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Jim Heintz/ AP Writer
With a blinding flash and a booming shock wave, a meteor blazed across the western Siberian sky Friday and exploded with the force of 20 atomic bombs, injuring more than 1,000 people as it blasted out windows and spread panic in a city of 1 million.
While NASA estimated the meteor was only about the size of a bus and weighed an estimated 7,000 tons, the fireball it produced was dramatic. Video shot by startled residents of the city of Chelyabinsk showed its streaming contrails as it arced toward the horizon just after sunrise, looking like something from a world-ending science-fiction movie.
The largest recorded meteor strike in more than a century occurred hours before a 150-foot asteroid passed within about 17,000 miles (28,000 kilometers) of Earth. The European Space Agency said its experts had determined there was no connection between the asteroid and the Russian meteor — just cosmic coincidence.
The meteor above western Siberia entered the Earth's atmosphere about 9:20 a.m. local time (10:20 p.m. EST Thursday) at a hypersonic speed of at least 33,000 mph (54,000 kph) and shattered into pieces about 30-50 kilometers (18 to 32 miles) high, the Russian Academy of Sciences said. NASA estimated its speed at about 40,000 mph, said it exploded about 12 to 15 miles high, released 300 to 500 kilotons of energy and left a trail 300 miles long.
"There was panic. People had no idea what was happening," said Sergey Hametov of Chelyabinsk, about 1,500 kilometers (930 miles) east of Moscow in the Ural Mountains.
"We saw a big burst of light, then went outside to see what it was and we heard a really loud, thundering sound," he told The Associated Press by telephone.
The shock wave blew in an estimated 100,000 square meters (more than 1 million square feet) of glass, according to city officials, who said 3,000 buildings in Chelyabinsk were damaged. At a zinc factory, part of the roof collapsed.
The Interior Ministry said about 1,100 people sought medical care after the shock wave and 48 were hospitalized. Most of the injuries were caused by flying glass, officials said.
Scientists estimated the meteor unleashed a force 20 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb, although the space rock exploded at a much higher altitude. Amy Mainzer, a scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the atmosphere acted as a shield.
The shock wave may have shattered windows, but "the atmosphere absorbed the vast majority of that energy," she said.
Emergency Situations Ministry spokesman Vladimir Purgin said many of the injured were cut as they flocked to windows to see what caused the intense flash of light, which momentarily was brighter than the sun.
There was no immediate word on any deaths or anyone struck by space fragments.
President Vladimir Putin summoned the nation's emergencies minister and ordered immediate repairs. "We need to think how to help the people and do it immediately," he said.
Some meteorite fragments fell in a reservoir outside the town of Chebarkul, the regional Interior Ministry office said. The crash left an eight-meter (26-foot) crater in the ice.
Lessons had just started at Chelyabinsk schools when the meteor exploded, and officials said 258 children were among those injured. Amateur video showed a teacher speaking to her class as a powerful shock wave hit the room.
Yekaterina Melikhova, a high school student whose nose was bloody and whose upper lip was covered with a bandage, said she was in her geography class when a bright light flashed outside.
"After the flash, nothing happened for about three minutes. Then we rushed outdoors. … The door was made of glass, a shock wave made it hit us," she said.
Russian television ran video of athletes at a city sports arena who were showered by shards of glass from huge windows. Some of them were still bleeding.
Other videos showed a long shard of glass slamming into the floor close to a factory worker and massive doors blown away by the shock wave.
Meteors typically cause sizeable sonic booms when they enter the atmosphere because they are traveling so much faster than the speed of sound. Injuries on the scale reported Friday, however, are extraordinarily rare.
"I went to see what that flash in the sky was about," recalled resident Marat Lobkovsky. "And then the window glass shattered, bouncing back on me. My beard was cut open, but not deep. They patched me up. It's OK now."
Another resident, Valya Kazakov, said some elderly women in his neighborhood started crying out that the world was ending.
The many broken windows exposed residents to the bitter cold as temperatures in the city were expected to plummet to minus 20 Celsius (minus 4 Fahrenheit) overnight. The regional governor put out a call for any workers who knew how to repair windows.
Russian-language hashtags for the meteorite quickly shot up into Twitter's top trends.
"Jeez, I just woke up because my bed started shaking! The whole house is moving!" tweeted Alisa Malkova.
Social media was flooded with video from the many dashboard cameras that Russians mount in their cars, in case of pressure from corrupt traffic police or a dispute after an accident.
The dramatic event prompted an array of reactions from prominent Russians.
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking at an economic forum in the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk, said themeteor could be a symbol for the forum, showing that "not only the economy is vulnerable, but the whole planet."
Vladimir Zhirinovsky, a nationalist leader noted for his vehement statements, blamed the Americans.
"It's not meteors falling. It's the test of a new weapon by the Americans," the RIA Novosti news agency quoted him as saying.
Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said the incident showed the need for leading world powers to develop a system to intercept objects falling from space.
"At the moment, neither we nor the Americans have such technologies" to shoot down meteors or asteroids, he said, according to the Interfax news agency.
Meteoroids are small pieces of space debris — usually parts of comets or asteroids — that are on a collision course with the Earth. They become meteors when they enter the Earth's atmosphere. Most meteors burn up in the atmosphere, but if they survive the frictional heating and strike the surface of the Earth they are called meteorites.
NASA said the Russian fireball was the largest reported since 1908, when a meteor hit Tunguska, Siberia, and flattened an estimated 80 million trees. Chelyabinsk is about 5,000 kilometers (3,000 miles) west of Tunguska. The Tunguska blast, attributed to a comet or asteroid fragment, is generally estimated to have been about 10 megatons.
Scientists believe that a far larger meteorite strike on what today is Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs about 66 million years ago. According to that theory, the impact would have thrown up vast amounts of dust that blanketed the sky for decades and altered the climate on Earth.
The object hailed from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, becoming a meteor as it streaked through the earth's atmosphere, Bill Cooke, head of the Meteoroid Environments Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, said.
Paul Chodas, research scientist at the Near Earth Object Program Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said that ground telescopes would have needed to point in the right direction at the right time to spot Friday's incoming meteor.
"It would be very faint and difficult to detect, not impossible, but difficult," Chodas said.
The 150-foot space rock that safely hurtled past Earth at 2:25 p.m. EST Friday was dubbed Asteroid 2012 DA14 and was discovered a year ago. It came closer than many communication and weather satellites that orbit 22,300 miles up.
The asteroid was invisible to astronomers in the United States at the time of its closest approach on the opposite of the world. But in Australia, astronomers used binoculars and telescopes to watch the point of light speed across the clear night sky.
Jim Green, NASA's director of planetary science, called the back-to-back celestial events an amazing display.
"This is indeed very rare and it is historic," he said on NASA TV. "These fireballs happen about once a day or so, but we just don't see them because many of them fall over the ocean or in remote areas. "
Experts said the Russian meteor could have produced much more serious problems in the area hosting nuclear and chemical weapons disposal facilities.
Vladimir Chuprov of Greenpeace Russia noted that the meteor struck only 100 kilometers (60 miles) from the Mayak nuclear storage and disposal facility, which holds dozens of tons of weapons-grade plutonium.
The panic and confusion that followed the meteor quickly gave way to typical Russian black humor and entrepreneurial instincts. Several people smashed in the windows of their houses in the hopes of receiving compensation, the RIA Novosti news agency reported.
Others quickly took to the Internet and put what they said were meteorite fragments up for sale.
One of the most popular jokes was that the meteorite was supposed to fall on Dec. 21, 2012 — when many believed the Mayan calendar predicted the end of the world — but was delivered late by Russia's notoriously inefficient postal service.


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Periodontal Maintenance
Periodontal diseases are infections of the gums, which gradually destroy the support of your natural teeth. There are numerous disease entities requiring different treatment approaches. Dental plaque is the primary cause of gum disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Daily brushing and flossing will prevent most periodontal conditions.
Why is oral hygiene so important?
Adults over 35 lose more teeth to gum diseases, (periodontal disease) than from cavities. Three out of four adults are affected at some time in their life. The best way to prevent cavities and periodontal disease is by good tooth brushing and flossing techniques, performed daily.
Periodontal disease and decay are both caused by bacterial plaque. Plaque is a colorless film which sticks to your teeth at the gum line. Plaque constantly forms on your teeth. Thorough daily brushing and flossing can remove these germs and help prevent periodontal disease.
Periodontal diseases can be accelerated by a number of different factors. However, it is mainly caused by the bacteria found in dental plaque, a sticky colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth. If not carefully removed by daily brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into a rough, hard substance known as calculus (or tartar).
Other important factors affecting the health of your gums include:
- Smoking
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Periodontal Disease
Bacteria found in plaque produces toxins or poisons that irritate the gums, which may cause them to turn red, swell, and bleed easily. If this irritation is prolonged, the gums separate from the teeth, causing pockets (spaces) to form. As periodontal diseases progress, the supporting gum tissue and bone that holds teeth in place deteriorate. If left untreated, this leads to tooth loss.
Preventing Gum Disease
The best way to prevent gum disease is effective daily brushing and flossing as well as regular professional examinations and cleanings. Unfortunately, even with the most diligent home dental care, people can still develop some form of periodontal disease. Once this disease starts, professional intervention is necessary to prevent its progress.
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This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Jacki Lyden in Washington, sitting in for Neal Conan. Stalking and killing one's prey is one of the world's oldest acts. In modern culture, hunting has been dominated by a stereotype of burly men in camouflage who view the pastime mostly as a sport. But a new, younger generation of hunters has started shooting not as a recreational activity but more as an ethical method of connecting with the source of their sustenance. And more women are entering the sport, changing the shape of the industry, literally.
Hunters new and old, what's changed with you? Tell us your story. Our number is 800-989-8255. We want to hear from some hunters. Our email address is firstname.lastname@example.com, and you can join the conversation at our website. Go to npr.org, and click on TALK OF THE NATION.
And later in this program, we're going to talk about the Hindu holiday of Diwali, but first we're going to speak to Lily Raff McCaulau, who was a 20-something New Yorker who left the city life behind to move to rural Oregon a few years back. Craving a closer connection to her food source, she took up hunting, and she joins us now from a studio in Bend, Oregon. Welcome, Lily.
LILY RAFF MCCAULAU: Hi, thanks for having me.
LYDEN: Your book is called "Call of the Mild: Learning How to Eat What You Have Shot."
MCCAULAU: Yes, it is. It's been quite an experience.
LYDEN: Could you please tell us about your first kill?
MCCAULAU: The first time I ever shot something, it was part of a workshop that was put on by the state of Oregon. It was specifically geared toward women. It was part of an effort that actually I think all 50 states have programs geared towards recruiting women into hunting and fishing. And it was a pheasant-hunting workshop on public land. There were about 20 women.
And we split up into little groups, and we had volunteers who all happened to be men who were experienced hunters and had well-trained hunting dogs with us. I was incredible nervous. I had very little experience with a gun, although I had recently purchased a shotgun and done some practicing. And I was really worried that I wouldn't have it in me to take a shot, that if I did kill something I would just be overwhelmed with regret. But the day lagged on, and we were hiking around, and other women in my group were successfully shooting pheasants, and I started to really want to get one myself. And toward the end of the day, the dog that we were working with found another pheasant and held it on point.
And there was one other woman who hadn't shot a bird. So the two of us went up kind of close to where the dog was holding the bird, and when the bird flushed, it flew up in the air. We both took a shot and killed the bird. And I was really shocked by my reaction because I was expecting to just be wracked with guilt and really confused about what had just happened. And instead, I was euphoric. I couldn't believe that I had it in me and that I'd done it. I felt empowered and proud and amazed and relieved.
LYDEN: So you felt this kind of - this sort of primal release going on about taking game this way, about shooting the bird?
MCCAULAU: Yeah, I mean, I think, you know, I'd been - I had made the decision to start learning how to hunt a year earlier. So I had already put in a lot of time. I had taken a hunter safety class. I had done a lot of research. I had purchased a gun and spent a lot of time at the range practicing shooting it.
LYDEN: What was your motivation there, Lily?
MCCAULAU: It was a combination of different things. I had recently moved to this rural area, and I was interested in kind of connecting to the rural way of life. I had been a meat-eater all my life, and I was really interested in, you know, better understanding what I had been doing by eating animals my whole life.
I also had recently learned how to fly-fish and really enjoyed that activity in part because it taught me how to read rivers in this whole new way. I was - I just felt like it gave me this new understanding of and appreciation of an entire ecosystem. And I had hoped that with hunting, I would learn to read landscapes in that same way.
It's a really different thing to understand an ecosystem to the point where you can participate in it rather than just observe it from afar.
LYDEN: I just want more quick question for you before we take a call. Did you dress that first pheasant? Did you eat it? Did you...
MCCAULAU: I did, yes. I have field dressed and butchered everything that I've shot by myself, yeah. Well, in the case of the big game, I've had help from other people, but I've done it personally, yes.
LYDEN: Let's take a call from another hunter here, and this is Beth(ph), who's calling from San Andreas, California. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION, Beth.
BETH: Good morning. I wanted to call in because I grew up in a hunting family. I live in a hunting community. And we don't waste any of the meat on the animal. We're very humane. We do quick kills, that's an absolute must. And I also wanted to point out that we don't buy any meat at the store. So we don't get any, you know, hormone meats or anything into our systems.
And we took the Ducks Unlimited hunting gun safety course years ago, and I think that's a good start for people who want to learn about how to handle firearms because I think that's really important. I think sometimes people, like you said, think of big, burly men and stuff. Most of the hunters I hang out with are women, and we do - we do elk, we do deer, we do pheasant and duck. And we dress out our own kill, and it's a healthy lifestyle, and we probably eat far less meat than the average American.
LYDEN: All right, well, thank you very much for that comment, Beth. Let's bring in another guest. We're speaking with Anthony Licata, and he's the editor-in-chief of Field & Stream magazine. And he joins us from our New York bureau. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.
ANTHONY LICATA: Thanks for having me, Jacki.
LYDEN: Field & Stream, and you know, it was long in our house in Wisconsin. My grandfather is a lifelong hunter. I went on hunting with him as a child, didn't ever think I'd really be speaking to someone from Field & Stream today.
LYDEN: How is hunting changing?
LICATA: Well, I think Lily's touched on it a little bit, and one of the things - ways that hunting is changing is it's almost as if the culture has caught up to hunting a little bit. You know, we all know how important it is for people now, the whole locavore movement, to know where their food comes from.
And a little bit of a yearning for a connection for something that's a little more authentic, and that's something that hunters have been doing for generations, as your caller pointed out. You know, most hunters, don't get me wrong, they wouldn't describe themselves as locavore, you know, that's kind of a...
LYDEN: Probably not, not in Wisconsin, I don't think, yeah, my brother has ever used that word.
LICATA: Right, right, that's a word that, you know, you'll hear maybe in more urban areas, but that's exactly what they do. And something as personally important and complicated as hunting, it's not easy to pin down one reason why people do it. They do it for the sport, yes, it's fun, but the sport is this connection to the habitat and the wildlife that you just don't get another way, as Lily explained.
They also do it to be with family and friends, it's tradition, but they also very much do it for food, as the caller described. Hunters traditionally, they fill their freezer. They serve as much wild meat as they can to their families, and, you know, whenever they do, it's a special meal.
So the way hunting's changing a little bit, as I said, it's almost like the culture's caught up to it a little bit, and you have people who normally would not think about hunting or, you know, would have some preconceived notions about it.
You know, the food has been one way that their eyes have been opened, and they realize oh, OK, this is what it's about. It's not some big macho thing where you're trying to prove your ego out against the world. It's a way not only to get organic, wild, healthy meat, but it's also a way to have this deeper connection with a place and with the natural world.
LYDEN: Lily, I'd like to ask you: How has the hunting community there reacted to you as a young female hunter, someone new to it all?
MCCAULAU: People have been really supportive. I'm certainly not the only, you know, woman in my late 20s, early 30s who's taken up hunting. So I would say I get a lot more surprised looks from non-hunters who learn that I'm a hunter than from other hunters who learn that I'm a hunter.
Women are one of, if not the, fastest growing demographics of hunters right now in the country. So it's not all that surprising to people.
LYDEN: All right, thank you.
LICATA: It has actually - if I could just butt in here.
LYDEN: Yeah, great.
LICATA: It has increased over 75, the number of women hunters, over the last five years. So it is absolutely one of the - the fastest growing segment of hunters.
LYDEN: Anthony, do you think that's partly because equipment has gotten lighter and easier to work with?
LICATA: That's a little bit. You know, certainly it's been hard for women to get clothing, gear tailored just for them, and some companies are catching up. They see women want to be a part of it, and they're making more and better equipment tailored to them.
And I think a lot of women have realized that hunters are very welcoming, and, you know, people worry - Lily could speak to this better than I could, but I know in my interactions with women hunters in camp, maybe they've been worried about oh, I'm going to be with all these guys, and they're going to be intimidating and make me feel like I don't know anything. And I haven't come across that.
I mean, sure, once in a while you'll have somebody who's trying to maybe impress someone and show how much they know, but for the most part, hunters want more people in their sports. They love it, they want it to share it with others, and they're very welcoming.
LYDEN: Let's take a call from Garret(ph), who is calling from Taos, New Mexico. Hello there, Garret.
GARRET: How are you today?
LYDEN: Good.
GARRET: You know, it's interesting, you guys were talking about connection to place. I live in Taos, New Mexico, and, you know, we have a 11,000-year history of hunting in the culture here. And, you know, it's not just a sport for a lot of people that live here, it's a cultural value. And it's part of people's lives. It's an integral part of traditional land use. And it's one of the most powerful things that we have in New Mexico.
LYDEN: Are you a hunter, Garret?
GARRET: I am. I'm eating elk enchiladas as we speak.
GARRET: So, and I love the fact that we're bringing women into the equation because I have a six-year-old daughter, and I'm introducing her gently to hunting. And a lot of my friends are, you know, eighth- and ninth-generation Hispanic hunters. A good friend of mine, Melissa Castillas(ph), went archery hunting with her daughter, who's also six years old, and took her. And they're handing on these traditions to their daughters.
And I love the connection-to-place discussion and also this whole idea that it's a cultural value and not just sort of this senseless sport that it's often been betrayed as.
LYDEN: OK, thank you for that, Garret. We're talking with you and also hunter Lily Raff McCaulau and Anthony Licata of Field & Stream magazine. If you hunt, we want to hear from you about what's changed. Our number is 800-989-8255. The email address is email@example.com. We'll be back with more in just a minute. I'm Jacki Lyden, this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
LYDEN: This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm Jacki Lyden. From Elmer Fudd to Crocodile Dundee, hunters in popular culture haven't exactly enjoyed a distinguished reputation. And if they're what you think about when you think about hunters, you might be surprised by how things look these days.
Hunters are younger, and there's a lot more pink on everything from Remington rifles to mossy oak camouflage. If you're a longtime hunter or a new one, what's changed? Tell us your story. Give us a call at 800-989-8255. Our send us an email, email@example.com, and you can find us on Twitter, @totn.
Lily Raff McCaulau and Anthony Licata are my guests. Lily is the author of "Call of the Mild: Learning To Hunt My Own Dinner," and Anthony is editor-in-chief of Field & Stream magazine. We're going to take a call now from Stephanie(ph), Stephanie, you are joining us from Muleshoe, Texas, is that it?
STEPHANIE: I am. I'm actually driving. I live in New Mexico, as well as your previous caller.
LYDEN: Well, I hope you pulled over to talk to us.
LYDEN: So you - what is going on with you? Are you a new hunter?
STEPHANIE: I am a new hunter. I went elk hunting for the first time. I'm actually originally an Oregonian, and I consider myself a redneck hippie. And I love that you have someone from Oregon on your show today.
LYDEN: Well, a transplant from New York, but Lily's been there a while. What did you think - you know, what drew you? You say you're relatively new to this, Stephanie. Why did you decide to take the plunge, so to speak?
STEPHANIE: I think it's really important. We're so removed from the agricultural roots that most people wouldn't even know how to take of their family if something horrible were to happen. I think it's really important that you know how to go out, how to get food for yourself, how to get food for your family, your neighbors, if necessary.
Hunting is so different in so many places that I just think it's really important that people get out there and learn about it.
LYDEN: Lily, do you buy meat any longer at the grocery store?
MCCAULAU: I still buy meat. I - like one of your previous callers said, I actually eat a lot less meat than I did before I started hunting, but I don't only eat meat that I hunt. I'm very careful about where I buy the meat from, though. So I try to buy - I buy meat that's been raised locally, on a small farm, and been treated well, basically had what I consider a good, humane life and death.
It's more expensive, but I just eat meat a couple times a week now. So it works out.
LYDEN: I'm just curious from both of you, what reactions do you get when you tell people you're a hunter? Lily, you can start. Do people assume you're an NRA member, for example?
MCCAULAU: Sometimes, yeah. I get a - I'm not an NRA member, no. I get a pretty wide range of reactions. A lot of urban people who maybe don't know any hunters personally, their image of hunting - and I say this as somebody who used to fit that bill, so I didn't know any hunters, and my image of hunters came mainly from, you know, popular culture, movies like "Bambi" and things like that, which are really inaccurate portrayals of hunters and hunting.
So I think sometimes people meet me and hear that I'm a hunter, and they're really surprised because I don't fit that stereotype. I'm not that into guns. I'm not an NRA member. Guns are, for me, just a tool that I use to hunt. I'm not particularly fascinated with them or in love with them.
LYDEN: How about you, Stephanie? What reaction do you get when you tell people you're a hunter?
STEPHANIE: Frankly, guys love chicks with guns has been my experience.
STEPHANIE: There's something about a woman who knows how to hunt, who knows how to handle weapons. I have had absolutely nothing but positive experiences, in fact just recently called my husband while he was deployed and said: Honey, can I buy a gun? It's pink. And he was thrilled.
LYDEN: Wow, really, all right. Well, are you - have you been hunting, Anthony Licata?
LICATA: Yes, I've been...
LYDEN: You'd think it would go with the job.
LICATA: Yes, of course, yeah, I've been a hunter my whole life. I was born and raised in rural Pennsylvania, where it was very common for everybody to hunt, and I'll say even then, many of the - when I was a kid, many of the girls hunted, as well. It was a very common family activity.
But Field & Stream magazine is based out of New York City, and I've lived here for 10 years now, and I've seen some attitudes change from hunting. When I would tell people what I did or that I was a hunter, you would see many people, you know, they have preconceived notions. They don't like - they immediately don't like it.
But, you know, usually what I would do is I would invite them over for a meal and serve them some wild game, and that would usually convert them very quickly. But I have seen in recent years more acceptance of it. It crossed people who may not hunt, may not know anybody who hunts, but we talked about the food thing a little earlier, and I think there's been other aspects of this.
I mean, you look how the culture's looking for things that are maybe - you know, you'd call a throwback. But it's a little more authentic. It's a way to do something physical or with your hands, whether that's canning food or knitting or different trends like that that we've all seen. I think people are more open to activities like that that they weren't 10 years ago.
LYDEN: Absolutely, all of Brooklyn and a lot of other places, as well. Let's take another call here and speak to Dan(ph), who is calling from Charlotte, North Carolina. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION, Dan.
DAN: Thanks very much. Can you hear me OK?
LYDEN: Yeah, really well.
DAN: Good. I love to hunt for many of the same reasons that have been discussed. You know, it's wonderful meat. Believe it or not, bear is wonderful meat, better than beef.
LYDEN: Bear.
DAN: But I'm going to have to admit to you something that's just as addictive for me. I'm one of those guys who used to like to jump out of airplanes and things like that. And the reason that I hunt and the reason that my son hunts is the thrill, quite literally, of being - like meeting and controlling the danger. We hunt with a bow only, on the ground, not in a tree, and we hunt dangerous game.
We typically hunt black bear. I've been attacked by a black bear and killed one at 14 feet on the run. And I've been able to teach my son to focus and, you know, not to not be afraid but to focus and do what you've got to do, be in control of yourself. So as a practical skill, that focus and concentration and confidence in your own skill is something that I've been able to communicate to him, and I've always enjoyed doing it myself, so...
LYDEN: But, you know, Dan, this is one of those statements that opens so many more questions. I mean, that's really an extreme, and you killed the bear at so many feet I assume not with a bow and arrow, by the way.
DAN: No, no, 14 feet, one-four.
LYDEN: But with a shotgun or with a bow and arrow?
DAN: No, I don't own a firearm. I wouldn't mind having a firearm. I just, when I hunt, I hunt with a bow.
LYDEN: Well, that must concentrate the mind wonderfully. How old is your son?
DAN: Right now he's 17. He encountered a bear at 13. He's never taken a bear, but he encountered a bear, and I was just - I've always been proud of the fact that he was happy to get up out of his blind on the ground and slowly creep toward the bear, knowing what to do, and although the bear did run off. We were not successful in that hunt. What we were successful at was his focus, concentration and frankly bravery for a 13-year-old to approach a bear because the bear was out of ethical range.
He was about 50 yards away, maybe 45, and we just might have killed him that way, but - with a bow, but it's not an ethical shot. So we needed to get within about 30 yards.
LYDEN: And just one last question: What is bear season there in North Carolina, from when to when?
DAN: For some reason they split it into two pieces. It has - let's see it's the 17th of November it ends, and then it begins again in December for one more roughly two-week period. And they're very, very different bears in the east versus the west of the state. In the east of the state, many people aren't aware that there is huge wilderness and huge tracts.
It's because of the swamplands. A lot of those bears out there have never seen a human. They're not afraid of humans. And they're very irritable towards the winter because they are unable to hibernate, it's not cold enough, but they feel this urge to hibernate, and, you know, they just keep eating through the winter. And they're pretty dangerous.
LYDEN: All right, well, thank you Dan. Let's get some more calls. And Anthony, are you getting a lot of bear hunters, and Lily, are you eager to pursue one?
LICATA: You know, there's certainly a number of bear hunters out there, but I think the caller Dan touched on something broader, and that thrill and adventure and excitement. And that's not something that we should shy away from when we talk about hunting.
LICATA: Now not everybody will take it to Dan's extreme, you know, stalking a black bear on the ground with a bow. But the fact is, one of the things that attracts people to hunting is it takes you out into the wilderness, into wild places to not only connect with these animals and these landscapes and read the land the way Lily talked about, but there's a real sense of adventure. And even if that adventure is as small as your hiking to your deer stand, you know, before the sunrise, in the dark, on the mountain and maybe you're not even a mile from the road. But still, how many of us in our day-to-day lives are out there hiking to the woods in the dark, climbing a mountain?
And it's that visceral connection with wild animals and wild places that gives a real thrill and that is, without a doubt, one of the things that attracts me to hunting, and that I get from it that I don't get from other activities.
LYDEN: You know, I'd like to ask either of you, do you see a distinction between - and anybody out there - hunting for the thrill of it, something that you're not going to eat, like a sandhill crane, for example, or a wolf, as opposed to an animal that you can put on the table? Lily.
MCCAULAU: I do see a distinction. I'm personally only comfortable hunting something that I'm going to eat. I'd like to add really quickly, though, that that last caller, Dan, also touched on something that even if - I've never had a hunting experience anywhere near as scary as what he was talking about. But all of my hunts have really worked - there's a mental skill involved in hunting that is really, I think, kind of an - maybe a lost art, but also just unusual in modern life, to really focus on using all of your senses to stay really alert for long periods of time.
There's this sweet spot between being so hyper-alert that you just get exhausted after, you know, 15 minutes and kind of shutting down and not paying enough attention that you might miss, you know, a clue that an animal is in the vicinity. So it's a real mental skill going out hunting.
LICATA: That's an important point, I think, that Lily makes. It's true, and I think that is another thing that draws people to it. Look, we're all wired and connected and busy and multitasking all the time, looking at our phones. And to be forced in the wild away from that stuff and have to sit still for a long time or stalk slowly or notice any little change in the forest is not a skill we use very much. And it's very exciting to tap into that.
LYDEN: Let's just get another call in here quickly if we can. Greg is calling from Pocatello, Idaho. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION, Greg.
GREG: Hi. Thanks for having me.
LYDEN: You're welcome. Thanks for being here.
GREG: I'm so excited that you guys are talking about hunting. I just wanted to make the point that we're so fortunate here in the United States - North America to have the opportunities that we do. Not everywhere in the world can people hunt. And, you know, two important things we have; the idea that game animals are owned by the citizens and not by the government, which allows us to hunt them; and we also have this incredible system of public lands, which gives us an opportunity, even if you're not rich to be able to hunt. And because of those two things, we have conserved a really incredible, intact ecosystem. I think you can't talk about one without talking about the other.
LYDEN: Good points, Greg. We're not poaching. By the way, you are listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.
I just want to touch personally for a moment, Anthony and Lily, on the communal aspect of hunting. I have to say I grew in a hunting family with a professional hunting guide of a grandfather. He ate everything he hunted, and I think many - some of them were legal and some of them were not and some of them people wouldn't necessarily want to eat, like a mud hen or a muskrat. And I've been at a game feast in Pennsylvania and again back in Wisconsin, and every year, my hometown in Delafield has a raccoon roast, which I have to say, I draw the line, I've never been to. But that has been going on for 60 years now. And the lady who organizes it is 92. And I talk about it in another program once that people called up and said, when is it and where can I - how can I get there?
MCCAULAU: I was just going to ask you that.
LYDEN: No, I haven't tasted the raccoon, have you?
MCCAULAU: No, I haven't.
LICATA: I have not.
LYDEN: I hope I haven't started anything.
MCCAULAU: I'd be thrilled to try it though.
LYDEN: Let's get a couple more calls in before we have to say goodbye. Caitlin(ph) is calling from Winfield, Kansas. Welcome to TALK OF THE NATION, Caitlin.
CAITLIN: Hi. Thank you for taking my call.
LYDEN: You're welcome. So are you a hunter?
CAITLIN: Yes, actually I am. And I was just wanting to say that I grew up hunting and in a hunting family. And I shot my first turkey when I was in sixth grade with my mother. And then throughout middle school and high school, I sort of lost interest in hunting. But about three, four years ago, I approached my parents again, who have always been hunters and have been deer hunters for quite some time and harvest year every year, and that's where we get a lot of our meat. And so I've been deer hunting for about three years. And for me, I find hunting to be such a nice, quiet, meditative time and even a bonding experience depending on, you know, who it's with. I usually either hunt with my dad or my mother. And I have three small kids. I have a six-year-old, a four-year-old and a baby. So...
LYDEN: The baby, I hope you leave at home.
CAITLIN: Yes. Well...
LYDEN: And maybe the little kids too.
CAITLIN: I plan - I am planning on probably trying to work something out with having the baby nearby but not out with us in the deer stand. So...
LYDEN: All right. Thank you for that call, Caitlin.
CAITLIN: All right. Thank you so much.
LYDEN: Lily, we're - Thanksgiving is next week. Are you going to be obtaining your feast from the field?
MCCAULAU: I wish I were going to be. No. I haven't been doing as much hunting this fall as I would have like.
LYDEN: You're not promoting your book.
MCCAULAU: I have been, yes. And I have a baby also. So he's cut into my hunting time considerably.
LYDEN: How about you, Anthony?
LICATA: Yes, I've been turkey hunting but have not gotten a turkey yet this fall. But I do have a buck white - black-tailed buck that I hunted in Alaska a couple of weeks ago in my freezer ready for a meal on Thanksgiving.
LYDEN: You know, we have a flock of wild turkeys at home in Wisconsin. You know, I'm just - I'm going home Saturday, and I'm just thinking maybe I could take a peashooter or something like that...
LYDEN: ...get really lucky. I just sort of enjoy seeing them around. Well, thank you both so very much. Lily Raff...
MCCAULAU: Thanks for having me.
LYDEN: You're very, very welcome, Lily. Lily Raff McCaulau, she's the author of "Call of the Mild: Learning to Hunt My Own Dinner," and she spoke with us from a studio in Bend, Oregon. Anthony Licata is the editor-in-chief of Field and Stream magazine. He spoke with us from our own New York bureau. I want you both to have a happy Thanksgiving and a healthy feast.
LICATA: Thank you, Jacki.
MCCAULAU: Thanks. You, too, Jacki.
LYDEN: And next up, colorful fireworks are sparkling over Diwali celebrations around the world. We'll learn more about the festival of lights after a quick break. I'm Jacki Lyden, and this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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If you don't carry a ruler you can use a quarter which is an inch in diameter. Although flowers may be easy to measure, the size often varies. Botanical descriptions often do not include the flower size so some of our size information may be wrong.
When a plant has clusters of small flowers you should measure the size of a flower even though it may be very small. Many plants have flowers that are not obvious and in that case we put them in the "Very Small" category.


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An Incredible Story of Rescue from the Bering Sea: A Testimony of Hope!
Sometimes in life, we find ourselves in desperate situations. Situations where if the Lord does not rescue us we won't survive. There are those times where we feel as though the arm of the Lord just isn't long enough to reach us to pluck us out of the sear of troubles that we are drowning in. Then you will not want to miss this podcast!
In this edition of Fresh Hope for Mental Health, Pastor Brad interviews Dave Anderson who is one of only seven known survivors from a plane crash in the Bering Sea. Their rescue that day is nothing less than a miracle. This testimony is one of hope!
Maybe you or someone you love today is drowning in a sea of hopelessness then you need to listen to this podcast. Here's the Good News: God is with you. He will not leave you. He is in the business of rescuing you and reframing your life!
After listening to this podcast, we encourage you to email us at email@example.com with a comment or question that we will share on our next podcast.
Order a video or book about the Rescue Story by clicking here.
To listen to the podcast click on the icon below:
If you are listening to this podcast on iTunes, we encourage you to leave a comment regarding the podcast. Or you can leave a voice message for us on the site: www.FreshHope4MentalHealth.com
Pastor Brad Hoefs, the host of Fresh Hope for Mental Health, is the founder of Fresh Hope Ministries, a network of Christian mental health support groups for those who have a diagnosis and their loved ones. In other words, Fresh Hope is a Christian mental health support group.
Brad was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1995. He is a weekly blogger for www.bphope.com (Bipolar Magazine). He is also a certified peer specialist and has been doing pastoral counseling since 1985. Brad is also the author of Fresh Hope: Living Well in Spite of a Mental Health Diagnosis, which is available on Amazon or at www.FreshHopeBook.com
If you are interested in more information about Fresh Hope go to www.FreshHope.us or email email@example.com or call 402.932.3089.
To donate to Fresh Hope go to http://freshhope.us/donate/
For a complete list of where Fresh Hope groups are presently meeting, go to www.FreshHope.us and click on "find a group." Or you may attain an online group of meetings of Fresh Hope by going to www.FreshHopeMeeting.com
If you are interested in starting a Fresh Hope group within your faith community, contact email@example.com
Fresh Hope for Mental Health is a production of Fresh Hope Ministries.
Fresh Hope Ministries is a non-profit ministry.
The copyrights of this program belong to Fresh Hope Ministries and may not be duplicated without written permission.
All of the podcasts of Fresh Hope Today, as well as numerous other videos, are all available on our YouTube channel: Fresh Hope Network
Fresh Hope for Mental Health is on Facebook at www.Facebook.com/FreshHopeforMentalHealth


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If you can do affiliate marketing or some other legitimate business online, will there be anything tiny bit about this one? I believe we all can. Perhaps it will take another article to properly explore this topic, but I'm prepared to put in my best efforts to see an end to these kind of criminal activities online. An individual?


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(Same deal as last week: Threadless design first, followed by the Threadcake entry. Click on the names for more photos & info.)
By Analee Scripter
By Jennifer Flynn
By Leslie Evans
And finally, I have to give a shout-out to my fellow cake lovers at the national ICES convention in Illinois, which is ending today. I especially appreciate y'all spreading the Wrecky joy amongst the as-yet-uninitiated at the con. Case in point: Kathy (of Kathy's Kakes), taught a class on "unusual tier styles" Friday, and this was her demo cake:
See anything familiar? Here, let me zoom in:
Yep, those are the Carrot Jockeys - although they've traded in their carrots for little orange candies to fit the ICES "Sweet Time in '09" theme. Kathy reports that roughly half of the class "got it." (The other half was quickly indoctrinated). Excellent work, Kathy! And to you new ICES readers, welcome!


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It is now clear that we are living in a world of viral memes that take no sides when it comes to spoofing politicians or debate moderators.
So what's a politician to do as the target of a social media parody?
Run with it.
"By kind of winking along with the electorate, you're humanizing, personalizing yourself, authenticating yourself," says Rory O'Connor, author of Friends, Followers and the Future. O'Connor argues that social media will be critical to deciding who is elected as the next president.
O'Connor, a social media expert who also runs a blog about social media trends, says politicians should embrace the memes and the humor, to see them as an opportunity to engage with voters in a valuable way.
"We live in an ironic era. I would counsel the campaigns to actually participate more in a real way and try to have a conversation with the electorate. Talk with them, rather than ... talk at them," he says. "It's a more direct message to the electorate that, 'I'm just like you.' "
While President Obama's campaign drew praise in 2008 for shrewdly harnessing early social-media habits in a way that even users hadn't considered, this time around the politicians may be the ones with something to learn.
"We're at an interregnum at the moment where the electorate is ahead of the politicians in their actual adoption of the change that's happening," O'Connor says.
The latest example of this trend is the satirical Twitter persona @romneybinders, a reference to Mitt Romney's answer to a question about pay equity for women in Tuesday night's debate. That Twitter handle built on the virtual conversation surrounding the debates that began earlier this month with the sudden appearance of @silentjimlehrer, which spoofed Jim Lehrer, the longtime PBS NewsHour anchor who was seen as too passive in his role as moderator of the first debate. His Twitter evil twin gathered 9,000 followers.
And during the Republican National Convention earlier this summer, @invisibleobama popped up during Clint Eastwood's monologue in which he spoke to an empty chair and pretended Obama was sitting in it. The handle has nearly 70,000 followers and remains active with a recent tweet saying, "I've got 99 binders, but Mitt's ain't one."
"It's wide open and it's a meritocracy," O'Connor says referring to Twitter. "Someone who comes up instantly as these things happen with something that seems to capture what's on a lot of people's minds ... has an opportunity to really trend."
"Binders full of women" became Google's third top-trending query Tuesday night, according to Google Politics, inspiring a Tumblr meme as well. Following Tuesday night's debate, Romney Binders had more than 30,000 followers. While the meme pokes fun at Romney's remarks, others have created satirical personalities for politicians many voters may never meet.
"They help to personalize and hence to authenticate candidates in a way that let's say television might have [done] ... decades ago," says O'Connor.
He says it's a way for voters to ironically identify with a politician who they actually may not know very much about. Joe Biden's mannerisms during the vice presidential debate, particularly his laugh and use of the word malarkey, became the subject of twitter accounts, memes and plenty of gifs posted on Tumblr.
"At the heart of every parody is a sometimes cruel truth," O'Connor says. "Even if you look at the Biden persona online, there's a kernel of Joe Biden that they got right and that's what resonates."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Configuring NTP Using ntpd
Introduction to NTP
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) enables the accurate dissemination of time and date information in order to keep the time clocks on networked computer systems synchronized to a common reference over the network or the Internet. Many standards bodies around the world have atomic clocks which may be made available as a reference. The satellites that make up the Global Position System contain more than one atomic clock, making their time signals potentially very accurate. Their signals can be deliberately degraded for military reasons. An ideal situation would be where each site has a server, with its own reference clock attached, to act as a site-wide time server. Many devices which obtain the time and date via low frequency radio transmissions or the Global Position System (GPS) exist. However for most situations, a range of publicly accessible time servers connected to the Internet at geographically dispersed locations can be used. These NTP
servers provide "Coordinated Universal Time" (UTC). Information about these time servers can found at www.pool.ntp.org.
Accurate time keeping is important for a number of reasons in IT. In networking for example, accurate time stamps in packets and logs are required. Logs are used to investigate service and security issues and so time stamps made on different systems must be made by synchronized clocks to be of real value. As systems and networks become increasingly faster, there is a corresponding need for clocks with greater accuracy and resolution. In some countries there are legal obligations to keep accurately synchronized clocks. Please see www.ntp.org for more information. In Linux systems, NTP
is implemented by a daemon running in user space. The default NTP
user space daemon in Fedora 27 is chronyd
. It must be disabled if you want to use the ntpd
daemon. See Configuring NTP Using the chrony Suite for information on chrony.
The user space daemon updates the system clock, which is a software clock running in the kernel. Linux uses a software clock as its system clock for better resolution than the typical embedded hardware clock referred to as the "Real Time Clock" (RTC). See the rtc(4)
and hwclock(8)
man pages for information on hardware clocks. The system clock can keep time by using various clock sources. Usually, the Time Stamp Counter (TSC) is used. The TSC is a CPU register which counts the number of cycles since it was last reset. It is very fast, has a high resolution, and there are no interrupts. On system start, the system clock reads the time and date from the RTC. The time kept by the RTC will drift away from actual time by up to 5 minutes per month due to temperature variations. Hence the need for the system clock to be constantly synchronized with external time references. When the system clock is being synchronized by ntpd
, the kernel will in turn update the RTC every 11 minutes automatically.
NTP Strata
servers are classified according to their synchronization distance from the atomic clocks which are the source of the time signals. The servers are thought of as being arranged in layers, or strata, from 1 at the top down to 15. Hence the word stratum is used when referring to a specific layer. Atomic clocks are referred to as Stratum 0 as this is the source, but no Stratum 0 packet is sent on the Internet, all stratum 0 atomic clocks are attached to a server which is referred to as stratum 1. These servers send out packets marked as Stratum 1. A server which is synchronized by means of packets marked stratum n
belongs to the next, lower, stratum and will mark its packets as stratum n+1
. Servers of the same stratum can exchange packets with each other but are still designated as belonging to just the one stratum, the stratum one below the best reference they are synchronized to. The designation Stratum 16 is used to indicate that the server is not currently synchronized to a reliable time source.
Note that by default NTP
clients act as servers for those systems in the stratum below them.
Here is a summary of the NTP
- Stratum 0
Atomic Clocks and their signals broadcast over Radio and GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Mobile Phone Systems
Low Frequency Radio Broadcasts+ WWVB (Colorado, USA.), JJY-40 and JJY-60 (Japan), DCF77 (Germany), and MSF (United Kingdom)
These signals can be received by dedicated devices and are usually connected by RS-232 to a system used as an organizational or site-wide time server.
- Stratum 1
Computer with radio clock, GPS clock, or atomic clock attached
- Stratum 2
Reads from stratum 1; Serves to lower strata
- Stratum 3
Reads from stratum 2; Serves to lower strata
- Stratum n+1
Reads from stratum n; Serves to lower strata
- Stratum 15
Reads from stratum 14; This is the lowest stratum.
This process continues down to Stratum 15 which is the lowest valid stratum. The label Stratum 16 is used to indicated an unsynchronized state.
Understanding NTP
The version of NTP
used by Fedora is as described in RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation and Analysis and RFC 5905 Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
This implementation of NTP
enables sub-second accuracy to be achieved. Over the Internet, accuracy to 10s of milliseconds is normal. On a Local Area Network (LAN), 1 ms accuracy is possible under ideal conditions. This is because clock drift is now accounted and corrected for, which was not done in earlier, simpler, time protocol systems. A resolution of 233 picoseconds is provided by using 64-bit time stamps. The first 32-bits of the time stamp is used for seconds, the last 32-bits are used for fractions of seconds.
represents the time as a count of the number of seconds since 00:00 (midnight) 1 January, 1900 GMT. As 32-bits is used to count the seconds, this means the time will "roll over" in 2036. However NTP
works on the difference between time stamps so this does not present the same level of problem as other implementations of time protocols have done. If a hardware clock that is within 68 years of the correct time is available at boot time then NTP
will correctly interpret the current date. The NTP4
specification provides for an "Era Number" and an "Era Offset" which can be used to make software more robust when dealing with time lengths of more than 68 years. Note, please do not confuse this with the Unix Year 2038 problem.
The NTP
protocol provides additional information to improve accuracy. Four time stamps are used to allow the calculation of round-trip time and server response time. In order for a system in its role as NTP
client to synchronize with a reference time server, a packet is sent with an "originate time stamp". When the packet arrives, the time server adds a "receive time stamp". After processing the request for time and date information and just before returning the packet, it adds a "transmit time stamp". When the returning packet arrives at the NTP
client, a "receive time stamp" is generated. The client can now calculate the total round trip time and by subtracting the processing time derive the actual traveling time. By assuming the outgoing and return trips take equal time, the single-trip delay in receiving the NTP
data is calculated. The full NTP
algorithm is much more complex than presented here.
When a packet containing time information is received it is not immediately responded to, but is first subject to validation checks and then processed together with several other time samples to arrive at an estimate of the time. This is then compared to the system clock to determine the time offset, the difference between the system clock's time and what ntpd
has determined the time should be. The system clock is adjusted slowly, at most at a rate of 0.5ms per second, to reduce this offset by changing the frequency of the counter being used. It will take at least 2000 seconds to adjust the clock by 1 second using this method. This slow change is referred to as slewing and cannot go backwards. If the time offset of the clock is more than 128ms (the default setting), ntpd
can "step" the clock forwards or backwards. If the time offset at system start is greater than 1000 seconds then the user, or an installation script, should make a manual adjustment. See Configuring the Date and Time. With the -g
option to the ntpd command (used by default), any offset at system start will be corrected, but during normal operation only offsets of up to 1000 seconds will be corrected.
Some software may fail or produce an error if the time is changed backwards. For systems that are sensitive to step changes in the time, the threshold can be changed to 600s instead of 128ms using the -x
option (unrelated to the -g
option). Using the -x
option to increase the stepping limit from 0.128s to 600s has a drawback because a different method of controlling the clock has to be used. It disables the kernel clock discipline and may have a negative impact on the clock accuracy. The -x
option can be added to the /etc/sysconfig/ntpd
configuration file.
Understanding the Drift File
The drift file is used to store the frequency offset between the system clock running at its nominal frequency and the frequency required to remain in synchronization with UTC. If present, the value contained in the drift file is read at system start and used to correct the clock source. Use of the drift file reduces the time required to achieve a stable and accurate time. The value is calculated, and the drift file replaced, once per hour by ntpd
. The drift file is replaced, rather than just updated, and for this reason the drift file must be in a directory for which the ntpd
has write permissions.
UTC, Timezones, and DST
As NTP
is entirely in UTC (Universal Time, Coordinated), Timezones and DST (Daylight Saving Time) are applied locally by the system. The file /etc/localtime
is a copy of, or symlink to, a zone information file from /usr/share/zoneinfo
. The RTC may be in localtime or in UTC, as specified by the 3rd line of /etc/adjtime
, which will be one of LOCAL or UTC to indicate how the RTC clock has been set. Users can easily change this setting using the checkbox System Clock Uses UTC
in the Date and Time graphical configuration tool. See Configuring the Date and Time for information on how to use that tool. Running the RTC in UTC is recommended to avoid various problems when daylight saving time is changed.
The operation of ntpd
is explained in more detail in the man page ntpd(8)
. The resources section lists useful sources of information. See Additional Resources.
Authentication Options for NTP
added support for the Autokey Security Architecture, which is based on public asymmetric cryptography while retaining support for symmetric key cryptography. The Autokey Security Architecture is described in RFC 5906 Network Time Protocol Version 4: Autokey Specification. The man page ntp_auth(5)
describes the authentication options and commands for ntpd
An attacker on the network can attempt to disrupt a service by sending NTP
packets with incorrect time information. On systems using the public pool of NTP
servers, this risk is mitigated by having more than three NTP
servers in the list of public NTP
servers in /etc/ntp.conf
. If only one time source is compromised or spoofed, ntpd
will ignore that source. You should conduct a risk assessment and consider the impact of incorrect time on your applications and organization. If you have internal time sources you should consider steps to protect the network over which the NTP
packets are distributed. If you conduct a risk assessment and conclude that the risk is acceptable, and the impact to your applications minimal, then you can choose not to use authentication.
The broadcast and multicast modes require authentication by default. If you have decided to trust the network then you can disable authentication by using disable auth directive in the ntp.conf
file. Alternatively, authentication needs to be configured by using SHA1 or MD5 symmetric keys, or by public (asymmetric) key cryptography using the Autokey scheme. The Autokey scheme for asymmetric cryptography is explained in the ntp_auth(8)
man page and the generation of keys is explained in ntp-keygen(8
). To implement symmetric key cryptography, see Configuring Symmetric Authentication Using a Key for an explanation of the key
Managing the Time on Virtual Machines
Virtual machines cannot access a real hardware clock and a virtual clock is not stable enough as the stability is dependent on the host systems work load. For this reason, para-virtualized clocks should be provided by the virtualization application in use (for more information see Libvirt Managed Timers in the Virtualization Administration Guide). On Fedora with KVM the default clock source is kvm-clock
. See the KVM guest timing management chapter of the Virtualization Host Configuration and Guest Installation Guide.
Understanding Leap Seconds
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) was derived by measuring the solar day, which is dependent on the Earth's rotation. When atomic clocks were first made, the potential for more accurate definitions of time became possible. In 1958, International Atomic Time (TAI) was introduced based on the more accurate and very stable atomic clocks. A more accurate astronomical time, Universal Time 1 (UT1), was also introduced to replace GMT. The atomic clocks are in fact far more stable than the rotation of the Earth and so the two times began to drift apart. For this reason UTC was introduced as a practical measure. It is kept within one second of UT1 but to avoid making many small trivial adjustments it was decided to introduce the concept of a leap second in order to reconcile the difference in a manageable way. The difference between UT1 and UTC is monitored until they drift apart by more than half a second. Then only is it deemed necessary to introduce a one second adjustment, forward or backward. Due to the erratic nature of the Earth's rotational speed, the need for an adjustment cannot be predicted far into the future. The decision as to when to make an adjustment is made by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). However, these announcements are important only to administrators of Stratum 1 servers because NTP
transmits information about pending leap seconds and applies them automatically.
Understanding the ntpd Configuration File
The daemon, ntpd
, reads the configuration file at system start or when the service is restarted. The default location for the file is /etc/ntp.conf
and you can view the file by entering the following command:
~]$ less /etc/ntp.conf
The configuration commands are explained briefly later in this chapter, see Configure NTP, and more verbosely in the ntp.conf(5)
man page.
Here follows a brief explanation of the contents of the default configuration file:
- The driftfile entry
A path to the drift file is specified, the default entry on Fedora is:
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
If you change this be certain that the directory is writable by ntpd
. The file contains one value used to adjust the system clock frequency after every system or service start. See Understanding the Drift File for more information.
- The access control entries
The following line sets the default access control restriction:
restrict default nomodify notrap nopeer noquery
options prevents any changes to the configuration. -
option preventsntpdc
control message protocol traps. -
option prevents a peer association being formed. -
option preventsntpq
queries, but not time queries, from being answered.
The See CVE-2013-5211 for more details. |
Addresses within the range 127.0.0.0/8
are sometimes required by various processes or applications. As the "restrict default" line above prevents access to everything not explicitly allowed, access to the standard loopback address for IPv4
and IPv6
is permitted by means of the following lines:
# the administrative functions. restrict 127.0.0.1 restrict ::1
Addresses can be added underneath if specifically required by another application.
Hosts on the local network are not permitted because of the "restrict default" line above. To change this, for example to allow hosts from the 192.0.2.0/24
network to query the time and statistics but nothing more, a line in the following format is required:
restrict 192.0.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap nopeer
To allow unrestricted access from a specific host, for example 192.0.2.250/32
, a line in the following format is required:
restrict 192.0.2.250
A mask of 255.255.255.255
is applied if none is specified.
The restrict commands are explained in the ntp_acc(5)
man page.
- The public servers entry
By default, the
file contains four public server entries:
server 0.fedora.pool.ntp.org iburst server 1.fedora.pool.ntp.org iburst server 2.fedora.pool.ntp.org iburst server 3.fedora.pool.ntp.org iburst
- The broadcast multicast servers entry
By default, the
file contains some commented out examples. These are largely self explanatory. See Configure NTP for the explanation of the specific commands. If required, add your commands just below the examples.
When the |
Understanding the ntpd Sysconfig File
The file will be read by the ntpd
init script on service start. The default contents is as follows:
# Command line options for ntpd OPTIONS="-g"
The -g
option enables ntpd
to ignore the offset limit of 1000s and attempt to synchronize the time even if the offset is larger than 1000s, but only on system start. Without that option ntpd will exit if the time offset is greater than 1000s. It will also exit after system start if the service is restarted and the offset is greater than 1000s even with the -g
Disabling chrony
In order to use ntpd
the default user space daemon, chronyd
, must be stopped and disabled. Issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl stop chronyd
To prevent it restarting at system start, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl disable chronyd
To check the status of chronyd
, issue the following command:
~]$ systemctl status chronyd
Checking if the NTP Daemon is Installed
To check if ntpd
is installed, enter the following command as root
~]# dnf install ntp
is implemented by means of the daemon or service ntpd
, which is contained within the ntp package.
Installing the NTP Daemon (ntpd)
To install ntpd
, enter the following command as root
~]# dnf install ntp
To enable ntpd
at system start, enter the following command as root
~]# systemctl enable ntpd
Checking the Status of NTP
To check if ntpd
is running and configured to run at system start, issue the following command:
~]$ systemctl status ntpd
To obtain a brief status report from ntpd
, issue the following command:
~]$ ntpstat
time server re-starting
polling server every 64 s
~]$ ntpstat
synchronised to NTP server (10.5.26.10) at stratum 2
time correct to within 52 ms
polling server every 1024 s
Configure the Firewall to Allow Incoming NTP Packets
The NTP
traffic consists of UDP
packets on port 123
and needs to be permitted through network and host-based firewalls in order for NTP
to function.
Check if the firewall is configured to allow incoming NTP
traffic for clients using the graphical Firewall Configuration tool.
To start the graphical firewall-config tool, press the Super key to enter the Activities Overview, type firewall and then press Enter. The Firewall Configuration
window opens. You will be prompted for your user password.
To start the graphical firewall configuration tool using the command line, enter the following command as root
~]# firewall-config
The Firewall Configuration
window opens. Note, this command can be run as normal user but you will then be prompted for the root
password from time to time.
Look for the word "Connected" in the lower left corner. This indicates that the firewall-config tool is connected to the user space daemon, firewalld
Change the Firewall Settings
To immediately change the current firewall settings, ensure the drop-down selection menu labeled Configuration
is set to Runtime
. Alternatively, to edit the settings to be applied at the next system start, or firewall reload, select Permanent
from the drop-down list.
When making changes to the firewall settings in When making changes to the firewall settings in |
Open Ports in the Firewall for NTP Packets
To permit traffic through the firewall to a certain port, start the firewall-config tool and select the network zone whose settings you want to change. Select the Ports
tab and then click the Add button. The Port and Protocol
window opens.
Enter the port number 123
and select udp
from the drop-down list.
Configure ntpdate Servers
The purpose of the ntpdate
service is to set the clock during system boot. This was used previously to ensure that the services started after ntpdate
would have the correct time and not observe a jump in the clock. The use of ntpdate
and the list of step-tickers is considered deprecated and so Fedora uses the -g
option to the ntpd command and not ntpdate
by default.
The ntpdate
service in Fedora is mostly useful only when used alone without ntpd
. With systemd, which starts services in parallel, enabling the ntpdate
service will not ensure that other services started after it will have correct time unless they specify an ordering dependency on time-sync.target
, which is provided by the ntpdate
service. The ntp-wait
service (in the ntp-perl subpackage) provides the time-sync
target for the ntpd
service. In order to ensure a service starts with correct time, add After=time-sync.target
to the service and enable one of the services which provide the target (ntpdate
or sntp, or ntp-wait if ntpd
is enabled). Some services on Fedora have the dependency included by default ( for example, dhcpd
, dhcpd6
, and crond
To check if the ntpdate
service is enabled to run at system start, issue the following command:
~]$ systemctl status ntpdate
To enable the service to run at system start, issue the following command as root
~]# systemctl enable ntpdate
In Fedora the default /etc/ntp/step-tickers
file contains 0.fedora.pool.ntp.org
. To configure additional ntpdate
servers, using a text editor running as root
, edit /etc/ntp/step-tickers
. The number of servers listed is not very important as ntpdate
will only use this to obtain the date information once when the system is starting. If you have an internal time server then use that host name for the first line. An additional host on the second line as a backup is sensible. The selection of backup servers and whether the second host is internal or external depends on your risk assessment. For example, what is the chance of any problem affecting the first server also affecting the second server? Would connectivity to an external server be more likely to be available than connectivity to internal servers in the event of a network failure disrupting access to the first server?
Configure NTP
To change the default configuration of the NTP
service, use a text editor running as root
user to edit the /etc/ntp.conf
file. This file is installed together with ntpd
and is configured to use time servers from the Fedora pool by default. The man page ntp.conf(5)
describes the command options that can be used in the configuration file apart from the access and rate limiting commands which are explained in the ntp_acc(5)
man page.
Configure Access Control to an NTP Service
To restrict or control access to the NTP
service running on a system, make use of the restrict command in the ntp.conf
file. See the commented out example:
# Hosts on local network are less restricted. #restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap
The restrict command takes the following form:
restrict option
where option is one or more of:
— All packets will be ignored, includingntpq
queries. -
— a "Kiss-o'-death" packet is to be sent to reduce unwanted queries. -
— do not respond to time service requests if the packet violates the rate limit default values or those specified by the discard command.ntpq
queries are not affected. For more information on the discard command and the default values, see Configure Rate Limiting Access to an NTP Service. -
— traps set by matching hosts to be low priority. -
— prevents any changes to the configuration. -
— preventsntpq
queries, but not time queries, from being answered. -
— prevents a peer association being formed. -
— deny all packets exceptntpq
queries. -
— preventsntpdc
control message protocol traps. -
— deny packets that are not cryptographically authenticated. -
— modify the match algorithm to only apply the restriction if the source port is the standardNTP
. -
— deny packets that do not match the currentNTP
To configure rate limit access to not respond at all to a query, the respective restrict command has to have the limited
option. If ntpd
should reply with a KoD
packet, the restrict command needs to have both limited
and kod
The ntpq
and ntpdc
queries can be used in amplification attacks (see CVE-2013-5211 for more details), do not remove the noquery
option from the restrict default command on publicly accessible systems.
Configure Rate Limiting Access to an NTP Service
To enable rate limiting access to the NTP
service running on a system, add the limited
option to the restrict command as explained in Configure Access Control to an NTP Service. If you do not want to use the default discard parameters, then also use the discard command as explained here.
The discard command takes the following form:
— specifies the minimum average packet spacing to be permitted, it accepts an argument in log2 seconds. The default value is 3 (23 equates to 8 seconds). -
— specifies the minimum packet spacing to be permitted, it accepts an argument in log2 seconds. The default value is 1 (21 equates to 2 seconds). -
— specifies the discard probability for packets once the permitted rate limits have been exceeded. The default value is 3000 seconds. This option is intended for servers that receive 1000 or more requests per second.
Examples of the discard command are as follows:
discard average 4
discard average 4 minimum 2
Adding a Peer Address
To add the address of a peer, that is to say, the address of a server running an NTP
service of the same stratum, make use of the peer command in the ntp.conf
The peer command takes the following form:
peer address
where address is an IP
unicast address or a DNS
resolvable name. The address must only be that of a system known to be a member of the same stratum. Peers should have at least one time source that is different to each other. Peers are normally systems under the same administrative control.
Adding a Server Address
To add the address of a server, that is to say, the address of a server running an NTP
service of a higher stratum, make use of the server command in the ntp.conf
The server command takes the following form:
server address
where address is an IP
unicast address or a DNS
resolvable name. The address of a remote reference server or local reference clock from which packets are to be received.
Adding a Broadcast or Multicast Server Address
To add a broadcast or multicast address for sending, that is to say, the address to broadcast or multicast NTP
packets to, make use of the broadcast command in the ntp.conf
The broadcast and multicast modes require authentication by default. See Authentication Options for NTP.
The broadcast command takes the following form:
broadcast address
where address is an IP
broadcast or multicast address to which packets are sent.
This command configures a system to act as an NTP
broadcast server. The address used must be a broadcast or a multicast address. Broadcast address implies the IPv4
address 255.255.255.255
. By default, routers do not pass broadcast messages. The multicast address can be an IPv4
Class D address, or an IPv6
address. The IANA has assigned IPv4
multicast address 18.104.22.168
and IPv6
address FF05::101
(site local) to NTP
. Administratively scoped IPv4
multicast addresses can also be used, as described in RFC 2365 Administratively Scoped IP Multicast.
Adding a Manycast Client Address
To add a manycast client address, that is to say, to configure a multicast address to be used for NTP
server discovery, make use of the manycastclient command in the ntp.conf
The manycastclient command takes the following form:
manycastclient address
where address is an IP
multicast address from which packets are to be received. The client will send a request to the address and select the best servers from the responses and ignore other servers. NTP
communication then uses unicast associations, as if the discovered NTP
servers were listed in ntp.conf
This command configures a system to act as an NTP
client. Systems can be both client and server at the same time.
Adding a Broadcast Client Address
To add a broadcast client address, that is to say, to configure a broadcast address to be monitored for broadcast NTP
packets, make use of the broadcastclient command in the ntp.conf
The broadcastclient command takes the following form:
Enables the receiving of broadcast messages. Requires authentication by default. See Authentication Options for NTP.
This command configures a system to act as an NTP
client. Systems can be both client and server at the same time.
Adding a Manycast Server Address
To add a manycast server address, that is to say, to configure an address to allow the clients to discover the server by multicasting NTP
packets, make use of the manycastserver command in the ntp.conf
The manycastserver command takes the following form:
manycastserver address
Enables the sending of multicast messages. Where address is the address to multicast to. This should be used together with authentication to prevent service disruption.
This command configures a system to act as an NTP
server. Systems can be both client and server at the same time.
Adding a Multicast Client Address
To add a multicast client address, that is to say, to configure a multicast address to be monitored for multicast NTP
packets, make use of the multicastclient command in the ntp.conf
The multicastclient command takes the following form:
multicastclient address
Enables the receiving of multicast messages. Where address is the address to subscribe to. This should be used together with authentication to prevent service disruption.
This command configures a system to act as an NTP
client. Systems can be both client and server at the same time.
Configuring the Burst Option
Using the burst option against a public server is considered abuse. Do not use this option with public NTP
servers. Use it only for applications within your own organization.
To increase the average quality of time offset statistics, add the following option to the end of a server command:
At every poll interval, when the server responds, the system will send a burst of up to eight packets instead of the usual one packet. For use with the server command to improve the average quality of the time-offset calculations.
Configuring the iburst Option
To improve the time taken for initial synchronization, add the following option to the end of a server command:
At every poll interval, send a burst of eight packets instead of one. When the server is not responding, packets are sent 16s apart. When the server responds, packets are sent every 2s. For use with the server command to reduce the time taken for initial synchronization. This is now a default option in the configuration file.
Configuring Symmetric Authentication Using a Key
To configure symmetric authentication using a key, add the following option to the end of a server or peer command:
key number
where number is in the range 1
to 65534
inclusive. This option enables the use of a message authentication code (MAC) in packets. This option is for use with the peer, server, broadcast, and manycastclient commands.
The option can be used in the /etc/ntp.conf
file as follows:
server 192.168.1.1 key 10 broadcast 192.168.1.255 key 20 manycastclient 22.214.171.124 key 30
See also Authentication Options for NTP.
Configuring the Poll Interval
To change the default poll interval, add the following options to the end of a server or peer command:
minpoll value and maxpoll value
Options to change the default poll interval, where the interval in seconds will be calculated by raising 2 to the power of value, in other words, the interval is expressed in log2 seconds. The default minpoll
value is 6, 26 equates to 64s. The default value for maxpoll
is 10, which equates to 1024s. Allowed values are in the range 3 to 17 inclusive, which equates to 8s to 36.4h respectively. These options are for use with the peer or server. Setting a shorter maxpoll
may improve clock accuracy.
Configuring Server Preference
To specify that a particular server should be preferred above others of similar statistical quality, add the following option to the end of a server or peer command:
Use this server for synchronization in preference to other servers of similar statistical quality. This option is for use with the peer or server commands.
Configuring the Time-to-Live for NTP Packets
To specify that a particular time-to-live (TTL) value should be used in place of the default, add the following option to the end of a server or peer command:
ttl value
Specify the time-to-live value to be used in packets sent by broadcast servers and multicast NTP
servers. Specify the maximum time-to-live value to use for the "expanding ring search" by a manycast client. The default value is 127
Configuring the NTP Version to Use
To specify that a particular version of NTP
should be used in place of the default, add the following option to the end of a server or peer command:
version value
Specify the version of NTP
set in created NTP
packets. The value can be in the range 1
to 4
. The default is 4
Configuring the Hardware Clock Update
To configure the system clock to update the hardware clock, also known as the real-time clock (RTC), once after executing ntpdate, add the following line to /etc/sysconfig/ntpdate
To update the hardware clock from the system clock, issue the following command as root
~]# hwclock --systohc
When the system clock is being synchronized by ntpd
or chronyd
, the kernel will in turn update the RTC every 11 minutes automatically.
Configuring Clock Sources
To list the available clock sources on your system, issue the following commands:
~]$ cd /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/ clocksource0]$ cat available_clocksource kvm-clock tsc hpet acpi_pm clocksource0]$ cat current_clocksource kvm-clock
In the above example, the kernel is using kvm-clock. This was selected at boot time as this is a virtual machine.
To override the default clock source, append the clocksource directive to the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line in the /etc/default/grub
file and rebuild the grub.cfg
file. For example:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 vconsole.keymap=us rhgb quiet clocksource=tsc"
The available clock source is architecture dependent.
Rebuild the grub.cfg
file as follows:
On BIOS-based machines, issue the following command as
~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
On UEFI-based machines, issue the following command as
~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg
Ek Kaynaklar
The following sources of information provide additional resources regarding NTP
and ntpd
Kurulu Belgeler
man page — Describesntpd
in detail, including the command line options. -
man page — Contains information on how to configure associations with servers and peers. -
man page — Describes theNTP
query utility for monitoring and querying anNTP
server. -
man page — Describes thentpd
utility for querying and changing the state ofntpd
. -
man page — Describes authentication options, commands, and key management forntpd
. -
man page — Describes generating public and private keys forntpd
. -
man page — Describes access control options using the restrict command. -
man page — Describes monitoring options for the gathering of statistics. -
man page — Describes commands for configuring reference clocks. -
man page — Describes miscellaneous options. -
man page — Lists the status words, event messages and error codes used forntpd
reporting and monitoring. -
man page — Describes a utility for reporting the synchronization state of theNTP
daemon running on the local machine. -
man page — Describes a utility for reading and setting kernel time variables. -
man page — Describes a utility for reading, and optionally setting, the length of the tick.
Useful Websites
- http://doc.ntp.org/
The NTP Documentation Archive
- http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp.html
Network Time Synchronization Research Project.
- http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/html/manyopt.html
Information on Automatic Server Discovery in
Want to help? Learn how to contribute to Fedora Docs ›


text:
Percentage Of
In this guide, we will demonstrate how to find 77 percent of six hundred thousand. Note that '77 percent of 75594' and '77% of 75594' refer to the same calculation. We'll use both expressions to remind you they are interchangeable.
Understanding 77 percent means realizing that for every 100 units, there are 77 units of interest. This guide will cover three different methods for finding 77 percent of 75594.
Our aim is to provide a thorough understanding of calculating 77% of 75594, thereby enhancing your general knowledge of percentage calculations, which can be applied to other scenarios as well.
Moreover, we will deepen your comprehension with a pie chart representation of 77% of 75594 and explore the concept of '`What does not constitute 77 percent of 75594?'
The standard approach involves the percentage formula. Here, 75594 represents the total quantity, 77 represents the percentage, and we aim to find the specific portion. Here's the calculation using the formula:
Thus, 77% of 75594 equals 58207.380000000005.
You can change any percentage, like 77%, into a decimal (in this case, 77) by dividing by 100. Here's how you calculate 77% of 75594 using the decimal format:
Total × Decimal Percentage = Part 75594 × 77 = 58207.380000000005 Therefore, 77% of 75594 is 58207.380000000005.


text:
Enter legal issue and location
2024 Guide to Hawaii Education Law Lawyers
Please select a city to find local Hawaii Education lawyers.
Please select a city
All Hawaii cities, listed alphabetically:
Find A Trusted Education Lawyer
Education lawyers represent parents and their children in cases involving students' access to public school education, rights of special needs students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), discrimination in education, and more. When you need help to make sure that your child receives an appropriate education, contacting an education law attorney near you is the first step.
Use the list of education law professionals that we've compiled to hire a local education law lawyer to help with the issues your child is facing at school.
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text: Good morning. I'm Steve Inskeep. This might test the strength of the real estate recovery. A town is for sale - Woodside, a ghost town, a former railroad stop outside Salt Lake City. For $3.9 million you could own a dead gold mine, a geyser, and old buildings. The town is said to be near a former hideout of Butch Cassidy's gang, not the actual hideout, but near it. The buyer even gets the town's two current residents - a pair of free-range llamas. It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
LEADERSHIP–Delta Sigma Theta's national president Cynthia M.A. Butler-McIntyre with the national executive committee and regional leadership at the Tournament of Rose House in Pasadena, Calif. Earlier this month.
by Stacey Anderson
WASHINGTON (AP) — The nation's capital is swarming with women wearing crimson and cream, as one of the country's largest African-American sororities gathers to celebrate 100 years of sisterhood.
More than 12,000 members of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. are convening to mark the organization's centennial this weekend with activities including community service, a rededication and an awards ceremony.
"We want people to understand that we are still called to serve," said Gwendolyn Boyd, chair of the sorority's centennial events. "When we gather, we gather not to just socialize, but also to render service in every community."
Members from across the country participated in 22 projects throughout the District of Columbia on Friday in honor of their 22 founders.
Boyd said the sorority was also using the weekend to thank those who have collaborated with them in service. They will hold a rededication luncheon and gala on Saturday that will be emceed by actors Tim Reid and Daphne Maxwell Reid.
The gala will honor members, organizations and individuals who represent the sorority's mantra, including the Rev. Jesse Jackson; Johnetta B. Cole, the director of the National Museum of African Art; comedian Bill Cosby and his wife, Camille; former U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young; syndicated radio host Tom Joyner; and U.S. Surgeon General Regina Benjamin. Also being honored: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League and the National Council of Negro Women.
The festivities culminate on Sunday, the sorority's actual centennial, with a black-tie dinner with guest honoree General Electric CEO Jeffrey R. Immelt.
The weekend celebration is a part of series of centennial year events for the sorority. In March, the Deltas will re-enact the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913, in which their founders participated. The sorority will gather in Washington again in July for its national convention.
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. was founded on Jan. 13, 1913, on the campus of Howard University. The sorority has more than 250,000 members and more than 900 chapters.
Members have included activists Mary McLeod Bethune and Dorothy Height and congresswomen Shirley Chisholm and Barbara Jordan. Other notable members include poet Nikki Giovanni, journalists Gwen Ifill and Soledad O' Brien, singers Aretha Franklin, Lena Horne, Leontyne Price and Roberta Flack, and actresses Cicely Tyson and Ruby Dee.
Online: www.deltasigmatheta.org/