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Thursday, September 19, 2013
Married priests, ritual purity, and priestly celibacy
41 comments:
- Maolsheachlann said...
This is very interesting. Popular discussion of the subject tends to be consequentialist, revolving around the expected consequences of removing (or keeping) the requirement of celibacy. The notion of exalting virginity as an excellence without thereby degrading marriage or sex is a difficult one to convey. Those quotations from the two Popes and the Council of Trent are very useful, although unfortunately the discussion rarely even gets that far.
- September 19, 2013 at 2:21 AM
Fr. Erlenbush, thank you very much for the theology behind the discipline. This is a very informative article.
- September 19, 2013 at 3:02 AM
- - said...
A very interesting article, providing much food for thought. As you said, it is important to discuss the theology behind the discipline first, before considering the implications as to what might follow from changing it ...
- September 19, 2013 at 3:54 PM
- Irenaeus of New York said...
This was on some old study material. I thinks it was paraphrased from Catholic Encyclopedia-
Celibacy is the renunciation of marriage for the more perfect observance of chastity. It is an ancient apostolic practice recommended by Christ himself. Jesus clearly praises those who, "for the sake of the kingdom of God", give up marriage. He adds: "he who can accept it, let him accept it"(Mt. 19:12). Perhaps even more compelling than the words of Jesus Christ was the life He led as the perfect model of celibacy and chastity. From early on, the Church was personified as a Virgin Bride, the pure Body of Christ, the Virgin Mother, and it was fitting that a virgin Church be served by a virgin priesthood. Among Jews, the priesthood was hereditary and accomplished through generation. But in the Church, as an antithesis to this, the priestly character was transmitted by the Holy Spirit through sacrament. Virginity is therefore a special prerogative of the Christian priesthood. Yet, even in the Jewish Dispensation, it was obligatory that a priest be continent while serving in the Temple. - September 19, 2013 at 4:28 PM
Dear Father,
An organized, thoughtful presentation. I would only like to suggest that it seems to me that the good of ritual purity is not the only one protected by continence and celibacy. By way of brief suggestion, I would point to the Biblical witness (as seen at the end with Trent), including the injunction from the lips of our divine Lord,as well as the eschatological dimension. These also remain and may have just as likely been the good sought and protected by this Apostolic discipline. Finally, may I dare to point out that, if indeed this is an Apostolic discipline, valued for 2,000 years, is it not a constituent element of the Church, notwithstanding the contrary discipline of the East? - September 19, 2013 at 5:26 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
While I do agree that these are all good devotional thoughts, I would insist that it is not exactly theologically accurate to say that the priest is married to the Church ... rather, it is the bishop who is "married" to the local Diocese (hence he wears a ring and, according to the ancient tradition, is not moved from diocese to diocese -- hence, also, a diocese can have only one bishop [the modern practice of auxiliaries being a rather strange practice, but even here they are "married" to suppressed dioceses]...
Further, I would note that most of this devotional thought does well to show why celibacy is a higher calling -- but it does not directly connect it to the priesthood or to priestly service (until we add that Holy Order is a lofty vocation and a particular excellence is fittingly demanded [as I state in the article])...
But the mere fact that celibacy makes us to imitate Christ more perfectly and to think more about heaven does not directly connect it to the priesthood -- in fact, it connects celibacy to religious life.
However, I do agree with your points, and I think that the final thoughts I give in the article allow celibacy to be connect to the priesthood. - September 19, 2013 at 5:44 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Anonymous, 5:26pm ... please use a pseudonym.
Well, theologically, I think that celibacy could change -- however, it does seem to be so strongly connected to the episcopacy that I do not believe that this could change (from the perspective of tradition, etc) ... further, I really doubt that celibacy could be completely set aside even for priests (because of the strong tradition of connecting the two together, at least in some fashion [like not allowing married priests to re-marry if their wife dies]).... - September 19, 2013 at 5:47 PM
There is something very right about avoiding sexual relations for a period prior to reception of Our Lord in the Eucharist. Just as we ought not to eat for a substantial period before reception. Mental, physical and spiritual preparation for the Holy Eucharist is necessary and our whole selves ought to be focused on the Lord for a time prior to Holy Mass.
- September 19, 2013 at 6:08 PM
- Daniel Andrews said...
Were you aware of this survey article on the history of celibacy in the Church and Patristics?
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/documents/rc_con_cclergy_doc_01011993_chisto_en.html - September 19, 2013 at 7:55 PM
- Irenaeus of New York said...
Thanks Father Ryan. I agree. Sorry, but I could not identify where it said the priest was married to the Church. Did "serving" imply this?
- September 20, 2013 at 10:18 AM
- Irenaeus of New York said...
Some scripture that was highlighted for this topic from John Salza's site:
Isa. 56:3-7 - Eunuchs who are obedient will have a special place in the kingdom of heaven.
Jer. 16:1-4 - God tells the prophet Jeremiah not to take a wife or have children.
Mt. 19:11-12 - Jesus says celibacy is a gift from God and whoever can accept it should accept it.
Mt. 19:27 - Peter had a family before Christ chose him. He gave up all things to follow Jesus, thereon living continently.
Mt. 19:29 - Jesus says those who give up children for the sake of His name(in order to serve him) will receive great rewards and eternal life.
Mt. 22:30 – Jesus says there are no marriages in heaven. Priests live out that heavenly consecration to God on earth.
1Cor. 7:1 – Paul says that it is well for a man not to touch a woman as practiced by our priests.
1Cor. 7:7 - Paul says celibacy is a gift from God and wishes all who can be celibate like himself, do so.
1Cor. 7:27 - Paul teaches a better way where priests/religious do not seek marriage. The better way is celibacy.
1Cor. 7:32-33, 38 - Paul recommends celibacy for full-time ministers in the Church.
1Tim. 3:2 - Paul says bishops must be married only once(as opposed to more than once) in speaking of widowers. This was not a marriage requirement but a limit. (I have read that to be part of the Sanhedrin meant marriage was a requirement. So some say Paul was widowed, and therefore called himself celibate since he was no longer married at the time of the epistle.)
1Tim. 4:3 - Paul says avoid evil doctrines that forbid marriage. Catholics exalt marriage to a sacrament. Our priests are giving up one good(marriage and kids) for a greater good(a more perfect unity with God).
2Tim. 2:3-4 - Paul says soldiers should avoid civilian pursuits. Paul is speaking of the celibate priesthood. Thinking of the Roman military collar.
Rev. 14:4 – Those consecrated to virginity are honored in heaven. - September 20, 2013 at 10:42 AM
Fr. Ryan. please confirm that you are saying that all married Permanent Deacons should practice continence?
- September 20, 2013 at 10:56 AM
Dear Father,
Perhaps you have moved on by now, but I wanted to expand ever so briefly on my earlier comment (I am the anonymous of before). What I meant to say is well expressed by Ireneaus, with whom you agreed. Indeed, I think that this is precisely why celibacy (or better, continence) for priesthood (including both presbyter and episcopos) cannot change. First, because the priesthood of the Bishop and the priesthood of the priest (presbyter) is the same. Second, because the priest, by his nature as alter Christus (in contradistinction to the religious) must be the icon in the Church of the Virgin Christ, spouse of the Virgin Church. Since a man cannot have two brides, neither can the priest.
Thank you for your thoughtful reply and article. - September 20, 2013 at 11:06 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Anon 10:56am,
Please use a pseudonym.
No, I have not said that they must observe continence ... in fact, the whole point of the article is to say that there is no theological reason why the married priest or deacon would have to be continent in order to serve at the altar. - September 20, 2013 at 12:51 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Ben of the B,
The Bishop has a new sacramental character given at his ordination (at least this seems to be the consensus) ... so there really is a difference between the priest and the bishop.
The bishop has the fullness of Holy Order and is the Vicar of Christ in his diocese -- but the priest is not the Vicar of Christ in his parish (at least not in anything like the way that the bishop is for the Diocese)
Honestly, if you take the "marriage" analogy really strong ... saying that the priest is married to the Church and can have only one bride ... wouldn't this mean that the Church is married to the priest and can have only one husband? Therefore, since the bishop is married to the diocese and since each parish is truly under the headship of the bishop, then the bride can have only one husband? ... thus, there could be no priests in a diocese, but only the one bishop who would be the husband of the one bride.
You see, only the bishop is married to the Church ... not the priest.
By celibacy, he is given wholly to Christ, not made the husband of the Church.
Does that make sense? - September 20, 2013 at 12:56 PM
- Zuzanna said...
Rome has allowed former Lutheran and Episcopalian clergy, who convert and are married, to be ordained as RC priests. However, as their vows in the Sacrament of Holy Matrimony preceded their vows in the Sacrament of Holy Orders, these men are not able to serve as the Pastor of a parish. Their first responsibility is to their wife, and secondly to the parish. As an ordinary priest(not sure of the term) takes vows of celibacy at ordination, I have often heard it said that he is married to his flock... a true shepherd (pastor).
- September 20, 2013 at 1:37 PM
- Ed Peters said...
"Indeed, if a married man can receive Communion without observing a period of continence, there is no reason why a married priest could not offer the Mass."
This claim is, as a matter of logic, true only if the ONLY reason for continence could be "ritual purity". What is another reason for the law on continence were adduced? What if, say, the priest's role in confecting the Eucharist were different than the layman's role in receiving it? Which, of course, it is. While I don;t have to prove a "reason" for a law in order to prove what a law requires, I am personally less persuaded that "ritual purity" is, in fact the best reason for c. 277, and that a better reason for the law lies elsewhere. - September 20, 2013 at 3:29 PM
Father Erlenbush,
Trying to respect the rules of your blog, I will try to be brief. First, let me say thank you again for thoughtfully engaging the point. Second, may I say that (not surprisingly) Dr. Peters has made the point I was originally making and has done so more clearly. I thank him.
Finally, ad rem. I do not accept that the Bishop receives a new character in his consecration, at least not what St. Thomas and Trent mean by character. Against an unnuanced reading of LG on this point, I point to the Nota Previa attached to Ch. 3, which explians the power received by the Bishop in a fundamentally different way than the power which depends on character. I do accept that the Bishop has a power which the priest does not. I do accept that the Bishop has the fulness of Holy Orders, but I distingush Holy Orders as sacrament and Orders as Office. The Bishop's fulness is in office, not in sacrament. If it were, it would be impossible to assert the unicity of the ministerial priesthood (i.e. the one priesthood of Christ made present by His sacramental configuration of the soul of the chosen instrument, a Catholic man). There being but one priesthood, there is one Priest and one Bridegroom, but who is made manifest in different supposita instrumentally.
May I finsih by pointing out that your way of conceiving the priesthood would replace the offering of the Sacrifice as the primary power of the Sacramental configuration and, furthermore, that manner of construing Bishops would still end with the problem of having as many Bridegrooms as there are Bishops.
Pax et bonum,
Ben - September 20, 2013 at 6:15 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
To the point -- many bishops being married to the Church does not cause the problem of many bridegrooms... namely, the Bishop is not "married" to the Church generally, but to the Diocese. - September 20, 2013 at 7:21 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Dr Peters,
I have not been able to find anything in the Fathers or Scholastics which links continence to anything other than ritual purity.
While it is true that there is some concern for impure thoughts which may follow upon sexual relations (or the nocturnal emission), this is very clearly NOT the real concern of the theologians who always emphasize that the real problem is that the priests must handle sacred vessels and therefore must be ritually pure.
St. Thomas (as a good example of the general tradition) states that priests must be celibate (and married priests continent) for the same reason that the priests wash their hands before Mass -- namely, ritual purity.
Now, I certainly am greatly persuaded (as a personal opinion) by what you have written regarding the interpretation of the Law -- though I am no lawyer and really have no strong opinion on the legal question.
HOWEVER, when it comes to your comment above, I would like you to actually give another reason for continence rather than simply stating "perhaps there is another reason" -- at least, if you are going to disagree with my theological point, you should do more than speculate that there could be some other possible theory (without even giving a hint as to what that other possible theory could possibly be).
As I say, however, I do not disagree with your articles -- my question is theological, not legal.
AND I do thank you for your insightful work on this subject! + - September 20, 2013 at 7:28 PM
Dear Father,
Ah, yes. This was a separate issue I was leaving aside. However, since you have taken it up, so will I. While there is no doubt that the Bishop is "wedded" to his one Diocese, he is so only inasmuch as he is making present the one Bridegroom. Similarly, the Diocese is a "Church" in a derivative sense, being a concrete instantiation of the one New Israel, the one community of salvation. When we say *the* Church, do we not mean something more than some sort of moral union of a group of local(ized) "Churches"? At least, I am well convinced by Ratzinger against Kasper that the one universal Church has both temporal and ontological priority. If you can agree with Ratzinger on this, then the fundamental ecclesiological vision that seems to stand behind your comments, as well as the theological conception of the unicity of the Sacerdotium, would seem to need modification. Finally (and I also mean this to be my last comment), if this line of argument is valid and cogent, which I reasonably believe it to be, then we would now be provided with at least one other good (other than ritual purity), and perhaps one more essential, that is obtained only through priestly continence: to wit, the robust understanding of the sacerdos (Bishop and Priest) as alter Christus and therefore as Bridegroom.
Ben - September 20, 2013 at 8:00 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
I do not see how you move from the unicity of the Sacerdotium to the bishop and priest both being bridegroom ... certainly, St Thomas (who held unicity) did not hold that the priest was married to the Church (but only the bishop).
I just don't see it in the tradition.
However, that being said, I think that your argument is a fine devotional (and perhaps even theological) argument -- so long as we see it only as an argument leading to a certain fittingness and not to an absolute necessity.
HOWEVER, my point is to say that we can (and should) defend celibacy, but not for the traditional grounds.
Thus, even following your reasoning, we set ritual purity aside.
AND, if your argument is only a matter of what is fitting -- and it is certainly most fitting for a priest to be celibate -- then it still does not mandate continence for married priests.
I myself hold that celibacy is fitting (from the superiority of Order), but I hold this to be only an argument to what is fitting.
In any case, I do not mean to deny Ratzinger's points ... I only insist that the Bishop is Vicar of Christ to his diocese, and wed to his diocese, in a way that a priest is not (neither to the Church in general nor to his particular parish).
Peace! + - September 20, 2013 at 8:23 PM
- Ed Peters said...
Hi Father! I recognize your respect for the legal argument on continence. My point was a narrower one, simply to show that, as a matter of logic, your syllogism on the (lack of) need for continence did not persuade, so, my suggesting that another explanation might account for the law did not need to prove what that other explanation was, only that it might exist.
I tread lightly as to what that other explanation for the law might be (for people are soooo ready to abandon law if THEY don't see why it's there, and my speculation on theo explanations might not persuade, and might interfere with folks' ability to follow my narration of the law), but, since you ask, I am thinking that the continence law has been there, all along, to protect the nuptial characteristics of priesthood/Mass. But I leave that to better minds than mine.
Best, edp. - September 21, 2013 at 6:21 AM
Could you explain how celibacy is superior to the married state when marriage is a sacrament and celibacy is not.
- September 21, 2013 at 12:40 PM
- gsk said...
Dear Father: I am surprised by your insistence that priests are not married to the Church, for I understand that they all participate in the Priesthood of Christ, the Bridegroom. I speak widely (to women) and explain that this mystical dimension is an important reason why women cannot be priests, for to do so would attempt a same-sex union, which would be sterile. Rather, women are called to live as icons of the Bride in myriad ways depending on their state in life, their gifts, and their means. I think the nuptial backdrop to reality (properly understood) is quite important-- especially now, when androgyny and promiscuity are so much in vogue.
- September 21, 2013 at 2:34 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Anon 12:40pm,
Please use a pseudonym, and I'd be happy to respond. - September 21, 2013 at 9:07 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
As far as devotional thought goes, I am more than happy to consider the idea of priest as bridegroom ... however, I just don't see that theology in the Fathers and Doctors of the Church.
It is there for the bishop, but I don't see it for the priest.
However, I will admit that, once we have celibacy, the idea of priest as married to the Church fits very well -- however, I don't see it as a particularly effective way of arguing to celibacy (since, after all, priests really can be married).
This is another point -- women really cannot possibly be priests, but priests really can be married (even by dispensation, a priest could be married after ordination). - September 21, 2013 at 9:10 PM
- Harry said...
Thank you, Fr., for delving into this topic. I have been curious for a long time about the theological foundations of the ongoing juridical argument over clerical celibacy. The three modern authors recommended on the subject, Stickler, Cochini, and Heid, don't address it much, save for one enigmatic quote from Pope Damasus I in Cochini. Instead they strive to show the only the Apostolic origin and universality of the practice in the Church. Of course, they have many detractors. Dr. Peters restricts himself to the issues of Law in his many writings on the subject, and this discussion is the first time I have seen him discuss the theology of the issue at all. For those of us who follow this debate closely, this is bigger news than anything the Pope said this week. ;-)
So, if it is possible, Fr., could you do a second post on this subject, and quote the sources of tradition you are alluding to? Those of us who are not patristics scholars would be grateful. Dr. Peters, could you please continue to engage the theological side of this issue here? I am interested to hear all of your opinion since, as you are more aware than anyone, most of your opponents on your sites and in other fora speak at cross purposes to you, making theological arguments against your legal ones. I'm really interested to know what you think about their theological arguments, even if they have nothing to do with the legal issue.
- September 22, 2013 at 6:48 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
I will happily engage the topic further!
However, I will be in Rome for the next two weeks and unable to post articles ... so it will have to wait a while.
I would note that those excellent sources you quoted give the theology of celibacy almost exclusively along the lines of ritual purity (at least, as I recall) -- especially Stickler.
Peace and good! + - September 22, 2013 at 10:20 AM
- Marco da Vinha said...
What exactly is "ritual impurity"?
- September 22, 2013 at 1:25 PM
This is indeed an important topic, and I thank you for your comments, as well as the important questions proposed by Harry.
A good foundation for understanding the theological foundations for priestly celibacy and continence is provided in an essay written by Fr. Ignace de la Potterie, and which is found on the Vatican website: "The Biblical Foundations of Priestly Celibacy." After establishing some solid scriptural foundations, he then looks at some patristic sources. Of special interest is the patristic interpretation of "man of one wife" ('unius uxoris vir': 1 Tim 3:2). The Fathers discover an ecclesiologial-nuptial meaning for priestly celibacy-continence through this Scriptural passage.
Most recently there has been a deepening of the Catholic theological understanding of priestly celibacy, mostly through the impetus of Paul VI in his magisterial "Sacerdotalis Caelibatus," wherein he broaches celibacy according to a threefold dimension: Christological, Ecclesiological, and Eschatological. It is an important teaching document, but has been all but forgotten, it seems.
Thanks. Oremus pro invicem.
Fr. Gary Selin - September 22, 2013 at 3:00 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Fr Selin,
It is a great document! I don't have it in front of me (and cannot recall the details) ... but I seem to remember that the idea of continence being connected with the unius uxori vir was not yet established even in the early scholastics -- does the document not say that even in St Thomas' biblical commentary on that passage there is not yet a connection with celibacy and continence? Even if there is a sense of the priesthood having a marital meaning, it was not yet connected to continence?
You probably remember it better than I! I do hope that readers will look to that document! - September 22, 2013 at 5:53 PM
- Mick Jagger Gathers No Mosque said...
Dear Father. The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy by Christian Cochini, S.J. makes a convincing case that it was Luther who revived the arguments in favor of married priests and that a Theological Commission of Trent (17 members) thoroughly investigated the question unanimously agreed the ancient discipline must be maintained.
Says Fr Cochini Though they bear the mark of their time, these expositions of the theologinas at the Council of TRent remain valid today insofar as they review practically all the classical objections that have been formulated throughout history against ecclesiastical celibacy (and continence).
I do not understand the desire to abandon this discipline unless a specific reason can be cited for man often forgets - or does not even know in the first place- rational reasons for ancient traditions.
Of course, that our High Priest was continent and because Holy Writ witnesses that they left everything to follow Him (Matt 19:27) and because ecclesiastical tradition began with the Apostles, are all reasons enough not to change.
And the conservative inclination is summarised in the pithy - If it is not necessary to change it is necessary not to change
- September 24, 2013 at 9:12 AM
- Stohn said...
- September 24, 2013 at 9:15 AM
- Mick Jagger Gathers No Mosque said...
It is ironic that many clergy are starting to argue in favor of married priests as the Church has fewer and fewer priests but, as Fr. Cochini pointed out (p 250) All the values connected with chastity are undermined....convents are emptying, nuns and monks are getting married (4th century)....All in all, this is not the progression of a movement in favor of continence but rather a protest against it.
The more things seem to change... - September 24, 2013 at 12:03 PM
- Pam H. said...
''...if you take the "marriage" analogy really strong ... saying that the priest is married to the Church and can have only one bride ... wouldn't this mean that the Church is married to the priest and can have only one husband?" No, because the priest is serving in the person of Christ, and it is Christ who is the only "husband" of the Church. Any other reading is superficial.
- September 25, 2013 at 9:55 AM
- Mick Jagger Gathers No Mosque said...
Dear Stohn. The link you posted to has a passionately argued polemic that is nonethelesss less than fortrgiht
Introductory Note.
The Canons with the Ancient Epitome and Notes.
Excursus to Canon VI., On the Marriage of the Clergy.
From the fact that the canons of the Council in Trullo are included in this volume of the Decrees and Canons of the Seven Ecumenical Councils it must not for an instant be supposed that it is intended thereby to affirm that these canons have any ecumenical authority, or that the council by which they were adopted can lay any claim to being ecumenical either in view of its constitution or of the subsequent treatment by the Church of its enactments.
It is true that it claimed at the time an ecumenical character, and styled itself such in several of its canons, it is true that in the mind of the Emperor Justinian II., who summoned it, it was intended to have been ecumenical. It is the that the Greeks at first declared it to be a continuation of the Sixth Synod and that by this name they frequently denominate and quote its canons. But it is also true that the West was not really represented at it at all (as we shall see presently); that when the Emperor afterwards sent the canons to the Pope to receive his signature, he absolutely refused to have anything to do with them; and it is further true that they were never practically observed by the West at all, and that even in the East their authority was rather theoretical than real.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/trullo.asp - October 1, 2013 at 7:30 AM
Fr. Erlenbush,
You might be interested to know that there is ongoing debate in the Russian Orthodox Church over the requirements for holy communion. A draft decree on the matter has been publicized to elicit comments from the public before the Russian Council of Bishops takes it up next year. Among other things the draft decree affirms the need for everyone -- married priest or lay - to abstain from sexual intercourse a day before communion, and affirms the temporary exclusion from communion of women who are menstruating. Strict fasting requirements are reaffirmed - fasting from midnight for everyone from the age of 3, before communion, and if communion is in the evening the fast is 6 hours. The concept of ritual purity is alive and well in the Orthodox East.
- Easterner - October 3, 2013 at 7:49 PM
"If however, any would maintain the traditional discipline"
Methinks this should read:
"If, however, many" - October 23, 2013 at 12:02 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
"If, however any would maintain"
as in ... "If, however, anyone would maintain" ... indeed, there certainly are not "many" who would maintain the traditional discipline - but if there is anyone who would ... - October 23, 2013 at 8:14 AM
- Bella said...
A diocesan priest does not take a vow of celibacy. He makes a promise to his bishop and to his bishop's successors to remain chase and obedient, however, he is paid a salary. Priests who are members of orders, e.g., a Franciscan or a Dominican, take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
This is devotional and not theological (and I am a theology student!), however, I believe that a priest who remains chaste draws the entire Church closer to God with him, just as a priest who breaks his promise - or vow - cannot, until he has atoned, draw the Church closer to God. However, I am aware that the purity of the one celebrating the Mass, consecrating the bread and wine, giving absolution, does not diminish the sacrament. - August 18, 2014 at 10:20 PM
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The Basics Of Timing Belt Replacement
The timing belt, or timing chain in some vehicles, is a drive belt that synchronizes the rotation of the engine's crankshaft and camshaft with the opening and closing of your engine's valves. Depending on the vehicle, it may also rotate the water pump. When the crankshaft turns, the timing belt turns the camshaft, which opens and closes the engine valves to allow the pistons to move up and down. Your vehicle's engine operates in four phases: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. During the intake phase, intake valves open and exhaust valves close as fuel and air enter the cylinders. As the air and fuel is mixed, compressed, and ignited by spark plugs during the compression and combustion phases, the valves close. The remaining air and fuel is pushed out of the exhaust valve during the exhaust phase. The timing belt is responsible for synchronizing this process and for opening and closing valves during normal engine operation.
Why Should You Have Timing Belt Replacement Services Performed at McCullough Auto Care?
Avoiding a timing belt replacement can result in complete engine failure. A worn or stretched belt can disrupt the operating order of the valves and pistons, which can result in a piston hitting a valve and damaging the engine. Timing belt failure warning signs include rough idling or difficulty starting the engine. Cracks on the belt, which is made of reinforced rubber, are an indication that it may soon break. Replacement of your timing belt will help keep your engine performing as it should and ensure you avoid expensive future repairs. During our replacement service, your belt will be replaced and synchronized with the crankshaft and camshaft to restore proper operating precision and order. It is widely recommended that you have your water pump changed during a timing belt replacement service as well. If your water pump fails later, it can do great damage to your vehicle. Since the water pump is easy to change during a timing belt replacement, consider having a new one installed at this time. Referring to your owner's manual will help determine the appropriate service intervals for timing belt maintenance.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The scientific name for leopard gekos is Eublepharis Macularius. They may live 20 or more years and grow to be approximately 8-10 inches long. Their common coloring is yellow and white with black spots (hatchlings start out striped, and gradually change to the spotted appearance). There are several color
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The SHA-1 hash of blanca is 8c719e73d1901c3a21d4ee433de98fe9d481c81d
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Birds Eye View's Rachel Millward talks about how their popular film festival applauds the creativity and brilliance of women in film.
The film festival circuit is a hotbed of talent and offers a rich selection of films demonstrating ways in which the industry is developing. But really, how diverse is the film industry? The dominating presence in the business is still male: only around 7% of film directors and about 12% of screenwriters are women. Birds Eye View is an organisation that aims to address this imbalance and their annual film festival is a celebration of women in film, highlighting their talents and contributions to the industry whilst at the same time drawing attention to the gender discrepancies that persist in film culture. Rachel Millward of Birds Eye View chats about the festival and the role of women in film today.
Birds Eye View Film Festival is now in its seventh year. How did the festival begin and how has it developed?
I launched Birds Eye View in 2002 with Pinny Grylls, whose work I was producing as the other half of Invisible Films. To premiere our first short, we hired the Curzon cinema for one hour at £125. We saw an opportunity: here was a chance to develop a platform for our peers – emerging women filmmakers. We put a call out and curated a fantastic programme of five films. The queues stretched around the block and we had to turn people away. There was a tangible buzz and that night I saw the potential in Birds Eye View. By 2005, it was a registered charity, and we launched the UK's first major women's film festival on International Women's Day (8 March). Birds Eye View grew from a one-off short film event to an eight-day extravaganza of international feature, documentary and short films, and master classes. Contributors that year included Tracey Emin (with Top Spot) and Andrea Arnold (with Oscar-winning short film Wasp).
How does this year's Birds Eye View festival differ from previous years?
Each year we have a theme for a retrospective. 2011 has the darkest twist yet: Bloody Women: From Gothic to Horror. The retrospectives offer an opportunity to examine and celebrate the contribution of women to early cinema. We commission cutting-edge female artists to create and perform live scores accompanying these silent films, giving them new life for new audiences. This year we've got a score for choir written and conducted by Grammy Award-winning Imogen Heap, and another by pop-sensation Micachu. I hope that Bloody Women will surprise many by revealing the extent to which women have helped form the horror genre, which is typically seen as male-dominated.
Kathryn Bigelow is a highly successful woman in film and her work is concentrated in those genres typically perceived as male, such as horror and action. Do you think that success can only come on those terms?
I don't think Kathryn Bigelow makes movies on male terms nor do I think it's only men who like horror and action. Women contributed to horror from the very beginning. I'm keen to avoid the suggestion that women are more likely to make one type of film than another. Women directors often bemoan only being asked to make chick flicks, or "women-specific" content but I don't see any reason why women can't make huge moneymaking blockbusters too!
The representation of women in film is often tired and stereotypical. Do you think there is a need to revolutionize the depiction of women in film?
In the very beginning, there were women in cinema. In fact, the very first narrative film was made by Alice Guy in 1896. Women participated in slapstick humour, and enjoyed a range of physical expressions on screen. Once it became a moneymaking business, and focussed in Hollywood, men began to take over. Women's contributions were deemed immoral, childbirth and eroticism were banned. However, through the Golden Age of Hollywood (late 1920s-1950s), when the audiences were known to be predominantly female, women were still allowed to speak with quick wit and intelligent dialogue. Then came the real dark ages, when women were pushed from central character to side-kicks, dumbed down to mere foils for male leads. The situation is starting to change, but we don't need to revolutionise the role of women in cinema so much as to go back to the beginning.
The female audience is a largely untapped market, despite having great spending power. Do you anticipate a move to appeal more to this market?
There are a lot of myths about cinema audiences. There's a perception that they're mainly young men, but actually the average UK cinema-goer is a 30-something-woman. I am baffled by why there's such general global shock when huge hits (Sex and the City, Mamma Mia) attract hoards of women to the cinema. But the whole thing is cyclical. Films that are perceived to be marketable are the ones that get made and once we are in the habit of producing male-focussed films, it's hard to break; there is a lack of confidence that a different type of film would work. Time and again the female blockbuster audience is proved; let's hope it gives commissioners more confidence to break the mould.
Who is doing interesting work in the film industry today and who is an inspiration for aspiring female filmmakers?
Some of the most interesting work, at the moment is cross-arts – an experimentation between film and other art forms. This year we have a short film by Marianne Elliott, our Fashion Loves Film programme, cutting-edge animations, and Out My Window – a brilliant interactive film-based website. As for inspirational filmmakers, it's been a great 18 months for female directors. Clio Barnard, Andrea Arnold, Sally Potter, Lucy Walker and Kim Longinotto all received thoroughly deserved acclaim for recent work as has Susanne Bier, whose brilliant new film In A Better World scooped a Golden Globe (and will be at BFI Southbank as part of Birds Eye View). Aspiring female filmmakers may need support to get their careers started, but they're certainly not short on role models.
Gillian Wearing's Self Made is screening at this year's Birds Eye View. The film comments on the notions of identity within a society that blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction. What are your thoughts on this?
One of the most important aspects to the film is the fact that, for Wearing, each participant's character is in some way a projection of their "real" selves; even the most outlandish characters are informed in some way by reality. Wearing's point is that fiction and reality are to a large extent interchangeable. In the context of a world of CCTV and reality TV she asks whether we're not all playing out roles in some way, consciously or not. Self Made looks at the catharsis and the creativity that experimenting with this idea can provide and it's a great reminder of the impact that storytelling can have on the real world.
Some of the films screening will be accompanied by live soundtracks. How do you anticipate live cinema developing?
Birds Eye View's Sound & Silents is a key part of our work and these always prove to be a thought-provoking and exciting way for audiences to re-engage with classics. I think cinema could do more to engage with live events, especially as it's increasingly easy to watch films in any location, which makes cinema by nature feel closer to a live event. Equally, there are a lot more live events going into cinemas, through programmes such as National Theatre Live, so the change is going both ways, and I'm sure we'll see more cross-over in the months ahead.
What's next for Birds Eye View?
With the end of the UK Film Council, currently our major funder, we are in a vulnerable place. However, with the year on year growth of the Festival and huge support from the industry, we are confident we can find ways to survive and prosper! We'll continue to remain fixed on creative excellence, celebrating outstanding women filmmakers, and finding ways to support new talent, ensuring the next generation is equipped to change the current stats. Additionally, we look forward to further exploring the interplay between film and other art forms, and embracing the many innovative ways that moving image is playing a major role in culture.
Birds Eye View ran from 8-17 March 2011 at the BFI Southbank and the ICA in London. www.birds-eye-view.co.uk.
Bryony Byrne


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Stainless steel kitchen appliances are popping up all over the real estate market. Homebuyers are looking for stainless steel refrigerators, sinks, countertops, ovens and dishwashers. All of these lend kitchens a modern, sleek new look, but at prices that require some serious thought. Stainless steel comes in various grades and styles that have the potential to seriously raise your home value, but there are other things to take into consideration like appearance and energy efficiency. Take a look at our guide to stainless steel appliances below so that you can be armed with the information you need to make the stainless steel decision that is right for you.
Benefits of Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used metals in the world today due to its tough durability, rust-resistant trait, and aesthetic appeal. In kitchens, stainless steel appliances are popular because of the guaranteed longevity of use and because they're easy to clean. The biggest complaint with stainless steel appliances, like refrigerators or dishwashers, is that they collect smudges, fingerprints, or water spots. These are all easily wiped away with a quick spritz of rubbing alcohol on a clean, soft cloth. Some newer stainless steel appliances even come with a polyester coat for "smudge-proof" convenience like this Frigidaire Refrigerator.
It Depends on the Look
Stainless steel definitely adds the "wow" factor, but it must also blend in with the look of the house. If the room is dark due to subtle lighting or no windows, then lighter-colored appliances often fit best. However, if the room has lighter colors and high-end fixtures, then stainless steel adds great appeal. Also, keep in mind that stainless steel adds a modern look. So, if your cabinets and countertops are old-looking, stainless steel may look over-the-top for the space you have. However, if your kitchen looks newer and is open with lots of space, then stainless steel can really add zest to this often-used room. Remember, uniformity of look within your kitchen is also important. You don't want to end up with a clashing set of appliances like a stainless steel dishwasher sitting next to your white refrigerator that's across from your black oven. Instead, make the effort to match the color and style of all of your appliances.
Faux Stainless Steel
If you decide that re-outfitting all of your appliances in stainless steel is too expensive, you can still make your existing kitchen appliances look appealing. Start out by giving everything in your kitchen a good cleaning. Then, consider adding a coat of appliance paint to any of your appliances that have seen better days. Or simply take advantage of this neat product to create a uniform look throughout the kitchen. Appliance paint comes in a number of different colors, including faux stainless steel. So, you could simply repaint your existing appliances with a product like Thomas' Liquid Stainless Steel to give your kitchen an instant makeover without actually committing to the cost of a stainless steel upgrade. Or, if you decide to replace only one or two of your appliances with stainless steel, you can use this type of paint to make sure the rest of your existing appliances match in color, if not style.
Think Green to Save on Silver
Another thing to consider is that you may want to focus on modern appliance features instead of the style they come in. Homebuyers want kitchens with matching appliances that work well and don't run up the bills. A less expensive, quiet, energy-efficient white dishwasher may be more practical for refurbishing purposes than the silver look of a high end stainless steel dishwasher that takes a serious hit on the wallet. Eco-friendly appliances certainly add home value to potential buyers who know they can save hundreds of dollars per year in utility bills with energy efficient appliances that use 10 to 50 percent less energy and water than their traditional counterparts. Check out www.energystar.gov for more information on energy-saving appliances for your kitchen and the rest of your home.
Ask an Expert
It's always a good idea to see what appliances are hot in your local real estate market by talking to a local realtor. If everyone is switching over to stainless steel, then keeping your old appliances could take a hit on your home value. But if you'll be the only one for miles around with gourmet stainless steel kitchen appliances, then you could end up increasing your kitchen's value so much in comparison with your neighbors that it becomes an unaffordable option for potential homebuyers.
Final Tip: If you have your heart set on new appliances, but aren't sure you can foot the bill, then try this smart shopping tip: Go to several local appliance stores and ask if they are selling any floor models or slightly scratched or previously opened appliances for a discount. Oftentimes, you can find brand new appliances in perfectly good working condition for a fraction of the original price due to small aesthetic damages. Sometimes, you can even get a full warranty with these products. Remember, it never hurts to ask!
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Printing Expense Categories |
This help file applies to an out-of-date version of MainBoss.
The most recent version of MainBoss is MainBoss 4.2.4.
For the latest version of this help file can be found here.
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You can print your current expense categories by clicking the button in Coding Definitions | Work Orders | Expense Categories. This opens a window that contains the following:
Grouping section: Options controlling how the report is broken into sections and sub-sections.
Show summary footer for the overall report: If this box is checkmarked, the report will include a final line summarizing information from the entire report. If the box is blank, no such line will be included.
Sorting section: Options controlling how records are sorted within each section and sub-section.
For more on how to use Grouping and Sorting, see Report Sections.
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Include Deleted records: If this box is checkmarked, the report will include deleted records. Otherwise, deleted records are omitted from the report.
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Here you can get a review about List of Best Micro Sprite Blue in 2023. Does shopping for the best micro sprite blue get stressful for you? Are doubts rolling over your head and confusing you? We know how it is; we have been through the entire journey of micro sprite blue research as we have put forward an entire list of the best micro sprite blue available in the market these days. We have brainstormed a few questions that most of you might have in mind.
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Best Micro Sprite Blue Reviews In 2023
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Withdrawing taxable funds from a tax-deferred retirement account before age 59½ generally triggers a 10% federal tax penalty, on top of any federal income taxes due. (Distributions from Section 457(b) plans are generally not subject to an early distribution penalty; and the penalty for distributions from SIMPLE plans during your first two years of participation is 25%, 10% thereafter.) However, there are certain situations in which you are allowed to make early withdrawals from a retirement account and avoid the tax penalty. (Check your specific plan provisions to see whether a particular withdrawal option is available.)
IRAs and employer-sponsored retirement plans have different exceptions, although the rules are similar.
The following distributions are not subject to the 10% penalty tax:
The following distributions are not subject to the 10% penalty tax:
If you plan to withdraw funds from a tax-deferred account, make sure to carefully examine the rules on exemptions for early withdrawals. For more information on situations that are exempt from the early-withdrawal income tax penalty, visit the IRS website at www.irs.gov.
The information in this newsletter is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek guidance from an independent tax or legal professional. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2024 Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.


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Finish Line No Drip Chain Luber Tool with 4oz Dry Lube
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Original price
Original price
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or 3 payments of
with atome
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Shipping information
Trackable Delivery
- Orders of value above S$30 will be shipped using a trackable delivery service.
- Delivery lead time shall be between 2-4 working days.
Domestic Mail Delivery
- Orders of value S$30 or lower will be shipped using Singpost postal mail (non-trackable).
- Delivery lead time shall be between 3-7 working days.
Same Day Delivery
- If you require same day delivery, please contact us at our phone lines.
- Additional fee shall apply.
Singapore Only
- Shipping charges reflected at check-out is based on delivery within Singapore only.
- We currently do not ship outside of Singapore.
- Any orders from outside of Singapore will be cancelled and the payer will have to bear losses in exchange rates, transaction fee and cancellation fee.
- Additional delivery charge of S$40 shall be imposed for delivery of bulky items to restricted areas such as the Changi Airfreight Centre. This additional charge will not be reflected during check out. We will advise on the payment method once the order has been confirmed.
- You may request for an exchange of the purchased item within 14 days after receiving your item.
- To be eligible for an exchange, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging.
- Clearance and pre-order item(s) are not eligible for exchange.
- You can contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. If your request is accepted, you will have to exchange the item directly at our store.
- Should you decide to mail the item to us rather than carry it to our store, you will be responsible for all shipping charges and assume the risk of loss or damage to the returned products during its transit to our store. We recommend insuring shipments.
Order Cancellation
- You can request an order cancellation by sending an email to email@example.com.
- Cancellation is only possible if the order has not been shipped.
- A fee will be charged for all order cancellations. These are fees charged by the payment gateways and we are in no way profiting from these charges.
- Fee varies according to the payment method used at the point of purchase:
- Visa/Master (Locally issued card): 3.2% + S$0.50
- Visa/Master (Overseas issued card): 3.6% + S$0.50
- Paypal: 3.9% + S$0.50
- Refunds shall be made in Singapore dollars. No restitution shall be made for any loss in currency exchange.
- Refunds will be via the original method when the purchase was made.
- Please remember it can take some time for your bank or credit card company to process and post the refund.
Damages and issues
Please inspect your order upon reception and contact us immediately if the item is defective, damaged or if you receive the wrong item, so that we can evaluate the issue and make it right.
Exceptions / non-returnable items
Certain types of items cannot be returned, like perishable goods (such as nutritional products) and custom products (such as special orders or personalized items). We also do not accept returns for hazardous materials, flammable liquids, or gases. Please get in touch if you have questions or concerns about your specific item.
Unfortunately, we cannot accept returns on sale items or gift cards.


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Physique Pictorial
Vintage Physique Pictorial - Volume 8 Issue 2
The father of physique magazines was Bob Mizer (1922-1992). In 1945 Mizer started the Athletic Model Guild in Los Angeles as a modeling agency for male body-builders. Mizer, a self-taught photographer, recruited and photographed the models, carefully listing their vital statistics along with their real names and ages. Mizer sold his photos by mail, advertising them in men's magazines. By 1951 Mizer's catalog was so extensive that he began to collect his photos and sell them in a magazine format. Thus began Physique Pictorial.
The first publication of its kind, Physique Pictorial showcased a generation of male pinups and bodybuilders, including the recently-deceased Jack LaLanne, Little Joe Dallesandro, Steve Hercules Reeves, and Mickey Hargitay (the husband of Jayne Mansfield and the father of Mariska Hargitay). Physique Pictorial also showcased the art of George Quaintance, Tom of Finland and Art-Bob. Physique Pictorial became a hit with thousands of men, and it was soon joined by a slew of imitators who hoped its success would rub off on them.
- Volume 8 Issue 2
- Mint Condition
- 5.5 x 8.5 inches (14 x 22 cm)


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Ubtan face Pack Supplier in Saudi Arabia
Leading Ubtan face Pack Supplier in Saudi Arabia
Looking for the best manufacturers of Ubtan face Pack Supplier in Saudi Arabia Your search ceases here! Kuria Mal & Sons brings you the ultimate collection of henna based hair care solutions economical rates. Today, people are much interested in their attire or dressing sense but they forget to compliment it with skin tone or hair texture as they find it hard to keep their hair and skin healthy.
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- Profoundly formulated with natural and highly effective ingredients.
- Hand gloves have been provided for easy application.


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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
There are a number of good reasons to add a conservatory to your home in Acklington . First, you'll increase your home's usable floor space. Second you'll create a warm, bright sanctuary where you can rise above the winter doldrums and third you'll add substantial market value to your home.
But how do you know exactly which type of conservatory is right for you and, just as important, which type of conservatory roof will be best, both from an aesthetic standpoint and the standpoint of optimal functionality?
As it's the roof that will bear the brunt of Mother Nature's wrath it's crucial that you select the right type of roof and the right material. Scrimp on the materials or build quality and you could wind up with a conservatory that's large unusable. Some of the considerations in play when planning the roof for your conservatory include:
Style of roof - The style of your conservatory roof will need to dovetail with the style of the rest of the structure. For instance: you can't put a lean to roof on one of our Edwardian conservatories in Acklington without it looking bizarre, to say the least. If you've chosen a traditional design for your conservatory you'll need a traditional roof. One with multiple slopes and ornate framing.
Glass - One of the main functions of the conservatory is to provide a bright, airy environment that occupies a grey area between indoors and outdoors. It won't be very bright and airy however if you use a solid roof. Glass is the preferred choice for conservatory roofs because it's the best way to let in the most light. There are many types of glass that are perfect for conservatory roofs in Acklington including double glazed for insulation purposes, self-cleaning glass to reduce maintenance and glass with various filters. Ask our sales people for details.
Polycarbonate - Not everyone requires a clear roof on their conservatory. Some simply want a bit of light to filter down from on high while others are concerned with privacy issues created by nearby tall buildings. Still others don't plan on filling their conservatory with greenery and so there's no need for unimpeded sunlight to flood the space. For these people we often recommend polycarbonate sheets. They're affordable and can provide excellent insulation. If there's a downside it's that polycarbonate tends to need regular cleaning.
Blinds - If you have the aforementioned privacy concerns but don't want to forfeit the advantages of a glass roof blinds can be just what the doctor ordered. Roof blinds also help block direct sunlight on those mid-summer afternoons when it might be too much. They can also help you retain heat in the conservatory on those bone-chilling January days.
The roof plays an integral part in the life of your conservatory, helping you control heat gain and loss, providing your plants with necessary sunlight and your guests in Acklington with necessary privacy all while standing up to the weather. To make sure you choose the right style and materials for your conservatory roof talk to one of our design professionals.


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After nearly 13 hours during which he had only a few short breaks while sympathetic senators took over the talking, Republican Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky ended his filibuster of John Brennan's CIA nomination early Thursday.
As he wrapped up the marathon talkfest, Paul said he hoped he had put a spotlight on the Obama administration's use of drone attacks and would be getting a response from the White House to his call for a pledge that such strikes will not be used against U.S. citizens on American soil.
"I'm hopeful that we have drawn attention to this issue, that this issue will not fade away, and that the president will come up with a response," Paul said in his closing remarks, as The Hill reports.
Paul didn't threaten Sen. Strom Thurmond's record-setting filibuster of 24 hours, 18 minutes (set in 1957 when the South Carolina senator was a Democrat, as USA Today reminds us) or the two other filibusters that went 20+ hours.
As Politico writes, Paul said he might have tried for a record if nature's call hadn't been too strong: "I would try to go another 12 hours and try to break Strom Thurmond's record, but there are some limits to filibustering and I am going to have to go take care of one of those here," he said.
Courtesy of C-SPAN's video library, we've made a clip of the entire filibuster.
National Review has broken the filibuster up into highlights. Among the moments it points to: "As we approached the sixth hour of the filibuster, Senator Rand Paul said the president's use of drone strikes recalled the Queen's approach to justice in Alice in Wonderland. He asked, 'Has America the beautiful become Alice in Wonderland?' The senator compared the Queen's demands for 'sentence first, verdict afterwards' to the administration's sentencing of terrorists to death before they have been tried in court."
On Morning Edition, NPR's Tamara Keith told host Renee Montagne that Paul "felt like this drone issue was important and not getting enough attention. ... He stood there ... [and] really stayed on message. ... Rand Paul got a lot of attention to the issue of drones and their potential use in America."
Paul, the son of former Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas), is being talked about as a potential 2016 presidential contender.
The Senate could vote on Brennan's nomination later today.
Update at 1:45 p.m. ET. Attorney General's Response To Paul:
The Justice Department just released a copy of a letter sent today by Attorney Gen. Eric Holder to Sen. Paul. It says:
"It has come to my attention that you have now asked an additional question: "Does the President have the authority to use a weaponized drone to kill an American not engaged in combat on American soil?" The answer to that question is no."
Update at 12:25 p.m. ET. NPR's Andy Carvin Has Collected References To Things Paul Mentioned During The Filibuster:
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Mid Westside FL Locksmith Store - Key Entry Knob Installed in Carver Manor, FL - 904-601-2422
We started Mid Westside FL Locksmith Store 10 years ago with a belief that the locksmith services in Carver Manor can be improved substantially. Terms like 24 hour emergency locksmith support, 15- minute response time were unheard of before we started our operations. Ever since we have been operational we have redefined the locksmith industry with our reliable locksmith services, hard work, and dedication. Our customers no longer need to wait for hours looking for a solution to their lock and key issues. Mid Westside FL Locksmith Store provides a lightning quick response in the case of emergencies so that our customers are never stranded on the side of the road at odd hours.
Locksmith emergencies never happen at a convenient time as convenience and emergencies can never go hand-in- hand. We understand that and that is why employee a team of skilled and expert locksmiths in Carver Manor who are ready to help you out at any time of the day. Following is a brief list of services that are most sought-after by our clients:
Emergency locksmith service:
Wouldn't it be wonderful if you are locked out of your car or home and receive assistance within 15 - 20 minutes of the accident? Mid Westside FL Locksmith Store makes this a reality. Simply call us and we will reach your location, anywhere in the area. We have handled countless home and car lockouts in Carver Manor with tremendous success and can handle any emergency request with equal ease.
Security advice:
If the locks at your home or office are old and worn out, it is time to reconsider the locking system. The best way to do that is call an expert who knows how locks work and what lock will suit which door at your home or office. Our experts double up as security experts to help clients who are looking for unique solutions for the security of their property.
Lock repair/replacement services:
We provide standard lock repair/ locks replace service in Carver Manor. You can use our services for repairing of basic locks as well as the most intricately designed locks available in the market.
Key cutting services
We provide on-the-spot key duplication services in Carver Manor with the use of cutting - edge tools and thorough application of our skills.
Other service highlights:
- Eviction locksmith services
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- Master key system setup
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Looking for a reliable 'locksmith service around me' in Carver Manor? Call us on904-601-2422 today.