brokerage provided
Designed for temperature-controlled ocean freight life science shipments that require real-time visibility and active monitoring.
- Expert Network – staff trained on Good Distribution Practice (GDP) regulations with periodic refresh and audits
- Quality and Compliance – through quality management system and GDP guidelines
- Cold Chain Design and Implementation – customized lane level SOP management with exception management
- IT Platform 'LifeTrack' – specifically designed for the Life Science industry
- Visibility and Monitoring – end-to-end and in real time, 24/7/365 temperature, humidity, shock and light monitoring using Container Security Devices
This premium management service caters for temperature-sensitive goods in pre-launch, launch and distribution stages. It provides post-shipment diagnostics, FMEA and auditing, cold chain optimization and data analysis services on all modes of transportation via the DHL and non-DHL network.
- Includes all DHL Air Thermonet features along with customized premium features that can also be applied to Ocean and Road
- Non-DHL network entities incorporated into the process
- GDP compliant SOP design, implementation and change management
- Intuitive 25+ touch point visibility via Life Track
- Equipment cycle management, special ground handling arrangement, risk evaluation and a mitigation index
- Cold chain dashboard, analytics and optimization consulting services
- Highly trained Customer support through regulatory body audits with quality experts in compliance with GDP
Transform your supply chain with help from DHL as your Lead Logistics Partner, leveraging our expertise in the following areas:
- Design – Ensure that your transport and supply chain processes flow as efficiently as possible with DHL's expert knowledge and innovative analysis tools
- Management Services – Source logistics providers, manage suppliers and handle your customer touch points with our management offering, which also provides for freight bill, audit and customs services
- Operations – Gain visibility, synchronize transport and minimize daily operational risks with our unique Control Tower offering
- Continuous Improvement – Drive end-to-end visibility with our "Total Logistics Cost Management" approach, which helps you minimize costs with an ongoing analysis of changing market requirements, volumes volatility and evolving supply chain management trends
Take your business to the next level of success using DHL's strategic logistics specialists to optimize your supply chain model and its performance. You will increase operational efficiencies, reduce costs, lessen environmental impacts and improve profitability by leveraging our deep knowledge and expertise in the following areas:
- Network flow and supply chain process analysis
- Re-engineering and developing optimized supply chains
- Supply chain health checks and benchmarking
- Strategic network design
- Supply chain strategy, set-up and governance
- Lean transformation
- Greener supply chains


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Evidence-Based CBT for Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Competencies Based Approach 1st Edition
[amazon template=iframe image2&asin=1118469259]
Evidence-Based CBT is the first book to take an explicitly competencies-based approach to the cognitive-behavioural treatment of anxiety and depression in children and young people. It draws on top-name expertise to define and demonstrate the therapist competencies needed to effectively implement CBT.
This website strictly complies with DMCA Digital Copyright Laws..
Please be clear that we (emedicalbooks.com) do not own copyrights of these e-books. The intention behind sharing these books and educational material is to provide easy access to medical students, doctors and other individuals related to the field of medical science, "thus only for educational purpose". We highly encourage our readers to purchase this content from the respected publishers. If anyone holding copyrights wants us to remove this content, please contact us rightaway. All books and educational material on emedicalbooks.com are free and NOT HOSTED ON OUR WEBSITE. If you feel that your copyrights have been violated, then please contact us immediately. You may send an email to email@example.com for all DMCA / Removal Requests. emedicalbooks.com doesn't have any material hosted on the server of this page, only links to books that are taken from other sites on the web are published and these links are unrelated to the book server. emedicalbooks.com server doesnot store any type of book or material. No illegal copies are made or any copyright © and / or copyright is damaged or infringed since all material is free on the internet.


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Unlock your Verizon phone today with Android SIM Unlock:
We supply Verizon unlock codes for 18 Verizon cell phone models. Since launching this phone unlocking service, over 0 customers have already received Verizon unlock codes.
It doesn't matter if it's an old Verizon, or one of the latest releases, with Android SIM Unlock you will find a solution to successfully unlock your Verizon, fast. There's no need to send us your phone, just provide us the Serial Number (IMEI) of your phone and we will promptly deliver your unlock code. If at any stage you feel lost or unsure, our dedicated team of customer support staff are on hand to help you with your phone unlocking needs.
To unlock your Verizon today, just select the correct phone model by using the drop down menu or typing the exact model in the search form below. In no time, we will present you with the solution(s) to free up your Verizon cell phone from any Network Lock once and for all, and at the most competitive rate too !
Select your cellphone model from the list below


text:
Query: NC_014479:3510972:3510972 Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii str. W23 chromosome, complete
Start: 3510972, End: 3511508, Length: 537
Host Lineage: Bacillus subtilis; Bacillus; Bacillaceae; Bacillales; Firmicutes; Bacteria
General Information: This organism was one of the first bacteria studied, and was named Vibrio subtilis in 1835 and renamed Bacillus subtilis in 1872. It is one of the most well characterized bacterial organisms, and is a model system for cell differentiation and development. This soil bacterium can divide asymmetrically, producing an endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat, acid, and salt, and which can persist in the environment for long periods of time. The endospore is formed at times of nutritional stress, allowing the organism to persist in the environment until conditions become favorable. Prior to the decision to produce the spore the bacterium might become motile, through the production of flagella, and also take up DNA from the environment through the competence system.The sporulation process is complex and involves the coordinated regulation of hundreds of genes in the genome. This initial step results in the coordinated asymmetric cellular division and endospore formation through multiple stages that produces a single spore from the mother cell.


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Handmade. Completing materials – leather, semi-circle, pegs, linen thread.
M1915 AMMO POUCH. (Сумка патронная обр. 1915 г. ) M2-027-S
$ 49.0 per item
The company guarantees quality replica uniforms and field equipment. Note: The shade and appearance of the finished product may differ slightly from the photo presented on the site. Because the batch of fabric, leather, fur, your screen settings also can be sligth different.
We sew (install), purchased from us, undercollars, shoulder straps, buttonholes, chevrons, emblems, insignia on the ordered products - for FREE, at the moment. These actions are performed only if you explicitly specify in the product notes what, where and in what quantity you need to sew-install. If there are no such instructions, we do not take any actions with additional products. Please keep this in mind when placing your order.
Our products are made of quality materials and in order for these things to please you as long as possible, we ask you to study the article on the care of our products. Following our recommendations, you will preserve their appearance and properties and will be satisfied with them for a long time
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In this section you can find all the businesses and trades related to the sale and production of religious goods
Here you can find religious articles for sanctuaries and cemeteries and many more places
Also here you can find specialists to restore pictures on walls.
Nowadays there are no Religious goods in the Cehegin's business directory.
Note: If you wish to advertise on Cehegin´s Business Directory, , send us an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com
Use the following forum to deal with themes related to Religious goods in Cehegin; Religious, sacred, carvings, tassel, crosses, lamp, brocade material, musical instruments, etc.
Please read the rules of use carefully before taking part.
There are no messages in this forum | |


text:
Do you have a question about the Martha Escoll Lubeck Feeding and Swallowing Center or about the services we offer at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia? We'll do our best to respond quickly, but please remember that it may take several days for us to send you a reply.
Please do not use this form to communicate information about your child's health.
If this is an emergency, please call 911 or your local emergency services provider.


text:
Bead embroidery kit Winter date Size: 15.7"×11.0" (40×28 cm)
Bead embroidery kit Winter date Size: 15.7"×11.0" (40×28 cm)
A beautiful and effective bead embroidery kit Winter date comes with a wonderful embroidery pattern, making it perfect for a pleasant needlework project or as an exquisite gift for a loved one.
Size: 15.7"×11.0" (40×28 cm)
Weight: 0.3 kg
Material: natural art canvas, beads
The kit includes:
- natural art canvas with a drawing scheme
- all the necessary Preciosa beads (Czech Republic) - 11877 units
- number of colors - 18
- pearl needles
- detailed step-by-step instruction in English
Please note that the beading kit does not include any frame or threads, so you will need to choose those to your taste!
Before you start, you can stretch the patterned fabric (canvas) on a wooden frame using thumb tacks. You can also embroider on rectangular hoops or hold the embroidery pattern from the kit in your hands. If the hoops are large, the canvas can be "grown" by marking additional strips of fabric at the edges, depending on the canvas you choose. It is better to embroider with nylon or cotton threads, and you can use 100% PE, white or beige in a single thread.


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A waterproof storage place that attaches universally to any fork cage.
The Expedition Fork Pack is an ultralight waterproof storage bag that attaches universally to any fork cage. It is designed for use on any bike with fork bolts, providing extra storage for adventures long and short.
The fork bag is ideal for storing compressible items such as sleeping gear and extra clothing, as well as bulkier items such as cooking gear or extra food and drinks, the 4.5L bag is extremely adaptable.
Built from a lightweight laminate developed specifically for Apidura, the bag is waterproof, and highly resistant to abrasions and tears. A hands-free air release valve allows for easy packing and compression.
The attachment mechanism, unique to Apidura, ensures that the straps do not wrap around the fork itself. This makes removal and attachment far easier, and allows for access to contents without removal the fork bag. Multiple attachment loops and the ability to cut down straps ensures that the bag can be fitted to any fork cage.
- Please note that the Expedition Fork Pack does not include a fork cage.
- Ultralight construction, weighing only 85g (120g with 2 straps)
- Easy-to-use universal attachment system, for use with any fork cage
- Adjustable strap position for universal fit
- Hands-free air release valve for easy packing and compression
- Roll-top closure for adjustable capacity
- Reflective graphics for increased visibility
- The fork bag is cut from a three-layer laminate fabric that was developed specifically for Apidura. The material is lightweight, and is highly resistant to tears and abrasion. Notably, it's welded together at the seams, creating a watertight seal that ensures complete waterproofing.
- Wash the fork bag by hand, using a mild diluted soap if necessary. Afterwards, let it air dry.
- Do not machine wash, machine dry, or iron.
Part Numbers
Option | UPC | MPN | Store SKU |
Grey/Black / 4.5L | 05060422140437 | AWK-0000-000 | BAG61806345G |


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If result_metadata() returns false but error/errno/sqlstate tells you no error occurred, this means your query is one that does not produce a result set, i.e. an INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE query instead of a SELECT query.
This is stated in the documentation where it says "If a statement passed to mysqli_prepare() is one that produces a result set, mysqli_stmt_result_metadata() returns the result object", but it might not be clear to everyone what this entails exactly.
Hope this helps.


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The domain within your query sequence starts at position 2985 and ends at position 3084; the E-value for the SPEC domain shown below is 3.01e0.
SPECSpectrin repeats |
SMART accession number: | SM00150 |
Description: | - |
Interpro abstract (IPR018159): | Spectrin repeats [ (PUBMED:8266097) ] are found in several proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure. These include spectrin alpha and beta subunits [ (PUBMED:12672815) (PUBMED:15062087) ], alpha-actinin [ (PUBMED:10481917) ] and dystrophin. The spectrin repeat forms a three-helix bundle. The second helix is interrupted by proline in some sequences. The repeats are defined by a characteristic tryptophan (W) residue at position 17 in helix A and a leucine (L) at 2 residues from the carboxyl end of helix C. |
Family alignment: |
There are 257395 SPEC domains in 23741 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.
Click on the following links for more information.
- Evolution (species in which this domain is found)
- Literature (relevant references for this domain)
- Disease (disease genes where sequence variants are found in this domain)
- Metabolism (metabolic pathways involving proteins which contain this domain)
- Structure (3D structures containing this domain)
- Links (links to other resources describing this domain)


text:
Auto Insurance
Defined as: The contract by which the insurer assumes the risk of any loss the owner or operator of a car may incur through damage to property or persons as the result of an accident. There are many specific forms of automobile insurance, varying not only in the kinds of risk that they cover but also in the legal principles underlying them.
In "plain" English, this means coverage that is carried by someone who is driving a motor vehicle that is involved in an accident that causes property damage or personal injury to someone.
Currently, New Hampshire and Wisconsin do not have "compulsory auto insurance liability laws". Simply put, this means that these states do not require licensed drivers (and there should not be any other kind of driver) to have some type of auto insurance policy that provides at least minimum coverage. The remaining 48 states do have such insurance laws in effect.
You should check with the state you live in if you have questions concerning whether or not you are required to have auto insurance, and also to determine if you are required to have a certain amount of coverage. If you are required to have a certain amount, you will then need to check to see if there is a minimum amount and maximum amount.


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Brushing is the most effective method for removing harmful plaque from your teeth and gums. Getting the debris off your teeth and gums in a timely manner prevents bacteria in the food you eat from turning into harmful, cavity causing acids.
Most dentists agree that brushing three times a day is the minimum; if you use a fluoride toothpaste in the morning and before bed at night, you can get away without using toothpaste during the middle of the day. A simple brushing with plain water or rinsing your mouth with water for 30 seconds after lunch will generally do the job.
Since everyone's teeth are different, see me first before choosing a brushing technique. Here are some popular techniques that work:


text:
It looks like you have JavaScript turned off
Online chat: 0 mins 0 secs
You are talking to a counsellor.
Thanks for waiting. Welcome to your chat.
Chat ready: please press 'Go to chat' and your counsellor will be there
The counsellor can wait up to 2 minutes. They have been waiting:
Concerned about confidentiality? Why not ask the counsellor you chat to about this?
You are now in the waiting room
Please stay on our website so that you know when a counsellor is ready. You can check out other Childline pages, videos and games while you wait.
Call 0800 1111
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If you want to login again, please click on the 'login' button.
We'll log you out in
You haven't used the Childline website for a while. To protect your privacy we'll log you out soon.
If you're waiting for a 1-2-1 chat or in the middle of writing or drawing something, click on the "keep me logged in" button.
Your chat session is ready.
If you want to chat to a counsellor, please click on the "Go to chat" button.
Go to chat


text:
Ask Your Library
Event box
Meet with a volunteer in-person at Centreville Regional Library to practice your English. Basic English language skills are necessary to participate. Adults.
Students may register for one session a week.
Related LibGuide: English Language Learning by Fairfax County Public Library (Admin)
- Date:
- Wednesday, August 14, 2024
Show more dates
Wednesday, August 21, 2024
Wednesday, August 28, 2024
Wednesday, September 4, 2024
Wednesday, September 11, 2024
Wednesday, September 18, 2024
Wednesday, September 25, 2024
Wednesday, October 2, 2024
Wednesday, October 9, 2024
Wednesday, October 16, 2024
Wednesday, October 23, 2024
Wednesday, October 30, 2024
Wednesday, November 6, 2024
Wednesday, November 13, 2024
Wednesday, November 20, 2024
Wednesday, November 27, 2024
- Time:
- 11:00am - 12:00pm
- Library Branch:
- Centreville Regional Library
- Categories:
- Learning English
- Audience:
- English Language Learners
One-on-One English Conversation Rules
- All one-on-one sessions are on a first-come, first served basis.
- To find out who your tutor is, please go to the information desk and ask a staff member.
- Registration opens up 1 week before each session. Staff cannot register students early.
- Staff cannot register students for a specific volunteer. Staff cannot guarantee specific volunteer availability.
- Volunteer information is confidential. Library staff cannot disclose a volunteer's personal information, contact information, or when they are scheduled at the library.
- Please only register for one session per week. If you are scheduled for more than one session a week, staff reserve the right to cancel one of your sessions.


text:
Home Renovations That Can Affect Your Insurance
Renovating your home can enhance your living environment and increase the value of your property. Home renovations can be chaotic at first, with debris from demolitions piling up. While looking forward to an improved home environment, you need to be aware of some types of home renovations that could affect your insurance coverage.
A pool can significantly enhance the value of your home and provide months of enjoyment to friends and family – but the construction process can pose a risk to others visiting your property. While a standard homeowner's policy provides some liability coverage, you may need to increase your liability protection with a personal insurance policy when you install a pool.
It may be time to add an office, a "granny flat," or increase the size of the interior of your home. In addition, when complete, can enhance your home's value but poses various risks to others visiting your property. The interior can be a construction zone, littered with nails, screws, wood, and walking hazards. Should another person trip and fall or suffer any type of injury on your property, the last thing you need is to deal with the financial losses of an injury claim. Ensure you have adequate coverage if you plan to add on to your home, and a personal insurance policy adds another layer of protection you need most.
Kitchen Remodels
Your kitchen is the heart of your home, and if you choose to remodel it, the value of your property is increased. The process of remodeling a kitchen includes upgrading plumbing, electrical, fixtures, and installing new appliances, along with updating floors, counters, lighting, and cupboards. During the remodel, the kitchen area is a danger zone. Ensure you have sufficient liability insurance coverage during the remodel, and a personal insurance policy is often the ideal option.
New Roof
A standard roof has a lifespan of about 25 years. Eventually, it must be replaced. The roofing process is noisy, disruptive, and depending on the condition of the roof and the size of your home, could take days or weeks to complete. While a professional roofer will be as careful as possible, the risk of falling wood, tools, or tiles can put visitors to your property at risk of injury, and you need to ensure you have coverage to protect you from the financial losses associated with a personal injury claim or lawsuit.
Home Renovations and Insurance Coverage
When planning to renovate your home, whether a major or minor project, speak with a local insurance agent to make sure you are covered during construction. Whether you have purchased a new property and are upgrading it or improving your home by renovating or adding on, don't forget to meet with an insurance agent to ensure you have enough liability coverage to protect you if an accident occurs on your property – without the right insurance, you could face serious financial losses.


text:
How to Protect Your Pet When the Weather Turns Cold
Cold weather can be dangerous for your pet's health, causing ailments ranging from skin irritations to frostbite. These six tips will help you keep your pet safe and comfortable no matter how low the temperature drops.
1. Use Pet-Safe Antifreeze
Antifreeze may not look very appetizing to you, but animals are drawn to its sweet scent. Licking a small puddle of antifreeze can cause kidney failure and even death in pets. Since you never know when your radiator will spring a leak, it's a good idea to replace your antifreeze with a pet-safe version.
Before adding pet-safe antifreeze, flush out the old antifreeze and dispose of it. If you just top off the antifreeze with the pet-safe type, your pet may still be at risk. Wipe up antifreeze spills and puddles immediately to protect your pet and other animals.
2. Pay Extra Attention to Your Pet's Paws and Pads
Frozen surfaces, rock salt, and ice-melting chemicals can be hard on your pet's paws. Wipe off your pet's paws after every walk or outdoor play session to prevent painful irritation. Applying a liberal coat of petroleum jelly to your dog or cat's paws before going outside can be a good preventative measure.
Pet-sized boots and booties offer another option. The footwear prevents paws and pads from coming in contact with dangerous substances and also reduces slips and falls on icy surfaces.
Paw inspections are particularly important on snowy or icy days. Remove clumps of snow and ice stuck between your pet's toes promptly to prevent irritation or frostbite.
3. Limit Outside Time on Freezing Cold Days
Your pet's natural fur coat makes chilly days more comfortable but may not offer adequate protection on very cold days. If it's so cold that you don't want to spend more than a few minutes outside, bring your pet inside. Although dog houses can provide some degree of shelter from the wind, your pet will still be affected by the cold and could develop frostbite if left outside for too long.
Some dogs will be more comfortable wearing sweaters when venturing out on cold days. A sweater may be a good idea for short-haired or hairless pets, old, young, frail, or sick animals.
4. Make Sure Your Pet Wears Tags
It's never a good time to lose your pet, but the winter is a particularly bad time for your furry friend to go missing. Bad weather can complicate your search and put your pet's life in jeopardy. A collar with a tag may decrease the amount of time your lost pet spends outdoors before it's reunited with you.
Put an ID tag on your dog or cat even if your pet is microchipped. Veterinary offices and shelters will have microchip readers, but good samaritans won't have these devices.
5. Protect Your Pet from Indoor Hazards
It only takes a second for an injury to occur if your pet is near a fireplace, heater, or lit candle. Place a baby gate enclosure around your fireplace or heater to prevent your pet from wandering too close. Sparks from the fire can cause burns, as can a brush with a heater.
If you use a kerosene heater, it's particularly important to keep the unit away from your pets. Your playful dog or cat could knock over the heater, starting a fire. Battery-operated flameless candles are a better choice if you have a curious cat or dog. The candles provide all the ambiance of the real thing, yet don't pose a fire hazard.
6. Don't Leave Your Pet in a Cold Car
Most people know that hot cars can quickly kill pets and children during the summer months. Unfortunately, cold cars are just as dangerous. The ASPCA notes that cars tend to hold in the cold, acting as refrigerators. If you'll be out of the car for more than 10 minutes, bring your pet with you or better yet, leave it at home.
Do you have a question about your pet's health or need to schedule an appointment? Contact our office and let us know how we can help you.
ASPCA: Cold Weather Safety Tips
WebMD: Pet Winter Safety: Prepping Your Pet for Winter Weather
American Veterinary Medical Association: Cold Weather Animal Safety


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Chapter 13
Upon the reading of the law separation is made from the multitude -- Nehemiah institutes reform.
1)On that day they read in the book of Moses in the audience of the people; and therein was found written, that the Ammonite and the Moabite should not come into the congregation of God forever;
2)Because they met not the children of Israel with bread and with water, but hired Baalam against them, that he should curse them; howbeit our God turned the curse into a blessing.
3)Now it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated from Israel all the mixed multitude.
4)And before this, Eliashib the priest, having the oversight of the chamber of the house of our God, was allied unto Tobiah;
5)And he had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil, which was commanded to be given to the Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and the offerings of the priests.
6)But in all this time was not I at Jerusalem; for in the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon came I unto the king, and after certain days obtained I leave of the king;
7)And I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah, in preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God.
8)And it grieved me sore; therefore I cast forth all the household stuff of Tobiah out of the chamber.
9)Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers; and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat offering and the frankincense.
10)And I perceived that the portions of the Levites had not been given them; for the Levites and the singers, that did the work were fled everyone to his field.
11)Then contended I with the rulers, and said, Why is the house of God forsaken? And I gathered them together, and set them in their place.
12)Then brought all Judah the tithe of the corn and the new wine and the oil unto the treasuries.
13)And I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah; and next to them was Hanan the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah; for they were counted faithful, and their office was to distribute unto their brethren.
14)Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the offices thereof.
15)In those days saw I in Judah some treading wine-presses on the sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and lading asses; as also wine, grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into Jerusalem on the sabbath day; and I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals.
16)There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, which brought fish, and all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children of Judah, and in Jerusalem.
17)Then I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them, What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day?
18)Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, and upon this city; yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning the sabbath.
19)And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath; and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day.
20)So the merchants and sellers of all kind of ware lodged without Jerusalem once or twice.
21)Then I testified against them, and said unto them, Why lodge ye about the wall? If ye do so again, I will lay hands on you. From that time forth came they no more on the sabbath.
22)And I commanded the Levites, that they should cleanse themselves, and that they should come and keep the gates, to sanctify the sabbath day. Remember me, O my God, concerning this also, and spare me according to the greatness of thy mercy.
23)In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab;
24)And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people.
25)And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying, Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves.
26)Did not Solomon king of Israel sin by these things? yet among many nations was there no king like him, who was beloved of his God, and God made him king over all Israel; nevertheless even him did outlandish women cause to sin.
27)Shall we then hearken unto you to do all this great evil, to transgress against our God in marrying strange wives?
28)And one of the sons of Joiada, the son of Eliashib the high priest, was son-in-law to Sanballat the Horonite; therefore I chased him from me.
29)Remember then, O my God, because they have defiled the priesthood, and the covenant of the priesthood, and of the Levites.
30)Thus cleansed I them from all strangers, and appointed the wards of the priests and the Levites, everyone in his business;
31)And for the wood offering, at times appointed, and for the firstfruits. Remember me, O my God, for good.


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At Spencer Woods we can advise businesses in the York area on business exit strategies and selling a business. Here are some of the essential points to consider...
Selling your business may be the time when you finally get to reap the rewards of a lifetime of work. Or it might be the opportunity to cash in when the conditions are right, before you start your next enterprise.
Either way, the sale of your business will be one of the most important things you'll ever do. You only get to do it once, and if you get it right, the financial gains can be considerable.
Here are some of the most important issues you will have to consider:
When is the right time to sell? In an ideal world, you would sell when the market is booming and before any anticipated downturn. But internal factors are just as important. If your business is performing well, perhaps at the peak of a pricing cycle, it will be more attractive to potential buyers.
Above all, if you have any choice in the matter, sell when you want to, not when you have to.
You will need to have up-to-date information available for inspection by potential buyers. This will include business plans and budgets, as well as financial documents such as profit and loss statements, tax returns, loans against the business and the lease.
There are a number of things you can do in order to make your business more attractive to potential buyers and therefore command the best possible price. These might include:
Overvaluing the business will discourage buyers. We can help you to value your business accurately. A good way to ensure a high price is to create competition between potential buyers. You can reject any bids that fail to reach your estimated value, obliging other bidders to increase their offers.
Before selling, you should consult us, as well as your solicitor and independent financial advisor. It may also be advisable to employ Business Transfer Agents who specialise in buying and selling businesses. In many cases, sellers find it necessary to finance at least some of the price - that is, lending to the buyer to facilitate the purchase.
Once you know the value of the business you need to determine how the funds released by the sale can best be used to provide you with a comfortable retirement or to begin a new business venture. Valuable tax reliefs are at stake here, so consult us early in your planning to avoid an unnecessary tax bill.
With proper planning and good advice, you can ensure that you get the price and terms that satisfy your reasons for selling your business. We can help you make the right decisions.
If you are in the York area and are looking for professional advice on business exit planning, including selling a business, contact Spencer Woods.
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Threats of Revolt. 1At this, the whole community broke out with loud cries, and the people wept into the night. 2a All the Israelites grumbled against Moses and Aaron, the whole community saying to them, "If only we had died in the land of Egypt," or "If only we would die here in the wilderness! 3Why is the LORD bringing us into this land only to have us fall by the sword? Our wives and little ones will be taken as spoil. Would it not be better for us to return to Egypt?" 4So they said to one another, "Let us appoint a leader and go back to Egypt."
5But Moses and Aaron fell prostrate before the whole assembled community of the Israelites; 6while Joshua, son of Nun, and Caleb, son of Jephunneh, who had been among those that reconnoitered the land, tore their garments 7and said to the whole community of the Israelites,b "The land which we went through and reconnoitered is an exceedingly good land. 8If the LORD is pleased with us, he will bring us in to this land and give it to us, a land which flows with milk and honey. 9c Only do not rebel against the LORD! You need not be afraid of the people of the land, for they are but food for us!* Their protection has left them, but the LORD is with us. Do not fear them."
The Lord's Sentence. 10The whole community threatened to stone them. But the glory of the LORD appeared at the tent of meeting to all the Israelites. 11And the LORD said to Moses: How long will this people spurn me? How long will they not trust me, despite all the signs I have performed among them?d 12I will strike them with pestilence and disown them. Then I will make of you a nation greater and mightier than they.e
13f But Moses said to the LORD: "The Egyptians will hear of this, for by your power you brought out this people from among them. 14They will tell the inhabitants of this land, who have heard that you, LORD, are in the midst of this people; you, LORD, who directly revealed yourself! Your cloud stands over them, and you go before them by day in a column of cloud and by night in a column of fire.g 15If now you slay this people all at once, the nations who have heard such reports of you will say, 16'The LORD was not able to bring this people into the land he swore to give them; that is why he slaughtered them in the wilderness.'h 17Now then, may my Lord's forbearance be great, even as you have said, 18i 'The LORD is slow to anger and abounding in kindness, forgiving iniquity and rebellion; yet certainly not declaring the guilty guiltless, but punishing children to the third and fourth generation for their parents' iniquity.' 19Pardon, then, the iniquity of this people in keeping with your great kindness, even as you have forgiven them from Egypt until now."j
20The LORD answered: I pardon them as you have asked. 21Yet, by my life and the LORD's glory that fills the whole earth, 22of all the people who have seen my glory and the signs I did in Egypt and in the wilderness,k and who nevertheless have put me to the test ten times already and have not obeyed me, 23not one shall see the land which I promised on oath to their ancestors. None of those who have spurned me shall see it. 24But as for my servant Caleb, because he has a different spirit and follows me unreservedly,l I will bring him into the land which he entered, and his descendants shall possess it. 25But now, since the Amalekites and Canaanites are living in the valleys,* turn away tomorrow and set out into the wilderness by way of the Red Sea road.
26The LORD also said to Moses and Aaron: 27How long will this wicked community grumble against me?m I have heard the grumblings of the Israelites against me. 28Tell them:* "By my life"—oracle of the LORD—"I will do to you just what I have heard you say. 29Here in the wildernessn your dead bodies shall fall. Of all your men of twenty years or more, enrolled in your registration, who grumbled against me, 30not one of you shall enter the land where I solemnly swore to settle you, except Caleb, son of Jephunneh, and Joshua, son of Nun. 31Your little ones, however, who you said would be taken as spoil, I will bring in, and they shall know the land you rejected.o 32But as for you, your bodies shall fall here in the wilderness, 33while your children will wander for forty years, suffering for your infidelity, till the last of you lies dead in the wilderness.p 34Corresponding to the number of days you spent reconnoitering the land—forty days—you shall bear your punishment one year for each day: forty years. Thus you will realize what it means to oppose me. 35I, the LORD, have spoken; and I will surely do this to this entire wicked community that conspired against me: here in the wilderness they shall come to their end and there they will die."
36And the men whom Moses had sent to reconnoiter the landq and who on returning had set the whole community grumbling against him by spreading discouraging reports about the land— 37these men who had spread discouraging reports about the land were struck down by the LORD and died. 38Only Joshua, son of Nun, and Caleb, son of Jephunneh, survived of all the men who had gone to reconnoiter the land.r
Unsuccessful Invasion. 39When Moses repeated these words to all the Israelites, the people mourned greatly. 40Early the next morning they started up high into the hill country, saying, "Here we are, ready to go up to the place that the LORD spoke of:s for we did wrong." 41But Moses said, "Why are you now transgressing the LORD's order? This cannot succeed. 42Do not go up, because the LORD is not in your midst; do not allow yourself to be struck down by your enemies.t 43For there the Amalekites and Canaanites will face you, and you will fall by the sword. You have turned back from following the LORD; therefore the LORD will not be with you."
44Yet they dared to go up high into the hill country,u even though neither the ark of the covenant of the LORD nor Moses left the camp. 45And the Amalekites and Canaanites who dwelt in that hill country came down and defeated them, beating them back as far as Hormah.*
* [14:9] They are but food for us: lit., "for they are our bread." "Bread" (Heb. lechem) is here used in the sense of "prey, spoils" to be consumed by an invader. This is the answer to the pessimistic report that this land "consumes its inhabitants" (13:32).
* [14:25] The valleys: the low-lying plains in the Negeb and along the seacoast and in the Jordan depression, as well as the higher valleys in the mountains farther north: cf. v. 45.
* [14:28–29] God punished the grumblers by giving them their wish; cf. v. 2. Their lack of trust in God is cited in 1 Cor 10:10 and Heb 3:12–18 as a warning for Christians.
* [14:45] Hormah: one of the Canaanite royal cities in southern Judah, according to the tradition attested in Jos 12:14, although Nm 21:1–3 gives it as the new name for the city of Arad when it was destroyed by Israel. According to the list of conquered cities preserved in Jgs 1, the earlier name for the city of Hormah was Zephath. The precise location is unknown.
f. [14:13–16] Ex 32:12; Dt 9:26–29; Ps 106:23.
g. [14:14] Ex 13:21; Jos 2:9–10.
i. [14:18] Ex 20:5; 34:6–7; Ps 103:8; 145:8.
p. [14:33–34] Nm 13:26; 32:13; Ps 95:10; Ez 4:6.
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XL Palomino Truelux Candle
Cardamom, Nutmeg, Phyllo
Let the breezes of exotic spices intrigue your heart.
Comes in classic gold foiled orange box with flip up instructions.
Burn Time: 90 Hours
16 oz | ℮453G. | 4.3 in. tall
Shipping & Returns
All orders placed Tuesday through Friday will be packaged and shipped within 0-3 business days of the order. See Shipping page for more info.
In short: For regular price clothing, with the exclusion of holiday or fur items, we offer ten (10) days to return or exchange your clothing. Everything else is final sale. No price adjustments are allowed on previous purchases.
Please see below for details.
ALL SALE ITEMS, DISCOUNTED, SEASONAL, HOLIDAY, JEWELRY, ACCESSORIES, FUR, HOME, SHOES, SPECIAL ORDERED ITEMS, FOOD, ETC. ARE FINAL SALE. NO RETURNS OR EXCHANGES. Only undamaged, unworn, tagged, free of smell, regular priced clothing can be returned or exchanged with approval.
All regular priced clothing is exchangeable or can be returned within ten (10) days. Please contact us by email at firstname.lastname@example.com to confirm the return before shipping. We will not accept returns without prior authorization.


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Mouse Head Svg Free, Peace Hands Png, Mouse Character Svg, Cut File, Cricut, Digital Download
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Get creative with Mouse Head Svg Free! Our downloadable designs let you create beautiful projects without the hassle of physical crafting. From unique cards to amazing home decor, Mouse Head Svg Free makes bringing your ideas to life easy. With an unbeatable variety of styles and sizes, your project will be sure to stand out. Unlock your creative potential with Mouse Head Svg Free today!
Ideal for Iron-on applications or permanent vinyl projects. You MAY use this file to create, cut and/or print items for personal use.
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