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NEWS | R Documentation |
News for R 4.x.y can be found in HTML format at NEWS.html, and in text format in file NEWS in the 'doc' directory.
The included LAPACK has been updated to version 3.9.0 (for the included routines, just bug fixes).
Fixed a C level integer overflow in rhyper()
; reported
by Benjamin Tyner in PR#17694.
Uses of url(gzcon(.))
needing to extend buffer size
have failed (with HTTP/2 servers), reported by Gábor Csárdi.
predict(loess(..), se=TRUE)
now errors out (instead of
seg.faulting etc) for large sample sizes, thanks to a report and
patch by Benjamin Tyner in PR#17121.
tools:assertCondition(., "error")
and hence
no longer return errors twice (invisibly).
update(form, new)
in the case of a long new
formula sometimes wrongly eliminated the intercept from form
or (more rarely) added a garbage term (or seg.faulted !); the fix
happened by simplifying the C-level logic of terms.formula()
Reported by Mathias Ambühl in PR#16326.
The error message from stopifnot(.., <error producing call>)
again contains the full "stopifnot(.......)"
call: Its
attempted suppression did not work consistently.
On Windows, download.file(., , "wininet", headers=character())
would fail; reported with patch proposal by Kevin Ushey in PR#17710.
runmed(x, *)
gains a new option na.action
determining how to handle NaN
or NA
in x
gains new options ann
, xaxt
and log
Detection of the C stack direction has been moved from
run-time to configure
: this is safer with LTO builds and
allows the detection to be overridden – see file
Source-code changes enable installation on platforms using
gcc -fno-common
(the expected default for
gcc 10.x
(which is nowadays is wrapped by
) is defined in 'Rinternals.h'. (Neither
are part of the API.)
Header 'Rconfig.h' contains the value of
deduced at installation which is used by the
prototypes in headers 'R_ext/BLAS.h' and
'R_ext/Lapack.h' but to avoid extensive breakage this is
only exposed when USE_FC_LEN_T
is defined.
If a package's C/C++ calls to BLAS/LAPACK allow for the
'hidden' arguments used by most Fortran compilers to pass
the lengths of Fortran character arguments, define
and include 'Rconfig.h' (possibly
via 'R.h') before including 'R_ext/BLAS.h' or
A package with Fortran source code and perhaps C (but not
C++) sources can request for its shared object/DLL to be linked by
the Fortran compiler by including a line USE_FC_TO_LINK=
'src/Makevars[.win]' and using $(SHLIB_OPENMP_FFLAGS)
as part of PKG_LIBS
The known reason for doing so is a package which uses Fortran
(only) OpenMP on a platform where the Fortran OpenMP runtime is
incompatible with the C one (e.g. gfortran
with clang
R CMD check
has a new option to mitigate checks
leaving files/directories in '/tmp'. See the 'R
Internals' manual – this is part of --as-cran
The default standard for C++ in package installation is C++11 (as it has been on other platforms where available since R 3.6.0: the default toolchain on Windows was defaulting to C++98).
Support for specifying C++98 in package installation is deprecated.
Support in R CMD config
for F77,
FCPIFCPLAGS, CPP, CXXCPP and CXX98 and
similar is deprecated. (CPP is found from the system
and may well not be set.)
Use $CC -E and $CXX -E instead of CPP and CXXCPP.
runmed(x, *)
when x
contains missing values
now works consistently for both algorithm="Stuetzle"
, and no longer segfaults for "Turlach"
, as
reported by Hilmar Berger.
apply(diag(3), 2:3, mean)
now gives a helpful error message.
dgamma(x, shape, log=TRUE)
now longer overflows
to Inf
for shape < 1 and very small x
, fixing
PR#17577, reported by Jonathan Rougier.
Buffer overflow in building error messages fixed. Reported by Benjamin Tremblay.
options(str = .)
is correctly initialized at
package utils load time, now. A consequence is that
in scripts now is more consistent to interactive use,
e.g., when displaying function(**) argument lists.
now gives correct error message.
Printing ls.str()
no longer wrongly shows
in rare cases.
Auto-printing S4 objects no longer duplicates the object, for faster speed and reduced memory consumption. Reported by Aaron Lun.
pchisq(<LRG>, <LRG>, ncp=100)
no longer takes
practically forever in some cases. Hence ditto for corresponding
x %% L
for finite x
no longer returns
when L
is infinite, nor suffers from cancellation
for large finite L
, thanks to Long Qu's PR#17611.
Analogously, x %/% L
and L %/% x
suffer less from
cancellation and return values corresponding to limits for large
grepl(NA, *)
now returns logical
as documented.
is an error now, instead of later
leading to C stack overflow because of infinite recursion.
no longer transfers control for all
conditions. Reported and patch provided by Lionel Henry in
format(object.size(.), digits=NULL)
now works, fixing
PR#17628 reported by Jonathan Carroll.
get_all_vars(f, d)
now also works for cases, e.g. where
contains a matrix. Reported by Simon Wood in 2009 and patch
provided by Ben Bolker in PR#13624.
Additionally, it now also works when some variables are data frames, fixing PR#14905, reported by Patrick Breheny.
could get spacings wrong if there were exactly two
bars PR#15522. Patch by Michael Chirico.
works in more cases when returning values
of n smaller than 2.
dotchart(*, pch=., groups=.)
now works better. Reported
by Robert and confirmed by Nic Rochette in PR#16953.
canCoerce(obj, cl)
no longer assumes
length(class(obj)) == 1
plot.formula(*, subset = *)
now also works in a boundary
case reported by Robert Schlicht (TU Dresden).
and writeBin()
of a
now also work in large cases, thanks to a
report and proposal by Taeke Harkema in PR#17665.
The default detection of the shell variable libNN
overridden for derivatives of Debian Linux, some of which have
started to have a '/usr/lib64' directory.
(E.g. Ubuntu 19.04.) As before, it can be specified in
R CMD config
knows the values of AR
, often set for LTO builds.
The use of a character vector with .Fortran()
formally deprecated and gives a non-portability warning. (It has
long been strongly discouraged in 'Writing R Extensions'.)
On Windows, GUI package installation via menuInstallPkgs()
works again, thanks to Len Weil's and Duncan Murdoch's PR#17556.
R CMD check
on data()
fixing PR#17558
thanks to Duncan Murdoch.
quasi(*, variance = list(..))
now works more
efficiently, and should work in all cases fixing PR#17560.
Further, quasi(var = mu(1-mu))
and quasi(var = "mu ^ 3")
now work, and quasi(variance = "log(mu)")
now gives a correct
error message.
Creation of lazy loading database during package installation is again robust to Rprofile changing the current working directory (PR#17559).
boxplot(y ~ f, horizontal=TRUE)
now produces correct x-
and y-labels.
allows to keep <NA>
from factor columns (PR#17562) via new option factor.exclude
Additionally, it works in one more case with matrix-columns which had been reported on 2017-01-16 by Krzysztof Banas.
Correct messaging in C++ pragma checks in tools code for
R CMD check
, fixing PR#17566 thanks to Xavier Robin.
print()ing and auto-printing no longer differs for
s with a user defined print.function
, thanks to
Bill Dunlap's report.
On Windows, writeClipboard(.., format = <n>)
does correctly pass format
to the underlying C code, thanks to
a bug report (with patch) by Jenny Bryan.
treats 1D arrays the same as vectors,
Improvements in smoothEnds(x, *)
working with
s (towards runmed()
working in that case, in the next
version of R).
vcov(glm(<quasi>), dispersion = *)
works correctly
again, fixing PR#17571 thanks to Pavel Krivitsky.
of binary packages on Windows now
works also with per-directory locking.
and install.packages()
on Windows
are now more robust against a locked file in an earlier installation
of the package to be installed. The default value of option
on Windows has been changed to TRUE
On Unix alikes (when readline
is active), only
expand tilde (~
) file names starting with a tilde, instead of
almost all tildes.
In R documentation ('*.Rd') files, \item [..] is no longer treated specially when rendered in LaTeX and hence pdf, but rather shows the brackets in all cases.
Serialization format version 3 becomes the default for
serialization and saving of the workspace (save()
, saveRDS()
, compiler::cmpfile()
Serialized data in format 3 cannot be read by versions of R prior
to version 3.5.0. Serialization format version 2 is still
supported and can be selected by version = 2
in the
save/serialization functions. The default can be changed back for
the whole R session by setting environment variables
R_DEFAULT_SAVE_VERSION and R_DEFAULT_SERIALIZE_VERSION
to 2
. For maximal back-compatibility, files
'vignette.rds' and 'partial.rdb' generated by R
CMD build
are in serialization format version 2, and resave by
default produces files in serialization format version 2 (unless
the original is already in format version 3).
The default method for generating from a discrete uniform
distribution (used in sample()
, for instance) has been
changed. This addresses the fact, pointed out by Ottoboni and
Stark, that the previous method made sample()
non-uniform on large populations. See PR#17494 for a
discussion. The previous method can be requested using
or RNGversion()
if necessary for
reproduction of old results. Thanks to Duncan Murdoch for
contributing the patch and Gabe Becker for further assistance.
The output of RNGkind()
has been changed to also return the
'kind' used by sample()
has been vectorized so arguments
and time
of length greater than one are now
gets new option gap.axis = NA
specifying a multiplication factor for the minimal "gap"
(distance) between axis labels drawn. Its default is 1
for labels parallel to the axis, and 0.25
perpendicular ones.
Perpendicular labels no longer overlap, fixing bug PR#17384.
The default method of plot()
gains new arguments
xgap.axis = NA
and ygap.axis = NA
to be passed to
the x– and y– axis(.., gap.axis=*)
now works not only for functions but
also for some language objects.
, rep.int()
, rep_len()
dispatch internally.
is(object, class2)
looks for class2
in the
calling namespace after looking in the namespace of
extendrange(.., f)
with a length-2 f
extends separately to the left and the right.
dispatches internally to S4 methods.
on Windows now uses URLdecode()
to determine the file extension, and uses binary transfer
(mode = "wb"
) also for file extension '.rds'.
The help page for download.file()
now contains the same
information on all platforms.
Setting C locale for collation via environment
variables LC_ALL and LC_COLLATE and via a call
to Sys.setlocale()
now takes precedence over environment
variable R_ICU_LOCALE.
There is a new function, nullfile()
, to give the file
name of the null system device (e.g., '/dev/null') on the
current platform.
There are two new options, keep.parse.data
, which control whether parse data are
included into sources when keep.source
is TRUE
. By default,
is now FALSE
, which changes
previous behavior and significantly reduces space and time overhead
when sources are kept when installing packages.
In rapply(x, ..)
, x
can also be
"list-like" and of length >= 2^{31}.
gets new optional whitespace
argument, allowing more extensive definitions of "space",
such as including Unicode spaces (as wished in PR#17431).
no longer coerces the weights to a
double/numeric vector, since sum()
now handles integer
overflow. This makes weighted.mean()
more polymorphic and
endomorphic, but be aware that the results are no longer
guaranteed to be a vector of type double.
When loading namespaces, S3 method registrations which
overwrite previous registrations are now noted by default (using
gains a version
argument, for
use when the output file should be saved in serialization format 2.
The axis labeling in the default method of pairs()
may now be toggled by new options horOdd
and verOdd
(Not Windows nor macOS.) Package tcltk now supports an environment variable R_DONT_USE_TK which if set disables Tk initialization. This is intended for use to circumvent errors in loading the package, e.g. with recent Linux running under an address sanitizer.
The numeric
method of all.equal()
optional arguments countEQ
and formatFUN
. If
is true, the mean error is more sensible when many
entries are equal.
outer(x,y, FUN = "*")
is more efficient using
instead of u %*% t(v)
is more efficient via new optional
arguments in summary.mlm()
The default method of summary()
gets an option to
choose the kind of quantile()
s to use; wish of
Fitting multiple linear models via lm()
work with matrix offsets, as suggested in PR#17407.
The new functions mem.maxVSize()
allow the maximal size of the vector heap
and the maximal number of nodes allowed in the current R
process to be queried and set.
gains support for 'NEWS.md' files.
An effort has been started to have our reference manuals,
i.e., all help pages. show platform-independent information (rather
than Windows or Unix-alike specifics visible only on that platform).
Consequently, the Windows version of X11()
/ x11()
got identical formal arguments to the Unix one.
has been factored out in a new
variable osVersion
now also works for multi-dimensional
used with an external tar
assumes this supports decompression including xz
automagically detecting the compression type. This has been true
of all mainstream implementations since 2009 (for GNU
, since version 1.22): older implementations are
still supported via the new argument
whose default is controlled by environment
variable R_SUPPORT_OLD_TARS. (It looks like NetBSD and
OpenBSD have 'older' tar
commands for this
The new function asplit()
allow splitting an array or
matrix by its margins.
New functions errorCondition()
provide a convenient way to create
structured error and warning objects.
now signals a warning of class
, and .Defunct()
now signals an
error of class "defunctError"
Many 'package not found' errors are now signaled as
errors of class "packageNotFoundError"
As an experimental feature, when loadNamespace()
because the requested package is not available the error is
initially signaled with a retry_loadNamespace
available. This allows a calling handler to try to install the
package and continue.
directives in 'NAMESPACE' can now
also be used to perform delayed S3 method registration.
Experimentally, setting environment variable
_R_CHECK_LENGTH_1_LOGIC2_ will lead to warnings (or errors
if the variable is set to a 'true' value) when &&
encounter and use arguments of length more than one.
Added "lines"
and "chars"
coordinate systems
to grconvertX()
and grconvertY()
is more efficient notably for the rare
case when called with two arguments, from several contributors in
In .col(dim)
and .row(dim)
, dim
now may
also be an integer-valued "double"
and dQuote()
get an explicit q
argument with obvious default instead of using
implicitly and unconditionally.
can list archives with comments and with
spaces in file names even using an external unzip
Command line completion has a new setting
rc.settings(dots = FALSE)
to remove ...
from the
list of possible function arguments.
no longer checks packages with compiled
code match R.version$platform. loadNamespace()
never has, and increasingly the 'canonical name' does not
reflect the important characteristics of compiled code.
The primitive functions drop()
and unclass()
now avoid duplicating their data for atomic vectors that are large
enough, by returning ALTREP
wrapper objects with adjusted
attributes. R-level assignments to change attributes will also
use wrapper objects to avoid duplicating data for larger atomic
vectors. R functions like structure()
and unname()
will therefore not duplicate data in these settings. Generic
vectors as produced by list()
are not yet covered by this
optimization but may be in due course.
In formals()
, envir
becomes an optional
argument instead of being hardwired.
Instead of signalling an error for an invalid S4 object
, str(x)
now gives a warning and subsequently still
shows most parts of x
, e.g., when slots are missing.
and lgamma(x)
no longer warn when
correctly returning Inf
or underflowing to zero. This
helps maximum likelihood and similar computations.
is now vectorized, so a lot faster for
converting many colours at once. The new argument
to colorConverter()
ensures that
non-vectorized colour converters still work. (Thanks to Brodie
and url()
get new argument
for custom HTTP headers, e.g., allowing to perform
basic http authentication, thanks to a patch contributed by Gábor
File-based connection functions file()
, bzfile()
and xzfile()
now signal an
error when used on a directory.
For approx()
, splinefun()
etc, a new
setting ties = c("ordered", <fun>)
allows skipping the
sorting and still treat ties.
gives a more user friendly error message in
the case where no method is defined. A minimal method is provided
in format.default(x)
when isS4(x)
is true.
now also works when x
is a long
vector, thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17201. NB: this
may return a double result, breaking the previous guarantee of an
integer result.
is more careful to return an
(as opposed to double
) result when its
arguments are large and/or classed objects; see comment #9 of
Suharto Anggono's PR#17497.
The plot()
method for lm
and glm
, gains a new option iter.smooth
with a
default of 0
for binomial fits, no longer down-weighting
when smoothing the residuals.
passes its list of files via standard
input to the external command when too long for the command line
(on some platforms).
gains an overwrite
now also returns the standard error (in
list component stderr
model.matrix(*, contrasts.arg = CC)
now warns about
invalid contrasts.arg
Performance of substr()
and substring()
has been
has been simplified thanks to Suharto
Anggono's proposals to become considerably faster for cheap
The default 'user agent' has been changed when accessing http:// and https:// sites using libcurl. (A site was found which caused libcurl to infinite-loop with the previous default.)
now also contains RNGkind()
prints it when it differs from the default; based on a proposal and
patch by Gabe Becker in PR#17535.
Also, RNGversion(getRversion())
works directly.
and require()
now allow more control
over handling search path conflicts when packages are
attached. The policy is controlled by the new
gets a formula method, thanks to a patch
proposal by Arni Magnusson in PR#17521.
and pmin(x)
now also work for long
vectors, thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17533.
now warns when omitting duplicated arguments.
New hcl.colors()
function to provide wide range of
HCL-based colour palettes with much better perceptual properties
than the existing RGB/HSV-based palettes like rainbow()
Also a new hcl.pals()
function to list available palette
names for hcl.colors()
Contributed by Achim Zeileis.
The default colours for image()
are now based on hcl.colors()
The palette-generating functions rainbow()
, etc. get a new rev
to facilitate reversing the order of colors.
New str2lang()
and str2expression()
as streamlined
versions of parse(text=., keep.source=FALSE)
allow to abstract
typical call constructions, e.g., in formula
(Somewhat experimental)
Add update_PACKAGES()
for incrementally updating a
package repository index, instead of rebuilding the index from
scratch. Thanks to Gabe Becker in PR#17544 for the patch, based
on part of his switchr package.
The options selected for the C++ compiler default to the C++11 standard if supported, otherwise to the C++98 standard.
Visibility macros such as C_VISIBILITY can now be user-set (including to empty), e.g. in 'config.site'.
Macro FCLIBS, which has sometimes been needed on Solaris, has been renamed to FCLIBS_XTRA.
Macro F77 is always set to the value of FC, so
the latter should be set to user-select the Fortran compiler for
both fixed-form and free-form Fortran. In particular,
is now the first choice for F77, not
Macros FFLAGS and FCFLAGS remain distinct to allow for a compiler which needs a flag to select free- or fixed-form Fortran (most use the source-file extension to choose: '.f' is fixed-form and '.f90' and '.f95' are free-form).
If only one of them is set, its value is used for both.
The special-casing of CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS and FFLAGS for Intel compilers on Linux has been removed: we do not have recent experience but the generic defaults now chosen are the same as those previously special-cased for x86_64.
If necessary, override the defaults on the configure
command line or in file 'config.site'.
Long-untested configure
support for HP-UX and very
old versions of Linux has been removed.
configure --with-blas
(without specifying a value)
includes OpenBLAS in its search (before ATLAS and a generic
BLAS). This follows recent versions of the ax_blas
autoconf macro.
The configure
macro MAKEINFO has been
updated to TEXI2ANY.
Support for make install-strip
has been enhanced.
Source package installation is by default 'staged': the package is installed into a temporary location under the final library directory and moved into place once the installation is complete. The benefit is that partially-installed packages are hidden from other R sessions.
The overall default is set by environment variable
has new options
--staged-install and --no-staged-install, and
packages can use the StagedInstall field in their
'DESCRIPTION' file to opt out. (That opt-out is a temporary
measure which may be withdrawn in future.)
Staged installation requires either --pkglock or --lock, one of which is used by default.
The interpretation of source code with extension '.f' is changing. Previously this denoted FORTRAN 77 code, but current compilers no longer have a FORTRAN 77 mode and interpret it as 'fixed-form' Fortran 90 (or later where supported) code. Extensions '.f90' and '.f95' continue to indicate 'free-form' Fortran code.
Legal FORTRAN 77 code is also legal fixed-form Fortran 9x; however
this change legitimizes the use of later features, in particular
to replace features marked 'obsolescent' in Fortran 90 and
'deleted' in Fortran 2018 which gfortran
8.x and
later warn about.
Packages containing files in the 'src' directory with extensions '.f90' or '.f95' are now linked using the C or C++ compiler rather than the Fortran 9x compiler. This is consistent with fixed-form Fortran code and allows mixing of C++ and free-form Fortran on most platforms.
Consequentially, a package which includes free-form Fortran 9x code which uses OpenMP should include SHLIB_OPENMP_CFLAGS (or the CXXFLAGS version if they also include C++ code) in PKG_LIBS rather than SHLIB_OPENMP_FCFLAGS — fortunately on almost all current platforms they are the same flag.
Macro PKG_FFLAGS will be used for the compilation of both fixed-form and free-form Fortran code unless PKG_FCFLAGS is also set (in 'src/Makevars' or 'src/Makevars.win').
The make macro F_VISIBILITY is now preferred for both fixed-form and free-form Fortran, for use in 'src/Makevars' and similar.
gains a new option --strip
which (where supported) strips installed shared object(s): this
can also be achieved by setting the environment variable
_R_SHLIB_STRIP_ to a true value.
The new option --strip-lib attempts stripping of static and shared libraries installed under 'lib'.
These are most useful on platforms using GNU binutils
as Linux) and compiling with -g flags.
There is more support for installing UTF-8-encoded packages in a strict Latin-1 locale (and probably for other Latin locales): non-ASCII comments in R code (and 'NAMESPACE' files) are worked around better.
R CMD check
now optionally checks makefiles for
correct and portable use of the SHLIB_OPENMP_*FLAGS macros.
R CMD check
now evaluates \Sexpr{}
expressions (including those in macros) before checking the
contents of 'Rd' files and so detects issues both in
evaluating the expressions and in the expanded contents.
R CMD check
now lists missing packages separated
by commas and with regular quotes such as to be useful as argument
in calling install.packages(c(..))
; from a suggestion by
Marcel Ramos.
now uses UTF-8 as its default
output encoding.
R CMD check
now checks line endings of files with
extension '.hpp' and those under 'inst/include'. The
check now includes that a non-empty file is terminated with a
R CMD build
will correct line endings in such files.
R CMD check
now tries re-building all vignettes
rather than stopping at the first error: whilst doing so it adds
'bookmarks' to the log. By default (see the 'R
Internals' manual) it re-builds each vignette in a separate
It now checks for duplicated vignette titles (also known as 'index entries'): they are used as hyperlinks on CRAN package pages and so do need to be unique.
R CMD check
has more comprehensive checks on the
'data' directory and the functioning of data()
in a
R CMD check
now checks
-generated 'configure' files have their
corresponding source files, including optionally attempting to
regenerate them on platforms with autoreconf
R CMD build
has a new option
--compression to select the compression used for the tarball.
R CMD build
now removes 'src/*.mod' files on
all platforms.
New pointer protection C functions R_PreserveInMSet
have been introduced to replace
, which is not safe to mix with UNPROTECT
(and with PROTECT_WITH_INDEX
). Intended for use in parsers
has been raised to 7 to allow further
protection of intermediate results from (usually ill-advised)
assignments in arguments to BUILTIN
functions. Properly
written package code should not be affected.
is now considered to be part of the C API.
allows C code to retrieve the current
Argument compressed
of untar()
deprecated — it is only used for external tar
which increasingly for extraction auto-detect compression and
ignore their zjJ flags.
and hence sd(f)
now give an error for
arguments; they gave a deprecation warning since R
Package tools' vignetteDepends()
has been
deprecated (it called a function deprecated since Feb 2016), being
partly replaced by newly exported vignetteInfo()
The f77_f2c
script has been removed: it
no longer sufficed to compile the '.f' files in R.
The deprecated legacy support of make
macros such
as CXX1X has been removed: use the CXX11 forms
Make macro F77_VISIBILITY is deprecated in favour of F_VISIBILITY.
Make macros F77, FCPIFCPLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FCFLAGS are deprecated in favour of FC, FPICFLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FFLAGS respectively.
had become an expensive version of
the default method, so has been removed. (Thanks to Radford Neal
for picking this up and to Duncan Murdoch for providing a patch.)
now also works in the same R session
when r
has been "reproduced" from serialization,
typically after saving to and reading from an RDS file.
and substring()
now signal an error
when the input is invalid UTF-8.
now works also when its argument to
is of length greater than one.
no longer suffers from integer
overflow in largish cases, thanks to Ben Bolker's PR#17383.
Calling setGeneric("foo")
in a package no longer
fails when the enclosing environment of the implicit generic
is .GlobalEnv
untar(file("<some>.tar.gz"), *)
now gives a better
error message, suggesting to use gzfile()
Method dispatch uses more relevant environments when looking up class definitions.
The documentation for identify()
incorrectly claimed
that the indices of identified points were returned in the order
that the points were selected. identify()
now has a new
argument order
to allow the return value to include the
order in which points were identified; the documentation has been
updated. Reported by Richard Rowe and Samuel Granjeaud.
order(...., decreasing=c(TRUE, FALSE))
could fail in
some cases. Reported from StackOverflow via Karl Nordström.
User macros in Rd files now accept empty and multi-line arguments.
Changes in print.*()
, thanks to Lionel Henry's
patches in PR#17398:
Printing lists, pairlists or attributes containing calls with S3 class no longer evaluate those.
Printing S4 objects within lists and pairlists dispatches
with show()
rather than print()
, as with
The indexing tags (names or [[<n>]]
) of recursive
data structures are now printed correctly in complex cases.
Arguments supplied to print()
are now properly
forwarded to methods when printing lists, pairlists or
attributes containing S3 objects.
The print parameters are now preserved when printing S3 objects or deparsing symbols and calls. Previously, printing lists containing S3 objects or expressions would reset these parameters.
Printing lists, pairlists or attributes containing
functions now uses srcref
attributes if present.
Calling install.packages()
with a length zero
argument now is a no-op (PR#17422).
now returns a correct factor
is a nested list with factor leaves, fixing PR#12572
and PR#17419.
The documentation help(family)
gives more details
about the aic
component, thanks to Ben Bolker's prompting.
The documentation for attributes
now gives x
as name of the first and
main argument which the implementation has been requiring, fixing
PR#17434. For consistency, the first argument name is also
changed from obj
to x
for `mostattributes<-`
now uses par("font")
as default
font face (PR#17352).
plot(<table>, log="x")
no longer warns about log
The print()
method for "htest"
objects now
formats the test statistic and parameter directly and hence no
longer rounds to units before the decimal point. Consequently,
printing of t.test()
results with a small number of digits
now shows non-large df
's to the full precision (PR#17444).
and fligner.test()
no longer
erroneously insist on numeric g
group arguments (PR#16719).
Printing a news db via the browser now does a much better job (PR#17433).
missed column names in the multivariate case
due to misspelling (reported by Chris Andrews).
now creates valid at
locations also for
small subnormal number ranges in log scale plots.
now also recycles the zone
and gmtoff
list components to full length when needed,
and its internal C code detects have_zone
in more cases.
In some cases, this changes its output to become compatible with
On Windows, detectCores()
in package parallel
now detects processors in all processor groups, not just the group
R is running in (impacts particularly systems with more than 64
logical processors). Reported by Arunkumar Srinivasan.
On Windows, socketSelect()
would hang with more than
64 sockets, and hence parallel::clusterApplyLB()
would hang
with more than 64 workers. Reported by Arunkumar Srinivasan.
as(1L, "double")
now does coerce (PR#17457).
, influence.measures()
etc now work (more) correctly for multivariate
models ("mlm"
), thanks to (anonymous) stackoverflow remarks.
sample.int(2.9, *, replace=TRUE)
again behaves as
documented and as in R < 3.0.0, namely identically to
sample.int(2, ..)
Fixes to convertColor()
for chromatic adaptation;
thanks to Brodie Gaslam PR#17473.
Using \Sexpr[stage=install]{..}
to create an
'Rd' section no longer gives a warning in R CMD
; problem originally posted by Gábor Csárdi, then reported
as PR#17479 with a partial patch by Duncan Murdoch.
Parse data now include a special node for equal assignment.
no longer relies on [[<-()
, so
it behaves as expected when splitting an object by a factor with
the empty string as one of its levels. Thanks to Brad Friedman for
the report.
Line numbers in messages about '.Rd' files are now more reliable, thanks to a patch from Duncan Murdoch.
In the numeric
method for all.equal()
, a
numeric scale
argument is now checked to be positive and
allowed to be of length > 1. (The latter worked originally and
with a warning in recent years).
Deferred string conversions now record the OutDec
option setting when not equal to the default. Reported by Michael
When y
is numeric and f
a factor
plot(y ~ f)
nicely uses "y" and "f" as y- and x-labels.
The more direct boxplot(y ~ f)
now does too. The new
argument ann = FALSE
may be used to suppress these.
Subassignment to no/empty rows of a data frame is more consistent and typically a no-op in all cases instead of sometimes an error; part of Emil Bode's PR#17483.
Calls like formatC(*, zero.print = "< 0.001")
longer give an error and are further improved via new optional
argument replace.zero
. Reported by David Hugh-Jones.
now finds the same
function as formals("<fn>")
, fixing Emil Bode's PR#17499.
The methods package better handles duplicated class names across packages.
The default method of seq()
now avoids integer
overflow, thanks to the report and "cumsum" patch of Suharto
Anggono's PR#17497.
no longer loses encodings for non-ASCII
replacements (PR#17509).
Fix for rotated raster image on X11 device. (Partial fix for PR#17148; thanks to Mikko Korpela).
formula(model.frame(frml, ..))
now returns frml
in all cases, thanks to Bill Dunlap. The previous behavior is
available as DF2formula(<model.frame>)
also returns scalar var.pred
univariate case (PR#17517).
now treats NA
path as non-existent
and normalizes it to NA
. file.access()
treats NA
file name as non-existent. file.edit()
and connection
functions such as file()
now treat NA
file names as
The internal regularize.values()
auxiliary of
, splinefun()
etc now warns again when there
are ties and the caller did not specify ties
. Further, it no
longer duplicates x
and y
unnecessarily when x
is already sorted (PR#17515).
strtoi("", base)
now gives NA
on all platforms,
following its documentation. Reported by Michael Chirico.
In the definition of an S4 class, prototype elements are checked against the slots of the class, with giving a prototype for an undefined slot now being an error. (Reported by Bill Dunlap.)
From setClassUnion()
, if environment variable
_R_METHODS_SHOW_CHECKSUBCLASSES is set
to true, the internal .checkSubclasses()
utility prints
debugging info to see where it is used.
with an m
of zero columns now
returns integer NA
(instead of 1
no longer returns small "almost zero"
numbers (in exponential format) instead of zero, fixing Ilario
Gelmetti's PR#17534.
isSymmetric(matrix(0, dimnames=list("A","b")))
again, as always documented.
The cairo_pdf
graphics device (and other Cairo-based
devices) now clip correctly to the right and bottom border.
There was an off-by-one-pixel bug, reported by Lee Kelvin.
as.roman(3) <= 2:4
and all other comparisons now work,
as do group "Summary"
function calls such as
and as.roman(NA)
(Partly reported by Bill Dunlap in PR#17542.)
reformulate("x", response = "sin(y)")
no longer produces
extra back quotes, PR#17359, and gains new optional argument
When reading console input from 'stdin' with re-encoding
(R --encoding=enc < input
) the code on a Unix-alike now
ensures that each converted input line is terminated with a
newline even if re-encoding fails.
now produces better strings from
logicals, thanks to PR#17548 from Gabe Becker.
The S4 generic signature of rowSums()
, colSums()
and colMeans()
restricted to "x"
match(x, tab)
now works for long character
vectors x
, thanks to PR#17552 by Andreas Kersting.
Class unions are unloaded when their namespace is unloaded (PR#17531, adapted from a patch by Brodie Gaslam).
is robust to ANY-truncation of method
signatures (thanks to Herve Pages for the report).
Detection of flags for C++98/11/14/17 has been improved: in particular if CXX??STD is set, it is tried first with no additional flags.
New macro F_VISIBILITY as an alternative to F77_VISIBILITY. This will become the preferred form in R 3.6.0.
writeLines(readLines(fnam), fnam)
now works as expected,
thanks to Peter Meissner's PR#17528.
no longer warns, but uses message()
for now, when encountering "non local" subclasses of class members.
stopifnot(exprs = T)
no longer fails.
New macro CXX_VISIBILITY analogous to C_VISIBILITY (which several packages have been misusing for C++ code) for the default C++ compiler (but not necessarily one used for non-default C++ dialects like C++14).
The random number generator tests in 'tests/p-r-random-tests.R' no longer fail occasionally as they now randomly sample from "certified" random seeds.
The "glm"
method of drop1()
miscalculated the
score test (test="Rao"
) when the model contained an offset.
Linear multiple empty models such as lm(y ~ 0)
now have a correctly dimensioned empty coefficient matrix;
reported by Brett Presnell.
vcov(<empty mlm>)
and hence confint()
work (via a consistency change in summary.lm()
confint(<multiple lm()>)
now works correctly;
reported on R-devel by Steven Pav.
now also works correctly when its
arguments are not yet sorted along groups
, fixing PR#15842.
Installation on a Unix-alike tries harder to link to the pthread library where required (rather than relying on OpenMP to provide it: configuring with --disable-openmp was failing on some Linux systems).
The data.frame
method for print(x)
is fast now
also for large data frames x
and got an optional argument
, thanks to suggestions by Juan Telleria.
no longer integer overflows in very rare
cases, fixing PR#17450.
ignored a character compressed
argument: however many external tar
programs ignore
the flags which should have been set and automagically choose the
compression type, and if appropriate gzip
compression would have been chosen from the magic
header of the tarball.
now works for more "number-like" objects.
The tools-internal function called from R CMD
now gets a warnOption = 1
argument and only sets
options(warn = warnOption)
when that increases the warning
level (PR#17453).
Analogously, the tools-internal function called from R CMD
gets a warnOption = 1
argument and uses the larger
of that and getOption("warn")
, also allowing to be run with
increased warning level.
Parse data now have deterministic parent nodes (PR#16041).
Calling match()
with length one x
and POSIXlt
gave a segfault (PR#17459).
Fork clusters could hang due to a race condition in cluster
initialization (makeCluster()
now also works for larger n
and no
longer loops infinitely for e.g, n <- 214e7
and rstandard()
now work
correctly for multiple linear models ("mlm"
and corresponding lm()
prediction now
also work for a boundary "vector" case fixing PR#17474,
reported by Alexandre Courtiol.
With a very large number of variables terms()
segfault (PR#17480).
cut(rep(0, 7))
now works, thanks to Joey Reid and
Benjamin Tyner (PR#16802).
download.file(*, method = "curl", cacheOK = FALSE)
should work now on Windows, thanks to Kevin Ushey's patch in
duplicated(<dataframe with 'f'>)
now works, too,
thanks to Andreas Kersting's PR#17485; ditto for
legend(*, cex = 1:2)
now works less badly.
The print()
method for POSIXct
now correctly obeys getOption("max.print")
fixing a long-standing typo, and it also gets a corresponding
optional max
Unserialization of raw vectors serialized in ASCII representation now works correctly.
<data frame>[TRUE, <new>] <- list(c1, c2)
now works
correctly, thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#15362 and Emil Bode's
patch in PR#17504.
seq.int(*, by=by, length=n)
no longer wrongly
"drops fractional parts" when by
is integer, thanks
to Suharto Anggono's report PR#17506.
Buffering is disabled for file()
connections to
non-regular files (like sockets), as well as fifo()
connections. Fixes PR#17470, reported by Chris
is no longer considered seekable.
and dump()
are no longer truncating
when options(deparse.max.lines = *)
is set.
Calls with an S3 class are no longer evaluated when printed, fixing part of PR#17398, thanks to a patch from Lionel Henry.
Allow file
argument of Rscript
to include space
even when it is first on the command line.
uses the generic from the
environment of the calling method. Reported by Hervé Pagès with
well documented examples.
Compressed file connections are marked as blocking.
optim(*, lower = c(-Inf, -Inf))
no longer warns (and
switches the method), thanks to a suggestion by John Nash.
predict(fm, newdata)
is now correct also for models
where the formula has terms such as splines::ns(..)
, fixing PR#17414, based on a patch from
Duncan Murdoch.
simulate.lm(glm(*, gaussian(link = <non-default>)))
has been corrected, fixing PR#17415 thanks to Alex Courtiol.
no longer fails in some cases of nested
empty lists. Reported by Steven Nydick.
qr.coef(qr(<all 0, w/ colnames>))
now works.
Reported by Kun Ren.
The radix sort is robust to vectors with >1 billion elements (but long vectors are still unsupported). Thanks to Matt Dowle for the fix.
Terminal connections (e.g., stdin) are no longer buffered. Fixes PR#17432.
, dput(x)
and dump()
respect c()
's argument names recursive
, e.g., for x <- setNames(0, "recursive")
thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17427.
Unbuffered connections now work with encoding conversion. Reported by Stephen Berman.
'.Renviron' on Windows with Rgui
is again by
default searched for in user documents directory when invoked
via the launcher icon. Reported by Jeroen Ooms.
now also works with explicit
now also works with explicit
The default method for pairs(.., horInd=*, verInd=*)
now gets the correct order, thanks to reports by Chris Andrews and
Gerrit Eichner. Additionally, when horInd
or verInd
contain only a subset of variables, all the axes are labeled
correctly now.
agrep("..|..", .., fixed=FALSE)
now matches when it
should, thanks to a reminder by Andreas Kolter.
now works for more invalid multibyte strings.
All packages are by default byte-compiled on installation.
This makes the installed packages larger (usually marginally so)
and may affect the format of messages and tracebacks (which often
exclude .Call
and similar).
now uses order()
to sort its levels,
rather than sort.list()
. This allows factor()
support custom vector-like objects if methods for the appropriate
generics are defined. It has the side effect of making
succeed on empty or length-one non-atomic
vector(-like) types (e.g., "list"
), where it failed before.
gets an optional names
argument: this
may require updates to packages defining S4 methods for it.
and chooseBioCmirror()
longer have a useHTTPS
argument, not needed now all R
builds support https:// downloads.
New summary()
method for warnings()
with a
(somewhat experimental) print()
(methods package.) .self
is now automatically
registered as a global variable when registering a reference class
tempdir(check = TRUE)
recreates the tempdir()
directory if it is no longer valid (e.g. because some
other process has cleaned up the '/tmp' directory).
New askYesNo()
function and "askYesNo"
to ask the user binary response questions in a customizable but
consistent way. (Suggestion of PR#17242.)
New low level utilities ...elt(n)
and ...length()
for working with ...
parts inside a function.
is more tolerant and now true
x <- rlnorm(99) isTRUE(median(x) == quantile(x)["50%"])
New function isFALSE()
defined analogously to isTRUE()
The default symbol table size has been increased from 4119 to 49157; this may improve the performance of symbol resolution when many packages are loaded. (Suggested by Jim Hester.)
gets a new option iter = 1
Reading from connections in text mode is buffered,
significantly improving the performance of readLines()
, as
well as scan()
and read.table()
, at least when
specifying colClasses
is smarter about picking a default sort
when its arguments are objects.
has two new arguments which
control if the values from the per-session repository cache are
used (default true, as before) and if so how old cached values can
be used (default one hour).
These arguments can be passed from install.packages()
and functions calling that: to enable
this available.packages()
, packageStatus()
gain a ...
's upgrade()
method no longer
ignores its ...
argument but passes it to
gains a ...
argument to
allow arguments (including noCache
) to be passed from
, old.packages()
and packageStatus()
factor(x, levels, labels)
now allows duplicated
(not duplicated levels
!). Hence you can map
different values of x
to the same level directly.
Attempting to use names<-()
on an S4 derivative of a
basic type no longer emits a warning.
The list
method of within()
gains an option
keepAttrs = FALSE
for some speed-up.
and system2()
now allow the
specification of a maximum elapsed time ('timeout').
supports debugging of methods on any object
of S4 class "genericFunction"
, including group generics.
Attempting to increase the length of a variable containing
using length()<-
still has no effect on the
target variable, but now triggers a warning.
becomes a generic function, with
additional methods that operate recursively over list and
objects. Courtesy of Arni Magnusson
and upper.tri(x)
only needing
now work via new functions .row()
, so no longer call as.matrix()
by default in
order to work efficiently for all kind of matrix-like objects.
methods for "xgettext"
now use encodeString()
which keeps,
e.g. "\n"
, visible. (Wish of PR#17298.)
gains an optional encoding
, spline()
, splinefun()
also work for long vectors.
and dump()
are more useful for S4
objects, dput()
now using the same internal C code instead
of its previous imperfect workaround R code. S4 objects now
typically deparse perfectly, i.e., can be recreated identically
from deparsed code.
, deparse()
and dump()
now print the
information only once, using the more readable
(tag = value)
syntax, notably for list()
s, i.e.,
including data frames.
These functions gain a new control option "niceNames"
), which when set (as by default) also uses
the (tag = value)
syntax for atomic vectors. On the other
hand, without deparse options "showAttributes"
, names are no longer shown also for lists.
as.character(list( c (one = 1)))
now includes the name, as
as.character(list(list(one = 1)))
has always done.
now also deparses nicely when m > n.
The "quoteExpressions"
option, also part of "all"
no longer quote()
s formulas as that may not re-parse
identically. (PR#17378)
If the option setWidthOnResize
is set and TRUE
R run in a terminal using a recent readline
library will
set the width
option when the terminal is
resized. Suggested by Ralf Goertz.
If multiple on.exit()
expressions are set using
add = TRUE
then all expressions will now be run even if one
signals an error.
gets an option affinity.list
allows more efficient execution with heterogeneous processors,
thanks to Helena Kotthaus.
The character
methods for as.Date()
are more flexible via new arguments
and optional
: see their help pages.
gains an optional argument after
with default TRUE
. Using after = FALSE
add = TRUE
adds an exit expression before any
existing ones. This way the expressions are run in a first-in
last-out fashion. (From Lionel Henry.)
On Windows, file.rename()
internally retries the
operation in case of error to attempt to recover from possible
anti-virus interference.
Command line completion on :: now also includes lazy-loaded data.
If the TZ environment variable is set when date-time functions are first used, it is recorded as the session default and so will be used rather than the default deduced from the OS if TZ is subsequently unset.
There is now a [
method for class "DLLInfoList"
and glm.fit
get the same
singular.ok = TRUE
argument that lm()
has had
forever. As a consequence, in glm(*, method = <your_own>)
user specified methods need to accept a singular.ok
argument as well.
gains a filter for Markdown ('.md' and
'.Rmd') files.
intToUtf8(multiple = FALSE)
gains an argument to
allow surrogate pairs to be interpreted.
The maximum number of DLLs that can be loaded into R
e.g. via dyn.load()
has been increased up to 614
when the OS limit on the number of open files allows.
on a Unix-alike caches the value at
first use in a session: inter alia this means that setting
TZ later in the session affects only the current time
zone and not the system one.
is now used to find the system timezone to
pass to the code used when R is configured with
When tar()
is used with an external command which is
detected to be GNU tar
or libarchive tar
), a different command-line is generated to
circumvent line-length limits in the shell.
system(*, intern = FALSE)
, system2()
(when not
capturing output), file.edit()
and file.show()
issue a warning when the external command cannot be executed.
The "default" ("lm"
etc) methods of
have gained new optional argument complete =
which makes the vcov()
methods more consistent with
the coef()
methods in the case of singular designs. The
former (back-compatible) behavior is given by vcov(*,
complete = FALSE)
methods (for lm
etc) also gain a
complete = TRUE
optional argument for consistency with
For "aov"
, both coef()
and vcov()
remain back-compatibly consistent, using the other default,
complete = FALSE
attach(*, pos = 1)
is now an error instead of a
New function getDefaultCluster()
in package
parallel to get the default cluster set via
for atomic objects x
now treats both
cases of is.vector(x)
similarly, and hence much less often
prints "atomic"
. This is a slight non-back-compatible
change producing typically both more informative and shorter
gets new argument full
gets optional argument useBytes
New, partly experimental packageDate()
which tries to
get a valid "Date"
object from a package 'DESCRIPTION'
file, thanks to suggestions in PR#17324.
gains a version
argument, for use when packages should remain compatible with
earlier versions of R.
and hence by default ar(x)
now work
when x
has NA
s, mostly thanks to a patch by Pavel
Krivitsky in PR#17366. The ar.yw.default()
's AIC
computations have become more efficient by using
New warnErrList()
utility (from package nlme,
By default the (arbitrary) signs of the loadings from
are chosen so the first element is non-negative.
If --default-packages is not used, then
now checks the environment variable
R_SCRIPT_DEFAULT_PACKAGES. If this is set, then it takes
precedence over R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES. If default packages are
not specified on the command line or by one of these environment
variables, then Rscript
now uses the same default
packages as R
. For now, the previous behavior of not
including methods can be restored by setting the environment
variable R_SCRIPT_LEGACY to yes.
When a package is found more than once, the warning from
find.package(*, verbose=TRUE)
lists all library locations.
POSIXt objects can now also be rounded or truncated to month or year.
can be used alternatively via new argument
which is nicer and useful when testing several
expressions in one call.
The environment variable R_MAX_VSIZE can now be used
to specify the maximal vector heap size. On macOS, unless specified
by this environment variable, the maximal vector heap size is set to
the maximum of 16GB and the available physical memory. This is to
avoid having the R
process killed when macOS over-commits
and sum(x1, x2, .., x<N>)
with many or
long logical or integer vectors no longer overflows (and returns
with a warning), but returns double
numbers in
such cases.
Single components of "POSIXlt"
objects can now be
extracted and replaced via [
indexing with 2 indices.
S3 method lookup now searches the namespace registry after the top level environment of the calling environment.
Arithmetic sequences created by 1:n
, and the like now use compact internal
representations via the ALTREP
framework. Coercing integer
and numeric vectors to character also now uses the ALTREP
framework to defer the actual conversion until first use.
Finalizers are now run with interrupts suspended.
gains new option no.dups
and by
default suffixes the second of two duplicated column names,
thanks to a proposal by Scott Ritchie (and Gabe Becker).
scale.default(x, center, scale)
now also allows
or scale
to be "numeric-alike", i.e.,
such that as.numeric(.)
coerces them correctly. This also
eliminates a wrong error message in such cases.
and par*applyLB
gain an optional
argument chunk.size
which allows to specify the granularity of
Some as.data.frame()
methods, notably the
one, are now more careful in not accepting
duplicated or NA
row names, and by default produce unique
non-NA row names. This is based on new function
.rowNamesDF(x, make.names = *) <- rNms
where the logical
argument make.names
allows to specify how invalid
row names rNms
are handled. .rowNamesDF()
is a
"workaround" compatible default.
R has new serialization format (version 3) which supports
custom serialization of ALTREP
framework objects. These
objects can still be serialized in format 2, but less efficiently.
Serialization format 3 also records the current native encoding of
unflagged strings and converts them when de-serialized in R
running under different native encoding. Format 3 comes with new
serialization magic numbers (RDA3, RDB3, RDX3). Format 3 can be
selected by version = 3
in save()
and saveRDS()
, but format 2 remains the
default for all serialization and saving of the workspace.
Serialized data in format 3 cannot be read by versions of R prior
to version 3.5.0.
The "Date"
and "date-time" classes
and "POSIXct"
now have a working
method, as wished in PR#17387.
optim(*, control = list(warn.1d.NelderMead = FALSE))
allows to turn off the warning when applying the default
method to 1-dimensional problems.
matplot(.., panel.first = .)
etc now work, as
becomes explicit argument and ...
is passed to
unevaluated, as suggested by Sebastian Meyer in PR#17386.
Interrupts can be suspended while evaluating an expression
using suspendInterrupts
. Subexpression can be evaluated
with interrupts enabled using allowInterrupts
. These
functions can be used to make sure cleanup handlers cannot be
R 3.5.0 includes a framework that allows packages to
provide alternate representations of basic R objects
). The framework is still experimental and may
undergo changes in future R releases as more experience is
gained. For now, documentation is provided in
for source packages now has the
possibility to set a 'timeout' (elapsed-time limit). For
serial installs this uses the timeout
argument of
: for parallel installs it requires the
utility command from GNU coreutils.
It is now possible to set 'timeouts' (elapsed-time
limits) for most parts of R CMD check
environment variables documented in the 'R Internals'
The 'BioC extra' repository which was dropped from
Bioconductor 3.6 and later has been removed from
. This changes the mapping for 6–8 used
by setRepositories(ind=)
R CMD check
now also applies the settings of
environment variables _R_CHECK_SUGGESTS_ONLY_ and
_R_CHECK_DEPENDS_ONLY_ to the re-building of vignettes.
R CMD check
with environment variable
_R_CHECK_DEPENDS_ONLY_ set to a true value makes
test-suite-management packages available and (for the time being)
works around a common omission of rmarkdown from the
VignetteBuilder field.
Support for a system Java on macOS has been removed — install a fairly recent Oracle Java (see 'R Installation and Administration' §C.3.2).
works harder to set additional flags in
SAFE_FFLAGS only where necessary, and to use flags which
have little or no effect on performance.
In rare circumstances it may be necessary to override the setting of SAFE_FFLAGS.
C99 functions expm1
, hypot
, log1p
are now required.
sets a -std flag for the C++
compiler for all supported C++ standards (e.g., -std=gnu++11
for the C++11 compiler). Previously this was not done in a few
cases where the default standard passed the tests made
(e.g. clang 6.0.0
for C++11).
'Writing R Extensions' documents macros
that should be used by package C
code instead NAMED
or SET_NAMED
The object header layout has been changed to support merging
the ALTREP
branch. This requires re-installing packages
that use compiled code.
'Writing R Extensions' now documents the
, R_tryCatchError
, and
has been raised to 3 to allow protection of
intermediate results from (usually ill-advised) assignments in
arguments to BUILTIN
functions. Package C
code using
may need to be revised.
Sys.timezone(location = FALSE)
is defunct, and is
ignored (with a warning).
is defunct now; it
typically has been unneeded for years.
The undocumented 'hidden' objects .__H__.cbind
in package base are deprecated (in
favour of cbind
and rbind
The declaration of pythag()
in 'Rmath.h' has
been removed — the entry point has not been provided since R
now also works without column names.
The S4 methods on Ops()
for the "structure"
class no
longer cause infinite recursion when the structure is not an S4 object.
nlm(f, ..)
for the case where f()
has a
attribute now computes
LL' = H + µI correctly. (PR#17249).
An S4 method that "rematches" to its generic and
overrides the default value of a generic formal argument to
no longer drops the argument from its formals.
can now accept more than one argument given on
the #! line of a script. Previously, one could only pass a
single argument on the #! line in Linux.
Connections are now written correctly with encoding
Evaluation of ..0
now signals an error. When
is used and ...
is empty, the error message is
more appropriate.
(Windows mainly.) Unicode code points which require surrogate pairs in UTF-16 are now handled. All systems should properly handle surrogate pairs, even those systems that do not need to make use of them. (PR#16098)
stopifnot(e, e2, ...)
now evaluates the
expressions sequentially and in case of an error or warning shows
the relevant expression instead of the full stopifnot(..)
on Windows now accepts paths specified as
UTF-8-encoded character strings even if not representable in the
current locale. (PR#17120)
line(x, y)
now correctly computes the medians of the
left and right group's x-values and in all cases reproduces
straight lines.
Extending S4 classes with slots corresponding to special
attributes like dim
and dimnames
now works.
Fix for legend()
when fill
has multiple values
the first of which is NA
(all colours used to default to
did not remove the cached value
for a library tree that had been emptied (but would not use the
old value, just waste time checking it).
The documentation for installed.packages(noCache = TRUE)
incorrectly claimed it would refresh the cache.
no longer uses spurious names
in some cases. (PR#17283)
now also works for long vectors.
tries harder to solve
re-encoding issues, notably seen in some Windows locales. This
fixes the citation()
issue in PR#17291.
poly(<matrix>, 3)
now works, thanks to prompting by
Marc Schwartz.
no longer segfaults on very large files
with embedded '\0'
(aka 'nul') characters.
(package splines) now also works for a
single observation. interpSpline()
gives a more friendly
error message when the number of points is less than four.
dist(x, method = "canberra")
now uses the correct
definition; the result may only differ when x
values of differing signs, e.g. not for 0-1 data.
and methods:::rbind()
deep recursion, thanks to Suharto Anggono via PR#17300.
Arithmetic with zero-column data frames now works more consistently; issue raised by Bill Dunlap.
Arithmetic with data frames gives a data frame for ^
previously gave a numeric matrix).
pretty(x, n)
for large n
or large
now works better (though
it was never meant for large n
); internally it uses the
same rounding fuzz (1e-10) as seq.default()
— as it did up
to 2010-02-03 when both were 1e-7.
Internal C-level R_check_class_and_super()
and hence
now also consider non-direct super
classes and hence return a match in more cases. This e.g., fixes
behaviour of derived classes in package Matrix.
Reverted unintended change in behavior of return
calls in on.exit
expressions introduced by stack unwinding
changes in R 3.3.0.
Attributes on symbols are now detected and prevented; attempt to add an attribute to a symbol results in an error.
fisher.test(*, workspace = <n>)
now may also increase
the internal stack size which allows larger problem to be solved,
fixing PR#1662.
The methods package no longer directly copies slots (attributes) into a prototype that is of an "abnormal" (reference) type, like a symbol.
The methods package no longer attempts to call
on NULL
(during the bootstrap process).
The methods package correctly shows methods when there are multiple methods with the same signature for the same generic (still not fully supported, but at least the user can see them).
is now always evaluated in the right
frame. (From Lionel Henry.)
seq.POSIXt(*, by = "<n> DSTdays")
now should work
correctly in all cases and is faster. (PR#17342)
when returning a logical vector now always maps
values other than FALSE and NA to TRUE (as documented).
Subassignment with zero length vectors now coerces as
documented (PR#17344).
Further, x <- numeric(); x[1] <- character()
now signals
an error 'replacement has length zero
' (or a
translation of that) instead of doing nothing.
(Package parallel.) mclapply()
, pvec()
and mcparallel()
(when mccollect()
is used to
collect results) no longer leave zombie processes behind.
R CMD INSTALL <pkg>
now produces the intended error
message when, e.g., the LazyData
field is invalid.
now works when the data frame dd
contains a column which is a data frame or matrix, including a
0-column matrix/d.f. .
mclapply(X, mc.cores)
now follows its documentation
and calls lapply()
in case mc.cores = 1
also in the
case mc.preschedule
is false. (PR#17373)
aggregate(<data.frame>, drop=FALSE)
no longer calls
the function on <empty> parts but sets corresponding results to
. (Thanks to Suharto Anggono's patches in PR#17280).
The duplicated()
method for data frames is now based
on the list
method (instead of string coercion). Consequently
is better distinguishing data frame rows, fixing
PR#17369 and PR#17381. The methods for matrices and arrays
are changed accordingly.
Calling names()
on an S4 object derived from
behaves (by default) like calling
on an ordinary environment.
with a non-default separator now
supports quotes following a non-whitespace character, matching the
behavior of scan()
and parSapplyLB
have been fixed to do
load balancing (dynamic scheduling). This also means that results of
computations depending on random number generators will now really be
non-reproducible, as documented.
Indexing a list using dollar and empty string (l$""
returns NULL.
Using \usage{ data(<name>, package="<pkg>") }
no longer produces R CMD check
more carefully chooses the environment
for constructing default choices
, fixing PR#17401 as
proposed by Duncan Murdoch.
Deparsing of consecutive !
calls is now consistent
with deparsing unary -
and +
calls and creates code
that can be reparsed exactly; thanks to a patch by Lionel Henry in
PR#17397. (As a side effect, this uses fewer parentheses in
some other deparsing involving !
tries more heuristics on Unix-alikes and so
is more likely to succeed (especially on Linux). For the slowest
method, a warning is given recommending that TZ is set to
avoid the search.
The version of LAPACK included in the sources has been updated to 3.8.0 (for the routines used by R, a very minor bug-fix change).
parallel::detectCores(logical = FALSE)
is ignored on
Linux systems, since the information is not available with
virtualized OSes.
will use pkg-config
to find the
flags to link to jpeg
if available (as it should be for the
recently-released jpeg-9c
and libjpeg-turbo
). (This
amends the code added in R 3.3.0 as the module name in
is not what that tested for.)
Sys.timezone(location = FALSE)
(which was a stop-gap
measure for Windows long ago) is deprecated. It no longer returns
the value of environment variable TZ (usually a location).
Legacy support of make
macros such as CXX1X
is formally deprecated: use the CXX11 forms instead.
now warns when it cannot solve the
problem, typically because of impossible constraints. (PR#17345)
no longer erroneously removes
in certain cases, thanks to Dénes Tóth.
nls(`NO [mol/l]` ~ f(t))
and nls(y ~ a)
work. (Partly from PR#17367)
R CMD build
checks for GNU cp
than assuming Linux has it. (PR#17370 says 'Alpine
Linux' does not.)
Non-UTF-8 multibyte character handling fixed more permanently (PR#16732).
sum(<large ints>, <stuff>)
is more consistent.
and rbeta()
now also work correctly when
is not scalar, notably when (partly) NA
no longer warns. (PR#16107)
now correctly sets C++ compiler flags
when all source files are in sub-directories of 'src'.
A workaround has been added for the changes in location of time-zone files in macOS 10.13 'High Sierra' and again in 10.13.1, so the default time zone is deduced correctly from the system setting when R is configured with --with-internal-tzcode (the default on macOS).
R CMD javareconf
has been updated to recognize the
use of a Java 9 SDK on macOS.
raw(0) & raw(0)
and raw(0) | raw(0)
again return raw(0)
(rather than logical(0)
converts integers corresponding to
surrogate code points to NA
rather than invalid UTF-8, as
well as values larger than the current Unicode maximum of
. (This aligns with the current RFC3629.)
Fix calling of methods on S4 generics that dispatch on
when the call contains ...
Following Unicode 'Corrigendum 9', the UTF-8
representations of U+FFFE and U+FFFF are now regarded as valid by
range(c(TRUE, NA), finite = TRUE)
and similar no longer
return NA
. (Reported by Lukas Stadler.)
The self starting function attr(SSlogis, "initial")
now also works when the y values have exact minimum zero and is
slightly changed in general, behaving symmetrically in the y range.
The printing of named raw vectors is now formatted nicely as for other such atomic vectors, thanks to Lukas Stadler.
Setting the LC_ALL
category in Sys.setlocale()
invalidates any cached locale-specific day/month names and the
AM/PM indicator for strptime()
(as setting LC_TIME
has since R 3.1.0).
The version of LAPACK included in the sources has been updated to 3.7.1, a bug-fix release.
The default for tools::write_PACKAGES(rds_compress=)
has been changed to "xz"
to match the compression used by
and unlist()
are now more efficient in
constructing the names(.)
of their return value, thanks to
a proposal by Suharto Anggono. (PR#17284)
R CMD check
checks for and R CMD build
corrects CRLF line endings in shell scripts configure
and cleanup
(even on Windows).
The order of selection of OpenMP flags has been changed: Oracle Developer Studio 12.5 accepts -fopenmp and -xopenmp but only the latter enables OpenMP so it is now tried first.
within(List, rm(x1, x2))
works correctly again,
including when List[["x2"]]
is NULL
regexec(pattern, text, *)
now applies
to its first two arguments, as documented.
and related functions,
, and perhaps other functions writing text to
connections did not signal errors when the writes failed,
e.g. due to a disk being full. Errors will now be
signalled if detected during the write, warnings if detected when
the connection is closed. (PR#17243)
assumed the ncp
parameter was a scalar. (PR#17306)
with more than 10 choices which easily
fit into one getOption("width")
-line no longer erroneously
repeats choices. (PR#17312)
on a pairlist succeeds.
Language objects such as quote(("\n"))
or R
functions are correctly printed again, where R 3.4.1 accidentally
duplicated the backslashes.
Construction of names()
for very large objects in
and unlist()
now works, thanks to Suharto
Anggono's patch proposals in PR#17292.
Resource leaks (and similar) reported by Steve Grubb fixed. (PR#17314, PR#17316, PR#17317, PR#17318, PR#17319, PR#17320)
model.matrix(~1, mf)
now gets the row names from
also when they differ from 1:nrow(mf)
, fixing
PR#14992 thanks to the suggestion by Sebastian Meyer.
now takes the correct denominator degrees
of freedom for a fitted model with NA
coefficients. (PR#17313)
hist(x, "FD")
no longer "dies" with a somewhat
cryptic error message when x
has extreme outliers or
zero: nclass.FD(x)
tries harder to find a
robust bin width h in the latter case, and
hist.default(*, breaks)
now checks and corrects a too large
number. (PR#17274)
works for ...
qr.coef(qd, y)
now has correct names also when
is a complex QR or stems from qr(*, LAPACK=TRUE)
Setting options(device = *)
to an invalid function no
longer segfaults when plotting is initiated. (PR#15883)
encodeString(<very large string>)
no longer
segfaults. (PR#15885)
It is again possible to use configure
without having installed
(it was required in R 3.4.[01]).
S4 method dispatch on ...
calls the method by name
instead of .Method
(for consistency with default dispatch),
and only attempts to pass non-missing arguments from the generic.
works again. (PR#17325)
no longer segfaults for n <- 2.2e9
(on a platform with enough RAM).
x <- 1:2; tapply(x, list(x, x), function(x) "")[1,2]
now correctly returns NA
Running of finalizers after explicit GC request moved from
the R interface do_gc
to the C
. This helps with reclaiming inaccessible connections.
and ??topic
matching topics
in vignettes with multiple file name extensions (e.g.,
'*.md.rsp' but not '*.Rmd') failed with an error
when using options(help_type = "html")
The X11 device no longer uses the Xlib backing store (PR#16497).
array(character(), 1)
now gives (a 1D array with)
as has been documented for a long time as in the other
cases of zero-length array initialization and also compatibly with
matrix(character(), *)
. As mentioned there, this also
fixes PR#17333.
splineDesign(.., derivs = 4)
no longer segfaults.
fisher.test(*, hybrid=TRUE)
now (again) will use the
hybrid method when Cochran's conditions are met, fixing PR#16654.
The deprecated support for PCRE versions older than 8.20 has been removed.
gave incorrect column information when
code contained multi-byte characters. (PR#17254)
Asking for help using expressions like ?stats::cor()
did not work. (PR#17250)
now works.
R CMD Sweave
again returns status = 0 on
successful completion.
Vignettes listed in '.Rbuildignore' were not being ignored properly. (PR#17246)
no longer returns NA on Windows when the
file or directory is being used by another process. This affected
, which is now protected against this.
Windows .zip file obeys --lock
and --pkglock
(Windows only) The choose.files()
function could
return incorrect results when called with multi = FALSE
aggregate(<data.frame>, drop = FALSE)
now also works in
case of near-equal numbers in by
could encounter integer overflow when
calculating the odds ratio. (PR#17286)
no longer gives spurious warnings when
extracting srcrefs from a file not encoded in the current locale.
This was seen from R CMD check
with 'inst/doc/*.R'
files, and check
has some additional protection for such files.
now always returns its argument
Non-UTF-8 multibyte character sets were not handled properly in source references. (PR#16732)
The default methods for download.file()
and url()
now choose "libcurl"
except for file://
URLs. There will be small changes in the format and wording of
messages, including in rare cases if an issue is a warning or an
error. For example, when HTTP re-direction occurs, some messages
refer to the final URL rather than the specified one.
Those who use proxies should check that their settings are
compatible (see ?download.file
: the most commonly used
forms work for both "internal"
and "libcurl"
has been amended to be more internally
consistent and become back compatible to R <= 2.7.2
again. Consequently, table(1:2, exclude = NULL)
no longer
contains a zero count for <NA>
, but useNA = "always"
continues to do so.
no longer rounds, but its print
method does resulting in less extraneous rounding, notably of
numbers in the ten thousands.
factor(x, exclude = L)
behaves more rationally when
or L
are character vectors. Further,
exclude = <factor>
now behaves as documented for long.
Arithmetic, logic (&
, |
) and comparison (aka
'relational', e.g., <
, ==
) operations with
arrays now behave consistently, notably for arrays of length zero.
Arithmetic between length-1 arrays and longer non-arrays had
silently dropped the array attributes and recycled. This now
gives a warning and will signal an error in the future, as it has
always for logic and comparison operations in these cases (e.g.,
compare matrix(1,1) + 2:3
and matrix(1,1) < 2:3
The JIT ('Just In Time') byte-code compiler is now enabled by default at its level 3. This means functions will be compiled on first or second use and top-level loops will be compiled and then run. (Thanks to Tomas Kalibera for extensive work to make this possible.)
For now, the compiler will not compile code containing explicit
calls to browser()
: this is to support single stepping from
the browser()
JIT compilation can be disabled for the rest of the session using
or by setting environment variable
R_ENABLE_JIT to 0
works more consistently with NA
s, also
in its result no longer setting them to 0
. Further, a new
logical option addNA
allows to count NA
s where
appropriate. Additionally, for the case sparse = TRUE
, the
result's dimnames
are identical to the default case's.
Matrix products now consistently bypass BLAS when the inputs
have NaN
values. Performance of the check of
inputs has been improved. Performance when BLAS is used is
improved for matrix/vector and vector/matrix multiplication (DGEMV
is now used instead of DGEMM).
One can now choose from alternative matrix product implementations
via options(matprod = )
. The "internal"
implementation is not optimized for speed but consistent in
precision with other summations in R (using long double
accumulators where available). "blas"
calls BLAS directly
for best speed, but usually with undefined behavior for inputs
with NaN
User errors such as integrate(f, 0:1, 2)
are now caught.
Add signature
argument to debug()
, undebug()
and isdebugged()
more conveniently debugging S3 and S4 methods. (Based on a patch by
Gabe Becker.)
Add utils::debugcall()
for debugging the function that would
be called by evaluating the given expression. When the call is to
an S4 generic or standard S3 generic, debugcall()
debugs the
method that would be dispatched. A number of internal utilities
were added to support this, most notably
. (Based on a patch by Gabe Becker.)
Add utils::strcapture()
. Given a character vector and
a regular expression containing capture expressions,
will extract the captured tokens into a
tabular data structure, typically a data.frame
and strOptions()
get a new option
with improved but changed default
behaviour for expressions. For expression
, str(x)
now may remove extraneous white space and
truncate long lines.
is no longer very slow;
inspired by Mikko Korpela's proposal in PR#16527.
's default method is more "accurate" and
hence somewhat more generous in displaying character vectors; this
will occasionally change R outputs (and need changes to some
'*.Rout(.save)' files).
For a classed integer vector such as x <- xtabs(~ c(1,9,9,9))
now shows both the class and "int"
, instead
of only the latter.
is much faster for large asymmetric
matrices m
via pre-tests and a new option tol1
(with which strict back compatibility is possible but not the
The result of eigen()
now is of class "eigen"
in the default case when eigenvectors are computed.
Zero-length date and date-time objects (of classes
) now print()
and xyz.coords()
get a new
The method
argument of sort.list()
and sort.int()
gains an "auto"
(the default) which should behave the same as before when
was not supplied.
stopifnot(E, ..)
now reports differences when
is a call to all.equal()
and that is not true.
boxplot(<formula>, *)
gain optional arguments
, sep
, and lex.order
to pass to
which itself gains an argument
to pass to interaction()
for more
The plot()
method for ppr()
has enhanced
default labels (xmin
and main
gains an explicit useHash
(with a back compatible default).
gains an ignore.srcref
which drops "srcref"
and similar attributes when true (as
by default).
diag(x, nrow = n)
now preserves typeof(x)
, also
for logical, integer and raw x
(and as previously for
complex and numeric).
now allows direct specification of
, gets a hatvalues()
method and keeps
in the result, and optionally parts of the internal
matrix computations.
is faster now, e.g. when applied twice.
(Part of PR#16895.)
New option rstandard(<lm>, type = "predicted")
provides the "PRESS"–related leave-one-out
cross-validation errors for linear models.
After seven years of deprecation, duplicated factor levels
now produce a warning when printed and an error in levels<-
instead of a warning.
Invalid factors, e.g., with duplicated levels (invalid but
constructable) now give a warning when printed, via new
function .valid.factor()
has been updated for Apple's change in
OS naming as from '10.12' ('macOS Sierra' vs
'OS X El Capitan').
Its toLatex()
method now includes the running
can be used to specify a default
action for user interrupts. For now, if this option is not set
and the error
option is set, then an unhandled user
interrupt invokes the error
option. (This may be dropped in
the future as interrupt
conditions are not error
In most cases user interrupt handlers will be called with a
restart available. Handlers can invoke this
restart to resume computation. At the browser prompt the r
command will invoke a "resume"
restart if one is
available. Some read operations cannot be resumed properly when
interrupted and do not provide a "resume"
Radix sort is now chosen by method = "auto"
for double vectors (and hence used for
for unclassed double vectors), excluding
'long' vectors.
sort.int(method = "radix")
no longer rounds double vectors.
The default
and data.frame
methods for
preserve the names of empty elements in the levels
of the ind
column of the return value. Set the new
argument to TRUE
for the previous behavior.
Speedup in simplify2array()
and hence sapply()
(for the case of names and common length > 1),
thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17118.
table(x, exclude = NULL)
now sets
useNA = "ifany"
(instead of "always"
Together with the bug fixes for this case, this recovers more
consistent behaviour compatible to older versions of R. As
a consequence, summary()
for a logical vector no longer
reports (zero) counts for NA
when there are no NA
gets a new option
which allows to also dump the global
environment, thanks to Andreas Kersting's proposal in PR#17116.
now uses message()
instead of
when terminated early, such that
has an effect; suggested by Ben Bolker.
supports 'inst/CITATION' files from
package source trees, with lib.loc
pointing to the
directory containing the package.
gains a new argument outFile
with a
default that can be modified via
options(try.outFile = .)
, useful notably for Sweave
The unexported low-level functions in package parallel
for passing serialized R objects to and from forked children now
support long vectors on 64-bit platforms. This removes some
limits on higher-level functions such as mclapply()
returning gigabyte results from forked processes via
serialization should be avoided if at all possible).
Connections now print()
without error even if
invalid, e.g. after having been destroyed.
and find(simple.words = FALSE)
longer match object names starting with . which are known
to be internal objects (such as .__S3MethodsTable__.
Convenience function hasName()
has been added; it
is intended to replace the common idiom !is.null(x$name)
without the usually unintended partial name matching.
no longer fixes column names nor coerces
strings to factors (suggested by Bill Dunlap).
returns NA
for non-matching
values in x
(suggested by Bill Dunlap).
gets new optional arguments, notably
; this is made use of in the new utility function
gets a new toplevel.env
This argument is useful for frameworks running package tests;
contributed by Tomas Kalibera.
file.copy(copy.date = TRUE)
will set timestamps with
fractions of seconds on platforms/filesystems which support this.
(Windows only.) file.info()
now returns file
timestamps including fractions of seconds; it has done so on other
platforms since R 2.14.0. (NB: some filesystems do not
record modification and access timestamps to sub-second
The license check enabled by
options(checkPackageLicense = TRUE)
is now done when the
package's namespace is first loaded.
and supsmu()
get an optional
argument, and ppr(.., sm.method = ..spline)
no longer limited to sample size n <= 2500.
The POSIXct
method for print()
gets optional
and usetz
arguments, thanks to a report from
Jennifer S. Lyon.
New function check_packages_in_dir_details()
package tools for analyzing package-check log files to
obtain check details.
Package tools now exports function
for obtaining information about current
packages in the CRAN package repository, and several
functions for obtaining the check status of these packages.
The (default) Stangle driver Rtangle
to be a function and gets a new
The default method for quantile(x, prob)
should now
be monotone in prob
, even in border cases, see PR#16672.
now tries to extract an email address
from a BugReports field, and if there is none, from a
Contacts field.
The format()
and print()
methods for
results get new options standard
; notably, standard = "IEC"
standard = "SI"
allow more standard (but less common)
abbreviations than the default ones, e.g. for kilobytes.
(From contributions by Henrik Bengtsson.)
If a reference class has a validity method,
will be called automatically from the
default initialization method for reference classes.
gets new option default = NA
allowing to change the previously hardcoded value.
now consistently interprets any
'whitespace' to be stripped to include newlines.
The maximum number of DLLs that can be loaded into R
e.g. via dyn.load()
can now be increased by
setting the environment variable R_MAX_NUM_DLLS
starting R.
Assigning to an element of a vector beyond the current
length now over-allocates by a small fraction. The new vector is
marked internally as growable, and the true length of the new
vector is stored in the truelength
field. This makes
building up a vector result by assigning to the next element
beyond the current length more efficient, though pre-allocating is
still preferred. The implementation is subject to change and not
intended to be used in packages at this time.
Loading the parallel package namespace no longer sets
or changes the .Random.seed
, even if R_PARALLEL_PORT
is unset.
NB: This can break reproducibility of output, and did for a CRAN package.
Methods "wget"
and "curl"
now give an R error rather than a non-zero
return value when the external command has a non-zero status.
Encoding name "utf8"
is mapped to "UTF-8"
Many implementations of iconv
accept "utf8"
, but not
GNU libiconv (including the late 2016 version 1.15).
shows the full paths to the library or
executable files providing the BLAS/LAPACK implementations
currently in use (not available on Windows).
The binning algorithm used by bandwidth selectors
, bw.bcv()
and bw.SJ()
switches to a
version linear in the input size n
for n > nb/2
(The calculations are the same, but for larger n/nb
it is
worth doing the binning in advance.)
There is a new option PCRE_study
which controls when
grep(perl = TRUE)
and friends 'study' the compiled
pattern. Previously this was done for 11 or more input strings:
it now defaults to 10 or more (but most examples need many more
for the difference from studying to be noticeable).
grep(perl = TRUE)
and friends can now make use of
PCRE's Just-In-Time mechanism, for PCRE >= 8.20 on
platforms where JIT is supported. It is used by default whenever
the pattern
is studied (see the previous item). (Based on
a patch from Mikko Korpela.)
This is controlled by a new option PCRE_use_JIT
Note that in general this makes little difference to the speed, and may take a little longer: its benefits are most evident on strings of thousands of characters. As a side effect it reduces the chances of C stack overflow in the PCRE library on very long strings (millions of characters, but see next item).
Warning: segfaults were seen using PCRE with JIT enabled on 64-bit Sparc builds.
There is a new option PCRE_limit_recursion
grep(perl = TRUE)
and friends to set a recursion limit
taking into account R's estimate of the remaining C stack space
(or 10000 if that is not available). This reduces the chance of C
stack overflow, but because it is conservative may report a
non-match (with a warning) in examples that matched before. By
default it is enabled if any input string has 1000 or more bytes.
now works on
X11(type = "cairo")
devices. Thanks to Frederick Eaton (for
reviving an earlier patch).
There is a new argument onIdle
, which allows an R function to be run
whenever there are no pending graphics events. This is currently
only supported on X11 devices. Thanks to Frederick Eaton.
The deriv()
and similar functions now can compute
derivatives of log1p()
, sinpi()
and similar
one-argument functions, thanks to a contribution by Jerry Lewis.
gains a formal ...
argument, so
methods with extra arguments can be provided.
reduces indent
if it is more than
half width
rather than giving an error. (Suggested by Bill
When the condition code
in if(.)
is not of length one, an error instead of a
warning may be triggered by setting an environment variable, see
the help page.
Formatting and printing of bibliography entries
) is more flexible and better documented. Apart
from setting options(citation.bibtex.max = 99)
you can also
use print(<citation>, bibtex=TRUE)
(or format(..)
to get the BibTeX entries in the case of more than one entry.
This also affects citation()
Contributions to enable style = "html+bibtex"
are welcome.
Entry points R_MakeExternalPtrFn
are now declared in header
'Rinternals.h' to facilitate creating and retrieving an R
external pointer from a C function pointer without ISO C warnings
about the conversion of function pointers.
There was an exception for the native Solaris C++ compiler
to the dropping (in R 3.3.0) of legacy C++ headers from headers
such as 'R.h' and 'Rmath.h' — this has now been
removed. That compiler has strict C++98 compliance hence does not
include extensions in its (non-legacy) C++ headers: some
packages will need to request C++11 or replace non-C++98 calls
such as lgamma
: see §1.6.4 of 'Writing R Extensions'.
Because it is needed by about 70 CRAN packages, headers 'R.h' and 'Rmath.h' still declare
use namespace std;
when included on Solaris.
When included from C++, the R headers now use forms such as
directly rather than including the line
using std::FILE;
C++ code including these headers might be relying on the latter.
Headers 'R_ext/BLAS.h' and 'R_ext/Lapack.h' have
many improved declarations including const
double-precision complex routines. Inter alia this avoids
warnings when passing 'string literal' arguments from C++11
Headers for Unix-only facilities 'R_ext/GetX11Image.h', 'R_ext/QuartzDevice.h' and 'R_ext/eventloop.h' are no longer installed on Windows.
No-longer-installed headers 'GraphicsBase.h', 'RGraphics.h', 'Rmodules/RX11.h' and 'Rmodules/Rlapack.h' which had a LGPL license no longer do so.
is now defined where appropriate by
so that it can be included before
when CSTACK_DEFNS
is defined and a C
compiler (not C++) is in use. Rinterface.h
now includes C
header 'stdint.h' or C++11 header 'cstdint' where
Package tools has a new function
to assist
adding native-symbol registration to a package. See its help and
§5.4.1 of 'Writing R Extensions' for how to use it. (At
the time it was added it successfully automated adding
registration to over 90% of CRAN packages which lacked
it. Many of the failures were newly-detected bugs in the
packages, e.g. 50 packages called entry points with varying
numbers of arguments and 65 packages called entry points not in
the package.)
headers (and not just the library) are
required unless configuring with --with-readline=no.
now adds a compiler switch for C++11
code, even if the compiler supports C++11 by default. (This
ensures that g++
6.x uses C++11 mode and not its default
mode of C++14 with 'GNU extensions'.)
The tests for C++11 compliance are now much more comprehensive. For gcc < 4.8, the tests from R 3.3.0 are used in order to maintain the same behaviour on Linux distributions with long-term support.
An alternative compiler for C++11 is now specified with CXX11, not CXX1X. Likewise C++11 flags are specified with CXX11FLAGS and the standard (e.g., -std=gnu++11) is specified with CXX11STD.
now tests for a C++14-compliant compiler
by testing some basic features. This by default tries flags for
the compiler specified by CXX11, but an alternative compiler,
options and standard can be specified by variables CXX14,
CXX14FLAGS and CXX14STD (e.g., -std=gnu++14).
There is a new macro CXXSTD
to help specify the
standard for C++ code, e.g. -std=c++98. This
makes it easier to work with compilers which default to a later
standard: for example, with CXX=g++6 CXXSTD=-std=c++98
will select commands for g++
which conform to C++11 and C++14 where specified but otherwise use
Support for the defunct IRIX and OSF/1 OSes and Alpha CPU has been removed.
checks that the compiler specified by
$CXX $CXXFLAGS is able to compile C++ code.
checks for the required header
'sys/select.h' (or 'sys/time.h' on legacy systems) and
system call select
and aborts if they are not found.
If available, the POSIX 2008 system call utimensat
will be used by Sys.setFileTime()
file.copy(copy.date = TRUE)
. This may result in slightly
more accurate file times. (It is available on Linux and FreeBSD
but not macOS.)
The minimum version requirement for libcurl
has been
reduced to 7.22.0, although at least 7.28.0 is preferred and
earlier versions are little tested. (This is to support Debian 7
'Wheezy' LTS and Ubuntu 'Precise' 12.04 LTS,
although the latter is close to end-of-life.)
tests for a C++17-compliant compiler.
The tests are experimental and subject to change in the future.
(Windows only) Tcl/Tk version 8.6.4 is now included in the binary builds. The 'tcltk*.chm' help file is no longer included; please consult the online help at http://www.tcl.tk/man/ instead.
The version of LAPACK included in the sources has been updated to 3.7.0: no new routines have been added to R.
There is support for compiling C++14 or C++17 code in packages on suitable platforms: see 'Writing R Extensions' for how to request this.
The order of flags when LinkingTo other packages has
been changed so their include directories come earlier, before
those specified in CPPFLAGS
. This will only have an effect
if non-system include directories are included with -I
flags in CPPFLAGS
(and so not the default
which is treated as a system include
directory on most platforms).
Packages which register native routines for .C
need to be re-installed for this version (unless
installed with R-devel SVN revision r72375 or later).
Make variables with names containing CXX1X
deprecated in favour of those using CXX11
, but for the time
being are still made available via file
'etc/Makeconf'. Packages using them should be converted to
the new forms and made dependent on R (>= 3.4.0).
Running R CMD check --as-cran
_R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_REMOTE_ false now skips tests that
require remote access. The remaining (local) tests typically
run quickly compared to the remote tests.
R CMD build
will now give priority to vignettes
produced from files in the 'vignettes' directory over those
in the 'inst/doc' directory, with a warning that the latter
are being ignored.
R CMD config
gains a --all option for
printing names and values of all basic configure variables.
It now knows about all the variables used for the C++98, C++11 and C++14 standards.
R CMD check
now checks that output files in
'inst/doc' are newer than the source files in 'vignettes'.
For consistency with other package subdirectories, files
named '*.r' in the 'tests' directory are now recognized
as tests by R CMD check
. (Wish of PR#17143.)
R CMD build
and R CMD check
now use the
union of R_LIBS and .libPaths()
. They may not
be equivalent, e.g., when the latter is determined by
R CMD build
now preserves dates when it copies files
in preparing the tarball. (Previously on Windows it changed the
dates on all files; on Unix, it changed some dates when installing
The new option R CMD check --no-stop-on-test-error
allows running the remaining tests (under 'tests/') even if
one gave an error.
Check customization via environment variables to
detect side effects of .Call()
and .External()
which alter their arguments is described in §8 of the 'R
Internals' manual.
R CMD check
now checks any BugReports field
to be non-empty and a suitable single URL.
R CMD check --as-cran
now NOTEs if the package
does not register its native routines or does not declare its
intentions on (native) symbol search. (This will become a WARNING
in due course.)
(Windows only) Function setInternet2()
is defunct.
Installation support for readline
emulations based on
(aka libedit
) is deprecated.
Use of the C/C++ macro NO_C_HEADERS is defunct and silently ignored.
, a traditional synonym for
, has been deprecated.
structure(NULL, ..)
is now deprecated as you cannot
set attributes on NULL
Header 'Rconfig.h' no longer defines SUPPORT_OPENMP; instead use _OPENMP (as documented for a long time).
(C-level Native routine registration.) The deprecated
member of the R_CMethodDef
structures has been removed.
Packages using these will need to be re-installed for R 3.4.0.
The deprecated support for PCRE versions older than 8.20 will be removed in R 3.4.1. (Versions 8.20–8.31 will still be accepted but remain deprecated.)
Getting or setting body()
or formals()
non-functions for now signals a warning and may become an error
for setting.
match(x, t)
, duplicated(x)
work as documented for complex numbers with NA
or NaN
s, where all those containing NA
do match,
whereas in the case of NaN
's both real and imaginary parts
must match, compatibly with how print()
and format()
work for complex numbers.
deparse(<complex>, options = "digits17")
prints more
nicely now, mostly thanks to a suggestion by Richie Cotton.
Rotated symbols in plotmath expressions are now positioned
correctly on x11(type = "Xlib")
avoids an infinite loop when a virtual class
is interposed between a subclass and an actual superclass.
Fix level propagation in unlist()
when the list
contains zero-length lists or factors.
Fix S3 dispatch on S4 objects when the methods package is not attached.
Internal S4 dispatch sets .Generic
in the method
frame for consistency with standardGeneric()
Fix order(x, decreasing = TRUE)
when x
is an
integer vector containing MAX_INT
. Ported from a fix Matt
Dowle made to data.table.
Fix caching by callNextMethod()
, resolves PR#16973
and PR#16974.
puts NAs last, to be consistent with the
default behavior of order()
Point mass limit cases: qpois(-2, 0)
now gives
with a warning and qgeom(1, 1)
is 0
no longer drops an "NaN"
factor level,
and better obeys exclude = <chr>
, thanks to Suharto Anggono's
patch for PR#16936. Also, in the case of exclude = NULL
and NA
s, these are tabulated correctly (again).
Further, table(1:2, exclude = 1, useNA = "ifany")
no longer
erroneously reports <NA>
Additionally, all cases of empty exclude
are equivalent,
and useNA
is not overwritten when specified (as it was by
exclude = NULL
wilcox.test(x, conf.int=TRUE)
no longer errors out in
cases where the confidence interval is not available, such as for
x = 0:2
now keeps <NA> levels when present.
In integer arithmetic, NULL
is now treated as
whereas it was previously treated as double(0)
The radix sort considers NA_real_
and NaN
be equivalent in rank (like the other sort algorithms).
When index.return=TRUE
is passed to sort.int()
the radix sort treats NA
s like sort.list()
(like the other sort algorithms).
When in tabulate(bin, nbin)
larger than the maximal integer, the result is now of type
and hence no longer silently overflows to wrong
values. (PR#17140)
respects S4 inheritance when
checking the type of its argument. (PR#17141)
The factor
method for print()
no longer sets
the class of the factor to NULL
, which would violate a
basic constraint of an S4 object.
formatC(x, flag = f)
allows two new flags, and
signals an error for invalid flags also in the case of character
Reading from file("stdin")
now also closes the
connection and hence no longer leaks memory when reading from a
full pipe, thanks to Gábor Csárdi, see thread starting at
Failure to create file in tempdir()
for compressed
graphics device no longer errors (then later
segfaults). There is now a warning instead of error and
compression is turned off for the device. Thanks to Alec
Wysoker (PR#17191).
Asking for methods()
on "|"
returns only S3
methods. See
using Quartz Cocoa device (macOS) returned
invalid components if the back-end chose to use ARGB instead of RGBA
image format. (Reported by Noam Ross.)
seq("2", "5")
now works too, equivalently to
and seq.int()
seq.int(to = 1, by = 1)
is now correct, other cases are
integer (instead of double
) when seq()
is integer
too, and the "non-finite" error messages are consistent between
and seq.int()
, no longer mentioning
rep(x, times)
and rep.int(x, times)
now work
when times
is larger than the largest value representable
in an integer vector. (PR#16932)
download.file(method = "libcurl")
does not check for
URL existence before attempting downloads; this is more robust to
servers that do not support HEAD or range-based retrieval, but may
create empty or incomplete files for aborted download requests.
Bandwidth selectors bw.ucv()
, bw.bcv()
now avoid integer overflow for large sample sizes.
no longer shows "list output truncated"
in cases that list was not shown at all. Thanks to Neal Fultz
Fix for cairo_pdf()
(and svg()
) when replaying a saved display list that contains
a mix of grid and graphics output.
(Report by Yihui Xie.)
The str()
and as.hclust()
methods for
now also work for deeply nested dendrograms
thanks to non-recursive implementations by Bradley Broom.
now uses two uniforms for added precision
when the uniform generator is Knuth-TAOCP
, or a user-defined generator and the
population size is 2^25 or greater.
If a vignette in the 'vignettes' directory is listed in
'.Rbuildignore', R CMD build
would not include it
in the tarball, but would include it in the vignette database,
leading to a check warning. (PR#17246)
infinite looped on certain
inputs. (PR#17138)
ignored argument names when determining
whether two terms were identical. (PR#17235)
was broken when called from a method
that augments the formal arguments of a primitive generic.
Coercion of an S4 object to a vector during sub-assignment
into a vector failed to dispatch through the as.vector()
generic (often leading to a segfault).
Fix problems in command completion: Crash (PR#17222) and junk display in Windows, handling special characters in filenames on all systems.
Changes when redirection of a http:// URL to a https:// URL is encountered:
The internal methods of download.file()
now report that they cannot follow this (rather
than failing silently).
(Unix-alike) download.file(method = "auto")
default) re-tries with method = "libcurl"
(Unix-alike) url(method = "default")
with an
explicit open
argument re-tries with
method = "libcurl"
. This covers many of the usages,
e.g. readLines()
with a URL argument.
The configure
check for the zlib
version is
now robust to versions longer than 5 characters, including
Environmental variable _R_CHECK_TESTS_NLINES_ controls
how R CMD check
reports failing tests (see §8 of the
'R Internals' manual).
(C-level Native routine registration.) The undocumented
field of the components of R_CMethodDef
is deprecated.
vapply(x, *)
now works with long vectors x
and similar are
correct now. (PR#17171)
grepRaw(<long>, <short>, fixed = TRUE)
now works,
thanks to a patch by Mikko Korpela. (PR#17132)
Package installation into a library where the package exists
via symbolic link now should work wherever
works, resolving PR#16725.
was missing an "n"
in the
Fix buffer overflow vulnerability in pdf()
loading an encoding file. Reported by Talos (TALOS-2016-0227).
now produces its warning
correctly when multiple DLLs match, thanks to Matt Dowle's PR#17184.
now returns non-NA also on platforms
such as Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS, thanks to Mikko Korpela's
for an illegal "POSIXlt"
no longer segfaults.
now also works for f
or "{"
(Windows only) dir.create()
did not check the length
of the path to create, and so could overflow a buffer and crash
On some systems, very small hexadecimal numbers in hex notation would underflow to zero. (PR#17199)
and pmax()
now work again for
factors and 0-length S3 classed objects, thanks to
Suharto Anggono's PR#17195 and PR#17200.
did not do any validity checking on a
package's BugReports field. It now ignores an empty field,
removes leading whitespace and only attempts to open
http:// and https:// URLs, falling back to emailing
the maintainer.
Bandwidth selectors bw.ucv()
gave incorrect answers or incorrectly reported an
error (because of integer overflow) for inputs longer than
46341. Similarly for bw.bcv()
at length 5793.
Another possible integer overflow is checked and may result in an error report (rather than an incorrect result) for much longer inputs (millions for a smooth distribution).
failed if the active signature had
expanded beyond what a particular package used. (Example with
packages XR and XRJulia on CRAN.)
underflowed too early in some very asymmetric
cases. (PR#17178)
R CMD Rd2pdf
had problems with packages with
non-ASCII titles in '.Rd' files (usually the titles were
now reports the version (if any) of
the readline
library in use.
The version of LAPACK included in the sources has been
updated to 3.6.1, a bug-fix release including a speedup for the
non-symmetric case of eigen()
Use options(deparse.max.lines=)
to limit the number
of lines recorded in .Traceback
and other deparsing
looks more regular, also for
non-character atomic matrices.
gains an option named = TRUE
The online documentation for package methods is extensively rewritten. The goals are to simplify documentation for basic use, to note old features not recommended and to correct out-of-date information.
Calls to setMethod()
no longer print a message when
creating a generic function in those cases where that is
natural: S3 generics and primitives.
Versions of the readline
library >= 6.3 had been
changed so that terminal window resizes were not signalled to
: code has been added using a explicit signal
handler to work around that (when R is compiled against readline
works better with Oracle Developer
Studio 12.5.
R CMD check
reports more dubious flags in files
'src/Makevars[.in]', including -w and -g.
R CMD check
has been set up to filter important
warnings from recent versions of gfortran
-Wall -pedantic: this now reports non-portable GNU
extensions such as out-of-order declarations.
R CMD config
works better with paths containing
spaces, even those of home directories (as reported by Ken Beath).
Use of the C/C++ macro NO_C_HEADERS is deprecated (no C headers are included by R headers from C++ as from R 3.3.0, so it should no longer be needed).
The check for non-portable flags in R CMD check
could be stymied by 'src/Makevars' files which contained
(Windows only) When using certain desktop themes in Windows
7 or higher, Alt-Tab could cause Rterm
to stop
accepting input. (PR#14406; patch submitted by Jan Gleixner.)
pretty(d, ..)
behaves better for date-time d
When an S4 class name matches multiple classes in the S4
cache, perform a dynamic search in order to obey namespace
imports. This should eliminate annoying messages about multiple
hits in the class cache. Also, pass along the package from the
object when looking up superclasses in the
now works.
Packages using non-ASCII encodings in their code did not install data properly on systems using different encodings.
merge(df1, df2)
now also works for data frames with
column names "na.last"
, "decreasing"
, or
caused a segfault if the labels
argument had length zero. (Reported by Bill Dunlap.)
works more correctly, thanks to a
new duplicated.warnings()
findInterval(x, vec = numeric(), all.inside = TRUE)
now returns 0
s as documented. (Reported by Bill Dunlap.)
(Windows only) R CMD SHLIB
failed when a symbol
in the resulting library had the same name as a keyword in
the '.def' file. (PR#17130)
and pmin()
now work with (more ?)
classed objects, such as "Matrix"
from the Matrix
package, as documented for a long time.
axis(side, x = D)
and hence Axis()
now work correctly for "Date"
and time
objects D
, even when "time goes backward", e.g.,
with decreasing xlim
. (Reported by William May.)
now looks as always intended.
, the plot()
method for time series,
now respects cex
, lwd
and lty
. (Reported by
Greg Werbin.)
now returns a named list (as
documented) when called with wait = FALSE
. (Reported by
Michel Lang.)
If a package added a class to a class union in another package, loading the first package gave erroneous warnings about "undefined subclass".
's argument use.names
is documented now, as
belonging to the (C internal) default method. In
"parallel", argument recursive
is also moved from
the generic to the default method, such that the formal argument list
of base generic c()
is just (...)
rbeta(4, NA)
and similarly rgamma()
now return NaN
's with a warning, as other
r<dist>(), and as documented. (PR#17155)
Using options(checkPackageLicense = TRUE)
no longer
requires acceptance of the licence for non-default standard
packages such as compiler. (Reported by Mikko Korpela.)
split(<very_long>, *)
now works even when the split
off parts are long. (PR#17139)
and max()
now also work correctly when
the argument list starts with character(0)
Subsetting very large matrices (prod(dim(.)) >= 2^31
now works thanks to Michael Schubmehl's PR#17158.
used residual sums of squares
instead of variances, when the argument was a list of lm
(Reported by Jens Ledet Jensen).
plot(<lm>, which = *)
now correctly labels the
contour lines for the standardized residuals for which = 6
It also takes the correct p in case of singularities (also
for which = 5
xtabs(~ exclude)
no longer fails from wrong scope,
thanks to Suharto Anggono's PR#17147.
Reference class calls to methods()
did not
re-analyse previously defined methods, meaning that calls to
methods defined later would fail. (Reported by Charles Tilford).
findInterval(x, vec, left.open = TRUE)
misbehaved in some
cases. (Reported by Dmitriy Chernykh.)
and hence install.packages()
gave an internal error installing a package called
description from a tarball on a case-insensitive file system.
match(x, t)
(and hence x %in% t
) failed
when x
was of length one, and either character
and x
and t
only differed in their Encoding
or when
and t
where complex
with NA
s or NaN
also works again when ns
is a
'namespace', as from getNamespace()
rgamma(1, Inf)
or rgamma(1, 0, 0)
no longer give
but the correct limit.
is correct now.
pretty(d, ..)
for date-time d
rarely failed
when "halfmonth"
time steps were tried (PR#16923) and
on 'inaccurate' platforms such as 32-bit Windows or
a configuration with --disable-long-double
; see comment
#15 of PR#16761.
In text.default(x, y, labels)
, the rarely(?) used
default for labels
is now correct also for the case of a
2-column matrix x
and missing y
as.factor(c(a = 1L))
preserves names()
as in R < 3.1.0.
strtrim(""[0], 0[0])
now works.
Use of Ctrl-C
to terminate a reverse incremental
search started by Ctrl-R
in the readline
-based Unix
terminal interface is now supported when R was compiled against
>= 6.0 (Ctrl-G
always worked).
now keeps the "units"
attribute, as subtraction already did, PR#16940.
nchar(x, *)
's argument keepNA
governing how
the result for NA
s in x
is determined, gets a new
default keepNA = NA
which returns NA
is NA
, except for type = "width"
which still
returns 2
, the formatting / printing width of NA
All builds have support for https: URLs in the
default methods for download.file()
, url()
and code
making use of them.
Unfortunately that cannot guarantee that any particular
https: URL can be accessed. For example, server and client
have to successfully negotiate a cryptographic protocol (TLS/SSL,
...) and the server's identity has to be verifiable via
the available certificates. Different access methods may allow
different protocols or use private certificate bundles: we
encountered a https: CRAN mirror which could be accessed by
one browser but not by another nor by download.file()
the same Linux machine.
The print
method for methods()
gains a
New functions validEnc()
and validUTF8()
give access to the validity checks for inputs used by
and friends.
Experimental new functionality for S3 method checking, notably
Also, the names of the R 'language elements' are exported
as character vector tools::langElts
now displays "Time-Series"
also for
matrix (multivariate) time-series, i.e. when is.ts(x)
is true.
(Windows only) The GUI menu item to install local packages now accepts '*.tar.gz' files as well as '*.zip' files (but defaults to the latter).
New programmeR's utility function chkDots()
now signals an error when given invalid input,
rather than silently returning NA
. (Request of John Nash.)
objects are slightly more "first class":
e.g., formula()
or new("formula", y ~ x)
are now
valid. Similarly, for "table"
, "ordered"
. Packages defining S4 classes with the above
S3/S4 classes as slots should be reinstalled.
New function strrep()
for repeating the elements of a
character vector.
preserves attributes on the list when
how = "replace"
New S3 generic function sigma()
with methods for
extracting the estimated standard deviation aka "residual
standard deviation" from a fitted model.
now displays R and package news files within
the HTML help system if it is available. If no news file is found,
a visible NULL
is returned to the console.
now also accepts raw
assuming values in 0:255
Subscripting of matrix/array objects of type
is now supported.
now returns a factor instead of a
complex value with zero real part and missing imaginary part.
Graphics devices cairo_pdf()
and cairo_ps()
now allow non-default values of the cairographics 'fallback
resolution' to be set.
This now defaults to 300 on all platforms: that is the default documented by cairographics, but apparently was not used by all system installations.
gains an explicit method
rather than implicitly using
getOption("url.method", "default")
Thanks to a patch from Tomas Kalibera, x[x != 0]
now typically faster than x[which(x != 0)]
(in the case
where x
has no NAs, the two are equivalent).
now always uses the names for a named
argument (previously names were only used when
was too short). (In part, wish of PR#16478.)
(Windows only) download.file()
with default
method = "auto"
and a ftps:// URL chooses
if that is available.
The out-of-the box Bioconductor mirror has been changed to
one using https://: use chooseBioCmirror()
to choose
a http:// mirror if required.
The data frame and formula methods for aggregate()
gain a drop
gains a repos
The undocumented switching of methods for url()
https: and ftps: URLs is confined to
method = "default"
(and documented).
gains a ret.selection
no longer has a ...
argument to pass
additional arguments to methods.
has a method for class "table"
It is now possible (again) to replayPlot()
display list snapshot that was created by recordPlot()
in a different R session.
It is still not a good idea to use snapshots as a persistent storage format for R plots, but it is now not completely silly to use a snapshot as a format for transferring an R plot between two R sessions.
The underlying changes mean that packages providing graphics devices (e.g., Cairo, RSvgDevice, cairoDevice, tikzDevice) will need to be reinstalled.
Code for restoring snapshots was contributed by Jeroen Ooms and JJ Allaire.
Some testing code is available at https://github.com/pmur002/R-display-list.
tools::undoc(dir = D)
and codoc(dir = D)
also work when D
is a directory whose normalizePath()
version does not end in the package name, e.g. from a symlink.
has more support for multi-byte
character sets – it no longer removes bytes within characters and
knows about Latin vowels with accents. It is still only
really suitable for (most) European languages, and still warns on
non-ASCII input.
abbreviate(use.classes = FALSE)
is now implemented, and
that is more suitable for non-European languages.
match(x, table)
is faster (sometimes by an order of
magnitude) when x
is of length one and incomparables
is unchanged, thanks to Peter Haverty (PR#16491).
More consistent, partly not back-compatible behavior of
and NaN
coercion to complex numbers, operations
less often resulting in complex NA
considers methods for length
on x
, so it should work automatically on any
objects for which appropriate methods on those generics are
The logic for selecting the default screen device on OS X
has been simplified: it is now quartz()
if that is
available even if environment variable DISPLAY has been set
by the user.
The choice can easily be overridden via environment variable R_INTERACTIVE_DEVICE.
On Unix-like platforms which support the getline
library function, system(*, intern = TRUE)
no longer
truncates (output) lines longer than 8192 characters, thanks to
Karl Millar. (PR#16544)
gains a ties.method = "last"
for convenience (and symmetry).
regmatches(invert = NA)
can now be used to extract
both non-matched and matched substrings.
gains argument fix.empty.names
gets new cut.names
and fix.empty.names
plot(x ~ x, *)
now warns that it is the same as
plot(x ~ 1, *)
has new arguments load
to allow package names to be stored as part of a
recorded plot. replayPlot()
has new argument
to load/attach any package names that were
stored as part of a recorded plot.
S4 dispatch works within calls to .Internal()
. This
means explicit S4 generics are no longer needed for
and as.vector()
Only font family names starting with "Hershey" (and not "Her" as before) are given special treatment by the graphics engine.
S4 values are automatically coerced to vector (via
) when subassigned into atomic vectors.
gets a left.open
The version of LAPACK included in the sources has been updated to 3.6.0, including those 'deprecated' routines which were previously included. Ca 40 double-complex routines have been added at the request of a package maintainer.
As before, the details of what is included are in 'src/modules/lapack/README' and this now gives information on earlier additions.
has been made considerably more efficient
without changing functionality, thanks to proposals from Peter
Haverty and Suharto Anggono. (PR#16640)
(the one-argument case) is faster; so
is sort.int()
The format
method for object_size
objects now
also accepts "binary" units such as "KiB"
and e.g.,
. (Partly from PR#16649.)
Profiling now records calls of the form foo::bar
some similar cases directly rather than as calls to
. Contributed by Winston Chang.
New string utilities startsWith(x, prefix)
endsWith(x, suffix)
. Also provide speedups for some
grepl("^...", *)
uses (related to proposals in PR#16490).
Reference class finalizers run at exit, as well as on garbage collection.
Avoid parallel dependency on stats for port choice and random number seeds. (PR#16668)
The radix sort algorithm and implementation from
data.table (forder
) replaces the previous radix
(counting) sort and adds a new method for order()
Contributed by Matt Dowle and Arun Srinivasan, the new algorithm
supports logical, integer (even with large values), real, and
character vectors. It outperforms all other methods, but there
are some caveats (see ?sort
The order()
function gains a method
for choosing between "shell"
and "radix"
New function grouping()
returns a permutation that
stably rearranges data so that identical values are adjacent. The
return value includes extra partitioning information on the
groups. The implementation came included with the new radix sort.
rhyper(nn, m, n, k)
no longer returns NA
one of the three parameters exceeds the maximal integer.
now warns when no alternatives are provided.
now has default logical
on all platforms – as this was the default on Windows,
this change only affects Sparc Solaris.
Option logical = FALSE
is now supported on Linux and recent
versions of OS X (for the latter, thanks to a suggestion of Kyaw
for "Date"
or "POSIXt"
would sometimes give misleading labels on the breaks, as they
were set to the day before the start of the period being
displayed. The display format has been changed, and the shift of the
start day has been made conditional on right = TRUE
default). (PR#16679)
R now uses a new version of the logo (donated to the R Foundation by RStudio). It is defined in '.svg' format, so will resize without unnecessary degradation when displayed on HTML pages—there is also a vector PDF version. Thanks to Dirk Eddelbuettel for producing the corresponding X11 icon.
New function .traceback()
returns the stack trace
which traceback()
dispatches internally.
gains a pt.cex
argument to control
the size of points separately from the size of plot labels.
Thanks to Michael Friendly and Milan Bouchet-Valat for ideas
and patches.
now correctly deals with more diverse
character vectors ch
; also arithmetic with the resulting
roman numbers works in more cases. (PR#16779)
gains a new option rank.
allowing to
directly aim for less than min(n,p)
PC's. The
and its print()
method have been amended,
notably for this case.
gains a new option text
, which marks
the connection as text-oriented (so e.g. pushBack()
works). It is still always opened in binary mode.
The import()
namespace directive now accepts an
argument except
which names symbols to exclude from the
imports. The except
expression should evaluate to a
character vector (after substituting symbols for strings). See
Writing R Extensions.
New convenience function Rcmd()
in package
tools for invoking R CMD
tools from within R.
New functions makevars_user()
in package tools to determine the
location of the user and site specific 'Makevars' files for
customizing package compilation.
R CMD check
has a new option
--ignore-vignettes for use with non-Sweave vignettes
whose VignetteBuilder package is not available.
R CMD check
now by default checks code usage
(via codetools) with only the base package
attached. Functions from default packages other than base
which are used in the package code but not imported are reported
as undefined globals, with a suggested addition to the
R CMD check --as-cran
now also checks DOIs in
package 'CITATION' and Rd files.
R CMD Rdconv
and R CMD Rd2pdf
each have
a new option --RdMacros=pkglist which allows Rd macros
to be specified before processing.
The previously included versions of zlib
, xz
and PCRE have been removed, so suitable
external (usually system) versions are required (see the
'R Installation and Administration' manual).
The unexported and undocumented Windows-only devices
, cairo_png()
and cairo_tiff()
have been removed. (These devices should be used as
e.g. bmp(type = "cairo")
(Windows only) Function setInternet2()
has no effect
and will be removed in due course. The choice between methods
and "wininet"
is now made by the
arguments of url()
and download.file()
and their defaults can be set via options. The
out-of-the-box default remains "wininet"
(as it has been
since R 3.2.2).
with an S4 value into a list currently embeds the
S4 object into its own list such that the end result is roughly
equivalent to using [[<-
. That behavior is deprecated. In
the future, the S4 value will be coerced to a list with
Package tools' functions
, pkgDepends()
, etc are
deprecated now, mostly in favor of package_dependencies()
which is both more flexible and efficient.
Support for very old versions of valgrind
(e.g., 3.3.0) has been removed.
The included libtool
script (generated by
) has been updated to version 2.4.6 (from 2.2.6a).
version 7.28.0 or later with support for the
protocol is required for installation (except on
BSD networking is now required (except on Windows) and so
is always true.
uses pkg-config
for PNG, TIFF
and JPEG where this is available. This should work better with
multiple installs and with those using static libraries.
The minimum supported version of OS X is 10.6 ('Snow Leopard'): even that has been unsupported by Apple since 2012.
The configure
default on OS X is
--disable-R-framework: enable this if you intend to
install under '/Library/Frameworks' and use with R.app
The minimum preferred version of PCRE has since R 3.0.0
been 8.32 (released in Nov 2012). Versions 8.10 to 8.31 are now
deprecated (with warnings from configure
), but will
still be accepted until R 3.4.0.
looks for C functions __cospi
and __tanpi
and uses these if cospi
etc are not found. (OS X is the main instance.)
(Windows) R is now built using gcc
4.9.3. This build will require recompilation of at least those packages
that include C++ code, and possibly others. A build of R-devel using
the older toolchain will be temporarily available for comparison
During the transition, the environment variable
R_COMPILED_BY has been defined to indicate which toolchain
was used to compile R (and hence, which should be used to compile
code in packages). The COMPILED_BY
variable described below
will be a permanent replacement for this.
(Windows) A make
and R CMD config
named COMPILED_BY
has been added. This indicates
which toolchain was used to compile R (and hence, which should be
used to compile code in packages).
The make
macro AWK
which used to be made
available to files such as 'src/Makefile' is no longer set.
The API call logspace_sum
introduced in R 3.2.0 is
now remapped as an entry point to Rf_logspace_sum
, and its
first argument has gained a const
qualifier. (PR#16470)
Code using it will need to be reinstalled.
Similarly, entry point log1pexp
also defined in
'Rmath.h' is remapped there to Rf_log1pexp
has been increased to 11
New API call R_orderVector1
, a faster
one-argument version of R_orderVector
When R headers such as 'R.h' and 'Rmath.h' are
called from C++ code in packages they include the C++ versions of
system headers such as '<cmath>' rather than the legacy
headers such as '<math.h>'. (Headers 'Rinternals.h' and
'Rinterface.h' already did, and inclusion of system headers
can still be circumvented by defining NO_C_HEADERS
including as from this version for those two headers.)
The manual has long said that R headers should not be
included within an extern "C"
block, and almost all the
packages affected by this change were doing so.
Including header 'S.h' from C++ code would fail on some platforms, and so gives a compilation error on all.
The deprecated header 'Rdefines.h' is now compatible
with defining R_NO_REMAP
The connections interface now includes a function
which allows packages implementing
connections to convert R connection
objects to
handles. Code which previously
used the low-level R-internal getConnection()
entry point
should switch.
C-level asChar(x)
is fixed for when x
is not a
vector, and it returns "TRUE"
instead of
for logical vectors.
The first arguments of .colSums()
etc (with an
initial dot) are now named x
rather than X
): thus error messages are corrected.
A coef()
method for class "maov"
has been
added to allow vcov()
to work with multivariate
results. (PR#16380)
method = "libcurl"
connections signal errors rather
than retrieving HTTP error pages (where the ISP reports the
was not checking for unique
row names; in particular, this affected assignment to non-existing
rows via numerical indexing. (PR#16570)
did not work for zero rows matrices,
and could produce row "labels" such as "[1e+05,]"
Data frames with a column named "stringsAsFactors"
now format and print correctly. (PR#16580)
is now guaranteed to return a value with
absolute value less than or equal to 1. (PR#16638)
Array subsetting now keeps names(dim(.))
Blocking socket connection selection recovers more gracefully on signal interrupts.
The data.frame
method of rbind()
works better in borderline integer cases, but
may change the names assigned. (PR#16666)
(X11 only) getGraphicsEvent()
miscoded buttons and
missed mouse motion events. (PR#16700)
now also lists round.POSIXt
now works with the default files = NULL
Jumps to outer contexts, for example in error recovery, now
make intermediate jumps to contexts where on.exit()
are established instead of trying to run all on.exit()
actions before jumping to the final target. This unwinds the stack
gradually, releases resources held on the stack, and significantly
reduces the chance of a segfault when running out of C stack
space. Error handlers established using
and options("error")
specifications are ignored when handling a C stack overflow error
as attempting one of these would trigger a cascade of C stack
overflow errors. (These changes resolve PR#16753.)
The spacing could be wrong when printing a complex array. (Report and patch by Lukas Stadler.)
pretty(d, n, min.n, *)
for date-time objects d
works again in border cases with large min.n
, returns a
attribute also for small-range dates and in such cases
its returned length is closer to the desired n
Additionally, it finally does cover the range of d
, as it
always claimed.
tsp(x) <- NULL
did not handle correctly objects
inheriting from both "ts"
and "mts"
could give false errors when
was "binary"
. (Reported by
Jose Claudio Faria.)
A bug fix in R 3.0.2 fixed problems with locator()
in X11, but introduced problems in Windows. Now both should be
fixed. (PR#15700)
with method = "wininet"
incorrectly warned of download file length difference when
reported length was unknown. (PR#16805)
diag(NULL, 1)
crashed because of missed type
checking. (PR#16853)
behaved incorrectly in R 3.2.4.
E.g. the output of
format(as.POSIXlt(paste0(1940:2000, "-01-01"), tz = "CET"),
usetz = TRUE)
ended in two "CEST"
time formats.
and related functions now give a
more informative warning when an attempt is made to install a base
now prints with less rounding when
contains infinite values. (Request of PR#16620.)
gets an optional unique
gains type = "cmd2"
for quoting
in cmd.exe
in Windows. (Response to PR#16636.)
The data.frame
method of rbind()
gains an
optional argument stringsAsFactors
(instead of only
depending on getOption("stringsAsFactors")
smooth(x, *)
now also works for long vectors.
has a workaround for problems with
the texi2dvi
script supplied by texinfo 6.1.
It extracts more error messages from the LaTeX logs when in emulation mode.
R CMD check
will leave a log file
'build_vignettes.log' from the re-building of vignettes in
the '.Rcheck' directory if there is a problem, and always if
environment variable _R_CHECK_ALWAYS_LOG_VIGNETTE_OUTPUT_ is
set to a true value.
Use of SUPPORT_OPENMP from header 'Rconfig.h' is deprecated in favour of the standard OpenMP define _OPENMP.
(This has been the recommendation in the manual for a while now.)
The make
macro AWK
which is long unused by
R itself but recorded in file 'etc/Makeconf' is deprecated
and will be removed in R 3.3.0.
The C header file 'S.h' is no longer documented: its use should be replaced by 'R.h'.
kmeans(x, centers = <1-row>)
now works. (PR#16623)
now checks for clashes in argument names.
file.copy(overwrite = FALSE)
would signal a successful
copy when none had taken place. (PR#16576)
now uses the same default domain as
array(.., dimnames = *)
now warns about
dimnames and, from R 3.3.0, will signal the same
error for invalid dimnames as matrix()
has always done.
now adds dimnames for the extended
margins in all cases, as always documented.
evaluated its add.expr
in the wrong environment. (PR#16583)
etc now give the correct entry of
in the warning about an old version of a package
masking a newer required one.
The internal deparser did not add parentheses when
necessary, e.g. before []
or [[]]
. (Reported by
Lukas Stadler; additional fixes included as well).
as.data.frame.vector(*, row.names=*)
no longer
produces 'corrupted' data frames from row names of incorrect
length, but rather warns about them. This will become an error.
connections with method = "libcurl"
destroyed properly. (PR#16681)
now (again) handles warnings
even during S4 generic's argument evaluation. (PR#16111)
deparse(..., control = "quoteExpressions")
incorrectly quoted empty expressions. (PR#16686)
ting datetime objects ("POSIX[cl]?t"
could segfault or recycle wrongly. (PR#16685)
plot.ts(<matrix>, las = 1)
now does use las
saveRDS(*, compress = "gzip")
now works as
documented. (PR#16653)
(Windows only) The Rgui
front end did not
always initialize the console properly, and could cause
R to crash. (PR#16698)
now works in more cases, thanks to a
proposal by Werner Stahel (PR#16665). In addition, it now works
for multivariate linear models ("mlm"
, manova
thanks to a proposal by Daniel Wollschlaeger.
The as.hclust()
method for "dendrogram"
failed often when there were ties in the heights.
and midcache.dendrogram()
now are
non-recursive and hence applicable to somewhat deeply nested
dendrograms, thanks to a proposal by Suharto Anggono in PR#16424.
now calculates very small p values
more accurately (affecting the result only in extreme not
statistically relevant cases). (PR#16704)
smooth(*, do.ends=TRUE)
did not always work correctly
in R versions between 3.0.0 and 3.2.3.
for date-time objects D
now also
works well if range(D)
is (much) smaller than a second. In
the case of only one unique value in D
, the pretty range
now is more symmetric around that value than previously.
Similarly, pretty(dt)
no longer returns a length 5 vector
with duplicated entries for Date
objects dt
span only a few days.
The figures in help pages such as ?points
accidentally damaged, and did not appear in R 3.2.3.
sometimes deleted the wrong
file when cleaning up temporary files. (PR#16712)
The X11()
device sometimes froze on Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 6. It now waits for MapNotify
instead of Expose
events, thanks to Siteshwar
Vashisht. (PR#16497)
[dpqr]nbinom(*, size=Inf, mu=.)
now works as limit
case, for 'dpq' as the Poisson. (PR#16727)
no longer loops infinitely in border cases.
approxfun(*, method="constant")
and hence ecdf()
which calls the former now correctly "predict" NaN
values as NaN
now displays NA
s in
columns in all cases. (PR#16709)
Some recently-added Windows time zone names have been added to the conversion table used to convert these to Olson names. (Including those relating to changes for Russia in Oct 2014, as in PR#16503.)
(Windows) Compatibility information has been added to the
manifests for 'Rgui.exe', 'Rterm.exe' and
'Rscript.exe'. This should allow win.version()
to report the actual Windows version up to
Windows 10.
Windows "wininet"
FTP first tries EPSV / PASV mode
rather than only using active mode (reported by Dan Tenenbaum).
and which.max(x)
may be much
faster for logical and integer x
and now also work for long
The 'emulation' part of tools::texi2dvi()
been somewhat enhanced, including supporting quiet = TRUE
It can be selected by texi2dvi = "emulation"
(Windows) MiKTeX removed its texi2dvi.exe
command in Sept
2015: tools::texi2dvi()
tries texify.exe
if it is
not found.
(Windows only) Shortcuts for printing and saving have
been added to menus in Rgui.exe
. (Request of PR#16572.)
loess(..., iterTrace=TRUE)
now provides diagnostics
for robustness iterations, and the print()
method for
shows slightly more.
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.38, a bug-fix release.
now displays nested data frames in a more
friendly way. (Request with patch in PR#15915.)
The included configuration code for libintl
has been
updated to that from gettext
version 0.19.5.1 — this
should only affect how an external library is detected (and the
only known instance is under OpenBSD). (Wish of PR#16464.)
has a new argument
--disable-java to disable the checks for Java.
The configure
default for MAIN_LDFLAGS
been changed for the FreeBSD, NetBSD and Hurd OSes to one more
likely to work with compilers other than gcc
(FreeBSD 10
defaults to clang
now supports the OpenMP flags
-fopenmp=libomp (clang) and -qopenmp (Intel C).
Various macros can be set to override the default
behaviour of configure
when detecting OpenMP: see file
Source installation on Windows has been modified to allow
for MiKTeX installations without texi2dvi.exe
. See file
regexpr(pat, x, perl = TRUE)
with Python-style named
capture did not work correctly when x
contained NA
strings. (PR#16484)
The description of dataset ToothGrowth
has been
improved/corrected. (PR#15953)
model.tables(type = "means")
and hence
now support "aov"
fits without an
intercept term. (PR#16437)
now reports the status of a pipe()
connection opened with an explicit open
Coercing a list without names to a data frame is faster if the elements are very long. (PR#16467)
(Unix-only) Under some rare circumstances piping the output
from Rscript
or R -f
could result in
attempting to close the input file twice, possibly crashing the
process. (PR#16500)
(Windows) Sys.info()
was out of step with
and did not report Windows 8.
returns baseenv()
again as
in R 3.1.0 and earlier. This also fixes compilerJIT(3)
when used in '.Rprofile'.
ing the methods package keeps
true, as long as the methods
namespace is not unloaded.
Removed some spurious warnings from configure
about the
preprocessor not finding header files. (PR#15989)
rchisq(*, df=0, ncp=0)
now returns 0
of NaN
, and dchisq(*, df=0, ncp=*)
also no longer
returns NaN
in limit cases (where the limit is unique).
pchisq(*, df=0, ncp > 0, log.p=TRUE)
no longer
underflows (for ncp > ~60).
nchar(x, "w")
returned -1 for characters it did not
know about (e.g. zero-width spaces): it now assumes 1.
It now knows about most zero-width characters and a few more
double-width characters.
Help for which.min()
is now more precise about
behavior with logical arguments. (PR#16532)
The print width of character strings marked as
or "bytes"
was in some cases computed
did not give names to the return value
if minlength
was zero, unlike when it was positive.
(Windows only) dir.create()
did not always warn
when it failed to create a directory. (PR#16537)
When operating in a non-UTF-8 multibyte locale
(e.g. an East Asian locale on Windows), grep()
related functions did not handle UTF-8 strings properly.
sometimes misread lines longer than 8191
characters. (Reported by Hervé Pagès with a patch.)
within(df, ..)
no longer drops columns whose name
start with a "."
The built-in HTTP
server converted entire
to lowercase including parameters which
can cause issues for multi-part form boundaries (PR#16541).
Modifying slots of S4 objects could fail when the methods package was not attached. (PR#16545)
splineDesign(*, outer.ok=TRUE)
(splines) is better now
(PR#16549), and interpSpline()
now allows sparse=TRUE
for speedup with non-small sizes.
If the expression in the traceback was too long,
did not report the source line number. (Patch
by Kirill Müller.)
The browser did not truncate the display of the function when
exiting with options("deparse.max.lines")
When bs(*, Boundary.knots=)
had boundary knots inside
the data range, extrapolation was somewhat off. (Patch by Trevor
and hence sd()
warn about
arguments which are deprecated now. (PR#16564)
loess(*, weights = *)
stored wrong weights and hence
gave slightly wrong predictions for newdata
aperm(a, *)
now preserves names(dim(a))
poly(x, ..)
now works when either raw=TRUE
is specified. (PR#16597)
is more careful in determining the path.
prettyNum(*, decimal.mark, big.mark)
: fixed bug
introduced when fixing PR#16411.
It is now easier to use secure downloads from
https:// URLs on builds which support them: no longer do
non-default options need to be selected to do so. In particular,
packages can be installed from repositories which offer
https:// URLs, and those listed by setRepositories()
now do so (for some of their mirrors).
Support for https:// URLs is available on Windows, and on
other platforms if support for libcurl
was compiled in and
if that supports the https
protocol (system installations
can be expected to do). So https:// support can be
expected except on rather old OSes (an example being OS X
'Snow Leopard', where a non-system version of
can be used).
(Windows only) The default method for accessing URLs via
and url()
has been changed to be
using Windows API calls. This changes the way
proxies need to be set and security settings made: there have been
some reports of ftp: sites being inaccessible under the new default
method (but the previous methods remain available).
gets new option list.
for increased
flexibility when a list should be returned.
now supports texinfo
version 6.0,
which (unlike the change from 4.x to 5.0) is a minor update.
(Wish of PR#16456.)
(Non-Windows only) download.file()
with default
method = "auto"
now chooses "libcurl"
if that is
available and a https:// or ftps:// URL is used.
(Windows only) setInternet2(TRUE)
is now the default.
The command-line option --internet2
and environment
variable R_WIN_INTERNET2 are now ignored.
Thus by default the "internal"
method for
and url()
uses the "wininet"
method: to revert to the previous default use
This means that https:// URLs can be read by default by
(they have been readable by file()
and url()
since R 3.2.0).
There are implications for how proxies need to be set (see
and chooseBioCmirror()
offer HTTPS mirrors in preference to HTTP mirrors. This changes
the interpretation of their ind
arguments: see their help
gets optional arguments type
and split
to pass to sink()
, and hence can be used to
capture messages.
Header 'Rconfig.h' now defines HAVE_ALLOCA_H
the platform has the 'alloca.h' header (it is needed to
define alloca
on Solaris and AIX, at least: see
'Writing R Extensions' for how to use it).
The libtool
script generated by
has been modified to support FreeBSD >= 10
The HTML help page links to demo code failed due to a change in R 3.2.0. (PR#16432)
If the na.action
argument was used in
, the original data could be
modified. (PR#16436)
could cause a crash if a graphics
window was closed while it was in use. (PR#16438)
matrix(x, nr, nc, byrow = TRUE)
failed if x
was an object of type "expression"
could overflow the allocated storage on
the C stack when the timezone had a non-standard format much
longer than the standard formats. (Part of PR#16328.)
options(OutDec = s)
now signals a warning (which will
become an error in the future) when s
is not a string with
exactly one character, as that has been a documented requirement.
gains a new option input.d.mark
which together with other changes, e.g., the default for
, fixes some format()
ting variants with
non-default getOption("OutDec")
such as in PR#16411.
failed for type
equal to
either "both"
or "binary"
. (Reported by Dan
The dendrogram
method of labels()
is much more
efficient for large dendrograms, now using rapply()
(Comment #15 of PR#15215)
The "port"
algorithm of nls()
could give
spurious errors. (Reported by Radford Neal.)
Reference classes that inherited from reference classes in
another package could invalidate methods of the inherited
class. Fixing this requires adding the ability for methods to be
"external", with the object supplied explicitly as the first
argument, named .self
. See "Inter-Package Superclasses"
in the documentation.
could fail on the SPARC architecture
due to alignment issues. (Reported by Radford Neal.)
qt(*, df=Inf, ncp=.)
now uses the natural
limit instead of returning NaN
Auto-printing of S3 and S4 values now searches for
in the base namespace and show()
in the
methods namespace instead of searching the global
gains a coefs = NULL
argument and
returns class "poly"
just like poly()
which gets a
new simple=FALSE
option. They now lead to correct
ions, e.g., on subsets of the original data.
rhyper(nn, <large>)
now works correctly. (PR#16489)
did not (and could not) work so was
removed. Ditto for tkimage.cget()
. Added two Ttk widgets and missing
subcommands for Tk's image
now also returns a class definition when it is
found in the cache more than once.
now checks that its input is valid UTF-8
and returns NA
if it is not.
now allows type = "both"
with repos = NULL
if it can infer the type of file.
nchar(x, *)
and nzchar(x)
gain a new argument
which governs how the result for NA
s in
is determined. For nzchar()
in general and
in the R 3.2.x series, the default
remains FALSE
which is fully back compatible.
From R 3.3.0, nchar()
's default will change to
keepNA = NA
and you are advised to consider this for code
more flexibly extracts dates from package
'NEWS.Rd' files.
now also works (trivially) for atomic
and hence can be used more generally as an efficient
replacement of sapply(x, length)
and similar.
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.37, a bug-fix release.
no longer duplicates a matrix when extracting
its diagonal.
gains an argument to allow
characters corresponding to a range of source references to be
and ccf()
now guarantee values strictly
in [-1,1] (instead of sometimes very slightly outside). PR#15832.
now gives NA (with a warning) as
it does for the corresponding numeric or negative number
coercions. Further, as.integer(M + 0.1)
now gives M
(instead of NA) when M is the maximal representable integer.
On some platforms nchar(x, "c")
and nchar(x, "w")
would return values (possibly NA
) for inputs which were
declared to be UTF-8 but were not, or for invalid strings without a
marked encoding in a multi-byte locale, rather than give an
error. Additional checks have been added to mitigate this.
apply(a, M, function(u) c(X = ., Y = .))
has dimnames containing "X" and "Y" (as in R < 3.2.0).
(Windows only) In some cases, the --clean
to R CMD INSTALL
could fail. (PR#16178)
(Windows only) choose.files()
would occasionally
include characters from the result of an earlier call in
the result of a later one. (PR#16270)
A change in RSiteSearch()
in R 3.2.0 caused it to
submit invalid URLs. (PR#16329)
and command line R
ignored incomplete statements at the end of a script; now they
are reported as parse errors. (PR#16350)
Parse data for very long strings was not stored. (PR#16354)
, the workhorse of the plot
for "dendrogram"
s is no longer recursive, thanks to Suharto
Anggono, and hence also works for deeply nested dendrograms. (PR#15215)
The parser could overflow internally when given numbers in scientific format with extremely large exponents. (PR#16358)
If the CRAN mirror was not set, install.packages(type = "both")
and related functions could repeatedly query the user for it.
(Part of PR#16362)
The low-level functions .rowSums()
etc. did not
check the length of their argument, so could segfault. (PR#16367)
The quietly
argument of library()
is now
correctly propagated from .getRequiredPackages2()
Under some circumstances using the internal PCRE when
building R from source would cause external libs such as
to be omitted from the main link.
The .Primitive default methods of the logic operators, i.e.,
, &
and |
, now give correct error messages
when appropriate, e.g., for `&`(TRUE)
or `!`()
now correctly propagates NA
s also
when x
is of type integer
and begins with an NA
could fail when the profile contained
only two records. (PR#16395)
HTML vignettes opened using vignette()
did not support
links into the rest of the HTML help system. (Links worked properly
when the vignette was opened using browseVignettes()
or from
within the help system.)
arima(*, xreg = .)
(for d >= 1)
computes estimated variances based on a the number of effective
observations as in R version 3.0.1 and earlier. (PR#16278)
is now correct for "signature"
objects (mostly used internally in methods).
On some systems, the first string comparison after
a locale change would result in NA
gains a recursive
When x
is missing and names
is not false
(including the default value), Sys.getenv(x, names)
an object of class "Dlist"
and hence prints tidily.
(Windows.) shell()
no longer consults the
environment variable SHELL: too many systems have been
encountered where it was set incorrectly (usually to a path where
software was compiled, not where it was installed).
R_SHELL, the preferred way to select a non-default shell,
can be used instead.
Some unusual arguments to embedFonts()
can now be
specified as character vectors, and the defaults have been changed
Functions in the Summary
group duplicate less.
(Unix-alikes.) system(cmd, input = )
now uses
'shell-execution-environment' redirection, which will be
more natural if cmd
is not a single command (but requires a
POSIX-compliant shell). (Wish of PR#15508)
and read.DIF()
gain a
argument, for convenience.
Graphics devices can add attributes to their description in
and .Devices
. Several of those included with
R use a "filepath"
uses hashing in more cases and so is faster
at the expense of using more memory. (PR#15697)
gains new arguments to select sets of
variables to be plotted against each other.
file.info(, extra_cols = FALSE)
allows a minimal set
of columns to be computed on Unix-alikes: on some systems without
properly-configured caching this can be significantly faster with
large file lists.
New function dir.exists()
in package base to
test efficiently whether one or more paths exist and are
and friends gain new controls
hexNumeric and digits17 which output double and
complex quantities as, respectively, binary fractions (exactly,
see sprintf("%a")
) and as decimals with up to 17
significant digits.
, saveRDS()
and serialize()
support ascii = NA
which writes ASCII files using
for double/complex quantities. This is
read-compatible with ascii = TRUE
but avoids
binary->decimal->binary conversions with potential loss of
precision. Unfortunately the Windows C runtime's lack of C99
compliance means that the format cannot be read correctly there in
R before 3.1.2.
The default for formatC(decimal.mark =)
has been
changed to be getOption("OutDec")
; this makes it more
consistent with format()
and suitable for use in print
methods, e.g. those for classes "density"
, "ecdf"
and "summary.lm"
is now consulted by the print method
for class "kmeans"
, by cut()
, dendrogram()
and quantile()
when constructing labels
and for the report from legend(trace = TRUE)
(In part, wish of PR#15819.)
and hence format()
give a warning if big.mark
are set to the same value (period and comma
are not uncommonly used for each, and this is a check that
conventions have not got mixed).
can create a result which uses long vectors
on 64-bit platforms.
gains a new argument keep.source
defaults to FALSE
for speed (dput()
are most often used for data objects where this can
make dget()
many times faster).
Packages may now use a file of common macro definitions in their help files, and may import definitions from other packages.
A number of macros have been added in the new
'share/Rd' directory for use in package overview help pages,
and promptPackage()
now makes use of them.
gains a new permissive
argument which converts unrecognized macros into text. This is
used by utils:::format.bibentry
to allow LaTeX markup to be
options(OutDec =)
can now specify a multi-byte
character, e.g., options(OutDec = "\u00b7")
in a UTF-8
is no longer true when x
is an
external pointer, a weak reference or byte code; the first enables
all.equal(x, x)
when x <- getClass(.)
(aka objects()
) and
gain a new argument sorted
The "source"
attribute (which has not been added to
functions by R since before R version 2.14.0) is no longer
treated as special.
Function returnValue()
has been added to give
code access to a function's return value for
debugging purposes.
crossprod(x, y)
allows more matrix coercions when
or y
are vectors, now equalling
t(x) %*% y
in these cases (also reported by Radford Neal).
Similarly, tcrossprod(x,y)
and %*%
work in more
cases with vector arguments.
Utility function dynGet()
useful for detecting
cycles, aka infinite recursions.
The byte-code compiler and interpreter include new instructions that allow many scalar subsetting and assignment and scalar arithmetic operations to be handled more efficiently. This can result in significant performance improvements in scalar numerical code.
apply(m, 2, identity)
is now the same as the matrix
when it has named row names.
A new function debuggingState()
has been added,
allowing to temporarily turn off debugging.
gets a new optional argument
and tools::Rd2ex()
a corresponding
, with a default such that
in help examples will run \donttest
code only if used interactively (a change in behaviour).
gains an optional argument
, for potential speedup.
New function extSoftVersion()
to report on the
versions of third-party software in use in this session.
Currently reports versions of zlib
, bzlib
, the
from xz
, PCRE, ICU, TRE and the iconv
A similar function grSoftVersion()
in package grDevices
reports on third-party graphics software.
Function tcltk::tclVersion()
reports the Tcl/Tk version.
Calling callGeneric()
without arguments now works
with primitive generics to some extent.
vapply(x, FUN, FUN.VALUE)
is more efficient notably
for large length(FUN.VALUE)
; as extension of PR#16061.
now allows tables with one or more
dimensions of length 0 (such as as.table(integer())
names(x) <- NULL
now clears the names of call
and ...
will report a warning when an insufficient
dependency version is masking a sufficient one later on the
library search path.
A new plot()
method for class "raster"
been added.
New check_packages_in_dir_changes()
function in
package tools for conveniently analyzing how changing
sources impacts the check results of their reverse dependencies.
Speed-up from Peter Haverty for ls()
speeding up package loading.
New get0()
function, combining exists()
in one call, for efficiency.
gains an envir
argument for
specifying the environment from which to retrieve
the ...
in the call, if any; this environment was wrong
(or at least undesirable) when the definition
argument was
a function.
has been made .Internal()
speedup, based on Peter Haverty's proposal in PR#16140.
no longer calls options()
in the main
Optional use of libcurl
(version 7.28.0 from Oct 2012
or later) for Internet access:
reports if this is
reports the version in use, and
other details of the "libcurl"
build including which URL
schemes it supports.
retrieves the headers for
http://, https://, ftp:// and
ftps:// URLs: analysis of these headers can provide
insights into the 'existence' of a URL (it might for example be
permanently redirected) and is so used in R CMD
check --as-cran
has a new optional method
which will handle more URL schemes, follow
redirections, and allows simultaneous downloads of multiple
has a new method "libcurl"
handles more URL schemes and follows redirections. The default
method is controlled by a new option url.method
, which
applies also to the opening of URLs via file()
(which happens implicitly in functions such as
When file()
or url()
is invoked with a
or ftps://
URL which the current method
cannot handle, it switches to a suitable method if one is
(Windows.) The DLLs 'internet.dll' and 'internet2.dll' have been merged. In this version it is safe to switch (repeatedly) between the internal and Windows internet functions within an R session.
The Windows internet functions are still selected by flag
--internet2 or setInternet2()
. This can be
overridden for an url()
connection via its new
has new method "wininet"
, selected
as the default by --internet2 or setInternet2()
can no longer modify the parent of a
locked namespace or namespace imports environment. Contributed by
Karl Millar.
New function isNamespaceLoaded()
for readability and speed.
now returns all the object names of an
, equivalently to
ls(env, all.names = TRUE, sorted = FALSE)
and also to
the names of the corresponding list,
names(as.list(env, all.names = TRUE))
Note that although names()
returns a character vector, the
names have no particular ordering.
The memory manager now grows the heap more aggressively. This reduces the number of garbage collections, in particular while data or code are loaded, at the expense of slightly increasing the memory footprint.
New function trimws()
for removing leading/trailing
and rbind()
now consider S4 inheritance
during S3 dispatch and also obey deparse.level
and rbind()
will delegate recursively
to methods::cbind2
) when at least
one argument is an S4 object and S3 dispatch fails (due to
(Windows.) download.file(quiet = FALSE)
now uses
text rather than Windows progress bars in non-interactive use.
New function hsearch_db()
in package utils for
building and retrieving the help search database used by
, along with functions for inspecting the
concepts and keywords in the help search database.
New function .getNamespaceInfo()
, a no-check version
of getNamespaceInfo()
mostly for internal speedups.
The help search system now takes \keyword entries in Rd files which are not standard keywords (as given in 'KEYWORDS' in the R documentation directory) as concepts. For standard keyword entries the corresponding descriptions are additionally taken as concepts.
New lengths()
function for getting the lengths of all
elements in a list.
New function toTitleCase()
in package tools,
tailored to package titles.
The matrix methods of cbind()
and rbind()
allow matrices as inputs which have 2^31 or more
elements. (For cbind()
, wish of PR#16198.)
The default method of image()
has an explicit check
for a numeric or logical matrix (which was always required).
will not by default encode further URLs
which appear to be already encoded.
and BIC(mod, mod2)
now give non-NA
numbers for arima()
fitted models, as nobs(mod)
gives the number of "used" observations for such models.
This fixes PR#16198, quite differently than proposed there.
The print()
methods for "htest"
and "power.htest"
objects now have
a digits
argument defaulting to (a function of)
, and influencing all printed numbers
coherently. Unavoidably, this changes the display of such test
results in some cases.
Code completion for namespaces now recognizes all loaded namespaces, rather than only the ones that are also attached.
The code completion mechanism can now be replaced by a user-specified completer function, for (temporary) situations where the usual code completion is inappropriate.
will now warn if it is able to detect truncation
when unpacking a file of 4GB or more (related to PR#16243).
reports S4 in addition to S3 methods;
output is simplified when the class
argument is
used. .S3methods()
and methods::.S4methods()
S3 and S4 methods separately.
Higher order functions such as the apply
and Reduce()
now force arguments to the functions they apply
in order to eliminate undesirable interactions between lazy
evaluation and variable capture in closures. This resolves
The \donttest
sections of R's help files can be
tested by
make check TEST_DONTTEST=TRUE
It is possible to request the use of system
headers via configure
--with-system-valgrind-headers: note the possible future
incompatibility of such headers discussed in the 'R Installation
and Administration' manual. (Wish of PR#16068.)
The included version of liblzma
has been updated to
5.0.7 (minor bug fixes from 5.0.5).
options --with-system-zlib,
--with-system-bzlib and --with-system-pcre are
now the default. For the time being there is fallback to the
versions included in the R sources if no system versions are
found or (unlikely) if they are too old.
Linux users should check that the -devel
or -dev
versions of packages zlib, bzip2/libbz2 and
pcre as well as xz-devel/liblzma-dev (or
similar names) are installed.
by default looks for the
script from texinfo 5.1 or later, rather
than the makeinfo
program. (makeinfo
is a
link to the Perl script texi2any
in texinfo 5.x.)
gains an option
--built-timestamp=STAMP allowing 100% reproducible
package building, thanks to Dirk Eddelbuettel.
There is support for testing the \dontrun
parts of examples in packages.
accepts new arguments
commentDontrun = FALSE
and commentDonttest = FALSE
R CMD check
gains options --run-dontrun and
The HTML generated by tools::Rd2HTML()
methods is now
'XHTML 1.0 Strict'.
The compiler package's utility function
now returns the old values
invisibly. The initial optimization level can also be set with the
environment variable R_COMPILER_OPTIMIZE.
R CMD build
adds a NeedsCompilation field
if one is not already present in the 'DESCRIPTION' file.
R CMD check
gains option --test-dir to
specify an alternative set of tests to run.
R CMD check
will now by default continue with
testing after many types of errors, and will output a summary
count of errors at the end if any have occurred.
R CMD check
now checks that the Title and
Description fields are correctly terminated.
R CMD check --as-cran
checks a 'README.md' file can be processed: this
needs pandoc
checks the existence and accessibility of URLs in the
'DESCRIPTION', 'CITATION', 'NEWS.Rd' and
'README.md' files and in the help files (provided the build
has libcurl
reports non-ASCII characters in R source files when there is no package encoding declared in the 'DESCRIPTION' file.
reports (apparent) S3 methods exported but not registered.
reports overwriting registered S3 methods from base/recommended packages. (Such methods are replaced in the affected package for the rest of the session, even if the replacing namespace is unloaded.)
reports if the Title
field does not appear to be in
title case (see 'Writing R Extensions': there may be
false positives, but note that technical words should be
single-quoted and will then be accepted).
Most of these checks can also be selected by environment variables: see the 'R Internals' manual.
New C API utility logspace_sum(logx[], n)
Entry points rbinom_mu
, rnbinom_mu
are remapped (by default) to Rf_rbinom_mu
etc. This requires packages using them to be re-installed.
and .Fortran(DUP = FALSE)
now ignored, so arguments are duplicated if DUP = TRUE
would do so. As their help has long said, .Call()
is much
New entry point R_allocLD
, like R_alloc
guaranteed to have sufficient alignment for long double
now returns TRUE
for DOTSXP.
A number of changes to the Windows build system are in development. The following are currently in place.
Installation using external binary distributions of zlib, bzip2, liblzma, pcre, libpng, jpeglib and libtiff is now required, and the build instructions have been revised.
A new make
target rsync-extsoft
has been
added to obtain copies of the external libraries from
Building the manuals now requires texi2any
texinfo 5.1 or later. CRAN binary builds include
the manuals, but by default builds from source will not, and they
will be accessed from CRAN. See the comments in
'src/gnuwin32/MkRules.dist' for how to specify the location
of texi2any
(Windows) Changes have been made to support an experimental Windows toolchain based on GCC 4.9.2. The default toolchain continues to be based on GCC 4.6.3, as the new toolchain is not yet stable enough. A change to a new toolchain is expected during the R 3.2.x lifetime.
(Windows) The use of macro ZLIB_LIBS
in file
'src/Makevars.win' (which has not been documented for a long
time) now requires an external 'libz.a' to be available (it is
part of the 'goodies' used to compile Windows binary
packages). It would be simpler to use -lz
The default for option pkgType
on platforms using
binary packages is now "both"
, so source packages will be
tried if binary versions are not available or not up to date.
There are options for what install.packages(type = "both")
(possibly called via update.packages()
) will do if
compilation of a source package is desirable: see ?options
(under utils).
If you intend not to accept updates as source packages, you should
use update.packages(type = "binary")
download.file(method = "lynx")
is defunct.
Building R using the included versions of zlib
, xz
and PCRE is deprecated: these are frozen
(bar essential bug-fixes) and will be removed for R 3.3.0.
The configure
--with-valgrind-instrumentation=3 has been withdrawn, as
it did not work with recent valgrind
headers: it is now
treated as level 2
The MethodsList
class in package methods had
been deprecated in R 2.11.0 and is defunct now. Functions using
it are defunct if they had been deprecated in R 2.11.0, and are
deprecated now, otherwise.
Fixed two obscure bugs in pairlist subassignment, reported by Radford Neal as part of pqR issue 16.
Fixes for bugs in handling empty arguments and argument
matching by name in log()
gains methods for environment
s and
and [[<-
gain S4 data.frame
to avoid corruption of S4 class information by the S3 methods.
should now work within a .local
call when ...
is absent from formals(.local)
generates a call to the
constructor instead of the list
Fix missing()
when arguments are propagated through
now defaults to symmetric = TRUE
when the dimnames are asymmetric if the matrix is otherwise
symmetric. (PR#16151)
Fix issues with forwarding ...
and callNextMethod()
now works after a callNextMethod()
Subclass information is kept consistent when replacing an
ordinary S4 class with an "old class" via the
argument to setOldClass()
. Thus, for
example, a data.frame
is valid for a list
in the signature, and a factor
is valid for vector
In qbeta()
the inversion of pbeta()
is much
more sophisticated. This works better in corner cases some of
which failed completely previously (PR#15755), or were using
too many iterations.
Auto-printing no longer duplicates objects when printing is dispatched to a method.
kmeans(x, k)
would fail when nrow(x) >= 42949673
(Comment 6 of PR#15364)
'Abbreviated' locale-specific day and month names could have been truncated in those rare locales where there are the same as the full names.
An irrelevant warning message from updating subclass information was silenced (the namespace would not be writable in this case).
The internal method of download.file()
can now handle
files larger than 2GB on 32-bit builds which support such files
(tested on 32-bit R running on 64-bit Windows).
warns on more types of suspicious input.
The as.dendrogram()
method for "hclust"
objects gains a check
argument protecting against memory
explosion for invalid inputs.
has a new item long.double
which indicates if the build uses a long double
type which
is longer than double
no longer modifies the callback argument in
place (a new vector is allocated for each invocation, which mimics
the implicit duplication that occurred in R < 3.1.0); note that
this is a change from the previously documented
behavior. (PR#15958)
now accepts locale = "ASCII"
which uses the basic C function strcmp
and so collates
strings byte-by-byte in numerical order.
tries to report the OS version in use
(not just that compiled under, and including details of Linux
(used by lm()
and many other
modelling functions) now warns when it drops contrasts
from factors. (Wish of PR#16119)
and friends now accept the value
type = "binary"
as a synonym for the native binary type on
the platform (if it has one).
Single source or binary files can be supplied for
install.packages(type = "both")
and the appropriate type
and repos = NULL
will be inferred.
New function pcre_config()
to report on some of the
configuration options of the version of PCRE in use. In
particular, this reports if regular expressions using
\p{xx} are supported.
(Windows.) download.file(cacheOK = FALSE)
is now
supported when 'internet2.dll' is used.
has been updated to work with Firefox
36.0 which has dropped support for the -remote interface.
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.36.
accepts MAKEINFO=texi2any as
another way to ensure texinfo 5.x is used when both 5.x and
4.x are installed.
R CMD check
now checks the packages used in
sections of the examples are specified in the
'DESCRIPTION' file.
(These are needed to run the examples interactively.)
R CMD check
checks for the undeclared use of GNU
extensions in Makefiles, and for Makefiles with a missing final
R CMD build
will correct line endings in all Makefiles,
not just those in the 'src' directory.
R CMD check
notes uses of library()
in package code: see the section
'Suggested packages' of 'Writing R Extensions' for
good practice.
The configure
--with-valgrind-instrumentation=3 is deprecated and will
be removed in R 3.2.0.
(Windows.) Rscript.exe
was missing a
manifest specifying the modern style for common controls (e.g.,
the download progress bar).
If a package had extra documentation files but no vignette, the HTML help system produced an empty index page.
The parser now gives an error if a null character is included in a string using Unicode escapes. (PR#16046)
failed on complex arguments due to
pre-3.0(!) typo. (PR#16054)
failed with named arguments when the argument
was complex. (PR#16047)
objects may now be used as columns in
data frames. (PR#15997)
Some values with extremely long names were printed incorrectly. (PR#15999)
Extremely large exponents on zero expressed in scientific
notation (e.g. 0.0e50000
) could give NaN
reported downloaded sizes as 0KB if
less than 1MB, only for R 3.1.2 and only on big-endian platforms.
did not escape percent signs in the
automatically generated usage section of help files.
dropped some of the attributes of the
object it was working with. (PR#16029)
(Windows.) The command completion in Rgui.exe
messed up the console. (PR#15791)
(Windows.) The choose.files()
command returned a
blank string when the user asked for a single file but cancelled
the request. (PR#16074)
S4 group generics failed to correctly dispatch
- and "nonStructure"
-derived classes.
imposed undocumented restrictions
on the versionCheck
parameter. (Reported by Geoff Lee.)
Rare over-runs detected by AddressSanitizer in
and its replacement version have been avoided.
Inter alia that fix gives the documented behaviour for
substr(x, 1, 2) <- ""
(subsequently reported as
Loading packages incorrectly defining an S4 generic followed by a function of the same name caused an erroneous cyclic namespace dependency error.
Declared vignette encodings are now always passed to the vignette engine.
Port Tomas Kalibera's fix from R-devel that restores the
fast path, effectively doubling the speed of
S4 dispatch.
and power.prop.test()
now make
use of the extendInt
option of uniroot()
and hence
work in more extreme cases. (PR#15792)
If a package was updated and attached when its namespace was already loaded, it could end up with parts from one version and parts from the other. (PR#16120)
didn't accept --encoding=
to a typo. (PR#16121)
Unix-alike builds without a suitable makeinfo
documented to link the missing HTML manuals to CRAN, but did not.
save(*, ascii=TRUE)
and load()
now correctly
deal with NaN
's. (PR#16137)
retains fractional representations while
avoiding incomplete class propagation.
'R_ext/Lapack.h' had not been updated for changes made
by LAPACK to the argument lists of its (largely internal)
functions dlaed2
and dlaed3
RShowDoc("NEWS", "txt")
had not been updated for the
layout changes of R 3.1.0.
The xtfrm()
method for class "Surv"
has been
corrected and its description expanded.
mode(x) <- y
would incorrectly evaluate x
changing its mode. (PR#16215)
besselJ(1, 2^64)
and besselY(..)
now signal a
warning, returning NaN
instead of typically
segfaulting. (Issue 3 of PR#15554)
HTML conversion of \href markup in '.Rd' files did not remove the backslash from \% and so gave an invalid URL. In a related change, the \ escape is now required in such URLs.
now defaults to
format = "ps2write"
for '.ps' and '.eps' files.
This is available in Ghostscript 9.x (since 2010) whereas the
previous default, format = "pswrite"
, was removed in
Ghostscript 9.10.
For consistency with [dpqr]norm()
[dp]lnorm(sdlog = 0)
model a point mass at
rather than return NaN
(for an error).
now reports if ICU is compiled in for
use for collation (it is only actually used if a suitable locale
is set for collation, and never for a C
(OS X only.) Package tcltk checks when loaded if it is linked against the CRAN X11-based Tcl/Tk and if so that the Tcl/Tk component and the X11 libraries are installed. This allows more informative error messages to be given advising the installation of the missing component or of XQuartz.
The X11()
device and X11-based versions of the data editor
and viewer (invoked by edit()
and View()
for data
frames and matrices from command-line R) check that the X11
libraries are installed and if not advises installing XQuartz.
allows locale = "default"
, and
locale = "none"
to use OS services rather than ICU for
Environment variable R_ICU_LOCALE can be used to set the default ICU locale, in case the one derived from the OS locale is inappropriate (this is currently necessary on Windows).
New function icuGetCollate()
to report on the ICU
collation locale in use (if any).
was updated to use unreserved and
reserved characters from RFC 3986
(http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986) instead of RFC 1738.
and c(warnings())
are now
The Bioconductor 'version' used by
now defaults to 3.0
. (It can be
set at runtime via environment variable
Omegahat is no longer listed as providing Windows binary
packages, e.g. by setRepositories()
. It has no binary
packages available for R 3.1.x and those for earlier versions
were 32-bit only.
The configure
script reports on the more important
capabilities/options which will not be compiled in.
More types of external BLAS are recognized by name in that report.
When building R as a shared library, the
-L${R_HOME}/lib${R_ARCH} flag is placed earlier in the
link commands used during installation and when packages are
installed: this helps ensure that the current build has priority
if an R shared library has already been installed by
e.g. install-libR
in a library mentioned in
LDFLAGS (and not in 'your system's library directory'
as documented). (Wish of PR#15790.)
LaTeX package upquote is no longer required for R's use of inconsolata.
(Windows only) If both 32- and 64-bit versions of R are installed, the 'bin/R.exe' and 'bin/Rscript.exe' executables now run 64-bit R. (To run 32-bit R, overwrite these files with copies of 'bin/i386/Rfe.exe'.)
Running R CMD check
_R_CHECK_DEPENDS_ONLY_ true now makes the
VignetteBuilder packages available even if they are
listed in Suggests, since they are needed to recognise and
process non-Sweave vignettes.
R CMD check
now reports empty importFrom
declarations in a 'NAMESPACE' file, as these are common
errors (writing importFrom(Pkg)
was intended).
R CMD check
now by default checks code usage
directly on the package namespace without loading and attaching
the package and its suggests and enhances. For good practice with
packages in the Suggests field, see §18.104.22.168 of
'Writing R Extensions'. For use of lazy-data objects in
the package's own code, see ?data
did not handle non-finite probabilities
prettyNum(x, zero.print=*)
now also works when
contains NA
A longstanding bug exhibited by nlminb()
on Windows
was traced to a compiler bug in gcc 4.6.3; a workaround has been
put in place. (PR#15244 and PR#15914).
Rendering of \command
in HTML versions of help pages
has been improved: this is particularly evident on the help page
for INSTALL
and as.octmode(x)
now behave
correctly for some numeric x
, e.g., c(NA, 1)
c(1, pi)
failed if the scope
argument had
no variables to drop. (PR#15935)
(and hence fix()
) failed if
an object had a non-character attribute named "source"
(an attribute that had been used in R prior to version 2.14.0).
could fail if the generic had
as a formal argument. (PR#15937).
Forking in package parallel called C entry point
in the child. This was unsafe (_exit
have been called), and could flush stdin
of the main R
process (seen most often on Solaris).
As good practice, stdout
is now flushed before forking a child.
R objects such as list(`a\b` = 1)
now print correctly.
now returns correctly a
single object (rather than unlisting it).
The confint()
method for nls()
fits failed it
these has specified parameter limits despite using an algorithm
other than "port"
Subclassing an S4 class failed if the class required
arguments to the generator, through its initialize()
did not properly handle expressions
containing arguments that were supplied as missing, e.g.
now works, and
of such an environment is now the same as
Several tcltk functions failed when run in unusual environments. (PR#15970)
now works (trivially). (PR#15979)
merge(<dendrogram>, ..)
now works correctly for two
'independent' dendrograms (PR#15648), and still compatibly
via adjust = "auto"
e.g. for two branches of an
existing dendrogram.
The plot
method for "hclust"
objects gets an
optional argument check
; when that is true (the default) it
checks more carefully for valid input.
(Windows only) If a user chose to install 64 bit R but not 32 bit R, the 'bin/R' and 'bin/Rscript' executables failed to run. (PR#15981)
Various possible buffer overruns have been prevented, and missed memory protection added. (PR#15990)
no longer passes --args
when there are no extra ("user") arguments.
objects like getClass("refClass")@prototype
and str()
without error.
now also looks at the S4 bit.
hist(x, breaks)
is more robust in adding a small fuzz
to few breaks when some are very large. (PR#15988)
and gsub()
did not handle regular
expressions like "\s{2,}"
properly if the text
contained NA
or non-ASCII elements in a UTF-8
locale. Part of this was due to a bug in the TRE library.
now displays the PDF version.
Matrices and arrays with last dimension zero did not print at all or incompletely. (PR#16012)
and hence hist()
now respect
the xaxs
, yaxs
and lab
graphics parameters.
and other bw.*() no longer segfault when
contains non-finite values. (PR#16024)
R CMD Rd2pdf
unintentionally ignored its
--os option.
The internal method of download.file()
was not
reporting file sizes and progress correctly on files larger than
2GB (inherited from libxml2
). This is corrected for 64-bit
builds (32-bit platforms may not support such files, but where
possible will be supported in future versions of R).
Work around a bug in OS X Yosemite where key environment variables may be duplicated causing issues in subprocesses. The duplicates are now removed on R startup (via Rprofile). (PR#16042)
Adjust X11 auto-launch detection in DISPLAY on OS X to recognize latest XQuartz.
When attach()
reports conflicts, it does so
compatibly with library()
by using message()
R CMD Sweave
no longer cleans any files by
default, compatibly with versions of R prior to 3.1.0. There are
new options --clean, --clean=default and
and tools::buildVignettes()
with clean = FALSE
no longer remove any created files.
gains a keep
argument for more
cleaning customization.
The Bioconductor 'version' used by
can now be set by environment variable
R_BIOC_VERSION at runtime, not just when R is installed.
(It has been stated that Bioconductor will switch from
'version' 2.14 to 'version' 3.0 during the lifetime
of the R 3.1 series.)
Error messages from bugs in embedded Sexpr code in Sweave documents now report the source location.
, read.table()
and similar
functions get a new numerals
specifying how numeric input is converted when its conversion to
double precision loses accuracy. The default value,
allows accuracy loss, as in R versions before
For some compilers, integer addition could overflow without a warning. R's internal code for both integer addition and subtraction is more robust now. (PR#15774)
The function determining the default number of knots for
is now exported, as .nknots.smspl()
dbeta(, a,b)
, pbeta()
, qbeta()
are now defined also for a = 0, b = 0,
or infinite a and b (where they typically returned
Many package authors report that the RStudio graphics device
does not work correctly with their package's use of
. The new option dev.new(noRStudioGD =
replaces the RStudio override by the default device as
selected by R itself, still respecting environment variables
R_INTERACTIVE_DEVICE and R_DEFAULT_DEVICE.
now returns visibly.
Modifying internal logical scalar constants now results in an error instead of a warning.
install.packages(repos = NULL)
now accepts
http:// or ftp:// URLs of package archives as well
as file paths, and will download as required. In most cases
repos = NULL
can be deduced from the extension of the URL.
The warning when using partial matching with the $
operator on data frames is now only given when
is TRUE
Package help requests like package?foo
try the package foo
whether loaded or not.
General help requests now default to trying all loaded packages, not just those on the search path.
Added a new function promptImport()
, to generate a
help page for a function that was imported from another package
(and presumably re-exported, or help would not be needed).
option --with-internal-tzcode
can now be used with variable rsharedir
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.35.
There is a new target make uninstall-libR
remove an installed shared/static 'libR'.
make install-libR
now works if a sub-architecture is
used, although the user will need to specify libdir
differently for different sub-architectures.
There is more extensive advice on which LaTeX packages are
required to install R or to make package manuals (as done by
R CMD check
) in the 'Writing R Extensions'
Compilers/linkers were handling the visibility control in 'src/extra/xz' inconsistently (and apparently in some cases incorrectly), so it has been simplified. (PR#15327)
(Windows) There is updated support for the use of ICU for collation: see the 'R Installation and Administration Manual'.
dbinom(x, n)
, pbinom()
, dpois()
, etc,
are slightly less restrictive in checking if n
integer-valued. (Wish of PR#15734.)
pchisq(x, df, ncp, log.p = TRUE)
is more accurate and
no longer underflows for small x
and ncp < 80
, e.g,
for pchisq(1e-5, df = 100, ncp = 1, log = TRUE)
(Based on PR#15635 and a suggestion by Roby Joehanes.)
The s
("step into") command in the debugger
would cause R to step into expressions evaluated there,
not just into functions being debugged. (PR#15770)
The C code used by strptime()
rejected time-zone
offsets of more than +1200
, +1300
can occur). (PR#15768)
(Windows only.)
png(type = "cairo", antialias = "gray")
was not accepted. (PR#15760)
Use of save(..., envir=)
with named objects could
fail. (PR#15758)
mis-parsed Sexpr expressions that
contained backslashes. (PR#15779)
The return value from options(foo = NULL)
was not
the previous value of the option. (PR#15781)
and enc2native()
did not always
mark the encoding of the return values when it was known.
dnbinom(x, size = <large>, mu, log = TRUE)
no longer
underflows to -Inf for large mu
, thanks to a suggestion
from Alessandro Mammana (MPI MolGen, Berlin).
pbeta(x, a, b, log = TRUE)
no longer behaves
discontinuously (in a small x-region) because of denormalized
numbers. Also, pbeta(1-1e-12, 1e30, 1.001, log=TRUE)
terminates "in real time".
The "CRAN"
filter (see available.packages()
no longer removes duplicates other than of packages on CRAN, and
does not fail if there is no CRAN repository in
The device listing from dev2bitmap()
was truncated to 1000 characters: modern versions
of GhostScript on most platforms have many more devices.
(Windows.) Commands such as Sys.which()
which needed to find the full path to a command
could segfault if the 'long' path name was much longer than
the 'short' path name (which Sys.which()
as the behaviour of the Windows API call had changed.
R CMD build
will fail with an error if one of the
packages specified in the VignetteBuilder field is not
installed. (Without loading those packages it cannot be
ascertained which files are intended to be vignettes. This means
that the VignetteBuilder packages have to be installed for
package checking too.)
(Wish of PR#15775.)
Misguided attempts to use chull()
with non-finite
points now give an error (related to PR#15777).
For a formula with exactly 32 variables the 32nd variable was aliased to the intercept in some C-level computations of terms, so that for example attempting to remove it would remove the intercept instead (and leave a corrupt internal structure). (PR#15735)
silently returned wrong values when
the first duplicate was at an index which was too large to be
stored in an integer vector (although a lot of RAM and patience
would have been needed to encounter this).
tools::Rd2ex(commentDontrun = FALSE)
failed if the
block had only one line.
Hexadecimal constants such as 0x110p-5L
which were
incorrectly qualified by L
were parsed incorrectly since R
3.0.0, with a slightly garbled warning. (PR#15753)
returned success on some platforms even if
the system was unable to launch a process. (PR#15796)
(Windows Rgui
console.) Unbuffered output was
sometimes not output immediately if the prompt was not on the last
line of the console.
The built-in help server did not declare the encoding for the 'DESCRIPTION' or other text files to be the package encoding, so non-ASCII characters could be displayed incorrectly.
R is now trying harder to not cleanup child processes
that were not spawned by mcparallel()
on platforms that
provide information about the source process of the SIGCHLD
signal. This allows 3rd party libraries to manage the exit status
of children that they spawn without R interfering.
was only parallelizing if the number of
jobs was bigger than the number of cores. It now parallelizes if
the number of jobs is more than one.
Auto-printing would re-evaluate its argument when trying to dispatch to a print method. This is now avoided when possible.
Unserializing (including load()
and readRDS()
could silently return incorrect numeric values from ASCII saves if
there was a read error.
could return incorrect values for
the parents of some elements. (Reported by Andrew Redd.)
Attempting to use data frames of 2^31 or more rows with
or to create a merged data frame of that size now
gives a clearer error message.
did not check its file
argument was a
connection if it was not a character string, so
e.g. parse(FALSE)
attempted to read from stdin
Nor did dump()
and dput()
The "help.try.all.packages"
option was ignored when
the shortcut syntax for help was used, e.g. ?foo
A potential segfault in string allocation has been fixed. (Found by Radford Neal.)
Potential memory protection errors in sort()
have been fixed. (Found by Radford Neal.)
Fixed a lack of error checking in graphics event functions. (Found by Radford Neal; a different patch used here than the one in pqR.)
sometimes miscalculated the gradient.
(PR#15849, reported originally by Radford Neal)
(and hence by default
) returns a character vector or factor when
representing a numeric input as a double would lose accuracy.
Similarly for complex inputs.
If a file contains numeric data with unrepresentable numbers of
decimal places that are intended to be read as numeric, specify
in read.table()
to be "numeric"
tools::Rdiff(useDiff = FALSE)
is closer to the POSIX
definition of diff -b
(as distinct from the description
in the man
pages of most systems).
New function anyNA()
, a version of
which is fast for atomic vectors, based on a
proposal by Tim Hesterberg. (Wish of PR#15239.)
arrayInd(*, useNames = TRUE)
and, analogously,
which(*, arr.ind = TRUE)
now make use of
when available.
now also works for raw
The "table"
method for as.data.frame()
useful as as.data.frame.table()
) now passes sep
arguments to provideDimnames()
gets new optional arguments, notably
, allowing to auto-extend the search interval when
needed. The return value has an extra component, init.it
switch(f, ...)
now warns when f
is a factor,
as this typically happens accidentally where the useR meant to
pass a character string, but f
is treated as integer (as
always documented).
The parser has been modified to use less memory.
The way the unary operators (+ - !
) handle attributes
is now more consistent. If there is no coercion, all attributes
(including class) are copied from the input to the result:
otherwise only names, dims and dimnames are.
and colorRampPalette()
now allow
non-opaque colours and a ramp in opacity via the new argument
alpha = TRUE
. (Suggested by Alberto Krone-Martins, but
optionally as there are existing uses which expect only RGB values.)
and grid.show.viewport()
get an optional vp.ex
There is a new function find_gs_cmd()
in the
tools package to locate a GhostScript executable. (This is
an enhanced version of a previously internal function there.)
gains a format()
There is a new family, "ArialMT"
, for the
and postscript()
devices. This will only be
rendered correctly on viewers which have access to Monotype
TrueType fonts (which are sometimes requested by journals).
The text and PDF news files, including 'NEWS' and 'NEWS.2', have been moved to the 'doc' directory.
combn(x, simplify = TRUE)
now gives a factor result
for factor input x
(previously user error).
(Related to PR#15442.)
Added utils::fileSnapshot()
functions to allow snapshots and
comparison of directories of files.
make.names(names, unique=TRUE)
now tries to preserve
existing names. (Suggestion of PR#15452.)
New functions cospi(x)
, sinpi(x)
, and
, for more accurate computation of
, etc, both in R and the C API. Using these
gains accuracy in some cases, e.g., inside lgamma()
. (Suggested by Morten Welinder in PR#15529.)
print.table(x, zero.print = ".")
now also has an
effect when x
is not integer-valued.
There is more support to explore the system's idea of
time-zone names. Sys.timezone()
tries to give the current
system setting by name (and succeeds at least on Linux, OS X,
Solaris and Windows), and OlsonNames()
lists the names in
the system's Olson database. Sys.timezone(location = FALSE)
gives the previous behaviour.
Platforms with a 64-bit time_t
type are allowed to
handle conversions between the "POSIXct"
classes for date-times outside the 32-bit range
(before 1902 or after 2037): the existing workarounds are used on
other platforms. (Note that time-zone information for post-2037
is speculative at best, and the OS services are tested for known
errors and so not used on OS X.)
Currently time_t
is usually long
and hence 64-bit on
Unix-alike 64-bit platforms: however in several cases the
time-zone database is 32-bit. For R for Windows it is 64-bit
(for both architectures as from this version).
The "save.defaults"
option can include a value for
. (Wish of PR#15579.)
and friends now have support for arrays and
data-frame columns with 2^31 or more elements.
is faster when f
is an unclassed
integer vector (for example, when called from tapply()
now works with longer inputs, from the 12
million previously supported up to 2 billion. (PR#15593)
Complex svd()
now uses LAPACK subroutine
, the complex analogue of the routine used for the
real case.
Sweave now outputs '.tex' files in UTF-8 if the
input encoding is declared to be UTF-8, regardless of the
local encoding. The UTF-8 encoding may now be declared using
a LaTeX comment containing the string %\SweaveUTF8
on a line by itself.
gains a copy.date
Printing of date-times will make use of the time-zone
abbreviation in use at the time, if known. For example, for Paris
pre-1940 this could be LMT, PMT, WET or
WEST. To enable this, the "POSIXlt"
class has an
optional component "zone"
recording the abbreviation for
each element.
For platforms which support it, there is also a component
recording the offset from GMT where known.
(On Windows, by default on OS X and optionally elsewhere.)
The system C function strftime
has been replaced by a more
comprehensive version with closer conformance to the POSIX 2008
dnorm(x, log = FALSE)
is more accurate (but somewhat
slower) for |x| > 5; as suggested in PR#15620.
Some versions of the tiff()
device have further
compression options.
, readLines()
and scan()
have a new argument to influence the treatment of embedded nuls.
Avoid duplicating the right hand side values in complex
assignments when possible. This reduces copying of replacement
values in expressions such as Z$a <- a0
ans[[i]] <- tmp
: some package code has relied on there
being copies.
Also, a number of other changes to reduce copying of objects; all contributed by or based on suggestions by Michael Lawrence.
The fast
argument of KalmanLike()
and KalmanForecast()
has been replaced
by update
, which instead of updating mod
in place,
optionally returns the updated model in an attribute "mod"
of the return value.
and makeARIMA()
get a new optional
argument SSinit
, allowing the choice of a different
state space initialization which has been observed
to be more reliable close to non-stationarity: see PR#14682.
has a new argument noBreaks.
, to
simplify post-processing of output with options(warn = 1)
gains an argument encoding
, to
support reading of UTF-8 characters using scan()
and related functions in a non-UTF-8 locale.
gets a new argument use.names
which by default labels differing components by names (if they
match) rather than by integer index. Saved R output in packages may
need to be updated.
The methods for all.equal()
now have argument check.attributes
after ...
so it cannot be partially nor positionally
matched (as it has been, unintentionally).
A side effect is that some previously undetected errors of passing
empty arguments (no object between commas) to all.equal()
are detected and reported.
There are explicit checks that check.attributes
is logical,
is numeric and scale
is NULL
numeric. This catches some unintended positional matching.
The message for all.equal.numeric()
reports a
"scaled difference"
only for scale != 1
now has a "POSIXt"
replacing the "POSIXct"
The "Date"
and "POSIXt"
methods of
allows by = "quarter"
for completeness
(by = "3 months"
always worked).
removes any trailing separator on
Windows, where they are invalid (although sometimes accepted).
This is intended to enhance the portability of code written by
those using POSIX file systems (where a trailing /
can be
used to confine path matching to directories).
New function agrepl()
which like grepl()
returns a logical vector.
is now supported on Windows. (PR#15600)
sort.list(method = "radix")
now allows negative
integers (wish of PR#15644).
Some functionality of print.ts()
is now available in
for more modularity.
gains an option detach = TRUE
which allows execution of code independently of the current
session. It is based on a new estranged = TRUE
argument to
which forks child processes such that they become
independent of the parent process.
The pdf()
device omits circles and text at extremely
small sizes, since some viewers were failing on such files.
The rightmost break for the "months"
and "years"
cases of
has been increased by a day. (Inter alia,
fixes PR#15717.)
The handling of DF[i,] <- a
where i
is of
length 0 is improved. (Inter alia, fixes PR#15718.)
gains a new method "ward.D2"
implements Ward's method correctly. The previous "ward"
method is "ward.D"
now, with the old name still working.
Thanks to research and proposals by Pierre Legendre.
The sunspot.month
dataset has been amended and
updated from the official source, whereas the sunspots
datasets will remain immutable. The
documentation and source links have been updated correspondingly.
The summary()
method for "lm"
fits warns if
the fit is essentially perfect, as most of the summary may be
computed inaccurately (and with platform-dependent values).
Programmers who use summary()
in order to extract just
a component which will be reliable (e.g., $cov.unscaled
should wrap their calls in suppressWarnings()
The included version of LAPACK has been updated to 3.5.0.
There is some support for parallel testing of an
installation, by setting TEST_MC_CORES to an integer
greater than one to indicate the maximum number of cores to be
used in parallel. (It is worth specifying at least 8 cores if
available.) Most of these require a make
program (such
as GNU make
and dmake
) which supports the
$MAKE -j nproc
Except on Windows: the tests of standard package examples in
make check
are done in parallel. This also applies to
running tools::testInstalledPackages()
The more time-consuming regression tests are done in parallel.
The package checks in make check-devel
and make
are done in parallel.
More of make check
will work if recommended packages
are not installed: but recommended packages remain needed for
thorough checking of an R build.
The version of tzcode included in 'src/extra/tzone' has been updated. (Formerly used only on Windows.)
The included (64-bit) time-zone conversion code and Olson
time-zone database can be used instead of the system version: use
option --with-internal-tzcode. This
is the default on Windows and OS X. (Note that this does not
currently work if a non-default rsharedir
variable is used.)
(It might be necessary to set environment variable TZ on OSes where this is not already set, although the system timezone is deduced correctly on at least Linux, OS X and Windows.)
This option also switches to the version of strftime
included in directory 'src/extra/tzone'.
now tests for a C++11-compliant compiler
by testing some basic features. This by default tries flags for
the compiler specified by CXX, but an alternative compiler,
options and standard can be specified by variables CXX1X,
CXX1XFLAGS and CXX1XSTD (e.g., -std=gnu++11).
R can now optionally be compiled to use reference
counting instead of the NAMED
mechanism by defining
in 'Rinternals.h'. This may become
the default in the future.
There is a new option --use-system-tre to use a
suitable system tre library: at present this means a version
from their git
repository, after corrections.
(Wish of PR#15660.)
The CRANextra
repository is no longer a default
repository on Windows: all the binary versions of packages from
CRAN are now on CRAN, although CRANextra
contains packages
from Omegahat and elsewhere used by CRAN packages.
Only vignettes sources in directory 'vignettes' are considered to be vignettes and hence indexed as such.
In the 'DESCRIPTION' file,
License: X11
is no longer recognized as valid. Use MIT or BSD_2_clause instead, both of which need + file LICENSE.
For consistency, entries in '.Rinstignore' are now matched case-insensitively on all platforms.
Help for S4 methods with very long signatures now tries harder to split the description in the Usage field to no more than 80 characters per line (some packages had over 120 characters).
R CMD INSTALL --build
(not Windows) now defaults to
the internal tar()
unless R_INSTALL_TAR is set.
There is support for compiling C++11 code in packages on suitable platforms: see 'Writing R Extensions'.
Fake installs now install the contents of directory 'inst': some packages use this to install e.g. C++ headers for use by other packages that are independent of the package itself. Option --no-inst can be used to get the previous behaviour.
The behaviour of the code browser has been made more consistent, in part following the suggestions in PR#14985.
Calls to browser()
are now consistent with calls
to the browser triggered by debug()
, in that Enter
will default to n
rather than c
A new browser command s
has been added, to
"step into" function calls.
A new browser command f
has been added, to
"finish" the current loop or function.
Within the browser, the command help
display a short list of available commands.
Only vignettes sources in directory 'vignettes' are
considered to be vignettes by R CMD check
. That has
been the preferred location since R 2.14.0 and is now obligatory.
For consistency, R CMD build
now matches entries
in '.Rbuildignore' and 'vignettes/.install_extras'
case-insensitively on all platforms (not just on Windows).
(called by R CMD check
default) can optionally check foreign function calls for
consistency with the registered type and argument count. This is
the default for R CMD check --as-cran
or can be enabled
by setting environment variable _R_CHECK_FF_CALLS_ to
registration (but is in any case suppressed by
--install=no). Because this checks calls in which
is an R object and not just a literal character
string, some other problems are detected for such calls.
Functions suppressForeignCheck()
and dontCheck()
have been added to allow package authors to suppress false
positive reports.
R CMD check --as-cran
warns about a false value of
the 'DESCRIPTION' field BuildVignettes for Open Source
packages, and ignores it. (An Open Source package needs to have
complete sources for its vignettes which should be usable on a
suitably well-equipped system).
R CMD check --no-rebuild-vignettes
is defunct:
R CMD check --no-build-vignettes
has been preferred since
R CMD build --no-vignettes
is defunct:
R CMD build --no-build-vignettes
has been preferred since
R CMD Sweave
and R CMD Stangle
process both Sweave and non-Sweave vignettes. The
function has been added to do the
same tasks from within R.
The flags returned by R CMD config --ldflags
(where installed) pkg-config --libs libR
are now those
needed to link a front-end against the (shared or static) R
'Sweave.sty' has a new option [inconsolata].
R CMD check
customizations such as
_R_CHECK_DEPENDS_ONLY_ make available packages only in
LinkingTo only for installation, and not for
loading/runtime tests.
reports on .C
calls with DUP = FALSE
if argument
is true. This is selected by
R CMD check
by default.
R CMD check --use-gct
can be tuned to
garbage-collect less frequently using gctorture2()
via the setting of environment variable
Where supported, tools::texi2dvi()
limits the number
of passes tried to 20.
(Windows only) A function R_WaitEvent()
has been
added (with declaration in header'R.h') to block execution
until the next event is received by R.
Remapping in the 'Rmath.h' header can be suppressed by defining R_NO_REMAP_RMATH.
The remapping of rround()
in header 'Rmath.h'
has been removed: use fround()
in header 'Rmath.h' is now a wrapper
for the C99 function trunc()
, which might as well be used
in C code: ftrunc()
is still needed for portable C++ code.
The never-documented remapping of prec()
in header 'Rmath.h' has been removed.
The included LAPACK subset now contains ZGESDD
The function LENGTH()
now checks that it is only
applied to vector arguments. However, in packages length()
should be used. (In R itself LENGTH()
is a macro without
the function overhead of length()
Calls to SET_VECTOR_ELT()
and SET_STRING_ELT()
are now checked for indices which are in-range: several packages
were writing one element beyond the allocated length.
has been added which allows custom
allocators to be used for individual vector allocations.
chol(pivot = TRUE, LINPACK = TRUE)
is defunct.
Arguments EISPACK
for eigen()
and LINPACK
, chol2inv()
, solve()
and svd()
are ignored: LAPACK is always used.
and .path.package()
defunct: only the versions without the initial dot introduced in
R 2.13.0 have ever been in the API.
Partial matching when using the $
operator on
data frames now throws a warning and may become defunct in the
future. If partial matching is intended, replace foo$bar
by foo[["bar", exact = FALSE]]
The long-deprecated use of \synopsis
in the
Usage section of '.Rd' files has been removed: such
sections are now ignored (with a warning).
's deprecated argument
has been removed.
Many methods are no longer exported by package stats. They are all registered on their generic, which should be called rather than calling a method directly.
Functions readNEWS()
and checkNEWS()
package tools are defunct.
download.file(method = "lynx")
is deprecated.
and .Fortran(DUP = FALSE)
now deprecated, and may be disabled in future versions of R. As
their help has long said, .Call()
is much preferred.
R CMD check
notes such usages (by default).
The workaround of setting R_OSX_VALGRIND has been removed: it is not needed in current valgrind.
Calling lm.wfit()
with no non-zero weights gave an
array-overrun in the Fortran code and a not very sensible answer.
It is now special-cased with a simpler answer (no qr
Error messages involving non-syntactic names (e.g., as produced
by `\r`
when that object does not exist) now encode
the control characters. (Reported by Hadley Wickham.)
caused 100% usage of one CPU in
Windows. (PR#15500)
with no start
argument may now work
inside another function (scoping issue).
and similar work better for very large
(billions) ncp
Where time zones have changed abbreviations over the years,
the software tries to more consistently use the abbreviation
appropriate to the time or if that is unknown, the current
abbreviation. On some platforms where the C function
changed the tzname
variables the reported
abbreviation could have been that of the last time converted.
all.equal(list(1), identity)
now works.
Bug fix for pushing viewports in grid (reported by JJ Allaire and Kevin Ushey).
NOTE for anyone poking around within the graphics engine display list (despite the warnings not to) that this changes what is recorded by grid on the graphics engine display list.
Extra checks have been added for unit resolution and conversion in grid, to catch instances of division-by-zero. This may introduce error messages in existing code and/or produce a different result in existing code (but only where a non-finite location or dimension may now become zero).
Some bugs in TRE have been corrected by updating from the
repository. This allows R to be installed on some
platforms for which this was a blocker (PR#15087 suggests Linux
on ARM and HP-UX).
applied to a call to an S4 generic failed in
several cases. (PR#15680)
The implicit S4 generics for primitives with ...
their argument list were incorrect. (PR#15690)
Bug fixes to methods::callGeneric()
The bug fix to aggregrate()
in PR#15004 introduced
a new bug in the case of no grouping variables. (PR#15699)
In rare cases printing deeply nested lists overran a buffer by one byte and on a few platforms segfaulted. (PR#15679)
The dendrogram method of as.dendrogram()
was hidden
accidentally, (PR#15703), and order.dendrogram(d)
too much for a leaf d
R would try to kill processes on exit that have pids ever
used by a child process spawned by mcparallel
even though
the current process with that pid was not actually its child.
applied to a "dendrogram"
sometimes incorrectly returned a "Labels"
attribute with
dimensions. (PR#15706)
called from quite a few print()
methods now obeys small getOption("width")
line wrapping the "signif. codes" legend appropriately.
assumed that the stored dimnames for a
matrix was NULL
or length 2, but length 1 occurred.
The clipping region for a device was sometimes used in base graphics before it was set.
On Windows there is support for making '.texi' manuals
using texinfo
5.0 or later: the setting is in file
A packaging of the Perl script and modules for texinfo
5.2 has been made available at
now handles matrices of
2^31 or more elements, for those with large amounts
of patience and disc space.
There is a new function, La_version()
, to report the
version of LAPACK in use.
The HTML version of 'An Introduction to R' now has links to PNG versions of the figures.
There is some support to produce manuals in ebook formats. (See 'doc/manual/Makefile'. Suggested by Mauro Cavalcanti.)
On a Unix-alike Sys.timezone()
returns NA
the environment variable TZ is unset, to distinguish it from
an empty string which on some OSes means the UTC time zone.
The backtick may now be escaped in strings, to allow names
containing them to be constructed, e.g. `\``
, readLines()
and scan()
now warn when an embedded nul is found in the input. (Related to
PR#15625 which was puzzled by the behaviour in this unsupported
(Windows only.) file.symlink()
works around the
undocumented restriction of the Windows system call to
backslashes. (Wish of PR#15631.)
KalmanForecast(fast = FALSE)
is now the default, and
the help contains an example of how fast = TRUE
can be used
in this version. (The usage will change in 3.1.0.)
now checks the locale only when
locale-specific formats are used and caches the locale in use:
this can halve the time taken on OSes with slow system
functions (e.g., OS X).
and the format()
methods for
classes "POSIXct"
, "POSIXlt"
and "Date"
recognize strings with marked encodings: this allows, for example,
UTF-8 French month names to be read on (French) Windows.
iconv(to = "utf8")
is now accepted on all platforms
(some implementations did already, but GNU libiconv did not:
however converted strings were not marked as being in UTF-8). The
official name, "UTF-8"
is still preferred.
is better protected against
corrupt metadata files. (A recurring problem with Debian package
shogun-r: PR#14713.)
Finalizers are marked to be run at garbage collection, but
run only at a somewhat safer later time (when interrupts are
checked). This circumvents some problems with finalizers running
arbitrary code during garbage collection (the known instances being
running options()
and (C-level) path.expand()
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.34. This fixes bugs and makes the behaviour closer to Perl 5.18. In particular, the concept of 'space' includes VT and hence agrees with POSIX's.
The new field SysDataCompression in the 'DESCRIPTION' file allows user control over the compression used for 'sysdata.rda' objects in the lazy-load database.
install.packages(dependencies = value)
for value =
(the default) or value = TRUE
omits packages only in
for binary package installs.
The long undocumented remapping of rround()
in header 'Rmath.h' is now formally
deprecated: use fround()
Remapping of prec()
and trunc()
in the
'Rmath.h' header has been disabled in C++ code (it has caused
breakage with libc++
truncated the imaginary part of
complex number constants. (Reported by Yihui Xie.)
dbeta(x, a, b)
with a
or b
within a
factor of 2 of the largest representable number could
infinite-loop. (Reported by Ioannis Kosmidis.)
failed for arrays with a 0
dimension. (PR#15465)
and cbind()
did not handle
list objects correctly. (PR#15468)
now checks if it is replaying a plot
from the same session.
and grid.raster()
now give
error on an empty (zero-length) raster. (Reported by Ben North.)
would sometimes scramble the labels
in plot type 5. (PR#15458 and PR#14837)
did not handle NA_character_
properly. (Reported by Magnus Thor Torfason.)
(Windows only.) readRegistry()
would duplicate
default values for keys. (PR#15455)
str(..., strict.width = "cut")
did not handle
it properly when more than one line needed to be cut. (Reported
by Gerrit Eichner.)
Removing subclass back-references when S4 classes were removed or their namespace unloaded had several bugs (e.g., PR#15481).
could fail when there were too many
levels present in the by
argument. (PR#15004)
needed to detect primitive
functions when checking for duplicated imports (reported by
Karl Forner).
did not exit when a user closed
the graphics window. (PR#15208)
Errors in vignettes were not always captured and displayed properly. (PR#15495)
could fail when dealing with extremely
small z values. (PR#15454)
Several functions did not handle zero-length vectors properly,
including browseEnv()
, format()
, gl()
and summary.data.frame()
. (E.g., PR#15499)
did not restore the R output to the
console if it was interrupted by a user in the middle of evaluating
a code chunk. (Reported by Michael Sumner.)
Fake installs of packages with vignettes work again.
Illegal characters in the input caused parse()
(and thus source()
) to segfault. (PR#15518)
The nonsensical use of nmax = 1
or unique()
is now silently ignored.
qcauchy(p, *)
is now fully accurate even when p is
very close to 1. (PR#15521)
The validmu()
and valideta()
functions in the
standard glm()
families now also report non-finite values,
rather than failing.
Saved vignette results (in a '.Rout.save' file) were
not being compared to the new ones during R CMD check
Double-clicking outside of the list box (e.g., on the scrollbar)
of a Tk listbox widget generated by tk_select.list()
longer causes the window to close. (PR#15407)
Improved handling of edge cases in
HTML display of results from help.search()
sometimes contained badly constructed links.
and related functions such as unlist()
converted raw vectors to invalid logical vectors. (PR#15535)
(Windows only) When a call to system2()
one of stdin
, stdout
or stderr
to be a file,
but the command was not found (e.g., it contained its arguments,
or the program was not on the PATH), it left the file open
and unusable until R terminated. (Reported by Mathew McLean.)
The bmp()
device was not recording res = NA
correctly: it is now recorded as 72 ppi.
Several potential problems with compiler-specific behaviour
have been identified using the 'Undefined Behaviour
Sanitizer' in conjunction with the clang
now honours NA
inputs (previously they
were mapped to black).
Some translations in base packages were being looked up in the main catalog rather than that for the package.
As a result of the 3.0.2 change about 'the last
second before the epoch', most conversions which should have given
returned that time. (The platforms affected include
Linux and OS X, but not Windows nor Solaris.)
has more support for matrices and data frames
with 2^31 or more elements. (PR#15587)
predict(<lm object>, interval = "confidence", scale =
now works. (PR#15564)
The bug fix in 3.0.2 for PR#15411 was too aggressive, and sometimes removed spaces that should not have been removed. (PR#15583)
Running R code in a tcltk callback failed to set the busy flag, which will be needed to tell OS X not to 'App Nap'.
The code for date-times before 1902 assumed that the offset from GMT in 1902 was a whole number of minutes: that was not true of Paris (as recorded on some platforms).
Using Sys.setlocale
to set LC_NUMERIC
(to restore the sane behavior) no longer gives a
now deparses complex vectors in a way that
re-parses to the original values. (PR#15534, patch based on code
submitted by Alex Bertram.)
In some extreme cases (more than 10^15)
integer inputs to dpqrxxx()
functions might have been
rounded up by one (with a warning about being non-integer).
Plotting symbol pch = 14
had the triangle upside down
on some devices (typically screen devices). The triangle is
supposed to be point up. (Reported by Bill Venables.)
did not work on method definitions if
had been used.
KalmanForecast(fast = FALSE)
reported a (harmless)
stack imbalance.
The count of observations used by KalmanRun()
did not
take missing values into account.
In locales where the abbreviated name of one month is a
partial match for the full name of a later one, the %B
format in strptime()
could fail. An example was French on
OS X, where juin is abbreviated to jui and partially
matches juillet
. Similarly for weekday names.
pbeta(x, a, b, log.p = TRUE)
sometimes underflowed to
zero for very small and very differently sized a
, b
and approxfun()
now handle infinite
values with the "constant"
method. (PR#15655)
again respects reversed limits in
and ylim
The 'NEWS' files have been re-organized.
This file contains news for R >= 3.0.0: news for the 0.x.y, 1.x.y and 2.x.y releases is in files 'NEWS.0', 'NEWS.1' and 'NEWS.2'. The latter files are now installed when R is installed. An HTML version of news from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 is available as 'doc/html/NEWS.2.html'.
for integer arguments now uses an integer
accumulator of at least 64 bits and so will be more accurate in
the very rare case that a cumulative sum exceeds
2^53 (necessarily summing more than 4 million
The example()
and tools::Rd2ex()
functions now
have parameters to allow them to ignore \dontrun
markup in
examples. (Suggested by Peter Solymos.)
is considerably faster for very large lists,
or factors with 100,000 levels, the latter as in PR#15337.
now converts factors to character strings
not integer codes (suggested by Bryan Hanson).
now works, via the new
There is now support for the LaTeX style file 'zi4.sty' which has in some distributions replaced 'inconsolata.sty'.
now typically returns all non-list
s unchanged, not just the "vector" ones.
Consequently, format(lst)
now also works when the list
has non-vector elements.
The tools::getVignetteInfo()
function has been added
to give information about installed vignettes.
New assertCondition()
, etc. utilities in tools, useful
for testing.
Profiling now records non-inlined calls from byte-compiled
code to BUILTIN
Various functions in stats and elsewhere that use
non-standard evaluation are now more careful to follow the
namespace scoping rules. E.g., stats::lm()
can now find
even if stats is not on the
search path or if some package defines a function of that name.
If an invalid/corrupt .Random.seed
object is
encountered in the workspace it is ignored with a warning rather
than giving an error. (This allows R itself to rely on a working
RNG, e.g. to choose a random port.)
and seq.int()
give more explicit error
messages if called with invalid (e.g., NaN
) inputs.
When parse()
finds a syntax error, it now makes
partial parse information available up to the location of the
error. (Request of Reijo Sund.)
Methods invoked by NextMethod()
had a different
dynamic parent to the generic. This was causing trouble where S3
methods invoked via lazy evaluation could lose track of
their generic. (PR#15267)
Code for the negative binomial distribution now treats the case
size == 0
as a one-point distribution at zero.
handles without warning non-ASCII input
strings which require no abbreviation.
no longer has a limit of 8191 bytes per
line. (Wish of PR#15250.)
no longer copies the class of x
the result, to avoid misuse creating invalid objects as in
PR#15303. A warning is given if a class is discarded.
Dataset npk
has been copied from MASS to
allow more tests to be run without recommended packages being
The initialization of the regression coefficients for
non-degenerate differenced models in arima()
has been
changed and in some examples avoids a local maximum. (PR#15396)
now has an argument transform.x
to control the display of individual terms in the plot.
now supports digits = 0
, to
display nsmall
decimal places.
There is a new read-only par()
parameter called
, which returns a logical value indicating whether
the next plot.new()
call will start a new page.
Processing Sweave and Rd documents to PDF now renders backticks and single quotes better in several instances, including in \code and \samp expressions.
gets a new argument keep.null
allowing NULL
components in the replacement to be retained,
instead of causing corresponding components to be deleted.
gains argument check
if set to TRUE
, it will warn when it appears a vignette requests
a non-existent vignette engine.
R CMD check --as-cran
checks the line widths in
usage and examples sections of the package Rd files.
R CMD check --as-cran
now implies --timings.
R CMD check
looks for command gfile
if a
suitable file
is not found. (Although file
not from GNU, OpenCSW on Solaris installs it as gfile
R CMD build
(with the internal tar
) checks
the permissions of 'configure' and 'cleanup' files and
adds execute permission to the recorded permissions for these
files if needed, with a warning. This is useful on OSes and file
systems which do not support execute permissions (notably, on
R CMD build
now weaves and tangles all vignettes,
so suggested packages are not required during package installation
if the source tarball was prepared with current
R CMD build
(used by R CMD check
) does a
better job of detecting calls from other packages, including not
reporting those where a function has been copied from another
namespace (e.g., as a default method). It now reports calls where
is a symbol registered in another package.
On Unix-alike systems, R CMD INSTALL
now installs packages
group writably whenever the library (lib.loc
) is group
writable. Hence, update.packages()
works for other group
members (suggested originally and from a patch by Dirk Eddelbuettel).
R CMD javareconf
now supports the use of symbolic
links for JAVA_HOME on platforms which have
. So it is now possible to
R CMD javareconf JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0
on a Linux system and record that value rather than the frequently-changing full path such as '/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-126.96.36.199.x86_64'.
(Windows only.) Rscript -e
requires a non-empty
argument for consistency with Unix versions of R. (Also
Rterm -e
and R -e
R CMD check
does more thorough checking of
declared packages and namespaces. It reports
packages declared in more than one of the Depends, Imports, Suggests and Enhances fields of the 'DESCRIPTION' file.
namespaces declared in Imports but not
imported from, neither in the 'NAMESPACE' file nor using
the ::
nor :::
packages which are used in library()
calls in the R code but were already put on
the search path via Depends.
packages declared in Depends not imported via the 'NAMESPACE' file (except the standard packages). Objects used from Depends packages should be imported to avoid conflicts and to allow correct operation when the namespace is loaded but not attached.
objects imported via :::
calls where
would do.
objects imported by ::
which are not exported.
objects imported by :::
calls which do not exist.
See 'Writing R Extensions' for good practice.
R CMD check
optionally checks for non-standard
top-level files and directories (which are often mistakes): this
is enabled for --as-cran.
LaTeX style file upquote.sty
is no longer included
(the version was several years old): it is no longer used in R.
A much later version is commonly included in LaTeX distributions
but does not play well with the ae
fonts which are the
default for Sweave vignettes.
R CMD build
makes more use of the 'build'
sub-directory of package sources, for example to record
information about the vignettes.
R CMD check
analyses :::
The macros used for the texinfo manuals have been changed to
work better with the incompatible changes made in texinfo
The minimum version for a system xz
library is now
5.0.3 (was 4.999). This is in part to avoid 5.0.2, which can
compress in ways other versions cannot decompress.
The included version of PCRE has been updated to 8.33.
The included version of zlib
has been updated to
1.2.8, a bug-fix release.
The included version of xz utils's liblzma
has been
updated to 5.0.5.
Since javareconf
(see above) is used when R is
installed, a stable link for JAVA_HOME can be supplied then.
Configuring with --disable-byte-compilation will override the 'DESCRIPTION' files of recommended packages, which typically require byte-compilation.
More of the installation and checking process will work even
when TMPDIR is set to a path containing spaces, but this is
not recommended and external software (such as
) may fail.
Installation is aborted immediately if a LinkingTo
package is not installed.
has a new option
which will override a ByteCompile
field in the package's 'DESCRIPTION' file.
License BSD is deprecated: use BSD_3_clause or BSD_2_clause instead.
License X11 is deprecated: use MIT or BSD_2_clause instead.
Version requirements for LinkingTo
packages are now
recognized: they are checked at installation. (Fields with
version requirements were previously silently ignored.)
The limit of 500 S3method
entries in a
file has been removed.
The default 'version' of Bioconductor for its packages has been changed to the upcoming 2.13, but this can be set by the environment variable R_BIOC_VERSION when R is installed.
'Rdefines.h' has been tweaked so it can be included in C++ code after 'R_ext/Boolean.h' (which is included by 'R.h').
Note that 'Rdefines.h' is not kept up-to-date, and 'Rinternals.h' is preferred for new code.
and applyClosure
are now protected
against package code supplying an invalid rho
The unused namespace
argument to
is now formally deprecated and will be
removed in R 3.1.0.
is deprecated: use the plot()
for class "hclust"
Functions readNEWS()
and checkNEWS()
package tools are deprecated (and they have not worked with
current 'NEWS' files for a long time).
'An Introduction to R' has a new chapter on using R as a scripting language including interacting with the OS.
could not determine the current version
of R on CRAN. (PR#15241)
On Windows, file.info()
failed on root directories unless
the path was terminated with an explicit "."
The regmatches<-()
replacement function mishandled
results coming from regexpr()
The help for setClass()
still suggested the deprecated argument
R CMD config
failed in an installed build of R
3.0.1 (only) when a sub-architecture was used. (Reported by
Berwin Turlach.)
On Windows, the installer modified the 'etc/Rconsole' and 'etc/Rprofile.site' files even when default options were chosen, so the MD5 sums did not refer to the installed versions. (Reported by Tal Galili.)
plot(hclust(), cex =)
respects cex
(and possibly others similarly). (Reported by Peter Langfelder.)
If multiple packages were checked by R CMD check
and one was written for a different OS, it would set
for all following packages as well as
and related functions did not properly coerce
real vectors to complex when necessary. (PR#15332)
now fixes up empty dimnames
that the result is printable.
was not starting its search for
function objects in the correct place if environment
supplied. (Reported by Karl Forner.)
Parsing code was changing the length field of vectors and confusing the memory manager. (PR#15345)
The Fortran routine ZHER2K
in the reference BLAS
had a comment-out bug in two places.
This caused trouble with eigen()
for Hermitian matrices.
(PR#15345 and report from Robin Hankin)
and browseVignettes()
did not
display non-Sweave vignettes properly.
Two warning/error messages have been corrected:
the (optional) warning produced by a partial name match
with a pairlist, the error message from a zero-length argument to
the :
operator. (Found by Radford Neal; PR#15358,
returned NULL
rather than omitting
components as documented. (Found by Radford Neal; PR#15360)
and mcparallel()
silent = TRUE
could break a process that uses
unguarded against broken pipes (e.g., zip
will fail
silently). To work around such issues, they now replace
with a descriptor pointed to '/dev/null'
instead. For this purpose, internal closeStdout
functions have gained the to.null
, signif()
and round()
now raise an
error if a single named argument is not named x
now deparses raw vectors in a form that
is syntactically correct. (PR#15369)
The jpeg
driver in Sweave created a JPEG file, but gave
it a '.png' extension. (PR#15370)
Deparsing of infix operators with named arguments is improved. (PR#15350)
, seq.int()
and numericDeriv()
did not duplicate arguments properly. (PR#15352, PR#15353,
kmeans(algorithm = "Hartigan-Wong")
now always stops
iterating in the QTran stage. (PR#15364).
re-allocated incorrectly and so could
segfault when called on a file with lines of more than 100 bytes.
On systems where mktime()
does not set errno
the last second before the epoch could not be converted from
to POSIXct
. (Reported by Bill Dunlap.)
miscalculated F-statistics when df > 1. (Bill
Dunlap, PR#15386).
now discards infinite inputs rather than
hanging. (PR#15376)
The parser now enforces C99 syntax for floating point
hexadecimal constants (e.g., 0x1.1p0
), rather than returning
unintended values for malformed constants. (PR#15234)
now works with very long LHS
names (more than 500 bytes). (PR#15377)
reverts to the pre-2.12.0 behaviour: from
2.12.0 to 3.0.1 it sometimes failed to achieve the requested
tolerance and reported error estimates that were exceeded.
now handles %W fields with value
R is now better protected against people trying to interact with the console in startup code. (PR#15325)
Subsetting 1D arrays often lost dimnames (PR#15301).
Unary +
on a logical vector did not coerce to
integer, although unary -
and na.exclude()
added a row
to a zero-row data frame. (PR#15399)
All the (where necessary cut-down) vignettes are installed if R was configured with --without-recommended-packages.
did not display filenames when reporting
syntax errors.
Syntax error reports misplaced the caret pointing out the bad token.
(Windows only) Starting R with R
(instead of
or Rgui
) would lose any
zero-length strings from the command line arguments. (PR#15406)
Errors in the encoding specified on the command line
via --encoding=foo
were not handled properly.
If x
is a symbol, is.vector(x, "name")
returns TRUE
, since "name"
and "symbol"
should be synonyms. (Reported by Hervé Pagès.)
R CMD rtags
works on platforms (such as OS X)
with a XSI-conformant shell command echo
returns false as documented (rather than
did not know about sub-architectures.
and system2()
are better protected
against users who misguidedly have spaces in the temporary
directory path.
and edit()
are now more likely to
work on file paths containing spaces. (Where external utilities
are used, not the norm on Windows nor in R.app
should previously have worked.)
Packages using the methods package are more likely to work when they import it but it is not attached. (Several parts of its C code were looking for its R functions on the search path rather than in its namespace.)
is no longer NaN
for very small x.
(Windows) system2()
now respects specifying
and stderr
as files if called from
Closing an x11()
device whilst locator()
is in progress no longer hangs R. (PR#15253)
list.dirs(full.names = FALSE)
was not implemented.
sometimes added unnecessary spaces.
all.equal(check.names = FALSE)
would ignore the request
to ignore the names and would check them as attributes.
The symbol set by tools::Rd2txt_options(itemBullet=)
was not respected in some locales. (PR#15435)
was not exported by package
parallel. (PR#15439)
for TukeyHSD
objects did not balance
and dev.flush()
calls on multi-page plots.
and chooseBioCmirror()
an ind
argument (like setRepositories()
has a new argument mc.interactive
which can modify the interactive flag in the child process. The
new default is FALSE
which makes child processes
non-interactive by default (this prevents lock-ups due to children
waiting for interactive input).
now warns when end-of-file occurs within
a quoted string.
is now consistent with scan()
in its handling of newlines in quoted strings. Instead of
triggering an error, this results in the current line receiving
as the field count, with the next line getting the total
count of the two lines.
The default method of image()
will plot axes of the
class of xlim
and ylim
(and hence of x
if there is a suitable range()
method). Based on
a suggestion of Michael Sumner.
now has a verbose
argument for
debugging support, to print the names of objects just before
loading them.
When loading a serialized object encounters a reference to a namespace which cannot be loaded, this is replaced by a reference to the global environment, with a warning.
gains a line.main
option for title placement.
The remaining instances in which serialization to a raw vector was limited to 2GB have been unlimited on a 64-bit platform, and in most cases serialization to a vector of more than 1GB will be substantially faster.
R CMD config
now make use of personal
'Makevars' files under '~/.R' and a site file
'Makevars.site', in the same way as R CMD SHLIB
. This makes the utility more useful in
package configure
On Windows finding the personal files may require the environment variable HOME set.
The old behaviour can be obtained with the new options --no-user-files and --no-site-files.
Alternatives to the site and user customization files 'Makevars.site' and '~/.R/Makevars' can be specified via the environment variables R_MAKEVARS_SITE and R_MAKEVARS_USER respectively. These can be used to suppress the use of the default files by setting an empty value (where possible) or a non-existent path.
did not report error locations when
keep.source = TRUE
was coercing origin
the tz
argument and not "GMT"
as documented
The active binding to assign fields in reference classes has been cleaned up to reduce dependence on the class' package environment, also fixing bug in initializing read-only fields (inspired by a report from Hadley Wickham).
no longer gives an error when names(d)
contain illegal multibyte strings (PR#15247).
Profiling of built-in functions with line.profiling=
did not record the line from which they were called.
dropped the header and footer specified
in the 'CITATION' file (PR#15257).
Quotes were handled differently when reading the first line
and reading the rest, so read.table()
misread some files
that contained quote characters (PR#15245).
with sep
a character vector of length
greater than one and more than one argument was using separators
inconsistently (PR#15261).
On Windows in R 3.0.0, savePlot()
failed because of
an incorrect check on the argument count.
unzip(list = TRUE)
returned Names
as a factor
and not a character vector (as documented) for the internal method.
(Noticed by Sean O'Riordain.)
now checks more comprehensively for
conformance of its x
, y
and z
arguments (it
was used incorrectly in package R2G2).
Saved graphics display lists are R version-specific. Attempting to load workspaces containing them (or some other version-specific objects) aborted the load in R 3.0.0 and earlier; now it does a partial load and generates a warning instead.
In R 3.0.0, identify()
and locator()
not record information correctly, so replaying a graph (e.g., by
copying it to another device) would fail. (PR#15271)
Calling file.copy()
or dirname()
with the
invalid input ""
(which was being used in packages, despite
not being a file path) could have caused a segfault.
is now ""
rather than "."
it segfaulted).
could read/write outside its input vectors
for very short inputs (seen in package rms for n = 4
's hclust
method uses less
memory and hence gets considerably faster for large (n ~ 1000)
clusterings, thanks to Daniel Müllner. (PR#15174)
The return value when all workers failed from
parallel::mclapply(mc.preschedule = TRUE)
was a list of
strings and not of error objects. (Spotted by Karl Forner and
Bernd Bischl.)
In R 3.0.0, when help()
found multiple pages with
the same alias, the HTML display of all the selections was not
produced. (PR#15282)
now produces a
function with first argument named x
and allows
, as documented. (PR#15273)
would only read the first
lines of an Rprof
file produced with
. By default, this is the first 100
seconds. (PR#15288)
produced an incorrect error message when
argument x
had more columns than rows or x
had a
different number of rows than y
. (Spotted by Renaud Gaujoux.)
Binary operations on equal length vectors copied the class name from the second operand when the first had no class name, but did not set the object bit. (PR#15299)
The trace()
method for reference generator objects
failed after those objects became function definitions.
did not check that factors were
constructed correctly, and so caused a segment fault when
writing bad ones. (PR#15300)
The internal HTTP server no longer chokes on POST requests without body. It will also pass-through other request types for custom handlers (with the method stored in Request-Method header) instead of failing.
Packages need to be (re-)installed under this version (3.0.0) of R.
There is a subtle change in behaviour for numeric index
values 2^31 and larger. These never used to be
legitimate and so were treated as NA
, sometimes with a
warning. They are now legal for long vectors so there is no
longer a warning, and x[2^31] <- y
will now extend the
vector on a 64-bit platform and give an error on a 32-bit one.
It is now possible for 64-bit builds to allocate amounts of
memory limited only by the OS. It may be wise to use OS
facilities (e.g., ulimit
in a bash
in csh
), to set limits on overall memory
consumption of an R process, particularly in a multi-user
environment. A number of packages need a limit of at least 4GB of
virtual memory to load.
64-bit Windows builds of R are by default limited in memory usage to the amount of RAM installed: this limit can be changed by command-line option --max-mem-size or setting environment variable R_MAX_MEM_SIZE.
Negative numbers for colours are consistently an error: previously they were sometimes taken as transparent, sometimes mapped into the current palette and sometimes an error.
has a new argument,
, used when comparing functions (with
default FALSE
as before).
There is a new option, options(CBoundsCheck=)
, which
controls how .C()
and .Fortran()
pass arguments to
compiled code. If true (which can be enabled by setting the
environment variable R_C_BOUNDS_CHECK to yes), raw,
integer, double and complex arguments are always copied, and
checked for writing off either end of the array on return from the
compiled code (when a second copy is made). This also checks
individual elements of character vectors passed to .C()
This is not intended for routine use, but can be very helpful in finding segfaults in package code.
In layout()
, the limits on the grid size have been
raised (again).
New simple provideDimnames()
utility function.
Where methods for length()
return a double value
which is representable as an integer (as often happens for package
Matrix), this is converted to an integer.
Matrix indexing of data frames by two-column numeric indices is now supported for replacement as well as extraction.
now has a default for its object
argument, useful for a character result.
has a revised additive constant in the
component of the result: the previous definition is
returned as the loglik0
component. However, the help page has
always warned of a lack of comparability of log-likelihoods for
non-stationary models. (Suggested by Jouni Helske.)
The logic in aggregate.formula()
has been revised.
It is now possible to use a formula stored in a variable;
previously, it had to be given explicitly in the function call.
has a new argument quiet
reduce the amount of output shown.
Setting an element of the graphics argument lwd
to a
negative or infinite value is now an error. Lines corresponding
to elements with values NA
or NaN
are silently
Previously the behaviour was device-dependent.
Setting graphical parameters cex
, col
, lwd
and pch
in par()
now requires a
length-one argument. Previously some silently took the first
element of a longer vector, but not always when documented to do so.
when used with inputs which would be
unsafe in a shell (e.g., absolute paths containing spaces) now uses
appropriate quoting.
has been extended to handle raw vectors.
Previously, it only worked in the other direction.
(Contributed by Charlie Friedemann, PR#14939.)
New functions cite()
and citeNatbib()
been added, to allow generation of in-text citations from
objects. A cite()
function may be added
to bibstyle()
A sort()
method has been added for "bibentry"
The bibstyle()
function now defaults to setting the
default bibliography style. The getBibstyle()
has been added to report the name of the current default style.
now has an argument lpars
pass arguments to lines()
has a new log
argument, to allow some
or all variables to be plotted on logarithmic scale.
(In part, wish of PR#14919.)
gains a sep
does a better job when given a model with
interactions (and no longer attempts to plot interaction terms).
The parser now incorporates code from Romain Francois'
parser package, to support more detailed computation on
the code, such as syntax highlighting, comment-based
documentation, etc. Functions getParseData()
access the data.
There is a new function rep_len()
analogous to
for when speed is required (and names are not).
The undocumented use rep(NULL, length.out = n)
n > 0
(which returns NULL
) now gives a warning.
gains an encoding
argument for those
packages with non-ASCII demos: it defaults to the package encoding
where there is one.
converts inputs with a marked encoding to
the current locale: previously it made some attempt to pass
through as bytes inputs invalid in the current locale.
Specifying both rate
and scale
is a warning (if they are essentially the same
value) or an error.
works in more cases where the data frames
include matrices. (Wish of PR#14974.)
and uniroot()
no longer use a
shared parameter object across calls. (nlm()
and optim()
with numerical derivatives
still do, as documented.)
The all.equal()
method for date-times is now
documented: times are regarded as equal (by default) if they
differ by up to 1 msec.
and unique()
gain a nmax
argument which can be used to make them much more efficient when
it is known that there are only a small number of unique entries.
This is done automatically for factors.
Functions rbinom()
, rgeom()
, rhyper()
, rnbinom(),
now return integer (not double) vectors. This
halves the storage requirements for large simulations.
, sort.int()
and sort.list()
use radix sorting for factors of less than 100,000 levels when
is not supplied. So does order()
if called
with a single factor, unless na.last = NA
as used to generate a diagonal matrix has been
re-written in C for speed and less memory usage. It now forces
the result to be numeric in the case diag(x)
since it is
said to have 'zero off-diagonal entries'.
(and forwardsolve()
) are now
internal functions, for speed and support for large matrices.
More matrix algebra functions (e.g., chol()
) accept logical matrices (and coerce to numeric).
has some support for n >= 2^31: see its help for the limitations.
A different algorithm is used for (n, size, replace = FALSE,
prob = NULL)
for n > 1e7
and size <= n/2
. This
is much faster and uses less memory, but does give different results.
and splinefun()
now return a
wrapper to an internal function in the stats namespace
rather than a .C()
or .Call()
call. This is more
likely to work if the function is saved and used in a different
The functions .C()
, .Call()
and .Fortran()
now give an error (rather
than a warning) if called with a named first argument.
by default now reports the locations in
the source file(s) of each chunk.
is now a documented interface to a
long-existing internal call.
gains filters for R code, Debian Control
Format and message catalog files, and support for R level
dictionaries. In addition, package utils now provides
functions aspell_package_R_files()
for spell checking R and C level
message strings in packages.
gains some support for "incomplete"
entries with a crossref field.
and gray.colors()
finally allow
to be specified.
gains parameters to control the look of
the reference lines. (Suggestion of Ian McLeod.)
Added support for new %~%
("is distributed as") in plotmath.
domain = NA
is accepted by gettext()
, analogously to stop()
gains a new argument plot = FALSE
which returns information to allow the plots to be modified for
use as part of other plots, but does not plot them.
(Contributed by Terry Therneau, PR#15076.)
, formerly an undocumented part of
, is now available to copy a device to a
device. dev.copy2pdf()
optionally does
this for PDF output: quartz.save()
defaults to PNG.
The default method of pairs()
now allows
text.panel = NULL
and the use of <foo>.panel = NULL
is now documented.
and getRefClass()
now return
class generator functions, similar to setClass()
, but
still with the reference fields and methods as before
(suggestion of Romain Francois).
New functions bitwNot()
, bitwAnd()
and bitwXor()
, using the internal
interfaces previously used for classes "octmode"
Also bitwShiftL()
and bitwShiftR()
for shifting bits
in elements of integer vectors.
New option "deparse.cutoff"
to control the deparsing
of language objects such as calls and formulae when printing.
(Suggested by a comment of Sarah Goslee.)
gains an argument distinct
New demo(colors)
and demo(hclColors)
, with
utility functions.
(aka dir()
) gains a new optional
argument no..
which allows to exclude "."
from listings.
Multiple time series are also of class "matrix"
consequently, head()
, e.g., is more useful.
preserves UTF-8 marked encodings.
Thus if factor levels are marked as UTF-8 an attempt is made to
print them in UTF-8 in RGui
on Windows.
and scan()
(and hence
) in a UTF-8 locale now discard a UTF-8
byte-order-mark (BOM). Such BOMs are allowed but not recommended
by the Unicode Standard: however Microsoft applications can
produce them and so they are sometimes found on websites.
The encoding name "UTF-8-BOM"
for a connection will
ensure that a UTF-8 BOM is discarded.
mapply(FUN, a1, ..)
now also works when a1
a further such argument) needs a length()
method (which the
documented arguments never do). (Requested by Hervé Pagès; with a
is supported as an alternative to
. Unlike .Last.lib
, this does not need to
be exported from the package's namespace.
The srcfile
argument to parse()
may now be a
character string, to be used in error messages.
The format()
method for ftable
objects gains
a method
argument, propagated to write.ftable()
, allowing more compact output, notably for LaTeX
formatting, thanks to Marius Hofert.
The utils::process.events()
function has been added
to trigger immediate event handling.
now returns NA
(not ""
) for
inputs (related to PR#15147).
The print()
method for class "htest"
fewer trailing spaces (wish of PR#15124).
Also print output from HoltWinters()
, nls()
and others.
allows a version specification to be
given, and this is used to check version specifications given in
the Imports field when a namespace is loaded.
has a new argument, slots
, clearer
and less ambiguous than representation
. It is recommended
for future code, but should be back-compatible. At the same time,
the allowed slot specification is slightly more general. See the
documentation for details.
now has a default for envir
(the frame
from which it is called), for consistency with get()
now returns an integer status where available,
invisibly. (Wish of PR#15088.)
The internal method of tar()
can now store paths too
long for the ustar format, using the (widely supported) GNU
extension. It can also store long link names, but these are much
less widely supported. There is support for larger files, up to
the ustar limit of 8GB.
Local reference classes have been added to package
methods. These are a technique for avoiding unneeded
copying of large components of objects while retaining standard R
functional behavior. See ?LocalReferenceClasses
has a new argument restore_times
if false (not the default) discards the times in the tarball.
This is useful if they are incorrect (some tarballs submitted to
CRAN have times in a local time zone or many years in the
past even though the standard required them to be in UTC).
cannot (and will not attempt to) replay
plots recorded under R < 3.0.0. It may crash the R session if
an attempt is made to replay plots created in a different build of
Palette changes get recorded on the display list, so
replaying plots (including when resizing screen devices and using
) will work better when the palette is changed
during a plot.
chol(pivot = TRUE)
now defaults to LAPACK, not LINPACK.
The parse()
function has a new parameter
, which defaults to options("keep.source")
Profiling via Rprof()
now optionally records
information at the statement level, not just the function level.
The Rprof()
function now quotes function names in
in its output file on Windows, to be consistent with the quoting
in Unix.
Profiling via Rprof()
now optionally records
information about time spent in GC.
The HTML help page for a package now displays non-vignette documentation files in a more accessible format.
To support options(stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
, model.matrix()
now automatically convert character
vectors to factors without a warning.
The print
method for objects of class "table"
now detects tables with 0-extents and prints the results as, e.g.,
< table of extent 0 x 1 x 2 >. (Wish of PR#15198.)
Deparsing involving calls to anonymous functions has been made closer to reversible by the addition of extra parentheses.
The function utils::packageName()
has been added as
a lightweight version of methods::getPackageName()
find.package(lib.loc = NULL)
now treats loaded
namespaces preferentially in the same way as attached packages
have been for a long time.
In Windows, the Change Directory dialog now defaults to the current working directory, rather than to the last directory chosen in that dialog.
gains a
filter which retains only packages
for which installation can proceed solely based on packages which
are guaranteed not to restrict use.
New check_packages_in_dir()
function in package
tools for conveniently checking source packages along with
their reverse dependencies.
R's completion mechanism has been improved to handle help requests (starting with a question mark). In particular, help prefixes are now supported, as well as quoted help topics. To support this, completion inside quotes are now handled by R by default on all platforms.
The memory manager now allows the strategy used to balance
garbage collection and memory growth to be controlled by setting
the environment variable R_GC_MEM_GROW. See ?Memory
for more details.
('For experts only', as the introductory manual
says.) The use of environment variables R_NSIZE and
R_VSIZE to control the initial (= minimum) garbage
collection trigger for number of cons cels and size of heap has
been restored: they can be overridden by the command-line options
and --min-vsize
; see ?Memory
On Windows, the device name for bitmap devices as reported
by .Device
and .Devices
no longer includes the file
name. This is for consistency with other platforms and was
requested by the lattice maintainer.
still uses the file name: the exact form is
used by package tkrplot.
re-initializes .Random.seed
done at the beginning of the session if not already set.
(Suggestion of Bill Dunlap.)
The breaks
argument in hist.default()
can now be
a function that returns the breakpoints to be used (previously it
could only return the suggested number of breakpoints).
File 'share/licenses/licenses.db' has some clarifications, especially as to which variants of 'BSD' and 'MIT' is intended and how to apply them to packages. The problematic licence 'Artistic-1.0' has been removed.
This section applies only to 64-bit platforms.
There is support for vectors longer than 2^31 - 1 elements. This applies to raw, logical, integer, double, complex and character vectors, as well as lists. (Elements of character vectors remain limited to 2^31 - 1 bytes.)
Most operations which can sensibly be done with long vectors
work: others may return the error 'long vectors not
supported yet'. Most of these are because they explicitly work
with integer indices (e.g., anyDuplicated()
) or because other limits (e.g., of character strings
or matrix dimensions) would be exceeded or the operations would be
extremely slow.
returns a double for long vectors, and
lengths can be set to 2^31 or more by the
replacement function with a double value.
Most aspects of indexing are available. Generally double-valued indices can be used to access elements beyond 2^31 - 1.
There is some support for matrices and arrays with each
dimension less than 2^31 but total number of
elements more than that. Only some aspects of matrix algebra work
for such matrices, often taking a very long time. In other cases
the underlying Fortran code has an unstated restriction (as was
found for complex svd()
can produce dissimilarity objects for more
than 65536 rows (but for example hclust()
cannot process
such objects).
to a raw vector is unlimited in size
(except by resources).
The C-level function R_alloc
can now allocate
2^35 or more bytes.
and grep()
will return double vectors
of indices for long vector inputs.
Many calls to .C()
have been replaced by
to allow long vectors to be supported (now or in
the future). Regrettably several packages had copied the non-API
calls and so failed.
and .Fortran()
do not accept long vector
inputs. This is a precaution as it is very unlikely that existing
code will have been written to handle long vectors (and the R
wrappers often assume that length(x)
is an integer).
Most of the methods for sort()
work for long vectors.
, sort.list()
and order()
long vectors (slowly except for radix sorting).
can do uniform sampling from a long vector.
More use has been made of R objects representing registered entry points, which is more efficient as the address is provided by the loader once only when the package is loaded.
This has been done for packages base
, methods
and tcltk
: it was already in place for the
other standard packages.
Since these entry points are always accessed by the R entry
points they do not need to be in the load table which can be
substantially smaller and hence searched faster. This does mean
that .C
/ .Fortran
/ .Call
calls copied from
earlier versions of R may no longer work – but they were never
part of the API.
Many .Call()
calls in package base have been
migrated to .Internal()
makes fewer copies, especially when b
is a vector rather than a matrix.
makes fewer copies if the input has dimnames.
Most of the linear algebra functions make fewer copies when the input(s) are not double (e.g., integer or logical).
A foreign function call (.C()
etc) in a package
without a PACKAGE
argument will only look in the first DLL
specified in the 'NAMESPACE' file of the package rather than
searching all loaded DLLs. A few packages needed PACKAGE
arguments added.
The @<-
operator is now implemented as a primitive,
which should reduce some copying of objects when used. Note that
the operator object must now be in package base: do not try
to import it explicitly from package methods.
The transitional support for installing packages without
namespaces (required since R 2.14.0) has been removed.
R CMD build
will still add a namespace, but a
function will need to be converted.
no longer adds a namespace (so
installation will fail), and a .First.lib()
function in a
package will be ignored (with an installation warning for now).
As an exception, packages without a 'R' directory and no 'NAMESPACE' file can still be installed.
Packages can specify in their 'DESCRIPTION file' a line like
Biarch: yes
to be installed on Windows with --force-biarch.
Package vignettes can now be processed by other engines
besides Sweave
; see 'Writing R Extensions' and the
help topic for details.
The '*.R' tangled source code for vignettes is now
included in tarballs when R CMD build
is used to produce
them. In R 3.0.0, '*.R' files not in the sources will be
produced at install time, but eventually this will be dropped.
The package type "mac.binary"
now looks in a path in
the repository without any Mac subtype (which used to be
universal or leopard): it looks in
'bin/macosx/contrib/3.0' rather than
'bin/macosx/leopard/contrib/2.15'). This is the type used
for the CRAN binary distribution for OS X as from R
File 'etc/Makeconf' makes more use of the macros
and $(FC)
, so
the compiler in use can be changed by setting just these (and if
necessary the corresponding flags and FLIBS
) in file
This is convenient for those working with binary distributions of R, e.g. on OS X.
R CMD check
now gives a warning rather than a
note if it finds calls to abort
, assert
in compiled code, and has been able to find the
'.o' file in which the calls occur.
Such calls can terminate the R process which loads the package.
The location of the build and check environment files can now be specified by the environment variables R_BUILD_ENVIRON and R_CHECK_ENVIRON, respectively.
R CMD Sweave
gains a --compact option
to control possibly reducing the size of the PDF file it creates
when --pdf is given.
R CMD build
now omits Eclipse's '.metadata'
directories, and R CMD check
warns if it finds them.
R CMD check
now does some checks on functions
defined within reference classes, including of .Call()
R CMD check --as-cran
notes assignments to the
global environment, calls to data()
which load into the
global environment, and calls to attach()
R CMD build
by default uses the internal method of
to prepare the tarball. This is more likely to
produce a tarball compatible with R CMD INSTALL
R CMD check
: an external tar
including options, can be specified via the environment
variable R_BUILD_TAR.
is better protected against
packages which re-define base functions such as cat()
and so can cause R CMD check
to fail when
checking examples.
R CMD javareconf
has been enhanced to be more
similar to the code used by configure
There is now a test that a JNI program can be compiled (like
did) and only working settings are used.
It makes use of custom settings from configuration recorded in 'etc/javaconf'.
The --no-vignettes argument of R CMD
has been renamed to the more accurate
--no-build-vignettes: its action has always been to
(re)build vignettes and never omitted them.
R CMD check
accepts --no-build-vignettes as a
preferred synonym for --no-rebuild-vignettes.
The ENCODING
argument to .C()
is defunct.
Use iconv()
The .Internal(eval.with.vis)
non-API function has
been removed.
Support for the converters for use with .C()
has been
removed, including the oft misused non-API header
The previously deprecated uses of array()
with a
0-length dim
argument and tapply()
with a 0-length
list are now errors.
Translation packages are defunct.
Calling rep()
or rep.int()
on a pairlist or
other non-vector object is now an error.
Several non-API entry points have been transferred to
packages (e.g., R_zeroin2
) or replaced by different non-API
entry points (e.g., R_tabulate
The 'internal' graphics device invoked by
.Call("R_GD_nullDevice", package = "grDevices")
been removed: use pdf(file = NULL)
The .Fortran()
entry point "dqrls"
which has
not been used by R since version 2.15.1 is no longer available.
Functions traceOn()
and traceOff()
in package
methods are now defunct.
Function CRAN.packages()
is finally defunct.
Use of col2rgb(0)
is defunct: use par("bg")
The long-defunct functions Rd_parse()
, categpry()
, clearNames()
, glm.fit.null()
, lm.fit.null()
, manglePackageNames()
, package.contents()
, reshapeLong()
, tkclose()
, tkcmd()
, tkfile.tail()
, tkopen()
, tkread()
, trySilent()
have been removed entirely (but are
still documented in the help system).
The unused dataPath
argument to
has been removed.
has been removed: use
The long-deprecated intensities
component is no
longer returned by hist()
for data frames and sd()
for data
frames and matrices are defunct.
chol(pivot = FALSE, LINPACK = TRUE)
ch2inv(LINPACK = TRUE)
, eigen(EISPACK = TRUE)
solve(LINPACK = TRUE)
and svd(LINPACK = TRUE)
defunct: LAPACK will be used, with a warning.
The keep.source
argument to library()
is defunct. This option needs to be set
at install time.
Documentation for real()
, as.real()
has been moved to 'defunct' and the
functions removed.
The maxRasters
argument of pdf()
(unused since
R 2.14.0) has been removed.
The unused fontsmooth
argument has been removed from
the quartz()
All the (non-API) EISPACK entry points in R have been removed.
chol(pivot = TRUE, LINPACK = TRUE)
is deprecated.
The long-deprecated use of \synopsis
in the
Usage section of '.Rd' files will be removed in R
and .path.package()
deprecated: only the public versions without the dot have ever
been in the API.
In a package's 'DESCRIPTION' file,
License: X11
is deprecated, since it includes 'Copyright (C) 1996 X Consortium' which cannot be appropriate for a current R package. Use 'MIT' or 'BSD_2_clause' instead.
The C code underlying base graphics has been migrated to the
graphics package (and hence no longer uses
Most of the .Internal()
calls used in the stats
package have been migrated to C code in that package.
This means that a number of .Internal()
calls which have
been used by packages no longer exist, including
and .Internal(update.formula)
Some .External()
calls to the base
(really to the R executable or shared library) have been moved to
more appropriate packages. Packages should not have been using
such calls, but some did (mainly those used by integrate()
There is a new function mcaffinity()
which allows
getting or setting the CPU affinity mask for the current R process on
systems that supports this (currently only Linux has been tested
successfully). It has no effect on systems which do not support
process affinity. Users are not expected to use this function
directly (with the exception of fixing libraries that break
affinity settings like OpenBLAS) – the function is rather
intended to support affinity control in high-level parallel
functions. In the future, R may supplement lack of affinity
control in the OS by its own bookkeeping via mcaffinity()
related to processes and threads it spawns.
has a new argument mc.affinity
which attempts to set the affinity of the child process according
to the specification contained therein.
The port used by socket clusters is chosen randomly: this
should help to avoid clashes observed when two users of a
multi-user machine try to create a cluster at the same time. To
reproduce the previous behaviour set environment variable
R_PARALLEL_PORT to 10187
There has been some minor re-organization of the non-API header files. In particular, 'Rinternals.h' no longer includes the non-API header 'R_ext/PrtUtil.h', and that no longer includes 'R_ext/Print.h'.
Passing NULL
to .C()
is now an error.
and .Fortran()
now warn if
arguments are used with DUP = FALSE
, as
changes to such arguments are not returned to the caller.
C entry points R_qsort
and R_qsort_I
now have
and end
as size_t
to allow them to work
with longer vectors on 64-bit platforms. Code using them should
be recompiled.
A few recently added C entry points were missing the
remapping to Rf_
, notably [dpq]nbinom_mu
Some of the interface pointers formerly available only to
are now available to front-ends on all
Unix-alikes: one has been added for the interface to
is now an error in .C()
etc calls:
it was always contrary to the documentation.
Entry point rcont2
has been migrated to package
stats and so is no longer available.
in 'Rversion.h' is now an integer
(rather than a string) and hence usable as e.g.
#if R_SVN_REVISION < 70000
The entry points rgb2hsv
and hsv2rgb
have been
migrated to package grDevices and so are no longer available.
has been increased to 10
removed (use R_GE_str2col
instead). R
internal colour codes are now defined using the typedef
The REPROTECT
macro now checks that the protect index
is valid.
Several non-API entry points no longer used by R have been
removed, including the Fortran entry points chol
, cg
, ch
and rg
, and the C
entry points Brent_fmin
, fft_factor
and fft_work
If a .External
call is registered with a number of
arguments (other than -1
), the number of arguments passed
is checked for each call (as for other foreign function calls).
It is now possible to write custom connection implementations outside core R using 'R_ext/Connections.h'. Please note that the implementation of connections is still considered internal and may change in the future (see the above file for details).
The management of translations has been converted to R
code: see ?tools::update_pkg_po
The translations for the R interpreter and
are now part of the base package (rather than
having sources in directory 'po' and being installed to
'share/locale'). Thus the base package supports three
translation domains, R-base
and RGui
The compiled translations which ship with R are all
installed to the new package translations for easier
updating. The first package of that name found on
at the start of the R session will be used.
(It is possible messages will be used before .libPaths()
set up in which case the default translations will be used: set
environment variable R_TRANSLATIONS to point to the location
of the intended translations package to use this right from
the start.)
The translations form a separate group in the Windows installer, so can be omitted if desired.
The markup for many messages has been changed to make them easier to translate, incorporating suggestions from Łukasz Daniel.
There is again support for building without using the C
'long double' type. This is required by C99, but system
implementations can be slow or flawed. Use configure
option --disable-long-double.
make pdf
and make install-pdf
now make
and install the full reference index (including all base and
recommended packages).
The 'reference manual' on the Windows GUI menu and included in the installer is now the full reference index, including all base and recommended packages.
R help pages and manuals have no ISBNs because ISBN rules no longer allow constantly changing content to be assigned an ISBN.
The Windows installer no longer installs a Start Menu link to the static help pages; as most pages are generated dynamically, this led to a lot of broken links.
Any custom settings for Java configuration are recorded in
file 'etc/javaconf' for subsequent use by R CMD
There is now support for makeinfo
version 5.0
(which requires a slightly different '.texi' syntax).
The minimum versions for --use-system-zlib and
are now tested as 1.2.5 and 8.10
On Windows, the stack size is reduced to 16MB on 32-bit systems: misguided users were launching many threads without controlling the stack size.
no longer looks for file
'~/.Rconfig': '~/.R/config' has long been preferred.
When R CMD build
is run in an encoding other than
the one specified in the package's 'DESCRIPTION' file it
tries harder to expand the authors@R
field in the specified
encoding. (PR#14958)
If R CMD INSTALL
is required to expand the
field of the 'DESCRIPTION' file, it tries
harder to do so in the encoding specified for the package (rather
than using ASCII escapes).
Fix in package grid for pushing a viewport into a layout cell, where the layout is within a viewport that has zero physical width OR where the layout has zero total relative width (likewise for height). The layout column widths (or row heights) in this case were being calculated with non-finite values. (Reported by Winston Chang.)
solve(A, b)
for a vector b
gave the answer
names from colnames(A)
for LINPACK = TRUE
but not in
the default case.
accepts logical matrices (as documented, and
as svd()
now accepts negative pch
values, in
the same way points()
long has.
Parse errors when installing files now correctly display the name of the file containing the bad code.
In Windows, tcltk windows were not always properly constructed. (PR#15150)
The internal functions implementing parse()
and tools::parse_Rd()
were not
reentrant, leading to errors in rare circumstances such as a
garbage collection triggering a recursive call.
Field assignments in reference class objects via
were not being checked
because the magic incantation to turn methods on for that
primitive operator had been inadvertently omitted.
setHook(hookname, value, action="replace")
set the
hook to be the value, rather than a list containing the value as
documented. (PR#15167)
If a package used a 'NEWS.Rd' file, the main HTML package index page did not link to it. (Reported by Dirk Eddelbuettel.)
The primitive implementation of @<-
was not
checking the class of the replacement. It now does a check,
quicker but less general than slot<-
. See the help.
split(x, f)
now recycles classed objects x
the same way as vectors. (Reported by Martin Morgan.)
pbeta(.28, 1/2, 2200, lower.tail=FALSE, log.p=TRUE)
is no longer -Inf
; ditto for corresponding pt()
calls, such as pt(45, df=5000, lower.tail=FALSE,
The Windows graphics device would crash R if a user attempted to load the graphics history from a variable that was not a saved history. (PR#15230)
The workspace size for the predict()
method for loess()
could exceed the maximum integer size.
(Reported by Hiroyuki Kawakatsu.)
ftable(x, row.vars, col.vars)
now also works when the
arguments are (integer or character vectors) of
length zero.
Calling cat()
on a malformed UTF-8 string could cause
the Windows GUI to lock up. (PR#15227)
gave "node stack overflow" for some
class definitions containing "array"
or "matrix"
Older news can be found in text format in files NEWS.0, NEWS.1 and NEWS.2 in the 'doc' directory. News in HTML format for R versions from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 is in NEWS.2.html.