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PostgreSQL 8.1.23 Documentation | ||||
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Release date: 2005-11-08
Major changes in this release:
Access to the shared buffer cache was identified as a significant scalability problem, particularly on multi-CPU systems. In this release, the way that locking is done in the buffer manager has been overhauled to reduce lock contention and improve scalability. The buffer manager has also been changed to use a "clock sweep" replacement policy.
In previous releases, only a single index could be used to do lookups on a table. With this feature, if a query has WHERE tab.col1 = 4 and tab.col2 = 9, and there is no multicolumn index on col1 and col2, but there is an index on col1 and another on col2, it is possible to search both indexes and combine the results in memory, then do heap fetches for only the rows matching both the col1 and col2 restrictions. This is very useful in environments that have a lot of unstructured queries where it is impossible to create indexes that match all possible access conditions. Bitmap scans are useful even with a single index, as they reduce the amount of random access needed; a bitmap index scan is efficient for retrieving fairly large fractions of the complete table, whereas plain index scans are not.
Two-phase commit allows transactions to be "prepared" on several computers, and once all computers have successfully prepared their transactions (none failed), all transactions can be committed. Even if a machine crashes after a prepare, the prepared transaction can be committed after the machine is restarted. New syntax includes PREPARE TRANSACTION and COMMIT/ROLLBACK PREPARED. A new system view pg_prepared_xacts has also been added.
Roles are a combination of users and groups. Like users, they can have login capability, and like groups, a role can have other roles as members. Roles basically remove the distinction between users and groups. For example, a role can:
Have login capability (optionally)
Own objects
Hold access permissions for database objects
Inherit permissions from other roles it is a member of
Once a user logs into a role, she obtains capabilities of the login role plus any inherited roles, and can use SET ROLE to switch to other roles she is a member of. This feature is a generalization of the SQL standard's concept of roles. This change also replaces pg_shadow and pg_group by new role-capable catalogs pg_authid and pg_auth_members. The old tables are redefined as read-only views on the new role tables.
and MAX()
(Tom)In previous releases, the only way to use an index for
or MAX()
was to rewrite the query as
SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col
LIMIT 1. Index usage now happens automatically.
Integrating autovacuum into the server allows it to be automatically started and stopped in sync with the database server, and allows autovacuum to be configured from postgresql.conf.
While PostgreSQL's MVCC locking allows SELECT to never be blocked by writers and therefore does not need shared row locks for typical operations, shared locks are useful for applications that require shared row locking. In particular this reduces the locking requirements imposed by referential integrity checks.
This extension of the dependency mechanism prevents roles from being dropped while there are still database objects they own. Formerly it was possible to accidentally "orphan" objects by deleting their owner. While this could be recovered from, it was messy and unpleasant.
The new constraint_exclusion configuration parameter avoids lookups on child tables where constraints indicate that no matching rows exist in the child table.
This allows for a basic type of table partitioning. If child tables store separate key ranges and this is enforced using appropriate CHECK constraints, the optimizer will skip child table accesses when the constraint guarantees no matching rows exist in the child table.
A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
The 8.0 release announced that the to_char()
function for intervals would be
removed in 8.1. However, since no better API has been
suggested, to_char(interval)
been enhanced in 8.1 and will remain in the server.
Observe the following incompatibilities:
add_missing_from is now false by default (Neil)
By default, we now generate an error if a table is used in a query without a FROM reference. The old behavior is still available, but the parameter must be set to 'true' to obtain it.
It might be necessary to set add_missing_from to true in order to load an existing dump file, if the dump contains any views or rules created using the implicit-FROM syntax. This should be a one-time annoyance, because PostgreSQL 8.1 will convert such views and rules to standard explicit-FROM syntax. Subsequent dumps will therefore not have the problem.
Cause input of a zero-length string ('') for float4/float8/oid to throw an error, rather than treating it as a zero (Neil)
This change is consistent with the current handling of zero-length strings for integers. The schedule for this change was announced in 8.0.
default_with_oids is now false by default (Neil)
With this option set to false, user-created tables no longer have an OID column unless WITH OIDS is specified in CREATE TABLE. Though OIDs have existed in all releases of PostgreSQL, their use is limited because they are only four bytes long and the counter is shared across all installed databases. The preferred way of uniquely identifying rows is via sequences and the SERIAL type, which have been supported since PostgreSQL 6.4.
Add E'' syntax so eventually ordinary strings can treat backslashes literally (Bruce)
Currently PostgreSQL processes a backslash in a string literal as introducing a special escape sequence, e.g. \n or \010. While this allows easy entry of special values, it is nonstandard and makes porting of applications from other databases more difficult. For this reason, the PostgreSQL project is planning to remove the special meaning of backslashes in strings. For backward compatibility and for users who want special backslash processing, a new string syntax has been created. This new string syntax is formed by writing an E immediately preceding the single quote that starts the string, e.g. E'hi\n'. While this release does not change the handling of backslashes in strings, it does add new configuration parameters to help users migrate applications for future releases:
standard_conforming_strings — does this release treat backslashes literally in ordinary strings?
escape_string_warning — warn about backslashes in ordinary (non-E) strings
The standard_conforming_strings value is read-only. Applications can retrieve the value to know how backslashes are processed. (Presence of the parameter can also be taken as an indication that E'' string syntax is supported.) In a future release, standard_conforming_strings will be true, meaning backslashes will be treated literally in non-E strings. To prepare for this change, use E'' strings in places that need special backslash processing, and turn on escape_string_warning to find additional strings that need to be converted to use E''. Also, use two single-quotes ('') to embed a literal single-quote in a string, rather than the PostgreSQL-supported syntax of backslash single-quote (\'). The former is standards-conforming and does not require the use of the E'' string syntax. You can also use the $$ string syntax, which does not treat backslashes specially.
Make REINDEX DATABASE reindex all indexes in the database (Tom)
Formerly, REINDEX DATABASE reindexed only system tables. This new behavior seems more intuitive. A new command REINDEX SYSTEM provides the old functionality of reindexing just the system tables.
Read-only large object descriptors now obey MVCC snapshot semantics
When a large object is opened with INV_READ (and not INV_WRITE), the data read from the
descriptor will now reflect a "snapshot" of the large object's state at
the time of the transaction snapshot in use by the query
that called lo_open()
. To
obtain the old behavior of always returning the latest
committed data, include INV_WRITE
in the mode flags for lo_open()
Add proper dependencies for arguments of sequence functions (Tom)
In previous releases, sequence names passed to
, currval()
, and setval()
were stored as simple text
strings, meaning that renaming or dropping a sequence used
in a DEFAULT clause made the
clause invalid. This release stores all newly-created
sequence function arguments as internal OIDs, allowing them
to track sequence renaming, and adding dependency
information that prevents improper sequence removal. It
also makes such DEFAULT clauses
immune to schema renaming and search path changes.
Some applications might rely on the old behavior of run-time lookup for sequence names. This can still be done by explicitly casting the argument to text, for example nextval('myseq'::text).
Pre-8.1 database dumps loaded into 8.1 will use the old text-based representation and therefore will not have the features of OID-stored arguments. However, it is possible to update a database containing text-based DEFAULT clauses. First, save this query into a file, such as fixseq.sql:
SELECT 'ALTER TABLE ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(n.nspname) || '.' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(c.relname) || ' ALTER COLUMN ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(a.attname) || ' SET DEFAULT ' || regexp_replace(d.adsrc, $$val\(\(('[^']*')::text\)::regclass$$, $$val(\1$$, 'g') || ';' FROM pg_namespace n, pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_attrdef d WHERE n.oid = c.relnamespace AND c.oid = a.attrelid AND a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum AND d.adsrc ~ $$val\(\('[^']*'::text\)::regclass$$;
Next, run the query against a database to find what adjustments are required, like this for database db1:
psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1
This will show the ALTER TABLE commands needed to convert the database to the newer OID-based representation. If the commands look reasonable, run this to update the database:
psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1 | psql -e db1
This process must be repeated in each database to be updated.
In psql, treat unquoted \{digit}+ sequences as octal (Bruce)
In previous releases, \{digit}+ sequences were treated as decimal, and only \0{digit}+ were treated as octal. This change was made for consistency.
Remove grammar productions for prefix and postfix % and ^ operators (Tom)
These have never been documented and complicated the use of the modulus operator (%) with negative numbers.
Make &< and &> for polygons consistent with the box "over" operators (Tom)
CREATE LANGUAGE can ignore the provided arguments in favor of information from pg_pltemplate (Tom)
A new system catalog pg_pltemplate has been defined to carry information about the preferred definitions of procedural languages (such as whether they have validator functions). When an entry exists in this catalog for the language being created, CREATE LANGUAGE will ignore all its parameters except the language name and instead use the catalog information. This measure was taken because of increasing problems with obsolete language definitions being loaded by old dump files. As of 8.1, pg_dump will dump procedural language definitions as just CREATE LANGUAGE name, relying on a template entry to exist at load time. We expect this will be a more future-proof representation.
Make pg_cancel_backend(int)
return a
boolean rather than an integer (Neil)
Some users are having problems loading UTF-8 data into 8.1.X. This is because previous versions allowed invalid UTF-8 byte sequences to be entered into the database, and this release properly accepts only valid UTF-8 sequences. One way to correct a dumpfile is to run the command iconv -c -f UTF-8 -t UTF-8 -o cleanfile.sql dumpfile.sql. The -c option removes invalid character sequences. A diff of the two files will show the sequences that are invalid. iconv reads the entire input file into memory so it might be necessary to use split to break up the dump into multiple smaller files for processing.
Below you will find a detailed account of the additional changes between PostgreSQL 8.1 and the previous major release.
Improve GiST and R-tree index performance (Neil)
Improve the optimizer, including auto-resizing of hash joins (Tom)
Overhaul internal API in several areas
Change WAL record CRCs from 64-bit to 32-bit (Tom)
We determined that the extra cost of computing 64-bit CRCs was significant, and the gain in reliability too marginal to justify it.
Prevent writing large empty gaps in WAL pages (Tom)
Improve spinlock behavior on SMP machines, particularly Opterons (Tom)
Allow nonconsecutive index columns to be used in a multicolumn index (Tom)
For example, this allows an index on columns a,b,c to be used in a query with WHERE a = 4 and c = 10.
Skip WAL logging for CREATE TABLE AS / SELECT INTO (Simon)
Since a crash during CREATE TABLE AS would cause the table to be dropped during recovery, there is no reason to WAL log as the table is loaded. (Logging still happens if WAL archiving is enabled, however.)
Allow concurrent GiST index access (Teodor, Oleg)
Add configuration parameter full_page_writes to control writing full pages to WAL (Bruce)
To prevent partial disk writes from corrupting the database, PostgreSQL writes a complete copy of each database disk page to WAL the first time it is modified after a checkpoint. This option turns off that functionality for more speed. This is safe to use with battery-backed disk caches where partial page writes cannot happen.
Use O_DIRECT if available when using O_SYNC for wal_sync_method (Itagaki Takahiro)
O_DIRECT causes disk writes to bypass the kernel cache, and for WAL writes, this improves performance.
Improve COPY FROM performance (Alon Goldshuv)
This was accomplished by reading COPY input in larger chunks, rather than character by character.
Improve the performance of COUNT()
, and VARIANCE()
(Neil, Tom)
Prevent problems due to transaction ID (XID) wraparound (Tom)
The server will now warn when the transaction counter approaches the wraparound point. If the counter becomes too close to wraparound, the server will stop accepting queries. This ensures that data is not lost before needed vacuuming is performed.
Fix problems with object IDs (OIDs) conflicting with existing system objects after the OID counter has wrapped around (Tom)
Add warning about the need to increase max_fsm_relations and max_fsm_pages during VACUUM (Ron Mayer)
Add temp_buffers configuration parameter to allow users to determine the size of the local buffer area for temporary table access (Tom)
Add session start time and client IP address to pg_stat_activity (Magnus)
Adjust pg_stat views for bitmap scans (Tom)
The meanings of some of the fields have changed slightly.
Enhance pg_locks view (Tom)
Log queries for client-side PREPARE and EXECUTE (Simon)
Allow Kerberos name and user name case sensitivity to be specified in postgresql.conf (Magnus)
Add configuration parameter krb_server_hostname so that the server host name can be specified as part of service principal (Todd Kover)
If not set, any service principal matching an entry in the keytab can be used. This is new Kerberos matching behavior in this release.
Add log_line_prefix options for millisecond timestamps (%m) and remote host (%h) (Ed L.)
Add WAL logging for GiST indexes (Teodor, Oleg)
GiST indexes are now safe for crash and point-in-time recovery.
Remove old *.backup files
when we do pg_stop_backup()
This prevents a large number of *.backup files from existing in pg_xlog/.
Add configuration parameters to control TCP/IP keep-alive times for idle, interval, and count (Oliver Jowett)
These values can be changed to allow more rapid detection of lost client connections.
Add per-user and per-database connection limits (Petr Jelinek)
Using ALTER USER and ALTER DATABASE, limits can now be enforced on the maximum number of sessions that can concurrently connect as a specific user or to a specific database. Setting the limit to zero disables user or database connections.
Allow more than two gigabytes of shared memory and per-backend work memory on 64-bit machines (Koichi Suzuki)
New system catalog pg_pltemplate allows overriding obsolete procedural-language definitions in dump files (Tom)
Add temporary views (Koju Iijima, Neil)
Fix HAVING without any aggregate functions or GROUP BY so that the query returns a single group (Tom)
Previously, such a case would treat the HAVING clause the same as a WHERE clause. This was not per spec.
Add USING clause to allow additional tables to be specified to DELETE (Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Neil)
In prior releases, there was no clear method for specifying additional tables to be used for joins in a DELETE statement. UPDATE already has a FROM clause for this purpose.
Add support for \x hex escapes in backend and ecpg strings (Bruce)
This is just like the standard C \x escape syntax. Octal escapes were already supported.
Add BETWEEN SYMMETRIC query syntax (Pavel Stehule)
This feature allows BETWEEN comparisons without requiring the first value to be less than the second. For example, 2 BETWEEN [ASYMMETRIC] 3 AND 1 returns false, while 2 BETWEEN SYMMETRIC 3 AND 1 returns true. BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC was already supported.
Add NOWAIT option to SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE (Hans-Juergen Schoenig)
While the statement_timeout configuration parameter allows a query taking more than a certain amount of time to be cancelled, the NOWAIT option allows a query to be canceled as soon as a SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE command cannot immediately acquire a row lock.
Track dependencies of shared objects (Alvaro)
PostgreSQL allows global tables (users, databases, tablespaces) to reference information in multiple databases. This addition adds dependency information for global tables, so, for example, user ownership can be tracked across databases, so a user who owns something in any database can no longer be removed. Dependency tracking already existed for database-local objects.
Allow limited ALTER OWNER commands to be performed by the object owner (Stephen Frost)
Prior releases allowed only superusers to change object owners. Now, ownership can be transferred if the user executing the command owns the object and would be able to create it as the new owner (that is, the user is a member of the new owning role and that role has the CREATE permission that would be needed to create the object afresh).
Add ALTER object SET SCHEMA capability for some object types (tables, functions, types) (Bernd Helmle)
This allows objects to be moved to different schemas.
Add ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER to disable triggers (Satoshi Nagayasu)
Allow TRUNCATE to truncate multiple tables in a single command (Alvaro)
Because of referential integrity checks, it is not allowed to truncate a table that is part of a referential integrity constraint. Using this new functionality, TRUNCATE can be used to truncate such tables, if both tables involved in a referential integrity constraint are truncated in a single TRUNCATE command.
Properly process carriage returns and line feeds in COPY CSV mode (Andrew)
In release 8.0, carriage returns and line feeds in CSV COPY TO were processed in an inconsistent manner. (This was documented on the TODO list.)
Add COPY WITH CSV HEADER to allow a header line as the first line in COPY (Andrew)
This allows handling of the common CSV usage of placing the column names on the first line of the data file. For COPY TO, the first line contains the column names, and for COPY FROM, the first line is ignored.
On Windows, display better sub-second precision in EXPLAIN ANALYZE (Magnus)
Add trigger duration display to EXPLAIN ANALYZE (Tom)
Prior releases included trigger execution time as part of the total execution time, but did not show it separately. It is now possible to see how much time is spent in each trigger.
Add support for \x hex escapes in COPY (Sergey Ten)
Previous releases only supported octal escapes.
Make SHOW ALL include variable descriptions (Matthias Schmidt)
SHOW varname still only displays the variable's value and does not include the description.
Make initdb create a new standard database called postgres, and convert utilities to use postgres rather than template1 for standard lookups (Dave)
In prior releases, template1 was used both as a default connection for utilities like createuser, and as a template for new databases. This caused CREATE DATABASE to sometimes fail, because a new database cannot be created if anyone else is in the template database. With this change, the default connection database is now postgres, meaning it is much less likely someone will be using template1 during CREATE DATABASE.
Create new reindexdb command-line utility by moving /contrib/reindexdb into the server (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
Add MAX()
aggregates for array
types (Koju Iijima)
Fix to_date()
to behave
reasonably when CC and
YY fields are both used (Karel
If the format specification contains CC and a year specification is YYY or longer, ignore the CC. If the year specification is YY or shorter, interpret CC as the previous century.
Add md5(bytea)
Add support for numeric ^
numeric based on power(numeric, numeric)
The function already existed, but there was no operator assigned to it.
Fix NUMERIC modulus by properly truncating the quotient during computation (Bruce)
In previous releases, modulus for large values sometimes returned negative results due to rounding of the quotient.
Add a function lastval()
(Dennis Björklund)
is a
simplified version of currval()
. It automatically determines
the proper sequence name based on the most recent
or setval()
call performed by the current
Add to_timestamp(DOUBLE
PRECISION) (Michael Glaesemann)
Converts Unix seconds since 1970 to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE.
Add pg_postmaster_start_time()
(Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Matthias Schmidt)
Allow the full use of time zone names in AT TIME ZONE, not just the short list previously available (Magnus)
Previously, only a predefined list of time zone names were supported by AT TIME ZONE. Now any supported time zone name can be used, e.g.:
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/London';
In the above query, the time zone used is adjusted based on the daylight saving time rules that were in effect on the supplied date.
Add GREATEST()
variadic functions
(Pavel Stehule)
These functions take a variable number of arguments and return the greatest or least value among the arguments.
Add pg_column_size()
(Mark Kirkwood)
This returns storage size of a column, which might be compressed.
Add regexp_replace()
(Atsushi Ogawa)
This allows regular expression replacement, like sed. An optional flag argument allows selection of global (replace all) and case-insensitive modes.
Fix interval division and multiplication (Bruce)
Previous versions sometimes returned unjustified results, like '4 months'::interval / 5 returning '1 mon -6 days'.
Fix roundoff behavior in timestamp, time, and interval output (Tom)
This fixes some cases in which the seconds field would be shown as 60 instead of incrementing the higher-order fields.
Add a separate day field to type interval so a one day interval can be distinguished from a 24 hour interval (Michael Glaesemann)
Days that contain a daylight saving time adjustment are not 24 hours long, but typically 23 or 25 hours. This change creates a conceptual distinction between intervals of "so many days" and intervals of "so many hours". Adding 1 day to a timestamp now gives the same local time on the next day even if a daylight saving time adjustment occurs between, whereas adding 24 hours will give a different local time when this happens. For example, under US DST rules:
'2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '1 day' = '2005-04-04 00:00:00-04' '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '24 hours' = '2005-04-04 01:00:00-04'
Add justify_days()
These functions, respectively, adjust days to an appropriate number of full months and days, and adjust hours to an appropriate number of full days and hours.
Move /contrib/dbsize into the backend, and rename some of the functions (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
includes indexes and TOAST tables.
Add functions for read-only file access to the cluster directory (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
Add pg_reload_conf()
force reloading of the configuration files (Dave Page,
Andreas Pflug)
Add pg_rotate_logfile()
to force rotation of the server log file (Dave Page,
Andreas Pflug)
Change pg_stat_* views to include TOAST tables (Tom)
Rename some encodings to be more consistent and to follow international standards (Bruce)
UNICODE is now UTF8
ALT is now WIN866
WIN is now WIN1251
TCVN is now WIN1258
The original names still work.
Add support for WIN1252 encoding (Roland Volkmann)
Add support for four-byte UTF8 characters (John Hansen)
Previously only one, two, and three-byte UTF8 characters were supported. This is particularly important for support for some Chinese character sets.
Allow direct conversion between EUC_JP and SJIS to improve performance (Atsushi Ogawa)
Allow the UTF8 encoding to work on Windows (Magnus)
This is done by mapping UTF8 to the Windows-native UTF16 implementation.
Fix ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME (Sergey Yatskevich)
Allow function characteristics, like strictness and volatility, to be modified via ALTER FUNCTION (Neil)
Increase the maximum number of function arguments to 100 (Tom)
Allow SQL and PL/pgSQL functions to use OUT and INOUT parameters (Tom)
OUT is an alternate way for a function to return values. Instead of using RETURN, values can be returned by assigning to parameters declared as OUT or INOUT. This is notationally simpler in some cases, particularly so when multiple values need to be returned. While returning multiple values from a function was possible in previous releases, this greatly simplifies the process. (The feature will be extended to other server-side languages in future releases.)
Move language handler functions into the pg_catalog schema
This makes it easier to drop the public schema if desired.
Add SPI_getnspname()
SPI (Neil)
Overhaul the memory management of PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)
The parsetree of each function is now stored in a separate memory context. This allows this memory to be easily reclaimed when it is no longer needed.
Check function syntax at CREATE FUNCTION time, rather than at runtime (Neil)
Previously, most syntax errors were reported only when the function was executed.
Allow OPEN to open non-SELECT queries like EXPLAIN and SHOW (Tom)
No longer require functions to issue a RETURN statement (Tom)
This is a byproduct of the newly added OUT and INOUT functionality. RETURN can be omitted when it is not needed to provide the function's return value.
Add support for an optional INTO clause to PL/pgSQL's EXECUTE statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
Make CREATE TABLE AS set ROW_COUNT (Tom)
Define SQLSTATE and SQLERRM to return the SQLSTATE and error message of the current exception (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
These variables are only defined inside exception blocks.
Allow the parameters to the RAISE statement to be expressions (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
Add a loop CONTINUE statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
Allow block and loop labels (Pavel Stehule)
Allow large result sets to be returned efficiently (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
This allows functions to use return_next()
to avoid building the
entire result set in memory.
Allow one-row-at-a-time retrieval of query results (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
This allows functions to use spi_query()
and spi_fetchrow()
to avoid accumulating
the entire result set in memory.
Force PL/Perl to handle strings as UTF8 if the server encoding is UTF8 (David Kamholz)
Add a validator function for PL/Perl (Andrew)
This allows syntax errors to be reported at definition time, rather than execution time.
Allow PL/Perl to return a Perl array when the function returns an array type (Andrew)
This basically maps PostgreSQL arrays to Perl arrays.
Allow Perl nonfatal warnings to generate NOTICE messages (Andrew)
Allow Perl's strict mode to be enabled (Andrew)
Add \set ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK to allow statements in a transaction to error without affecting the rest of the transaction (Greg Sabino Mullane)
This is basically implemented by wrapping every statement in a sub-transaction.
Add support for \x hex strings in psql variables (Bruce)
Octal escapes were already supported.
Add support for troff -ms output format (Roger Leigh)
Allow the history file location to be controlled by HISTFILE (Andreas Seltenreich)
This allows configuration of per-database history storage.
Prevent \x (expanded mode) from affecting the output of \d tablename (Neil)
Add -L option to psql to log sessions (Lorne Sunley)
This option was added because some operating systems do not have simple command-line activity logging functionality.
Make \d show the tablespaces of indexes (Qingqing Zhou)
Allow psql help (\h) to make a best guess on the proper help information (Greg Sabino Mullane)
This allows the user to just add \h to the front of the syntax error query and get help on the supported syntax. Previously any additional query text beyond the command name had to be removed to use \h.
Add \pset numericlocale to allow numbers to be output in a locale-aware format (Eugen Nedelcu)
For example, using C locale 100000 would be output as 100,000.0 while a European locale might output this value as 100.000,0.
Make startup banner show both server version number and psql's version number, when they are different (Bruce)
Also, a warning will be shown if the server and psql are from different major releases.
Add -n / --schema switch to pg_restore (Richard van den Berg)
This allows just the objects in a specified schema to be restored.
Allow pg_dump to dump large objects even in text mode (Tom)
With this change, large objects are now always dumped; the former -b switch is a no-op.
Allow pg_dump to dump a consistent snapshot of large objects (Tom)
Dump comments for large objects (Tom)
Add --encoding to pg_dump (Magnus Hagander)
This allows a database to be dumped in an encoding that is different from the server's encoding. This is valuable when transferring the dump to a machine with a different encoding.
Rely on pg_pltemplate for procedural languages (Tom)
If the call handler for a procedural language is in the pg_catalog schema, pg_dump does not dump the handler. Instead, it dumps the language using just CREATE LANGUAGE name, relying on the pg_pltemplate catalog to provide the language's creation parameters at load time.
Add a PGPASSFILE environment variable to specify the password file's filename (Andrew)
Add lo_create()
, that is
similar to lo_creat()
allows the OID of the large object to be specified
Make libpq
consistently return an error to the client application on
failure (Neil)
Fix pgxs to support building against a relocated installation
Add spinlock support for the Itanium processor using Intel compiler (Vikram Kalsi)
Add Kerberos 5 support for Windows (Magnus)
Add Chinese FAQ (email@example.com)
Rename Rendezvous to Bonjour to match OS/X feature renaming (Bruce)
Add support for fsync_writethrough on Darwin (Chris Campbell)
Streamline the passing of information within the server, the optimizer, and the lock system (Tom)
Allow pg_config to be compiled using MSVC (Andrew)
This is required to build DBD::Pg using MSVC.
Remove support for Kerberos V4 (Magnus)
Kerberos 4 had security vulnerabilities and is no longer maintained.
Code cleanups (Coverity static analysis performed by EnterpriseDB)
Modify postgresql.conf to use documentation defaults on/off rather than true/false (Bruce)
Enhance pg_config to be able to report more build-time values (Tom)
Allow libpq to be built thread-safe on Windows (Dave Page)
Allow IPv6 connections to be used on Windows (Andrew)
Add Server Administration documentation about I/O subsystem reliability (Bruce)
Move private declarations from gist.h to gist_private.h (Neil)
In previous releases, gist.h contained both the public GiST API (intended for use by authors of GiST index implementations) as well as some private declarations used by the implementation of GiST itself. The latter have been moved to a separate file, gist_private.h. Most GiST index implementations should be unaffected.
Overhaul GiST memory management (Neil)
GiST methods are now always invoked in a short-lived
memory context. Therefore, memory allocated via
will be reclaimed
automatically, so GiST index implementations do not need
to manually release allocated memory via pfree()
Add /contrib/pg_buffercache contrib module (Mark Kirkwood)
This displays the contents of the buffer cache, for debugging and performance tuning purposes.
Remove /contrib/array because it is obsolete (Tom)
Clean up the /contrib/lo module (Tom)
Move /contrib/findoidjoins to /src/tools (Tom)
Remove the <<, >>, &<, and &> operators from /contrib/cube
These operators were not useful.
Improve /contrib/btree_gist (Janko Richter)
Improve /contrib/pgbench (Tomoaki Sato, Tatsuo)
There is now a facility for testing with SQL command scripts given by the user, instead of only a hard-wired command sequence.
Improve /contrib/pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)
Implementation of OpenPGP symmetric-key and public-key encryption
Both RSA and Elgamal public-key algorithms are supported.
Stand alone build: include SHA256/384/512 hashes, Fortuna PRNG
OpenSSL build: support 3DES, use internal AES with OpenSSL < 0.9.7
Take build parameters (OpenSSL, zlib) from configure result
There is no need to edit the Makefile anymore.
Remove support for libmhash and libmcrypt


text:
FRANKLIN AVE OFFSITE - Services and Information
ATM Information
ATMs (1)
- Hours vary
ATM Services
ATM Languages
- Chinese
- French
- Hmong
- Korean
- Russian
- Spanish
- Vietnamese
Wells Fargo makes it easy to manage your accounts, order products, and pay bills online
Discover all the advantages of using our secure, automated ATMs
Wells Fargo Advisors is a trade name used by Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC and Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC, Members SIPC, separate registered broker-dealers and non-bank affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company.
Deposit products offered by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Fun and simple, there is only one rule: slice the Jelly so that each slice contains only one star! Sounds easy? You will need a good dose of creativity, logic and visual skills to progress through the "sticky" levels. Get 3 stars for maximum rewards and use a hint only when you get stuck. Do you think you can get the perfect score in every level by collecting all the stars? Find out now!


text:
site map
fee calculator
Join our other 80,000 customers who enjoy the fastest, most reliable, professional market data available.
(Move your cursor to this window to pause scrolling)
"This beats the pants off CQG, I am definitely switching to the ProphetX 3.0!"
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"I just wanted to let u know that your data feed/service is by far the best!!! Your unfiltered tick data is excellent for reading order flow and none of your competitors delivers this quality of data!"
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"I "bracket trade" all major news releases and I have not found one lag or glitch with DTN.IQ feed. I am very comfortable with their feed under all typical news conditions (Fed releases, employment numbers, etc)."
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"For anyone considering using DTN.IQ for a data feed, my experience with the quality of data and the tech support has been very positive."
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"If someone needs the best quality data and backfill beyond what their broker provides at a rate that is the best in the industry, I highly recommend IQFeed."
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"This is an excellent value, the system is generous (allowing for 500 stocks) and stable (and really is tick-by-tick), and the support is fantastic."
Comment from Shirin via Email
"Thanks for the great product and support. During this week of high volume trading, my QuoteTracker + IQ Feed setup never missed a beat. Also, thanks for your swiftness in responding to data issues. I was on ******* for a few years before I made the switch over early this year, and wish I had done it a long time ago."
Comment from Ken
"Thank God for your Data Feed as the only Zippers I see are on my pants (LOL), and no more 200 pip spikes to mess up charts."
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"Awesome response, as usual. It is a sincere and refreshing pleasure to do business with DTN, compared to your competition."
Comment from Ryan
"It's so nice to be working with real professionals!"
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"Thanks for all of your help. Great customer service deserves to be recognized which one the reasons I've been a customer of DTN for over 10 years!"
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"I am a hedge fund manager here. It's funny, I have a Bloomberg terminal and a Bridge feed, but I still like having my DTN feed!"
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"IQ feed works very well, does not have all of the normal interruptions I have grown used to on *******"
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Comment from Public Forum Post
"I ran your IQFeed DDE vs. my broker vs. a level II window for some slow-moving options. I would see the level II quote change, then your feed update instantaneously. My broker's DDE, however, would take as much as 30 seconds to update. I am not chasing milliseconds, but half a minute is unacceptable."
Comment from Rob
"Just a quick one to say I'm very impressed so far :) The documentation for developers is excellent and I've quickly managed to get an app written to do historical downloads. The system is very robust and pretty quick considering the extent of data that's available. The support guys have been very helpful too, in combination with the forums it's been plain sailing so far!"
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"I'm very glad I switched to IQFeed. It's working perfectly with no lag, even during fast market conditions."
Comment from Andy via Email
"I've been using IQFeed 4 in a multi-threaded situation for the last week or two on 2600 symbols or so with 100 simultaneous daily charts, and I have had 100% responsiveness."
Comment from Scott
"I've never had DTN go out on me since switching. ******* would go down a couple times every month when I was using them."
Comment from Bryce in AL.
"You have an excellent feed. Very few spikes for Spot Forex."
Comment from Public Forum Post
"I would just like to say that IQFeed version 4 is running very well and I am very happy with its performance. I would also like to extend a big thanks for the fast and efficient help that I always receive. My questions and concerns are always addressed promptly. Way to go!"
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Comment from Public Forum Post
"Thank you so much - awesome feed, awesome service!"
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Comment from T.S. via Email
"DTN has never given me problems. It is incredibly stable. In fact I've occasionally lost the data feed from Interactive Brokers, but still been able to trade because I'm getting good data from DTN."
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Comment from Tyler via Email
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Comment from Public Forum
"I used to have *******, but they are way more money for the same thing. I have had no probs with data from DTN since switching over."
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"You are much better than lawyers or the phone company because you answer the phone when I call! I just love your customer service."
Comment from Isreal
"Everything is working great ! Very impressive client. The news refreshes better and is more pertinent than the ******* feed I paid $ 100/month for. I Also like the charts a lot."
Comment from Leon
"Version 220.127.116.11 has been working well for me and I appreciate that it is now a much tighter client to work with. I feel I can go to press with my own application and rely on a stable platform"
Comment from David in IA.
"I've been using Neoticker RT with IQFeed for two months, and I'm very happy with both of the products (I've had IQFeed for two years with very few complaints). The service from both companies is exceptional."
Comment from Public Forum
"I will tell others who want to go into trading that DTN ProphetX is an invaluable tool, I don't think anyone can trade without it..."
Comment from Luther
"Can I get another account from you? I am tired of ******* going down so often"
Comment from George
"Boy, probably spent a thousand hours trying to get ******* API to work right. And now two hours to have something running with IQFeed. Hmmm, guess I was pretty stupid to fight rather than switch all this time. And have gotten more customer service from you guys already than total from them… in five years."
Comment from Jim
"I just wanted to tell you what a fine job you have been doing. While *******, from what I hear, has been down and out, off and on, IQ feed has held like a champ this week."
Comment from Shirin
"If you are serious about your trading I would not rely on IB data for serious daytrading. Took me a while to justify the cost of IQ Feed and in the end, it's just a 2 point stop on ES. Better safe than sorry"
Comment from Public Forum
"I just wanted to say how happy I am with your service. I was able to download the API docs last week and I was able to replicate Interactive Brokers historical bar queries and realtime bar queries over the weekend. That was about one of the fastest integrations that I've ever done and it works perfectly!!!!"
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Comment from Xiaofei
"I was on the phone with a friend who uses CQG and right after the Fed announcement, CQG was as much as 30 seconds behind DTN.IQ. Some quotes were off by as much as 15-18 cents. Your feed never missed a beat."
Comment from Roger
"The people at Nirvana have very nice things to say about your company and I can see why! Price and service is a potent combination."
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"I am enjoying the feed very much - so superior to the broker provided feed I was previously using."
Comment from George
"I have to tell you though that using the IQFeed API is about the easiest and cleanest I have seen for some time."
Comment from Jim
"I had always used ******* but for the past 2 weeks have been trying DTN IQFeed. Customer support has been extraordinary. They call just to make sure your problem hasn't recurred."
Comment from Public Forum
"With HUGE volume on AAPL and RIMM for 2 days, everyone in a trading room was whining about freezes, crashes and lag with *******, RealTick, TS and Cyber. InvestorRT with IQFeed was rock solid. I mean SOLID!"
Comment from Public IRC Chat
"I just wanted to let you know how fast and easy I found it to integrate IQFeed into our existing Java code using your JNI client. In my experience, such things almost never go so smoothly - great job!"
Comment from Nate
"My broker in Davenport suggested I give you a try as he uses your service and says its the best."
Comment from Bill via RT Chat
"Its working FABULOUSLY for me!! Holy cow...there has been so much I've been missing lately, and with this feed and Linnsoft software...I'm in the game now."
Comment from Chris R.
"I started a trial a few weeks back before the market went wild. DTN.IQ didn't miss anything and beat my other provider. I decided to stay with you because of the great service through all the volatility."
Comment from Mike
"Everything is working great with the API. I love it."
Comment from Calvin
"Thanks for following up with me. You guys do a great job in tech support."
Comment from Phelps
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text:
Rosia Montana protests day15 002
Hi. I'm Aurel Manea, a hobby photographer/video maker and a professional 3d/gfx artist. For the photos/videos, in case you ask, I use a canon 5d mark 2 + Canon 50mm f1.4 + Canon 24-105 F4 L IS + Canon 70-200 F4 L IS. Older ones were made with other cameras, starting with a 300D + crappy lenses and then 30d & 40d.
Welcome and stuff, enjoy your stay.


text:
- Sale price
- $43.39
HR2 Parts is an authorized dealer for various manufacturers that offer high quality aerial lift equipment at a discounted rate.
We are currently selling JLG® 01318192DTZ - DTZ-PRESSU.CONTR.VALVE for $43.39.
We offer parts for boom lifts, scissor lifts, forklifts, and other construction equipment.
At HR2 Parts, with each order, we guarantee:
At HR2 Parts, with each order, we guarantee:
- Competitive pricing
- Detailed descriptions and diagrams to ensure order accuracy
- Experienced Parts representatives to ensure a quick and easy purchase
- Multiple Shipping options


text:
2012-10-31 10:30
Hello, everybody. I just received a full briefing from our emergency response teams, including FEMA, and agencies that are going to be helpful in the response and recovery efforts, the Department of Energy, the Department of Transportation, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Health and Human Services.
Obviously, everybody is aware at this point that this is going to be a big and powerful storm. And all across the Eastern seaboard, I think everybody is taking the appropriate preparations.
I've spoken to all the governors in all these states. They have issued emergency declarations. Those have been turned around quickly here in the White House. We have prepositioned assets so that FEMA personnel are working closely with state and local governments. We're making sure that food and water and emergency generation is available for those communities that are going to be hardest hit.
We anticipate that the center of the storm is going to land fall sometime this evening. But because of the nature of this storm, we are certain that this is going to be a slow-moving process through a wide swath of the country, and millions of people are going to be affected.
So the most important message that I have for the public right now is, please listen to what your state and local officials are saying. When they tell you to evacuate, you need to evacuate. Do not delay. Don't pause. Don't question the instructions that are being given, because this is a serious storm and it could potentially have fatal consequence if people haven't acted quickly.
所以此时我想 传达给公众的信息是请一定要听从各州及地方政府的指令。他们让你们撤离,就一定要撤离。不要耽搁,不要迟疑,不要质问任何指令,因为此次风暴严重至极,一旦不能迅速采取措施,就会有人员伤亡。
The good news is that the governors and local officials, I think, have had a few days of preparation. There's been extraordinary close coordination between state, federal, and local governments. So we're confident that the assets are prepositioned for an effective response in the aftermath of the storm.
But keep in mind that for folks who are not following instructions, if you are not evacuating when you've been asked to evacuate, you're putting first responders at danger. We're going to have to have search-and-rescue teams in and around multiple states all at the same time. And although we've got Coast Guard and the Department of Defense all positioned, if the public is not following instructions, that makes it more dangerous for people and it means that we could have fatalities that could have been avoided.
Transportation is going to be tied up for a long time. And probably the most significant impact for a lot of people, in addition to flooding, is going to be getting power back on. We anticipate that there are going to be a lot of trees down, a lot of water.
And despite the fact that the power companies are working very closely with their various state officials and local official to make sure that they are bringing in as many as assets as possible and getting those ready in preparation for the storm, the fact is that a lot of these emergency crews are not going to be able to get into position to start restoring power until some of these winds have died down. And because of the nature of this storm, that may take several days. So the public should anticipate that there's going to be a lot of power outages, and it may take time for that power to get back on.
The same is true with transportation; there are going to be a lot of backlogs, and even after the storm has cleared, it's going to take a considerable amount of time for airlines, subways, trains, and so forth, potentially to get back on schedule, depending on the amount of damage that has occurred.
Let me summarize just by saying that I'm extraordinarily grateful for the cooperation of our state and local officials. The conversations that I've had with all governors indicate that at this point there are no unmet needs. I think everybody is taking this very seriously. We've gotten prepositioned all the resources that we need. But right now, the key is to make sure that the public is following instructions.
For those of you who still need additional information about how to respond, you can go to . And that website should provide you with all the information that your family needs in terms of how you can prepare for this storm.
Our thoughts and prayers go out to all the people who are potentially affected. We are extraordinarily grateful for our first responders, because they're going to be working 24/7 around the clock, non-stop. And I want to make sure that our thoughts and prayers go out to all those who may end up be dealing with a very difficult situation over the next several days.
Last point I'll make, though—this is going to be a big storm. It's going to be a difficult storm. The great thing about America is when we go through tough times like this we all pull together. We look out for our friends. We look out for our neighbors. And we set aside whatever issues we may have otherwise to make sure that we respond appropriately and with swiftness. And that's exactly what I anticipate is going to happen here.
So I want to thank all the federal teams, state and local teams that are in place. I'm confident that we're ready. But I think the public needs to prepare for the fact that this is going to take a long time for us to clean up. The good news is we will clean up and we will get through this.
What about the impact on the election, sir?
I am not worried at this point about the impact on the election. I'm worried about the impact on families, and I'm worried about the impact on our first responders. I'm worried about the impact on our economy and on transportation. The election will take care of itself next week. Right now, our number-one priority is to make sure that we are saving lives, that our search-and-rescue teams are going to be in place, that people are going to get the food, the water, the shelter that they need in case of emergency, and that we respond as quickly as possible to get the economy back on track.


text:
Table of Contents
This document describes how to install Debian GNU/Linux bookworm for
the 64-bit PowerPC (little-endian) ("ppc64el") with the
new debian-installer
. It is a quick walkthrough of the installation process
which should contain all the information you will need for most installs.
When more information can be useful, we will link to more detailed
explanations in other parts of this document.


text:
PHONE: 215-934-3500 or 800-832-PFCU
ABA Routing # 236084298
Checking Accounts
Order Checks
Visa Secure
PFCU Checking
Better Checking
Senior Checking
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Visa Purchase Alerts
Card Management
Visa Chip Technology
Visa Click to Pay
Visa Prepaid Giftcards
PFCU Check Card
ATM Card
Savings Accounts
Savings Certificates
Regular Savings
Higher Yield Savings
Money Market Savings
Holiday & Vacation Savings
Specialty Accounts
Health Savings Accounts
Trust Accounts
Personal Loans
Loan Payment Protection
Share Secured Loan
Signature Loan
Motorcycle Loans
Boat Loans
RV Loans
Line of Credit
Car Loans
Recreational Loans
Mortgages & Home Loans
Conventional Mortgage
US Dept of HUD Disclosure
Home Advantage
FHA Home Loans
FHA Home Loans vs. Conventional Loans
VA Home Loans
Mortgage Access
First Front Door Program
Fast Track Mortgage
Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC)
Home Equity Loans
Debt Consolidation
Credit Cards
Credit Card Features
Investing & Retirement
Fixed Annuities
Traditional IRA
Roth IRA
Coverdell ESA
Financial Planning
Retirement Planning
Student Financial Services
TU Student
Student Loans
PFCU Scholarship Program
CCP Scholarship
Tuition Rewards Program
Youth Accounts & Resources
CU Succeed
Custodial / PAUTMA Accounts
Moola Moola
Business Accounts
Business Loans
Business Credit Cards
Cash Management
Card Processing Services
Online Business Banking
Online Business Banking Videos
Business Banking Invoicing
Homeowners Insurance
Renters Insurance
Auto Insurance
Life Insurance
Business Insurance
Accidental Death & Dismemberment Insurance
The Family Security Plan
Pet Insurance
Insurance Verification
Extended Warranty
Vehicle Protection Plan
GAP Insurance
Get a Quote
Clarifi Financial Counseling
Security Resources
Identity Theft
ATM Skimming
Money Order Scams
Mail Fraud
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Online Shopping & Selling
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Secure Your Home Computer
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Detect Hacks
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Protecting your Credit
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Financial Calculators
Investing & Retirement Tools & Resouces
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Financial Literacy
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Become a Member
What is a Credit Union?
Benefits of Joining a Credit Union
Credit Union vs Bank
Credit Union Myths
Member Referral Program
Partner Groups
Member Benefits & Discounts
Dental Benefits
Theme Park Discounts
Throughout the year, PFCU takes pride in assisting ordinary Philadelphians in achieving their financial goals. As an institution owned by its members, we are deeply invested in the well-being of our community. Demonstrating our commitment, we have donated both resources and valuable time to support various organizations and institutions across Philadelphia. Plus, we host educational programs to empower and educate individuals.
Here's some of the work we're proud of:
When we lend our unwavering support towards these exceptional endeavors, it truly underscores our commitment to effecting positive change in the lives of Philadelphians.
On, October 14, our Business Development Specialist, Yorkenia Gomez-Almonte (right), attended the Made Institute's Fashion Show and was pictured with the institute's Executive Director, Robyn Dombey (left).
PFCU team members Jocelyn Long (left) and Isabella Crilly (right) posing with Bloomsburg's mascot Roongo at the October 7 game against Kutztown.
PFCU Business Development Specialist, Yorkenia Gomez-Almonte on-site at the Awbury Arboretum Harvest Fest on October 22.
On October 31, PFCU Community Relations Specialist Erin Ellis dropped off a donation of colored pencils and savings coloring sheets at the John Wister School,
On November 24, Joseph F. McHugh Jr., PFCU's Board Treasurer, received the game ball from Arthur Johnson, Director of Athletics, as part of our sponsorship with Temple Athletics as the Official Credit Union of Temple University.


text:
In 2009. the main market changed into national. AFA set up sales and service points in national market.
In 2009. the main market changed into national. AFA set up sales and service points in national market.
Afa kitchen and bath - world's leading Custom Kitchen Accessories AF-SP0601 Suppliers and OEM Kitchen Accessories AF-SP0601 Company, offer wholesale quality Kitchen and Bath products for sale online. Ningbo AFA Kitchen and Bath Co., Ltd. was established in 1993 and active in Europe and United States, Australia and other first-line kitchen and bath market for 20 years. Due to living in the international fashion hinterland and kitchen frontier, long history and advanced design concept created simple and elegant product style and superb quality of AFA.
Quality and innovation are the brand spirit of AFA. AFA always believes that there is no future without quality and innovation. AFA insists: first consider the quality and then consider the cost. Take the quality first, then output. Over the years, AFA constantly guided innovative revolution of kitchen and bath products depend on excellent quality, innovation and market sensitivity.
At present, our production plant covers 26,000 square meters with the market most advanced production technology and production equipment. Our company pays attention to the high quality of the products and the customers' demands which are beneficial to further development of company. The new plant has about 200 people and most advanced equipment for making kitchen sinks. The new plant will have 15,000 square meters, and our company workshop will reach an area of 41,000 square meters after finishing the new plant.


text:
About DormCo
DormCo is the leading retailer for college dorm essentials! We are known as "The College Dorm Supplies Superstore." When shopping for college stuff, dorm bedding, or any accessories for your dorm room in general, you can be sure that DormCo won't let you down. All of our dorm products are designed for college dorms and everything you see in our online college store was personally selected by people who know what college students need for comfortable and enjoyable dorm life.
Our impressive selection and excellent prices make DormCo a favorite place for college students, high school graduates, parents, and family and friends alike to shop for all of the top of-the-line dorm room essentials. We have awesome Twin XL bedding: including sheets, toppers, and comforters. In addition, we also have dorm futons and college rugs, which you should consider adding to your list of necessary dorm stuff. DormCo also carries thousands of dorm décor products, college dorm organizers, space savers, posters, collegiate trunks, dorm security items, study accessories, and much more! As if all of that wasn't great in itself, another bonus of shopping with DormCo is that we ship 99.99% of our offered dorm products from our Nashville, TN warehouse. This means we can offer you shipping for only $2.95 on your entire dorm supplies order, and we can ship most orders within 24 hours! Thus, you receive better service, cheaper prices, and more variety of the dorm stuff you want and need. At DormCo, we hope to be your dorm store of choice over the next four years. Good luck in college and enjoy dorm life!
Wait! One more thing we forgot to mention. Did you know that DormCo first began as a wholesaler of college dorm supplies? We began selling our dorm stuff to those "big box retailers". However, with the advent of online shopping and wanting to get you, the customer, the lowest price, our company shifted gears and now makes our complete dorm essentials product line available direct to you the customer. Everything we carry is right here at DormCo.com. Knowing this gives you the confidence that by purchasing direct from the manufacturer that you are getting great deals and crazy low prices (without coupons, just low costs from the start) on all of your dorm room stuff. Our prices are not only affordable, but our selection in dorm bedding (Twin XL Bedding), college decor, dorm seating, dorm room rugs, organizers, and college trunks are almost impossible to beat! The toughest question you may have while dorm shopping with DormCo might just be..."Where do I begin?" -- That's the fun part! Look around the site, pick out some great dorm supplies, and let us know if we can help make your dorm shopping easier.


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The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2015 annual report for this blog.
Here's an excerpt:
A San Francisco cable car holds 60 people. This blog was viewed about 2,100 times in 2015. If it were a cable car, it would take about 35 trips to carry that many people.


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[P]arents have to stop getting divorced for less than dire reasons. Many, if not most, of today's 20- and 30-somethings are products of these divorces and thus have no role models. They may be looking for love, but they have no idea what to look for. Susan Gregory Thomas, author of In Spite of Everything, is a great example. Her parents split when she was twelve, and in an article about her book she laments the lack of guidance available to young people. "Why would we take counsel," she asks, "from the very people who, in our view, flubbed it all up?"Changing both of these things won't accomplish anything. It's not true that men have no idea what to look for. They know what they want, they're just not finding it as easily anymore. And it's not being branded "a sexist pig" that turns men off to marriage, it is the guarantee of severe economic liability and the unacceptably high possibility of losing his house, his children, his savings, and reducing his future net income.
Second, we must retract the message Boomers sent young women about female empowerment. Indeed, it isn't a coincidence that marriage rates have plummeted alongside America's fascination with the feminist movement. Empowerment for women, as defined by feminists, neither liberates women nor brings couples together. It separates them. It focuses on women as perpetual victims of the Big Bad Male. Why would any man want to get married when he's been branded a sexist pig at "hello"? In the span of just a few decades, women have managed to demote men from respected providers and protectors to being unnecessary, irrelevant, and downright expendable.
It is unconscionable to recommend marriage to any man under a legal regime in which he has no protection under the law and can be forced out of his own home by a single false charge. While this state of affairs is fair to neither individual men nor individual women, the lamentable fact is that very, very few women, even conservative, politically minded women who are correctly concerned about what low marriage rates will do to American society, are willing to speak out against Marriage 2.0 because they still wish to retain the legal benefits it affords married women in the event of divorce.
Marriage is extremely important for societal stability and survival. But the current legal form of marriage is evil and is not only deleterious to society, but to men, women, and children alike.


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Shipping & Return Policy
Your item must be in its original unused condition to be returned, unless there is a manufacturer defect. You must return the item within 14 days of your purchase. Return shipping expenses for the return of products are the responsibility of the customer.
Products must be in new condition as you received them and in the original box and/or packaging.
Any electronic product that has been opened and/or used cannot be returned unless the unit was received defective.
Please email email@example.com to request a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA).
– REMOKEYS, approval must be obtained prior to return of any merchandise. Returns
without an RMA number will be refused and returned at the shipper's expense.
– Return for refund will not be allowed if it has been more than 30 days after original invoice date. - All returns are subject to inspection and a restocking fee.
– If an item returned is found to be in unsellable condition, the customer may elect to have the item returned. If returned, the customer will be responsible for shipping charges to return. No refund will be issued.
Mail your returned item to:
1325 NW 98th CT STE 6
+1 (305) 603-8967
Include in your package a signed letter stating the reason for your return and the
original receipt.
Return Exceptions
Some items cannot be returned if they are opened. Some electronic devices cannot be returned unless is in the return period by the company.
Merchandise that has been worn, used, or altered will not be accepted for refund, return or exchange.
Restocking Fee
All items are subject to a 15% restocking fee, this will be deducted from your refund. We also do not refund the original shipping and handling that you paid on the order.
If your item is in new condition, not opened you may exchange it for any other that matches the same price. You will subject to a 15% restocking fee, but you still will have to pay return shipping.


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Vision Over 60
Learn about changes that occur to your eyes and your vision as you grow older - and what you can do to protect your eyesight.
Protect yourself from age-related eye problems and vision loss by following these simple tips.
Vision problems can seriously affect the quality of life of America's seniors. Learn what you can do to prevent or cope with age-related vision loss.


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Date(s) - 07/16/2023
10:00 am - 6:00 pm
LA is so big – how are you going to see it in one day? Easy! Join our LA in a Day tour. There's no breezing through on buses with pre-recorded audio commentary playing (which is always out of sync), we'll show you the hidden nooks and crannies of the city that other tour companies don't (because it doesn't fit with traffic patterns) and give you a feel for the real Los Angeles. Our LA in a Day tour is the only all-day Metro and walking tour of Los Angeles – and the only one on which you'll see seven different venues of the Oscars Ceremony.
We'll start your LA in a Day tour in Hollywood (where else) and show you how and why LA became the center of the American entertainment industry. There's a huge amount of fascinating movie history surrounding the famous Walk of Fame, including the oldest house in Hollywood (where Charlie Chaplin's kids went to school), the Capitol Records Building, the Egyptian Theater, the Dolby Theater (home of the Oscars) and the TCL Chinese Theater, and you'll learn about it all.
Next we take the subway to downtown – it's actually the fastest way to get there. DTLA is the most dynamic part of the city right now and it's also the biggest historic downtown of any major city in the U.S. The city was founded here in 1781 and it has a huge number of iconic buildings, such as City Hall and the Walt Disney Concert Hall. By this time you'll be hungry, so we pause your LA in a Day tour for lunch at one of the top food destinations in America, Grand Central Market.
After lunch the tour continues in DTLA, then we head to Santa Monica on the E-Line. It's a lovely way to travel through the West Side. Once in SaMo we'll give you a tour of the area (including the famous Santa Monica Pier), before finishing your LA in a Day tour at 3rd Street Promenade, a perfect place to watch the sun set while enjoying cocktails and dinner. By now you'll have had a real experience of Los Angeles and made some great memories to take home with you.
Our tours can sell out. If you can't make a booking email us at [email protected], telling us when you want to do the tour and how many guests are in your party, and if we can squeeze you in we'll let you know.
*Cost: $110 pp.
*Walking distance: Hollywood: 2 miles, downtown: 2 miles, Santa Monica: 1 mile.
*Tour starts 10 am daily, Pantages Theater, opposite Hollywood and Vine Metro station (meeting point photo).
*Tour finishes 6 pm, Third Street Promenade, near Santa Monica Metro station.
*Travel on Los Angeles Metro during tour included in ticket price.
*We'll show you how to use the LA Metro – the easiest and cheapest mode of transport here.
*We donate $1 for every guest to Climate Cents, a local climate change organization.
*There's a big range of food options and all types of diet are available (vegan, gluten-free etc).
This tour is in English. If your English isn't fluent this may not be the best option for you. We do not offer this tour in any other language at this time.
Lunch/Snacks are not included.
We recommend ride-sharing or taking the metro to the meeting point, then you don't have to pay $30-40 to park your car all day (if you're driving here).
This a walking tour and we move at a reasonable pace. If you have mobility issues please book a private tour.
This tour is not recommended for children under 15 y.o.
We never cancel tours in advance due to the weather conditions.
Aim to get to the meeting point 10-15 minutes early. If you're late you may miss the tour.
Contactless payment for gratuities available, please allow 15-20%.
Full refund or exchange available up to 48 hours before tour start time.
You must book in advance.
After making a booking you'll receive an automatic confirmation email (separate from the receipt). If you don't see the email in your inbox please check your junk mailbox.
Bookings are closed. Please email us at [email protected] to enquire if we can fit you onto the tour.


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After review, Boy Scouts reaffirm ban on gays
Published July 17, 2012
Associated Press
June 14, 2010- City-owned Boy Scouts headquarters in
Philadelphia. (AP/Matt Rourke)
NEW YORK – After a confidential two-year review, the Boy Scouts of
America on Tuesday emphatically reaffirmed its policy of excluding gays, ruling
out any changes despite relentless protest campaigns by some critics.
An 11-member special committee, formed discreetly by top Scout leaders
in 2010, "came to the conclusion that this policy is absolutely the best
policy for the Boy Scouts," the organization' national spokesman, Deron
Smith, told The Associated Press.
Smith said the committee, comprised of professional scout executives and
adult volunteers, was unanimous in its conclusion — preserving a long-standing
policy that was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2000 and has remained
controversial ever since.
As a result of the committee's decision, the Scouts' national executive
board will take no further action on a recently submitted resolution asking for
reconsideration of the membership policy.
The Scouts' chief executive, Bob Mazzuca, contended that most Scout
families support the policy, which applies to both leaders and Scouts.
"The vast majority of the parents of youth we serve value their
right to address issues of same-sex orientation within their family, with
spiritual advisers and at the appropriate time and in the right setting,"
Mazzuca said. "We fully understand that no single policy will accommodate
the many diverse views among our membership or society."
The president of the largest U.S. gay-rights group, Chad Griffin of the
Human Rights Campaign, depicted the Scouts' decision as "a missed
opportunity of colossal proportions."
"With the country moving toward inclusion, the leaders of the Boy
Scouts of America have instead sent a message to young people that only some of
them are valued," he said. "They've chosen to teach division and
The Scouts did not identify the members of the special committee that
studied the issue, but said in a statement that they represented "a
diversity of perspectives and opinions."
"The review included forthright and candid conversation and
extensive research and evaluations — both from within Scouting and from outside
of the organization," the statement said.
The announcement suggests that hurdles may be high for a couple of
members of the national executive board — Ernst & Young CEO James Turley
and AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson — who have recently indicated they would
try to work from within to change the policy. Both of their companies have been
commended by gay-rights groups for gay-friendly employment policies.
Stephenson is on track to become president of the Scouts' national board
in 2014, and will likely face continued pressure from gay-rights groups to try
to end the exclusion policy. Asked for comment on Tuesday about the Scouts'
decision to keep the policy, AT&T did not refer to Stephenson's situation
"We don't agree with every policy of every organization we support,
nor would we expect them to agree with us on everything," the company
said. "Our belief is that change at any organization must come from within
to be successful and sustainable."
A statement from the executive committee of the Scouts' national
executive board alluded to the Turley-Stephenson developments.
"Scouting believes that good people can personally disagree on this
topic and still work together to achieve the life-changing benefits to youth
through Scouting," the statement said. "While not all board members
may personally agree with this policy, and may choose a different direction for
their own organizations, BSA leadership agrees this is the best policy for the
Since 2000, the Boy Scouts have been targeted with numerous protest
campaigns and run afoul of some local nondiscrimination laws because of the
membership policy.
One ongoing protest campaign involves Jennifer Tyrrell, the Ohio mother
of a 7-year-old Cub Scout who was ousted as a Scout den mother because she is
Change.org, an online forum supporting activist causes, says more than
300,000 people have signed its petition urging the Scouts to reinstate Tyrrell
and abandon the exclusion policy. The petition is to be delivered to the
Scouts' national headquarters in Irving, Texas, on Wednesday.
Boy Scouts of America: http://www.scouting.org/
David Crary can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/CraryAP


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Computers Hardware
Our professional testing teams skillfully tune the data stores underlying applications i.e. databases, LDAP servers and web servers. We provide cutting-edge testing services for applications that are stand-alone, client/server or web-based. We have set up numerous automated and interactive regression test environments, which ensure that the future releases of the application will be of superior quality and will be delivered as per schedule. Posted ID-mar790


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Each Friday we round up the big conversations in tech and culture during the week that was. We also revisit the work that appeared on this blog and highlight what we're reading from our fellow technology writers and observers at other organizations.
A new University of Michigan study shows that using Facebook makes us both sadder moment to moment and less satisfied over time. It was our most popular post of the week, and in response, you shared some really thoughtful comments about what social comparison does to our psyches. NPR's Larry Abramson demonstrated the power of metadata analysis when he let a team at MIT Media Lab look into his Gmail account to piece together his life and contacts. Laura Sydell talked with Vine's co-founder about what makes six-second videos so appealing. And our weekly innovation this week was the eco-conscious Uji shower head, with a light that changes from green to red to encourage you to get out of the shower faster.
On the air, Laura reported a fascinating feature on the Digital Public Library of America, where the digital collections of libraries are getting combined on one site, for free access. Steve Henn profiled Mike Convertino, who built a career making cyberweapons for the U.S. Air Force. This week's All Tech chat on All Things Considered featured the end of buttons and the move toward gesture control.
The Big Conversations
The tangled web of national security and technology kept reporters busy this week, with the release of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act court's decision that parts of the NSA email surveillance program were unconstitutional, the sentencing of Bradley Manning and news of the U.K. police's meddling with Glenn Greenwald, the Guardian journalist who broke the details of sweeping U.S. surveillance programs leaked by Edward Snowden. On Monday, the U.K. police detained and questioned David Miranda, Greenwald's partner, at Heathrow Airport. The incident led The Guardian to reveal a previously unknown incident in which the U.K. government destroyed hard drives with those NSA leaks that Greenwald obtained.
Friday, the conversation shifted to Microsoft and a big personnel change at the top. Company CEO Steve Ballmer plans to retire within the year. Who will succeed him is likely to dominate conversations into the weekend. In the meantime, Steve Henn has some tips for the next Microsoft chief.
What's Catching Our Eye
Quartz: Think Google Glass invades your privacy? Here's a wristband that records audio 24 hours a day
Well, I suppose this could be helpful for NPR reporters ...
The New York Times: Facial Scanning Is Making Gains In Surveillance
Getting closer to a Minority Report-like society: "The plan, according to a 'privacy impact assessment,' was to use 30 volunteers whose facial data would be mingled in a database among 1,000 mug shots to see whether the system could reliably recognize when any of the volunteers were present," reports The Times.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Please look around to see if your question has been asked before, and avoid asking questions that have nothing to do with Computer Science Educators Stack Exchange or the Stack Exchange network. This is not a random discussion area; rather, it's a place for improving our community and website, together.
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Because meta-discussion sites are different and serve multiple purposes, some meta-tags are okay, and even required. Each meta question is required to have one of the following tags:
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text:
Being short on cash may make you a bit slower in the brain, a new study suggests.
People worrying about having enough money to pay their bills tend to lose temporarily the equivalent of 13 IQ points, scientists found when they gave intelligence tests to shoppers at a New Jersey mall and farmers in India.
The idea is that financial stress monopolizes thinking, making other calculations slower and more difficult, sort of like the effects of going without sleep for a night.
And this money-and-brain crunch applies, albeit to a smaller degree, to about 100 million Americans who face financial squeezes, say the team of economists and psychologists who wrote the study published in Friday's issue of the journal Science.
"Our paper isn't about poverty. It's about people struggling to make ends meet," said Sendhil Mullainathan, a Harvard economist and study co-author. "When we think about people who are financially stressed, we think they are short on money, but the truth is they are also short on cognitive capacity."
If you are always thinking about overdue bills, a mortgage or rent, or college loans, it takes away from your focus on other things. So being late on loans could end up costing you both interest points and IQ points, Mullainathan said.
The study used tests that studied various aspects of thinking including a traditional IQ test, getting the 13 IQ point drop, said study co-author Jiaying Zhao, a professor of psychology and sustainability at the University of British Columbia.
The scientists looked at the effects of finances on the brain both in the lab and in the field. In controlled lab-like conditions, they had about 400 shoppers at Quaker Bridge Mall in central New Jersey consider certain financial scenarios and tested their brain power.
Then they looked at real life in the fields of India, where farmers only get paid once a year. Before the harvest, they take out loans and pawn goods. After they sell their harvest, they are flush with cash.
Mullainathan and colleagues tested the same 464 farmers before and after the harvest and their IQ scores improved by 25 percent when their wallets fattened.
"It's a very powerful effect," said study co-author Eldar Shafir, a Princeton University psychology professor. "When you are dealing with budgetary finances, it does intrude on your thinking. It's at the top of your mind."
In the New Jersey part of the study, the scientists tested about 400 shoppers, presenting them with scenarios that involved a large and a small car repair bill. Those with family incomes of about $20,000 scored about the same as those with $70,000 incomes on IQ tests when the car bill was small. But when the poorer people had to think about facing a whopping repair bill, their IQ scores were 40 percent lower.
Education differences can't be a major factor because the poor only scored worse when they were faced with big bills, Shafir said. The more educated rich may have learned to divide their attention, but that wouldn't be a significant factor, he said.
The study's authors and others say the results contradict long-standing conservative economic social and political theory that say it is individuals, not circumstances, that are the primary problem with poverty. In the case of India, it was the same people before and after, so it can't be the person's fault.
"For a long time we've been blaming the poor for their own failings," Zhao said. "We're arguing something very different."
Poverty researcher Kathryn Edin of Harvard, who wasn't part of the study, said the research "is a big deal that solves a critical puzzle in poverty research."
She said poor people often have the same mainstream values about marriage and two-parent families as everyone else, but they don't seem to act that way. This shows that it's not their values but the situation that impairs their decision-making, she said.
Financial Stress May Impact Your I.Q.: Study
Copyright AP - Associated Press


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