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Yankee Candle Sparkling Cinnamon Signature Large Tumbler Candle has a sweet & spicy fragrance. Holiday glow… the spicy warm fragrance of cinnamon sticks with a hint of clove aromas.
This large Yankee Jar Candle provides a soothing fragrance designed to create a welcoming home, in a size that's perfect for sampling something new. Convenient and easy to use, the candle is made with premium-grade paraffin wax and the finest quality ingredients. The wick has 100% natural fibres, rigorously tested for the best burn possible. The vessel is a classic glass apothecary jar with a glass dome lid.
Fragrance Notes:
- Top notes: Cinnamon Spice
- Middle notes: Clove, Cardamom
- Base notes: Bay Leaf, Cedarwood
Burn Time:
60 - 100 Hours
9.9cm x 14.9cm
Currently, we only ship within the UK.
Shipping Services & Estimated Times*
Standard Delivery - £2.99 (2-4 working days)
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DPD UK Non-Mainland - £35.99 (1-2 working days)
* Everything possible is done to achieve these delivery times, however, in busy periods there can sometimes be slight delays.
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Free Shipping
Orders over £50 will qualify for Free Shipping.
Shipping service will depend on the value of your order.
Weekend Orders
If you place an order after 4:30pm on Friday afternoon, this will be processed and shipped on the following Monday morning. The warehouse will also be closed on Bank Holidays unless otherwise stated, so orders will be shipped out the next working day.
High Volume Orders
Due to Royal Mail shipping restrictions we can only ship 600ml of perfume/aftershave in one package, therefore orders that contain more than 600ml will be shipped via Parcel Force.
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To track your order, please click one of the links below and enter your tracking code (found on your confirmation email).----------------------------------------------------------
For full details visit the Returns & Refunds page: www.perfumedirect.com/returns-refunds
Missing Parcel Claims
If your parcel goes missing with one of our logistics partners, please get in touch with our customer service team. You will be asked to complete a short form about your order and we will submit this to our logistics partners claims team. Unfortunately, claims can take up to 30 days to get a resolution. We can only apologise for the inconvenience caused on behalf of our logistics partners.


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What to Expect From Your REALTOR®
REALTORS® help you get the most for your home and they remove stress and confusion from the process. Here are just some of the advantages.
Your REALTOR® Explains the Process
A REALTOR® will not take it for granted that you know all the ins and outs of the buying process. Instead, he or she will provide you with a detailed explanation of what to expect so you are fully informed throughout this complex decision-making process.
REALTORS® Assess Your Needs
One of the first questions a REALTOR® will ask is, 'Why are you moving?' A REALTOR® will also explore any time constraints you might have (perhaps imposed by the need to relocate for employment), your financial situation and any future plans. They need a detailed picture of your wants and needs in order to serve you better.
A Plan to Find Your Dream Home
A REALTOR® will help you recognize what you're looking for in a new home. An outdoor pool? A double-car garage? A fenced-in yard? A particular building design? What about the neighbourhood? Proximity to schools or work? A REALTOR® will compare your needs, wants and budget with what is available on the market and make recommendations that save you time and effort.
Your Agent will also accompany you to view houses and help you assess their suitability and price. As an expert on a property, a REALTOR® can provide facts on the neighbourhood, the cost of utilities, the condition of the home's features, and so on. In other words, he or she will work with you to achieve your dream.
Access to Properties for Sale
Multiple Listing Service® or MLS® is an exclusive service accessible only through a REALTOR® and it can be a valuable home-searching tool. Through MLS®, the details of a wide variety of listed properties are made available to the REALTOR® you work with. That can save you a tremendous amount of time and effort in your pursuit for the right home.
REALTORS® are Skilled Negotiators
REALTORS® are experienced in arranging fair deals. Your Agent will assist in negotiating an offer, acting as a mediator to resolve potential conflicts between you and the seller, and draw up a legally binding agreement.
Honesty and Integrity
Most real estate professionals in Ontario are members of the Ontario Real Estate Association (OREA) and only members of OREA can call themselves REALTORS®. When you work with a REALTOR®, you can expect not only strict adherence to provincial laws, but also adherence to a Code of Ethics. And that code is very important to you because it assures you will receive the highest level of service, honesty and integrity.
Legal know-how? They know how.
A mishandled document can ruin a sale, or lead to legal action. Your REALTOR® has the experience to recognize potential problems early and the resources to help you find solutions and get the process back on track quickly.
Negotiation Skills – To keep the deal on track.
REALTORS® are indispensable when it comes to bargaining with sellers. Tempers can flare and heels can dig on. Your REALTOR® is an expert at smoothing things out.
Source: OREA (Ontario Real Estate Association) www.howrealtorshelp.ca

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Created for outdoor aerial imaging, the CrystalSky monitor features an ultra-bright screen that is clearly visible in sunlight. It is designed from the ground up to work seamlessly with the DJI GO/DJI GO 4 app, giving camera operators total control.
A maximum 2000 cd/m² of brightness means the CrystalSky monitor is more than four times as bright as typical mobile devices. On-screen details are clear and sharp, and colors are vibrant, giving the quality needed to fine tune image composition. A dedicated Sunlight Readability Enhancement mode is especially designed for processing the image in real-time to ensure more comfortable viewing under bright light.
* 5.5"/7.85" 1000 cd/m²; 7.85" Ultra Bright 2000 cd/m²
Resolution: 2048x1536 (7.85") / 1920x1080 (5.5")
The CrystalSky monitor uses optimized video decoding to decode video in real-time. Due to limitations in software access on smartphones and tablets, video decoding in other smart devices is less than ideal. When used to view photos or videos transmitted by the camera, problems can occur including video jitter, long latency and more. The CrystalSky monitor's optimized decoder provides smooth, real-time video with minimal latency.
A newly designed system removes unnecessary Android apps and services and is resistant to viruses and junk software. This ensures that the CrystalSky monitor is able to offer optimum performance at all times. Its embedded DJI GO/DJI GO 4 app provides full access to all DJI GO/DJI GO 4 features including aircraft parameter adjustment, camera control, footage management, and playback. Using offline maps, maps can be kept available even if going out of Wi-Fi reach.
A two cell 4920 mAh secondary external battery gives the CrystalSky monitor a longer operating time than comparable mobile devices. It supports quick charge, and controls its discharge rate well even in low temperatures. Used with the 7.85" and 5.5" screens, it can achieve a maximum operation time of 4-5 hours and 5-6 hours respectively.
Equipped with dual Micro SD Card slots, the CrystalSky monitor's storage can be extended, or footage recorded on a Micro SD Card can be played back directly on the monitor. It can also be used for footage backups. Using editors built in DJI GO/DJI GO 4, high-quality edits can be made quickly and instantly shared to social media.
The CrystalSky monitor supports H.264 and H.265 video decoding, allowing it to play back these files at 30 fps and 60 fps respectively. These videos can also be output through its HDMI port.
The CrystalSky monitor's HDMI port allows up to 4K video to be output to FPV goggles and other display devices. Built-in dual band Wi-Fi means it can connect to Wi-Fi networks and Wi-Fi hotspots from mobile devices, and it is also compatible with 4G dongles and USB storage through its USB-A port.
When connected to the internet, the CrystalSky monitor gets easy access to system upgrades, livestreaming, photo or video sharing, data synchronization and more. File sizes are optimized as much as possible to minimize mobile data demands.
Onboard Micro USB and USB-C ports make it convenient to connect the CrystalSky monitor with a remote controller or other devices.
Most smart devices are designed to operate in common temperature ranges. The CrystalSky monitor's external battery has been designed for more extreme temperatures. It is able to operate in as low as -4°F (-20°C) and, with its internal cooling system, functions normally in temperatures as high as 104°F (40°C).
The CrystalSky monitor can quickly connect to the Inspire series, Phantom 4 series, Phantom 3 series (Phantom 3 Professional, Phantom 3 Advanced), Matrice series, and Osmo series (except the Osmo Mobile) over Wi-Fi or via a remote controller USB port, depending on your specific product.* Also, CrystalSky easily attaches to the Cendence remote controller without an additional mounting bracket.


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AudioCircle is a place for audiophiles to share experiences and knowledge with each other about their hobby in a friendly and helpful atmosphere. The name of the site invokes the well-known phrase "circle of friends." You should treat other people on the site as though they are your friends (even if you disagree with them).
It is assumed that everyone who joins this site is an intelligent adult. You are responsible for any responses or actions caused by any text or images that you place on this site. We therefore expect you to behave accordingly. Write as though the people you are addressing were standing in front of you. It's OK to disagree with what others say, but keep it at the level that you would if you were conversing face-to-face. We encourage you to have fun and learn and share, and "don't sweat the small stuff." Remember that it's just a hobby!
Please note that we have a no dirty laundry policy here. That means that you cannot use this site to launch attacks against or to further disputes you have with other people or businesses. If you have a disagreement with someone else on a thread on this site, that is normal, just keep it reasonably civil. If you have a disagreement that originated somewhere else, don't bring it here and make it our problem.
These pages provide guidance on how AudioCircle runs, its policies, and the expectations on you, its members. We've learned a lot in ten years of doing this, and these pages capture the key points that need to be written down. Please treat them as guidance and respect their intent. In the event of ambiguity or uncertainty, the relevant Facilitator, Admin, or Site Owner will decide. Please be sure to read at least the Posting Guidelines, and if you are in the audio industry, the page for Industry Members.


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Some of the electronic surveillance programs of the National Security Agency have been on "automatic pilot" in recent years and have inappropriately "reached too far," Secretary of State John Kerry said Thursday.
Kerry's comments are causing something of a stir.
The Guardian says they're the "most stark" remarks so far by a senior Obama administration official about the ongoing revelations concerning the NSA's gathering of electronic data — which include reports of spying on some foreign leaders' cellphone calls.
The Financial Times writes that Kerry's remarks came "as the Obama administration tried to damp down the scandal surrounding the National Security Agency."
Kerry, who was in Washington, made his comments via video while taking part in a London panel discussion sponsored by the Open Government Partnership, an international organization that promotes transparency. The partnership has posted a video of the discussion here. Kerry's remarks about spying begin around the 47:00 mark.
The secretary did not offer specifics about how or when the U.S. surveillance has gone too far.
He added that "innocent people are not being abused in this process." And Kerry said information collected by U.S. intelligence agencies has "prevented airplanes from going down, buildings from being blown up [and] people from being assassinated."
Kerry noted that the Obama administration is reviewing U.S. surveillance policies.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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We manage 160K+ domains for 130K+ clients and 740+ servers. For over 15 years.
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Free Shipping Policy
Skate One currently offers free shipping for all domestic orders over $60 and a flat fee of $6.50 for all orders under $60 inside the United States (Alaska and Hawaii excluded). Certain heavy or oversized items may be excluded from free shipping.
Online shipping rates are for online orders only and do not apply to phone orders or mail orders.


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As with anything, repairing a wet pour surface in Bayles CA9 3 can be achieved with the help of our team. These surfaces can suffer vandalism, or simply wear out or making it unsafe.
Areas that need repair can include around the edge and perimeter of the existing surface, which can suffer shrink back over time due to climatic changes that we experience.
We advise that regular wetpour maintenance is done to reduce the need for any fixes, we can carry out these works all year round.
If you would like to find out more on repairing a wetpour surface or you need a quote, please get in touch for competitive prices. Our local specialist team closest to you are always available to help a customer find all the answers they require.
For small repairs, it is important that it is seen to immediately as any minor damage left unattended will likely develop further damage that could be permanent. This means more expensive wetpour repairs will be required.
A wet pour repair is the process of rectifying any issues or damage on an EPDM rubber surface.
Wet pour repairs can, in certain cases, involve some work to the surrounding area too. We may have to create a new chase or channel cut at a suitable edge around the whole perimeter of the wetpour surface and then remove the damaged areas of rubber crumb. In this case, the base rubber will be removed too.
The affected area is then filled with a fresh new layer of safety rubber and graded down to the existing edge to reduce any possible trip hazard. We can offer testing of wet pour surfaces to ensure safety if necessary.
For details on these tests please click here http://playgroundrubbersafetysurfacing.co.uk/testing/cumbria/bayles/
We advise that this 'band repair' is carried out in a contrasting colour than the existing wetpour surface as changing the colour has the benefit of giving any area a facelift and fresh appearance whilst maintaining the BSEN 1177 safety standards.
We have a wide variety of options to choose from and we can advise you on the best way forward.
Advice on the most suitable and appropriate surfacing repair product for your safety flooring in Bayles CA9 3 can be given. One option could be to complete an overlay of the existing area.
This process involves fixing any damage, if required, cutting back the safety surfacing around the perimeter and then applying a new wearing course. It's a bit like icing a cake, and it will totally transform the look of your area. You can choose from a range of colours and designs for your wet pour surface.
Having an alternative colour is a great way to create a fun design for children to enjoy.
The new Re-cap of the wearing course is then graded back into the existing edging, giving an almost flush finish (depending on the thickness of original system and edging). The maintenance of your rubber surface should be prioritised after the installation has been completed.
For more information on maintaining your existing surface type please click here http://playgroundrubbersafetysurfacing.co.uk/wetpour/wetpour-surfaces-maintenance/cumbria/bayles/
Maintenance will ensure that the lifespan of a facility and its surrounding areas is maximised and will last as long as possible. Fill in our enquiry form if you have any further queries.
We recommend that safety surfacing is inspected at least once a week to ensure it remains safe and compliant at all times. Any item which needs attention can be rectified quickly and cost effectively.
Failure to keep your nearby playground surfacing in tip top condition may mean putting the health and safety of your playground users at risk and leaving yourself open to receive a personal injury claim. Remember where there's blame there's a claim.
When proactively maintaining a floor, you are able to discover a damaged area as soon as possible. That's very beneficial to you as it ensures that the wetpour repairs are attended to as soon as possible when they are at their cheapest.
This is because damage is likely to expand over time and with use meaning that when you eventually get a repair, it could be very costly, especially compared to the cost of the initial fix.
When you are ready to repair the playground surfacing, you will need a stanley knife, paddle style mixer and plastering trowel. It is recommended to get a rubber company to carry out the repairs in most cases to ensure you get the perfect product and results.
Our team offer competitive prices for play areas and gardens. Whether you need minor repairs or a brand new surface, it is definitely recommended to contact our professionals.
In some cases, you may even be able to use one of our simple, easy to use DIY wet pour repair kits. These may be used for small repairs which may be needed due to the removal of play equipment or heavy use and other atmospheric conditions.
It is important to remember, even if you choose the same colour, it may not be an exact match. Therefore we often recommend looking at our range of colours and choosing a contrasting colour for patch repairs.
The wet pour repair kit contains everything you need to do it yourself, including the perfect ratio of EPDM rubber granules and a polyurethane resin binder.
To learn more about wet pour repair kits for the small areas on your play area, please visit this page http://playgroundrubbersafetysurfacing.co.uk/wetpour/wetpour-repair-kits/cumbria/bayles/
Our team can also carry out services for other types of playground flooring, for example rubber mulch flooring maintenance is commonly required.
This should also be done frequently to keep the area clean and reduce any risk of damage that might require a fix or resurface. Please feel free to speak to one of our team members for more details on this flooring type and the maintenance that should be done.
we can repair your playground at a low cost
GET A QUOTE NOWShrinkage around edges may be easily corrected, by completing a perimeter band repair. This is a straight forward process and can reduce the risk of injury by removing possible trip hazards.
The perimeter repair is carried out by cutting back a chase cut band repair in preparation for new epdm rubber floors. The chase cut width can vary depending on the state of existing flooring.
For more information on repairing a wetpour safety surfacing in Bayles CA9 3 or to find out how to protect children and yourself from any injuries please do not hesitate to contact us.
Whether you require patch repairs from removal of play equipment or you need a full replacement, we can help.
Email or call us and we will get back to you with budget costs and a free quotation to get your playground surfacing looking as good as new whilst also meeting the NBS accreditations for Q26 insitu special rubber surfacing.


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Byzantine Chant
Chant of Constantinople more commonly known as Byzantine Chant is the sacred chant of the Orthodox churches in the former lands of the eastern Roman Empire and many of their ecclesiastical offshoots beyond those areas. This tradition, encompassing the Greek-speaking world, developed in Byzantium from the establishment of its capital, Constantinople, in 330 until its fall in 1453. It is undeniably of composite origin, drawing on the artistic and technical productions of the classical age, on Jewish music, and inspired by the monophonic vocal music that evolved in the early Christian cities of Alexandria, Antioch, and Ephesus. In the Orthodox Church today, many churches use Byzantine Chant as their primary musical tradition, including the Churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, and Albania.
Early Christian Period
Byzantine chant manuscripts date from the ninth century, while lectionaries of biblical readings in Ekphonetic Notation (a primitive graphic system designed to indicate the manner of reciting lessons from Scripture) begin about a century earlier and continue in use until the twelfth or thirteenth century. Our knowledge of the older period is derived from Church service books Typika, patristic writings and medieval histories. Scattered examples of hymn texts from the early centuries of Greek Christianity still exist. Some of these employ the metrical schemes of classical Greek poetry; but the change of pronunciation had rendered those meters largely meaningless, and, except when classical forms were imitated, Byzantine hymns of the following centuries are prose-poetry, unrhymed verses of irregular length and accentual patterns. The common term for a short hymn of one stanza, or one of a series of stanzas, is troparion (this may carry the further connotation of a hymn interpolated between Psalm verses). A famous example, whose existence is attested as early as the fourth century, is the Vespers hymn, "Phos Hilaron" ("O Gladsome Light"); another, "O Monogenes Yios" ("Only Begotten Son"), ascribed to Emperor St. Justinian the Great (r. 527-565), figures in the introductory portion of the Divine Liturgy. Perhaps the earliest set of troparia of known authorship are those of the monk Auxentios (first half of the fifth century), attested in his biography but not preserved in any later Byzantine order of service.
Medieval Period
Two concepts must be understood if we are to appreciate fully the function of music in Byzantine worship. The first, which retained currency in Greek theological and mystical speculation until the dissolution of the empire, was the belief in the angelic transmission of sacred chant: the assumption that the early Church united men in the prayer of the angelic choirs. This notion is certainly older than the Apocalypse account (Revelation 4:8-11), for the musical function of angels as conceived in the Old Testament is brought out clearly by Isaiah (6:1-4) and Ezekiel (3:12). Most significant in the fact, outlined in Exodus 25, that the pattern for the earthly worship of Israel was derived from Heaven. The allusion is perpetuated in the writings of the early Church Fathers, such as Clement of Rome, Justin, Ignatius of Antioch, Athenagoras of Athens, and Dionysius the Areopagite. It receives acknowledgement later in the liturgical treatises of Nicholas Cabasilas and Symeon of Thessaloniki (Patrologia Graeca, CL, 368-492 and CLV, 536-699, respectively).
The effect that this concept had on church music was threefold: first, it bred a highly conservative attitude to musical composition; second, it stabilized the melodic tradition of certain hymns; and third, it continued, for a time, the anonymity of the composer. For if a chant is of heavenly origin, then the acknowledgement received by man in transmitting it to posterity ought to be minimal. This is especially true when he deals with hymns which were believed to have been first sung by angelic choirs—such as the Amen, Alleluia, Trisagion, Sanctus, and Doxology. Consequently, until Palaeologan times, it was inconceivable for a composer to place his name beside a notated text in the manuscripts.
Ideas of originality and free invention similar to those seen in later music probably never existed in early Byzantine times. The very notion of using traditional formulas (or melody-types) as a compositional technique shows an archaic concept in liturgical chant, and is quite the opposite of free, original creation. It seems evident that the chants of the Byzantine repertory found in musical manuscripts from the tenth century to the time of the Fourth Crusade (1204-1261), represent the final and only surviving stage of an evolution, the beginnings of which go back at least to the sixth century and possibly even to the chant of the Synagogue. What exact changes took place in the music during the formative stage is difficult to say; but certain chants in use even today exhibit characteristics which may throw light on the subject. These include recitation formulas, melody-types, and standard phrases that are clearly evident in the folk music and other traditional music of various cultures of the East, including the music of the Jews.
The second, less permanent, concept was that of koinonia or "communion." This was less permanent because, after the fourth century, when it was analyzed and integrated into a theological system, the bond and "oneness" that united the clergy and the faithful in liturgical worship was less potent. It is, however, one of the key ideas for understanding a number of realities for which we now have different names. With regard to musical performance, this concept of koinonia may be applied to the primitive use of the word choros. It referred, not to a separate group within the congregation entrusted with musical responsibilities, but to the congregation as a whole. St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote to the Church in Ephesus [1] in the following way:
- "You must every man of you join in a choir so that being harmonious and in concord and taking the keynote of God in unison, you may sing with one voice through Jesus Christ to the Father, so that He may hear you and through your good deeds recognize that you are parts of His Son."
A marked feature of liturgical ceremony was the active part taken by the people in its performance, particularly in the recitation or chanting of hymns, responses, and psalms. The terms choros, koinonia, and ekklesia were used synonymously in the early Byzantine Church. In Psalms 149 and 150, the Septuagint translates the Hebrew word machol (dance) by the Greek word choros. As a result, the early Church borrowed this word from classical antiquity as a designation for the congregation, at worship and in song, both in heaven and on earth. Before long, however, a clericalizing tendency soon began to manifest itself in linguistic usage, particularly after the Council of Laodicea, whose fifteenth Canon permitted only the canonical psaltai ("chanters") to sing at the services. The word choros came to refer to the special priestly function in the Liturgy—just as, architecturally speaking, the choir became a reserved area near the sanctuary—and choros eventually became the equivalent of the word kleros.
The development of large-scale hymnographic forms begins in the fifth century with the rise of the kontakion, a long and elaborate metrical sermon, reputedly of Syriac origin, which finds its acme in the work of St. Romanos the Melodist (sixth century). This dramatic homily, which usually paraphrases a Biblical narrative, comprises some 20 to 30 stanzas and was sung during the Morning Office (Orthros) in a simple and direct syllabic style (one note per syllable). The earliest musical versions, however, are "melismatic" (that is, many notes per syllable of text), and belong to the time of the ninth century and later when kontakia were reduced to the ptooimion (introductory verse) and first oikos (stanza). In the second half of the seventh century, the kontakion was supplanted by a new type of hymn, the kanon, initiated by St. Andrew of Crete (ca. 660-ca. 740) and developed by Saints John of Damascus and Kosmas of Jerusalem (both eighth century). Essentially, the kanon is an hymnodic complex comprised of nine odes which were originally attached to the nine Biblical canticles and to which they were related by means of corresponding poetic allusion or textual quotation.
The nine canticles are:
- (1)-(2) The two songs of Moses (Exodus 15:1-19 and Deuteronomy 32:1-43);
- (3)-(7) The prayers of Hannah, Habakkuk, Isaiah, Jonah, and the Three Holy Children (1 Samuel 2:1-10; Habakkuk 3:1-19; Isaiah 26:9-20; Jonah 2:3-10; Apoc. Daniel 3:26-56);
- (8) The Prayer of the Three Holy Children (Apoc. Daniel 3:57-88);
- (9) The Magnificat and the Benedictus (Luke 1:46-55 and 68-79).
Each ode consists of an initial troparion, the heirmos, followed by three, four or more troparia which are the exact metrical reproductions of the heirmos, thereby allowing the same music to fit all troparia equally well.
The nine heirmoi, however, are metrically dissimilar; consequently, an entire kanon comprises nine independent melodies (eight, when the second ode is omitted), which are united musically by the same mode and textually by references to the general theme of the liturgical occasion, and sometimes by an acrostic. Heirmoi in syllabic style are gathered in the Heirmologion, a bulky volume which first appeared in the middle of the tenth century and contains over a thousand model troparia arranged into an oktoechos (the eight-mode musical system).
Another kind of hymn, important both for its number and for the variety of its liturgical use, is the sticheron. Festal stichera, accompanying both the fixed psalms at the beginning and end of Vespers and the psalmody of the Lauds (the Ainoi) in the Morning Office, exist for all special days of the year, the Sundays and weekdays of Lent, and for the recurrent cycle of eight weeks in the order of the modes beginning with Pascha. Their melodies preserved in the Sticherarion, are considerably more elaborate and varied than in the tradition of the Heirmologion.
Later Byzantine and post-Byzantine periods
With the end of creative poetical composition, Byzantine chant entered its final period, devoted largely to the production of more elaborate musical settings of the traditional texts: either embellishments of the earlier simpler melodies, or original music in highly ornamental style. This was the work of the so-called Maistores, "masters," of whom the most celebrated was St. John Koukouzeles (active ca. 1300), compared in Byzantine writings to St. John of Damascus himself, as an innovator in the development of chant. The multiplication of new settings and elaborations of the old continued in the centuries following the Fall of Constantinople, until by the end of the eighteenth century the original musical repertory of the medieval musical manuscripts had been quite replaced by later compositions, and even the basic model system had undergone profound modification.
Chrysanthos of Madytos (ca. 1770-1846), Gregory the Protopsaltes, and Chourmouzios the Archivist were responsible for a much needed reform of the notation of Greek ecclesiastical music. Essentially, this work consisted of a simplification of the Byzantine musical symbols which, by the early 19th century, had become so complex and technical that only highly skilled chanters were able to interpret them correctly. Despite its numerous shortcomings the work of the three reformers is a landmark in the history of Greek Church music, since it introduced the system of neo-Byzantine music upon which are based the present-day chants of the Greek Orthodox Church.
General Information
The current usage of Byzantine Chant is built upon eight modes (tones), each mode with its own specific tonality.
Resurrectional Cycle
The modes change sequentially from week to week, starting the Monday after the Sunday of St. Thomas, with the First Mode (1).
The corresponding mode of the week thereafter starts with Great Vespers on Saturday Evening, which is the Great Vespers service commemorating Christ's Resurrection on Sunday.
At Great Vespers, typically the Kekragarion (Lord I Have Cried & Let My Prayer Arise), the following verses, the Stichera of the Resurrection and the Aposticha of the Resurrection all correspond to the mode of the week. Great Vespers is also dismissed with the Apolytikion (Troparion) of the Resurrection in the appropriate mode of the week. Orthros and the Divine Liturgy on Sunday likewise follow the mode of the week with certain hymns and readings. Services starting with Sunday Vespers to the end of the week all rely on whatever daily commemoration and festal commemoration is called for in the liturgical rubrics.
Bright Week
Within Bright Week itself, the mode changes each day, thus:
- Bright Sunday – First Mode (1),
- Bright Monday – Second Mode (2),
- Bright Tuesday – Third Mode (3),
- Bright Wednesday – Fourth Mode (4),
- Bright Thursday – Plagal of the First Mode (5),
- Bright Friday – Plagal of the Second Mode (6),
- Bright Saturday – Plagal of the Fourth Mode (8).
The Grave Mode (7) was chosen as the mode to be left out due to its heavier sound, considered least appropriate for the festal period among the eight modes. Since Pentecost falls on the Sunday when the grave mode would have been used in the normal sequence, the mode is once again skipped and the hymns of Pentecost are used. The sequence resumes the following week with Plagal of the Fourth Mode (8).
Festal Changes
In the time between a great feast and its leave-taking, for example, during the week following Pentecost, the hymns of the feast are chanted rather than the hymns pertaining to the mode of the week.
The scale
The Byzantine chant scale consists of seven notes: Νη, Πα, Βου, Γα, Δι, Κε, Ζω. These notes, together with the repeated Νη, cover a span of one octave. Within that octave, the relative pitch of each note varies according to the mode or tone of the scale. Current Byzantine chant theory divides the octave into 72 intervals (moria). The Western tone (whole-step) thus consists of 12 moria, with the semi-tone (half-step) consisting of 6.
The position of the notes within the octave varies according to the mode (tone) in which a melody is chanted. Byzantine chant consists of eight basic modes, although several modes exhibit variations in the scale. The modes are grouped in three categories: natural, enharmonic, and chromatic.
The diatonic modes
These are numbered 1, 4, Plagal of the first (5), and Plagal of the fourth (8). The scale for these modes is very similar to the Western scale. The distances between notes is
Nη | Πα | Βου | Γα | Δι | Κε | Ζω | Nη | |||||||
12 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 |
Thus, this looks like the C major scale, with a slightly lowered third and seventh notes. The tonic (base note) for the four natural modes is:
Mode 1: Πα, rendering it a tonality close to the Western minor scale
Mode 4: Βου, Πα, or Δι, depending on the type of hymn chanted
Mode Plagal of the first: Πα or Κε, depending on the type of hymn chanted. This again has a tonality close to the Western minor scale
Mode Plagal of the fourth: Nη or Γα, depending on the type of hymn changed. The Nη-based variety renders a tonality close to the Western major scale.
The enharmonic modes
These are modes 3 and Grave (Βαρυς, Plagal of the third, 7). The scale for mode three is the Western major scale with a flat seventh:
Nη | Πα | Βου | Γα | Δι | Κε | Ζω | Nη | |||||||
12 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 6 |
The grave mode often uses the same scale as mode 3, but there are several variations proper to the mode. One of the most common is shown below:
Ζω | Nη | Πα | Βου | Γα | Δι | Κε | Ζω | ||||||||
8 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 16 | 8 |
The tonic of the enharmonic modes is:
Mode 3: Γα
Grave Mode: Γα, when using the scale of mode 3, Ζω otherwise.
The chromatic modes
These are modes 2 and Plagal of the second (6). The scales of these two modes are different. The scale for mode 2, known as the soft-chromatic scale, is:
Νη | Πα | Βου | Γα | Δι | Κε | Ζω | Νη | |||||||
8 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 8 |
Thus, properly speaking, the intervals between Δι and Κε on one hand and between Ζω and Νη on the other are 1/3 larger than a semi-tone, while the Κε-Ζω and Πα-Βου intervals are 1/3 of a semi-tone larger than a tone.
The scale of Plagal of the second, known as the hard chromatic scale, is:
Πα | Βου | Γα | Δι | Κε | Ζω | Νη | Πα | |||||||
6 | 20 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 20 | 4 |
Thus, the intervals between Βου and Γα on one hand and between Ζω and Νη on the other is 1/3 of a semi-tone larger than a minor third, and the Γα-Δι and Νη-Πα intervals are 2/3 of a semi-tone.
The tonic for the chromatic modes is:
Mode 2: Δι
Mode Plagal of the second: Πα
It should be noted that there are many instances in which hymns in mode 2 will use the hard chromatic scale and hymns in plagal of the second will use the soft chromatic scale.
See also
- Wikipedia:Byzantine music
- Original text (pre-Wikification) reproduced with permission from Dr. D. Conomos's text at the website of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
External links
- Divine Music Project from St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery with an up-to-date list of Byzantine music links, recordings, articles, free font software, and more than 2000 pages of music in English and Greek in staff and Byzantine notation.
- Byzantine Chant
- Byzantine Chant Studies Page
- Recommended Selections of Byzantine Chant for New, Intermediate, and Advanced Listeners
- Analogion - an extensive, analytic site on most - if not all - facets of Byzantine chant.
- Ieropsaltis (Greek) - A site with individual tribute pages to different chanters in Greece
- Ecclesia The chanting page of the official website of the Church of Greece
- Orthodoxia Radio - Source for information and recordings of Byzantine chant as sung in the Church of Antioch
- Sacred Music Library - Official Antiochian Archdiocese site for free music downloads, including many Byzantine chant
- Learn Byzantine Chant - A simplistic flash presentation from the Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology
- Byzantine Chant Resources - The homepage of the Byzantine Choir of St. George Antiochian Orthodox Cathedral in Pittsburgh, PA. There are many links for learning byzantine notation and for new and transcribed hymns in byzantine notation.


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Today's Names to Know: Adrian Peterson, Brett Favre, Peyton Manning, Fred Taylor, LSU and Oregon, Big 12, Tim Tebow, OJ Mayo, Ryan Braun and Troy Tulowitzki and More.
NFL Roundup: OK, so of COURSE Adrian Peterson had to have a terrible injury-plagued game following last week's jaw-dropper. That's just how things are supposed to work, aren't they? Doesn't mean that he's not the best RB in the NFL -- just means that he's a rookie. (And maybe fragile: More Billy Sims than Eric Dickerson.)
Pack wins (again): Over the last half-decade, I've been pretty rough on Brett Favre. But I'm the first to say: Wow. This is a hell of a season he's having, both individually and leading the team to unexpected success (even the most optimistic Packers fan couldn't have thought it would be THIS good).
So the Cowboys very well could be the best team in the NFC, but this season, with a resounding loss in
Chargers hold on against Colts on Sunday Night: Peyton was picked six times. Wow. And the Chargers built a 23-0 lead. Wow. And
NFL Milestones: Fred Taylor reaches the 10,000-yard mark, still without a Pro Bowl appearance. Is he a Hall of Famer? Is he destined to be the Art Monk of running backs?
CFB Weekend Wrap: Who's the idiot who took the under on the Navy-North Texas game?... Congrats to Colt Brennan for breaking the NCAA's all-time record for TD passes... I am no Mark Richt fan, but his decision to go with the black unis was inspired...
CFB BCS Update: LSU is No. 1.
BlogPoll: I have
Heisman Watch: Believe it or not, I have hesitated to put Tim Tebow at the top of the list all season long. He's certainly valuable and is arguably among the best players in the country, but I stopped short because the Gators aren't a championship contender.
But Tewow's performance on Saturday (7 TDs, 424 total yards) won me over. As loaded as the Gators are, there isn't a more valuable player to his team, and while "best" or "most talented" is certainly debatable, Tebow is in that conversation, too. Good enough for me.
Current Heisman Ballot
1. Tim Tebow
2. Dennis Dixon
3. Darren McFadden
4. Todd Reesing
5. Pat White/Chase Daniel
NBA Update: Hmm, who else let Brandon Roy (career-high 32 in a Blazers W over
CBB Update: Guess what? OJ Mayo ain't all that, if winning matters over style. If people thought his mere presence at USC would turn the Trojans into contenders, they were sadly mistaken. USC lost to mighty Mercer in Mayo's debut. He did have 32 points, and looks every bit like the real deal. But, like Kevin Durant a year ago, he is a spectacular talent unlikely to carry his team particularly far in March. (However, I may have to add Mayo to my preseason All-America team: Derrick Rose, Chris Lofton, Tyler Hansbrough, Stephen Curry and OJ Mayo. Does that look right?)
MLB Awards Season: Today is Rookie of the Year. In the
The NL is a wild debate: Ryan Braun vs. Troy Tulowitzki, both of whom established themselves as two of the best young players at their positions in the game. You know I'm partial to Braun because "NL Rookie of the Year is also Jewish" isn't a phrase you hear particularly often. That said, as the
Yikes: To be honest, I really can't decide, which given the lead I gave Braun all the way into September, should probably indicate that Tulowitzki surged ahead in Game 163, much like Matt Holliday did over Jimmy Rollins for NL MVP.
Sports Media/Navel-Gazing: As the year-end awards start to roll in, at least one blogger thought my Reilly/Leitch piece was one of the Top 20 sports-blog posts of the year. Much appreciated.


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Blog articles/Monads
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
- The monad laws
- The Trivial Monad
- Tracking tainted data: Homeland Security Threat Level Monad
- Monads: a field guide
- Variable substitution gives a ... monad
- The monad behind every zipper
- Monads for vector spaces, probability and quantum mechanics pt. I
- Monads, Vector Spaces and Quantum Mechanics pt. II
- How to write tolerably efficient optimzation code without really trying...
- Monads from Algebra and the the Gray Code from Groups
- Monads, Kleisli Arrows, Comonads and other Rambling Thoughts
- The IO Monad for People who Simply Don't Care
- Quick interpreters with the Reader monad
- Monads
- More on Haskell, Side Effects and Code Reuse
- A First Step Into Monads
- More Monads: Stateful Programming
- The theory of monads
- A newbie in Haskell land or another monad tutorial
- A newbie in Haskell land : The (->) monad
- Smart classification using Bayesian monads
- 3 open problems with monads
- Monads in 15 minutes: Backtracking and Maybe
- How to make Data.Set a monad
- Monads work because they have a tight interface
- Haskell: bootstrapping into a clue about monads
- Why monads matter
- Monads through Pictures
- Monads as universe helpers
- Simple state monad
- repeat and sequence
- What's a monad?
- Parameterized Monads in Haskell
- Monads! (and Why Monad Tutorials Are All Awful)
- Monads as computation
- Monads are hard to teach
- Haskell State Accessors (second attempt: Composability)
- Beginning with monads
- Learning about (Computational) Monads
- Overloading Semicolon, or, monads from 10,000 Feet
- Yet Another Monad Tutorial
Monad transformers
- A twisted history of monad transformers
- How To Use Monad Transformers
- Local and global side effects with monad transformers
- Grok monad transformers
- A Simple Game with StateT
Continuation monads
- Concatenative programming in Haskell's Arrows
- Arrows and security
- Run length encoding in Haskell
- Haskell: Explaining Arrows through XML Transformations
- Playing with Arrows
- My Evolution as a Haskell Programmer: Factorial with Arrows
- Arrows first encounter
- Comonads and reading from the future
- Evaluating cellular automata is co-monadic
- Understanding comonads
Applicative Functors
Nobody has written blog articles on applicative functors - so how about a functional pearl:


text:
Now, I'd like to say that at least they spelled "capitalize" right, buuuut...
they didn't.
The following is a dramatization. The Wreck, however, is very real.
Jenny C.: "Hi, I'd like a cake with 'Happy Birthday' on it."
Bakery: "Sure! Anything else?"
Jenny C: [shaking head] "Just 'Happy Birthday'."
Bakery: "Okey dokey!"
Two friends nicknamed Frizz and Kermit ask a baker to hold a blank cake for them while they finish their shopping. The baker agrees, and sticks a hold tag on the box.
What happened next? Only the Wrecker knows.
And finally, Anda ordered a couple of cakes for a birthday party. To keep it simple, she asked for the same inscription on both. Which is exactly what she got.
And the kicker?
The store refused to fix them.
Because - waaaait for it - that's what she asked for.
All together now: *sigh*


text:
A Brief Guide To Condo Insurance
The ownership structure of a condominium unit is different from that of a single family house. Here's what you need to know when purchasing insurance for your condo.1
1. Understand the Master Policy
Since the ownership of all common areas is shared with other condo owners, the association of owners typically purchases insurance coverage (a master policy) for the common areas, e.g., hallways, exterior walls, etc. The condo association's policy will outline what is covered and what is not.
2. Three Types of Coverage
There are three basic types of coverage under a master policy.
- Primary buildings and common areas
- Your unit and any items within your unit, other than personal belongings
- Building, unit, and any fixtures
The individual coverage you may consider depends upon the scope of coverage of the master policy. Start by determining what is and isn't covered under the master policy – this can influence the coverage you may need.
3. Know the Master Policy Deductible
Generally, an association's master policy has a deductible that is charged pro-rata among unit owners in the event of a claim. Determining that obligation is important because while it may never materialize, it could represent a meaningful financial commitment.
4. Consider Additional Coverage
Similar to any homeowner, you will need to make decisions about other coverage options, such as cash value or replacement coverage, adding personal liability coverage, and whether flood insurance may be appropriate.
1. Several factors will affect the cost of condo insurance, including the insurance coverage provided by the homeowners association. You should consider the amount of your deductible and level of coverage before purchasing a condo insurance policy. Any guarantees associated with a policy are dependent on the ability of the issuing insurance company to continue making claim payments.
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright FMG Suite.


text:
The Splendor of the Invincible City
1A psalm of the Korahites.* A song.
2Great is the LORD and highly praised
in the city of our God:a
His holy mountain,
3fairest of heights,
the joy of all the earth,b
Mount Zion, the heights of Zaphon,*c
the city of the great king.
4God is in its citadel,
renowned as a stronghold.
5See! The kings assembled,
together they advanced.
6*When they looked they were astounded;
terrified, they were put to flight!d
7Trembling seized them there,
anguish, like a woman's labor,e
8As when the east wind wrecks
the ships of Tarshish!*
9*What we had heard we have now seen
in the city of the LORD of hosts,
In the city of our God,
which God establishes forever.
10We ponder, O God, your mercy
within your temple
11Like your name, O God,
so is your praise to the ends of the earth.f
Your right hand is fully victorious.
12Mount Zion is glad!
The daughters of Judah rejoice
because of your judgments!g
13Go about Zion, walk all around it,
note the number of its towers.
14Consider the ramparts, examine its citadels,
that you may tell future generations:h
15That this is God,
our God for ever and ever.*
He will lead us until death.
* [Psalm 48] A Zion hymn, praising the holy city as the invincible dwelling place of God. Unconquerable, it is an apt symbol of God who has defeated all enemies. After seven epithets describing the city (Ps 48:2–3), the Psalm describes the victory by the Divine Warrior over hostile kings (Ps 48:4–8). The second half proclaims the dominion of the God of Zion over all the earth (Ps 48:9–12) and invites pilgrims to announce that God is eternally invincible like Zion itself (Ps 48:13–14).
* [48:1] Korahites: see note on Ps 42:1.
* [48:3] The heights of Zaphon: the mountain abode of the Canaanite storm-god Baal in comparable texts. To speak of Zion as if it were Zaphon was to claim for Israel's God what Canaanites claimed for Baal. Though topographically speaking Zion is only a hill, viewed religiously it towers over other mountains as the home of the supreme God (cf. Ps 68:16–17).
* [48:6] When they looked: the kings are stunned by the sight of Zion, touched by divine splendor. The language is that of holy war, in which the enemy panics and flees at the sight of divine glory.
* [48:8] The ships of Tarshish: large ships, named after the distant land or port of Tarshish, probably ancient Tartessus in southern Spain, although other identifications have been proposed, cf. Is 2:16; 60:9; Jon 1:3.
* [48:9] What we had heard we have now seen: the glorious things that new pilgrims had heard about the holy city—its beauty and awesomeness—they now see with their own eyes. The seeing here contrasts with the seeing of the hostile kings in Ps 48:6.
* [48:15] Our God for ever and ever: Israel's God is like Zion in being eternal and invincible. The holy city is therefore a kind of "sacrament" of God.
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text: Built in 1986, Hotel Stanford is a distinct addition to New York (NY) and a smart choice for travelers. The excitement of the city center is only 0 KM away. No less exceptional is the hotel's easy access to the city's myriad attractions and landmarks, such as Toto Music Studio, British Virgin Islands Tourist Board, L'Atelier Du Chocolat. Start and end in San Francisco! With the in-depth cultural tour Northern California Summer 2019, you have a 8 day tour package taking you through San Francisco, USA and 9 other destinations in USA. Northern California Summer 2019 includes accommodation as well as an expert guide, meals, transport and more.


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Kazak Suzani Khorjin Fine Veg Dye Rug (Ref 9) 238x174cm
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- Finely handwoven Afghan Suzani Kazak Khorjin composed of lustrous Ghazni wool. Unique and beautiful design and colour combination.
- A magnificent marine blue field with highlights of caramel.
- Unique stylised representation of a traditional Persian design.
- A prized addition to any setting both traditional and contemporary.
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About Tajoora Bookstore
About Tajoora
Tajoora in Brief
Tajoora LTD was registered in England on 2015 11 03 as a UK-based business to serve the purpose of providing quality educational materials and services to the people in the UK and in the EU (European Union).
Tajoora through its websites, tajoora.co.uk, tajoora.com and tajura.co.uk strive to distribute best-in-class Arabic Learning and Islamic Studies curricula and books; as well as supplemental and educational products. We also distribute our products through UK and EU retailers.
Tajoora is proud to act as a UK/EU branch of Noorart Inc. (noorart.com) of the USA. Noorart has been a leader in publishing and distributing Arabic and Islamic Educational items for the past 19 years.
Tajoora's Mission
Tajoora is dedicated to educating and inspiring our worldwide Muslim and Arab youth by distributing quality educational products.
Because we take the responsibility of being a leader in the community seriously, we choose to employ the best business practices available.
Tajoora: Your Partner in Islamic Education
Arab and Muslim parents often feel overwhelmed with the task of providing an Arabic and Islamic education to their children.
Tajoora (and its parent company, Noorart) understand this and have accepted the challenge of providing quality Arabic and Islamic products to assist these dedicated parents.
In fact, Tajoora –following suit of its parent company Noorart – has created an entire school division to fill the needs of Arabic and Islamic educators around the UK and the EU.
We offer the largest and most diverse selection of Arabic and Islamic curricula available in the world. Not only are private schools benefiting from these extraordinary products, but Arabic and Islamic learning centers and homeschoolers also take advantage of Tajoora's offerings.
As always, we welcome your comments and continued support... Thank you!


text:
Hosea 10 (KJV) Their heart is divided; now shall they be found faulty: he shall break down their alt
Hosea 10 (KJV) 1 Israel is an empty vine, he bringeth forth fruit unto himself: according to the multitude of his fruit he hath increased the altars; according to the goodness of his land they have made goodly images. 2 Their heart is divided; now shall they be found faulty: he shall break down their altars, he shall spoil their images. 3 For now they shall say, We have no king, because we feared not the Lord; what then should a king do to us? 4 They have spoken words, swearing falsely in making a covenant: thus judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field. 5 The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves of Bethaven: for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the priests thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it is departed from it. 6 It shall be also carried unto Assyria for a present to king Jareb: Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel. 7 As for Samaria, her king is cut off as the foam upon the water. 8 The high places also of Aven, the sin of Israel, shall be destroyed: the thorn and the thistle shall come up on their altars; and they shall say to the mountains, Cover us; and to the hills, Fall on us. 9 O Israel, thou hast sinned from the days of Gibeah: there they stood: the battle in Gibeah against the children of iniquity did not overtake them. 10 It is in my desire that I should chastise them; and the people shall be gathered against them, when they shall bind themselves in their two furrows. 11 And Ephraim is as an heifer that is taught, and loveth to tread out the corn; but I passed over upon her fair neck: I will make Ephraim to ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break his clods. 12 Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy; break up your fallow ground: for it is time to seek the Lord, till he come and rain righteousness upon you. 13 Ye have plowed wickedness, ye have reaped iniquity; ye have eaten the fruit of lies: because thou didst trust in thy way, in the multitude of thy mighty men. 14 Therefore shall a tumult arise among thy people, and all thy fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Betharbel in the day of battle: the mother was dashed in pieces upon her children. 15 So shall Bethel do unto you because of your great wickedness: in a morning shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off.


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How to Stay in My Home After Foreclosure in Grand Rapids
A recent study estimates that 47% of foreclosed properties are still occupied. When you first see that stat you may be surprised… but we're not. What most people don't realize is that banks aren't in the business to own homes. They are in the business to loan people money. But when they have to foreclose … Continued


text:
- TxAM-CRS C000347
- Collection
- 1943-1946
This collection consists of letters between Robert H. Kokernot and his first wife, Edith May Babcock (Edith Kokernot Grinnell) during and after World War II from 1943-1946.
The majority of letters collected by Edith are from Robert with the exception of one folder of correspondence from Edith to Robert in March and April 1944, one folder of letters written to Edith's parents from Robert, and two folders of letters written by friends addressed to Robert and Edith.
The corresponding postmarked envelopes were not with their accompanying letter when the collection was processed. These are held in separate folders at the end of the collection.


text:
The word hermaphrodite is mythological and it describes someone who is both fully male and female. This is a biological impossibility.
However, with the case of Thomas Beatie, the "pregnant man" it brings into question whether someone who elects to go through some sex-altering procedures could be classified as a hermaphrodite.
Thomas Beatie is a female to male transsexual. He has removed his breasts, gone on testosterone, and as a result has develop more masculinized features. He has opted to keep his vagina, and uterus so he can give birth.
The testosterone has helped his clitoris grow into a penis. Essentially Thomas Beatie does have both a penis and a vagina, which by birth is impossible but through surgery can become a reality.
Does this make Thomas Beatie a hermaphrodite? Would a trans person who fits in this category find the term offensive if the term hermaphrodite was used in a different context to reflect this modern phenomenon?
Saturday, November 22, 2008
Open Forum: Is Thomas Beatie a Hermaphrodite by Choice?
46 comments:
- Scot said...
I'm right in the midst of compiling an article on causes of homosexuality and just read a bunch of papers on intersexed individuals.
Humans can actually be born as a chimeric with both male and female cells in any percentage. They can also be born with both male and female reproductive tissue (though, neither would work without chemical help). Also, some genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be born with a clitoris large enough to be thought of as a penis (though only about 50% of them will be sexually oriented towards women).
In a way I think the argument could be made that, if the structure of Thomas Beatie's brain does indeed give him a male identity, then his body on whole was intersexed from the day of his birth, and from there it was just a matter of making the biology of the body match that of the mind. - November 22, 2008 at 2:40 PM
- Nicky said...
Hell NO. Thomas Beatie, would not be accepted as an intersex or be allowed to call itself an intersex. Thomas Beatie is a transsexual and can not be called an intersex. The main reason is that Thomas Beatie or any transsexual does not know what being intersex is all about. They don't know what it's like to have a secret. To have your medical information withheld from you and having doctors and parents lie to you about what you are. They don't know what's it like to have you medical records kept very secretive and very guarded from you. Thomas Beatie wouldn't know or understand what it feels like to be poke, prodded and stripped naked and shown in front of a group of doctors. Thomas Beatie wouldn't understand and know what it feels like to be regarded as a medical oddity or know what it feels like when you have doctors taking photographs of you as you to be used for their medical studies and medical research.
So basically, Thomas Beatie is a transsexual and is not allowed to be called an intersex. Intersex is born with and something that you have at birth, not given freely. Your either born intersex or not and Thomas Beatie is not born an intersex.
So lets make this very clear, Thomas Beatie is not an intersex and I as an intersex would never consider Thomas Beatie an intersex person because she's not born intersex and not intersex at birth. - November 22, 2008 at 3:11 PM
Thomas Beattie has spoken about who he is and what his body parts are called.
If we know who we are we would not have this discussion or vote.
Ben Stock of Brainpower
art business education for homeless LGBT youth
New York City - November 22, 2008 at 3:33 PM
- Adams said...
I think it's entirely up to Thomas Beatie how he define himself. If he considers himself a hermaphrodite, then that's his identity. I'm all for validating one's own lived experiences. The intersex person above who said he/she would not accept Thomas Beatie as an intersex individual -- well, that's like cis-gendered women telling MTFs that they would not accept MTFs as real women. Or, even people who tell other people of the same biological sex that they would not accept them as that sex because they are too feminine or too masculine or whatever. Validating one's own lived experiences is an important concept in feminism, and that's what I believe in.
- November 22, 2008 at 3:59 PM
- Queers United said...
Well this entry is not about trying to label Mr. Beaties gender, sex, or sexuality. He identifies as a male who has internal female parts capable for reproduction and I accept that.
My question though is would someone like Mr. Beatie be able to technically fit the term hermaphrodite. Hermaphroditism is a biological impossibility, it is not the same as intersex. Intersex have some degree of male and female, but no intersex person can be 100% both male and female. So hermaphrodites are more mythical, but in this scenario it seems Mr. Beatie whether he would choose the label or not could technically break the myth and fit into this new category? - November 22, 2008 at 4:36 PM
I'm a transman and I do have a secret. I have a secret everyday at work. I have a secret every time I take a step outside my home. My secret is that i was born female and that I identify and live as a gay/queer man. My secret is that the 6 chidren we have were brought into this world by me and male spouse.
Edward-38 year old transdad to 6 kids, married to a bio man, gay/queer identified.
I often feel intersexed...meaning that I am both. I was born both. My genitals just looked all girl but who I was, how my brain worked, how I felt, is more male. How come that can't be a form of intersexed?
Science is not to a place that can explain or tell the world why transsexualism exists.
I do not know what it is like to have experienced doctors taking pictures for medical research or having my medical history hidden from me. What I do know is that I have been turned down from medical treatment for a lack of understanding. What I do know is that I amconsidered to be "mentally ill" with Identity dyphoria and in need of treatment. Others can try to tell me if I am a real man or simply a female always a female or in need of mental health treatment when I feel just fine.
CAn Thomas Beatie be a hermaphrodite by choice? I don't know. Can a transsexual be intersexed?
There is no one answer. No right and wrong. Like the poster above stated...if Thomas Beatie identifies as such then so be it...if not then he is not. - November 22, 2008 at 5:43 PM
Seems like a silly discussion to me. He or she is just a human being. Who cares about the other labels. I wish him well.
- November 22, 2008 at 8:16 PM
- Nicky said...
Well, As an intersex and someone with a validated intersex condition called Kallmann's syndrome. Thomas Beattie would not be called an intersex because to be born intersex at birth, one has to have a genetic DNA, physical and biological abnormality. Thomas Beattie would not be accepted as an intersex or a hermaphrodite. No intersex would accept Thomas Beattie as one of them because Thomas Beattie is not intersex born intersex and doesn't have the experience or life experience as an intersex.
Such as having an extra chromosome in the human body. Physically having anatomical abnormalities such as incomplete genitals. On the biological scale, having body parts that don't fit the normal male and female system.
The problem is that Thomas Beattie, is not an intersex and can't be called, or allowed to be called an intersex. That is because Thomas Beattie is a transsexual and not an intersex. Thomas Beattie is not born with an intersex condition at birth and is not even remotely an intersex person.
This is the problem with the transgender community, that pisses me and the intersex community. They seem to not have no idea what it's like to be born intersex. They think being intersex is easy, but it's not. See, what the trans community doesn't understand is that they don't know what's it like to be intersex. They don't have the understanding or don't know what it's like to be born intersex. They don't know what it's like to have your parents and doctors hide your medical information from you. They don't know what it feels like to have your medical information kept as a guarded secret, withheld from you. The TS community doesn't know what it feels like to be poke, prodded and examined like a lab rat. They don't know what if feels like to be stripped naked and having every doctor looking at you and examining you.
So to make it very clear, Thomas Beattie can not be called an intersex because Thomas Beattie is not intersex born intersex at birth. Thomas Beattie doesn't have the life experience to be intersex and doesn't know what it's like to be intersex. - November 22, 2008 at 8:52 PM
- Queers United said...
Nicky nobody is calling Beatie intersex, you are obsessed with hating on trans people. Please also stop commenting as anonymous on the Transgender Day of Remembrance post, I will keep deleting your transphobic comments, and it is obviously you. You are the only person who keeps displaying trans hatred and saying intersex is legit and trans is not. You are entitled to think that, but this blog is inclusive of transgender, and intersex people and it will remain that way, if you don't like it this might not be the best place for you to visit.
- November 22, 2008 at 9:30 PM
- Nicky said...
Yet, the way you worded your post, your calling Thomas Beattie and intersex and I am saying that Thomas Beattie is not an intersex and Thomas Beattie is a transsexual.
You seem to mix them two up and confuse intersex with trans. - November 22, 2008 at 10:14 PM
Much as I dislike Nicky's rancour toward my kind, I must point out that hermaphroditism is not biologically impossible, but rather the term "hermaphrodite" is no longer used. http://www.isna.org/faq/conditions/ovo-testes
Yes, there have been mythical hermaphrodites, and when the medical community started naming intersex conditions, it went to the myths. Kind of like Freud and the Oedipus complex.
So, no, Thomas Beatie is not a hermaphrodite, but a transsexual man. - November 22, 2008 at 11:03 PM
- Queers United said...
Das - that still is not 100% of both, its a combination, or one lacking. So that is intersex but not herm. I know they call it "true hermaphroditism" but I think it is due to a lack of knowledge back in the day.
- November 22, 2008 at 11:06 PM
- Nicky said...
See, hermaphrodite is the older term that was being used, but now intersex is the more commonly used term, though that term is being hijacked by some trans people because they see the intersex as blame free and the grass is greener. I just think that is practically and medically impossible for Thomas Beattie to be intersex because Thomas Beattie isn't born intersex.
- November 23, 2008 at 12:25 AM
I think Nicky is pretty spot on except for the hating on trans people part.
I feel like a lot of transsexual people have a really bad understanding and appropriation of intersex people's experiences that needs to stop, but at the same time I also think that transsexual people's identities are legitimate.
I definitely think that transsexual people who appropriate intersex experiences could be called out and asked to stop without insulting and delegitimizing them in the process. - November 23, 2008 at 1:12 AM
- Diane J Standiford said...
Wow. I have a male brain in female body. Trapped for life. Beattie has not stated, that I've heard, that he was born with a penis et. al.; hermaphodites have all body parts and for years ddoctors just decided with parents which parts to remove or keep and they were(still goes on I believe) treated over years with hormones. If the brain was male and the parents chose male---no problem; if not, the person suffered greatly. Beattie was not born w/any male body parts (except most important part--brain), so no, not an intersex (new word to me)...I understand Nicky's frustration because if I had been lied to and been so close to being male...hard to live with.
- November 23, 2008 at 6:08 AM
So, QueersUnited, wrangling over terms aside, may I take your meaning here to be something along the line of Beattie's tapping into something that is deeply meaningful in human ways of thinking, tapping into the same source that gave birth to the hermaphrodite of ancient in the first place?
Maybe he is. - November 23, 2008 at 12:09 PM
- Nicky said...
See, what I am trying to get to, is that a lot of trans people out their who, misuse, hijack and mislabel themselves as intersex, when they don't have a clue or what it really means to be born intersex. Their perception in their head,is that they think intersex is blame free, the grass is greener or that they associate intersex with their view and lifestyle. I even have heard some trans calling themselves intersex when they don't show and present the clinical, biological, physiological and genetic DNA signs of being intersex. They just use the label, like if it's interchangeable to them or they use it as a way to escape being called trans or use it as an excuse when people ask them why they are that way.
See, I agree that Thomas Beatie can't be called an intersex. When you start attaching the intersex label to Thomas Beatie who clearly can't be intersex, that creates a whole set of confusion and identity issues on what's intersex and what's trans. As a result, it would cause a huge mix up. - November 23, 2008 at 4:00 PM
- Queers United said...
Sex is about biological sex, male, female, somewhere in between physically. Gender is about identity (in the head) male, female, somewhere in between, but gender identity is internal and can be expressed externally.
- November 23, 2008 at 4:07 PM
- Nicky said...
But you can't mix those two up. Gender is about the brain and sex is about biology. So you can't say that gender identity is the same as biology without proof.
- November 23, 2008 at 4:14 PM
- Queers United said...
I keep saying in every post I make that intersex and transgender are 2 different things. I support both.
- November 23, 2008 at 4:15 PM
- Nicky said...
But why do you combine the two, when you should separate them. The way you are doing it, it makes it look like that intersex is part of trans or that intersex is the same thing as trans.
- November 23, 2008 at 5:52 PM
- Sofia said...
Nicky, are you familiar with the terms "tilting at windmills" or "straw man argument?" QU has never said that trans and intersex are the same. Examining the similarities (and differences) is not equivalent to saying that they are the exact same. You're looking for a fight so you can call transfolk "it" (or any pronoun but the one they'd prefer) and talk about how their identities aren't valid. Most of your comments are just thinly veiled attempts to get a platform for your hatred toward those of us who only want to be your allies. Hopefully you'll realize that someday and we can work together, whether we identify as being the same or not.
- November 23, 2008 at 6:34 PM
- Queers United said...
Thank you Seth.
- November 23, 2008 at 8:12 PM
- Reluctantly Healthy said...
i don't think this is a viable argument. for one thing, i don't think you understand the changes one goes through with testosterone. as a transgender man who has been on testosterone for a year now, it is impossible for testosterone to grow a clitoris into a penis. while transmen (myself included) refer to our genitalia with male words, testoterone does not make us have penises.
also, as an intersex ally, i find the term hermaphrodite pretty offensive in general. it's an antiquated medical term which for all purposes is impossible, as you point out.
like some other comments above, i think you're confusing two separate issues. - November 23, 2008 at 8:38 PM
@Nicky: It is true that *some* transgendered individuals often feel as if being transgendered and intersex people share the exact same experiences, and no, it isn't fair for you to be belittled by people who don't understand you. However, Thomas Beatie is not a woman and *certainly* not an "it" and for you to say so is extremely disrespectful. I understand why you're angry at the transgendered community, but taking it out on one person you've never spoken to just because he's a member of that community isn't right either.
@QU: I enjoy your blog most of the time, but I find this discussion to be inappropriate. Transfolk are often prodded and questioned about their bodies because cis people expect to have their curiosity satiated about something that is none of their business. Although your intent is not to question Thomas Beattie's gender identity, it comes across as though his body is an question to be pondered. Theoretical questions are one thing, but I find it uncomfortable when the discussion is about a specific person. - November 23, 2008 at 9:04 PM
- Queers United said...
Jay - I certainly don't have first hand experience, but from what I have heard from some transmen I know is that a small penis does develop, and some grow as large as about 4inches.
L - Thanks for the kind words, I am sorry if you tell this convo is inappropriate. The idea is not to question Mr. Beaties gender identity, his decision or even to focus on him as an individual. I use his story because the concept of a pregnant man was unheard of and unknown before his story hit the world.
As for "hermaphrodite" being an antiquated word, it is, but I can't help but scratch my head and wonder if the term could be applied to someone who is ftm and chooses to give birth. Just like queer, tranny, and dyke, have been reclaimed in some communities, and now fag on a smaller scale, I wonder if hermaphrodite could be used in a positive context. - November 23, 2008 at 9:23 PM
- Nicky said...
L- The only thing I am angry at is when you see trans people misusing the intersex label without knowing what it feels like to be born intersex. They think being intersex is easy to them and they think that being intersex gives them a free pass. They seem to cheapen the experience of those who are born intersex.
Then explain why is it fair for a trans person and the trans community to use, abuse and prop up the intersex identity for their own gain. Why is it that the trans community is allowed to cheapen the experience of those who are born intersex and erase the experience of those born intersex.
Here's my question, how come I don't see people who call out trans who misuse the intersex label and tell them to stop misusing the intersex label.
As for Thomas Beatie, She's still a woman because of her reproductive tract that is still inside of her and here's something to think about. What would call a woman a woman because she had her breast removed because of cancer? Would you call a woman a woman because she had her ovaries and uterus removed because of cancer.
Seth-I see it because when someone draws similarities, they tend to mix them up without clearly separating them. I think that you don't understand what it's like to be intersex and I think you see intersex through the eyes of the transfolk and don't know fully what it's like to be intersex. My comments are far more solid than yours. - November 23, 2008 at 11:09 PM
Nicky: You're right, it isn't fair. No community should ever appropriate or silence the experience and voice of another group of people.
You're also right that transgendered people who misuse the term intersex should be called out. If people haven't been doing the callouts then that isn't fair to you, either. All I can do is try to call it out as I see it and inform other people enough so they can do the same. But that doesn't mean I'm not going to call out you or anyone else for using improper pronouns.
If a woman has a hysterectomy/masectomy, she is still a woman as long as she identifies herself as much. Gender identity is more complex than what chromosomes or genitals a person has. I've heard a problem that some intersexed people have is that while their parents may assign them one gender, they grow up identifying as the other. In that case, what do you call them? - November 24, 2008 at 1:18 AM
- Nicky said...
L-your right, How come people in the LGBT community don't call out and tell those who misusing, misappropriating or silencing the experience and voices of another group. How come people don't call out transgender people who misuse the term and how come they don't tell them to stop using the intersex term when they don't qualify to have the term. How come I see trans people who still continue to misuse the intersex term and aren't called out and told to stop it. Every time I call them out for misusing the intersex name, I get called out, but when they use it, they don't get called out and i see it as being unfair and not right at all. I see it as their trying to erase my experience as an intersex and silencing my experience as an intersex at my expense for their gain. That ain't right and that ain't fair and I wonder why people aren't calling them out when they don't qualify to be intersex and don't have the right to speak on behalf or speak for the intersex community.
They would still be called intersex, because under the original HBSoC guidelines written in the late 1970's, intersex people are not expected and never required to meet the guidelines and standards of the Transsexual community. They would be called intersex regardless what gender they were chosen or chose. - November 24, 2008 at 1:22 PM
- Queers United said...
I think trans people who want to appropriate the word intersex might look to a word like intergender to better describe what they are trying to describe. That it is biological but in the mind not the body parts as it is with intersex. Intersex and Trans are both biological, but they are different.
- November 24, 2008 at 1:25 PM
- Nicky said...
Not really. Trans is not biological because their no proof and the current academic, medical and scientific community can't agree to that. That's why trans still sit in the realm of the psychological conditions. I don't think the word intergender would fly and look good because it would still be in the same context as with intersex. Even as an intersex, i still think that their are trans who misappropriate the intersex name and label should be called out.
- November 24, 2008 at 1:41 PM
- Diane J Standiford said...
Nicky, no offense taken, uh-hem, but homosexuality/lesbianism are also sitting in the psych ward of "no proof." Intersex is clear to the eye at birth. What's with all the calling out? Seriously, we all need to love each other, since few others will. Great post! You got us thinking.
- November 24, 2008 at 10:15 PM
- Queers United said...
Thanks Diane, I always aim to get people thinking with Open Forum questions. I myself contemplate them often so I figure if they are thought provoking why not blog about it.
- November 24, 2008 at 10:45 PM
- Nicky said...
Well Diane, I'm calling out those, especially those in the transgender community who are misusing, misappropriating and misidentifying as an intersex when they aren't even intersex in the first place. I am even calling out those who think they can speak for or speak on behalf of the intersex community, when they don't even have the right to unless they are born intersex.
The problem here is that you have trans people labeling themselves as intersex when they aren't intersex and don't fully know what it's like to be intersex and what it means to be born intersex. The freely use that label like it's something they can do without ill regard to the real intersex they might hurt or damage. It's like they just use the label freely and don't understand that they might and may hurt the real intersex out their.
What's not fair is when people are not calling them out for misusing the intersex name. It's like they are letting them get away with it and not telling them what they are doing is wrong and not right. What's not even more fair is when people let trans people speak on behalf of the intersex or speak for them, when intersex people have a voice and have a right to speak up on it's
own. It feels like people are letting trans people erase and silence the intersex people's voice and experience. - November 24, 2008 at 10:54 PM
nicky: I'm not going to say that there are never transpeople who claim to be intersexed, and I would call out any who did so incorrectly. I don't know what it is to live your life, and won't try to tell you. Stop telling me what mine is.
Stop telling me I don't know what it's like to have a secret. Yes, I've not had doctors hide my medical records. I had to hide a large part of who I was from my family, the people I respected, my friends, and the very people who should have been helping me. I am out, but only partially. If someone googles me, they'll find my blog comments, my livejournal, etc. All under the name I use across many communities and that is known by my work.
You are yelling at the top of your lungs about how we are erasing your voice, your experiences, when the majority of the transpeople I've talked to would never dream of calling themselves intersexed, and would most defiantly NOT do so because it's, "free from blame." I do not blame myself for being trans, I do not think it is shameful, and I won't let you or anyone else tell me it is, or even imply it. YOU and other people like you who attempt to say that the physical is the real are the reason that transpeople feel shamed, the reason I spent the nights crying into my pillow, the reason I walked through the first part of my life angry, alone, and full of hate for the entire world.
We are not you. That doesn't mean that we are invalid. - November 25, 2008 at 9:26 AM
- Nicky said...
Well, I am calling out those in the Trans community who are misusing and misappropriating the intersex community and calling them out. I think that their are trans within the trans community who are getting a free pass to erase and silence the experience and voices of the intersex community and no one is calling them out on that. It's a shame and it's not fair that trans get's a pass to erase and silence the intersex, but when we intersex speak out about it, we get shouted down for speaking up.
- November 25, 2008 at 4:42 PM
- Nicky said...
Then why do Trans get a free pass to bash, silence and erase the intersex, but when I call them out on that, i get called bigot for calling them out and calling them out for misusing the intersex name.
It seems to me that it's unfair and so wrong. So I wonder why is the LGBT community letting the Trans community get a free pass to bash, silence and erase the intersex community. - November 25, 2008 at 9:07 PM
- Queers United said...
I have yet to see an example in all my readings of trans and intersex websites and the comments on this site, any indications of trans on intersex bashing nor have I seen intersex on trans bashing except from you.
If I did see a trans person bashing an intersex person degrading their lives, referring to them as freaks or "it" I would delete that language, as that is anti-intersex, much like the language of some of your posts which i have deleted that are transphobic. - November 25, 2008 at 9:20 PM
- Nicky said...
It seems to me that trans people are getting a free pass in the LGBT community to claim intersex when they aren't intersex in the first place. It also seems that the LGBT community is letting the Trans community silence and erase the intersex community's experience by claiming their their experience is the same as their when in fact that the trans community is lying. I see it as the LGBT community is letting them get away with it and not doing an damn thing to put a stop to trans people claiming intersex when they don't know what it's like to be intersex or understand what it means to be intersex. What I see it as hypocrisy and a double standard here.
- November 26, 2008 at 2:08 PM
- Queers United said...
What I see is a broken record and a transphobe. I am very disappointed, but I will no longer engage in this convo because it is like talking to a wall.
- November 26, 2008 at 2:11 PM
After reading the previous posts, I think everyone should take a few courses in human physiology so they can grasp a better understanding of how the body functions and developes... then you wont have to speculate.
- December 9, 2008 at 6:17 AM
Nicky...Please stop giving intersex people a bad name. Perhaps you can get banned from here also.
To the original comment:
Essentially Thomas Beatie does have both a penis and a vagina, which by birth is impossible but through surgery can become a reality.
This statement is not true I was born with a penis testis vagina and uterus so please check your facts before you make untrue statements.
Thanks Prince....ss? - December 28, 2008 at 9:43 PM
Actually, Nick...you're wrong about Beatty being a transsexual too. Beatty transits gender, not sex. If sex had been transited there would be no pregnancy!
Joanne - December 28, 2008 at 10:17 PM
I'm also intersexed and just stumbled on this discussion today. I am appauled at Nicky's assault on Transsexuals and arrogance.
For point of anatomy anyone can be born with a penis and vagina. The clitoris and penis are actually the same organ. A penis is an overgrown clit, the scrotum is labia that have fused.
Intersexed people have all been abused in our society. But what Nicky did in this discussion was terrible. If any of you return to read this please know that Nicky does NOT represent all intersexed people. I belong to the largest organization of intersexed people in the world and our mission statement says we never reject anyone claiming to be intersexed and never require some kind of physical proof or claim to own a definition of what conditions do or don't constitute it. The organization is Organization Intersexe Internationale, or OII.
Jim Costich - December 28, 2008 at 10:28 PM
I dunno. The first baby, I thought good on you. The second, I thought, this guy's taking the piss. I don't have any objection to him doing what he wants with his body - but I do take exception to his sticking his body in people's faces through the media. He's not a hermaphrodite, he's not a woman, he's not a man. He's a transman having a baby. What is so difficult about that?
- December 29, 2008 at 12:03 PM
I take something back from this - I do not know whether the guy's involvement with the media was because he was used, or whether it was an opportunity for income in a context where trans people are often discriminated against in employment etc. I do take exception to the media sticking his body in people's faces, and I am sure he would rather not have been the focus of this attention.
I also want to add that Nicky is not representative of intersex people, many of us support trans people in making the choices in their lives they need to. If he is who I think he is, his transphobia is only matched by his homophobia, and results from his own unresolved gender and sexuality issues. Unfortunately, many intersex people have been left with a legacy of harm as a result of their treatment by the medical profession, the education system, parents, family and peers.
As a transman Thomas is a man, but not like most other men. I think it a shame that his androgynous features should be focused on in the context of hermaphroditism, when he clearly sees himself as a man. I do get angry that for some reason trans and intersex people's genitals seem to be up for public discussion in a way that other people's genitals are not. Our genitals are our business and should not be exploited for public curiosity.
We are more than our genitals, and a penis does not make a man a man, nor does a vagina make a woman a woman. - December 29, 2008 at 7:07 PM


text:
The Ranger Prospect is a gold mine located in Snohomish county, Washington at an elevation of 5,801 feet.
About the MRDS Data:
All mine locations were obtained from the USGS Mineral Resources Data System. The locations and other information in this database have not been verified for accuracy. It should be assumed that all mines are on private property.
Mine Info
Elevation: 5,801 Feet (1,768 Meters)
Commodity: Gold
Lat, Long: 47.9708, -121.37080
Map: View on Google Maps
Satelite View
MRDS mine locations are often very general, and in some cases are incorrect. Some mine remains have been covered or removed by modern industrial activity or by development of things like housing. The satellite view offers a quick glimpse as to whether the MRDS location corresponds to visible mine remains.
Ranger Prospect MRDS details
Site Name
Primary: Ranger Prospect
Primary: Gold
Tertiary: Arsenic
Tertiary: Antimony
Tertiary: Zinc
Tertiary: Silver
Tertiary: Lead
Tertiary: Copper
State: Washington
County: Snohomish
Land Status
Land ownership: National Forest
Note: the land ownership field only identifies whether the area the mine is in is generally on public lands like Forest Service or BLM land, or if it is in an area that is generally private property. It does not definitively identify property status, nor does it indicate claim status or whether an area is open to prospecting. Always respect private property.
Type: Patented
Not available
Not available
Not available
Record Type: Site
Operation Category: Prospect
Operation Type: Underground
Mining Method: Unknown
Years of Production:
Significant: N
General Physiographic Area: Pacific Mountain System
Physiographic Province: Cascade-Sierra Mountains
Physiographic Section: Northern Cascade Mountains
Mineral Deposit Model
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Analytical Data
Not available
Not available
Not available
Reference (Deposit): TABLE 2, P. 29.
Reference (Deposit): U.S. BUREAU OF MINES OPEN-FILE REPORT MLA 75-83, 1983, NO. 42,
Washington Gold
"Where to Find Gold in Washington" looks at the density of modern placer mining claims along with historical gold mining locations and mining district descriptions to determine areas of high gold discovery potential in Arizona. Read more: Where to Find Gold in Washington.