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Washington's Farewell Address
President George Washington's Farewell Address — 1796
Friends and Fellow Citizens:
The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive government of the United States being not far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and that in withdrawing the tender of service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with both.
The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your suffrages have twice called me have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea.
I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety, and am persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determination to retire.
The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions, contributed towards the organization and administration of the government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of years admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it.
In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging, in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it.
Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasion.
Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment.
The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so, for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts.
For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have in a common cause fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels, and joint efforts of common dangers, sufferings, and successes.
But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest. Here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole.
The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the productions of the latter great additional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation invigorated; and, while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. The East, in a like intercourse with the West, already finds, and in the progressive improvement of interior communications by land and water, will more and more find a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort, and, what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations; and, what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same governments, which their own rival ships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other.
These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of the whole with the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands.
In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen, in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event, throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the General Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them with aliens?
To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a government for the whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict, between the parts can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated than your former for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government. But the Constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government.
All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels and modified by mutual interests.
However combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.
Towards the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect, in the forms of the Constitution, alterations which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of governments as of other human institutions; that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally.
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositaries, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern; some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit, which the use can at any time yield.
Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked: Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.
It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?
Promote then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened.
As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it, avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertion in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate.
Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be, that good policy does not equally enjoin it 7 It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices?
In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; and that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another a habitual hatred or a habitual fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence, frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations, has been the victim.
So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation), facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding, with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils 7 Such an attachment of a small or weak towards a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter.
Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful must be impartial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their interests.
The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.
Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people under an efficient government. the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.
Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or caprice?
It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend them.
Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies.
Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing (with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the government to support them) conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors from another; that it must pay with a portion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that character; that, by such acceptance, it may place itself in the condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion, which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard.
In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But, if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare, by which they have been dictated.
How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them.
In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of the twenty-second of April, I793, is the index of my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.
After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it, with moderation, perseverance, and firmness.
The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all.
The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations.
The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without interruption to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that, after forty five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations, I anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free government, the ever-favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
United States 19th September, 1796
Geo. Washington
- Magna Carta
- The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery
- The Mayflower Compact
- Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges
- Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death
- The Declaration of Independence
- Articles of Confederation
- Constitution of the United States
- Bill of Rights and Later Amendments
- Petition from the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery
- To those who keep slaves, and approve the practice
- Washington's Farewell Address
- The Star Spangled Banner
- The Monroe Doctrine
- Harkins to American People
- Daniel Webster's "Seventh of March" Speech
- Lincoln's House Divided Speech
- Lincoln's First Inaugural Address
- The Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
- The Gettysburg Address
- The Pledge of Allegiance
- The American's Creed
- FDR's Infamy Speech
- The Economic Bill of Rights
- Ask Not What Your Country Can Do For You


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As winter loosens its grip, employers are taking on more help.
Hotels, bars and restaurants added 33,000 workers, while retailers tacked on 21,000 jobs in March, the Labor Department said Friday. Economists say those increases suggest employers are growing more confident that Americans will be spending more this year.
"Consumers still have the wherewithal to make discretionary purchases and were just waiting for the snow to be plowed and the temperatures to rise to resume spending," IHS Global Insight chief U.S. economist Doug Handler wrote in his analysis.
The Labor Department report showed that all together, employers added 192,000 jobs in March.
That hiring boost encouraged people to resume their job hunts, pushing up the labor force participation rate to 63.2 percent, from 63 percent the previous month. With more people filling out job applications, there was no improvement in the unemployment rate. It held steady at 6.7 percent.
Still, that was a big improvement over last year's 7.6 percent.
This year's pace of hiring is "consistent with a moderately growing economy at present and a faster-growing economy later this year," Handler said.
The sense that the economy is thawing out after "a long, harsh winter" was echoed by Matthew Shay, who heads the National Retail Federation, a trade group for store owners. "Merchants are eager to move forward with their spring hiring and operational plans," he said in a statement.
The positive momentum also showed up in the construction sector, where employers added 19,000 jobs. Over the past year, construction employment has risen by 151,000.
That hiring helped March mark a milestone: private-sector employment returned to the pre-recession level of 2007.
"Not only have U.S. firms finally brought back all of the 8.8 million jobs that were lost since the last recession, total employment in the private sector stands at an all-time high of 116.09 million," wrote Bernard Baumohl, chief global economist for The Economic Outlook Group.
Government employment remains below 2007 levels, thanks to local, state and federal budget cuts.
And job gains still haven't done much to help the long-term unemployed. More than 10 million people continue to look for work — with more than a third of them unemployed for 27 weeks or more.
With so much slack in the job market, workers continue to have a tough time getting a raise. Average hourly earnings decreased by 1 cent to $24.30 in March — a disappointment following February's 9-cent increase.
But here's one good sign: The workweek grew longer, with the average employee putting in 34.5 hours, a 0.2-hour gain over February.
And the news was even better for factory workers. The average workweek in the manufacturing sector hit 42 hours in March — tied for the highest level since July 1945. That means many factory workers got overtime pay, which could help boost spending for Easter outfits and food in April.
The data show "the recovery is continuing to unfold," said Jason Furman, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. But the White House believes growth would improve if Congress would reinstate expired benefits for the long-term unemployed and raise the minimum wage, he said.
House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, said Congress should do more to help job growth by expanding energy production, improving job training and "protecting families and small businesses" from the Affordable Care Act. "I'm glad more Americans have found work, but our economy still isn't creating jobs for the American people at the rate they were promised."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Opening hours: Mon - Fri 8:00 - 17:00
The Institute of Petroleum and Geology (IPG), estabilished in 2012 based on Decree-Law nº 33/2012 of July 18, is public institution of the Timor-Leste Government, under the supervision of the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals(MPM) with the objective of developing geological studies of mineral resources, including Timor-Leste's oil and gas, using modern technical and scientific basis, enabling the development of the country.
Government decree law No. 33/2012 of 18 July Institute of Petroleum and Geology - Public Institute (IPG)
According to Decree-Law No. 33/2012 of July 18, the organizational structure of the Institute of Petroleum and Geology (IPG) is composed of 3 vogals act as a board of directors & Single Auditor
Mineral Research


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These colored spiral leg bands are made of celluloid (plastic) and have large black numbering for easy reading. Leg banding is helpful for keeping track of similar looking birds in your flock and is a requirement for most APA and ABA sanctioned poultry shows. Most places only sell leg bands in boxes of 25, but we know that some of our customers don't need that many so we sell them individually.
Size 9 has an inside measurement of 9/16 inches. Sizing is never exact, but may fit the following types of birds: Runner Ducks, Magpie Ducks, Brahma Bantams, Cochin Bantams, Mille Fleur, Silkies, Anconas hen, Andalusian hens, Leghorns, Ringneck Pheasants Manufacturer: A&A Legband Company See all products from A&A Legband Company Poultry Numbered Leg Bands Yellow Size 9 Numbered 1-25 UPC: 053176794167


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Dental Post-Op Instructions
Please select the procedure you received to see a summary of post-op instructions. Call us if you have any questions:
- Extraction
- Fillings
- Crowns and Bridges
- Root Canal Treatment
- Teeth Cleaning/Deep Cleaning
- Placement of Braces
- Gum Surgery
- Denture Delivery
- Apicoectomy (Root Canal Surgery)
- Bone Graft Surgery
- Pressure should be placed on the gauze pad that has been put over the extraction site for one hour. If the bleeding continues new gauze should be placed and pressure applied for another 45 minutes.
- If you are supervising children who have had an extraction done, make sure they don't bite on their numb lips or tongue (it can cause serious injury to their soft tissue).
- Avoid eating or drinking anything hot on the day of your extraction. Also, do not rinse your mouth and do not use a straw for drinking. Do not spit and do not drink carbonated beverages. Do not brush on the day of the surgery; you can gently resume your brushing and flossing the day after.
- You may experience some pain, bruising around your lips, and/or some swelling, especially after extraction of impacted wisdom teeth. Ice bag application and medication prescribed for you will help to minimize your discomfort.
- Please take all the medication you receive based on the provided instructions.
- During the first 2-3 days after surgery a diet of soft food and liquids is recommended (soup, yogurt, milkshakes and juice).
- For more complex surgical procedures including impacted wisdom tooth extraction, implant surgical procedures, etc. You will receive an ice wrap which should be worn for the rest of the day until you go to bed on the day of surgery (10 minutes on and 5 minutes off). Instructions for various surgical treatments will have some unique directions, which will be supplied to you at the time of your treatment.
- Call our office if you experience excessive bleeding, severe pain or swelling, or if you have any questions or concerns. In case of serious emergencies call 911.
- Do not eat on your new filling for one hour or until your numbness is gone.
- If you are supervising children who had fillings done, make sure they don't bite on their numb lips or tongue (it can cause serious injury to their soft tissue).
- Do not bite hard or chew on silver amalgam fillings for 24 hours.
- You may experience cold and heat sensitivity and some gum soreness; this usually subsides within a few days.
- Call our office if you experience pain or discomfort for more than a few days after the fillings, or if you have any questions.
Crowns and Bridges (also Inlays and Onlays)
- Crowns and bridges usually take 2 or 3 appointments to complete. On the first appointment, the tooth/teeth are prepared, impressions are taken, and a temporary crown is placed on your tooth/teeth.
- You may experience sensitivity, gum soreness, and slight discomfort on the tooth/teeth; it should subside after the placement of the permanent crown(s).
- Whenever anesthesia is used, avoid chewing on your teeth until the numbness has worn off.
- A temporary crown is usually made of plastic-based material or soft metal. It can break if too much pressure is placed on it. The crown may also come off; if it does, save the crown and call our office. The temporary crown is placed to protect the tooth and prevent other teeth from moving. If it comes off it should be replaced as soon as possible. To avoid losing your temporary, do not chew on sticky or hard food (chewing gum, ice). Try to chew on the opposite side of the temporary as much as possible.
- Continue your normal brushing but be careful while flossing around the temporaries (remove the floss gently from the side). If it is difficult to get the floss between the temporary and surrounding teeth, refrain from flossing until you receive your permanent crown.
- After the permanent restoration is placed you may feel slight pressure for a few days. Also, the bite may feel different for a day or two. But if after 2-3 days the bite still feels uneven or if you feel discomfort when chewing on the tooth, call our office.
- Call our office if you are in pain or if you have any questions.
Root Canal Treatment
- You may experience moderate pain and sensitivity to pressure on your tooth. Also, you may feel gum soreness for a few days after your treatment. The healing process may take several days but the pain and discomfort should subside gradually.
- Take any medication that was prescribed for you according to instructions.
- Usually a temporary filling has been placed on your tooth; do not bite on the tooth for one hour while you are numb. Also, until the permanent restoration is placed, be very gentle with the tooth. Try to chew with the opposite side.
- Continue your brushing and flossing.
- Follow up with the placement of your permanent restoration as you have been advised. Any unnecessary delay in placement of final restoration may damage the tooth permanently.
- Call our office if you are in severe pain or experience swelling or if you have any questions.
Teeth Cleaning (Deep Cleaning)
- You may experience some cold and heat sensitivity (especially after deep cleaning).
- If you have received anesthesia do not eat anything until the numbness has worn off.
- Continue your regular brushing and flossing.
- Some bleeding for a day or two after cleaning is normal, but if you experience any excessive bleeding call our office.
- Call our office if you are in pain or if you have any questions.
Placement of Braces
- You may experience some pressure and discomfort on your teeth.
- Be gentle with braces and avoid chewing hard and/or sticky food.
- Brushing and flossing around braces is sometimes challenging and time consuming, but very important.
- Call our office if you have any questions.
Gum Surgery
- You may experience some pain, swelling, and bleeding after the surgery.
- Take all medication that was prescribed for you according to instructions.
- Apply an ice bag on your face over the surgical site on the day of surgery for 10 minutes on and 5 minutes off.
- Keep your next appointment for removal of sutures and follow up checks.
- DO NOT raise your lips with your fingers to inspect the treated area.
- DO NOT brush teeth near the surgical site. Brush teeth in the rest of your mouth.
- There is often a temporary loss of feeling in the operated area and the tooth may feel loose.
- Do not smoke, spit, or use a straw on the day of the surgery (avoid smoking for a few days after the surgery).
- Should any difficulties occur, do not hesitate to call our office anytime. In case of serious emergencies call 911.
Denture Delivery
- You will experience some discomfort with any new denture for a few days. All new dentures may need several adjustments to completely and comfortably fit your mouth.
- You should take the dentures out every night and keep them in a clean container filled with water or denture cleaning solution. Your gums need to rest and be without the dentures every day for a period of time.
- Clean dentures thoroughly with a brush and water before putting them back in your mouth.
- It may be difficult to talk normally with the new dentures for a few days. One way to practice is to read a book or newspaper out loud for a period of time every day. Your tongue and muscles will get used to the dentures and you will talk normally very soon.
- Call our office if you are experiencing pain, discomfort, or if you have any questions.
Apicoectomy (Root Canal Surgery)
- Swelling, minor pain and/or skin discoloration may be experienced following the surgical procedure. This will be temporary.
- In order to keep the swelling to a minimum, use an ice pack for the first few hours after surgery (on for 10 minutes and off for 5 minutes).
- The day after the surgery, use lukewarm water rinses for the treated area following each meal. This should continue for the first 3 days following the surgical procedure.
- Eat only soft foods. Avoid hard and chewy foods.
- Get plenty of rest and ensure normal intake of food, especially liquids such as fruit juices, soup, and milk. Use a vitamin supplement if desired. Try not to sleep on the operated area for 2-3 days.
- DO NOT raise your lips with your fingers to inspect the treated area.
- DO NOT brush teeth near the surgical site. Brush teeth in the rest of your mouth.
- There is often a temporary loss of feeling in the operated area and the tooth may feel loose.
- Take all medication that was prescribed for you according to instructions.
- Should any difficulties occur, do not hesitate to call our office anytime. In case of serious emergencies call 911.
Bone Graft Surgery
You have just had surgery completed for the reduction of periodontal pocketing and/or for replacement of bone in an area where pathology existed, or in conjunction with endosseous dental implant surgical placement with or without platelet addition to the bone graft. You will be advised of the particular procedure and pertinent directions relative to your treatment modality. Whether you were put to sleep for this procedure or were only given local anesthesia, the post-operative instructions remain the same.
You will have several sutures (stitches) placed at the surgical site. These sutures may or may not be resorbable. If you have been told that you received external silk sutures, they have to be removed by us. The sutures will cause a pulling of your tissue over the bone grafting site. Since the bone graft site will have approximately 15% more bone fill than what was naturally there, it is imperative that you do not pull up your lips or cheeks to show or examine the area. The undue pressure will cause the sutures to widen away from the surgical site, expose bone, create more pain, and delay healing dramatically. This delay can lead to the need for the area to be sutured again when you are seen for your 1 week post-surgical evaluation. The sutures will remain in place for 2 to 3 weeks depending on the size of the graft, the severity of the pathology, and the condition of the tissue being sutured.
Your doctor will tell you what time period to expect, but keep in mind that this is not etched in stone and the doctor may extend the time before your sutures are removed to assure adequate healing and to avoid surgical regression.
You also may have a periodontal pack placed over the surgical site. The pack is pink in color and impregnated with antibiotic, which will protect the surgical site from infection and any washout of the particulate bone utilized to restore your jaw. The pack should be left in place for as long as possible. If a pack is placed, the doctor will remove the packing at your 1 week follow up and decide if the packing should be replaced or kept off. Usually the packing is kept on for 7 to 10 days at a minimum. You must return to the office if your pack falls off before you are seen for your 1 week follow up.
Your maintenance during healing has to be completed carefully. You can brush in every area except where the periodontal pack is placed. It is imperative that you use NO ASTRINGENTS such as mouth wash or antiseptic solutions during the healing period of your bone graft. Listerine, Viadent, or any other potentially caustic agent can RUIN your bone grafting procedure if contaminated, and require a replacement bone graft. The doctor and our staff will reiterate this to you before, during, and after your bone graft surgical procedure. After the first stages of healing are satisfactory, we provide you with saline and instruct you on how to use it (with or without the addition of salt), as well as irrigation syringes for cleaning the surgical site.
Since bone grows and heals slowly, it requires conditions conducive to a proper environment and blood supply. Thus, it is imperative that immediately after your bone graft you alter your diet, as you would for any oral surgical procedure. This means you should not eat anything that is too large, too hot, or too sticky. Your food should be tepid or on the cool side. Any food that is too hot will have a deleterious effect on your surgical procedure. Common sense must be used in determining what should be done or avoided. If for some reason you have questions about anything post-surgically, please call the office and we will inform you of the proper action to take.
Smoking after any oral surgical procedure will ALWAYS delay or disrupt normal healing due to a decrease in oxygenation of the tissue that is healing. Smoking should therefore be stopped for the first 7 to 10 days to allow for adequate initial tissue closure. Complete epithelization (closure) and wound healing normally takes a minimum of 21 days from the day the surgery was completed under ideal healing conditions, and with no other underlying systemic causes such as Diabetes Melitus, etc.
Bone grafting is a very predictable surgical procedure when done correctly and when patient cooperation is adhered to. Please try to be reasonable in understanding that this procedure has inherent risks associated with it, as stated in your informed consents. Some of these risks are also pertinent to your post-operative care.
We want nothing more than a perfect outcome with the surgical procedures that you are having done to rehabilitate your bone. This can only be attained with your cooperation. Please feel free to communicate with us at any time to make sure that the procedures you are having are properly maintained. No question is ever perceived by our office as being silly or unreasonable. We would rather have questions answered immediately than risk the chance that the procedure will not go as planned, especially from omissions that are preventable.
As stated above and outlined in your informed consents, please remember that there are some instances when no matter what is done, the outcome is not perfect. There are even infrequent occasions when a surgery may have to be redone; these situations are neither the doctor's nor the patient's fault.


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Most states in the U.S. require all employers to carry workers' compensation insurance to cover employees in case of work-related injuries. What if a worker is injured in an accident that occurs at a location other than the job site or workplace? Generally, if the employee was acting in the course of his or her employment when the accident occurred, the incident will be covered by workers' comp.
When Are Accidents Work-Related?
Was The Employee On The Clock?
If a company employee driving to visit a client on the clock was injured in an automobile accident en route, that employee would likely have a workers' compensation claim. On the other hand, a worker who was injured in a traffic crash while driving to the factory before clocking in the morning probably would not have a valid claim, because he or she was not carrying out job duties at the time of the accident. Commuting to or from work is not considered to be in the course of employment.
The same principle would apply if an office worker slipped and fell on a patch of ice on a city sidewalk while walking to a restaurant during her lunch hour. However, if she was injured when returning to the office after running an errand that was requested by her employer, her injuries are likely to be covered by workers' comp. As a rule of thumb, if an employee is being paid for what he or she is doing and is injured while performing those duties, workers' compensation coverage applies.
Employer-Sponsored Events
Employers often sponsor company holiday parties, picnics, softball or volleyball games, and other team-building events. In some, but not all, states, an employee injury that occurs at such an event is considered work-related and covered by workers' comp. The accident may be covered if the event was company-sponsored and employees were expected to attend.
Areas Outside The Main Workplace
Workers can be injured after leaving or before arriving at the main workplace in areas that are under the control of their employers. These areas often include parking lots and walkways for which the employer is responsible. If the company owns or pays taxes on the area, or pays a third-party to maintain it, the area is considered employer-controlled. An employee injured in such an area would likely have a workers' compensation claim.
Exceptions To The Rule
Although workers' compensation rules vary from state to state, certain situations are typically not covered by workers' comp insurance, even when they occur on the job and in the workplace. These exceptions include injuries caused by drug or alcohol use. They also include worker injuries sustained because of horseplay or fighting.
Workers' comp rules are complex and not simple for the average person to understand. Our knowledgeable agent can help you gain a better understanding of the workers' compensation coverage available to you, if you are an employee, or to your workers, if you are an employer.
Filed Under: Business Insurance | Tagged With: Workers' Compensation Insurance


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Filters: Author is Ulf Knoblich [Clear All Filters]
hhpkg: Hodgkin-Huxley Package for CNS. (2012). hhpkg.tar (380 KB)
CBMM Memos were established in 2014 as a mechanism for our center to share research results with the wider scientific community. Click here to read more about the memos and to see a full list of the memos.


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DC24V 12W 30X20mm Waterproof Lens Low Power White/Yellow Light Full Color UCS1903 RGB/DMX512 Addressable Waterproof IP67 Aluminum Lens LED Linear Bar Light Outdoor Wall Wash Lighting
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Special Price: $20.98
1. Highlight 5050 LED chip: High transmittance PMMA lens, low energy consumption, long life, low light decay.
2. Environmentally friendly aluminum lamp body: Fast heat dissipation, wear, and corrosion resistance, hidden bottom line.
3. All-copper waterproof male and female joint: Low power consumption, good waterproof performance, aging resistance, high-temperature resistance.
4. Luminous effect of the Linear LED Lighting is divided into single color and full color, single color has Warm White/Daylight White/Yellow, it usually uses for lighting. Full color has DMX512 Addressable, it supports seven color gradual change, jump, full-color scanning, chasing, running water, stacking, horse lamp effect, can also use multiple point light source to form dazzle color screen, background screen, pattern, animation, and other effects, so it usually uses for decorating.
5. Pure aluminum thickened panel: The inside of Linear LED Lighting is completely filled with glue and waterproof treatment, protection of LED lamp beads, wear - resistant pressure.
6. Thickened aluminum bracket: Simple installation and easy to use.
Standards and Certifications
Product Specification
LED Item: 12W Aluminum Lens Linear LED Light
LED Model: QCY-XT-02-1
LED Type: SMD LED Chips
Size of chip: 5050 SMD
Input voltage: DC24V
LED Lights power: 12 Watt/ piece
Lamp bead quantity: 48LED
LED Light Color: Warm White/Daylight White/Yellow/UCS1903/DMX512
Fixture Dimensions: 30x20x1000mm (1.18''x0.79''x39.37'')
Brightness: high brightness
Grey level: 256
LED Lighting angle: 120
Color temperature: 2700-6500K
Working temperature: -30~40°C
Waterproof Rating: IP67
Luminous flux: 960LM
Control type: External control
Dimmable: No
Fixture Material: Aluminum
Certifications: RoHS, CE
LED Lifespan: 50000hours
Power wiring diagram
Color Temperature And CRI
Choosing the correct color temperature lights for your project is very important, and as important as the brightness you choose.
Consider the look and feel you want your project to have.
What other color lights will be present? What material and color are the materials you wish to light?
CRI (Color Rendering Index) is a measure of how well a particular light source renders vivid, natural color. Lamps, led tubes, or led bulbs with an index of greater than 90 are generally considered High CRI light sources, and will make food, jewels, or any other product come alive with bright, natural color.
three-dimensional light-emitting word
Trademark lighting
Logo lighting
Channel letters lighting
Light boxes lighting
Landscape layout lighting
Stage decoration lighting
Sign cabinets
Channel lights
Cove LED lighting
Edge lit signs
Canopy illumination
Off grid lighting
These images were taken with Canon EOS 5D Mark IV and the studio light source is provided by Ra 98's full spectrum LED strip to realistically reproduce the colors of the item itself. All copyrights are created by the superlightingled team, please feel free to browse and download if you are a registered user!
Here you can learn anything about led strip lights, find the part you are intrested in to learn more knowledge. There are knowledge parts of led strip lights, power supply, controller, accessories, and how to connect led strip lights, etc. You can also watch our thousands of demo video .
Led strip lights
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Top 6 Considerations Before Buying LED Strip Lights 1. Where do I want to place the LED strip lights? Indoor or outdoor? • What are waterproof led strip lights? • How to cut and connect waterproof led strip lights? 2. How much LED brightness do I need? 3. The working voltage is available? • 5V VS 12V VS 24V led strips • AC VS DC 4. How long is the LED strip light suitable for my project? 5. Do I need an LED light controller to adjust the LED color and brightness? 6. How to power the LED strip lights? 1. How do led strip lights work? 2. How long can you run an LED strip? 3. How long do LED strip lights last? Is it worth getting led strip lights? 1. Do LED strip lights use a lot of electricity? 2. Why are LED lights energy efficient? 3. Are LED Strip Lights sustainable? 4. What are the pron and cons of led strip lights? 5. Precautions for led strip lights 1. Do LED strip lights overheat? 2. How do you stop LED strips from overheating? 3. Can LED strips catch fire? 4. Is it safe to sleep with LED strip lights on? What are the types of led strip lights? Flexible led strip lights VS rigid led strip lights - 1. What are flexible led strip lights? 2. What are rigid led strip lights? 3. What happens if you bend LED strip lights? 4. What is the difference between flexible led strips and rigid led strips? 1. Can you cut led light strips? 2. What happens if you cut an led strip? 3. How to cut led strip lights? 4. How to connect RGB color changing led strip lights with a connector? 5. How to know what your led strip light is? How to choose the correct SMD led for your strip? Which is the brightest SMD LED? What does SMD 5050 mean? How many lumens is a 5050 SMD LED? How to know what type of LED strip? What is the difference between 2835 and 5050 LED? |
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►Color, color temperature, and CRI
The Color Difference Between Warm White 2700K, 3000K, 4000K, 6000K Pure White and 7000K Cool White 1. What is color temperature? 2. What color temperature is right for me? • 2700K VS 3000K • How obvious is the difference between 2700K and 3000K? • Warm White 3000K VS Natural White 4000K VS Daylight White 6000K • Warm White VS Cool White 3. Enjoy 2700K, 4000K, 6000K 4. Further Reading: How to install Warm White LED light strip? How to choose the right color for your led strip lights? - 1. How many colors are in LED strip lights? 2. What do LED light colors mean? 3. Why do white LED light turns to yellow? 4. Why are your led strip lights not the same color? 5. What is the most relaxing color for LED lights? 6. What color led lights is best for sleeping? 7. Are led lights bad for your eyes? 8. Is cool white or warm white better for eyes? 1. What is the best color temperature? 2. Does color temperature keep the same as time goes by? 3. What color temperature is best for night? 4. Led strip lights about color temperature,CCT VS RGBW VS RGBCCT; What is color rendering index? 1. What is CRI in led lights? 2. How to choose the right CRI when buying led strip lights? 3. What is the relationship between CRI and brightness? 4. Is higher CRI better? High CRI VS Low CRI; 5. How to find CRI value? |
Led strip light connection
How to connect led strip lights? 1. How to connect led strip lights together? 2. How to connect LED light strips without connectors? 3. How to solder wires to LED strips? 4. How to connect LED strips without soldering? 5. Which one is better between soldering and using a connector? 6. How to connect mutiple led strip lights? 7. How many LED strip lights can you connect? How to connect led strip to the power supply? 1. Ensuring the working voltage and power first 2. How to hardwire led strip lights? 3. Can I connect multiple LED strips to the same LED power supply? How to wire led strip lights? How to wire single color led strip lights? How to wire tunable white/CCT led strip lights? How to wire RGB color changing led strip lights? |
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How to choose led strip light controllers? 1. WIFI controller 2. RF controller 3. IR controller 4. Bluetooth controller 5. Remote control and panel control 6. Single color controller and multi-color controller 7. DMX512 controller 8. SPI controller 9. DALI controller 10. 0/1-10V dimmer 11. Triac series 12. Sonsor series |
Led power supply
How to calculate power for led strip lights? 4 steps to calculate the power you need Performance And Reasons Of LED Voltage Drop How to choose led strip light power supply? 1. Alternating current power supply VS Direct current power supply 2. Constant current power supply VS Constant voltage power supply 3. How to choose the best led power supply for your led strip light? |
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How to install led strip lights? What accessories will be needed? 1. Adhesive installation for IP20 and IP65 led strip lights 2. How to choose the right led tape? 3. Can IP20 and IP65 led strip lights use aluminum profiles? 4. How to use aluminum profiles? 5. Mounted clip installation for IP67 and IP68 light strips How to install LED sensor stair lights? Lighting Up Your Stairs With LED Strip Lights Ideas How to install led strip lights on TV? How to install led strip lights outdoor? |
How to choose led strip light connectors? 1. Are all LED light strip connectors the same? 2. How do LED strip lights connectors work? 3. What connectors do you need for LED strip lights? 4. What are the different kinds of LED connectors? 5. How to choose the right connector for your led strip lights? Ultimate Guide on Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lighting 1. What are aluminium profiles used for? 2. Why choose aluminum profiles? 3. Different types of LED aluminum profiles 4. LED aluminum profile VS COB LED strips 5. How to install LED aluminum channels? 6. How To Get Ideal Light Diffuser For Your LED Strip? 7. Add Black Aluminum LED Light Diffusers For Your Home Lighting 8. How To Find The Right Aluminum LED Light Strip Diffuser Channel? |


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Celebrate A Safe Holiday Season In Your Home
The holidays are a wonderful time for families and friends to get together, but it's important that you take measures to keep both your family and your guests safe in your home. You also should ensure that your homeowners insurance has you covered should an unexpected accident take place. Holiday decorations make your home more festive, but also have specific dangers that you need to be aware of so you can avoid the possibility of an injury or accident taking place in your home.
Holiday Decorations
Some of the most common hazards stem from electrical fires. It is important that you are aware of the danger in certain types of holiday decorations. Buy lights that have labels indicating that the product has been tested by Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Buy your lights and other decorations from retailers with a good reputation so you are not at risk of purchasing counterfeit products that could be dangerous to your family and visitors. Buy the correct lights for either indoor or outdoor usage, and use the lights only as directed by the manufacturer. If you can purchase LED lights, these are safer and they produce far less heat and last longer than standard incandescent lights.
Candle Safety
Candles add a beautiful and festive light element to tables and party areas, but you can keep your family and guests far safer by the use of battery-operated candles. If you do use candles, make sure you never leave them unattended, and always keep open flames in sight. Many home fires are started by a candle that is knocked over inadvertently. Ensure you extinguish all candles. Never use a candle near greenery.
Fireplace Safety
Your chimney should be cleaned before the holiday season. If you are going to have a fire, use wood that burns slowly. A crackling fire is always cozy, but fast burning wood can get out of control, sending sparks into the home. Make sure the fireplace screen is in place so that sparks do not start a fire in your home. Do a test run on your fireplace before the holiday season so you know all is in working order. A gas fireplace is safer, but if you have a wood-burning fireplace, taking safety precautions can help you avoid a fire that could injure your family and visitors.
Your Homeowners Insurance Policy
Talk to us and have your homeowners insurance policy reviewed to make sure you and your family are adequately protected. We want to help ensure that you are well-covered should an unexpected incident occur over the holidays. Many policies will provide you with emergency funds for clothing, accommodations, and all other urgent needs in the event of a fire. Our friendly local team is available to help you at any time. Reviewing your homeowners insurance policy before the holiday season is always advised. There may be higher coverage at a lower rate available, and we can look over what you have and show you all your options. Give us a call today!


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Titu Mama's Chai Edition for Motorola Moto G6 Plus
Titu Mama's Chai Edition for Motorola Moto G6 Plus
Regular price
Rs. 499.00
Regular price
Sale price
Rs. 499.00
Unit price
Carry the Titu Mama's swag on your Phone Cover
By BB Ki Vines™ Official – Titu Mama Cover
Material: Light Durable Polycarbonate Hard Case
Includes precision cutouts for your regular charger and headphones.
Printing: High quality MT3 Printing.
The design on the product may appear stretched. However, the actual design will be printed proportionately.
Product colour may slightly vary.


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Running an internet-based business has its own set of issues compared to managing a business with physical locations. First, there are many different types of ecommerce businesses: e-tailers serving consumers, online businesses, internet marketers, business-to-business internet companies, membership-based sites, businesses supported by advertising revenue, bloggers, ecommerce websites, affiliate marketers, and domain flippers, to name a few.
A few of the unique accounting issues for online businesses include multi-state sales tax responsibility, revenue tracking from multiple systems, proper system selection, and integration issues. You'll want someone who has already worked with clients with ecommerce accounts on Amazon, EBay, Shopify, and Etsy. It can be a challenge when revenue comes from multiple sources if you don't have the right accounting system to capture and record it all.
We offer ecommerce businesses the following accounting services:
- Accounting software selection, installation, customization, and training
- ECommerce system and/or shopping cart selection, installation, customization, training, and integration
- Merchant account selection and support
- Monthly, quarterly or annual bookkeeping services for ecommerce businesses, including reconciliations, accounts payable and accounts receivable support
- Financial report preparation, including assistance in understanding your reports
- Chart of Accounts design for better expense management
- Inventory management
- Mobile accounting functionality
- Multi-state sales and use tax reporting and compliance
- Payroll software selection, reporting, tax compliance, workers compensation, and other payroll management issues
- Benchmarking to your industry
- Tax return preparation and planning
- And more depending on your specific financial needs
Complimentary Consult
Please give us a call or email us to schedule a free consult to discuss your ecommerce accounting needs.


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MCL - Act 451 of 1994
AN ACT to protect the environment and natural resources of the state; to codify, revise, consolidate, and classify laws relating to the environment and natural resources of the state; to regulate the discharge of certain substances into the environment; to regulate the use of certain lands, waters, and other natural resources of the state; to protect the people's right to hunt and fish; to prescribe the powers and duties of certain state and local agencies and officials; to provide for certain charges, fees, assessments, and donations; to provide certain appropriations; to prescribe penalties and provide remedies; and to repeal acts and parts of acts.
History: 1994, Act 451, Eff. Mar. 30, 1995
Am. 1996, Act 434, Imd. Eff. Dec. 2, 1996
Am. 2005, Act 116, Imd. Eff. Sept. 22, 2005
Am. 2013, Act 22, Imd. Eff. May 8, 2013
Compiler's Notes: Act 160 of 2004, which was approved by the governor and filed with the secretary of state on June 18, 2004, provided for the amendment of Act 451 of 1994 by amending Sec. 40103 and adding Sec. 40110a. The amended and added sections were effective June 18, 2004. On March 28, 2005, a petition seeking a referendum on Act 160 of 2004 was filed with the Secretary of State. Const 1963, art 2, sec 9, provides that no law as to which the power of referendum properly has been invoked shall be effective thereafter unless approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon at the next general election. A referendum on Act 160 of 2004 was presented to the electors at the November 2006 general election as Proposal 06-3, which read as follows:"PROPOSAL 06-3"A REFERENDUM ON PUBLIC ACT 160 OF 2004 — AN ACT TO ALLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A HUNTING SEASON FOR MOURNING DOVES"Public Act 160 of 2004 would:"Authorize the Natural Resources Commission to establish a hunting season for mourning doves."Require a mourning dove hunter to have a small game license and a $2.00 mourning dove stamp."Stipulate that revenue from the stamp must be split evenly between the Game and Fish Protection Fund and the Fish and Wildlife Trust Fund."Require the Department of Natural Resources to address responsible mourning dove hunting; management practices for the propagation of mourning doves; and participation in mourning dove hunting by youth, the elderly and the disabled in the Department's annual hunting guide."Should this law be approved?"Yes [ ]"No [ ]"Act 160 of 2004 was rejected by a majority of the electors voting thereon at the November 2006 general election.For transfer of powers and duties of department of natural resources to department of natural resources and environment, and abolishment of department of natural resources, see E.R.O. No. 2009-31, compiled at MCL 324.99919.
Popular Name: Act 451
Popular Name: NREPA
Document | Type | Description |
451-1994-I | Division | ARTICLE I GENERAL PROVISIONS (324.101...324.2707) |
451-1994-II | Division | ARTICLE II POLLUTION CONTROL (324.3101...324.21563) |
451-1994-III | Division | ARTICLE III NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (324.30101...324.83109) |
451-1994-VII | Division | ARTICLE VII (324.90101...324.90106) |


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If you, or someone you love, is struggling with opiate addiction and wish to get help, you may benefit from an inpatient opiate center. As an inpatient, you'll have the opportunity to focus on your loved ones or your recovery in a safe environment. Working closely with a personalized care team you'll undergo a variety of phases that will set you on the path to recovery from opiate addiction.
You or your loved one will begin in a detox unit where the opiates will have time to work out of the system. This detox phase is a medically supervised phase so the patient will be under medical care at all times. There are many steps to detoxing the body from the effects of the opiates that the patient has been taking. It's important to rid the body of these opiates so that the patient can enter treatment without being high.
The detox phase will vary in time from one person to the next. For some, it may only take a few days to recover during the detox phase, and others may take a week or longer to purify their body and rid their bodies of the effects of the opiates. Each step of the detox phase is medically supervised so that the patient isn't suffering and can focus on their recovery.
After the detox phase, the client will meet with a care team to determine what will work best for their particular treatment. Treatments will vary because individuals need different treatments therefore, the treatment protocol will vary from one person to another. Different therapies work differently or not at all for another so this care plan will be individualized, and the client will have an opportunity to go over their options during this time.
Part of the recovery process is learning about how opiate addiction affects the person. It will also touch base on how it affects the rest of the family or friends of the individual. The client often doesn't seem to think that their behavior has a direct impact on their family or friends. However, they will begin, with proper education, to see just how much impact their addiction can have on others. As an inpatient, the client will have plenty of opportunity for this education.
Many clients have lost their jobs, lost their friends, family, even their relationships with spouses, significant others and their children. This education process will help them to understand why and how their behavior and addiction had such an impact on all of this. For every action that the addict takes, there is a consequence, be it good or bad. Understanding this will go far in helping them to know how today's choices can have a severe impact on how their relationships and jobs go.
Another part of the inpatient opiate centers in Staunton process is to help the client by giving them the tools to make better choices and to deal with their urges to use the opiates. Learning what triggers the behavior will go far in helping them to avoid their triggers and find better ways to cope with their addiction.
It's not always as simple as staying away from those who encourage them to use the drugs. It can be learning to avoid stress, learning to prevent specific locations or situations. The addict must learn new ways to cope with life's daily issues that don't involve the opiates.
Sometimes genetics plays a part in a person being an addict, the addict still has the choice of whether or not they partake of drugs or drug-related activities. Learning to stop and consider the consequences and how to remove oneself from such situations will go far in helping them to cope.
Other tools will involve support groups, accountability, and the desire to lead a normal life without the use of opiates. A determined client can make their way through the recovery process far more quickly than someone who doesn't think that they have a drug issue. Until a person wants to change, they aren't likely to make it through recovery and remain clean and sober.
Learning these tools will take some time. The client will go through a variety of phases from start to finish to accomplish this. Everyone will work through this process differently, so it's important to be patient and focus on this time as a time of healing for both the client and their family. Inpatient treatment facilities offer options for families to participate as well. This is a great way to explore the condition and help one another through the trauma that the addiction has caused.
After the client has made it through their inpatient opiate center, they will have to find some form of aftercare. Inpatient treatment will have a variety of options available for them during this time. Inpatient centers offer group sessions as well as one on one therapy for helping them to remain clean and sober for the rest of their lives.
After the client leaves the inpatient facility, they will have to learn to lead life generally without the benefit of residing inpatient. This can often be a stressful time as they've become used to living inpatient where they were insulated from the outside influences. Often, inpatient centers offer intense outpatient therapy to help them cope with these sudden changes. By slowly transitioning to living back in normal society they are often able to do so successfully.
Inpatient opiate centers offer intensive therapy for the addict and their family. They help the client recover from detox through leading a life clean and sober without the use of opiates. It can take as short of a time as 30 days to several years for clients to be able to learn to lead a successful life that is clean and sober. It's no easy feat, and the client must be determined and choose the inpatient center that will give them the best support possible.


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Application Process
Below you will find the documents you need to fill out when applying for an open position with the City of Elsberry. Please make sure you meet the specific qualifications for the position you are applying for; otherwise the application will not be processed. Questions? Please contact our Human Resources Department directly.
The city of City of Elsberry is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Applications will be considered for all positions without regard to race, color, national origin, age, religion, sex, marital status, veteran status, or any other legally protected status.
Frequently Asked Questions
I am interested in applying for a job with the City of Elsberry, what do I do?
You will need to fill out an application if available. Please ensure you meet the qualifications for the position you wish to be considered for. If you would like to include a resume, simply attach it to the completed application. You may mail or drop off the application at City Hall. Interviews will be scheduled accordingly.
Does the City of Elsberry hire part time employees?
Yes, we do hire part time employees. Availability of these positions will be posted here when available.


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Artists get paid when people listen to their songs on the radio so support your favorite artist and online radio by using OnRad.io. We're a search engine company to help people find the ideal online radio station to listen to by giving them up to the second accuracy about what every station is playing.
Every few seconds we scan free online radio stations from around the world to determine their currently playing artist and song. Users can then search for music and connect directly to the station to hear it as its broadcast. Just as Google made it easy to find web sites, OnRad.io makes it easy to find online radio stations.
Users can share songs by sending OnRad.io URLs to others using popular messaging app including email, text, Snapchat, Twitter, Messenger, WeChat and more. An OnRad.io URL is short and intuitive. Just append an artist or song or both with multiple words separated by periods to onrad.io/. Examples:
When an OnRad.io URL is clicked the most popular match will automatically play. On a desktop computer it will play in a browser window. If on a smartphone, the user will be asked to install the free OnRad.io app and then the song will play. If the song is not playing anywhere in the world at that time, users can elect to be notified when it is come on so they can tune in then. To search for a specific song please include the artist and song words separated by periods. You can watch a video of how it works here.
OnRad.io searches all freely available online stations broadcasting in AAC or MP3. Anyone can make changes to the guide by following these steps:
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"176331 Marquis by Waterford® Premium Long Stem Red Roses EXCLUSIVE A gift of timeless beauty and elegance. Our new, limited-edition Marquis by Waterford® Lotus vase features exquisite wedge cuts that catch the light for added sparkle. A large scalloped top adds style and dimension. Holds your choice of 12, 18 or 24 premium, long stem red roses, bringing a luxurious touch to life's memorable moments. • All-around arrangement with premium long-stem red roses; accented with assorted greenery • Available with 12, 18 or 24 stems • Artistically designed in our exclusive, limited-edition Marquis by Waterford® Lotus crystal vase produced in Europe with full wedge cuts that refract light for extra sparkle and shine; large scalloped top adds dimension; measures 10""H • Large arrangement of 24 roses measures approximately 22""H x 16""W • Medium arrangement of 18 roses measures approximately 20""H x 14""W • Small arrangement of 12 roses measures approximately 18""H x 12""W • Our florists select the freshest flowers available, so colors and varieties may vary due to local availability About Waterford® Waterford creates the world's most stunning crystal with unrivaled brilliance and quality. Moving with today's lifestyles, they offer a wealth of home luxuries designed to enrich every day."
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Box of Assorted Chocolates.
Add a cute plush from our plush selection. Selected plush will vary.
18" Happy Birthday Mylar Balloon. Styles may vary.
18" Happy Anniversary Mylar Balloon. Styles may vary.
18" I Love You Mylar Balloon. Styles may vary.
Huggable, adorable and ready to cuddle. Our Lotsa Love teddy bear wears a checkered brown bowtie to match his cream-colored, plush fur. This lovable friend is ready to deliver warmth to someone you care about. Plush bear wearing brown checkered bowtie Measures overall approximately 18′′H


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One Way Cab provides One Way Car Rental from New Delhi to Kalka, which includes the pick from anywhere in New Delhi including city / New Delhi Airport and drop off to Kalka City. We provide instant confirmation and flexibility to book 24x7.
One Way Taxi from New Delhi to Kalka is the best option for travelers who would like to travel one way only from New Delhi to Kalka. Cab/Taxi would easily pick you up and drop you at your preferred location anywhere in Kalka. It is not a shared Cab. It will be a dedicated cab for you.
New Delhi to Kalka one way car rental packages are designed in such a way, so user could avail more benefits by just paying one way drop off charges. So why to wait more, hurry up, you are just few step away to grab this deal.
There are many reasons for using OneWay.Cab
There are several reasons why you should book a cab from New Delhi to Kalka with One Way.cab. Here are some of the key benefits:
All-inclusive fixed fare
OneWay.Cab offers an all-inclusive fixed fare for its New Delhi to Kalka cab service, which includes toll taxes and other charges. This ensures that users know the exact fare for their journey upfront and do not have to worry about any additional charges.
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OneWay.Cab offers 24x7 customer support to its users, ensuring that they can get in touch with us for any queries or concerns.
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OneWay.Cab does not charge any cancellation fees if users decide to cancel their booking. This makes it a flexible and convenient option for travelers.
In conclusion, OneWay.Cab is a reliable and convenient option for those looking to book a cab from New Delhi to Kalka. We offer an all-inclusive fixed fare, assured cab, and 24x7 customer support, ensuring a hassle-free travel experience for its users. So, book your cab today and enjoy a comfortable and convenient journey from New Delhi to Kalka!
OneWay.cab provides cab services from New Delhi to Kalka. This service allows travelers to book a one-way cab from New Delhi to Kalka at a fixed, all-inclusive fare. The platform offers a range of vehicles to choose from, including hatchbacks, sedans, and SUVs, depending on the user's needs and preferences.
The cab service from New Delhi to Kalka is a convenient option for people traveling to Kalka from New Delhi for business or leisure. OneWay.cab ensures that the cab arrives at the user's doorstep at the scheduled time, ensuring a hassle-free experience. Additionally, the platform provides 24x7 customer support to assist users with their queries and concerns.