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There are so many success stories you will hear about businesses making it good in the internet. The troubling thing is, there are maybe a tenfold or even a hundredfold of stories contradictory to theirs. Many have unsuccessfully launched a business enterprise that is internet based but only a handful shall succeed.
Is this through luck? That is even more remote. It takes good business sense and a lot of help and team effort. Most importantly, it is the eagerness to succeed and the determination to learn and the willingness to invest in a lot of hard work and some money.
The Very Basic
Like Neo, traffic is "The One". Without traffic, all your effort would just go to waste. Every business needs customers, without them you wouldn't have anyone to sell your products to. In the internet world traffic is the walk in customer. The more traffic you have the more people would be able to sell your products to.
But like any business that's in every corner building or in the mall, not everyone that goes in will buy, but the greater of number that do come in to browse your merchandise, the greater number of people that will buy your products. It is a simple and known fact.
But, how do you get traffic, traffic large enough that could make a small percentage of eventual buyers enough to make a good profit. Many big companies generate traffic of tens of thousands a day and a measly ten to fifteen percent actually buys, but that small percentage is enough to provide them with good business.
Many of these success stories get their traffic from paying others. Yes that's right; you have to spend money to make money. Advertising is the key. The more people that knows that your site exists; the more people would of course go to your site, that's common sense.
While there are many ways that can get you advertising for free, this do not generate the same high volume as those methods that are getting paid. These paid advertisements include advertising schemes by Google and Yahoo.
The Value of Searches
The search and will be the easiest and fastest medium in finding what a person needs in the internet. Search engines have been very popular because they provide a vital service to many people. They are free and easy to use. With this popularity, they get many visitors and clicks that they are the most common sites that people go to. It is easy to understand why so many companies would pay to advertise with these search engines.
Search engines provide information to the millions of users that they have each day. They provide links to many sites that a user may be looking for. If your sites link pop up in the high ranks of the search results page, you get a great chance that they will go to your site. While search engine optimization is a cheaper and low cost way to get your site a high rank, paying for advertisements will ensure that you will be on the top ranks.
When you pay for your advertisements, it is like paying for your traffic. This may sound like not such a good idea, but the payoffs would tell a different story. When you pay for your traffic, you are guaranteed of a consistent traffic flow to your site. You will never go with an empty sales day.
Paying for your Traffic
Usually, you will be charged with the number of hits a link gets when your ads is clicked, this is called pay per click. For some search engines, you will be charged with the number of times your ad shows up when a certain keyword or keyword phrase is searched. It is imperative that you have good keyword content in your ad. There are many tools that aid you in using the right keyword for the right moment.
All the money you spend in paying for your traffic will not be for naught. You will get an impressive boost in traffic which will also result to a great boost in your sales figures. Paying for your traffic would be a really good idea and you will get all the benefits it has to offer.
Joshua Shoemaker


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Mr Fazil had studied form Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (icfai). He is a CEO of Knowledge Campus Kashmir, His work experience includes, strategic planning, teaching, career guidance, academic counseling. Through his venture he provides his services of counseling and guidance to various students targeting there central issue regarding career future.
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Showtimes for Friday, September 13, 2019
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Note: Showtimes are updated regularly via disneyworld.com, walt disney world entertainment, and our own sources -- but the schedules may change at any time.
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This new preprint at bioRxiv is quite the Christmas present for those of us with a passion for European genetics and prehistory. It's the first paper to report on full genomes from Mesolithic and Neolithic Europe.
All of the successfully tested Mesolithic Y-chromosomes, one from Luxembourg and four from Motala, Sweden, belonged to haplogroup I. This probably won't come as a surprise to many people, as this marker was always the main candidate for Europe's indigenous Y-haplogroup. However, three of the results fell into haplogroup I2a1b, and none into I1, which is today the most common Y-haplogroup in most of Scandinavia.
What this suggests is that I1 expanded after the Mesolithic and replaced most of the I2a1b across Northwestern Europe. I'd say these were mostly expansions from North-Central Europe, although recent chatter on the web suggests that two distinct I1 lineages might have arrived in North-Central Europe from Eastern Europe at different times.
All of the Mesolithic mtDNA sequences belonged to haplgroups U2 and U5, which is line with past results. The single Neolithic sample, from a 7500 year-old Linearbandkeramik (LBK) site in Stuttgart, Germany, belonged to mtDNA haplogroup T2. Again, not very surprising considering what we've seen to date.
The genome-wide results, on the other hand, are not as straightforward. The basic upshot is that Northern Europeans are mostly of indigenous European hunter-gatherer origin, while Southern Europeans are largely derived from Neolithic farmers of mixed European and Near Eastern origin. But the authors identify a minimum of three ancestral populations from their stats (WHG, EEF and ANE), and four meta-populations from the available ancient data (WHG, EEF, ANE and SHG). Here are brief summaries of each of these groups:
West European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG): this ancestral component is based on an 8,000 year-old forager from the Loschbour rock shelter in Luxembourg (one of the individuals mentioned above belonging to I2a1b). The WHG meta-population includes the Loschbour sample and two Mesolithic individuals from the La Brana Cave in Spain. However, today the WHG component peaks among Estonians and Lithuanians, in the East Baltic region, at almost 50%.Below are the two most important figures from the paper: a) the three-way mixture model that is a statistical fit to the data, and b) a plot of the proportions of ancestry from each of the three inferred ancestral populations. As per above, East Baltic populations are the most WHG, which is somewhat curious, because they mostly carry Y-DNA R1a and N1c1.
Early European Farmer (EEF): apparently this is a hybrid component, the result of mixture between "Basal Eurasians" and a WHG-like population possibly from the Balkans. It's based on the aforementioned LBK farmer from Stuttgart, but today peaks at just over 80% among Sardinians. Apart from the Stuttgart sample, the EEF meta-population includes Oetzi the Iceman and a Neolithic Funnelbeaker farmer from Sweden.
Ancient North Eurasian (ANE): this is the twist in the tale, a component based on a previously reported genome of a 24,000 year-old Upper Paleolithic forager from South Central Siberia, belonging to Y-hg R*, and known as Mal'ta boy or MA-1 (see here). This component was very likely present in Southern Scandinavia since at least the Mesolithic (see the summary of SHG below), but only seems to have reached Western Europe after the Neolithic. At some point it also spread into the Americas. In Europe today it peaks among Estonians at just over 18%, and, intriguingly, reaches a similar level among Scots. However, numbers weren't given for Finns, Russians and Mordovians, who, according to one of the maps, also carry very high ANE, but their results are confounded by more recent Siberian admixture (see the discussion on the European outliers below). The ANE meta-population includes Mal'ta boy as well as a late Upper Paleolithic sample from Central Siberia, dubbed Afontova Gora-2 (AG2).
Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG): this is a meta-population made up of Swedish Mesolithic and Neolithic forager samples from Motala and Gotland, respectively. It's a more easterly variant of WHG, with probable ANE admixture.
So if not for the ANE, we'd simply have a two-way mixture model between indigenous European foragers and migrant Near Eastern farmers, at least for most Europeans anyway. Moreover, the seemingly late and sudden arrival of ANE in much of Europe is important, because it's a smoking gun for a major population upheaval across the continent during the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age.
Interestingly, archeological data suggest that this was also the period which saw the introduction of new social organization and perhaps Indo-European languages across most of Europe. None of this was lost on the authors of the paper, but it appears they'd rather be cautious pending more ancient genomic data, because they chose not to explicitly mention the Indo-Europeans.
This study raises two questions that are important to address in future research. A first is where the EEF picked up their WHG ancestry. Southeastern Europe is a candidate as it lies along the geographic path from Anatolia into central Europe, and hence it should be a priority to study ancient samples from this region. A second question is when and where ANE ancestors admixed with the ancestors of most present-day Europeans. Based on discontinuity in mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in Central Europe, this may have occurred during the Late Neolithic or early Bronze Age ~5,500-4,000 years ago35. A central aim for future work should be to collect transects of ancient Europeans through time and space to illuminate the history of these transformations.
The absence of Y-haplogroup R1b in our two sample locations is striking given that it is, at present, the major west European lineage. Importantly, however, it has not yet been found in ancient European contexts prior to a Bell Beaker burial from Germany (2,800-2,000BC)12, while the related R1a lineage has a first known occurrence in a Corded Ware burial also from Germany (2,600BC)13. This casts doubt on early suggestions associating these haplogroups with Paleolithic Europeans14, and is more consistent with their Neolithic entry into Europe at least in the case of R1b15, 16. More research is needed to document the time and place of their earliest occurrence in Europe. Interestingly, the Mal'ta boy belonged to haplogroup R* and we tentatively suggest that some haplogroup R bearers may be responsible for the wider dissemination of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry into Europe, as their haplogroup Q relatives may have plausibly done into the Americas17.
No doubt, a lot of people will now be wondering about the main source of the ANE that apparently rushed into Europe at the onset of the metal ages. The Siberian steppe will probably be the favored option for many, since this is where Mal'ta boy and Afontova Gora-2 were dug up. However, I'm pretty sure the source was Eastern Europe.
First of all, as already mentioned, it seems that ANE was present in Sweden during the Mesolithic (Figure S12.7 shows around 19% ANE in the Motala12 sample). Secondly, despite the ANE and WHG being classified as separate ancestral and meta-populations, the differences between them appear to be clinal rather than discrete, which I think can be seen in the PCA and ADMIXTURE results from the study (see here and here). Thus, I'd expect a lot more ANE in Eastern Europe during the Mesolithic than in Scandinavia. Thirdly, it's likely that the ancestors of modern Uralic speakers were in Siberia very early, possibly during the Mesolithic, and they were probably East Eurasians aka. Eastern non-Africans (ENA), which ANE is not.
Indeed, latest linguistics research suggests that the pre-proto-Uralics migrated at some point from Siberia into the southern Urals, in far eastern Europe. The Uralics proper then expanded from the southern Urals, probably during the Bronze Age, both to the east and west, as far as the Baltic. This Uralic expansion is certainly reflected in the Lazaridis et al. data, and it's not the only relatively late migration into Europe that shows up in their stats.
While our three-way mixture model fits the data for most European populations, two sets of populations are poor fits. First, Sicilians, Maltese, and Ashkenazi Jews have EEF estimates beyond the 0-100% interval (SI13) and they cannot be jointly fit with other Europeans (SI12). These populations may have more Near Eastern ancestry than can be explained via EEF admixture (SI13), an inference that is also suggested by the fact that they fall in the gap between European and Near Eastern populations in the PCA of Fig. 1B. Second, we observe that Finns, Mordovians, Russians, Chuvash, and Saami from northeastern Europe do not fit our model (SI12; Extended Data Table 3). To better understand this, for each West Eurasian population in turn we plotted f4(X, Bedouin2; Han, Mbuti) against f4(X, Bedouin2; MA1, Mbuti), using statistics that measure the degree of a European population's allele sharing with Han Chinese or MA1 (Extended Data Fig. 7). Europeans fall along a line of slope >1 in the plot of these two statistics. However, northeastern Europeans fall away from this line in the direction of Han. This is consistent with Siberian gene flow into some northeastern Europeans after the initial ANE admixture, and may be related to the fact that Y-chromosome haplogroup N 30, 31 is shared between Siberian and northeastern Europeans32, 33 but not with western Europeans. There may in fact be multiple layers of Siberian gene flow into northeastern Europe after the initial ANE gene flow, as our analyses reported in SI 12 show that some Mordovians, Russians and Chuvash have Siberian-related admixture that is significantly more recent than that in Finns (SI12).
The authors are actually referring to the Kargopol Russians from the HGDP in that quote. But from my own analyses with a wide variety of samples from Russia, I know that other Russians show similar levels of Siberian admixture to Belorussians, Ukrainians and Estonians.
In any case, this of course means that there are more than three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, albeit not all of them influenced all Europeans. Also, it's very clear that to learn all the details about the peopling of Europe, these sorts of studies really need to start focusing on the large swath of land that stretches from present-day Poland to the Urals. In other words, Eastern Europe.
I was also going to discuss the genetically inferred pigmentation of the ancient individuals, but, because of the small sample size, there's not much to discuss at this stage. The Loschbour forager possibly had blue eyes (50% chance), but dark hair and skin. On the other hand, the Stuttgart farmer definitely had dark eyes and hair, but relatively light skin. I wonder if this swarthy hunter-gatherer skin complexion has anything to do with the fact that today lots of people from around the Baltic tan really well?
Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Alissa Mittnik, et al., Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, bioRxiv, Posted December 23, 2013, doi: 10.1101/001552
See also...
Another look at the Lazaridis et al. ancient genomes preprint
The really old Europe is mostly in Eastern Europe
EEF-WHG-ANE test for Europeans
First genome of an Upper Paleolithic human
ADMIXTURE analysis of Allentoft et al. and Haak et al. ancient genomes


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Should Kids Be Fined for Skipping School?
You may already know some lucky kids are being rewarded with things like shoes, iPads and even cars just for showing up to school. But if they don't, is it fair to fine them — and their parents?
In an effort to end high truancy rates, Kelt Cooper, the new superintendent of schools in New Britain, CT, wants to fine students $75 for every day they skip school.
The idea is now being considered by New Britain council members, and Phil Sherwood, aide to New Britain's Mayor Timothy O'Brien, said his boss likes it.
"The mayor agrees that truancy is a real issue in New Britain schools," Sherwood said. "What's been done in the past hasn't been working to increase attendance."
And the plan isn't unique. Districts in Ohio, California and Pennsylvania have also dinged kids monetarily for missing school, and across the pond in the UK, parents can be fined about $80 if their children are no-shows for classes — and the penalty doubles if it's not paid within 28 days.
But one high school senior in New Britain called the proposal "ridiculous," adding, "I don't see the point. Kids will just try harder not to get caught."


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A friend sent me this in an email yesterday. At first I thought it was one of those goofy things that end with "I sent this to you because you're special. Now YOU send it on to all the special people in your life." But this isn't treacly hackneyed folk wisdom (God help the folk!). This is worthwhile. Taken in toto it reminds me of AA wisdom. I guess wisdom is wisdom . . . and largely common sense.
It was written by marcandangel, whose blog I've added to my bloglist.
When you stop
chasing the wrong things you give the right things a chance to catch you.
As Maria Robinson
once said, "Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, but anyone can start
today and make a new ending." Nothing could be closer to the truth. But before
you can begin this process of transformation you have to stop doing the things
that have been holding you back.
Here are some ideas to get you started:
Here are some ideas to get you started:
1. Stop spending time
with the wrong people. – Life is too short
to spend time with people who suck the happiness out of you. If someone wants
you in their life, they'll make room for you. You shouldn't have to fight for a
spot. Never, ever insist yourself to someone who continuously overlooks your
worth. And remember, it's not the people that stand by your side when you're at
your best, but the ones who stand beside you when you're at your worst that are
your true friends.
2. Stop running from
your problems. – Face them head
on. No, it won't be easy. There is no person in the world capable of flawlessly
handling every punch thrown at them. We aren't supposed to be able to instantly
solve problems. That's not how we're made. In fact, we're made to get upset,
sad, hurt, stumble and fall. Because that's the whole purpose of living – to
face problems, learn, adapt, and solve them over the course of time. This is
what ultimately molds us into the person we become.
3. Stop lying to
yourself. – You can lie to
anyone else in the world, but you can't lie to yourself. Our lives improve only
when we take chances, and the first and most difficult chance we can take is to
be honest with ourselves. Read The Road Less Traveled.
4. Stop putting your
own needs on the back burner. – The most painful
thing is losing yourself in the process of loving someone too much, and
forgetting that you are special too. Yes, help others; but help yourself too.
If there was ever a moment to follow your passion and do something that matters
to you, that moment is now.
5. Stop trying to be
someone you're not. – One of the
greatest challenges in life is being yourself in a world that's trying to make
you like everyone else. Someone will always be prettier, someone will always be
smarter, someone will always be younger, but they will never be you. Don't
change so people will like you. Be yourself and the right people will love the
real you.
6. Stop trying to hold
onto the past. – You can't start
the next chapter of your life if you keep re-reading your last one.
7. Stop being scared
to make a mistake. – Doing something
and getting it wrong is at least ten times more productive than doing nothing.
Every success has a trail of failures behind it, and every failure is leading
towards success. You end up regretting the things you did NOT do far more than
the things you did.
8. Stop berating
yourself for old mistakes. – We may love the
wrong person and cry about the wrong things, but no matter how things go wrong,
one thing is for sure, mistakes help us find the person and things that are
right for us. We all make mistakes, have struggles, and even regret things in
our past. But you are not your mistakes, you are not your struggles, and you
are here NOW with the power to shape your day and your future. Every single
thing that has ever happened in your life is preparing you for a moment that is
yet to come.
9. Stop trying to buy
happiness. – Many of the
things we desire are expensive. But the truth is, the things that really satisfy
us are totally free – love, laughter and working on our passions.
10. Stop exclusively
looking to others for happiness. – If you're not happy with who you are on the inside,
you won't be happy in a long-term relationship with anyone else either. You
have to create stability in your own life first before you can share it with
someone else. Read Stumbling on Happiness.
11. Stop being idle. – Don't think too much or you'll create a problem that
wasn't even there in the first place. Evaluate situations and take decisive
action. You cannot change what you refuse to confront. Making progress involves
risk. Period! You can't make it to second base with your foot on first.
12. Stop thinking
you're not ready. – Nobody ever feels
100% ready when an opportunity arises. Because most great opportunities in life
force us to grow beyond our comfort zones, which means we won't feel totally
comfortable at first.
13. Stop getting
involved in relationships for the wrong reasons. – Relationships must be chosen wisely. It's better to
be alone than to be in bad company. There's no need to rush. If something is
meant to be, it will happen – in the right time, with the right person, and for
the best reason. Fall in love when you're ready, not when you're lonely.
14. Stop rejecting new
relationships just because old ones didn't work. – In life you'll realize that there is a purpose for
everyone you meet. Some will test you, some will use you and some will teach
you. But most importantly, some will bring out the best in you.
15. Stop trying to
compete against everyone else. – Don't worry about what others are doing better than
you. Concentrate on beating your own records every day. Success is a battle
between YOU and YOURSELF only.
16. Stop being jealous
of others. – Jealousy is the
art of counting someone else's blessings instead of your own. Ask yourself
this: "What's something I have that everyone wants?"
17. Stop complaining
and feeling sorry for yourself. – Life's curveballs are thrown for a reason – to shift
your path in a direction that is meant for you. You may not see or understand
everything the moment it happens, and it may be tough. But reflect back on
those negative curveballs thrown at you in the past. You'll often see that
eventually they led you to a better place, person, state of mind, or situation.
So smile! Let everyone know that today you are a lot stronger than you were
yesterday, and you will be.
18. Stop holding
grudges. – Don't live your
life with hate in your heart. You will end up hurting yourself more than the
people you hate. Forgiveness is not saying, "What you did to me is okay." It is
saying, "I'm not going to let what you did to me ruin my happiness forever."
Forgiveness is the answer… let go, find peace, liberate yourself! And remember,
forgiveness is not just for other people, it's for you too. If you must,
forgive yourself, move on and try to do better next time.
19. Stop letting others
bring you down to their level. – Refuse to lower your standards to accommodate those
who refuse to raise theirs.
20. Stop wasting time
explaining yourself to others. – Your friends don't need it and your enemies won't
believe it anyway. Just do what you know in your heart is right.
21. Stop doing the same
things over and over without taking a break. – The time to take a deep breath is when you don't have
time for it. If you keep doing what you're doing, you'll keep getting what
you're getting. Sometimes you need to distance yourself to see things clearly.
22. Stop overlooking
the beauty of small moments. – Enjoy the little
things, because one day you may look back and discover they were the big
things. The best portion of your life will be the small, nameless moments you spend
smiling with someone who matters to you.
23. Stop trying to make
things perfect. – The real world
doesn't reward perfectionists, it rewards people who get things done. Read Getting Things Done.
24. Stop following the
path of least resistance. – Life is not easy,
especially when you plan on achieving something worthwhile. Don't take the easy
way out. Do something extraordinary.
25. Stop acting like
everything is fine if it isn't. – It's okay to fall apart for a little while. You don't
always have to pretend to be strong, and there is no need to constantly prove
that everything is going well. You shouldn't be concerned with what other
people are thinking either – cry if you need to – it's healthy to shed your
tears. The sooner you do, the sooner you will be able to smile again.
26. Stop blaming others
for your troubles. – The extent to
which you can achieve your dreams depends on the extent to which you take
responsibility for your life. When you blame others for what you're going
through, you deny responsibility – you give others power over that part of your
27. Stop trying to be
everything to everyone. – Doing so is
impossible, and trying will only burn you out. But making one person smile CAN
change the world. Maybe not the whole world, but their world. So narrow your
28. Stop worrying so
much. – Worry will not
strip tomorrow of its burdens, it will strip today of its joy. One way to check
if something is worth mulling over is to ask yourself this question: "Will this
matter in one year's time? Three years? Five years?" If not, then it's not
worth worrying about.
29. Stop focusing on
what you don't want to happen. – Focus on what you do want to happen. Positive
thinking is at the forefront of every great success story. If you awake every
morning with the thought that something wonderful will happen in your life
today, and you pay close attention, you'll often find that you're right.
30. Stop being
ungrateful. – No matter how
good or bad you have it, wake up each day thankful for your life. Someone
somewhere else is desperately fighting for theirs. Instead of thinking about
what you're missing, try thinking about what you have that everyone else is


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Lloyd Pahi's Black Tee Challenge
2 day golf tournament
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The Art of Fermentation is the most comprehensive guide to do-it-yourself home fermentation ever published. Sandor Katz presents the concepts and processes behind fermentation in ways that are simple enough to guide a reader through their first experience making sauerkraut or yogurt, and in-depth enough to provide greater understanding and insight for experienced practitioners.
While Katz expertly contextualizes fermentation in terms of biological and cultural evolution, health and nutrition, and even economics, this is primarily a compendium of practical information—how the processes work; parameters for safety; techniques for effective preservation; troubleshooting; and more.
With two-color illustrations and extended resources, this book provides essential wisdom for cooks, homesteaders, farmers, gleaners, foragers, and food lovers of any kind who want to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for arguably the oldest form of food preservation, and part of the roots of culture itself. Readers will find detailed information on fermenting vegetables; sugars into alcohol (meads, wines, and ciders); sour tonic beverages; milk; grains and starchy tubers; beers (and other grain-based alcoholic beverages); beans; seeds; nuts; fish; meat; and eggs, as well as growing mold cultures, using fermentation in agriculture, art, and energy production, and considerations for commercial enterprises. Sandor Katz has introduced what will undoubtedly remain a classic in food literature, and is the first—and only—of its kind.


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What is Really in the Mind of Your Buyer?
It is always important to try and put yourself "in the other person's shoes." This fact is of paramount importance when dealing with prospective buyers. Thinking like a prospective buyer could, in fact, be the difference between selling your business and not selling your business. Yet, it is important to continue to put yourself in your buyer's shoes during the entire sales process.
It is easy to think that because everything is going smoothly with the sale of your business that the tough part is behind you. That may be true, but then again there could still be problems ahead. Issues can come up at a moment's notice when either your prospective buyer or his or her advisor raises a red flag. Additionally, the larger the business, the greater the complexity. This translates to the greater the risk of problems arising.
The "Little Things" that Could End Up Quite Big
Financial statements are of considerable importance. Quite often you'll see contingencies regarding financial statements and/or business tax returns, so be ready and be organized. Lease issues is another common category for contingencies. Falling under the lease issue umbrella are topics such as whether or not the seller has agreed to stay on, or issues regarding the property or needs associated with the property if it is a rental.
Other common contingencies can include issues arising from equipment and fixtures that are being included with the sale. These are areas that could be easy to overlook, but they can serve to throw a major wrench into the workings of a deal. The so-called "little things" can cause a deal to fall apart.
3 Key Steps for Preventing Disruptions from Contingencies
Step One – Create a Comprehensive List
One easy move you can make to prevent disruptions from contingencies is to make a list of all FF&E or furniture as well as fixtures, equipment or any other items that could be included with the sale. If an item is not included be sure to remove it entirely.
Likewise, if an item is inoperable then repair it ahead of time. Or at the bare minimum, you could make a list of items that are currently inoperable and include those items in your list. Remember, you don't want a last-minute surprise or misunderstanding to jeopardize your sale.
Step Two – Check Your Leases
Problems with leases can send deals spiraling out of control. It is a prudent investment of your time to look at things like your leases. You'll want to make certain that there are no issues that could be viewed as problematic. If there are issues, then it is in the best interest of the deal that you disclose this information at the start of any deal. After all, you don't want to waste anyone's time, including your own.
Step Three – Predict Questions and Have Answers Ready
The time you invest in predicting potential questions and having the answers to those questions ready is time very well spent. You'll look prepared and that helps build trust.
Be ready to answer questions that are likely to arise such as are you going to stay on with the business for a given period of time and what will be the cost, if any, of you doing so? What about employees staying on? Are there legal issues that should be considered? Being able to answer these kinds of questions is a prudent step.
Considering the needs of your prospective buyer will help you make a sale. In selling a business, there is no replacement for being organized and prepared.


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'Tip Top Duet' is an angel type cultivar with clusters of very pale pink flowers, the lower petals veined and margined a darker mauve, the upper petals marked with red-purple. This plant is commonly called a geranium, which can be confusing. The genus is Pelargonium, though there is a completely different group of plants with the genus name Geranium, which are commonly called Cranesbills. Remove dead flowers to promote new growth. Excellent container or border plant. Good houseplant.
Google Plant Images: click here!
Cultivar: Tip Top DuetFamily: Geraniaceae
Size: Height: 1 ft. to 1.33 ft.
Width: 0.5 ft. to 0.67 ft.
Plant Category: annuals and biennials, houseplants, perennials,
Plant Characteristics: low maintenance,
Foliage Characteristics: evergreen,
Flower Characteristics: showy,
Flower Color: pinks, purples,
Bloomtime Range: Late Spring to Early Fall
USDA Hardiness Zone: 7 to 11
AHS Heat Zone: Not defined for this plant
Light Range: Dappled to Full Sun
pH Range: 5 to 7.5
Soil Range: Sandy Loam to Clay Loam
Water Range: Normal to Moist
Plant Care
How-to : Fertilization for Annuals and PerennialsAnnuals and perennials may be fertilized using: 1.water-soluble, quick release fertilizers; 2. temperature controlled slow-release fertilizers; or 3. organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion. Water soluble fertilizers are generally used every two weeks during the growing season or per label instructions. Controlled, slow-release fertilizers are worked into the soil ususally only once during the growing season or per label directions. For organic fertilizers such as fish emulsion, follow label directions as they may vary per product.
Conditions : Full Sun for HouseplantsDon't underestimate the light needs of houseplants that require full sun -- they are often tropicals. Place them within 2 feet of a southern exposure window, or at the very minimum, a room that stays bright. Bright rooms have light colored walls, allowing for light reflection.
Conditions : Full to Partial Sun
Full sunlight is needed for many plants to assume their full potential. Many of these plants will do fine with a little less sunlight, although they may not flower as heavily or their foliage as vibrant. Areas on the southern and western sides of buildings usually are the sunniest. The only exception is when houses or buildings are so close together, shadows are cast from neighboring properties. Full sun usually means 6 or more hours of direct unobstructed sunlight on a sunny day. Partial sun receives less than 6 hours of sun, but more than 3 hours. Plants able to take full sun in some climates may only be able to tolerate part sun in other climates. Know the culture of the plant before you buy and plant it!
Conditions : Normal Watering for HouseplantsHouseplants that require normal watering should be watered so that soil is completely saturated and excess water runs out the bottom of the pot. Never water just a little bit; this allows mineral salts to build up in the soil. The key to normal watering is to allow the top inch or two of potting soil to dry out between waterings. Check frequently as certain times of the year may dictate that you water more frequently. Also, some plants that require normal watering during the growing season, may require less during the winter months when they are dormant.
Conditions : Moist and Well Drained
Moist and well drained means exactly what it sounds like. Soil is moist without being soggy because the texture of the soil allows excess moisture to drain away. Most plants like about 1 inch of water per week. Amending your soil with compost will help improve texture and water holding or draining capacity. A 3 inch layer of mulch will help to maintain soil moisture and studies have shown that mulched plants grow faster than non-mulched plants.
Conditions : Normal Watering for Outdoor Plants
Normal watering means that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly, as conditions require. Most plants like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season, but take care not to over water. The first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. The first year is critical. It is better to water once a week and water deeply, than to water frequently for a few minutes.
How-to : Preparing Garden BedsUse a soil testing kit to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soil before beginning any garden bed preparation. This will help you determine which plants are best suited for your site. Check soil drainage and correct drainage where standing water remains. Clear weeds and debris from planting areas and continue to remove weeds as soon as they come up.
A week to 10 days before planting, add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve fertility and increase water retention and drainage. If soil composition is weak, a layer of topsoil should be considered as well. No matter if your soil is sand or clay, it can be improved by adding the same thing: organic matter. The more, the better; work deep into the soil. Prepare beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials. This will seem like a tremendous amount of work now, but will greatly pay off later. Besides, this is not something that is easily done later, once plants have been established.
How-to : Planting and Removing Annuals
When planting annuals, begin by preparing the soil. Rototill rotted compost, soil conditioner, pulverized bark, or even builders sand into the existing soil and rake it smooth. Annuals grow quickly, so space them as recommended on plant tags. Remove plants from their containers or packs gently, being sure to keep as much soil as you can around the root ball. If the rootball is tight, loosen it a bit by gently separating white, matted roots with your fingers or a pocket knife. Plant at the same depth they were in the containers. Gently fill in around the plants, providing support but not cutting off air to the roots. Water the plants well.
Through the season, be sure to fertilize for optimal performance. Take special care to cut back or completely remove any diseased plants, as soon as you see there is a problem. At the end of the season, be sure to remove all plants and their root balls. Rake the bed well to prepare it for the next season's planting.
How-to : Pinching and Thinning Perennials
Once you plant a perennial, it does not mean that you will enjoy years of maintenance-free gardening. Perennials need to be cared for just like any other plant. One thing that distinguishes perennials is that they tend to be active growers that have to be thinned out occasionally or they will loose vigor.
As perennials establish, it is important to prune them back and thin them out occasionally. This will prevent them from completely taking over an area to the exclusion of other plants, and also will increase air circulation thereby reducing the incidence of diseases like botrytis and powdery mildew.
Many species also flower abundantly and produce ample seed. As blooms fade it is advisable to deadhead your plant; that is, to remove spent flowers before they form seed. This will prevent your plants from seeding all over the garden and will conserve the considerable energy it takes the plant to produce seed.
As perennials mature, they may form a dense root mass that eventually leads to a less vigorous plant. It is advisable to occasionally thin out a stand of such perennials. By dividing the root system, you can make new plants to plant in another area of the garden or give away. Also root pruning will stimulate new growth and rejuvenate the plant. Most perennials may be successfully divided in either spring or fall. Do a little homework; some perennials do have a preference.
How-to : Preparing Containers
Containers are excellent when used as an ornamental feature, a planting option when there is little or no soil to plant in, or for plants that require a soil type not found in the garden or when soil drainage in the garden is inferior. If growing more than one plant in a container, make sure that all have similar cultural requirements. Choose a container that is deep and large enough to allow root development and growth as well as proportional balance between the fully developed plant and the container. Plant large containers in the place you intend them to stay. All containers should have drainage holes. A mesh screen, broken clay pot pieces(crock) or a paper coffee filter placed over the hole will keep soil from washing out. The potting soil you select should be an appropriate mix for the plants you have chosen. Quality soils (or soil-less medias) absorb moisture readily and evenly when wet. If water runs off soil upon initial wetting, this is an indicator that your soil may not be as good as you think.
Prior to filling a container with soil, wet potting soil in the bag or place in a tub or wheelbarrow so that it is evenly moist. Fill container about halfway full or to a level that will allow plants, when planted, to be just below the rim of the pot. Rootballs should be level with soil line when project is complete. Water well.
How-to : Potting Indoor Plants
Make sure that the plant you have chosen is suitable for the conditions you are able to provide it: that it will have enough light, space, and a temperature it will like. Remember that the area right next to a window will be colder than the rest of the room.
Indoor plants need to be transplanted into a larger container periodically, or they become pot/root-bound and their growth is retarded. Water the plant well before starting, so the soil will hold the root ball together when you remove it from the pot. If you have trouble getting the plant out of the pot, try running a blade around the edge of the pot, and gently whacking the sides to loosen the soil.
Always use fresh soil when transplanting your indoor plant. Fill around the plant gently with soil, being careful not to pack too tightly -- you want air to be able to get to the roots. After the plant is in the new pot, don't fertilize right away... this will encourage the roots to fill in their new home.
The size pot you choose is important too. Select one that is not more than about 1 inch greater in diameter. Remember, many plants prefer being somewhat pot bound. Always start with a clean pot!
Pest : ThripsThrips are small, winged insects that attack many types of plants and thrive in hot, dry conditions (like heated houses). They can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 300 eggs in a life span of 45 days without mating. Most of the damage to plants is caused by the young larvae which feed on tender leaf and flower tissue. This leads to distorted growth, injured flower petals and premature flower drop. Thrips also can transmit many harmful plant viruses.
Prevention and Control: keep weeds down and use screening on windows to keep them out. Remove or discard infested plants, keep them away from non-infested plants. Trap with yellow sticky cards or take advantage of natural enemies such as predatory mites. Sometimes a good steady shower of water will wash them off the plant. Consult your local garden center professional or county Cooperative extension office for legal chemical recommendations.
Pest : Spider Mites
Spider mites are small, 8 legged, spider-like creatures which thrive in hot, dry conditions (like heated houses). Spider mites feed with piercing mouth parts, which cause plants to appear yellow and stippled. Leaf drop and plant death can occur with heavy infestations. Spider mites can multiply quickly, as a female can lay up to 200 eggs in a life span of 30 days. They also produce a web which can cover infested leaves and flowers.
Prevention and Control: Keep weeds down and remove infested plants. Dry air seems to worsen the problem, so make sure plants are regularly watered, especially those preferring high humidity such as tropicals, citrus, or tomatoes. Always check new plants prior to bringing them home from the garden center or nursery. Take advantage of natural enemies such as ladybug larvae. If a miticide is recommended by your local garden center professional or county Cooperative Extension office, read and follow all label directions. Concentrate your efforts on the undersides of the leaves as that is where spider mites generally live.
Pest : Mealybugs
Small, wingless, dull-white, soft-bodied insects that produce a waxy powdery covering. They have piercing/sucking mouth parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue. Mealybugs often look like small pieces of cotton and they tend to congregate where leaves and stems branch. They attack a wide range of plants. The young tend to move around until they find a suitable feeding spot, then they hang out in colonies and feed. Mealybugs can weaken a plant leading to yellow foliage and leaf drop. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Prevention and Control: Isolate infested plants from those that are not. Consult your local garden center professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal insecticide/chemical recommendation. Encourage natural enemies such as lady beetles in the garden to help reduce population levels of mealy bugs.
Pest : Whiteflies
Whiteflies are small, winged insects that look like tiny moths, which attack many types of plants. The flying adult stage prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed. Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span of 2 months. If a plant is infested with whiteflies, you will see a cloud of fleeing insects when the plant is disturbed. Whiteflies can weaken a plant, eventually leading to plant death if they are not checked. They can transmit many harmful plant viruses. They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface fungal growth called sooty mold.
Possible controls: keep weeds down; use screening in windows to keep them out; remove infested plants away from non-infested plants; use a reflective mulch (aluminum foil) under plants (this repels whiteflies); trap with yellow sticky cards, apply labeled pesticides; encourage natural enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden; and sometimes a good steady shower of water will wash them off the plant.
Pest : Aphids
Aphids are small, soft-bodied, slow-moving insects that suck fluids from plants. Aphids come in many colors, ranging from green to brown to black, and they may have wings. They attack a wide range of plant species causing stunting, deformed leaves and buds. They can transmit harmful plant viruses with their piercing/sucking mouthparts. Aphids, generally, are merely a nuisance, since it takes many of them to cause serious plant damage. However aphids do produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) which can lead to an unattractive black surface growth called sooty mold.
Aphids can increase quickly in numbers and each female can produce up to 250 live nymphs in the course of a month without mating. Aphids often appear when the environment changes - spring & fall. They're often massed at the tips of branches feeding on succulent tissue. Aphids are attracted to the color yellow and will often hitchhike on yellow clothing.
Prevention and Control: Keep weeds to an absolute minimum, especially around desirable plants. On edibles, wash off infected area of plant. Lady bugs and lacewings will feed on aphids in the garden. There are various products - organic and inorganic - that can be used to control aphids. Seek the recommendation of a professional and follow all label procedures to a tee.
Diseases : Blight
Blights are cause by fungi or bacteria that kill plant tissue. Symptoms often show up as the rapid spotting or wilting of foliage. There are many different blights, specific to various plants, each requiring a varied method of control.


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This document provides answers to some common questions about using the PowerCampus Self-Service application. This information should help you get started using the application. Once you become a little familiar with the application and open up the On-line Help System, you will see how easy it is to find out how to perform any task.
PowerCampus Self-Service provides students, faculty members, alumni, and administrators with access to their school information anytime.
Back to Top
If an account has already been created for you in PowerCampus, you will be notified when an administrator creates your Self-Service account. If you need to, you can request that an administrator create a Self-Service account for you, by selecting Request Account on the Login window. When new users select the Continuing Education menu item on the Register tab, they will need to Create a New Account before they can register.
After you log in, you can select the My Profile tab and then the Change Password option.
You should select a password that is easy for you to remember, but difficult for others to guess. Your password should be at least 8 characters long and include lower-case and upper-case letters, numbers, and at least one special character, like !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, or _.
If you forget your password, select Forgot My Password on the Login window. Once you identify yourself by entering your user name and correctly answering your security question, you will be e-mailed a temporary password so that you can log in and then change your password.
Select the Help link at the top of any page and then choose to display Help for this page. You can then:
To display your degree requirements, select the Home tab and then the Degree Requirements menu item. Then specify the program and degree to display your course requirements for earning that degree.
To find out which courses you still need to take in order to earn your degree, review your academic plan. Select the Register tab and then the Academic Plan menu item.
After you log in, select the Register tab and then the Traditional Courses menu item. You can register for any period for which the status is OK to Register . The registration wizard will guide you through the registration process as you select the period, search for the courses you want and add them to your cart, review and finalize your schedule, and pay for your courses.
The registration period may not be open for anyone or your registration group, your advisor may not have authorized you to register for classes, or you may be on the stop list.
Your instructor will create a Course Home Page for your class so that you can view your instructor's course announcements, download course documents, submit your completed activities, or participate in class discussion boards. Select the Classes tab and then the Schedule menu item to view your course schedule. Then select the link to Go to the Course Home Page for the course.
Select the Register tab and then the Continuing Education menu item. The registration wizard will guide you through the registration process as you search for the courses you want and add them to your cart, review and finalize your schedule, and pay for your courses.


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Monday, July 21, 2008
I know that Dan asked the public researchers to "not speculate publicly" about the vulnerability, in order to buy people time. This is a commendable goal. I respect Dans viewpoint, but I disagree that this buys anyone time (more on this below). I am fully in agreement with the entire way he handled the vulnerability (e.g. getting the vendors on board, getting the patches made and released, and I understand his decision not to disclose extra information) except the proposed "discussion blackout".
In a strange way, if nobody speculates publicly, we are pulling wool over the eyes of the general public, and ourselves. Consider the following:
Let's assume that the DNS problem is sufficiently complicated that an average person that has _some_ background in security, but little idea of protocols or DNS, would take N days to figure out what is problem is.
So clearly, the assumption behind the "discussion blackout" is that no evil person will figure it out before the end of the N days.
Let's say instead of having an average person with _some_ background in security, we have a particularly bright evil person. Perhaps someone whose income depends on phishing, and who is at the same time bright enough to build a reasonably complicated rootkit. This person is smart, and has a clear financial incentive to figure this out. I'd argue that it would take him N/4 days.
By asking the community not to publicly speculate, we make sure that we have no idea what N actually is. We are not buying anybody time, we are buying people a warm and fuzzy feeling.
It is imaginable that N is something like 4 days. We don't know, because there's no public speculation.
So in that case, we are giving people 29 days of "Thank us for buying you time.", when in fact we have bought them a false perception of having time. The actual time they have is N/4th, and we're just making sure they think that N/4th > 30. Which it might not be. It might be ... 1.
It all reminds me of a strange joke I was told last week. It's a russian joke that makes fun of the former east german government, so it might not be funny to everyone. I apologize up front: I am both german and a mathematician, so by definition the following can't be funny.
"Lenin travels with the train through Russia, and the train grinds to a halt. Engine failure. Lenin sends all workers in the factory that might be responsible to a labor camp.
Stalin travels with the train through Russia a few years later, and the train grinds to a halt. Engine failure. Stalin has all workers in the factory that might be responsible shot.
Honecker (the former head of State of the GDR) travels with the train through Russia. The train grinds to a halt. Engine failure. Honecker has a brilliant idea: "The people that are responsible should be forced to rock the train, so we can sit inside and feel like it is still running." "
It feels like we're all trying to rock the train.
If there was public speculation, we'd at least get a lower boundary on the "real" N, not the N we wish for.
So I will speculate.
The last weeks I was in the middle of preparing for an exam, so I really didn't have time to spend on the DNS flaw. I couldn't help myself though and spent a few minutes every other evening or so reading a DNS-for-dummies-text. I have done pretty much no protocol work in my life, so I have little hope for having gotten close to the truth.
As such, anyone with a clue will probably laugh at my naive ideas. Here's my speculation:
Mallory wants to poison DNS lookups on server ns.polya.com for the domain www.gmx.net. The nameserver
for gmx.net is ns.gmx.net. Mallory's IP is 244.244.244.244.
Mallory begins to send bogus requests for www.ulam00001.com, www.ulam00002.com ... to ns.polya.com.
ns.polya.com doesn't have these requests cached, so it asks a root server "where can I find the .com NS?"
It then receives a referral to the .com NS. It asks the nameserver for .com where to find the nameserver for ulam00001.com, ulam00002.com etc.
Mallory spoofs referrals claiming to come from the .com nameserver to ns.polya.com. In these referrals, it says that the nameserver responsible for ulamYYYYY.com is a server called ns.gmx.net and that this server is located at 244.244.244.244. Also, the time to live of this referral is ... long ...
Now eventually, Mallory will get one such referral spoofed right, e.g. the TXID etc. will be guessed properly.
ns.polya.com will then cache that ns.gmx.net can be found at ... 244.244.244.244. Yay.
The above is almost certainly wrong. Can someone with more insight into DNS tell me why it won't work ?
40 comments:
- Unknown said...
I don't think this would work because you are racing the .com server's NXDOMAIN (name not found) reply.
There are also 13 root servers and you would have to spoof replies from all of them since you can't know which one the target is using.
/olle - 3:05 AM
- Juan Miguel Paredes said...
That's how I thought it worked as well, with the non random source ports and the TXIDs being easy to guess.
BTW, that joke was not funny at all. :-) - 5:06 AM
- Steve said...
I think Klein's DNS work is going to end up being the basis for whatever Kaminsky found. The presentation that Klein gave at RSA in April was very impressive in its efficient guessing of TXIDs and poisoning multiple vendor DNS caches.
The full links get cut off in blogger, but the OSVDB entry has them. Check out both trusteer.com links:
http://osvdb.org/show/osvdb/41143 - 5:07 AM
- Rudd-O said...
This IS PRECISELY the flaw. I have a modicum of protocol knowledge and, once I saw how little randomness TXID includes, this was immediately obvious to me. It should have been immediately obvious to anyone with half a brain too. Even the advisory told everyone (in a half-assed, "we're not telling you but we are" kinda way) what the problem was.
Why security-savvy people either failed to recognize it or tried to keep public discussion under wraps, fails me. Ego, misguided intentions, whatever the reasons, they all are monumentally stupid attempts to prevent the unpreventable, that end up harming us all. - 1:37 PM
- Unknown said...
Halvar, you're awesome. I'm pretty sure you guessed it.
-Nate - 3:40 PM
- Nate McFeters said...
Mmmm... that's a spicy meatball. Halvar, I think that if this is not Dan's stuff, then you have a flaw of your own :O.
BTW, will you be at black hat vegas this year?
-Nate - 3:51 PM
- Nathan Keltner said...
Your theory was very, very close, but missed one thing: domain servers will check that the additional resource record answer matches the requested one via a process called "bailiwick" checking (according to matasano). A quick google doesn't turn up any refs on that phrase, however, except matasano's now removed post.
In your example, "it says that the nameserver responsible for ulamYYYYY.com is a server called ns.gmx.net". Because of bailiwick checking, ulamYYYYY responses can't poison ns.gmx.net. If it could, it would be trivial to poison any other name server. UlamYYYYY's DNS server has no business telling another DNS server where ns1.google.com is, and being able to submit that reply would be a problem.
That's the explanation, anyway; I'm not sure how it works when you legitimately have a DNS server that's not on your domain. (Like most hosted domains do, e.g. www.customdomain.com's name server is ns1.godaddy.com or similar.)
Anyone know what fields bailiwick checking actually checks?
In any event, you could get around it by just using subdomains and taking advantage of wildcards.
More details here: http://blog.invisibledenizen.org/2008/07/kaminskys-dns-issue-accidentally-leaked.html - 4:20 PM
- Steve said...
Awesome, Halvar.
- Rudd-O said...
The problem is not just the guessing but that you can include malicious records which lets you poison SOA of a second-level domain. THAT is the bug.
- Unknown said...
That shouldn't work, because when the resolver later makes an actual query for www.gmx.net, the "gmx.net NS ns.gmx.net" result will also be accompanied by a glue record (A record for ns.gmx.net), which should replace the previous cached result for ns.gmx.net. No idea if that's what the resolvers actually do in practice, though.
By the way, I liked the joke. - 5:54 PM
- Fyodor Y said...
heh.. :)
I think the speculation is simply one way to social-engineer the bug details from those who actually more know about it ;-)
www.matasano.com/log/1103/reliable-dns-forgery-in-2008-kaminskys-discovery/ -> http://blogs.buanzo.com.ar/2008/07/matasano-kaminsky-dns-forgery.html - 6:05 PM
- Unknown said...
You're right but you have to push it up a level. Instead of spoofing some random TLD under .com (foo1234.com), spoof a subdomain of gmx.net -- foo1234.gmx.net.
-Nate - 6:40 PM
- AySz88 said...
You've apparently hit the nail on the head. But now that we know it's really that simple, I think the beans story is appropriate to explain why it's a bad idea to have posted this publicly where every university student (such as me) can find it.
(Ironically, the "don't speculate" appeal is also an instance of "beans".) - 8:08 PM
- Davis said...
Ok you may be right, and if you are this is the single biggest DICK move in the history of security research IMHO. So Dan's talk at BH is now moot. Well done! Not only have you taken away two weeks of possible patching time for critical gov infrastructure etc, you have stolen a fellow security dude's thunder. I used to think you were cool. Now I just think you are a dick.
- Unknown said...
That joke was funny. I am from Bangladesh so can see similarities in that.
This is a joke about Bangladesh:
An Bangladeshi dies and goes to hell. There he finds that there is a different hell for each country. He goes to the German hell and asks, "What do they do here?" He is told, "First they put you in an electric chair for an hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then the German devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day." The man does not like the sound of that at all, so he moves on. He checks out the USA hell as well as the Russian hell and many more. He discovers that they are all more or less the same as the German hell. Then he comes to the Bangladeshi hell and finds that there is a long line of people waiting to get in. Amazed, he asks, "What do they do here?" He is told, "First they put you in an electric chair for an hour. Then they lay you on a bed of nails for another hour. Then the Bangladeshi devil comes in and whips you for the rest of the day." But that is exactly the same as all the other hells - why are there so many people waiting to get in?" Because maintenance is so bad that the electric chair does not work, someone has stolen all the nails from the bed, and the devil is a former Govt servant, so he comes in, signs the register and then goes to the canteen..." - 10:34 PM
- Rory McCune said...
One thing in all this, having heard the detailed explanation from matasano on the vulnerability, is wouldn't it be possible to mitigate this by changing the behaviour of the authoritative name server..?
If I'm understandning things correctly as the authoritative name server for a domain you'd see a whole load of requests for invalid subdomains to your domain (eg, AAAA.MYDOMAIN.COM AAAB.MYDOMAIN.COM) and usually you just respond with NXDOMAIN.
Would it be possible to change that behaviour to respond as the attacker would do with the RR for your valid hosts, so causing the caching DNS server to cache them on the first attempt and preventing the attacker from getting the incorrect entries in first..? - 1:13 AM
- halvar.flake said...
For those of you that think my post took anything away from Dan's talk:
Imagine there's a world-renowned export on particle physics coming to town, and you want to go see what his theories are. He will give a 1-hour long lecture on his newest discoveries. On your way to the lecture, some random dude on the street corner comes up to you and goes:
"Hey, I think I know what he'll say, it's (..30 seconds of vague mumbling follows..)".
Do you then decide that watching the physics expert is no longer worth it ?
Seriously, if you think that my vague mumblings take anything away from Dan's talk, you're insulting Dan. He's one of the leading experts on DNS, and he'll give a talk about much more than the 8 lines of potential bullshit that I wrote. - 1:46 AM
- Unknown said...
Typically, in that case, when you query the .com servers for www.customdomain.com, they return "customdomain.com NS ns1.godaddy.com" with no corresponding glue record - so your resolver then has to go look up ns1.godaddy.com's A record for itself (obviously, you eventually end up having to rely on glue records somewhere along the line).
You might think "oh, you can just ignore all glue records that are out-of-domain (eg. if looking up x.foo.com, accept a glue record for ns.foo.com but not one for ns.bar.com)" but that fails if foo.com's nameservers are under bar.com and bar.com's name servers are under foo.com (ie. a circular reference). Now that's a pretty stupid setup, so you might well be happy to break it... - 2:10 AM
- Unknown said...
Here is why it works:
Malory wants to poison the server ns.polya.com
Malory sends NS requests for ulam00001.com, ulam00002.com ... to ns.polya.com.
Malory then sends a forged answer, saying that the NS for www.ulam00002.com is ns.google.com *AND* puts a glue record saying that ns.google.com is 184.108.40.206
Because the glue records corresponds with the answer record, (same domain) the targetted nameserver will cache or replace it's curent record of ns.google.com to be 184.108.40.206 - 2:58 AM
- Marco Massenzio said...
Halvar - it's actually worse than that... if a "dude" can figure it out after reading a "DNS-for-dummies" book (and, from what I've seen, looks as if you got it *almost* right) it totally does my head in how on earth it's possible 'experts' have totally missed it.
That's not being asleep at the wheel: it's more like having taken a dose of sleeping drug before setting off...
BTW - that's the Italian Hell :-) - 3:20 AM
- Steve said...
Who gives a damn about stealing someone's thunder? Some of us have networks to secure against smart people that don't post their speculations where the rest of us can benefit from them. Halvar helped us all out by giving us an opportunity to make informed decisions about our networks. Dan can still bask in his glory, and the rest of us can get back to work. - 3:41 AM
- Claus Färber said...
No, it does not work. If ns.polya.com gets the correct reply for ns.gmx.net first, it's in ns.polya.com's cache.
The odds that the attacker manages to guess the correct TXID the first time is 2^-16. The odds that he also guesses the correct root server is 1/13. The odds that he is also able to outrun the server without having the forge reach ns.polya.com to early are not very good, either. - 4:01 AM
- mokum von Amsterdam said...
LOL@halvar [not at the joke :P]
Nice chain of thought on the DNS issue. - 8:17 AM
- RichieB said...
Having listened to many of Dan's talks at Black Hat, he will probably ramble for an hour about unrelated DNS/network voodoo and then unfold the problem which won't be much different from what's been explained above. No disrespect to Dan, he discovered it, he wrote a prove of concept, he get all the credit. He just should not have tried to keep it quiet for so long. Thank you Halvar.
- Nima said...
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http://cryptoexperts.blogspot.com - 10:55 AM
- Nathan Keltner said...
@Rory, It's actually irrelevant to the attack that the subdomains are irrelevant. You are only kicking off the requests so that you have a (much) greater chance of guessing the TXID. You only have to get one right.
@Egil, that won't work because of the bailiwick checking discussed throughout this thread.
@caf, Thanks for the response! I actually found out a lot more about determining bailiwick from a couple of different sources. This linuxjournal article does a decent job of explaining it:
http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9905 - 1:01 PM
- Unknown said...
My guess is that the problem is related to two (dependent) querys. Both of them should be spoofed. Tihis is the difference from the trivial hacks. But this is just a random guess. Boldi
- Matt Sandy said...
It seems to me this would only work for redirecting entries that were unpopular enough to have not been in the cache already. I'm not familiar on the eviction methods, but if the lookup were that unpopular in the first place, wouldn't it likely be bumped out of the cache before anyone actually tried to reference it?
- Paul L said...
It looks simple to me. Just send a response that's spoofed from all 13 root servers with about 5000 different TXIDs. you can do this 14 times in a row and one of them is bound to be right. Even better, if you start this before the original request you can cause a denial of service to ensure that the actual root server can't get a response in before yours is accepted. If you have a bot net doing this it's even better.
- haddit said...
"The odds that the attacker manages to guess the correct TXID the first time is 2^-16. The odds that he also guesses the correct root server is 1/13. The odds that he is also able to outrun the server without having the forge reach ns.polya.com to early are not very good, either."
Over time, given enough opportunities, the probability of the exploit succeeding tends towards 1. - 9:14 PM
- Unknown said...
I'm sorry to rain on your parade but pretty much everyone has guessed that the weakness is to do with the TXID.
Get rid of the TXID complexity and voila - random ports are your only protection against DNS cache poisoning.
Increasing the complexity of TXID creation may help but is not so easy to sort out quickly.
The question is "how" did Dan do it? Mayber I am giving him too much credit but I doubt he will stand up at a hacker conference and tell them to flood the DNS server with thousands of guesses. Your IPS should block this and the real request will arrive long before you hit the correct TXID.
Flood-guessing the correct TXID is the equivalent of a magician going through a pack of cards and saying "is this your chosen card? no? This one? no? this one? no? this one? no...etc". No magic. I think Dan has found a way to guess the card.
Keeping with the analogy - this blog post is like saying "Dan will guess which card you chose". The magic will be the "how". - 12:07 AM
- Unknown said...
allen baranov,
Not exactly. Here's a better analogy for what Halvar's suggesting:
The magician, through the power of suggestion, makes you want to choose a card. You do so, and send it off to a third party (who you cannot see). Then the magician starts shouting guesses: "FIVE OF HEARTS... ACE OF DIAMONDS..." etc, as quickly as he can. Eventually, the third party yells out the correct card, and the magician has failed.
Most of the time.
But the magician can do this over, and over, and over, again; until through sheer chance, he does manage to guess it right, before the real answer comes back. Wow! you think - this guy is for real!
Back in the land of DNS, at this point the attacker has managed to feed you a bogus response for some random subdomain you don't care about anyway. However, you have a certain amount of misplaced trust in this result, which the attacker can transfer to other bogus results, that you do care about.
The magician has all your money. - 2:15 AM
- Unknown said...
Sorry halvar-have to stick up for you here and say that I think you're right to discuss the whole issue.
"DNS For Dummies"? More like DNS For a Smart Guy.
Still have to wait and see what the rest of the stuff is that Dan will talk about-like you said, he is a very intelligent dude.
I'm also impressed that you let that post through from the guy being abusive.
This discussion of what can be 'discussed' reminds me of something I read in a Carl Jung book(IIRC); He said that when he was young, he was told it was forbidden to blaspheme against that holy spirit. What was blasphemy against the Holy Spirit? He didn't know, because it was forbidden to talk about that.
So...logically... - 4:31 PM
- Morgan Storey said...
@caf thats how I took it as well.
A couple things on this though, it was discovered and an article was written back in 2001 and earlier iirc.
The reason though not to make this widely known is if it is widely known someone will write a tool to exploit it, then every script kiddie and his troll will get that tool and bring done thousands of networks.
There is TIME and a way to do full disclosure doing it without giving the affected (in this case everyone) time to attempt a fix is just silly.
http://morganstorey.com - 4:52 AM
- MrConceited said...
You've stumbled upon the gist of an attack that has been known for many years. In fact, a more sophisticated version that uses the birthday paradox has been known since 2002.
The new attack is an improvement on that. - 7:05 AM
I think the main difference between your speculations and Dan is that Dan also worked for months with DNS stakeholders to build fixes for the products we all use.
I am glad for all this bantering about the issues but unless you can fix it to protect my network. You are a script kiddie who reads Dummies books.
Sorry my plane to vegas is leaving now. Got to go hear the experts explain THEIR SOLUTIONS. - 11:43 AM
I think the main difference between your speculations and Dan is that Dan also worked for months with DNS stakeholders to build fixes for the products we all use.
I am glad for all this bantering about the issues but unless you can fix it to protect my network. You are a script kiddie who reads Dummies books.
Sorry my plane to vegas is leaving now. Got to go hear the experts explain THEIR SOLUTIONS. - 11:43 AM
- Icepir8 said...
I think the solution is going to require that dns lookup responces will have to be digitaly signed in the future.
- padraig said...
> We are not buying anybody time, we are buying people a
> warm and fuzzy feeling.
Nowadays, high premiums are paid for warm and fuzzy feelings. - 5:17 PM
- PH said...
"It feels like we're all trying to rock the train."
Are you saying we should shoot the developers of DNS ? :P. good one :))) - 7:31 AM


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