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If your 40th birthday has come and gone, you may have started to notice some changes in your vision. You might find yourself holding written material further away from your face in order to clearly read the fine print, or have a harder time adjusting your focus from distant objects to near ones.
The inability to see things clearly at various distances can be frustrating.
Fortunately, this problem can be solved by wearing multifocal contact lenses. Below, we'll explain the cause and symptoms of presbyopia, along with the many benefits of wearing multifocal contact lenses.
What Is Presbyopia?
Presbyopia is the natural and gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on near objects.
The crystalline lens in your eye focuses light onto the retina, and it adapts its shape depending on what you focus on. From infancy until your late 30s or early 40s, the lens is usually clear, thin and very flexible, allowing fast adjustments for sharp vision at all distances.
From age 40-50 the lens becomes considerably thicker and much less flexible. This makes it harder for the lens to change shape and to accurately refract light when focusing on near objects.
This farsightedness can be easily corrected with reading glasses, bifocal or multifocal glasses, monovision contact lenses, as well as multifocal contact lenses.
Multifocal Contact Lenses for Presbyopia
Multifocal contact lenses contain multiple lens powers to provide vision correction for different visual zones so you can clearly see objects that are in the distance, nearby and everything in between.
Certain multifocal contact lenses have 2 lens powers (bifocals), for near and distance vision, and others have a more gradual power change, similar to progressive lenses. These contact lenses can be made using soft materials or rigid gas-permeable materials, and are available as daytime or extended night-wear lenses.
Note that multifocal contact lenses are not perfect for all situations and some patients may need to try several brands or designs before finding one that works well for them. To spare you the confusion, your optometrist will guide you towards the ones best suited to your eyes and lifestyle needs.
To discover options beyond reading glasses, call Professional Eye Care of West Orange in West Orange to schedule your contact lens consultation today!
#1: Are there any "cons" related to wearing multifocal contact lenses?
Many multifocal contact lenses use a "simultaneous vision" design that allows seeing far and near simultaneously through concentric zones. Some people have problems adapting to this, noticing hazy vision and less contrast than single vision lenses. You can ask your optometrist to be fit with multifocal lenses and get a test run" or trial period.
#2: When does presbyopia stabilize?
Most people will start to develop age-related vision changes starting in their early to mid-40s. At around 60 years of age, your eyesight will begin to stabilize and you'll notice less of a need to update your lens prescription. Nonetheless, yearly comprehensive eye exams at this age are more important than ever, as they enable your eye doctor to detect potential eye conditions and diseases early on.


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If you've been scouring links on Google in search of information about how you can relieve the pain in your aching back and joints, then your search is officially over! Whether your back and joint pain stems from a life of physical labor, or a car accident or medical condition, the results are the same. It hurts, and it's miserable. It can, and often does affect your quality of life. Fortunately, it doesn't have to be that way. As you'll see, both below, in the rest of this article, and on the rest of this site, we understand what you're going through and why your search has brought you here.
When you're hurting, relief from that pain can become an all-consuming quest. You may have tried expensive treatments or pills, and for various reasons, found them wanting. Pills invariably come with side effects and can lead you to a situation where you become dependent on them, which makes them a poor solution. In truth, they're not really a solution at all, because all they do is mask the symptoms. The thing that is causing your pain in the first place never gets addressed. The pills don't touch it, and what you want is a cure. A fix. Something to take the pain away and KEEP it away. We understand that. It is the whole reason that this site exists.
Below, you'll discover the benefits of inversion therapy, discover how and why it works, and get a sense for what it can do for you. Don't worry, there are inversion tables and chairs to fit every budget, and the beauty of it is that even the fanciest, most deluxe tables you can buy are cheaper, by far, than those expensive medical treatments you found lacking. Our reviews are some of the most comprehensive on the 'net, and it will be our pleasure to guide you to exactly the device that's right for you. Your search for pain relief ends here.
Check Out Our Reviews
There's a huge variety of inversion tables and inversion chairs on the market today. Because of this, if you were to research them all yourself, it would take scores, if not hundreds of hours. We're delighted to make it much easier for you by sharing our experiences and expert advice regarding the full range of inversion devices. Our inversion table reviews are the most detailed on the web – yes, we know everyone says that, but we bet you'll find information about the products we cover here that you won't find on other review sites.Our inversion table reviews are as honest as we can possibly make them.
Sometimes, after reading one of our reviews, you might be discouraged from purchasing the table you originally had in mind for yourself when you read our review revealing the various weaknesses of that table. Our job is to provide you with the most complete and accurate inversion table reviews possible, so that your job of finding the best inversion table for you, is easier.
A Few Benefits of Inversion Table
Some of the benefits of inversion therapy are not immediately obvious. For instance, did you know that inversion can help both before and after a heavy-impact workout? It can, and here's how:
- Before your heavy-impact workout – In this case, what you want to do is to increase the shock absorbing capabilities of your body's soft tissues. You do that by increasing the amount of moisture surrounding your connecting tissue, at your joints and between the vertebrae of your spine. To increase the moisture, use inversion therapy, which will assist your lymphatic system and help you be able to work out longer, harder, more effectively, and with less risk of injury.
- After your heavy-impact workout – You should consider inversion therapy just after a heavy-impact workout as well. Again, the primary reason for doing so is that it improves the circulation of your lymphatic system, and this helps your body rebuild muscle fiber that was destroyed during your workout.
Many of the inversion tables on the market today "lock out" in full inversion, meaning that you will be able to use these tables to perform a variety of exercises, all of which will help you strengthen your core muscles.
Even if you're not a gym rat though, you can still see great benefits from inversion therapy and regular use of an inversion table. This is especially true of people who suffer from chronic back pain. Just by the very nature of inversion therapy and the way it moves your body, it helps to elongate the spine, but it also helps to restore your vertebrae back to their default positions. That is to say, back to the positions they were originally designed to be in.
This is huge because back pain is caused by nerves that get pinched. They get pinched when your vertebrae are out of alignment. You may not have realized this but it only takes a tiny amount of pressure on a nerve to cause pain. About as much pressure as the weight of a quarter resting on your hand, in fact. If that amount of pressure is applied directly to a never, pain will result. As you can imagine, bone, being unyielding will exert more pressure than that, by far, so if your vertebrae are misaligned, then they are exerting enormous pressure on your nerve endings, which are sending you signals telling you that something is very wrong. This is the pain you're feeling.
When you use an inversion table, it gently shifts your vertebrae back into position, taking pressure off the nerves, which is why you feel a sudden swell of relief. In addition to that though, just as above, when we were talking about the benefits before and after a heavy-impact workout, inversion helps improve the circulation of your lymphatic system, which has many benefits to your body, including the fact that it helps to rehydrate the discs in your spine, but even that is just the beginning. The act of inverting can relieve stress to tensed muscles, improve joint health, and increase flexibility.
Some people might think that because they have mobility issues, maybe they won't be able to effectively use an inversion table. The reality is, the manufacturers have already thought of that. In addition to tables, many manufacturers offer inversion chairs. These offer increased security and ease of use for those with limited mobility.
What Is the Best Inversion Table?
Every inversion table on the market today is manufactured in China. This doesn't necessarily mean that the table is low quality. Chinese manufacturing is improving all the time, and many of the tables are quite robust and of high quality.
The industry is dominated by a few major brands, and all offer a variety of models to choose from. These models range from very basic tables in the area of $100, to highly advanced tables costing a few thousand dollars. On average, a decent inversion table will cost you about $200.
The most widely recognized brand is Teeter Hang Ups, but these also tend to be the priciest inversion tables. They make an excellent range of products with useful innovations that make using an inversion table both easier and safer, but you will pay a premium for the Teeter name.
Not far behind Teeter is the IronMan brand. It too is well known, and for years now, the IronMan Gravity inversion table has been among the most popular on the market. Their models offer many features that have been well received by their customers. The IronMan IFT 1000 and 4000 have IFR pads to provide users with smooth and gentle relaxation of their back muscles and a few other IronMan models are fitted with braking gear that many customers absolutely love.
On the lowest end of the scale, Body Flex Sport Inc., have introduced a cheap but comfortable table in the form of the Body Champ IT8070, which has quickly caught the attention of the mass market. Probably the cheapest inversion tables are Emer and Innova. Their products and prices often fall under the $100 barrier.

subset: commoncrawl


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(513) 840-2547
Middletown Air Duct Cleaning
AC Coil Cleaning Middletown 45042
Upfront and competitive pricing
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Our professionals are dedicated to providing excellent AC coil cleaning services in Middletown 45042, to maintain your cooling system at its peak performance level. Our experts will know the significance of a well-maintained air conditioning system for your home's comfort and energy efficiency. Our skilled technicians are equipped with modern techniques and eco-friendly cleaning solutions to offer optimal AC coil cleaning services.
Why AC Coil Cleaning is Essential
An air conditioning unit's coils play a essential role in the heat exchange process that cools your home. Over time, these coils can accumulate dust, dirt, and other debris, hindering their efficiency and raising your energy bills. Regular AC coil cleaning helps maintain your system's optimal performance, prolongs its lifespan, and helps prevent costly repairs or replacements down the line.
You will have difficulty determining what repair or service is needed. So contact our professionals, describe your problem, and they will find precisely the right local service provider. Maybe instead of this service or in addition to it, you will need COMMERCIAL AIR DUCT CLEANING, AIR DUCT SEALING, AC COIL CLEANING or DUCT FILTER SYSTEM INSPECTION
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Our workers start by assessing the condition of your AC unit to tailor a cleaning strategy that best suits your system. Our professionals employ a non-abrasive cleaning technique that removes all dust, dirt, and grime from your AC coils without causing any damage.
Furthermore, Our Experts make sure the thorough cleaning of the condenser and evaporator coils, enhancing your system's cooling efficiency and indoor air quality. Once the cleaning is done, our team of professionals will perform a complete system check to ensure your AC unit is functioning at its best.
Why Choose Us for Your AC Coil Cleaning Services in Middletown 45042
Our experts are not just about delivering a service. Our Professionals are about creating an experience where quality meets satisfaction. When you choose us for your AC coil cleaning, you choose:
Expert technicians with thorough training and experience.
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Our highly trained and skilled technicians are committed to delivering the highest quality of service. With vast industry knowledge, they can handle any AC model, ensuring you receive the most comprehensive coil cleaning service available. They adhere to all safety protocols and respect your property while carrying out the service, leaving your home as clean as they found it.
Ready to experience improved air quality and enhanced cooling efficiency in your house? Contact us today to schedule your AC coil cleaning service. Let us help you extend the life of your air conditioning system and lower your energy bills with our top-tier cleaning service.
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Our mission is to connect you with the leading providers of AC Coil Cleaning in Middletown that use the up-to-date technology, work more efficiently, and have special expertise in this field.
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Our professionals choose the best air duct cleaning services, focusing on teamwork to meet any challenge with excellence. Our goal is to make sure your home benefits from the highest standards of cleanliness and air quality.
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Conveniently located in the heart of East Aurora's main shopping district.
306 Main Street East Aurora, NY 14052
Store Hours
Tuesday - Saturday
10am - 5pm
16" dia., 7" tall; dome: 10.5" dia., 4.5" tall (not including knob)
Nestled in the historic Village of East Aurora, the Four Honey Bees Cottage has established itself in Western New York and Southern Ontario as a preeminent boutique by offering unique personal and home furnishings. Set in a rustic two story farmhouse, our staff provides a personalized shopping experience for everyone that enters. Understanding how busy life can be, we offer only the finest products in a fun, relaxing, and beautiful setting. We look forward to working with you and transforming your house to a home. From high-end furnishing to the perfect fit and everything in-between, the Four Honey Bees staff will help you find your special gift under one roof!
Anne Marie Biron
Interior design is an invitation that so many of us hesitate to accept, but with the right support, the dreams you have for your home and how you want to live can be a reality.
Even as "designers," we have faced challenges of creating environments for our families as they have grown and our needs have changed. Through the creative and collaborative process, however, the dream slowly transforms into reality.
We all desire a place of refuge, or peace and tranquility...a place called "home." Personal style is more important to this mission than anything else. Our job is to assist you in the seamless interpretation of your vision - your style.
We take helping you create your dreams very seriously. In fact, the Four Honey Bees Cottage is a reflection of our own personal tastes and style. Quarterly store resets can be daunting, but existing in an environment that feeds our passion for style and design is important to us, and we want the same for you.
So "let our hive be the source of artistry in your life!" The experience can be fun and truly inspiring.
Conveniently located in the heart of East Aurora's main shopping district.
Store Hours
Tuesday - Saturday
10am - 5pm


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Libya Business Directory Website Terms of Use between GBD ("Global Business Directory") and the user of this website ("You" or "Your")
The Libya Business Directory Website Terms of Use set out below (Agreement) govern Your use of the Libya Business Directory Website located at https://www.libyayp.com and form a binding agreement between GBD and You in relation to Your use of Libya Business Directory Website.
Please read all of the Agreement carefully before using Libya Business Directory Website. If You have any questions, please Contact us prior to agreeing. By using Libya Business Directory Website, You acknowledge and agree that You have had an opportunity to read and understand the Agreement and agree to be bound by it.
- 1. General requirements
- 2. Business Listing and Reviews
- 3. Intellectual Property Rights
- 4. Privacy
- 5. Warranties
- 6. Liability
- 7. General
- 8. Acceptable Use Policy
- 9. Data Removal
- 10. Definitions
Using Libya Business Directory Website general requirements
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- You may use Libya Business Directory Website in accordance with this Agreement.
- GBD takes the accuracy of its Database very seriously. If You see any material on Libya Business Directory Website which:
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please let us know as soon as possible by contacting us via Contact us.
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- publication of Accessible Content in accordance with this Agreement will not, at any time, infringe any intellectual property right, moral right or any right of confidence or other right of any person;
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- all Accessible Content will, at all times, comply with all applicable laws, regulations and relevant industry codes;
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Review means a review or other comment which You add to Libya Business Directory Website in relation to any Business Profile or associated products and services.
If you have any questions, concerns, or suggestions regarding this terms, please contact us.


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Many people say they'd want to have a cat's life, because they could sleep all day. If I was ever to become a cat, it would be for its ability to see in the dark. Night vision is an important feature for many gun owners, especially those who often find themselves in tactical situations. One of the solutions to this issue are night sights, at which we will have a closer look now.
Night sights are small optic devices that are most frequently installed on the rear and front end of your handgun. They are designed to enable you to see better in low light situations and also enhance your accuracy. The night sights come in more versions – Photoluminescent nights sights, Tritium nights sights, fiber optic nights sights. What's a great plus of these sights is the fact that compared to, let's say, red dot sights, night sights are much more compact, less noticeable, thus more ideal for your everyday carry.
Photoluminescent night sights for the Smith Wesson Model 65 transform low-light shooting, absorbing light all day to emit a bright glow in darker conditions, enhancing target visibility for Smith Wesson Model 65 users. These sights eliminate the need for batteries by harnessing natural light, making them ideal for rapid target identification in self-defense scenarios. Easy to install, they provide an immediate upgrade to the Smith Wesson Model 65's sighting system, boosting confidence in shot placement regardless of lighting conditions.
Their effectiveness, however, depends on prior light exposure, potentially limiting their use in unexpected low-light situations. Over time, the sights may require recharging with light to keep them glowing brightly. While they offer significant advantages at dusk or dawn, their performance in total darkness doesn't compare to tritium night sights. Still, for Smith Wesson Model 65 owners, photoluminescent night sights offer a low-maintenance, cost-effective solution to improve night shooting without the need for electronic components.
Pros • No Battery Required • Enhanced Low-Light Accuracy • User-Friendly Upgrade |
Cons • Light Exposure Dependency • Glow Intensity Diminishes • Limited in Complete Darkness |
Tritium night sights are a game-changer for Smith Wesson Model 65 owners seeking reliable, low-light targeting capabilities. These sights utilize small amounts of tritium, a radioactive isotope, to provide a consistent glow without the need for external light sources or batteries. This makes them an ideal choice for self-defense scenarios, where quick target acquisition is critical, regardless of the lighting conditions.
The glow from the tritium is subtle yet clear, ensuring it does not overpower your night vision or distract from the target. Unlike photoluminescent sights, tritium night sights do not require "charging" with light, offering unwavering performance through any situation. Their robust construction also means they are built to last, often matching the lifespan of the firearm itself. For Smith Wesson Model 65 users, tritium night sights are an excellent investment for enhancing shooting accuracy and confidence in low-light environments.
Pros • Self-Illuminating • Durability • Improved Accuracy |
Cons • Higher Cost • Non-Replacable Tritium • Limited Brightness |
Fiber optic sights are a popular upgrade for Smith Wesson Model 65 enthusiasts looking to improve their target acquisition speed and accuracy in varying lighting conditions. These sights capture and channel natural or ambient light to their ends, creating bright, easy-to-see dots that dramatically enhance sight visibility. Unlike tritium or photoluminescent sights, fiber optic sights shine brightest in well-lit environments, making them particularly advantageous for daytime outdoor shooting activities.
The vibrant colors available for fiber optic sights—typically red, green, or yellow—allow for quick eye alignment and target focus, facilitating faster and more confident shooting. Installation on the Smith Wesson Model 65 is straightforward, offering a simple yet effective modification that does not alter the firearm's balance or handling. While they do not glow in the dark like tritium night sights, their high visibility in daylight can significantly improve shooting performance during the day. For shooters participating in competitive shooting or who frequent well-lit ranges, fiber optic sights on the Smith Wesson Model 65 offer an unbeatable combination of visibility and precision.
Pros • Exceptional Daylight Visibility • Variety Of Colors • Easy Installation |
Cons • Limited Low-Light Performance • Durability Concerns • Dependence on Ambient Light |
If you are interested in trying out a set of night sights and you don't know where to start, these brands are generally considered among the best night sights developers – AmeriGlo, Trijicon, Truglo, Meprolights and HiViz. There are many more gun optics companies out there, but for now, let's stick to these 5 and have a closer look at who these companies are and what products you can find in their offer.
AmeriGlo Firearm Sights, a company based in Roswell, Georgia, focuses on production of high quality tritium, painted dot, fiber dot, and custom OEM iron sights that are meant mainly for wearers of modern handguns. Their main focus are gun accessories for guns by the most renown gun manufacturers such as Glock, Smith & Wesson, Sig Sauer, and Beretta, but you can also find something for AR15s in their wide selection. They are a company with probably the largest number of night sight products and their price range is from $20 to around $130. Although some of their products might be more expensive, with AmeriGlo you can be sure that you'll get the quality you have paid for.
Trijicon, a company currently residing in Wixom, Michigan, has been focusing on development of superior any-light aiming systems since its founding in 1981. They take pride in their cooperation with the U.S. Marine Corps as well as partnership with government, state, and local law enforcement agencies. Their production mainly focuses on industry-leading riflescopes, red dot sights, electro optics, iron sights, and night sights especially. They also offer products for archers or sight solutions for special purposes (reflex red dot sights). Moreover, you can also suit up at Trijicon, as they also sell gear for shooters such as shirts, pullovers, jackets and hats.
TruGlo is a brand name that probably every single gun owner has already heard of. The company is based in Richardson, Texas, and they are among the leaders on the gun optics market. In their selection, you can find products such as red-dots, tactical scopes, hunting scopes, lasers and many others. What sets them apart from the competition is the fact that they don't only focus on accessories for handguns and rifles, but they also produce various applications for bows and crossbows among their offer. They are probably more famous for their red dot sights, but they have a division of high quality night sight as well.
Meprolight USA are a Middletown, Pennsylvania company specializing in production of gun sights of various types, red dot sights, electro-optical red dot sights, day/night self-illuminated reflex sights, thermal weapon sights, and many more. The company's vision is to provide the best aiming devices solutions and support for any of your shooting needs. They also promise to continuously improve their products based on the needs of the end user that they try to understand and fulfil. What's great about Meprolight is the fact that they offer illumination and sight precision solutions for these areas: Military & Law Enforcement, self-defense, sport shooting, and hunting.
HiViz Shooting Systems is a Laramie, Wyoming based company that focuses on production of handgun, shotgun, rifles, and tactical rifles sights as well as some other shooting optics-related products. Their Magni-Optic® technology that aids target shooters by encouraging a two-eyes-open approach regardless of dominant eye or which hand you shoot with. This technology is meant to deliver more rapid target acquisition, more accurate determination of distance and better hand-eye coordination. HiViz is a promise of the highest quality materials tested by real shooters "to ensure they'll withstand the test of time."
Even if you aren't lurking out in the streets at night often, a set of night sights could be a good solution for you, as there are definitely moments when you want to see a bit clearer. Night sights seem to be the right choice for a comfortable carry of night sights around the clock. These tactical and everyday night sights have some downsides, but advantages outweigh them anytime. In general, the biggest advantages of night sights are considered the following:
No matter how you rank these benefits importance-wise, but it's obvious that if you are looking for better visibility at night or simply in darker environments, night sights are a great and fairly affordable option for you. They won't weigh your gun down by much and they will grant you better target acquisition and overall gun confidence in situations that are not that bright. Although they might get a bit pricey, if you go with the trusted brands, you'll definitely not regret it.
Night sights installation is fairly simple. Although most people choose the easier way and go to their local gunsmith to have their night sights installed, you can definitely. However, if you are comfortable with tools and simple machinery, the job is not difficult and fairly straightforward. Well, of course it's better if your hands are nimble and skilled at at least the basic workshop operations. Let's have a quick look at what you'll go through if you have a go at mounting a night sight set for your gun.
If you own, let's say, a Glock, you will first need to get a set of glock make-respective night sights. Once you get hold of them, there will be a couple of other tools you will need. You'll definitely need a table vise. Don't be afraid if you've never worked the tool, a session or two will give you the basic understanding of it. You need to disassemble your glock first, but be safe about it, please. Night Fision, another night sights oriented gun accessories company, advises to apply their and other night sights to Glock aftermarket slides ready for applications, which have been growing in popularity lately. So if you get one of those too, even better.
You will need a punch, hammer and table vise, perhaps some sanding the material down too. Before you start, make sure the slide and the sights are cleaned well. The rear part of the set should slide in from some part easily and then you will need to apply some force with a hammer to get it in. If you have a problem pushing this part into the slide, you might need to file it down with sanding material. Although you will need quite a lot of force to slide the sight in, try to be gentle. The other part of the set, the suppressor sight, is attached to the front of the slide. Its application is fairly easier than the rear sight part. You need to glue it in, for example with Locktite, and then hand tight the screw inside of the sight with a fitting driver. Make sure you apply appropriate force, you don't want to overdo it and perhaps even damage the pieces. After some time the parts should properly settle in and you'll be good to put your gun back together. This was put in layman terms, but if you want a more precise guide on how to install a particular night sight on your gun, there are many video guides out there. I'm sure you won't have any real trouble improving your gun optics at home.
Aiming your Smith Wesson Model 65 correctly is a thing you have to master in order to perform better. The major keys to aiming and effective target hits are properly aligned sights, proper sight picture and little movement while you are on target. The hat of the battle or any dangerous situation may cause your aim to be worse, but practice makes perfect.
Aiming consists of two major elements, sight alignment and sight picture. The goal is to get the point of alignment equal to the point of impact. Sight alignment relates to the rear and front sight. Simply, the eye must be lined up with the Front and Rear Sights and the sights positioned so that the alignment is correct. Proper sight alignment of the two sights means that the TOP of the Front Sight is vertically centered in the NOTCH of the Rear Sight, so that there is an equal amount of white space on either side of the Front Sight post. It also means that the TOP of the Front Sight is LEVEL horizontally with the TOP of the Rear Sight. Of course, there are many different types of sights, but this general alignment concept works for all types of sights whether the front sight is a blade or a small or large dot and whether the rear sight is an open sight, two dots, U-shaped, V-shaped, or a simple notch in the back of the slide. No matter how the sights are configured, the front sight is designed to be placed on the same vertical axis as the rear sight.
Errors in alignment may be:
Don't forget to use your eyes. This may sound silly, but using your eyes properly (using the dominant eye) is a key figure. The NRA suggests that it's best to shoot with both eyes open. Sometimes of course, you get better results with the use of your dominant eye.
Sight Picture is the placement of the properly Aligned Sights on the Target. This is a short and throrough guide that you can use while determinig your dominant eye and thus improving the performance of your Smith WessonModel 65
If you are a right-handed person but your left eye is your dominant eye you don't need to worry. The simple and effective trick is to move your head slightly to the right while aiming. You can then better align your dominant eye with the sights.
Once you have your Front and Rear Sights in the proper relationship to each other, the question then is "Where do you place the sights in relation to the target?" What is the "Sight Picture?" Do I put my Front Sight in the middle of the bullseye, at the bottom of the bullseye, at the top to cover-up the entire bullseye, or where? The answer is it depends. Guns which are sighted in for a Combat Hold mostly require the shooter to place the Front Sight where it covers the exact center of the target (Center-Mass Hold), while guns sighted in for a Target Hold usually get their accuracy when the Front Sight is aligned at the center of the bottom of the bullseye (Six-O'Clock Hold.) Self-Defense handguns usually (not always) use the quicker but less precise Combat Hold. There are several variations and personal preference plays a key role.
Have you ever wondered how to improve your aim and accuracy with your Smith Wesson Model 65? You can find it out below, but beware, there are some physics involved. Each firearm has a specific weight. This is the weight in your hand. Now add the weight that is needed to fire your Model 65 and you have a equation where these are compared. Let's say that your firearm weighs 2 pounds and the trigger finger force is 12 pounds for the first shot and 5 pounds for subsequent shots. This means the force is more than the weight and we are getting to the conclusion - the gun will move. if the gun moves during the firing sequence, the shot will impact somewhere other than where it was originally aimed. This is a pretty simple concept. But how do you solve the problem? The answer is easy. Press the trigger and don't pull it. This will end up in not moving your gun and this improving the aim. The best practice to learn it is dry fire practice.
One of the key things to remember is regular and repeated practice. Smith Wesson Model 65 laser training is best practiced while being supervised by a professional, be it on the range or anywhere else. If you can't afford a specialist you can always find good resources in books. Tactical training books and how to's are one step in your way of training. Yes, you can find loads of articles online, but a book is tough to beat.
This book covers the basics of handgun light training. It is an almanac for every responsible gun owner that wants to improve their aim with a light. The book covers the instructions very well, but you have to pay attention that it was published in 2009 so some of the technical and model-specific information may be outdated.
Choose from various modifications for your Smith Wesson Model 65, including holsters, parts, sights, magazines, grips, lasers, lights and cleaning utilities.
When you are prepared to fire your Smith Wesson Model 65 you must rely on your aim, which depends on your vision and that can be supported by sights. Materials and options vary, one of the common materials which sights are made of are Tritium sights.They, as well as other, have their pros and cons. Check article below about sights for your Smith Wesson Model 65.


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Dear Tightwad, (I mean the Blessed One…)
I thought I'd fill you in on all the fun things that have been happening here at home. While this working away from home during the week has done wonders for our, um, marriage stuff, it's been a bit challenging doing the single parent thing. (Although my friends seem to think I've been doing it for years.)
First, the Golden Boy shattered the ceiling light in the stairwell that leads from the kitchen to the basement. It seems he really IS taller than the stairwell, and when he tripped towards the bottom his hand went up to catch himself and it shattered the huge bulb into a million pieces. I wasn't home at the time, but after he realized he wasn't hurt, he actually cleaned the mess up HIMSELF! With a SHOP-VAC! I still can't believe it.
Second, Sassy began the week a scary, screaming, emotional wreck. I won't go into the sordid details, but whatever you do, do NOT mention the letters PMS or look her in the eye. She's finally back to normal and thanks to the mind-erasing machine she has built into her psyche, she doesn't seem to remember treating us like crap all week. We've got about three weeks of peace until it starts again.
Third, my car died a smoky, screeching death in the center of town yesterday. Yeah, the university students are back. No, they haven't finished the construction on the main street that goes through downtown. Standing by my car in the middle of that chaos while waiting for the tow truck was a treat. Did I mention it was raining yesterday? Did I?
Oh, and when you get home today, can you take Golden Boy aside and tell him it is NOT a good idea to try to show his mother the various places on his body where hair is growing. There are some things I DON'T need to see. Ever.
You probably won't see me all weekend because I'm finally allowed in my classroom and will be working my *** off to put it back together. Wait, can I have your keys? I forgot - I'm vehicle-less.


text:
Arched Cat #2
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I will accept returns within 30 days of purchase. If your item arrives damaged, contact me and I will replace the item, please send photos of the damage and package, so I can take measures to prevent similar damage. If you change your mind about which art you would like to keep, or simply do not want it, you will be responsible for return shipping. I will replace the art with different art one time with free outbound shipping, after I receive original shipment back.
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I Fully Intend To Haunt People When I Die Cat Svg, I Have A List, Haunt People Svg, Halloween Svg, Ghost Svg, Halloween Ghost, Ghost vector, Cat Svg, Black Cat
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A patron is one who has been assigned by a venerable tradition, or chosen by election, as a special intercessor with God and the proper advocate of a particular locality, and is honoured by clergy and people with a special form of religious observance. The term "patron", being wider in its meaning than that of "titular", may be applied to a church, a district, a country, or a corporation. The word "titular" is applied only to the patron of a church or institution. Both the one and the other, according to the legislation now in force, must have the rank of a canonized saint.
During the first three centuries of the Church's history, the faithful assembled for worship in private houses, in cemeteries, or other retired places. At intervals it had been possible to erect or adapt buildings for the sacred rites of religion. Such buildings, however, were not dedicated to the saints, but were spoken of as the House of God, the House of Prayer, and sometimes as the Temple of God. They were also known as Kyriaca, Dominica, or Oratoria. Larger structures received the name of basilicas, and the term church (ecclesia) was constantly employed to designate the place where the faithful assembled to hear the word of God and partake of the sacraments. After peace had been given to the Church by Constantine, sacred edifices were freely erected, the emperor setting the example by the character and magnificence of his own foundations. The Christians had always held in deep reverence the memory of the heroes who had sealed with blood the profession of their faith. The celebration of the solemn rites had long been intimately associated with the places where the bodies of the martyrs reposed, and the choice of sites for the new edifices was naturally determined by the scene of the martyrs' sufferings, or by the spot where their sacred remains lay enshrined. The great basilicas founded by Constantine, or during his lifetime, illustrate this tendency. The churches of St. Peter, St. Paul outside the walls, St. Lawrence in Agro Verano, St. Sebastian, St. Agnes on the Via Nomentana were all cemeterial basilicas, i.e. they were built over the spot where the bodies of each of these saints lay buried. The same practice finds illustration in the churches of SS. Domitilla and Generosa, SS. Nereus and Achilleus, St. Felix at Nola, and others. From this custom of rendering honour to the relics of the martyrs were derived the names of Memoriœ (memorial churches), Martyria, or Confessio, frequently given to churches. The name of "Title" (Titulus) has from the earliest times been employed with reference to the name of the saint by which a church is known. The practice of placing the body or some relics of a martyr under the altar of sacrifice has been perpetuated in the Church, but the dedication was early extended to confessors and holy women who were not martyrs. The underlying doctrine of patrons is that of the communion of saints, or the bond of spiritual union existing between God's servants on earth, in heaven, or in purgatory. The saints are thereby regarded as the advocates and intercessors of those who are making their earthly pilgrimage.
Down to the seventeenth century popular devotion, under the guidance of ecclesiastical authority, chose as the titulars of churches those men or women renowned for their miracles, the saintliness of their lives, or their apostolic ministry in converting a nation to the Gospel. Urban VIII (23 March, 1638) laid down the rules that should guide the faithful in the future selection of patrons of churches, cities, and countries, without, however, interfering with the traditional patrons then venerated (Acta S. Sedis, XI, 292). As during the days of persecution the most illustrious among the Christians were those who had sacrificed their lives for the faith, it was to be expected that during the fourth century the selection of the names of martyrs as titulars would everywhere prevail. But with the progress of the Church in times of comparative peace, with the development of the religious life, and the preaching of the Gospel in the different countries of Europe and Asia, bishops, priests, hermits, and nuns displayed in their lives lofty examples of Christian holiness. Churches, therefore, began to be dedicated in their honour. The choice of a particular patron has depended upon many circumstances. These, as a rule, have been one or other of the following:
Leo XIII enumerated (28 Nov., 1897) as characteristic religious movements of our time: devotion to the Sacred Heart, to Our Lady of the Rosary, to St. Joseph, and to the Blessed Sacrament. It should be clearly understood that a church is, and always has been, dedicated to God: other dedications are annexed on an entirely different plane. Thus a church is dedicated to God in honour (for example) of the Blessed Virgin and the saints. A typical form is the following: "Deo sacrum in honorem deiparæ immaculatæ et SS. Joannis Baptistæ et Evangelistæ." In 1190 a collegiate church in Dublin was dedicated "to God, Our Blessed Lady, and St. Patrick". Sometimes out of several who are mentioned the patron is expressly designated, as in the dedication of a chaplainry in Arngask (Scotland) in 1527, "for the praise, glory, and honour of the indivisible Trinity, the most glorious Virgin and St. Columba, abbot, our patron of the parish". The celestial patronage here considered will be restricted in the first instance to churches and chapels. Patrons in different countries generally present a distinctly national colouring; but the principles which have governed the selection of names will be made apparent by the examination of a few instances. In comparing place with place, the rank or precedence of patrons should be kept in view. A convenient arrangement will be the following:
Rome is illustrious for churches named after its local martyrs. The most important are the basilicas of St. Peter, of St. Paul Outside the Walls, of St. Lawrence, St. Sebastian, and of St. Agnes in the Via Nomentana. Other churches have received their title from the fact of being constructed in connexion with houses belonging to the martyrs in question: St. Clement's, St. Pudentiana's, St. Alexius's, St. Cecilia's, St. Praxedes's, St. Bartholomew's, Sts. John and Paul, St. Frances's of Rome. Santa Croce recalls St. Helen; the Domine quo vadis chapel refers to the meeting of Our Lord and St. Peter on the Appian Way; San Pietro in Carcere is erected above the Mamertine prison; San Pietro in Montorio adjoins the place of St. Peter's martyrdom; San Pietro in Vincoli contains the actual chains with which St. Peter was bound. St. John Lateran's was first dedicated to Our Saviour, but the title was changed in the twelfth century; St. Gregory on the Cœlian recalls the home of St. Gregory and the site of the church he built in honour of St. Andrew; St. Lorenzo in Damaso recalls its founder, Pope Damasus. There are thirty-four churches dedicated to the Mother of God, distinguished often topographically (as Sta Maria in Via lata, or Sta Maria in Trastevere) and also in other ways (as Sta Maria Maggiore, so called in relation to other Roman churches of Our Lady, Sta Maria della Pace, Sta Maria dell' Anima, etc.). The formal dedications to God consist of Trinità dei Pellegrini, Trinità dei Monti, S. Spirito in Sassia, S. Salvatore in Lauro, S. Salvatore in Thermis, and the Gesu. There are no dedications to the Angels nor (until recently) to St. Joseph, the Sacred Heart, All Saints, or All Souls. In a few instances titulars occur more than once: Lawrence, 6; Peter, 4; Paul, Andrew, Charles, John, Nicholas, 3 each (see Rome).
St. Augustine and his companions brought with them to England the Roman customs and traditions respecting the naming and dedication of churches. Altars were consecrated with the ashes of the martyrs. One of the earliest dedication prayers of the Anglo-Saxon Church runs thus: "Tibi, sancta Dei genitrix, virgo Maria (vel tibi, sancte J. B. Domini, . . . vel martyres Christi, vel confessores Domini) tibi commendamus hanc curam templi hujus, quod consecravimus Domino Deo nostro, ut hic intercessor existas; preces et vota offerentium hic Domino Deo offeras; odoramenta orationum plebis . . . ad patris thronum conferas", etc. (Lingard, "The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church", II 40). Among the titulars of the Anglo-Saxon period are found: Christ Church (Canterbury), St. Mary's de Comeliis, St. Mary's of Huntingdon, and of Lyming, All Hallows (Lincoln), Peter (to whom the greater part of the Anglo-Saxon churches were dedicated), Peter and Paul (Canterbury), Paul (Jarrow), Andrew (Rochester), Martin (near Canterbury), Pancratius (Canterbury). Accepting the figures of F. A. Foster in her "Studies in Church Dedications", and without drawing a line between pre-Reformation and post-Reformation English churches (not now Catholic), we get the following enumeration of titulars: Christ 373, Holy Cross or Holy Rood 83, Michael, or Michael the Archangel, or St. Michael and the Angels 721 (one in six of the churches, ancient and modern, now attached to the Established Church bears the name of Our Lady or one of her titles, the total being 2162, and the proportion in pre-Reformation times was still larger), John Baptist, 576; Peter, 936; Peter and Paul, 277; Paul, 329; Holy Innocents, 15; Helen, 117; Augustine of Canterbury, 57; Thomas of Canterbury, 70; Nicholas, 397; Lawrence, 228. The Catholic Church in England at the present time has shown the same spirit of conservatism and of independence which is everywhere manifested in the choice of patrons. Among the chief of the 170 dedications to God of the churches and chapels (not counting religious houses, colleges, or institutions), the numbers are: Holy Trinity, 16; Holy Cross, 15; Sacred Heart, 90. Consecrations in honour of the Blessed Virgin maintain their ancient pre-eminence, reaching a total of 374. The simple designation of St. Mary's is the most frequent appellation. The form "Our Lady" occurs usually in combination with other titles. Among the numerous special titles are the following: Immaculate Conception, Our Lady of Sorrows, Help of Christians, Star of the Sea, Assumption, Our Lady of the Rosary. One church only bears the title of the Transfiguration, and one only is distinguished by each of the following titles: Our Lady of Refuge, of England, of Pity, of Paradise, of Reparation, of Reconciliation, Spouse of the Holy Ghost, Most Pure Heart of Mary. The angels are not favoured, Michael standing almost alone, but with 38 dedications. St. John Baptist has 20, while the name of Joseph appears as titular in no fewer than 145 churches. Apostles and Evangelists reach a total of 153: Peter leads the way with 43; the Beloved Disciple counts his 30, Peter and Paul follow with 17. Each of the remaining Apostles has at least 2 churches under his invocation, except Matthias, Barnabas, and Mark, who have but 1. Among the male saints: Anthony of Padua, Charles, Edward, Edmund, George, and Richard have each between 10 and 20; but Patrick, with 46, heads the list; then follow Augustine 22, Benedict 19, Cuthbert 18, and Francis of Assisi 21. A special interest attaches to names which occur but once, for frequently they are dedications to a local saint, as in the instances of Birinus (Dorchester), Dubritius (Treforest), Gwladys (Newport, Mon.), Ia (St. Ives), Neot (Liscard), Oswin (Tynemouth), Prian (Truro), Teilo (Tenby), Simon Stock (Faversham), Frideswide (Abingdon), and Walstan (Cossey). Nothing could have been more appropriate than the saints' names selected in the northern dioceses corresponding with the ancient Northumbria. There we meet with dedications to Aidan, Bede, Bennet, Columba, Cuthbert, Ninian, Hilda, Oswald, etc. Among the female saints Anne, the mother of Our Lady, occupies a position of eminence with 30 churches, Winefrid ranks next with 10, and Catherine follows with 8. The Saxon virgins and widows are honoured in the localities which they hallowed by their saintly lives, thus: Begh (Northumbria); Etheldreda (Ely); Hilda (Whitby); Mildred (Minster); Modwena (Burtonon-Trent); Osberg (Coventry); Wereburg (Chester); Winefrid (Holywell).
In the days of the Picts, St. Peter was held in preference, from A.D. 710 when Roman usages were adopted, but Andrew claimed the greater number of dedications from the time his relics had been brought to the coast by St. Regulus. As instances of double titulars, native and foreign, the following may be taken: St. Mary and St. Manchar (Old Aberdeen); St. Mary and St. Boniface; Sts. Mary and Peter; Madrustus and John Baptist; Stephen and Moanus. In pre-Reformation times Holy Trinity occurred less frequently than in England; the Holy Ghost is met with three times; many churches bore the title of Christ (Kilchrist, Kildomine); Holy Blood and Holy Rood are found in several instances. A chapel styled "Teampull-Cro-Naomh" (Temple of the Holy Heart) once stood on the shore at Gauslan in Lews. Numerous churches bore Our Lady's name (Lady Kirk); the Assumption is found as early as 1290, and a church is dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto in 1530. Many churches had St. Michael for patron (Kilmichael). St. Anne is the titular in several places, and an altar to the Three Kings existed in almost every church. St. Joseph is nowhere found as a church titular, though he held the position of joint titular of an altar in 1518. The present day. — The choice of titulars in the Catholic churches of Scotland at the present time displays the same twofold direction that we find elsewhere: the honour of the saints of Scotland and of other lands, and the promptings of modern devotion. The Sacred Heart has 8 dedications, the Holy Rood 3. The Apostles receive the special honour of 39 churches, John being the patron of 13, and Andrew of 7. 77 churches are dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, of which 11 celebrate the Immaculate Conception, 7 bear the title of Star of the Sea; Our Lady of the Waves and Our Lady of Good Aid stand alone. Churches with the titles of modern saints are in a minority, for Patrick takes the lead with 12; Ninian, Scotland's first apostle, has 6; Columba 5; Mungo 4; David 3; and Margaret 2. Many Celtic saints occur but once, as for example, Bean, Brendan, Cadoc, Columbkille, Fillian, Kessog, Kieran, Mirin, and Winning.
The history of the patron saints of Ireland has yet to be written. The country has passed through long periods of trouble and oppression, yet several of the Celtic dedications have been preserved and linger in some districts even to this day. The Catholic church is often known simply by the name of the street in which it is situated, as the Cathedral, Marlborough St., Dublin, or the Jesuit church in Gardiner Street. A similar instance occurs in Dublin with regard to the church dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, but always styled "Adam and Eve", from the fact that when the building was erected in the seventeenth century, there swung at the end of the alley, in which the chapel was situated, a public-house sign with the full figures of our first parents. The two religious edifices in a town are sometimes called the "Cathedral" and the "Old Chapel". In the days of persecution, when churches and endowments had alike been confiscated, the conditions of Catholic worship recalled the secrecy of the catacombs. During the nineteenth century the old "barns" that had so long served for chapels were replaced by beautiful and spacious churches for which Irish saints were frequently selected as patrons; but as a rule the choice has been determined by the tendencies of modern devotion. There are dedications to the Sacred Heart, to Our Lady under her various titles, and to many of the more recently canonized saints, such as St. Vincent and St. Francis de Sales. Still the people continue to refer to the churches by the names of the streets. In Celtic times man churches were dedicated to Our Lady and called Kilmurray. All the Donaghmore (Dominica Major) churches were dedicated to St. Patrick, because they had been founded by him. Other dedications include Bridget (Kilbride), Peter (Kilpedder), Paul (Kilpool), Catherine of Alexandria (Killadreenan, Kilcatherine). The Holy Sepulchre found a place among the oldest dedications. In Dublin or the neighbourhood the titles of Peter, Bride Martin, Kevin, McTail (St. Michael-le-Pole), Nicholas within and Nicholas without the walls, were to be met with. Then there were churches under the patronage of All Hallows, Macud (Kilmacud), Machonna, Fintan, Brendan (Carrickbrenan), Begnet (St. Bega, Kilbegnet), Gobhain (Kilgobbin), Tiernan (Kilter, Kilternan). Bern's church was so called because founded by a priest of Byrne's clan. The title of Cell-Ingen-Leinin (Church of the five daughters of Leinin, whence the name Killiney) was so called from its founders. New names were introduced by the Normans, as Audven (Dublin), being St. Ouen of. Rouen. The colony from Chester, brought over to repeople Dublin which had been decimated by the plague at the end of the twelfth century, erected a church dedicated to their patroness, St. Werburg.
With regard to the patrons of churches on the continent of Europe it must suffice to mention that in France alone there are 3000 dedications under the invocation of St. Martin, and then to take a glance at the single diocese of Bruges in Belgium: Bruges is the diocese of an old country that has never lost the faith. Its churches have 95 titulars which are distributed as follows: Holy Trinity 1; Holy Redeemer 2; Sacred Heart 3; Exaltation of the Holy Cross 3; Our Lady (Notre Dame) 24; Immaculate Conception 4; Assumption 6; Nativity 4. Michael holds the patronage of 7 churches, Joseph of 5, and John the Baptist of 16: Seven of the Apostles are honoured with 63 dedications: Peter has 23; Peter's Chains 3; Paul 5; Conversion of Paul 2; Bartholomew 6; James 6; and John only 3. Every town and district of Belgium is hallowed with the traditions of the holy men and women of ancient days, so that the devotion shown to the saints of other countries is not a little remarkable. Out of 57 male saints adopted as titulars Martin has the highest number, namely 20; Nicholas 13; Lawrence 8; Blaise 6. Amand, Apostle of the Flemings, has been chosen patron of 19 churches, Audomar of 8; Bavo, the hermit of Ghent, of 7; Eligius of 10; Medard of 6; and Vaast of 4.
The fourteen archdioceses of the United States have been examined as affording suitable material for a study of local piety, namely, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dubuque, Milwaukee, New Orleans, New York, Oregon City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, St. Paul, San Francisco, and Santa Fé. Over this area are found some 300 churches under dedications of the first rank, the principal ones being here enumerated: Most Holy Trinity 27; Holy Ghost 10; Holy Redeemer 11; Sacred Heart 109; Blessed Sacrament (including Corpus Christi 4, Holy Eucharist 1) 14; Holy Name 12; Holy Cross 19. The life of Christ is adequately represented, thus: Incarnation 3; Nativity 9; Epiphany 3; Transfiguration 4; Resurrection 3; Ascension 9. Other titles may be mentioned: Holy Spirit 3; Gesu 2; Atonement, Good Shepherd, Holy Comforter, Holy Saviour, Providence of God, St. Sauveur, and Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary 1 each. With the increasing realization of the gifts of the Incarnation which appears in modern devotions, it will excite little wonder that some 500 or more churches are dedicated to the Mother of God under one or other of her many titles, the principal being: St. Mary 148; Immaculate Conception 105; Assumption 36; Holy Rosary 19; Annunciation 12; Visitation 10; Star of the Sea 9; Presentation 6; Nativity 5; Holy Name of Mary 3; Maternity 3; Immaculate Heart of Mary 2; Purification 2; Most Pure Heart of Mary 1. Titles from the Litany of Loreto attract in so far as they represent the more recent expressions of Catholic devotion, thus: Mother of God 2; Mother of Divine Grace 1; Our Lady of Good Counsel 10; Gate of Heaven 1; Help of Christians 13; Queen of the Angels 1; Our Lady of the Angels 6; Our Lady of the Rosary 11. With the foregoing list certain derivative titles may be connected: Our Lady of Consolation 6; of Good Voyage 1; of Grace 3; of Help 2; of Mercy 4; of Perpetual Help 10; of Pity 2; of Prompt Succour 1; of Refuge 1; of Solace 1; of Sorrows 6; of the Lake 5; of the Sacred Heart 3; of the Seven Dolours 5; of the Snow 1; of Victory 8. The following geographical determinations occur: Our Lady of Czestochowa 4; of Guadalupe 8; of Hungary 2; of Loreto 4; of Mount Cannel 22; of Lourdes 14; of Pompeii 4; of Vilna 2. Notre Dame de Bon Port, du Bon Secours, de Chicago, de la Paix, Nuestra Señora de Belen, del Pilar, Sancta Maria Addolorata, and Sancta Maria Incoronata, 1 each, suggest French, Spanish, and Italian affiliations.
The list of male saints in the fourteen dioceses comprises 156 names, and the female 41. For the sake of convenience these have been divided into groups. 10 churches are dedicated to All Saints, the Apostles in general have 1; Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, 58; James 26; Andrew 15; Thomas 11; Matthias 5; Philip 5; Barnabas 3; Bartholomew 2; Jude 1; the Evangelists have: John 59; Matthew 13; Mark 9; Luke 6. St. Paul is honoured with 26 dedications; Peter and Paul have 28; Philip and James 3; John and James 1. Michael the Archangel has 57; the Holy Angels 6; the Guardian Angels 7; Gabriel 7; Raphael 10. In the long list of male saints Joseph heads the list with 183 dedications, followed by Patrick who counts 83, and then in numerical order: John the Baptist and Anthony 43 each; Francis of Assisi and Stephen 23 each; Augustine and Vincent 19 each; Francis de Sales, Francis Xavier, and Lawrence 16 each; Bernard, Ignatius, and Thomas Aquinas 15 each; Aloysius, Charles, and Louis 14 each; Alphonsus and Nicholas 11 each; Leo and Martin 10 each; Dominic 9; Edward 8; Ambrose, Clement Jerome, and Joachim 7 each; Benedict and Pius 6; Gregory 5; Anselm, Athanasius, Bonaventure, Denis, Hubert, Maurice, Peter Claver, and Philip Neri 3 each; Dionysius, Eloi, Ferdinand, Francis Borgia, Gall, Hyacinth, Isidore, Liborius, Nicholas of Tolentino, Sebastian, Vincent Ferrer, and William 2 each; Albert, Alphonsus Turibius, Anthony the Hermit, Basil, Bride, Canicius, Cyprian, Cyril, David, Donatus, Edmund, Engelbert, Eustachius, Fiorian, Fidelis, Francis Solano, Frederick, Irenæus, John Baptist de la Salle, John Berchmans, John Capistrano, John Chrysostom, John Francis Regis, John the Martyr, Kyran, Landry, Lazarus, Leander, Leon, Leonard of Port Maurice, Luis Bertrand, Maron, Martin of Tours, Maurus, Nicholas of Myra, Napoleon, Norbert, Raymund, Rock, Theodore, Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of Villanova, Timothy, Valentine, Viator, Victor, Willebrod, Zephyrin, 1 each.
The female patronesses are 41 in number, those whose names appear more frequently being: Anne 36; Rose 22; the three Catherines 21; Teresa 14; Agnes 13; Cecilia 12; Margaret 10; Elizabeth 9; Monica 8; Genevieve 6; Philomena 5. Clare Gertrude, and Mary Magdalen 4 each; Agatha, Helen, and Veronica 3 each; Anastasia, Angela, and Lucy 2 each; Barbara, Cunegunde, Elizabeth of Hungary, Eulalia, Frances of Rome, Madeline, Mary Magdalen de Pazzi, Scholastica, Sylvia, Ursula, Victoria, Walburga, 1 each. Among the saints, more than in any other class, the nationality of devotion finds occasion for its manifestation. Celtic centres are shown by such titles as: Brendan 5; Canice 1; Colman 3; Columba 5; Columbanus 2; Columbkille 6; Cronan 1; Finbar 1; Jarlath 1; Kevin 1; Kilian 3; Lawrence O'Toole 3; Malachy 6; Mel 1; Attracta 1; Bridget 11; Ita 1; George, a widely favoured national patron, has 17 churches. Rita of Cascia 3, and Rocco 2, show the Italian; Ludmilla 1, Procopius 1, and Vitus 1, are Bohemian; Stephen with 23 suggests Hungary; Boniface with 21 dedications, and Henry with 8, tell of Germany. Benedict the Moor (New York) is the patron of the church for negroes; The numerous Polish population has adopted distinctive patrons: Adalbert 8; Casimir 10; Cyril and Methodius 8; Josaphat 3; John Cantius 4; John Nepomucene 8; Ladislaus 1; Stanislaus 23; Vojtiechus 1; Wenceslaus 9; Hedwig 6; Salomea 1.
In the Dominion of Canada, to a very great extent, the name of a district or village is the same as that of the patron of the church. Obviously the different localities have been named after their respective patrons. The number of titulars is considerable, the names having been assigned on the plan of avoiding repetitions. In the list examined the names of about 400 male, and 100 female, saints are represented, and the entire range of popular devotion is covered. It is a surprise to find that in this long list of provincial divisions no dedications are to be found to the Most Holy Trinity, the Holy Ghost, the Blessed Sacrament. Moreover, only five are to be found which in any way relate to Christ or the mysteries of His life, these being, St. Sauveur, Le Précieux Sang, L'Epiphanie, Sacré Cœur de Jésus, L'Ascension. The Holy Family is represented, also the Angels Guardian, and Our Lady under the various mysteries of her life and many of her most popular titles of devotion, such as: La Conception, La Présentation, L'Annunciation, La Visitation, L'Assomption, Notre Dame de la Mercie, Notre Dame de la Paix, Notre Dame des Anges, Notre Dame des Nièges, Notre Dame de Bon Conseil, Notre Dame du Mont Carmel, Notre Dame du Rosaire, Sacré Cœur de Marie etc. The patrons of churches, outside the class just referred to, have been listed according to the number of churches dedicated to them in the Archdioceses of Halifax, Kingston, Montreal, Ottawa, Quebec, St. Boniface, Toronto, Vancouver, and the Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland, and are as follows: Most Holy Trinity 2; Holy Ghost 1; Sacred Heart 15; Most Holy Redeemer 1; Holy Name of Jesus 2; Infant Jesus 3; Holy Child 1; Holy Family 5; Blessed Sacrament, Transfiguration, Ascension, St. Sauveur, and Gesu 1 each; Holy Cross 4. To Our Lady we find: Immaculate Conception 7, Nativity 5, Presentation 2, Annunciation 4, Visitation 3, Purification 1, Assumption 6, Mary Immaculate 1, Holy Name of Mary 4, St. Mary 9, Notre Dame 4, Notre Dame de la Consolation 1, Notre Dame de la Garde 2, Notre Dame de l'Espérance 2, Sacred Heart of Mary 5, Stella Maria 1, Our Lady Help of Christians 1, of Good Counsel 5, of Grace 4, of la Salette 2, of Loreto 1, of Lourdes 3, of Mercy 3, of Mount Carmel 6, of Peace 1, of Perpetual Succour 5, of Victory 3, of the Angels 2, of the Blessed Sacrament 1, of the Rosary 7, of the Sacred Heart 1, of the Seven Dolours 3, of the Snow 2, of the Wayside 2.
To the saints: Joseph 21; Patrick 20; Anthony 10; Louis 9; James, Michael, Paul, and Peter 8 each; John, John the Baptist, John the Evangelist, and Vincent de Paul 7 each. Francis of Assisi 6; Augustine, Bernard, and Charles 5 each; Edward, Francis de Sales, Francis Xavier 4 each; Ambrose, Charles Borromeo, Gabriel, George, Gerard, Joachim, Luke, Thomas Aquinas, and Viateur 3 each; Alexander, Aloysius, Anastasius, Andrew, Anselm, Columban, Edward the Confessor, Felix, Francis Regis, Germaine, Gregory, Gregory Nazianzen, Gregory the Great, Ignatius, Leon of Westminster, Peter in Chains, Philip Neri, Stephen, and Thomas 2 each; Adrian, Aimé, Alfred, Alphonsus Ligouri, Arsenius, Athanasius, Barnaby, Basil, Benedict, Benjamin, Bernardin of Siena, Bonaventure, Boniface, Bride, Cajetan, Calixtus, Camillus of Lellis, Carthagh, Casimir, Clement, Columbanus, Columbkille, Cosmos, Cuthbert, Cyril and Methodius, Cyprian, Daniel, Denis, Désiré, Donatus, Dominic, Edmund, Eugene, Faustinus, Felix of Valois, Good Thief, Henry, Hugh, Hyacinth, Ignatius Loyola, Irenæus, Isidor, Jerome, John Berchmans, John Cantius, John Chrysostom, John of the Cross, Jovita, Jude, Justin, Kyran, Lawrence, Lawrence O'Toole, Leo, Malachy, Malo, Mark, Martin, Matthew, Narcissus, Nicholas, Odilo, Pascal-Baylon, Peter Celestine Philippe, Raphael, Remigius, Rock, Romuald, Sixtus, Stephen de Lauzon, Turibius, Vitalis, Vitus, Zephyrim, and Zoticus 1 each; Anne 7; Bridget and Philomena 4 each; Helen 3; Agnes, Cecilia, Emily, and Marguerite 2 each; Agatha, Anastasia, Angelica, Catherine, Catherine of Siena, Clare of Tereanville, Clotilde, Cunegundes, Elizabeth, Elizabeth of Hungary, Elizabeth of Portugal, Euphemia, Felicitas, Jeanne de Neuville, Magdalen, Margaret, Monica, Veronica, All Saints, 1 each.
This includes the Archdioceses of Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart, Adelaide, Brisbane, and the Archdiocese of Wellington, which comprises all the territory of New Zealand. The patrons of churches are: (1) Trinity 3; Good Shepherd 2; Most Holy Redeemer 3; Sacred Heart 63; St. Saviour 1; Real Presence 1; Holy Name 4; Blessed Sacrament 2; Church of the Reparation 1; Church of the Passion 1; Holy Cross 7. (2) St. Mary 74; Immaculate Conception 21; Nativity 1; Annunciation 1; Assumption 6; Our Lady Help of Christians 2; of Good Counsel 1; of Lourdes 1; of Mercy 1; of Mount Carmel 4; of Perpetual Succour 3; of the Rosary 11; of the Sacred Heart 1; of the Seven Dolours 3; of the Suburbs 1; of Victories 1; Refuge of Sinners 1; Auxilium Christianorum 1; Blessed Virgin 2; Holy Heart of Mary, Holy Name of Mary, Mary Immaculate, and Queen of Angels 1 each; St. Mary of the Angels 2; Star of the Sea 19. (3) Guardian Angels 4; Holy Angels 2. (4-5) Patrick 85; Joseph 74; Michael 24; Peter 16; Peter and Paul 13; Francis of Assisi and Paul 10 each; John the Evangelist, Columba, Francis Xavier, John, Anthony, and James 8 each; Augustine and Francis de Sales 7 each; Andrew, John the Baptist, Lawrence, Matthew, and Vincent 6 each; Bede, Benedict, Lawrence O'Toole, Malachy, Stephen, and Thomas 4 each; Aidan, Brendan, Colman, and Ignatius 3 each; Aloysius, Bernard, Charles, Columbkille, Edward, Gabriel, George, Gregory Joachim, Mark, Martin, Raphael, Stanislaus, and Thomas Aquinas 2 each; Alphonsus, Ambrose, Athanasius, Barnabas, Bartholomew, Boniface, Carthagh, Clement, Cleus, Declan, Felix, Fiacre, Finbar, Furseus, Gerard, John and Paul, John Berchmans, John of God, John of the Cross, Joseph and Joachim, Kevin, Kieran, Leo, Leonard, Luke, Maro, Michael and George, Munchin, Nicholas, Nicholas of Myra, Paulinus, Peter Chanel, Philip and James, Pius, Rock, Rupert, Vigilius, William and the Apostles 1 each. (6) Brigid 19; Anne 7; Canice and Monica 4 each; Agnes 3; Margaret 2; Agatha, Clare, Gertrude, Helen, Ita, Joan of Arc, Rose of Lima, Teresa, Winefred, 1 each. All Saints 6, All Souls 2.
This includes the Eastern and Western Vicariates, the Vicariates of Natal, Kimberley, Transvaal, Orange River, Basutoland, and the Prefectures Apostolic of Great Namaqualand and Rhodesia. The churches are dedicated as follows: (1) Trinity 1; Sacred Heart 16; St. Saviour 1; Holy Family 2. (2) St. Mary 17; Immaculate Conception 12; Annunciation 1; Assumption 1; Mater Dolorosa 2; Our Lady 1; Our Lady of Good Counsel 3; of Grace 1; of Lourdes 1; of Perpetual Succour 1; of Sorrows 1; of the Rosary 4; of the Sacred Heart 2; Star of the Sea 2. (3) Michael and the Holy Angels 1. (4-5) Joseph 11; Augustine and Patrick 5 each; Francis Xavier and Michael 4 each; Peter, and Peter and Paul 3 each; Charles, Dominic, Francis de Sales, and Ignatius Loyola 2 each; Anthony, Benedict, Boniface, Columba, Francis of Assisi, Gabriel, James, Joachim, John, John the Baptist, Leo, Martin, Matthew, Paul, Peter Claver, Simon and Jude, Thomas, and Triashill, 1 each. (6) Anne and Monica 2 each; Agnes and Mechtilda, 1 each. All Saints 1.
An authentic catalogue of patron saints of countries of the world has yet to be made. Some countries appear to have no celestial patron, others have several assigned to them, and it is by no means clear that the distinction between patron and Apostle is invariably taken into account. The following list gives the patrons of some few countries of the world: Austria (Our Lady), Belgium (St. Joseph), Brazil (declared "The Land of the Holy Cross", 3 May, 1500), Borneo (St. Francis Xavier), Canada (St. Anne and St. George), The Congo (Our lady), Chili (St. James), England (St. George), East Indies (St. Thomas, Apostle), Ecuador (styled "The Republic of the Sacred Heart"), Finland (Henry of Upsal), France (St. Denis), Germany (St. Michael), Holland (St. Willibrord), Hungary (St. Stephen), Ireland (St. Patrick), Italy (various), Lombardy (St. Charles), Mexico (Our Lady of Help, and Our Lady of Guadaloupe), Norway (St. Olaf), Portugal (St. George), Piedmont (St. Maurice), Scotland (St. Andrew), Sweden (St. Bridget), Spain (St. James), South America (St. Rose of Lima), United States of North America (Our Lady under the title of Immaculate Conception), Wales (St. David).
The beliefs of a Catholic in an age of Faith prompted him to place not only his churches under the protection of some illustrious servant of God, but the ordinary interests of life, his health, and family, trade, maladies, and perils, his death, his city and country. The whole social life of the Catholic world before the Reformation was animated with the idea of protection from the citizens of heaven. It has been stated that in England there existed 40,000 religious corporations, including ecclesiastical bodies of all kinds, monasteries and convents, military orders, industrial and professional guilds, and charitable institutions, each of which had its patron, its rites, funds, and methods of assistance. Some idea of the vastness of the subject may be gathered from a few examples of the trades under their respective patrons: Anastasia (weavers), Andrew (fishermen), Anne (houseworkers and cabinet-makers), Christopher (porters), Cloud (nailmakers), Cosmas and Damian (doctors), Crispin (shoemakers), Eloi (all workers with the hammer), Hubert (huntsmen), Lydia (dyers), Joseph (carpenters), Mark (notaries), Luke (painters), Nativity (trades for women), Raymund Nonnatus (midwives), Raymund of Pennafort (canonists), Stephen (stonemasons), Vincent Martyr (winegrowers), Vitus (comedians). Conditions of life: foundlings (Holy Innocents), girls (Blandina), boys (Aloysius), singers and scholars (Gregory), philosophers (Catherine), musicians (Cecilia), persons condemned to death (Dismas). There were patrons or protectors in various forms of illness, as for instance: Agatha (diseases of the breast), Apollonia (toothache), Blaise (sore throat), Clare and Lucy (the eyes), Benedict (against poison), Hubert (against the bite of dogs). These patrons with very many others were chosen on account of some real correspondence between the patron and the object of patronage, or by reason of some play on words, or as a matter of individual piety. Thus, while the great special patrons had their clients all over Christendom, other patrons in regard of the same class of objects might vary with different times and places.
In order to complete this imperfect and summary sketch of the subject of patrons, a list of the patrons announced by the Holy See within the last few years should here find a place: St. Joseph was declared patron of the universal Church by Pius X on 8 December, 1870. Leo XIII during the course of his pontificate announced the following patrons: St. Thomas Aquinas, patron of all universities, colleges, and schools (4 August, 1880); St. Vincent, patron of all charitable societies (1 May, 1885); St. Camillus of Lellis, patron of the sick and of those who attend on them (22 June, 1886); the patronal feast of Our Lady of the Congo to be the Assumption (21 July, 1891); St. Bridget, patroness of Sweden (1 October, 1861); the Holy Family, the model and help of all Christian families (14 June, 1892); St. Peter Claver, special patron of missions to the negroes (1896); St. Paschal Baylon, patron of Eucharistic congresses and all Eucharistic societies (28 November, 1897). On 25 May, 1899, he dedicated the world to the Sacred Heart, as Prince and Lord of all, Catholics and non-Catholics, Christians and non-Christians. Lourdes was dedicated to our Lady of the Rosary (8 September, 1901). Pius X declared St. Francis Xavier patron of the Propagation of the Faith (25 March, 1904).
The honouring of the saints has in some instances doubtless been the occasion of abuse. Spells and incantations have been intruded in the place of trust and prayer; the prayerful abstinence of a vigil has been exchanged for the rollicksome enjoyment of wakes; reverence may have run incidentally to puerile extravagance; and patrons may have been chosen before their claim to an heroic exercise of Christian virtue had been juridically established. Still it remains true that the manifestation of Christian piety in the honour paid to angels and saints has been singularly free from the taint of human excess and error.
CAHIER, Caractéristiques des Saints (Paris, 1867); HUSENBETH, Emblems of the Saints, ed. JESSOP (3rd ed., Norwich, 1852); BONA, Rerum Liturgicarum I, xix; STANTON, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887); LINGARD, The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, II; FORSTER, Studies in Church Dedications (3 vols., London, 1899); MACKINLEY, Ancient Church Dedications in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1910); DONNELLY, History of Dublin Parishes (Dublin); C. T. S. publications; COLEMAN, Historical Memoirs of the City of Armagh (Dublin, 1900); SMITH, English Guilds (London, 1870); HAZLITT, The Livery Companies of the City of London (London, 1892); BESSE, Les Saints Protecteurs du Travail, n. 336 in Science et Religion (Paris). See also various ecclesiastical Directories in DIRECTORIES, CATHOLIC.
APA citation. (1911). Patron Saints. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11562a.htm
MLA citation. "Patron Saints." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11562a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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