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When Canadian international forward Simeon Jackson struck the last-gasp winner for Norwich City against Derby County last weekend, it was incredibly the 12th goal that the Canaries had scored in the 90th minute or later this season. This is a sign of a team that never knows when it is beaten and this resilience is just one of the reasons for Norwich's impressive surge to a highly commendable second place in the Championship. Paul Lambert's team stand on the threshold of the Premier League, which would mean a second successive promotion and represents a remarkable turnaround in the club's fortunes.
At the beginning of last season, Norwich played their first match in the third tier of English football for 50 years and were on the wrong end of a 7-1 hammering by the mighty Colchester United. This humiliation in front of their devoted Carrow Road fans resulted in the sacking of the manager Bryan Gunn, the popular former goalkeeper, but it's an ill wind that blows no good, as Norwich then secured the services of the manager responsible for that spectacular defeat, a certain Paul Lambert.
A Champions League winner with Borussia Dortmund, Lambert was unlikely to be fazed by the task facing him, but even he might be a touch surprised by the magnitude of the transformation. Despite the awful start, Lambert led Norwich to the League One title and promotion back to the Championship, with prolific striker Grant Holt and attacking midfielder Wes Hoolahan thriving under his guidance. This duo have continued their fine form in the higher division, scoring 30 goals between them and being named in the PFA Championship team of the season.
"Grant Holt - the only way is up"
Norwich's progress is all the more noteworthy when you consider that it has been achieved without bringing in a raft of big names. Indeed, the most well known of last summer's signings were probably Andrew Surman, who only played a handful of games for Wolves in the Premier League, and Elliott Ward from Coventry City, who was loaned to Doncaster and Preston last season. Nevertheless, they have shone for Norwich, while other unheralded arrivals have also made notable contributions, including the battling Welsh midfielder Andrew Crofts, snapped up from Brighton, and John Ruddy, a goalkeeper plucked from Everton's reserves.
The excitement at Norwich's possible return to the top tier is a major improvement on the Norfolk club's recent history. The last time they were in the Premier League was 2004/05, when they survived just a solitary season, before relegation back to the Championship where they languished for four miserable years prior to their demotion to League One. This period was marked by a series of poor managerial appointments with three managers (Peter Grant, Glenn Roeder and Gunn) lasting less than three years between them. This managerial merry-go-round was nothing new for Norwich, as they had employed no fewer than nine managers after the current owners took over in 1996.
This was all a far cry from the early 90s, when Norwich City were very much a force to be reckoned with. In fact, they were founder members of the Premier League, actually leading the table for much of the inaugural 1992/93 season before being over-taken by Manchester United and Aston Villa in the final furlong. During this golden age, they also memorably defeated Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup with a spectacular goal from Jeremy Goss in the Olympic Stadium forever emblazoned in the consciousness of Norwich supporters everywhere.
"Jeremy Goss - that goal, that shirt"
However, these successes masked the growing financial problems at Norwich, which were only kept at bay by former chairman Robert Chase selling the club's best players like Chris Sutton and Ruel Fox, a policy that adversely impacted performance on the pitch and provoked Martin O'Neill to resign after just six months as manager. Following fans' protests against the player sales, Chase stepped down in 1996, leaving the club with large debts of £7 million. Many years later in the 2008 accounts, the club described the situation back then as "virtual disintegration."
Former chairman, Geoffrey Watling, stepped in again, buying out Chase, before selling the majority shareholding to current owners, well-known TV chef Delia Smith and her husband Michael Wynn Jones. There followed several years of stagnation in the old First Division (then the second tier), before promotion back up to the Premier League in 2003/04.
Although the single season at the highest level provided the club with some financial stability, it did little to ease Norwich's long-term difficulties, as the board "chose to make considerable investment, both in team strengthening and in infrastructure." Former chief executive Neil Doncaster cautioned, "It is a sobering thought that, despite the many millions of pounds of television money we received during our short stay in the Premiership, the club's overall cash position only improved by £0.7 million that season."
"Delia - Let's be having you!"
In 2006 the accounts drily noted that the key task facing the executive management team was "to ensure that the club does not run out of cash", which is not a phrase likely to inspire confidence. Last year, the message was more or less the same, though a little less abrupt, as one of the principal business risks was described as the club having "insufficient cash flow to meet its obligations for the 2010/11 season."
Despite denials at the time, it is now evident that there was a strong risk of the club going out of business in January 2010 with chief executive David McNally warning, "Clearly the financial challenges that we're having to face up to are real." Indeed, at the 2011 Annual General Meeting, the chairman Alan Bowkett admitted, "We couldn't afford to pay our interest and we couldn't afford to pay the amortisation owing on the loans on time." Norwich City could easily have fallen into administration if they had not managed to persuade the banks to temporarily suspend repayments of interest and capital.
The level of indebtedness remains the club's biggest financial problem, even though it was reduced by £2 million in 2010 to £20.9 million. Although this may seem trivial compared to the astronomical debt owed by many leading clubs such as Manchester United, it is far from insignificant relative to Norwich's revenue of £17 million, which is much diminished after many years outside the Premier League.
Most of the debt was incurred for stadium improvements, in particular the construction of the Jarrold Stand (at a cost of £6.5 million) and the Norwich Union Community Stand (£3.2 million), though it also covered the cost of new offices and land purchases around the stadium.
The £22.9 million net debt comprises loan notes £11.2 million, bank loans £3.5 million, other loans £6.3 million, preference shares £1.6 million and an overdraft £0.2 million less £1.8 million cash. The outstanding loan notes represent the unpaid element of a 15-year £15 million loan from AXA Investment Managers Ltd, which was released in two instalments of £7.5 million at fixed rates of 7.67% and 7.24%. In addition, there are two bank loans: £1.0 million with the Bank of Scotland repayable over 10 years at 2% above base rate; and £2.5 million repayable in 2012 at 4.25% above LIBOR.
The loan notes and bank loans are secured on land and future income streams, but the other loans of £6.3 million (from directors past and present) are unsecured and interest-free. This is just as well, because the annual interest on the loan notes and bank loans of £1.6 million is difficult for the club to cover from normal operations with the interest rates now looking quite high by today's standards.
"Wes Hoolahan - when Irish eyes are smiling"
This helps to explain why the club was in breach of certain covenants at year-end with its principal lenders, AXA and the Bank of Scotland, which explains why the debt is show within creditors amounts falling due within one year, as is the £1.4 million owed to deputy chairman Michael Foulger, as this is repayable on the earlier of promotion to the Premier League or August 2012.
The worries over Norwich's funding issues led to auditors Grant Thornton inserting the dreaded "Emphasis of Matter" statement in the delayed 2009 accounts, warning of "the existence of an uncertainty which may cast doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern." Although such comments do not necessarily sound a death knell to a club, they are obviously not good news, hence the importance of the agreement with the club's lenders to defer payments. In fact, the rescheduling of debts was sufficient to remove this statement from the latest 2010 accounts.
This does not alter the fact that Norwich's business model relies on regular injections of cash from its owners. Since Delia Smith and Michael Wynn Jones took over the club in 1996 they have put in around £12 million via share purchases and interest-free loans, which they have promised they will not ask to be repaid while the club still owes money to the banks. No wonder that former chairman Roger Munby said that "the club remains hugely indebted to their incredible generosity", which enabled the Canaries to support a reasonable wage budget and prevent the sales of too many players.
However, they're not the only benefactors, as fellow director Michael Foulger has also provided loans of £1.4 million and two months ago bought £2 million of new shares, increasing his stake in the club to 15% and reducing that of the Delia Smith and Michael Wynn Jones combination from 61% to 53%. This money has been ring-fenced to be used solely for the playing budget. Foulger also gifted the club £360,000 in the summer of 2009, when he matched pound-for-pound all the money not claimed by season ticket holders, who were entitled to a 20% rebate following relegation to League One.
Finally, Andrew and Sharon Turner loaned the club £2 million when they became directors in 2007, though their pledge to provide another £2 million of support unfortunately did not come to pass, as they left the board the following year for reasons unknown. The hole in the budget was closed by yet another contribution from "Smith and Jones."
Over the last few years, the club has been living a hand to mouth existence, attempting to generate cash and balance its books with a variety of creative initiatives, such as refinancing, share offers and sales of property and land. A £1.5m share issue in 2004 helped bridge the gap left by the collapse of ITV Digital with £1 million coming from the fans and the other £500,000 from Delia and her husband.
"Andrew Crofts - the running man"
The £6 million received from selling land near Carrow Road for a housing development that year paid for the "calculated gamble" of signing three strikers (Darren Huckerby, Mathias Svensson and Leon McKenzie). Similarly, the £720,000 raised from the unclaimed season ticket rebates in 2009 allowed the purchase of Grant Holt, whose 24 goals were vital in gaining promotion from League One.
Most recently, the £2.1 million of funds received from the sale of some more land adjoining the stadium to a housing association in November 2010 were used to reduce the club's borrowing. This was an important part of the financial restructuring agreed with the two main lenders that extended their repayment schedule: AXA's hefty loan to May 2022; the Bank of Scotland's £1.5 million overdraft facility to August 2011 and bank loans to October 2013. According to chairman Alan Bowkett, this move left "the long-term future of the club much more secure", but he was less circumspect at the club's AGM, admitting that without the rescheduling, "We would not be standing here today."
There is little doubt that the new management team of Bowkett and chief executive David McNally, who arrived with a fine track record from his time at Fulham and Celtic, have wasted no time in addressing the club's financial issues since their appointments in July 2009, following the resignations of Munby and Doncaster as a result of the disastrous drop to League One.
"Simeon Jackson - another hat-trick"
They have had to balance Norwich's proud tradition of a club run for the community with the commercial needs of a modern football club, so that annual losses and debt levels can both be reduced, while keeping the squad competitive.
As an example, this means fine-tuning the ethos of "affordable family football" by raising ticket prices and reviewing the number of tickets sold on concessions (over 50%), as gate receipts have to be a key element of the club's revenue, especially at this level. Such moves are never going to be universally popular, but fortunately for the new board most supporters understand that revenue growth is necessary to avoid less palatable alternatives, such as selling star players or the club ultimately ceasing to exist.
The new executives put together a seven-year plan to return to the top flight and become an established Premier League club, which originally included two years to get out of League One and three years consolidation in the Championship. McNally further explained, "We would then be promoted to the Premier League, allowing for immediate relegation and an immediate return. From that point we would continue to play our football in the Premier League." This must have looked fairly optimistic to fans, but barely after the ink has dried on the new vision, they might have to rip it up and write another one, as the team is way ahead of schedule.
"John Ruddy - calm and collected"
This begs the question of whether it might actually be too soon for Norwich to be promoted to the Premier League, but as McNally pointed out, "There are 90 million reasons to make certain we are ready." He is referring to the financial bonanza available, though it's important to appreciate that the money does not arrive in one fell swoop. Even if a club finishes bottom of the Premier League, it earns around £40 million from the TV deal, but it is also in line for £48 million in parachute payments over the next four years (£16 million in each of the first two years, and £8 million in each of years three and four). On top of that, gate receipts and commercial income would certainly be higher, hence at least £90 million more revenue. To place that into context, that is more than five times Norwich's current turnover of £17 million.
Such an enormous disparity explains why clubs are so desperate for promotion to the Premier League, even though the Championship is a successful league in its own right, boasting the fourth highest attendance in Europe with a total of more than 9.9 million fans ahead of Italy's Serie A (9.1 million) and France's Ligue 1 (7.6 million), though admittedly fewer matches are played in those divisions. The sad reality is that money talks and precious little of the Premier League's wealth finds its way down the football pyramid. These days, Football League clubs cannot even rely on raising serious money from player sales, as the Premier League tends to buy from overseas or their own division.
Consequently, it is very tough for Championship clubs to break-even from operations, especially if they are carrying a wage bill that will enable them to challenge for promotion, which means that most Football League clubs almost inevitably make large losses. Therefore, they must rely on other forms of financial support. As Delia said, "Anyone outside the Premiership is going to struggle without billionaires and millionaires."
Norwich City's financials are no exception to this rule, showing losses in each of the last three years, ever since the parachute payments from their last stint in the Premier League came to an end. Although the 2010 loss of £5.8 million might not seem a huge amount, it is equivalent to 34% of revenue. The same percentage would produce a loss of almost £100 million at Manchester United – even more than the real thing.
In fairness, the club did very well to restrict the loss to just £0.8 million more than the one recorded the previous year in a higher league, especially as they had to cover £2.6 million of exceptional charges, including £0.6 million relating to Paul Lambert's move from Colchester United (fines, compensation, legal fees), £0.5 million for a strategic review and £0.2 million to directors and senior executives for loss of office plus £1.3 million classified as staff costs (£0.9 million promotion bonus and £0.5 million players' compromise agreements).
Profit on player sales was also quite low at £0.8 million, including £0.3 million appearance related fees for former players, but this has never been a big money spinner for Norwich with the highest profit in the last six years being the £6.2 million made in 2005/06, mainly from the sale of Dean Ashton to West Ham. Since then, very few players have brought in large sums, even though the club have sold internationals like Robert Green and Robert Earnshaw.
The price of relegation can be clearly seen in the decline in revenue over the years with turnover falling from £37 million in 2005 (Premier League) to £17 million in 2010 (League One). Most of this decrease is due to TV, as the central distribution dropped £12 million in 2006 following relegation to the Championship, though it was held up by £7m of parachute payments in 2006 and 2007, before falling off a cliff in 2008. This was obviously a bitter pill to swallow for the club, particularly as it accounted for approximately 30% of total revenue. Commercial revenue also took a hit as a direct result of relegation, but gate receipts have held up remarkably well, which is a tribute to the fans' steadfast support.
Even though Norwich's revenue has fallen so much, they still have the ninth highest revenue in the Championship, based on the 2009/10 accounts. Clearly, the three clubs that were in the Premier League last season (Portsmouth, Hull City and Burnley) have the highest revenue, while the next three teams in the "league table" (Middlesbrough, Reading and Derby County) had the benefit of parachute payments. Even so, as former chief executive Neil Doncaster said, "We are in a far better position than a lot of other clubs, because our season tickets sell out and activities off the pitch."
This is even more relevant this season, as only four clubs are boosted by parachute payments: the three relegated last season and Middlesbrough. Given that both Portsmouth and Hull City have encountered steep financial difficulties, we now have a more level playing field than in the past, at least from a financial perspective, which helps explain why the division is so competitive.
That said, Burnley's revenue of £45 million last year was significantly higher than Norwich's £17 million, entirely due to the difference in broadcasting income (£34 million compared to £2 million). In fact, revenue from gate receipts and commercial activities was actually higher at Norwich, even though they were two divisions lower. Following relegation to the Championship, Burnley's projected revenue will still be more than Norwich, purely due to the £16 million parachute payments, though the gap is much closer, because of the increase in Norwich's TV revenue to £5.5 million.
This estimate is mainly derived from three payments given to all clubs in the Championship: the £2.47 million Football League distribution; £2.2 million solidarity payment from the Premier League (up from £1 million last season); and £0.5 million share of the parachute payments given to Newcastle and WBA, as they went straight back up to the top tier. In addition, I have included £0.3 million for cup runs and facility fees (each time a team is shown live is worth £100,000 to the home team, £10,000 to the away team).
Unfortunately, the new Football League three-year TV deal signed this month, which kicks off in the 2012/13 season, is £69 million lower than the current contract at £195 million, a reduction of 26%. As there was no interest from BBC, ITV or even ESPN, the only game in town was Sky, who could accordingly lower their bid. Given that most of the money is allocated to the Championship, this is where the impact will be most keenly felt – another reason, if one were required, to push as hard as possible for promotion.
Although Norwich listed a reduction in attendances as one of their principal business risks, there would appear to be little danger of this happening, given that crowds have remained at more or less the same levels whatever league the Canaries find themselves in. Little wonder that the club formally thanked the "passionate, loyal, local support who continue to demonstrate their undying loyalty to their football club."
In fact, their average attendance of 25,346 is the third highest in the Championship, only behind Leeds United and Derby County, and is actually higher than seven clubs in the Premier League (Birmingham City, Fulham, WBA, Blackburn Rivers, Bolton Wanderers, Wigan and Blackpool). There is no sign of this slowing down with season ticket sales for the 2011/12 campaign already standing at a record high of 21,063, considerably more than the 19,250 the last time that Norwich were in the Premier League, even though prices have been raised by an average £1.50 a game and the starting age for adult concessions has been increased from 60 to 65.
Of the clubs averaging more than 20,000 in the Championship, Norwich have by far the highest capacity utilisation at 94%, which has raised the possibility of a stadium expansion. Although 1,000 seats were added last summer, the board has discussed a plan to increase Carrow Road's capacity from 27,000 to 35,000, though this would only be considered if the club had two consecutive seasons in the Premier League. Although it could make the club self-sufficient, the expansion would cost £20 million, which would take nine years to repay, and the club would lose £1.4 million gate receipts from lost capacity during the building phase, so this would be a momentuous decision.
"Yellow and Green Army"
Alternatively, there would be the possibility of a sale and leaseback deal on the stadium, which would raise enough money to pay off the debts and leave a useful transfer budget. Carrow Road is valued at £32.9 million in the books, though the directors believe that the market value is higher. However, every club that has followed this route now regrets the decision. Mike Reynolds of the Norwich City Supporters' Trust summed up the fans' views, "It would be very much selling off the family silver - once it's gone, it is gone and you can't go back and use it as an asset." Indeed, following the restructuring, Delia promised that the ground would "absolutely not" be sold.
Commercial income of £8.5 million is quite high for a Championship club, but is bolstered by £3.8m catering revenue. That may not be too surprising, given the owner's day job, but it's strange to think that last season this was more than twice as much as TV revenue, though the margins will not be quite so impressive.
The current shirt sponsor is insurance giant Aviva, the parent company of Norwich Union, who extended their three-year deal in the summer of 2009 to the end of the 2011/12 season. The value of the deal has not been divulged beyond the fact that is a "substantial seven-figure sum." The kit supplier is Xara, though McNally has told supporters that there will be a new contract from next season.
Other commercial revenue comes from a variety of sources, including a joint venture for the hotel at Carrow Road, a security business and hosting events at the stadium, such as a George Michael concert.
On the cost side, the wage bill is the key factor in a budget that the chairman described as one that "will allow us to compete for a top six position." As always, this is a balancing act between spending enough to compete at the top of the Championship, while not damaging the club's long-term security if it fails to win promotion. It is clear that Norwich have made strenuous efforts to control their wages, as these have been steadily reducing since the last Premier League season from £16.9 million to £12.2 million, though the important wages to turnover ratio has increased (worsened) from 45% to 72% in the same period, as revenue has fallen at a faster rate.
This is not too bad, given the pervasive impact of the stratospheric wage inflation in the Premier League, "where the wages of excellence are considerable." The accounts tell us that Norwich structured their contracts to reduce in the event of relegation, though interestingly only if the team did not win back promotion in the following two seasons. If the club does get promoted, this can also affect the wage bill through performance-related bonus payments: £1.7 million in 2005 and £0.9 million in 2010.
Norwich's wage to turnover ratio is actually the sixth best in the Championship, while their wage bill of £12.2 million is one of the lowest, placing them 16th in the wages league. Although there is seemingly not much between each team with 15 of the 24 teams having a wage bill between £10 and £20 million, that can still provide a healthy competitive advantage, for example Reading enjoy twice the budget of Watford. Of course, these figures are all at least 12 months out of date, so the position may well be different this season.
Nor have Norwich City been big spenders in the transfer market. Over the last decade, their net spend has been flat with the only year where they had relatively large net purchases (of just £7 million) being the one that they spent in the Premier League. The fallow period in the Championship featured a series of net sales, totaling £16 million, and it's only really in the last two years that Norwich have lived up to their own description in the accounts of being a "buying club."
To be fair, the sales came during a period when the club's debts prevented them from splashing the cash. As the finance director said at the time, "player trading is a fact of life in football and will be used to support both the business and development of the team." Norwich have always claimed that they were working towards a situation where they did not have to sell players for financial reasons. After the debt restructuring, they have proved true to their word and have been the second highest spenders in the Championship this season, only surpassed by QPR. OK, the figures are not that high, but everything's relative.
Like almost every other club in the Championship, Norwich have also made good use of the loan system, bringing in promising Premier League youngsters like Henri Lansbury (Arsenal), Dani Pacheco (Liverpool) and Sam Vokes (Wolves) for meaningful roles.
Some fans have questioned Norwich's "prudence before ambition" policy. Although there is no doubting Delia's passion for the club ("Let's be having you!"), nor the millions she has put in, some would still prefer wealthier investors. However, McNally for one is supportive of the majority shareholder, "Delia Smith has made an enormous contribution to Norwich City Football Club and her part in ensuring our survival should never be underestimated."
This is very much a case of caveat venditor (let the seller beware), as not all owners would be such selfless benefactors as Delia and her husband, who have not taken any salaries, dividends or interest from the club during their fifteen years at the helm. That said, they have repeatedly asserted that they would accept a suitable offer if they felt that it was in the best interests of Norwich City.
The other salient point is that it is not that easy to find an ideal investor with the right credentials. The club has been "committed to attracting new investors" since 2008 and even appointed professional advisors Deloitte at great cost to assist in the process in 2009. They identified more than 50 potential investors globally, speaking to possible candidates in America, Europe, Far East, Middle East, Russia an Britain, but none of them have come up with an acceptable offer, even though Norwich is a club in a large catchment area with substantial potential.
"Henri Lansbury - hair today, gone tomorrow"
There has been a view that the club is against foreign ownership, but Michael Wynn Jones has clarified the couple's views, "You have to make doubly certain about the validity and intentions of any foreign investor. They too would be welcome if we were convinced that they subscribed to the values this football club has always maintained."
Regardless, the closest the club has ostensibly come to an investment was a couple of years ago with local insurance tycoon, Peter Cullum, the executive chairman of Towergate Partnership, who offered to put in £20 million for new shares, which would then be used to buy new players. Apparently he did not want to buy out the existing shareholders, but was told that he would need to stump up £56 million for the club: £16 million for shares, £20 million to clear the debts plus the £20 million transfer fund. At this point, he walked away, observing that "the economic environment is simply not conducive to investing in an ailing football club."
In any case, the question has to be asked whether the club is now still under pressure to find additional investors following the successful financial restructuring, as McNally recently stated that the seven-year plan does not include any external investment. Additional cash would certainly come in useful, whether it be to reduce debt, fund stadium expansion or indeed strengthen the squad, but it would appear that it is no longer a necessity.
"Russell Martin - eyes on the ball"
As a sign of confidence, Norwich have already forecast an improvement in next year's financials: revenue to increase by at least £5 million (to £22 million); the biggest operating profit since 2007, the last year that the club received parachute payments from the Premier League; and net debt to reduce by at least a further £1 million. The club remains focused on paying down debts from the sale of non-core, non-football assets, while McNally said that they could be debt-free if they achieve the objectives laid down in the famous seven-year plan.
Of course, the price to be paid for success includes the possibility of larger clubs tempting away your prize assets, specifically the manager and star players. Norwich have already refused one club (Burnley) permission to talk to Paul Lambert, but if a larger club came knocking at the door, it would not be a massive surprise if such an ambitious coach were to exit stage left.
"Andrew Surman - all smiles"
Similarly, covetous eyes must have been cast on success stories like Holt, Hoolahan and young striker Chris Martin, to name but three. Fortunately, all of them have recently signed new deals with the former two extending their contracts to 2014. Of course, the club might still be tempted to cash in if the price is right, but they are no longer in a position where they have to sell.
The club has certainly come a long way since the players had to pay for their own flights to Blackpool for an away game. The new executive team has pulled them back from the financial brink, while the new football manager is poised to lead his team to a second successive promotion, this time to the Premier League. It's still too early to say that they will reach their destination, but it's fair to say that these Canaries have already taken flight.


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Jan 25, 2016
Visual Images, Metaphors and Cultural Knowledge
The arts of a people offer an illuminating view of its culture, and hence of its thought processes, attitudes, beliefs, and values. The art of a particular culture can reveal ever-changing human images and attitudes, so awareness of a people�s indigenous art, visual and cultural symbols can become an important medium for cross-cultural understanding. �Just as written documents [that utilize phonographs] materialize history in literate communities,� as pointed out by Fraser and Cole (1972, p. 313), �so in traditional societies, art forms make the intangible past more real.� Some of these art forms like the adinkra and kente cloths of the Akan and the Ewe utilize pictograms and ideograms, and are pregnant with text that symbolizes ideas on several levels of discourse.
In Ghana, visual references to the indigenous arts are everywhere, in clothing, architecture, billboards, corporate advertising, tourist items, on vehicles, and myriad forms. Ghanaian art, from sculpture to body art, is symbolic and representational. Ghanaian art is the way of life of its people. The life of the Ghanaian is made up of two components: physical ( things physically seen such as stools, pots, wooden dolls etc.) and theory (symbols, abstractions such as proverbs, storytelling, songs and dance). It therefore becomes difficult to separate art from life. This makes Ghanaian art, like the arts of many native cultures, unique.
In Ghana, as in many areas of the world, the meanings attached to indigenous art forms are based on larger philosophical foundations. Those meanings are at the crux of the ongoing struggle in the minds of many Ghanaians over the appropriateness of Ghana's traditional arts in their contemporary education system. The indigenous arts are caught in the crossfire between the need to protect and project the country's unique cultural heritage and the adoption of a perceived modernity.
Ghanaian visual arts include painting (pictorial composition), graphics (lettering, packaging design, print making, book illustration), crafts (textiles and embroidery, pottery, sculpture, puppetry, basketry and weaving, calabash decoration, canoe decoration, leather works, and wall decoration � mosaic, collage, murals, stained glass). These arts constitute a major source of the cultural knowledge of Ghanaians.
Western cultures are so involved in written language that they have not seriously studied how humans structure information visually. However, Rudolph Arnheim (1969) differs from most of his fellow cognitive psychologists in that he is against the imposition of the print culture bias in research on human information processing models. Arnheim argues that those entrenched in this approach to research are only studying those psychological processes involved in the needs of a print culture. These models do not focus on the nature of those relational modes of cognition associated with the right cerebral hemisphere of the mind. They neither deal with visual thinking and its concern for the simultaneity of structures nor do they concern themselves with the role of affectivity in processing socio-cultural values.
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James Killed and Peter Imprisoned
12 About that time Herod the king laid violent hands on some who belonged to the church. 2 He killed fJames the brother of John gwith the sword, 3 and when he saw hthat it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also. This was during ithe days of Unleavened Bread. 4 And when he had seized him, he put him jin prison, delivering him over to four ksquads of soldiers to guard him, intending after the Passover to bring him out to the people. 5 So Peter was kept in prison, but earnest lprayer for him was made to God by the church.
Peter Is Rescued
6 Now when Herod was about to bring him out, on that very night, Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, mbound with two chains, and sentries before the door were guarding the prison. 7 And behold, nan angel of the Lord ostood next to him, and a light shone in the cell. pHe struck Peter on the side and woke him, saying, "Get up quickly." And qthe chains fell off his hands. 8 And the angel said to him, "Dress yourself and rput on your sandals." And he did so. And he said to him, "Wrap your cloak around you and follow me." 9 And he went out and followed him. He did not know that what was being done by the angel was real, but sthought he was seeing a vision. 10 When they had passed the first and the second guard, they came to the iron gate leading into the city. tIt opened for them of its own accord, and they went out and went along one street, and immediately the angel left him. 11 When Peter ucame to himself, he said, "Now I am sure that vthe Lord has sent his angel and wrescued me from the hand of Herod and from all that the Jewish people were expecting."
12 When he realized this, he went to the house of Mary, the mother of xJohn whose other name was Mark, where many were gathered together and ywere praying. 13 And when he knocked at the door of the gateway, za servant girl named Rhoda came to answer. 14 Recognizing Peter's voice, ain her joy she did not open the gate but ran in and reported that Peter was standing at the gate. 15 They said to her, "You are out of your mind." But she kept insisting that it was so, and they kept saying, "It is bhis angel!" 16 But Peter continued knocking, and when they opened, they saw him and were amazed. 17 But cmotioning to them with his hand to be silent, he described to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, "Tell these things to dJames and to ethe brothers."1 Then he departed and went to another place.
18 Now when day came, there was no little disturbance among the soldiers over what had become of Peter. 19 And after Herod searched for him and did not find him, he examined the sentries and fordered that they should be put to death. Then he went down from Judea to Caesarea and spent time there.
The Death of Herod
20 Now Herod was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon, and they came to him with one accord, and ghaving persuaded Blastus, the king's chamberlain,2 they asked for peace, because htheir country depended on the king's country for food. 21 On an appointed day Herod put on his royal robes, took his seat upon the throne, and delivered an oration to them. 22 And the people were shouting, "The voice of a god, and not of a man!" 23 Immediately ian angel of the Lord struck him down, because jhe did not give God the glory, and he was eaten by worms and breathed his last.
24 But kthe word of God increased and multiplied.
25 lAnd Barnabas and Saul returned from3 Jerusalem when they had completed their service, bringing with them mJohn, whose other name was Mark.
Barnabas and Saul Sent Off
13 Now there were in the church at Antioch nprophets and nteachers, oBarnabas, Simeon who was called Niger,1 Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen a lifelong friend of pHerod the tetrarch, and Saul. 2 While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, qthe Holy Spirit said, r"Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul sfor the work to which I have called them." 3 Then after fasting and tpraying they laid their hands on them and usent them off.
Barnabas and Saul on Cyprus
4 So, being sent out vby the Holy Spirit, they went down to Seleucia, and from there they sailed to Cyprus. 5 When they arrived at Salamis, they proclaimed the word of God win the synagogues of the Jews. And they had xJohn to yassist them. 6 When they had gone through the whole island as far as Paphos, they came upon a certain zmagician, aa Jewish false prophet named Bar-Jesus. 7 He was with bthe proconsul, Sergius Paulus, a man of intelligence, who summoned Barnabas and Saul and sought to hear the word of God. 8 But Elymas the zmagician (for that is the meaning of his name) copposed them, seeking to turn dthe proconsul away from the faith. 9 But Saul, who was also called Paul, efilled with the Holy Spirit, looked intently at him 10 and said, "You fson of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, full of all deceit and gvillainy, will you not stop hmaking crooked ithe straight paths of the Lord? 11 And now, behold, jthe hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will be blind and unable to see the sun for a time." Immediately mist and darkness fell upon him, and he went about seeking kpeople to lead him by the hand. 12 Then the proconsul believed, when he saw what had occurred, for he was astonished at lthe teaching of the Lord.
Paul and Barnabas at Antioch in Pisidia
13 Now Paul and his companions set sail from Paphos and came to Perga in Pamphylia. And mJohn left them and returned nto Jerusalem, 14 but they went on from Perga and came to Antioch in Pisidia. And oon the Sabbath day pthey went into the synagogue and sat down. 15 After qthe reading from rthe Law and the Prophets, sthe rulers of the synagogue sent a message to them, saying, "Brothers, if you have any tword of encouragement for the people, say it." 16 So Paul stood up, and umotioning with his hand said:
"Men of Israel and vyou who fear God, listen. 17 wThe God of this people Israel xchose our fathers and ymade the people great zduring their stay in the land of Egypt, and awith uplifted arm he led them out of it. 18 And for about bforty years che put up with2 them in the wilderness. 19 And dafter destroying eseven nations in the land of Canaan, fhe gave them their land as an inheritance. 20 All this took about 450 years. And after that ghe gave them judges until hSamuel the prophet. 21 Then ithey asked for a king, and God gave them Saul jthe son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years. 22 And kwhen he had removed him, lhe raised up David to be their king, of whom he testified and said, m'I have found in David the son of Jesse na man after my heart, owho will do all my will.' 23 pOf this man's offspring God has brought to Israel qa Savior, Jesus, ras he promised. 24 Before his coming, sJohn had proclaimed ta baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. 25 And as John was finishing his course, uhe said, 'What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. No, but behold, after me one is coming, the sandals of whose feet I am not worthy to untie.'
26 "Brothers, sons of the family of Abraham, and those among you vwho fear God, to us has been sent wthe message of xthis salvation. 27 For those who live in Jerusalem and their rulers, because ythey did not recognize him nor understand zthe utterances of the prophets, which are read every Sabbath, afulfilled them by condemning him. 28 And bthough they found in him no guilt worthy of death, cthey asked Pilate to have him executed. 29 And when dthey had carried out all that was written of him, ethey took him down from fthe tree and laid him in a tomb. 30 But gGod raised him from the dead, 31 and for many days hhe appeared to those iwho had come up with him jfrom Galilee to Jerusalem, kwho are now lhis witnesses to the people. 32 And we bring you the good news mthat what God promised to the fathers, 33 nthis he has fulfilled to us their children by raising Jesus, as also it is written in the second Psalm,
o"'You are my Son,
today I have begotten you.'
34 And as for the fact that he raised him from the dead, pqno more to return to corruption, he has spoken in this way,
"'I will give you rthe holy and sure blessings of David.'
35 Therefore he says also in another psalm,
s"'You will not let your Holy One see corruption.'
36 For David, after he had tserved the purpose of God in his own generation, ufell asleep and vwas laid with his fathers and saw corruption, 37 but he whom wGod raised up did not see corruption. 38 Let it be known to you therefore, brothers, xthat through this man yforgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you, 39 and by him zeveryone who believes is freed3 from everything afrom which you could not be freed by the law of Moses. 40 Beware, therefore, lest what is said in the Prophets should come about:
41 b"'Look, you scoffers,
be astounded and perish;
for I am doing a work in your days,
a work that you will not believe, even if one tells it to you.'"
42 As they went out, the people begged that these things might be told them the next Sabbath. 43 And after the meeting of the synagogue broke up, many Jews and cdevout dconverts to Judaism followed Paul and Barnabas, who, as they spoke with them, urged them eto continue in fthe grace of God.
44 The next Sabbath almost the whole city gathered to hear the word of the Lord. 45 gBut hwhen the Jews4 saw the crowds, they were filled with ijealousy and began to contradict what was spoken by Paul, jreviling him. 46 And Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, "It was necessary that the word of God kbe spoken first to you. lSince you thrust it aside and judge yourselves munworthy of eternal life, behold, we nare turning to the Gentiles. 47 oFor so the Lord has commanded us, saying,
p"'I have made you qa light for the Gentiles,
that you may rbring salvation to the ends of the earth.'"
48 And when the Gentiles heard this, they began rejoicing and sglorifying the word of the Lord, and as many as were appointed to eternal life believed. 49 And the word of the Lord was spreading throughout the whole region. 50 tBut the Jews incited the devout uwomen of high standing and the leading men of the city, vstirred up persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and wdrove them out of their district. 51 But they xshook off the dust from their feet against them and went to Iconium. 52 And the disciples were filled ywith joy and zwith the Holy Spirit.
Paul and Barnabas at Iconium
14 Now at Iconium athey entered together into the Jewish synagogue and spoke in such a way that a great number of both Jews and Greeks believed. 2 bBut the cunbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against dthe brothers.1 3 So they remained for a long time, speaking boldly for ethe Lord, who bore witness to fthe word of his grace, ggranting signs and wonders to be done by their hands. 4 But the people of the city hwere divided; isome sided with the Jews and some with the apostles. 5 When an attempt was made by both Gentiles and Jews, with their rulers, jto mistreat them and kto stone them, 6 they learned of it and lfled to mLystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and to the surrounding country, 7 and there they continued to preach the gospel.
Paul and Barnabas at Lystra
8 Now at Lystra there was a man sitting who could not use his feet. He was ncrippled from birth and had never walked. 9 He listened to Paul speaking. And Paul, looking intently at him and oseeing that he had faith to be made well,2 10 said in a loud voice, "Stand upright on your feet." And he psprang up and began walking. 11 And when the crowds saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their voices, saying in Lycaonian, q"The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men!" 12 Barnabas they called rZeus, and Paul, Hermes, because he was the chief speaker. 13 And the priest of rZeus, whose temple was at the entrance to the city, brought oxen and garlands to the gates and swanted to offer sacrifice with the crowds. 14 But when the apostles Barnabas and Paul heard of it, they ttore their garments and rushed out into the crowd, crying out, 15 "Men, uwhy are you doing these things? We also are men, vof like nature with you, and we bring you good news, that wyou should turn from these xvain things to ya living God, zwho made the heaven and the earth and the sea and all that is in them. 16 In past generations he aallowed all the nations bto walk in their own ways. 17 Yet che did not leave himself without witness, for he ddid good by egiving you rains from heaven and ffruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with gfood and hgladness." 18 Even with these words they scarcely restrained the people from offering sacrifice to them.
Paul Stoned at Lystra
19 iBut Jews came from Antioch and Iconium, and having persuaded the crowds, jthey stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead. 20 But when the disciples gathered about him, he rose up and entered the city, and on the next day he went on with Barnabas to Derbe. 21 When they had preached the gospel to that city and had kmade many disciples, they returned to Lystra and to Iconium and to Antioch, 22 lstrengthening the souls of the disciples, encouraging them mto continue in nthe faith, and saying that othrough many tribulations we must enter the kingdom of God. 23 And when they had pappointed qelders for them in every church, with prayer and fasting rthey committed them to the Lord in whom they had believed.
Paul and Barnabas Return to Antioch in Syria
24 Then they passed through Pisidia and came to Pamphylia. 25 And when they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia, 26 and from there they sailed to Antioch, swhere they had been tcommended to the grace of God for the work that they had fulfilled. 27 And when they arrived and gathered the church together, uthey declared all that God had done with them, and vhow he had wopened xa door of faith to the Gentiles. 28 And they remained no little time with the disciples.
The Jerusalem Council
15 yBut some men came down from Judea and were teaching zthe brothers, "Unless you are acircumcised baccording to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved." 2 And after Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and cdebate with them, Paul and Barnabas and dsome of the others were appointed to go up to Jerusalem to ethe apostles and the elders about this question. 3 So, fbeing sent on their way by the church, they passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, gdescribing in detail the conversion of the Gentiles, and hbrought great joy to all ithe brothers.1 4 jWhen they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and kthe apostles and the elders, and gthey declared all that God had done with them. 5 But some believers who belonged to lthe party of the Pharisees rose up and said, m"It is necessary nto circumcise them and to order them to keep the law of Moses."
6 oThe kapostles and the elders were gathered together to consider this matter. 7 And after there had been much pdebate, Peter stood up and said to them, "Brothers, you know that in the early days God made a choice among you, qthat by my mouth the Gentiles should hear rthe word of sthe gospel and believe. 8 And God, twho knows the heart, ubore witness to them, vby giving them the Holy Spirit just as he did to us, 9 and whe made no distinction between us and them, xhaving cleansed their hearts yby faith. 10 Now, therefore, why zare you putting God to the test aby placing a yoke on the neck of the disciples bthat neither our fathers nor we have been able to bear? 11 But we cbelieve that we will be dsaved through ethe grace of the Lord Jesus, wjust as they will."
12 And all the assembly fell silent, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul fas they related what signs and wonders God had done through them among the Gentiles. 13 After they finished speaking, gJames replied, "Brothers, listen to me. 14 hSimeon has related how God first visited the Gentiles, to take from them ia people for his name. 15 And with this the words of the prophets agree, just as it is written,
16 j"'After this I will return,
and I will rebuild the tent of David that has fallen;
I will rebuild its ruins,
and I will restore it,
17 that the remnant2 of mankind kmay seek the Lord,
and all the Gentiles lwho are called by my name,
says the Lord, who makes these things 18 mknown from of old.'
19 Therefore nmy judgment is that we should not trouble those of the Gentiles who oturn to God, 20 but should write to them pto abstain from qthe things polluted by idols, and from rsexual immorality, and from swhat has been strangled, and from sblood. 21 For from ancient generations Moses has had in every city those who proclaim him, tfor he is read every Sabbath in the synagogues."
The Council's Letter to Gentile Believers
22 Then it seemed good to uthe apostles and the elders, with the whole church, to choose men from among them and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They sent Judas called vBarsabbas, and wSilas, leading men among xthe brothers, 23 with the following letter: x"The brothers, both uthe apostles and the elders, to the brothers3 who are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia, ygreetings. 24 Since we have heard that zsome persons have gone out from us and atroubled you4 with words, unsettling your minds, although we gave them no instructions, 25 it has seemed good to us, having come bto one accord, to choose men and send them to you with our cbeloved Barnabas and Paul, 26 dmen who have erisked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. 27 We have therefore sent fJudas and Silas, who themselves will tell you the same things by word of mouth. 28 For it has seemed good gto the Holy Spirit and hto us ito lay on you no greater burden than these requirements: 29 jthat you abstain from kwhat has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell."
30 So when they were sent off, they went down to Antioch, and having gathered the congregation together, they delivered the letter. 31 And when they had read it, they rejoiced because of its encouragement. 32 And Judas and Silas, who were themselves lprophets, encouraged and mstrengthened nthe brothers with many words. 33 And after they had spent some time, they were sent off oin peace by nthe brothers to those who had sent them.5 35 But pPaul and Barnabas remained in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also.
Paul and Barnabas Separate
36 And after some days Paul said to Barnabas, "Let us return and visit nthe brothers qin every city where we proclaimed the word of the Lord, and see how they are." 37 Now Barnabas wanted to take with them rJohn called Mark. 38 But Paul thought best not to take with them one swho had withdrawn from them in Pamphylia and had not gone with them to the work. 39 And there arose ta sharp disagreement, so that they separated from each other. uBarnabas took Mark with him and sailed away to Cyprus, 40 but Paul chose Silas and departed, vhaving been commended by wthe brothers to xthe grace of the Lord. 41 And he went through Syria and Cilicia, ystrengthening the churches.
Timothy Joins Paul and Silas
16 Paul1 came also to Derbe and to Lystra. A disciple was there, named zTimothy, athe son of a Jewish woman who was a believer, but his father was a Greek. 2 He was well spoken of by bthe brothers2 at Lystra and Iconium. 3 Paul wanted Timothy to accompany him, and he ctook him and circumcised him because of the Jews who were in those places, for they all knew that his father was a Greek. 4 As they went on their way through the cities, they delivered to them for observance dthe decisions ethat had been reached by fthe apostles and elders who were in Jerusalem. 5 gSo the churches were strengthened in hthe faith, and they increased in numbers idaily.
The Macedonian Call
6 And jthey went through the region of Phrygia and Galatia, having been forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia. 7 And when they had come up to Mysia, they attempted to go into Bithynia, but kthe Spirit of Jesus did not allow them. 8 So, passing by Mysia, they went down lto Troas. 9 And a vision appeared to Paul in the night: a man of Macedonia was standing there, urging him and saying, "Come over to Macedonia and help us." 10 And when Paul3 had seen the vision, immediately mwe sought to go on into Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them.
The Conversion of Lydia
11 So, setting sail from Troas, we nmade a direct voyage to Samothrace, and the following day to Neapolis, 12 and from there to oPhilippi, which is a leading city of the4 district of Macedonia and pa Roman colony. We remained in this city some days. 13 And qon the Sabbath day we went outside the gate rto the riverside, where we supposed there was a place of prayer, and we ssat down and spoke to the women who had come together. 14 One who heard us was a woman named Lydia, from the city of Thyatira, a seller of purple goods, twho was a worshiper of God. The Lord uopened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul. 15 And after she was baptized, vand her household as well, she urged us, saying, "If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come to my house and stay." And she wprevailed upon us.
Paul and Silas in Prison
16 As we were going to xthe place of prayer, we were met by a slave girl who had ya spirit of zdivination and abrought her owners much gain by fortune-telling. 17 She followed Paul and us, bcrying out, "These men are cservants of dthe Most High God, who proclaim to you ethe way of salvation." 18 And this she kept doing for many days. Paul, having become greatly annoyed, turned and said to the spirit, f"I command you gin the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her." And hit came out that very hour.
19 But iwhen her owners saw that their hope of gain was gone, they seized Paul and Silas and jdragged them into the marketplace before the rulers. 20 And when they had brought them to the magistrates, they said, "These men are Jews, and they are disturbing our city. 21 They kadvocate customs that are not lawful for us las Romans to accept or practice." 22 The crowd joined in attacking them, and the magistrates tore the garments off them and gave orders mto beat them with rods. 23 And when they had inflicted many blows upon them, they threw them into prison, ordering the jailer to keep them safely. 24 Having received this order, he put them into the inner nprison and fastened their feet in othe stocks.
The Philippian Jailer Converted
25 pAbout midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the prisoners were listening to them, 26 and suddenly qthere was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken. And immediately rall the doors were opened, and severyone's bonds were unfastened. 27 When the jailer woke and saw that the prison doors were open, he drew his sword and twas about to kill himself, supposing that the prisoners had escaped. 28 But Paul cried with a loud voice, "Do not harm yourself, for we are all here." 29 And the jailer5 called for lights and rushed in, and trembling with fear he ufell down before Paul and Silas. 30 Then he brought them out and said, "Sirs, vwhat must I do to be wsaved?" 31 And they said, x"Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you yand your household." 32 And they spoke the word of the Lord to him and to all who were in his house. 33 And he took them zthe same hour of the night and washed their wounds; and he awas baptized at once, he and all his family. 34 Then he brought them up into his house and set food before them. And he brejoiced along with his entire household that he had believed in God.
35 But when it was day, the magistrates sent the police, saying, "Let those men go." 36 And the jailer reported these words to Paul, saying, "The magistrates have sent to let you go. Therefore come out now and go in peace." 37 But Paul said to them, "They have beaten us publicly, cuncondemned, men who are Roman citizens, and have thrown us into prison; and do they now throw us out secretly? No! Let them come themselves and take us out." 38 The police reported these words to the magistrates, and cthey were afraid when they heard that they were Roman citizens. 39 So they came and apologized to them. And they took them out and dasked them to leave the city. 40 So they went out of the prison and visited eLydia. And when they had seen fthe brothers, they encouraged them and departed.


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This listing is for up to 5 new Bay State Abrasives grinding wheel.
Item specifications:
Bay State Abrasives
5" x 2" x 5/8"Each bid is for ONE wheel.
This unit is exactly as pictured and fully guaranteed.
Expedited and Next Day Shipping Services: We utilize UPS for all overnight and next day delivery services. If you would like your purchase expedited, please let us know before 2PM US/EST on the day of purchase. If you would like to have us ship on your UPS account, just provide us with your account number during checkout or give us a call. Special exceptions can be made for customers with FedEx accounts if we are notified in a timely fashion.
Frieght Shipping: If the auction states "freight" as it's shipping service please contact us prior to bidding for an accurate shipping price. If you purchase an item marked as "freight" we will automatically invoice our lowest commercial shipping rate to your "ship to" location utlizing our network of carriers. If you wish to send your own truck or carrier, just let us know and we will provide shipping dimensions. We will load your truck or carrier free of charge at our loading dock.
International buyers are always welcomed. If the shipping price isn't listed as "calculated" please contact us prior to bidding for an accurate shipping price to your country. The buyer is responsible for their own countries custom and tax fees.
We always combine shipping to give you the lowest possible cost.
We pride ourselves on our customer service, and we want to make this eBay transaction as enjoyable as possible. If you run into any problems with your order, please let us know so we can do our best to satisfy your purchase.
Please feel free to call us between 9:00-5:00 EST Monday-Friday at 800 826 3433 if you have any questions.


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Jolanda Tee
Our Jolanda Tee is a classic style, made 96% tencel and 4% elastane. Fabric has a silky smooth texture and light feeling.
• Relaxed fit
• Round neckline
• Short sleeves
• Soft jersey quality
• Made in Türkiye
XS: Chest width: 96 cm, Length: 62 cm
S: Chest width: 100 cm, Length: 63 cm
M: Chest width: 104 cm, Length: 64 cm
L: Chest width: 108 cm, Length: 65 cm
XL: Chest width: 112 cm, Length: 66 cm
XXL: Chest width: 118 cm, Length: 66 cm
XXXL: Chest width: 124 cm, Length: 66 cm
Style no. BA121-04
Color: Rain Forest
Quality: 96% Tencel, 4% Elastane
Washing instructions: We always recommend 30 degrees - Let's take care of our planet!
- Shipping and Delivery within the EU
Standard delivery time: 2-6 business days.
See all delivery options and prices upon check-out.
- Shipping and Delivery outside the EU
On orders outside EU, a shipping fee will be added to your order.
Standard delivery time: 2-6 business days.
See all delivery options and prices upon check-out.
GOTS is a leading international standard for traceable organic textile goods, which has strict requirements on non-hazardous chemical input from fibre to finished product. GOTS is verified through product test and independent auditing to ensure social and environmental responsibility through every step of the supply chain.
GOTS is measured on three positive impact levels:
- The nature & the environment
- The workers in the supply chain
For responsible working conditions.
- The consumers get a verified better and healthier choice
You can read more HERE
A large part of our wool comes from responsible farms, where the animal welfare has a strong focus.
This means that the animals must be kept free from hunger, thirst, discomfort, fear, pain, injuries, and illness, and that they must have the freedom to exercise naturally.
In addition, requirements are set for the operation of the areas on which the animals live, including the protection of the health and biodiversity of the land
You can read much more about our CSR policy HERE
Tencel and Eco-Vero are produced by the Austrian company Lenzing, which is a much better alternative to traditional viscose.
Like traditional viscose, they are made from regenerated plant fibres, but where production has previously been associated with several challenges in the form of harsh chemicals, pollution of aquatic environments and lack of fiber traceability, Lenzing has managed to develop a closed circuit where solvents and water are recycled, and they use fibres that are obtained from certified sustainable forestry.
You can read much more about our CSR policy HERE
Traceability and accountability are crucial to us…
Therefore, we only use recycled materials on which we can obtain detailed documentation. In addition to ensure recycled fibres, it is important to us, that we can vouch for the textiles' health, environmental impact, and social profile, including responsible working conditions, hours, and wages, as well as the possibility of collective negotiations.
Basic Apparel uses synthetic recycled materials only such as recycled polyester – and only when we believe that it can fill a functional need. Your comfort and user experience are crucial for whether our styles have a good and long life in your wardrobe.
You can read much more about our CSR policy HERE


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By Erika Schlager
On June 21, 2007, the Helsinki Commission held a hearing on "Guantánamo: Implications for U.S. Human Rights Leadership."
Chairman Alcee L. Hastings presided over the hearing, joined by Co-Chairman Senator Benjamin L. Cardin, and Commissioner Rep. Mike McIntyre. House Majority Leader Steny H. Hoyer, a former Helsinki Commission Chairman, also participated. Prepared statements were also submitted by Commissioners Senator Christopher J. Dodd and Congresswoman Hilda L. Solis.
Testimony was received from John B. Bellinger III, Legal Advisor to the Department of State; Senator Anne-Marie Lizin, President of the Belgian Senate and OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA) Special Representative on Guantánamo; Tom Malinowski, Advocacy Director, Human Rights Watch; and Gabor Rona, International Legal Director, Human Rights First. In addition, written testimony was received from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. (A transcript of the hearing, along with testimonies submitted for the record, is available on the Helsinki Commission's website. The Department of Defense was invited to send a witness, but declined.
Background: Guantanamo Raised at OSCE PA Meetings
Although the Helsinki Commission largely focuses its attention on issues relating to the other 55 OSCE participating States, the Commission has periodically examined domestic compliance issues. In recent years, no other issue has been raised as vocally with the United States at OSCE PA meetings as the status and treatment of detainees captured or arrested as part of U.S. counter-terrorism operations.
The issue came into particular focus at the OSCE PA's 2003 Annual Session, held in Rotterdam, where a resolution [link] expressing concern over detainees at Guantánamo was debated and adopted. (The first detainees were transported to the detention facility in January 2002.) The vigorous debate in Rotterdam prompted then-Helsinki Commission Chairman Christopher H. Smith and then-Ranking Member Benjamin L. Cardin to lead a Congressional Delegation to the detention facility in late July 2003.
At the 2004 Annual Session, held in Edinburgh, convened shortly after the Abu Ghraib scandal broke, the Assembly adopted a resolution [link], introduced by then-Chairman Smith, condemning torture and urging respect for provisions of the Geneva Conventions. An amendment to that resolution was also adopted, expressing particular concern regarding indefinite detention without trial at Guantánamo.
In February 2005, Senator Anne-Marie Lizin, President of the Belgian Senate, was appointed by then-OSCE PA President Alcee L. Hastings as Special Representative on Guantánamo, with a mandate to report to the Assembly on the situation of detainees from OSCE participating States in the detention facility in Guantánamo. (Sen. Lizin continues to serve in that capacity at the request of the current OSCE Parliamentary Assembly President, Göran Lennmarker.) At the 2005 Annual Session, held in Washington, the Assembly adopted a resolution [link] on "terrorism and human rights," reiterating concern regarding the Guantánamo detainees. Separately, Senator Lizin issued her first report on Guantánamo during the Washington meeting, calling for the detention facility at Guantánamo Bay to be closed. (Her report also touched on the positions of other OSCE participating States regarding the question of the detention of terror suspects.) During the Washington meeting, Department of Defense and Department of State officials also held a briefing for interested parliamentarians on Guantanamo and related issues.
In March 2006, Senator Lizin was able, under U.S. Department of Defense auspices, to make her first visit to the detention facility. She returned to the facility a second time on June 20, 2007, just prior to testifying at the Helsinki Commission's hearing. In addition, Senator Lizin presented additional reports on Guantánamo at the Assembly's Annual Sessions in Brussels (2006) and in Kyiv (2007). She has continued to call for the closure of the detention facility. Her reports are available on the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly website [link].
In opening the hearing, Chairman Hastings drew attention to the concerns that have been repeatedly raised about Guantánamo in the context of the Parliamentary Assembly. He also observed that "for all the 56 OSCE participating States, and not just the United States, the issue of how to safeguard human rights while effectively countering terrorism may be one of the most critical issues these countries will face for the foreseeable future."
The first witness to speak was Legal Adviser Bellinger. Since taking up that position in 2005, Mr. Bellinger has been actively engaged in discussions with U.S. allies and at international fora (particularly the United Nations in Geneva, where he presented U.S. reports under the Convention Against Torture and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) regarding the status and treatment of detainees held by the United States as part of its counterterrorism operations. This was the first time, however, that he had testified before Congress on these matters.
Legal Adviser Bellinger briefly discussed the legal basis, under the law of armed conflict, for detaining combatants, and noted that the 9/11 Commission had recommended that the United States should work with other countries to develop an appropriate framework for the detention and treatment of terror suspects. He also described the considerable efforts he has made to engage allies in discussions on these matters. Bellinger acknowledged that President Bush has said he would like to close Guantánamo, but Bellinger argued that "closing Guantánamo is easier said than done." In particular, he suggested more needs to be done to address the question, where will the detainees go?
In her remarks to the Commission, Senator Lizin observed that, since her 2006 visit to Guantánamo, the number of detainees there has significantly decreased. Nevertheless, "Guantánamo remains one of the bases for [an] anti-American fixation in the world and contributes to the [negative] image of the United States abroad, including [among] friendly countries." She reiterated her recommendation that Guantánamo be closed and noted that Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has also called for the camp to be closed. Senator Lizin noted that 80 detainees are no longer considered enemy combatants and that OSCE participating States could do more to facilitate the transfer of these individuals to third countries.
Both Tom Malinowski and Gabor Rona stressed that many Guantánamo detainees were not captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan, but were individuals turned over to the United States by bounty hunters responding to U.S. offers to pay large sums of money for turning in foreigners. Mr. Rona noted that, "[t]his government's own statistics say that 55% of the detainees were not found to have committed hostile acts. Only 8% were characterized as Al Qaida fighters, and 60% are detained merely because of alleged association with terrorists or terrorist groups."
Mr. Malinowski discussed the dangerous example that U.S. interrogation and detention practices have set for other countries around the globe. (Similar views were echoed in the written testimony submitted by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights.) He also suggested that if the United States made a serious commitment to close Guantánamo, it would open the door for greater cooperation with other countries regarding the transfer of detainees.
Moreover, Malinowski observed that, since 9/11, "the Justice Department has successfully prosecuted dozens of international terror suspects in the civilian courts . . . since then, the system at Guantánamo has succeeded in prosecuting one Australian kangaroo trapper to a sentence of nine months, which is serving back home in Australia."
In his written and oral testimony, Mr. Rona took exception to the applicable legal framework advocated by the administration: "one need not choose between, on the one hand, affording terrorists the protections of prisoner-of-war status, to which only privileged belligerents are entitled, or, on the other hand, holding them in a law-free black hole. They can be targeted while directly participating in hostilities. And if captured, they can be interrogated, they can be detained, but in accordance with international and domestic law."
Members React
During the hearing, Chairman Hastings, Co-Chairman Cardin, and Majority Leader Hoyer all argued for closing the detention facility.
Chairman Hastings said he could not believe "that the American federal prison system cannot try 380 people." He argued that the United States "should take every prisoner out of Guantánamo, no matter his or her status, and move them to a federal prison in the United States of America [and then] either release persons who are not charged, or charge them, try them and confine them in an appropriate federal prison."
Regarding the notion that detainees were sent to Guantánamo because they were enemy combatants, Mr. Cardin remarked that there are "a lot of people who are combatants who are not at Guantánamo Bay," and that people were selected for transfer because of their perceived intelligence value. But in light of the many years that individuals have been held there, some for more than five years now, he argued that "the 380 people that are at Guantánamo Bay have no useful information that warrants a special facility for interrogation, which is what Guantánamo Bay was originally set up as . . . If Guantánamo Bay is needed today, it's needed as a penal facility. And as the Chairman pointed out, we have penal facilities. To keep a penal facility at such expense makes very little sense to the taxpayers of this country."
Finally, Majority Leader Hoyer, who had pressed for the convening of such a hearing in recent years, argued for the restoration of habeas corpus rights that had been terminated by be Military Commission Act of 2006. He argued, "when Saddam Hussein was taken out of a hole and captured, we afforded him his legal rights to hear the evidence against him, to contest that evidence and to be represented by counsel. When Slobodan Milosevic was brought to justice after murdering tens of thousands and sanctioning the ethnic cleansing of more than 2 million people, he was afforded his legal rights. And even the Butchers of Berlin who committed genocide, murdering millions of innocents, were afforded their legal rights at Nürnberg. This was not coddling those who committed atrocities. It was recognizing that if civilization is to be what we want to be, it will be because it follows the rule of law and not the rule of the jungle."


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The 22 statistics that you are about to read prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the middle class is being systematically wiped out of existence in America.
The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer at a staggering rate. Once upon a time, the United States had the largest and most prosperous middle class in the history of the world, but now that is changing at a blinding pace.
See proof of the Middle Class extermination –>
So why are we witnessing such fundamental changes? Well, the globalism and "free trade" that our politicians and business leaders insisted would be so good for us have had some rather nasty side effects. It turns out that they didn't tell us that the "global economy" would mean that middle class American workers would eventually have to directly compete for jobs with people on the other side of the world where there is no minimum wage and very few regulations. The big global corporations have greatly benefited by exploiting third world labor pools over the last several decades, but middle class American workers have increasingly found things to be very tough.
The reality is that no matter how smart, how strong, how educated or how hard working American workers are, they just cannot compete with people who are desperate to put in 10 to 12 hour days at less than a dollar an hour on the other side of the world. After all, what corporation in their right mind is going to pay an American worker ten times more (plus benefits) to do the same job? The world is fundamentally changing. Wealth and power are rapidly becoming concentrated at the top and the big global corporations are making massive amounts of money. Meanwhile, the American middle class is being systematically wiped out of existence as U.S. workers are slowly being merged into the new "global" labor pool.
What do most Americans have to offer in the marketplace other than their labor? Not much. The truth is that most Americans are absolutely dependent on someone else giving them a job. But today, U.S. workers are "less attractive" than ever. Compared to the rest of the world, American workers are extremely expensive, and the government keeps passing more rules and regulations seemingly on a monthly basis that makes it even more difficult to conduct business in the United States.
So corporations are moving operations out of the U.S. at breathtaking speed. Since the U.S. government does not penalize them for doing so, there really is no incentive for them to stay.
What has developed is a situation where the people at the top are doing quite well, while most Americans are finding it increasingly difficult to make it. There are now about 6 unemployed Americans for every new job opening in the United States, and the number of "chronically unemployed" is absolutely soaring. There simply are not nearly enough jobs for everyone.
Many of those who are able to get jobs are finding that they are making less money than they used to. In fact, an increasingly large percentage of Americans are working at low wage retail and service jobs.
But you can't raise a family on what you make flipping burgers at McDonald's or on what you bring in from greeting customers down at the local Wal-Mart.
The truth is that the middle class in America is dying — and once it is gone it will be incredibly difficult to rebuild.


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"Quick into the car. We don't want to be late for school."
"What was that, Mom?"
"I don't know."
And then I saw her: a big gray cat. She ran up the driveway and settled under the yellow rose bush. I stopped the car and ran to her. She was laying down, breathing hard. I pet her head.
"Little gray kitty, are you okay, Baby?"
She look at me. Her breathing eased and then it seemed to stop.
"Oh no, Kitty. Oh, no. Oh, no. Kitty!"
"Mom, what's going on?"
"Just stay in the car, Bob." I picked up the cat and brought her to the car, resting her in the passenger seat. I dropped Bob at school on the way to the animal hospital.
The tech ushered me into a small room. She checked the cat for a heartbeat. The tech looked up and shook her head.
"She must have been sleeping under our car. I didn't see her."
"I'm so sorry. That's horrible. How would you like us to take care of it?"
"Can we have her cremated? At least we can bury her in the yard next to some other nice animals."
"Sure. I have the form here. She doesn't have a collar or a micro-chip. Do you want to name her, or leave that part blank?"
"Well... she did run to the rose bush, so I guess, Rose?"
"Rose. That's a sweet name. Sign right here."
I pet Rose on the back.
"I'm sorry, Rose. I'm really sorry."
I cried the whole way home. I cried for Rose.


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Favorites 0
coonce: Favorites
10 Hottest Chicks in Video Games 6
My list of hot video game girls!
Collection 2
coonce: Collection
Games That Make Me Happy 16
C'mon, look at that face!
Awesome games that need a sequel! 32
Just my list of games that I wish had a sequel
What I'm Playing 10
Playing these now!
Under Rated Games 31
Just a list of some of my favorite games that weren't appreciated at the time of release.
Collection 0
TheBeast: Collection
Wishlist 6
This Site is Awesome, And These Pages Prove It 20
A list of pages that are either filled out really well or are so weird that it's amazing that they actually exist.
Wishlist 0
coonce: Wishlist
Top 10 Genesis Games 4
My list of top 10 Sega Genesis Games.
Top 10 Snowboarding Games 6
My List of Top 10 Snowboarding Games.
Video Game Locations I'd like to visit 8
If only I could jump into the screen.
Jeff's All-Time Favorites 95
They're not always the best games. They're just my favorite for one reason or another. This list isn't in any particular order and I'm going to go for the more obscure stuff first, since no one needs to see a list that says "OH MAN SUPER MARIO WORLD
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Obscure Fighting Games That Are Worth Some Attention 22
The mid-1990s were a pretty special time in gaming. The PlayStation was everywhere, and mod chips were becoming common. This opened me up to a world of crazy-ass import games. Since I happened to have something of a budget that I could put toward acq
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How to make a proper comic book game 15
Playing through Arkham Asylum really made me think about how rare it is to play a great comic book inspired game. Here's a list of some of my favorites.
Games I Will Accept As Your Answer to the Question "What Is The Greatest Game Ever Made?" 212
Different people with different upbringings in different eras mean that everyone's going to have a different answer to the question. For the record, when people ask me, I usually say Tetris. It's certainly not my favorite game of all-time, but if yo
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From Russia with Love (Great Games from the Eastern Bloc) 33
1C publishes most Eastern Block games these days. I love games that come out of Eastern Europe and Russia. If "Eastern Bloc" was a proper genre I would probably declare it as my favorite. So why the fasicination? I guess I just really like the cerebr
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Characters I Would Recruit For My World-Class Fighting Force 36
If I needed to start a world-class force of fighters--you know, men and women who needed to be on-call at all times, ready to fight terror wherever it may rear its nefarious head--these would be the guys at the top of my list.
Good Licensed Games 42
I should note that I mean licensed in the traditional sense of taking characters or stories from other mediums and bringing them to games. I don't mean sports games like Madden or Tony Hawk, even though both are technically licensed products.
Pile of Shame 32
One of the (relative) downsides of covering games for a living is only having a finite amount of time to play games, and often having to play a bunch of games you'd rather not mess with. A consequence of this responsibility is lacking the time to pla
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The Best In Classic Sports 8
A list in progress
Bad Games That I Can't Help But Like... Or At Least Remember Somewhat Fondly 20
Or, if you want to be all technical about it, "guilty pleasures." And yeah, "bad" is probably a strong term. Some of these games are merely middling. But at some point I don't want a huge title for the list.
Embarrassing! 18
These are the sorts of games that, if they were to come up while arguing with someone who didn't like games, you'd just have to shrug your shoulders and say "yeah, well... yeah."
Collection 0
SathingtonWaltz: Collection
Favorites 0
SathingtonWaltz: Favorites
Games I've Completed More Than Three Times 17
I'm fairly skittish with video games when it comes to finishing them. With games coming out every week I tend to move on to the newest greatest thing before completing the task at hand. With that said it's extremely rare for me to actually enjoy a ga
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Hot Box Art 0
My list of super hot box art.
Franchises That Deserve A Reboot / Refresh 19
If someone can tell me why we can't have a decent Looney Tunes, Pixar or Jeopardy game I'd love to hear it. Enjoy this mix of forgotten and ill-treated franchises.
Games I Loved, Forgot, And Then Remembered Again Thanks to Jeff 12
Thanks Jeff! As a recently turned thirty-year old that started gaming at the age of five I feel pretty good about having a large catalog of game memories versus most of my peers. Due to a kid-filled neighborhood in the suburbs of DC I got a healthy
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Best of 2009 2
lordofultima: Best of 2009
Best of 2009 1
Abyssfull: Best of 2009
Best of 2009 0
TheBeast: Best of 2009
Best of 2009 0
JacDG: Best of 2009
Best of 2009 1
My top ten games of 2009!
Best of 2009 5
While reviewing games certainly has its challenges, comparing two games that have next to nothing in common is actually much harder. These apples-to-oranges moments forced me to really consider things like "is a weird portable rhythm game better or w
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Games I Have Used For Cell Phone SMS/Ringtones 9
Pretty simple, really. This is a list of all of the music or game noises I've used as ringtones or as incoming SMS noises.
Games That Should Be In Game Room 10
Here are the games I think would work terrifically with Game Room's leaderboard and challenge features.
Favorite games (not the best, but my favorites) 0
My all time favorite games, might not be the best overall but hey


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