text:
RECORD: Darwin, C. R. 1838-1881. 'Journal'. CUL-DAR158.1-76. Edited by John van Wyhe (Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
REVISION HISTORY: Corrected transcription of the entries up to 1867 appears in the first fifteen volumes of the Correspondence (1985-2005). These, together with a working transcription of the entries following 1868, were provided as ascii text by the editors of the Correspondence, thanks to James Secord. Re-encoded by John van Wyhe, corrected against the manuscript by Kees Rookmaaker 12.2005, corrections and editing by John van Wyhe 1.2006, 3.2007, 8.2009, further corrected and edited against the manuscript by John van Wyhe 6.2010 etc. Corrections by Christine Chua and John van Wyhe 10.2022. RN25
NOTE: See record in the Darwin Online manuscript catalogue, enter its Identifier here. Reproduced with permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin and William Huxley Darwin.
This 11 x 7.5cm notebook is bound in beige paper covers with a green paper spine. The front cover bears a 6 x 4 cm label of cream-coloured paper with clipped corners reading: 'Journal / Charles Darwin / August 1838'. The notebook is written mostly in greyish brown ink. Where pencil or blue ink was used instead this is given in the textual notes at the bottom of each page. Some sheets bear watermarks dated 1832. The leaves of the notebook are numbered consecutively 1-76, added by an archivist since microfilming. Only the front of the leaf is numbered, hence there are 152 pages, but many blank. See also Emma Darwin's diaries.
Introduction by John van Wyhe.
[scroll up to see introduction]
Charles Darwin
August 1838
[inside front cover]
[Clipping pasted to the page from Nature 1873. Darwin's annotations are given here in bold:]
* The first paper contributed by him C. Darwin entitled "On the Ova of the Flustra," in which he announces that he has discovered organs of motion, and, secondly that the small black body hitherto mistaken for the young of Fucus loreus is in reality the ovum of Pontobdella muricata, exhibits his early habits of minute investigation.
An account of the Plinian Soc. of Edinburgh; Nature, Nov. 20, 1873, p. 38
My first paper 2d year in Edinburgh1
1 'On the Ova of the Flustra' was read 27 March 1827. See Minutes of the Edinburgh Plinian Society.
1809 Feb 12th. Born at Shrewsbury. Parish of St. Chad
1813 Summer. Went to Gros near Abegele for sea-bathing, some of my earliest recollections dates from this.
1817. Went to Mr Case's1 school in the Spring. (8 years old)
— July. My Mother died.2
1 Rev. George Augustus Case (1798-1831) of the Unitarian Chapel, Shrewsbury. See Autobiography, p. 22.
2 Susannah Darwin (1765-1817), daughter of Josiah Wedgwood I. Married Robert Waring Darwin in 1796.
1818 July Went with Erasmus1 on party of pleasure to Liverpool.
— Midsummer. — Went to Dr. Butler's school.2
— September. Ill with scarlet Fever
1819 July. Went to sea at Plas Edwards & staid there three weeks.
1820 July. Went tour with Erasmus to Pistol Rheyadur.3 — on horseback
1 Erasmus Alvey Darwin (1804-1881), Darwin's brother.
2 Samuel Butler (1774-1839), Head Master of Shrewsbury School. Grandfather of Samuel Butler (1835-1902) the novelist who later pursued a one-sided public row against Darwin.
3 Pistyll Rhaiadr, falls on the Rhaiadr river, Denbighshire.
X] added pencil.
1822 June. Tour with Caroline1 to Downton.—
July — to Montgomery & Bishops Castle, with Elizabeth.2
September.— To old Mr Cotton.3 —
1824. November.— Marianne4 was married to Dr Parker5
1825 June 17th. Left Shrewsbury school for ever.— 16 years old
— October. Went with Erasmus to Edinburgh—
1 Caroline Sarah Darwin (1800-1888), Darwin's sister, who married Josiah Wedgwood III in 1837.
2 Susan Elizabeth Darwin (1803-1866), Darwin's sister, who lived at the Mount until her death.
3 Richard Cotton (d. 1839), Shrewsbury naturalist. He told Darwin the erratic boulder in Shrewsbury, known as the 'Bell Stone', was unlike any rock nearer than Cumberland or Scotland. LL 1: p. 41 and Autobiography, p. 52. See also Geikie 1909.
4 Marianne Darwin (1798-1858), Darwin's eldest sister.
5 Henry Parker (1788-1858), physician who married Darwin's sister Marianne in 1824.
X] added pencil.
My first recollection of having some pleasure in scenery date as far back as this.— 13 years old.—1
1 Referring to a June 1822 tour with Caroline Darwin to Downton.
1826 June 15. Walking tour into North Wales with Hubbersty1
— Oct. 30th. Riding tour with Caroline Vaynor Park, Bala &
— November 6th. Went to Edinburgh by myself
1827 In Spring went to Dublin & Portran, & then to London & Paris with Uncle Jo2
1827. In the Autumn paid many visits to Woodhouse3
— September. Maer4 & Sir J. Mackintosh5
— Christmas. Went to Cambridge6
1828 Summer. Went to Barmouth (with Herbert7 & Butler8) to read with Butterton9
1 Nathan Hubbersty (1803-1881), Assistant Master at Shrewsbury School 1826-1828.
2 Josiah Wedgwood II (1769-1843), Darwin's maternal uncle.
3 Woodhouse, near Shrewsbury, home of the Owen family.
4 Maer Hall, near Stoke upon Trent, Staffordshire, home of Josiah Wedgwood II.
5 Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832), philosopher and historian.
6 The admissions books at Christ's College show Darwin was registered as a student on 15 October 1827 but that he did not come up to Cambridge until 26 January 1828. See John van Wyhe, Charles Darwin in Cambridge: The most joyful years, 2014.
7 John Maurice Herbert (1808-1882), barrister and judge.
8 Thomas Butler (1806-1886), son of Samuel Butler Head Master of Shrewsbury School.
9 George Ash Butterton (1805-1891), clergyman and headmaster.
1827 In Spring ... Uncle Jo] added in blue ink.
[Clipping from Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 11: 17. Darwin's annotations are given here in bold:]
† The first paper contributed by him Mr. Darwin. entitled "On the Ova of the Flustra" in which he announces that he has discovered organs of motion, and secondly that the small black body hitherto mistaken for the young of Fucus loreus is in reality the ovum of Pontobdella muricata, exhibits his early habits of minute investigation.
(From minutes of Plinian Soc.) These 2 papers were read by me at close of 1826 or early in 1827 before Plinian Soc. in Edinburgh & when first read by me, I was then 18 years old.
[The verso of the clipping is crossed in pencil]
1826/1827 winter. Examined marine animals on shores of Firth of Forth with Dr. Grant1 & Coldstream.2
In Spring went tour. Dundee St. Andrews Sterling. Afterwards Glasgow. Belfast Dublin.— Then London. Paris.—
1827/1828 Became acquainted with Fox3 & Way4 & so commenced Entomology.
1828. Very keen in collecting insects in the spring at Cambridge & at Barmouth in the Autumn.
1 Robert Edmund Grant (1793-1874), Scottish physician and zoologist.
2 John Coldstream (1806-1863), Edinburgh physician.
3 William Darwin Fox (1805-1880), Darwin's second cousin and clergyman naturalist.
4 Albert Way (1805-1874), antiquary, artist and traveller.
1828. Sept. Maer. & thence to Osmaston Hall1 for Music Meeting.
1829. Summer. Paid Barmouth a visit.—
— October. Bermingham. Music Meeting with Wedgwoods.
1830 Christmas vacation spent at Cambridge (?)
1 Osmaston Hall, near Derby, home of Samuel Fox (1765-1851), father of William Darwin Fox.
1830. Continued to collect insects: to hunt, shoot & be quite idle.
09/ 22
Christmas passed my examination for B.A. degree, & kept the two following terms.
— August. Went on Geological tour by Llangollen, Ruthven Conway, Bangor & Kapel Curig. where I left the Professor Sedgwick1 & crossed the mountains to Barmouth.
Returned to Shrewsbury at end of August.— refused offer of Voyage —
Sept. Went to Maer — returned with Uncle Jos to Shrewsbury.— thence to Cambridge & London.
— Sept. 11. Went with Capt. FitzRoy2 in steamer to Plymouth to see the Beagle
— 22d returned to Shrewsbury, passing through Cambridge.
1 Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873), Professor of Geology at Cambridge.
2 Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865), naval officer who commanded the Beagle and had inititated the offer for a scientific person (not a personal companion) to join the expedition.
09/... x] added pencil.
During these months lived much with Prof. Henslow,1 often dining with him, & walking with. became slightly acquainted with several of the learned men in Cambridge. which much quickened the little zeal, which dinner parties & hunting had not destroyed. In the Spring, paid Mr Dawes2 a visit, with Ramsay,3 Kirby4 & Henslow & talked over an excursion to Teneriffe.—
In the Spring, Henslow persuaded me to think of Geology & introduced me to Sedgwick.— During midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire.
1 John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861), Professor of Botany at Cambridge and Darwin's mentor. See Memoir 1862.
2 Richard Dawes (1793-1867).
3 Marmaduke Ramsay (1795-1831), B.A., Jesus College, Cambridge, 1818; Fellow and tutor, 1819-1831.
4 Possibly Henry Kirby (d. 1858) or William Kirby (1759-1850).
1831 Oct. 2d. Took leave of my home.
Staid in London.
— Oct 24th. Reached Plymouth
— December 10th Sailed. but were obliged to put back
— 21st. Put to sea again & were driven back
— 27th. Sailed from England on our circumnavigation.—
October & November. These months very miserable.—
1832. Jan. 16th. First landed on a tropical shore. St. Jago
Feb 29th. Landed at Brazil
Dec. 2d.— Tierra del Fuego
1833 Dec 6th. Sailed for last time from Rio Plata.
1834 June 10th. Sailed for last time from Tierra del Fuego
St. Jago] added pencil.
1835 Sept. 5th Sailed from West shores of South America
1836 May 31. Anchored at the Cape of Good Hope
1836 October 2d. Anchored at Falmouth.
Oct.— 4th. Reached Shrewsbury after absence of 5 years & 2 days.
Oct— 14th. London
— 15th Cambridge
— 20th London
— 28. Beagle arrived at Woolwich. was paid off November 17th.—
November 12th. Maer
— 16th Shrewsbury
December 2d London
— 13th. Cambridge
X] added pencil.
Jan: Cambridge — time spent in arranging general collection; examining minerals, reading, & writing little journal in the evenings Paid two short visits to London. — & read paper on elevation of coast of Chile.1
March 6th. Left Cambridge to reside in London
— 13th. Entered my lodging in 36 Grt. Marlborough Stt.—
June 26th. Short visit to Shrewsbury.
Septemb. 25th. Shrewsbury.— returned by Maer & reached London Oct. 21st
Oct 21st. London
Novemb. 20th: Two days Isle of Wight to see Fox.—
1 Darwin 1837.
In July opened first note Book1 on "transmutation of Species". — Had been greatly struck from about month of previous March on character of S. American fossils — & species on Galapagos Archipelago. — These facts origin (especially latter) of all my views.
From March 13th to end of September entirely employed in my journal.
May. paper on Coral formations to Geolog. Soc.2
do on deposits in Pampas.3
October - November. — preparing scheme of Zoology of Voyage of Beagle.4 Commenced geology5 —& finished proofs of Journal.6— Paper on worms. forming mould.—7
1 Notebook B.
2 Darwin 1837.
3 Darwin 1837.
4 Zoology.
5 Geology.
7 Darwin 1838.
Jan: 17th. I finished my account of the geology of the Galapagos Arch. & of Ascension.
Feb. 25 — finished St. Helena & small isls in Atlantic: Also speculated much about "Existence of Species & read more than usual.
March.— Part. Mammalia in Zoology. Paper on earthquakes for Geolog.Soc.1
April. Part. Birds for Zoolog: much time thus lost.
— 16th. Began geolog. Cape of Good Hope, King George Sound, Sydney.
May.— 1st Unwell, working at Geolog. as named & "Species".—
1 Darwin 1838.
May 10th. Went to Cambridge for 4 days
— 15th. Began geolog. of Hobart town & New Zealand
— 22d. Began geology of St. Jago. Cape de Verds
June - (beginning). Preparing 1st Part of Birds — St Jago geology — some little Species theory, & lost very much time by being unwell.—
— 23d Started in Steam boat to Edinburgh (one day Salisbury Craigs). Spent eight good days in Glen Roy. returned by sea through Greenock & Liverpool, slept at Overton
& reached Shrewsbury July 13th.
July 29th. Set out for Maer
August 1st. London. Began paper on Glen Roy & finished it1
September 6th. Finished paper on Glen Roy — one of the most difficult & instructive tasks I was ever employed on
Sept. 14th. Frittered these foregoing days days away in working on Transmutation theories & correcting Glen Roy. Began craters of Elevation Theory
Octob 5th. Began Coral Paper: requires much reading
25th Went to Windsor for two days' rest.— glorious weather.— delightful.
1 Darwin 1839.
Very idle at Shrewsbury, some notes from my Father.1 & opened note book, connected with Metaphysical Enquiries.2
August. Read a good deal of various amusing books, & paid some attention to Metaphysical subjects.
All September. read a good deal on many subject; thought much upon religion.— Beginning of October do.
1 Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848).
2 Notebook M.
Octob. 27th. Preface & Addenda on Theory of Erratic Blocks to Journal.1
November 9th. Started for Maer.
— 11th. Sunday. The day of days!2 Went to Shrewsbury next day — returned to Maer on the 17th. & to London on the 20th.—
December 6th. Emma came up to Town: — most fortunately for me.
December 21st. Emma Went to Maer
December 31st. Entered 12 Upper Gower Stt.—
1 The preface and addenda of Journal and remarks.
2 Darwin's marriage proposal accepted by his cousin Emma Wedgwood (1808-1896).
Lost 6, 7, 8th of Novemb. unwell.
Wasted entirely the last week of November.— Beginning of December prepared number of Birds. From 6th. to 21st busy about House & domestic concerns.— To the end of year. House hunting, read a little, & wasted sometime by being unwell. —
Jan 11th. Went to Shrewsbury.
15th Went to Maer
18th. London
25. Shrewsbury
28th. Maer
29th. Married at Maer & returned to London 30 years old
Feb 7th. Recommenced Coral Paper. —
March End of February & first week in March Earthquake paper, then a little work on Species & the Coral Paper
April 26th. Went to Maer
May 13th. to Shrewsbury
— 20th to London.
Aug 23d to Maer & thence on the 26th to Bermingham for the Meeting of the Brit. Assoc.
1839 X] X in pencil.
Married at Maer...30 years old] 'at Maer' and '30 years old' added pencil.
First week January correcting Glen Roy. Paper.— Did nothing during the rest of Month.—
Feb. 5th. Began. German.—
End of March & nearly all April Coral Paper.—
Maer visit. some reading connected with species, but did very little on account of being unwell.
May 20th to July 30th. Map for Coral islds— ornithological part of Beagle's Voyage— lost some time unwell— read little for species: to end of 23d of Aug.—coral-map. & Horticult. Transact.
Septem 12th. to Shrewsbury & staid there ten days.
Oct. 2d. Arrived in London.
Decemb 27th. A boy1 born at 1/2 past 9. A.M.
1 William Erasmus Darwin (1839-1914).
During my visit to Maer, read a little, was much unwell & scandalously idle.— I have derived thus much good, that nothing is so intolerable as idleness.
The last week corrected Earthquake paper.— Begin of Octob. correcting do — Ornithology.— Octob 10th. recommenced coral paper.
December 24th. became unwell, & with the exception of two or three days remained so till the 24th of February. In this interval read a little for Transmutn theory, but otherwise lost these whole months.
Again became unwell & did not commence Coral volume till March 26th.—
April 3rd went to Shrewsbury for a week by myself.
did Coral Volume
June 10. Went to Maer & paid visit to Shrewsbury.
Aug.4 Taken ill.
Nov 14 came up to London
During this summer when well enough did a good deal of species work.
Dec 15th. Commenced last number of Birds for Zoology of Beagle's Voyage
Finished. Feb. 20th. 1841.— Commenced
April 3rd...for'] in Emma Darwin's hand over erased pencil: 'April 3d to Shrewsbury for a week'. 'April 3rd...species work' Emma Darwin's hand. 'did Coral Volume' is in Darwin's hand.
1841 & 1842 (March 2d. Annie1
paper on Boulders & Till of S. America.2— finished April 4th.— Was idle & unwell—sorted papers on Species theory.
May 28th. Went to Maer. & Shrewsbury. read very little. returned to London July 23d.— July 26th. Commenced Coral work. after more than 13 months interval.
Jan. 3d 1842 Sent M.S. of Coral to Printers.
March. 7th. Went to Shrewsbury for 10 days:
May 6th 1842 corrected last proof of Coral volume.3— I commenced this work 3 years & 7 months ago. Out of this period about 20 (besides work during Beagle's voyage) months has been spent on it, & besides it, I have only completed the Bird Part of Zoology: Appendix to Journal Paper on Boulders & corrected papers on Glen Roy & Earthquakes
1 Anne "Annie" Elizabeth Darwin (1841-1851).
2 Darwin 1841.
3 Coral reefs.
March 2d. 1841 Annie born. —
Reading on Species & rest all lost by illness.—
May 18th. Went to Maer, June 15th to Shrewsbury; & on 18th to Capel-Curig, Bangor, Carnarvon to Capel-Curig; altogether ten days, examining glacier action. During my stay at Maer & Shrewsbury, 5 years after commencement wrote pencil sketch of my species theory.1— July 18th returned to London.—
Wrote paper on Glaciers.2 Copied notes on Species— Employed about Down.—Emma came to Down. September 14th. & I followed on 17th.— Mary Eleanor.3 Sept 23rd. born.— Ob. October 16th.—
October 14th. began on Volcanic islands—to shorten & rearrange Covington's M.-S.—
1 Later published in Foundations.
2 Darwin 1842.
3 Mary Eleanor Darwin (born and died 1842).
5 years after commencement] added pencil.
1842. Sept. 14. came to Down.
1843. July 8th. to Maer & Shrewsbury for a week
July 12. J. W.1 ob: Previous to this did little in the Spring from building; except some species work, & returned to volcanic islands on my return.
October 12th to Shrewsbury. for 12 days.
Paper on Sagitta2 & on seeds, preservation of.3
1844. Jan 5th sent M.S. of Volcanic Islands4 to Printers. Feb. 13th. finished correcting. In intervals & previously copied slowly enlarged & improved pencil sketch in 35 pages (written in midsummer of 1842) of Species Theory.
April 23d to Maer & Shrewsbury; returned May 30th
July 5th. Sent a written sketch of species theory5 (seven years after commencement in about 230 pages to Mr. Fletcher6 to be copied. Corrected it, last week in Sept: Paper on Atlantic Dust: on Planariae. Sorted my collections.
July 27th.—/44/— Began S. America
1 Death of Josiah Wedgwood II, Darwin's uncle and father-in-law.
2 Darwin 1844.
3 Kemp 1844.
5 Later published in Foundations.
6 Joseph Fletcher, schoolmaster at Down and for many years paid copyist for Darwin. His full name finally identified in Paul van Helvert & John van Wyhe, Darwin: A Companion, 2021.
September 25th. Henrietta Emma. D.1 born.
1843 July 12th My Josiah Wedgwood died. —
Sixteen months about Volcanic Isls Book
October 18th to 29th at Shrewsbury.
1 Henrietta Emma Darwin (1843-1929).
1843 July 12th. My Josiah
Wedgwood died. —] blue ink.
April 24th. Finished first time over S. America.1— (9 months)
April 25 Began 2d Edit of Journal.2
August 26th. Finished.—do — (4 months) Rested idle for a fortnight
Oct. 29th. Recommenced Geolog. of S. America
4000 copies of New. Edit of Journal sold at Jan 1. 1847
2 Journal of researches 2d ed.
1845. Went to Shrewsbury for a week 11 days on May 10th
April 29th to Shrewsbury, returned on May 10th.—
George Howard1 born July 9.
Sept 15th. to Shrewsbury; Lincolnshire; York: the Dean of Manchester:2 Waterton:3 Chatsworth:4 Camp. Hill:5 returned home Oct. 26th.
1846. Feb. 21 to Shrewsbury; March 3d home.
July 31 to Shrewsbury. Home Aug. 9th.
1 George Howard Darwin (1845-1912).
2 William Herbert (1778-1847).
3 Charles Waterton (1782–1865).
4 Chatsworth, the estate of the Duke of Devonshire, located in the parish of Edensor, Derbyshire, where Darwin viewed the great conservatory, 300 feet in length, completed in 1840.
5 Camp Hill, the home of Sarah Elizabeth (Sarah) Wedgwood.
11 days on May 10th] added pencil.
1846. Feb. 21 ... Home Aug.] cancelled in pencil.
1846. Oct 1st. Finished last proof of my Geolog. Obser. on S. America; This volume, including Paper in Geolog. Journal on the Falkland Islands1 took me 18 & 1/2 months: the M.S., however, was not so perfect as in case of Volcanic Islands. So that my Geology has taken me 4 & 1/2 years: now it is 10 years since my return to England. How much time lost by illness!
Oct 1st. Paper on new Balanus. Arthro balanus
10 days in London, during 2 visits
& visitors here & some days unwell
November, December Conia & Megatrema
1 Darwin 1846.
during 2 visits] '2' in pencil.
Feb 21st. to Shrewbury. March 3d. Home
July 31st to do, Augt 9th. Home
September 9th with Emma to Brit Assoc: at Southampton, on the 12th to Portsmouth & coast of Isle of Wight on 13th to Winchester & S. Cross, on 14th Netley Abbey & Southampton Common. 17th Home
Sept. 22d. With Em. & Susan to Knole Park
1847. Jan. Conia
Feb. Balanus
March. Acasta & Clisia
April 14th Lost several weeks by Boils & unwellness—
Tubicinella Coronula —
Dec 18th. Anat. of Pedunculated Cirriped
From Jan 1st 1847 to Jan 1848. 236 copies sold of my Journal by Murray. Total up to Jan 1. 1848— 4100.—
Tubicinella Coronula —] added in blacker ink.
Feb: 19th to Shrewsbury, March 5th. Home
June 22d to Brit. Assoc. at Oxford; Blenheim, Nuneham; Dropmore, Burnham Beeches, home July 1st.—
October 22d to Shrewsbury, Nov. 5th. Home
[a line of writing was here erased by abrasion and is now illegible]
1848.— March 20. Finished Scientific Instructions1 & Transportal of Boulders from Lower to Higher Level.—2
April 19th. Paper read on Transportal of Boulders Both these done in intervals of work.
About Nov. 1. Began species of Anatifera
Jan 13. 49. finished o.
From July to end of year, unusually unwell, with swimming of head depression, trembling—many bad attacks of sickness..—
1 Darwin 1849.
2 Darwin 1848.
May 17th to Shrewsbury. June 1st Home.
July 22d to Swanage by Wareham & Corfe Castle
Home 29th by Sir W. Symonds1 yatch, Poole, spending a morning in New forest.—
Oct. 10th to Shrewsbury. Oct. 25th. Home.—
Nov. 17 to do. Nov. 26th Home
My Father died in morning of Nov. 13th. in his 83d. year. Born at Lichfield on May 30th. 1766. He was 3d son of Erasmus Darwin, who born at Elston in 1731. Settled in Shrewsbury about 1786.—
1 William Symonds (1782-1856), Surveyor of the Navy 1832-47, Rear-admiral, 1854.
1849. Jan 1st to March. 10th. Health very bad with much sickness & failure of power—worked on all well-days.—
March 10th to June 30th. at the Lodge Malvern: perfectly idle. health greatly improved.—
July 15th Recommenced systematic part of pedunculate Cirripedia.— Recent & fossil
Sept 11th to 21st. Brit: Assoc: at Birmingham, going to Malvern on the Sunday.
1850. Ap. 28th. Commenced systematic Sessilia.—
Dec.30. finished Balanus & Pachylisma
June 11 to 18th. Malvern
Augst 10 to 16 Leith Hill1
Oct. 14th. Hartfield.2 18th to Ramsgate, 22d Home
1 Leith Hill Place, near Dorking, home of Josiah Wedgwood III (1795-1880), brother of Emma Darwin; married to Darwin's sister Caroline.
2 Hartfield Grove, Hartfield, home of Charles Langton (1801-1886), later Darwin's brother-in-law, married Emily Catherine Darwin in 1863.
1851. Early part finished fossil Lep Lepadidae.— prepared for press recent Lepadidae
Aug. 18th. began proofs X
Nov. 12. Finished do & began Genus Conia—(or Sessile Cs.) & Elminius
X] 'X' added pencil.
March 24th to Malvern with Annie & Etty. returned home 31st.—
April 16th. went started for Malvern. April 23d our dear
child expired:1 24th. I returned to Emma.
Our darling was born March 2d. 1841.—
July 30th to London. Aug. 10th returned Erasmus' House for Exhibition. &c
1 Anne Elizabeth "Annie" Darwin.
our dear child expired:] ':' added pencil.
Whole year Sessile Cirripedes
Genera, Acasta, (Pyrgoma & Creusia 41 days). Coronula (19 days) Platylepas, ubicinella, Xenobalanus, Chelonobia (Chthamalus 36 days), Chamoesipho, Octomeris, Catophragmus, Balanus recommenced; Mr Sowerby1 drawings Balanidae. Began Verruca
1852.— March 24 to Rugby for a day, thence to Shrewsbury, home April 1st.—
— Sept 11. to Leith Hill. 16th Home again — Drove in carriage by Godstone & Reigate
1 George Brettingham Sowerby (1812-1884), conchologist and illustrator. See Sowerby's illustrations here.
Drove in carriage by Godstone & Reigate] in pencil.
Whole year preparing M.S of Sessile Cirripedes for press.—
viz Verruca, Alcippe, Cryptophialus, Alcippe; X Mr. Sowerby for drawing. Sept. 20. Class. Cirripedia
Alcippe; X] 'X' added pencil on facing page.
1853 July 14th to Eastbourne: visited Brighton & Hastings. Home Augt 4th.—
Aug 13th to Hermitage1 for Chobham 17th home
Nov. 30th Royal Medal given to me.
1 The Hermitage, near Woking, not far from Chobham Camp, home of Jessie and Harry Wedgwood (1779-1885), brother of Emma Darwin. See Emma Darwin (1915) 2: 154.
1854. Feb. 3. First Proof of Sessile Cirripedia.— X
— July 15th. Final Revise of do.
Sept. 9th. Finished packing up all my cirripedes.1 preparing Fossil Balanidae distributing copies of my work &c &c.— I have yet a few proofs for Fossil Balanidae2 for Pal: Soc: to complete, perhaps a week's more work. Began Oct. 1 1846 On Oct. 1st. it will be 8 years since I began! But then I have lost 1 or 2 years by illness.
Sept. 9th. began sorting notes for Species Theory.—
Sessile Cirripedia.— X] 'X' added pencil.
1854. March 13th to Hartfield on account of Franky's1 illess. returned the 17th.—
— July 13-15 — Hartfield.—
— Oct. 9th-14th. Leith Hill
Decr. Lenny2 & Franky ill.—
1 Francis Darwin (1848-1925).
2 Leonard Darwin (1850-1943).
Decr. Lenny & Franky ill.—] in pencil.
March & April. Employed chiefly in comparing seeds—trying experiments in salting seeds.— & reading.—
Jan. 18th. Went to 27 York Place, Baker St1
Feb. 15. Returned Home.—
Sept. 10th Started for Glasgow Brit: Assocn., Sleeping at Carlisle with Emma. 19th. return sleeping at Carlisle, & reaching Shrewsbury on 20th; & I returned home on 22d.
1 A London holiday home rented by the Darwins from 18 January to 15 February 1855.
May 14th Began by Lyells1 advice writing species sketch.—2
Oct 13th Finished 2d. Chapt. (& before part of Geograph. Distr.)
Dec 16th " [finished] 3d Chapt.
1 Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Scottish geologist.
2 This became Natural selection.
before part of] pencil insertion.
Dec 16th " 3d Chapt.] in pencil. '16th' appears to be written over '14th'.
Sept 13th Leith Hill, returned 19th.—
November At. Sarah1 died
Dec 6th Charles Waring Darwin2 Born
1 Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood (1778-1856).
2 Charles Waring Darwin (1856-1858).
Dec 6th Charles Waring Darwin Born] in pencil.
Jan 26th Finished Ch. 4. Var. Natural
Feb 27 March 3d. Find Ch. 5 Struggle for Existence
March 31st finished Ch. 6. Nat. Selection
Sept. 29th. finished Ch. 7 & 8; but one month lost at Moor Park.
Sept. 30th-to December 29th on Hybridism.—
April 22d. Moor Park. Returned May 6th Did me astonishing good
June 16th to Moor Park: returned on 30th— Etty there On 27th went to Selbourne
In latter part of Sept. for about week, Lenny had very intermittent Pulse, but now Oct 6th seems quite well; latter part of Oct. occasionally poorly. Nov. 13th seems quite well
(Nov. 5th-12th Moor Park)
March 9th Finished Instinct Chapter
April 14th. Discussion on large genera & small & on Divergence & correcting Ch. 6. (Moor Park) finished June 12th.— & Bees cells.
June 14th Pigeons: (interrupted)
July 20th to Aug 12th at Sandown, begun abstract of Species book1
Aug 17th. recommenced skeleton & Pigeon M.S.
Sept 16th Recommenced Abstract. Sect III & IV.
Oct 8th. Began Sect V on Laws of Variation of Abstract: finished 22d
Oct. 23rd Sect VI. Difficulties finished Nov 13 (Moor Park)
Nov. 13th Instinct 30th Hybridism.
Dec 11th Geological Succession
1 This became Origin of species.
April 20th Moor Park. Returned. May 4th.—
Etty very ill.
June 28 Poor dear Baby1 died.
July 9th to Hartfield 16th to I. of Wight
17th Sandown 27th Shanklin. August 13th Home.—
Oct 25th Moor Park. Returned Nov. 1st.—
Marianne Parker died in July
1 Charles Waring Darwin (1856-1858).
Jan 15th. Abstract. Geograph. Distrib:
Feb. 28. Affinities & Classification
March 19th Began relooking over first MS. Chs. & finished last Chapter.
May 25. Began Proof sheets
Oct 1. Finished proofs— 13 months & 10 days. of Abstract on Origin of species.— 1250 copies printed.
During end of November & beginning of December employed in correcting for 2d. Edition of 3000 copies.
Multitude of Letters.
The 1st. Edit was published on Novr. 24th & all copies ie 1250 sold first day.— X
X] in pencil on facing page.
(medal from Geolog. Soc.)
Feb 5th-19th Moor Park. did not do me so much good as usual.
May 21st-28th— Moor Park.
July 19th to 26th Moor Park.
Augt 20 - 23d Leith Hill.
Sept to London Oct. Ilkley
Oct. 2d started for Ilkley, Returned Home (staying in London two days) on Dec. 9th.
(staying...two days)] parentheses in pencil.
Jan. 9th. Began looking over M.S. for Work on Variation (with many interruptions)
Letters & preparations for foreign Editions
March 24th Began Introduction to Vol. on Variation
June 10th Finished 2d Ch. on Pigeons. arranged papers for next Ch. & Experiments.
Aug 11th. Began Ch. III
During July at Hartfield & afterwards & at Eastbourne, worked at Drosera
Jan. Murray1 says 6000 copies of my Journal now sold.
Jany 7th The 2d Edition, 3000 copies of Origin was published
May 22. The 1st Edit of Origin in U. States was 2500 copies.—
June 28th to July 7th Sudbrook Park
July 10 to Aug 2d Hartfield (Etty long ill)
Sept. 22d to Eastbourne. Returned Nov. 10th seven weeks, owing to Etty illness.
May 28 1st Edit 180
July & Oct. 2d Edit 636.13.4
May. American Edit 21.17.6
— (61) do 1861. 10.10
1861 April. 30 3d Ed 480 372
1 John Murray (1808-1892), Darwin's publisher from 1845.
March 20th. Finished Ch. III on Variation Under Domestication & began Ch. IV
(In December last & Jan. prepared new & Third Edit of Origin: 2000 Copies
May 16 Finished Fowls (8 weeks)
— 31st Ducks
July 1 During stay at Torquay did paper on Orchids
All rest of year Orchid Book1
1 Orchids.
July 1] added pencil.
The new Edit. of Origin 2000 copies. was published in April.
July 1. Started for Torquay & returned Aug 27th 8 weeks & a day
April 28th finished Orchis Book
Besides odd times for several years, this Book has cost me 9 months, if I do not count Torquay; but in this time I did Primula paper:1
2d Edit German of Origin & experiments &c. Say 10 months counting 1/2 time at Torquay.
May 15th. Orchid Book published. X
Much time wasted June & July from Leonards illness.
Finished Silk-worms Geese &c
Oct. 7th Facts of variation of Plants;
Dec. 11. finished long Chapter— Paper on Linum.
Dec. 21. Bud-Variation
1 Darwin 1862.
X] in pencil on facing page.
Feb. March & April. Horace ill
May 15 to 22d. Leith Hill Place
June, July Augt Leonard very ill Scarlet Fever
Aug 12 to Southampton, Emma Scarlet Fever
Sept 1 to Bournemouth. Sept. 30 Home
Jan 23d Chapt. on Inheritance.
finished April 1st— took me 6 1/2 weeks
time lost by illness & London—
April 1st Ch. on Crossing & Sterility; finished June 16th.— took me 8 weeks; time lost by Hartfield & illness &c.—
June 16th. Selection.— July 20th finished
Feb 4 to 14th Stayed with Erasmus
April 27th to May 13th Hartfield & Leith Hill Place
Sept. 2d. Malvern Wells; returned Oct. 14th— Ill, there.— Ill to end of year
April 13th last sick
April 10th Dr Jenner1
May 22nd Dr Jenner
1 William Jenner (1815-1898), physician at University College Hospital. These notes evidently refer to 1864. See Correspondence vol. 12, p. 493, n1.
April 13th...Dr Jenne] in pencil.
Began to count seeds of Lythrum about April 20th. Finished Lythrum paper1 about May 25th. Began Tendril paper2 & finished it on Septr 13th but afterwards had about a fortnight for additions. Hence this paper on climbing plants took 4 months!!
Sep. 14. Began Laws of Variation for "Domestic Animals & Cult: Plants" & finished this Ch. on Novr 16th. I then began going over again the earlier chapter of Book on "Domestic Animals &c."
1 Darwin 1864.
2 Darwin 1865.
Ill all Jan. Feb. March. Last sickness April 13th.
Augt 25. to Elizabeth for one week to Chester Place.1
The severe illness lasted Seven Months.
Copley Medal
1 Chester Place, Regent's Park, home of Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II] (1793-1880), Emma Darwin's sister.
The severe...Copley Medal] in pencil.
Jan. 1. I continued on "Domestic Animals &c." Ch X till April 22d when (with exception of one subsequent week) I became ill & remained so & unable to do anything (except read Origin for 2d French Edit.) till early in December when I began counting Homomorphic seeds
On Dec 25 began again on Chapt X of Domestic Animals.
Fell ill on April 22d — got a little better in middle of September —
On Nov. 8th went to Erasmus & staid ten days & fell ill again with cold; but got better in the beginning of December
Continued correcting Chapts of Domestic Animals.—
March 1st Began on 4th Edit of Origin of 1250 Copies:— (Received for it 238 £
making 7500 copies altogether.
May 10th Finished Origin except Revises & began going over Ch. XIII. of Dom. Animals.
Dec. Nov 21. Finished Pangenesis.
Dec. 21. Finished regoing over all Chapters, & sent them to Printers
Dec. 22. Began Concluding chapter of Book.
April 21st to May 2d to Erasmus.
May 29th to June 2d Leith Hill Place
Nov. 22 to 29th to Erasmus.
Febr. 2 Catharine1 died
Oct 3. Susan2 died.
1 Emily Catherine Langton née Darwin (1810-1866), wife of Charles Langton and Darwin's youngest sister.
2 Susan Elizabeth Darwin (1803-1866), Darwin's sister.
Last chapter of Domes A "Variation under Domestication" & beginning of Man Essay.
First proof arrived March 1st. Revises finished Nov. 15th.
I began this book1 beginning of 1860 (& then had some M.S.). but owing to interruptions from my illness, & illness of children: from various editions of Origin & papers, especially Orchid book & Tendrils, I have spent 4 years & 2 months over it —
1200 copies sold at Murray's sale.
The book not actually published till Jan.30. 1868 —
1 Variation.
Feb. 13 to 21 to Erasmus. —
June 17th to 24th. do. do.
Oct. 18th to 24th. do poorly at times
Nov. 28 to Dec. 7th. do. very well
New Book on Var. under Domestication published on Jan. 30. 1500 cop On Feb. 10th a new edition to be printed of 1250 copies.
Received for this edition 720 £.
Began middle of December 1867 On illegitimate Offspring of Dimorphic & Trimorphic Plants1 & on specific difference of Primula2 & finished Feb. 1.
Feb. 4th Began on Man & Sexual Selection.
May 17th Birds—Sexual Selection.
Decr 26th Fifth Edition of Origin Edit. of 2000 Copies.
1 Darwin 1868.
2 Darwin 1868.
1500 cop] added pencil.
March 3 for a week to Erasmus & then for 3 weeks to Aunt Elizabeth House. Returned home April 1st. —
June 23rd unwell & continued so to July 16th & did hardly anything.
July 16th to Isle of Wight. Freshwater
Aug 21st Returned to Down having slept at Southampton.
Novr 7th-16th Erasmus.
Freshwater] added pencil.
Feb. 10th Finished 5th Edit of Origin: has taken me 46 days.
Feb. 11th Sexual Selection of Mammals & Man & Preliminary Chapter on Sexual Selection (with 10 days for notes on Orchids) to June 10th when I went to
North Wales.
On Augt 4 recommenced going over all chapters on Sexual Selection.
Feb. 16th - 24th to Erasmus.
June 10th started for Caerdon, Barmouth sleeping at Shrewsbury. Returned July 31st having slept at Stafford. Weak & unwell.
Novr 1st to 9th Erasmus. —
I find Murray has printed 9000 copies of my Journal of Travels & Colburn 1500 = 10,500 copies.
The whole of the year at work on the Descent of Man & Selection in relation to Sex.1 I began this work on Feb. 4th 1868; but many interruptions.
Went to press Augt 30 /70/ & finished last proof.
1 Descent.
March 5 - 10 Erasmus.
May 20 - 24 Cambridge.
June 24 to July 1. Erasmus.
Aug 13 - 26 Southampton at William's.
Oct 13 - 20 Leith Hill & I got home late
Dec. 8 -14 Erasmus.
I began "Descent of Man & S. Selection" on Feb. 4th 1868. & I have on Jan 15th corrected last sheet; so it has taken me nearly 3 years, but the 5th Edit. of Origin took up 46 days & notes on Orchids 10 days; & health compelled many visits & rests.
Descent of Man published on Feb. 24th. At first 2500 copies printed
& 2000 reprinted. & I received 630£ Received 1470
Jan 17. Began Expression1 & finished final rough copy on April 27. Many interruptions.
June 18th Began 6th Edit. of Origin; Oct 29th finished M.S. but lost 2 months by illness Nov. & Dec.
Proofs of do & Expression &c. & illness & visits.
1 Expression.
& I received 630£]
cancelled in pencil.
'2000' and 'Received 1470 £.'] added pencil over previous erased writing.
Feb. 23 to March 2nd Erasmus.
April 1 to 5 do
May 11 - 19 Southampton.
June 24 - 30 Erasmus.
July 28 to Haredene Albury, Home Aug 25.
Aug 31. Henrietta married.
Nov. 3 - 10 Leith Hill Place.
Dec. 12 - 22 Erasmus.
Jan 10th Finished Proofs of Origin & again rewriting expression. —
Aug 22. Finished last Proofs of Expression which I began on Jan 17th last year. — Has taken me about 12 [illeg] months:)
Aug 23rd Began working at Drosera.
Nov. 3rd Began writing on do.
Nov. 8th At Murrays Sale 5267 Copies of Expression book sold to London Booksellers.
The Edition consists of 7000 published November,
2000 at end of year additional. —
Feb. 13 to March 21. London, 9 Devonshire St. Portland Place (5 weeks).
June 8 to 20 Southampton.
Augt 13 to 21 Leith Hill Place.
Oct 5 - 26 Sevenoaks Common.
Dec17 to 23 Erasmus (unwell all time).
Jan 15 Finished Drosera 14th & recorrected Climbing Plants.
Feb. 3d Began on evil effects of inter-crossing.
June 14th Began Drosera again.
Oct. 20 Began correcting Drosera M.S.
Nov. 20 Began correcting 2nd Edit of Descent of Man; & continued for rest of year & next year.
March 15th to Apr 10th at 16 Montague St.
June 4th to 12th Leith Hill Place
Aug 5th to 9th at Abinger, from 9th to 21st at Basset.
Nov. 8th -18th Bryanston St (very pleasant).1
Copies sold in Germany of Translations, Feb.1, 1874
Origin 6500, Descent of M. 5000. Var. 1700, Expression 3000, Orchids 600.
1 4 Bryanston Street, London, was the address of Darwin's daughter Henrietta Emma Litchfield after her marriage.
Second Edit. of Descent and of Coral Reefs. The Descent took 3 months.
April 1. Began Insectivorous plants1—(interruptions from proof sheets) & went on whole rest of year, writing & some observations.
Jan 10th to 17th to Erasmus.
Ap. 21 to 29th Henrietta
July 25th to Abinger, 30th to William. Aug 24th to Home
Dec 3d -12 Henrietta's.
Frank married July.
Frank married July.] in pencil.
March 29th finished M.S. of Insectivorous & recorrecting Climbing Plants. Began correcting June 3rd.
Began writing, with some observations on April 1st on Insectivorous Plants.
May 23rd finished slips of Insectivorous Plants
July 2nd Insectivorous Plants published. 2700 sold immediately.
— 6 Correcting 2nd Edit. of Var. under Dom.
Oct 3rd Finished about Var under Dom; but shall have nearly month of more work with proofs &.
Therefore I may say I began "On advantages of Crossing" on Sept. 1st.
March 31st to 17th to Eras: & Litchfields. Home April 12th. —
June 3rd to July 5th Abinger Hall.
July 2nd Insectivorous Plants Published. 2250
3000 copies printed.
Aug. 28th to Sept 11th Southampton, William.
Nov. 4th & 5. Erasmus, for Vivisection Commission.1
Dec. 10th to 20th Bryanston St.
1 Darwin 1876.
Insectivorous Plants May 5 Finished M.S. first time over of Effects of Cross Fertilization.1 Began correcting 2nd Editn of Orchid Book, much labour
at Hopedene began my little Autobiography.
June 11th Began going over for 2nd time M.S. of effects of Cross Fertilisation.
Aug. 19th First proofs of do. Oct 21 Finished Proofs. Published on November 10th & 1500 sold by close end of year. —
In intervals I worked at 2nd Edit. of Orchids. Novr 14 finished first proofs, published at end of year.
Nov 15th Began on Heterostyled Plants but in intervals I have done 2 or 3 weeks work. Say Nov. 1st I began work on the book. —
[This section continues on second half of page 55]
1 Cross and self fertilisation.
Feb. 3rd - 5th at Erasmus.
Ap. 27 to May 3d do.
May 24th to Hopedene. June 7 Hollycombe. 10th Home.
Oct 4th Leith Hill. 7th Southampton. 20th Home.
Sept 11 Poor Amy died; a most dreadful blow to us all. —
So during last 14 months I have done Effects of Cross Fertilisation & 2nd Edit. of Orchids; but then I had rough M.S. written out of the experimental parts of "the Effect &c."
All the early part of Summer at work on "Different forms of Flowers"1
published (1000 1250 copies) middle of July.
From that time to end of year working on Bloom — Spontaneous Movement of Plants & Heliotropism & a little on Worms.
1000 1250] cancellation
and '1250' added pencil.
Jan. 6 to 15. Henrietta.
April 12th to 28 do & Erasmus
June 8 Leith Hill, 13th to Southampton, Stanhope &c. returned home July 4th. —
Aug. 20th - 25. Abinger, delightful.
Oct. 26 - 29. Erasmus.
Nov.16 - 19. Cambridge L.L.D. Degree
The whole of this last year on the circumnutating Movements of plants except about 6 weeks on Life of Erasmus Darwin & bloom.—
Jan. 17 - 23 at Erasmus.
Feb. 27 to March 5. Bryanston St on account of Giddiness. 7
April 27 to May 13th Southampton.
Aug 7th Leith Hill, Abinger, & Barlaston. Home Aug 22nd. —
Nov. 19 - 27th Bryanston St.
Giddiness. 7] '7' added pencil.
The whole of this year on circumnutating movements of plants except about 6 weeks on Life of Erasmus Darwin.
Feb. 27 to March 5 at Erasmus on account of Elizabeth's illness. —
May 6th Worthing. 8th Southampton. 21 Leith Hill. 26th Home.
June 26th Erasmus, Baly Medal, 28th Laura Forster. July 1. Home. —
Aug 1 to 27 Coniston, sleeping at Erasmus.
Dec 2d to 11th Henrietta & Erasmus.
Dec 2d...Erasmus.] in pencil.
Circumnutating movements
All Spring finishing M.S. of "Power of Movement in Plants"1 & then Proof Sheets — Began in Autumn on Worms.
Nov. 6th 1500 copies of Power of Movement sold at Murray's Sale
All Spring...Murray's Sale] in blue ink.
March 4th - 8th Erasmus
April 8 - 13 Abinger, Horace & Ida
May 25 to June 8 Southampton.
Aug 14th to Cambridge, 19th Erasmus, 21st Home
Oct 28 to Nov. 2nd Henrietta's House
Nov. 8th Eliz. Wedgwood died.
Dec. 7 Erasmus. 11th Leith Hill Place. — 15th Home. —
Aug 14th...21st Home] in blue ink.
Nov. 8th Eliz. Wedgwood died.] in pencil.
Dec. 7...Home. —] in blue ink.
All early part of year Worm-Book.1
published Oct 10th - 2000 copies sold immediately— 5000 printed by December & corrected a new Edit.
November on the action of C. of ammonia on Chlorophyll2 & on roots of Euphorbia. & other Plants
1 Earthworms.
2 Darwin 1882.
published...immediately] in blue ink.
November...Euphorbia.] in blue ink.
Feb. 24th to March 3rd Bryanston St.
June 2d to July 4th Patterdale
August 3d to 5th to Erasmus
— 26th Erasmus died at night
Sept. 8th to 10th to A. Rich. Worthing
Oct. 20 - 27 at Horace at Cambridge
Dec. 13th to 20th Bryanston St.
[Darwin died on 19 April 1882.]
Sept. 8t ...Cambridge] in blue ink. 'Sept. 8th to 10th to A. Rich. Worthing' encircled in blue ink.
[Pages 60v-74 are blank.]
Robert Darwin my great-grandfather is described in the Philosop. Transactions for 1719 as a person of curiosity who discovered near Elston a skeleton of some large animal. —1
1 Darwin quoted from this article in Erasmus Darwin, p. 4: "Dr. Stukeley, in 'An account of the almost entire Sceleton of a large animal,' &c., published in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' April and May 1719, begins his paper as follows:—"Having an account from my friend, Robert Darwin, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, a Person of Curiosity, of a human Sceleton impressed in Stone, found lately by the Rector of Elston," &c."
[inside back cover]
Citation: John van Wyhe, ed. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
File last updated 11 September, 2023


text:
That's a given when it comes to a tiny house. The clue is in the name, after all — a tiny house just isn't going to have a lot of room, especially for storage space, and especially for the little extras that can make your house feel bigger.
But thanks to modern design, there are a lot of ways you can maximize space in a tiny home without sacrificing any of the attributes that make it attractive — or tiny.
Invest in lots of windows …
One of the best ways to make any room feel bigger is by lighting it up, wall to wall, corner to corner. This is usually easiest to do by adding windows, which can be especially effective when placed high up toward the ceiling in a tiny house, leaving room on the walls.
More windows do take up space, of course, but if living somewhere that feels light and airy is important to you, then windows are the very best way to accomplish that goal.
… Or floor-to-ceiling shelving
Of course, you'll want to think strategically about your tiny house's layout because with every decision you make to add something, you'll probably be forgoing something else you might like. So instead of a lofty window, maybe you'd rather install a wall of shelving where you can stash books, plates, clothes, whatever you want to stash.
Put shelves or hooks on your doors
Doors that swing open and shut aren't always the best idea in a tiny house (more on other options below), but if you really love that aesthetic, then you can still maximize space by adding some storage options to those doors. Hooks can work on either side of the door, and shelves can be a good option for the side of the door that swings away from the room (so you don't end up smashing the shelves on a wall). They can be a storage spot for bags or coats or whatever you might have needed in a coat closet in a larger home.
Use space outside
Especially if the weather is mostly nice where you live, investing in a big deck or porch where you can eat, set the kids up with homework, or just settle down and read can make living in your tiny home much more, well, livable. Some tiny homes even have an outdoor cooking space for grilling or baking outside, but if you don't want to go that far, seating for several people and maybe a hammock can go a long way toward making you feel like your house is richer in square footage than it actually is.
Let there be skylights
When your wall space is already taken, one excellent way to add light to a space without adding windows is through skylights. After all, you probably aren't going to hang shelving from a sloped roof; it's real estate that you can't really do much with except for let in some light, so if you feel like windows just aren't cutting it, consider installing a skylight or two.
Lose the walls entirely …
Open spaces tend to look bigger than walled-off spaces — consider the trend of having a kitchen/dining/living room space that flows into each other; it makes all three areas feel more spacious than they really are. Even though walls only take up inches in reality, they seem to have a disproportionate effect psychologically.
A totally open tiny house might not be feasible for you, and there are definitely other options if you have to have walls or room dividers of some kind. But if you can, open up as much space as possible to give yourself the illusion of a bigger room.
… Or use lots of sliding doors or curtains
If you must have divided space, hanging curtains or installing sliding doors can be an excellent alternative to a wall, which takes up more room than either one. Plus, with a curtain or sliding door, you can keep the space open when you want to feel like your tiny house has more square footage than it really does, then draw the curtains or slide the door shut when privacy is more important than airiness and space.
Add a loft
Most tiny homes don't have room for two full stories, but a common solution to the issue of space is found in lofted beds or bedrooms. A loft in a tiny house can often accommodate a queen-sized or even king-sized mattress, and when you're asleep, it doesn't matter if your body is physically close to the ceiling; you won't notice at all. Some people even sleep better in a space that feels cozier and more enclosed, once they get used to it.
If you can add a loft to your tiny house and use it for a bedroom or storage space, you'll be freeing up that much more floor space and giving your place a little boost in terms of feeling bigger than it is.
Turn under-stair space into awesome storage
Not all tiny homes have stairs, but for those that do, there's usually some lucrative storage space to be found underneath the stairs. You could do like the bigger houses do and use an under-stair closet, but you can also get really creative in a tiny home: Maybe you can create small cubbies with drawers or baskets under the stairs, or perhaps that space will be where you put your bookshelves. Whatever you do, don't neglect that prime real estate under the stairs — it's not just for pre-Hogwarts Harry Potter anymore.
Use mirrors wisely
Wall space is usually at a premium in a tiny house, but one very intelligent way to use that space is with mirrors, even if they're serving as a backdrop to a shelf. While windows are one of the best ways to let more light in, mirrors reflect and bounce back the light that's there, plus they can make your tiny home feel twice as big when they're placed correctly.
In a tiny house, a wall mirror probably makes more sense than a floor mirror. You can find or get mirrors cut that exactly fit your wall and reflect the entire house back at you — don't be surprised if you feel like you're living in a mansion once they're installed.
Don't be afraid to max out one room (but make it your favorite)
People like tiny houses because they're drawn to the minimalist lifestyle, naturally. But most of us also have a "favorite" room in the house, one where we spend most of our time and energy, where we feel like we're at our very best. Perhaps it's the kitchen, or maybe you're more of a bedroom dweller, or it could be the dining room where your kids sit and do their homework.
Whatever the case, don't hesitate to go all-out with one room in your tiny house. This really should be just one room, and maybe it's a space that you can take partially or mostly outside, like the living room or dining room. Once you take any tendencies toward maxing out one room beyond that one room, you'll find your tiny house really won't support it … but there's no harm in giving yourself one room where you feel like you aren't making any sacrifices of comfort for space.
Don't box in your storage
Optical illusions are a fabulous way to make your tiny house feel bigger. Even though you might not actually be saving space, using doorless cabinets is one way to help maximize the space in your kitchen (especially if you hang a mirror behind those plates or appliances). On a similar note, using a hanging rod for a closet instead of building an actual closet with a door does actually save space while also making the room appear bigger because you can see around the "closet" to the walls.
Small appliances can slide in and out on drawers
The kitchen is one place where many people in tiny houses end up making a lot of sacrifices. Storing small appliances can feel especially like a burden, but there are some interesting solutions by way of sliding drawers that let you slide out an appliance when you're using it and tuck it back away and out of sight when you're finished. Toaster ovens, coffee machines, and other items you use every day but don't have the counter space to keep out and ready can still be turned on quickly and put to good use before you slide them back home.
Consider a breakfast bar
Instead of a dining area inside, one nice solution for tiny homes is to build a breakfast bar that connects to your kitchen counter. It's just a little bit of extra space, but having somewhere to sit and drink your coffee or tea while getting ready for the day — or winding down with a beer or glass of wine at night — can make all the difference in making a place feel like "home."
Put lights under shelves
Natural light is all well and good when the sun is out, but when it's hiding or down for the night, you might need to boost the light in your tiny home using artificial means like actual light bulbs. Not all light fixtures are maximized for tiny home use, but you can often find some good places to put light when you look underneath shelves, drawers, kitchen cabinets, and other storage spaces. You can get some nice, bright lights for relatively cheap and save yourself the headache of figuring out what kind of lamp will be small yet powerful enough to suit your needs.
Look underneath for storage
Another time when it pays to "look underneath" is when you're seeking out storage space. You might be pleasantly surprised by how much storage is available in your tiny house when you can think creatively about it. Can you hang some baskets underneath your sink to hold cleaning supplies? Could you add drawers under your bed or sofa where you can keep extra blankets, bedding, or clothes? Some creative tiny-house enthusiasts are even able to find storage space underneath bathtubs — so crawl around for a little while and see whether you can identify any storage opportunities that you've been quite literally overlooking.
Murphy beds are back…
If you haven't lofted your bed, then a murphy bed — a bed that folds out from a wall — can be another excellent option for a tiny house. Many areas offer specialists who can make custom murphy beds that look like a desk or a table when they're folded up, then unfold into a spacious and comfortable bed when it's time to sleep. This way you can make your bedroom multitask as a dining room or study area, only getting out your bed (which, let's face it, is probably one of the biggest items of furniture most of us own) when it's time to use it.
…And fold-out desks and tables are in
Beds aren't the only items of furniture to get the fold-out treatment. Fold-out tables and desks can work very nicely in tiny homes with limited space, and they work exactly like it sounds: You fold them out when you're ready to use them, then tuck them away when you're all finished until you need them again.
By being conscious of the space you're using in your tiny home and doing your best to help every square foot multitask depending on the time of day, you'll find that you have a lot more room than you thought you would in the tiny home of your dreams.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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How we safeguard your data
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd are committed to protecting and safeguarding your personal information in accordance with current legislation and GDPR. Headley Media Technology Division Ltd will always process your personal data responsibly and securely at all times. Personal information that has been provided by our readers enables us to enhance our service and provide the most appropriate marketing, information and service for users. We will process this data under legitimate interest in accordance with GDPR. Readers may opt out of future communications through unsubscribing to email promotions or via email: email@example.com
Headley Media Technology Division are committed to protecting and safeguarding your personal information in accordance with current legislation of the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) where applicable and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Headley Media Technology Division Ltd adheres to the CCPA consumer rights of:
- right to notice
- right to access
- right to opt out (or right to opt in)
- right to request deletion
- right to equal services and prices
Headley Media Technology Division adheres to the POPIA principles of:
- accountability
- transparency
- security
- data minimization
- purpose limitation
- rights of data subjects
In accordance with the latest consumer data privacy laws in the US, we are fully compliant with the 13 US states that have passed data privacy laws:
- California (CCPA)
- Virginia (VCDPA)
- Colorado (CPA)
- Connecticut (CTDPA)
- Utah (UCPA)
- Iowa (ICDPA)
- Indiana (Indiana Consumer Data Protection Act)
- Tennessee (Tennessee Information Protection Act)
- Texas (TDPSA)
- Florida (Florida Privacy Protection Act)
- Montana (Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act)
- Oregon (OCPA)
- Delaware (Delaware Personal Data Privacy Act)
While each state approaches data privacy regulation in different ways, the obligations imposed and rights created under the US Consumer Privacy Laws are similar in many respects, and Headley Media maintains the ability to adjust to new developments under these (and other) state privacy laws while implementing the requirements set forth.
The legal basis we have for processing your data
The legal basis for processing your personal data is your consent. In certain circumstances we may alternatively process your personal data if Headley Media Technology Division Ltd has a legitimate interest in doing so.
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd follow the principle of data minimisation, ensuring the personal data collected is kept to a minimum at all times (Art.5). The Personal Data we process is restricted to Business Card Information of corporate employees who are directly linked to technology implementations and decision making. An extensive assessment has been completed, ensuring the personal data we process does not disproportionally affect the privacy rights of our readers. We practice transparency by clearly informing all readers that we are processing their personal data, and for what purposes (Art. 13 and 14). We will endeavour to keep all reader data up to date at all times (Art.5).
Our Service may contain links to other sites that are not operated by us. If you click on a third party link, you will be directed to that third party's site. We strongly advise you to review the Privacy Policy of every site you visit. We have tried to provide the links to third party privacy policies throughout our website where possible. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the privacy practices of such third party websites and your use of such websites is at your own risk.
How and when we share your personal data with others
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd may share your personal data to deliver content and services from our sites and third parties services that might interest you, including sponsored content.
Sponsored Content and Third Parties
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd partners with third party sponsors to make available a large library of content to our readers, such as white papers, videos, case studies and Webinars. In return for access to our library and to download content, we may ask you to provide us with your personal data as part of the registration and/or update your existing details.
As stated previously, Headley Media Technology Division Ltd follow the principle of data minimisation, ensuring the personal data collected is kept to a minimum at all times (Art.5). The Personal Data we process is restricted to Business Card Information of corporate employees who are directly linked to technology implementations and decision making.
We may also use your personal data to send you the offer you requested or to follow up a previously downloaded resource with additional content and/or other related resources of those in which you have chosen to request. In addition to this, your personal data may be shared with the sponsor and/or sponsors of the content to communicate with you regarding the offer, as well as additional products, content or services that may be of interest to you.
Please note that once your personal data is shared with the third party/ sponsor, their privacy policy, including information on how to opt-out in the future, will apply to your personal data. We have tried to provide the links to third party privacy policies throughout our website where possible. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the privacy practices of such third parties of sponsors.
Furthermore, we will also ask for your consent to have your details passed to the third party sponsor and/or sponsors at the point of download, offering you the opportunity to opt out of having your details shared and protecting your privacy.
Types of Data we collect and how we collect it
Personal Data
While using our Service, we may ask you to provide us with certain personally identifiable information that can be used to contact or identify you ("Personal Data"). Personally identifiable information may include, but is not limited to:
- Email address
- First name and last name
- Phone number
- Address, State, Province, ZIP/Postal code, City
- Cookies
We may use your Personal Data to contact you with newsletters, marketing or promotional materials and other information that may be of interest to you. You may opt out of receiving any, or all, of these communications from us by following the unsubscribe link or instructions provided in any email we send or by contacting us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
How we use your data
We may use the information you share with us and the information we collect through your use of our sites in the ways described below and as described at the time of capture. Headley Media Technology Division Ltd uses the collected data for various purposes:
- To provide and maintain our Service
- To notify you about changes to our Service
- To allow you to participate in interactive features of our Service when you choose to do so
- To provide customer support
- To gather analysis or valuable information so that we can improve our Service
- To monitor the usage of our Service
- To detect, prevent and address technical issues
We will use the details you have shared to send you daily newsletters to which you have subscribed. We will repurpose your data or add them to any marketing lists, unless you have consented us to do so. We will provide a way for you to unsubscribe on every newsletter we send to you.
Children's Privacy
Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 18 ("Children").
We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 18. If you are a parent or guardian and you are aware that your Children has provided us with Personal Data, please contact us. If we become aware that we have collected Personal Data from children without verification of parental consent, we take steps to remove that information from our servers.
Data Purchases from Third Parties
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd occasionally purchase marketing lists from third party data suppliers. This data may include but not be limited to:
- First Name
- Last Name
- Business Email Address
- Business Postal Address
- Business Job Title / Job Function
If a data purchase is made, you may start receiving email and telephone communications from Headley Media Technology Division Ltd regarding your business sector / business interests without having provided us your details. If at any time you no longer wish to receive these updates / communications you can opt out / unsubscribe at any time or email firstname.lastname@example.com. We also keep clear records of all these data suppliers.
Transfer Of Data
Your information, including Personal Data, may be transferred to - and maintained on - computers located outside of your state, province, country or other governmental jurisdiction where the data protection laws may differ than those from your jurisdiction.
If you are located outside United Kingdom and choose to provide information to us, please note that we transfer the data, including Personal Data, to the United Kingdom and process it there.
Your consent to this Privacy Policy followed by your submission of such information represents your agreement to that transfer.
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd will take all steps reasonably necessary to ensure that your data is treated securely and in accordance with this Privacy Policy and no transfer of your Personal Data will take place to an organization or a country unless there are adequate controls in place including the security of your data and other personal information.
Disclosure Of Data
If Headley Media Technology Division Ltd is involved in a merger, acquisition or asset sale, your Personal Data may be transferred. We will provide notice before your Personal Data is transferred and becomes subject to a different Privacy Policy.
Legal Requirements
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd may disclose your Personal Data in the good faith belief that such action is necessary to:
- To comply with a legal obligation
- To protect and defend the rights or property of Headley Media Technology Division Ltd
- To prevent or investigate possible wrongdoing in connection with the Service
- To protect the personal safety of users of the Service or the public
- To protect against legal liability
- Security Of Data
The security of your data is important to us, but remember that no method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage is 100% secure. While we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your Personal Data.
Data Security
We have very strict data protection practices in place around the data that is operated and managed within the business. Furthermore, IT Security has always been a key area where we have looked to make sure data and systems are secure. We have firewalls, antivirus software, encryption and a no spreadsheet rule already in place on desktop PC's.
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd implement an encryption policy which is essential for reducing the risks to data subjects' rights. We use Pseudonymisation, encryption and minimisation, all of which are recognised techniques in data protection by design.
Retention of Data
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd will retain your Personal Data only for as long as is necessary for the purposes set out in this Privacy Policy. We will retain and use your Personal Data to the extent necessary to comply with our legal obligations (for example, if we are required to retain your data to comply with applicable laws), resolve disputes, and enforce our legal agreements and policies.
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd will also retain Usage Data for internal analysis purposes. Usage Data is generally retained for a shorter period of time, except when this data is used to strengthen the security or to improve the functionality of our Service, or we are legally obligated to retain this data for longer time periods.
Your Rights and Preferences Under General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
If you are a resident of the European Economic Area (EEA), you have certain data protection rights. Headley Media Technology Division Ltd aims to take reasonable steps to allow you to correct, amend, delete, or limit the use of your Personal Data.
If you wish to be informed what Personal Data we hold about you and if you want it to be removed from our systems, please contact us.
In certain circumstances, you have the following data protection rights:
- The right to access, update or to delete the information we have on you. Whenever made possible, you can access, update or request deletion of your Personal Data directly within your account settings section. If you are unable to perform these actions yourself, please contact us to assist you.
- The right of rectification. You have the right to have your information rectified if that information is inaccurate or incomplete.
- The right to object. You have the right to object to our processing of your Personal Data.
- The right of restriction. You have the right to request that we restrict the processing of your personal information.
- The right to data portability. You have the right to be provided with a copy of the information we have on you in a structured, machine-readable and commonly used format.
- The right to withdraw consent. You also have the right to withdraw your consent at any time where Headley Media Technology Division Ltd relied on your consent to process your personal information.
- Please note that we may ask you to verify your identity before responding to such requests.
You have the right to complain to a Data Protection Authority about our collection and use of your Personal Data. For more information, please contact your local data protection authority in the European Economic Area (EEA).
Tracking and Cookies Data
We use cookies and similar tracking technologies to track the activity on our Service and hold certain information.
Cookies are files with small amount of data which may include an anonymous unique identifier. Cookies are sent to your browser from a website and stored on your device. Tracking technologies also used are beacons, tags, and scripts to collect and track information and to improve and analyze our Service.
You can instruct your browser to refuse all cookies or to indicate when a cookie is being sent. However, if you do not accept cookies, you may not be able to use some portions of our Service.
Examples of Cookies we use:
- Session Cookies. We use Session Cookies to operate our Service.
- Preference Cookies. We use Preference Cookies to remember your preferences and various settings.
- Security Cookies. We use Security Cookies for security purposes.
Website Analytics
We may use third-party Service Providers to monitor and analyze the use of our Service.
Google Analytics
Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic. Google uses the data collected to track and monitor the use of our Service. This data is shared with other Google services. Google may use the collected data to contextualize and personalize the ads of its own advertising network.
For more information on the privacy practices of Google, please visit the Google Privacy and Terms web page: http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/
Behavioral Remarketing
Headley Media Technology Division Ltd uses remarketing services to advertise on third party websites to you after you visited our Service. We and our third-party vendors use cookies to inform, optimize and serve ads based on your past visits to our Service.
Google AdWords
Google AdWords remarketing service is provided by Google Inc.
You can opt-out of Google Analytics for Display Advertising and customize the Google Display Network ads by visiting the Google Ads Settings page: http://www.google.com/settings/ads
Google also recommends installing the Google Analytics Opt-out Browser Add-on - https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout - for your web browser. Google Analytics Opt-out Browser Add-on provides visitors with the ability to prevent their data from being collected and used by Google Analytics.
For more information on the privacy practices of Google, please visit the Google Privacy and Terms web page: http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/
Facebook remarketing service is provided by Facebook Inc.
You can learn more about interest-based advertising from Facebook by visiting this page: https://www.facebook.com/help/164968693837950
To opt-out from Facebook's interest-based ads follow these instructions from Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/help/568137493302217
Facebook adheres to the Self-Regulatory Principles for Online Behavioral Advertising established by the Digital Advertising Alliance. You can also opt-out from Facebook and other participating companies through the Digital Advertising Alliance in the USA http://www.aboutads.info/choices/, the Digital Advertising Alliance of Canada in Canada http://youradchoices.ca/ or the European Interactive Digital Advertising Alliance in Europe http://www.youronlinechoices.eu/, or opt-out using your mobile device settings.
For more information on the privacy practices of Facebook, please visit Facebook's Data Policy: https://www.facebook.com/privacy/explanation
AdRoll remarketing service is provided by Semantic Sugar, Inc.
You can opt-out of AdRoll remarketing by visiting this AdRoll Advertising Preferences web page: http://info.evidon.com/pub_info/573?v=1&nt=1&nw=false
For more information on the privacy practices of AdRoll, please visit the AdRoll Privacy Policy web page: http://www.adroll.com/about/privacy
AppNexus remarketing service is provided by AppNexus Inc.
You can opt-out of AppNexus remarketing by visiting the Privacy and the AppNexus Platform web page: http://www.appnexus.com/platform-policy#choices
For more information on the privacy practices of AppNexus, please visit the AppNexus Platform Privacy Policy web page: http://www.appnexus.com/platform-policy/
Changes To This Privacy Policy
We may update our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify you of any changes by posting the new Privacy Policy on this page.
We will let you know via email and/or a prominent notice on our Service, prior to the change becoming effective and update the "effective date" at the top of this Privacy Policy.
You are advised to review this Privacy Policy periodically for any changes. Changes to this Privacy Policy are effective when they are posted on this page.
Contact Us
If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, please contact us:
By email: firstname.lastname@example.com
By visiting this page on our website: www.electronicpro.nz/ContactUs
By phone number: +44 (0) 1932 564999
By mail: Headley Media Technology Division Ltd, Warwick House, 1 Claremont Lane, Esher, Surrey, KT10 9DP


text:
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Price (USD)
$0.50633Circulating Supply
$1.1042BVolume (24h)
$4.9466MMarket Cap
$559.1538MLow/High 24h
$0.504049 - $0.544116Change (24h)
$0.00152109AIOZ Network or AIOZ is one of the well-known cryptocurrencies that is on offer at StealthEX. You can swap AIOZ Network coin at StealthEX with the most reasonable exchange rates, and you won't even need to sign up with us to do it, however, you can register with us for free if you want to. There's no limit for the exchanges done via StealthEX – you can exchange as much as you want. You will only need to cover the network fees for a minimum amount of crypto to be exchanged through our service.
At the moment, AIOZ Network crypto costs 0.50633000 per coin. It is therefore a good opportunity to invest in it now, while the price hasn't reached an all-time high.
This is a pressing question that relates to all crypto coins. AIOZ coin is no different. And while a lot of crypto enthusiasts believe AIOZ coin is a solid investment that will become even more valuable over time, it's best to take these AIOZ Network price predictions with a grain of salt. It is for the investor to decide whether they want to invest in crypto and take the risk. Always cross-check multiple sources before you make up your mind.
You can easily exchange AIOZ online through the StealthEX crypto exchange service. With its user-friendly interface, a high level of privacy and the absence of limits on crypto swaps, it remains one of the most popular online exchange platforms.
Here is your guide to an effortless purchase via StealthEX:
Don't forget to do your own research before buying any crypto. The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author.
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text:
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Oct 1994
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/12/1994
Page tools: Print Page Print All | ||
Monthly; ISSN:0728-4047; Provides statistics on livestock slaughterings (including chickens), meat production, milk intake by factories, market milk sales by factories, receivals of wool by brokers and dealers, exports of meat and stocks of frozen meat. Includes seasonally adjusted totals for meat produced, whole milk intake and wool receivals. Document Selection These documents will be presented in a new window. |


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You've learned all you need to (Hopefully by visiting our store and this website), shopped smart and made your best purchase decision.
Now we offer two words of advice: be prepared. Get ready for the day your new laminate flooring will arrive for installation.
Being prepared and involved will help insure that the process is done smoothly and efficiently, and, hopefully, eliminate expressions of "I wish I'd remembered to…".
Knowing what to expect will also be a lot less stressful on you, your family and your home.
Installing this type of floor yourself is difficult work, labor intensive and extremely exacting.
We recommend you call upon a reliable professional to install your laminate floor. That way you can be assured of a beautiful, efficient and correct installation.
However, while installing laminate flooring is a skill that is developed through years of experience, your understanding of the basics of installation will increase your knowledge of the process and enhance your confidence in the professionals working in your home.
We strongly recommend you call upon a reliable, seasoned, dedicated professional to install your laminate floor.
That way you can be assured of a beautiful, efficient and correct installation.
Which is precisely what our goal is for you.
However, while installing laminate flooring is a skill that is developed through training and experience, your understanding of the basics of installation will increase your knowledge of the process and enhance your confidence in the professionals working in your home.
So please allow us to cover some of the basics with you.
Today there are many manufacturers producing laminate flooring products.
Most manufacturers have their own specific installation guidelines, however the overall process is the same.
Laminate floors use what is known as a "floating floor" installation. This means the planks or tiles simply lay on top of the floor without being adhered to the subfloor and are only adhered to each other on the edges.
Side seams are either glued together or joined using a "glueless" installation where the planks or tiles tightly interlock together. Both installations are considered floating floors.
The first step an installer takes when installing a laminate floor is to closely inspect your subfloor for any imperfections.
While no floor is perfectly level, the subfloor should be checked for any noticeable gaps or ridges that could cause problems.
Your floor is then cleaned. The installers will also make sure that the laminate planks or tiles have had sufficient time to acclimate to their new surroundings. Probably by delivering them days ahead of installation.
The installers now put down an underlayment directly over your subfloor.
This underlayment allows the floor to expand and contract with changes in temperature and also acts as a sound and moisture barrier. Both good ideas.
In some installations, there are two underlayment layers.
The first layer is installed to specifically act as a moisture barrier while the second layer provides a sound barrier and enhances your flooring's performance.
The underlayment is typically rolled out and taped together at the seams.
Installers will cut the pieces of underlayment where needed with a precision utility knife to make a perfect fit.
Installers will typically begin in the left corner of the area and leave a minimum 1/4" space between the flooring and the perimeter walls.
This is done because the laminate requires space around the edges of the room to expand or contract.
Without that "breathing room" your floor will express its discontent. If the floor is touching or too close to a wall, it can buckle in the middle.
Along the wall, the installers use spacers as they work, to ensure the accuracy of this perimeter space.
They use one spacer for each square foot. Once your floor is fully installed they remove the spacers and cover the perimeter gap with quarter round trim or a wall base.
As the installers lay the planks or tiles in the desired pattern, they will carefully measure and precisely cut them to fit.
As mentioned earlier, many laminates today don't require glue for the installation.
These glueless products have significantly impacted the laminate flooring industry and there are several reasons why the glueless laminates are so popular.
Most importantly, they are easy to install. The installer simply puts down an underlayment and the laminate interlock to each other one at a time.
If something goes wrong during installation, your floor can be dismantled plank by plank, or tile by tile, and re-built.
If one of the planks gets damaged after installation, your entire floor can be removed, the damaged plank replaced, and the floor can be put back together again.
For floors that require glue on the sides of the planks or tiles, the installers begin by gluing the first two panels in the first row together.
Again, they start in the left-hand corner and glue the first row together at the ends.
As they glue each plank or tile they apply clamps or use straps to hold the pieces together.
Although planks or tiles usually fit together easily, installers will sometimes use a tapping block while fitting the boards together.
For installations that use glue, once the floor is completed and the glue is dry, installers then remove the spacers.
To finish your floor, the installers add molding to cover the perimeter gap and install any additional transition trim pieces needed in doorways or where the laminate meets a different type of flooring.
Custom finished moldings and trim will give your laminate flooring a beautiful, finished look. They are all coordinated to match or accentuate the design of your floor. It's all part of a professional installation.
For your knowledge, here are some finishing terms and definitions.
Reducer Strip is used to create a smooth transition between two floors of different heights, as well as protect the plank or tile exposed edges from damage caused by foot traffic.
Overlapping Stair Nosing is similar to a flush stair nosing except the nosing overlaps the exposed edge of your floor.
The overlapping stair nosing is secured to the subfloor and not to the laminate floor so the floor is free to move. Recall the "floating floor" idea we mentioned earlier in this section.
T-Molding is used to bridge two areas of flooring that are the exact same height.
The T-Molding overlaps the exposed edges of the floor and is secured only to the subfloor, never to the flooring itself.
Generally this trim is used as the transition piece between rooms, or as the expansion piece for areas that exceed 30 feet in length.
Universal Edge is also called a Square Nosing and is used where the laminate flooring butts up to carpeting, or various vertical surfaces where the edge will be exposed, such as along a fireplace.
Quarter Round gives the floor a finished look and protects the edges of your laminate flooring.
The result is a beautiful, professionally installed laminate floor.
Remove all furniture and other objects and materials from the areas where the installation will take place. Some installers will move your furniture, but there may be an additional charge for doing so.
Before moving, you'll also need to empty the contents of china cabinets, closets and the like.
Be aware that the area of installation must be climate controlled (heated or air conditioned). Indoor humidity should be maintained between 45-65%.
Please consider how your old floor covering will be taken up and disposed of. This can be a time consuming task. We recommend that you check with us about the cost and the method of disposal.
If you prefer to remove your present floor covering, do it at least one day prior to arrival of your laminate product to allow for cleanup and floor preparation. If removing old carpet, please leave tack strips in place and pull the staples out of the floor from the original pad.
In many cases, moldings and baseboards need to be removed for laminate installation. Your installer may do this but at an additional charge and they will probably not be responsible for damage or breakage due to dry or brittle wood.
Painted baseboards, woodwork and paint may need retouching after the installation is complete. If necessary, this is your responsibility.
Your existing subfloor may need to be prepared to receive the laminate, or a new subfloor may be required. We suggest you discuss this with us and, if subfloor work is necessary, that it be done by qualified professionals. It is important that the subfloor be as clean and level as possible.
When laminate is installed, there's always the possibility that the doors, especially closet doors, basement and bedroom doors, may not clear the new laminate and swing free.
Some installers will remove doors in order to install the laminate and re-hang them if possible. They probably won't shave or cut down doors to insure clearance. You should check with us as to their policy and the cost. You may need to arrange for a qualified carpenter to provide this service after the installation of your new laminate floor.
Installing new laminate will produce waste.
Usually these materials are collected by your installer and left at your trash collection site. Check with us before the day of installation so you're clear about the clean up, if there are added costs to do so, and ask about the plan for laminate remnants.
Be prepared to be at home the day of installation and be available in case the installation crew has questions. Your presence will insure that the correct laminate is installed in the right areas. Because it is difficult to estimate the length and circumstances of each job, some installers may not be able to give you an exact time of arrival. We will keep you updated on the installer's schedule.
Your installers will use a variety of tools and techniques that can make the work area hazardous. Please make sure that your children and pets are kept out of the work area on installation day.
We recommend that, prior to the completion of the installation, you walk thru the job with the chief installer. This will give you the opportunity to ask questions and be clear on any final details.
If you are sensitive to dust and odors, good ventilation should be established for 48 to 72 hours after installation.
Being prepared for installation day through careful planning and smart preparing will make your life and the installers a lot easier. It will also make your laminate flooring experience enjoyable right from day one.


text:
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text:
VP-50 - Pocket Watch - DH2 - US
Each of our products is invested with brains and time to create by the best designers, as well as a dedicated team of ideas. Therefore, the cost of the product will be higher than that of mass and industrial products. Please do not assimilate with products that are industrially made and lack creativity. Anyone who wants to customize or suggest a product design can connect through our support e-mail: email@example.com
- Handmade item
- Materials: Stainless steel
- Power: Battery
- Readout: Analog
- Made to Order
- GOOD QUALITY - 100% brand new with excellent workmanship, Precise mechanical movement, Elegant case with long chain, Good touch feeling. fit for casual environments and business occasions. For safety, the front face is made of Acrylic instead of Glass.
- BATTERY NEEDLESS - Mechanical hand-wound movement, No need to use the battery. Twisting the top button on the spin, tightening a walk for 24 hours. Please wind up the watch before every usage, Keep the watch away from the magnet to avoid making the watch stop working.
- FASHION ACCESSORY - Attractive vintage design with unique skeleton dial, Add undeniable style and class to your daily life and fashion, An "Eye-catcher" at the suit, vest, pants, or dress for gentlemen or ladies!
- PERFECT CHOICE - Come in with a good quality gift box, With a microfiber cloth for daily easy cleaning. Perfect gift for your love and family or yourself, Best Valentine's Gift, Superb Christmas Gift, Birthday Gift, Wedding Gift, Father's Day gift, etc.
Only return in case the order is printed with peeling, tearing, or product quality ... We do not return or exchange if your order was the wrong product size. (we hope that you look carefully and choose the right size) or when you choose custom text but don't fill it.
Return & Warranty
- 100% Secure payment with SSL Encryption.
- If you're not 100% satisfied, let us know and we'll make it right.
- We only accept cancellations and order information changes within 2-3 hours after placing an order. If the above time is over, we will not process it.
Shipping Policies
- Orders ship within 5 to 10 business days.
- Tip: Buying 2 products or more at the same time will save you quite a lot on shipping fees.


text:
Jobless claims hit 18-month high thanks to Superstorm Sandy
| Washington
Superstorm Sandy drove the number of Americans seeking unemployment benefits up to a seasonally adjusted 439,000 last week, the highest level in 18 months.
The Labor Department said Thursday that weekly applications increased by 78,000 mostly because a large number of applications were filed in states damaged by the storm. People can claim unemployment benefits if their workplaces close and they don't get paid.
The storm has affected the claims data for the past two weeks and may distort reports for another two weeks, the department has said.
Sal Guatieri, an economist at BMO Capital Markets, said that a similar jump in applications occurred after Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
"We should see a full retracement of this increase in coming weeks," he said. Applications were declining before the storm, he added, "though levels are consistent with moderate, rather than strong, job growth."
The four-week average of applications, a less volatile number, increased to 383,750.
Superstorm Sandy hit the East Coast on Oct. 29 and disrupted businesses from North Carolina to Maine. The storm also cut power to roughly 8.5 million homes and businesses in 10 states. Some are still without power.
Before the storm distorted the figures, weekly applications had fluctuated between 360,000 and 390,000 since January. At the same time, employers have added an average of nearly 157,000 jobs a month. That's barely enough to lower the unemployment rate, which was 7.9 percent in October.
There are some signs that the job market is improving. Employers added 171,000 jobs in October and hiring in August and September was stronger than first estimated. The economy has gained an average of 173,000 jobs a month since July. That's up from an average of 67,000 a month in April through June.
The unemployment rate rose slightly in October from 7.8 percent in the previous month because more Americans began looking for work. That suggest some felt their chances of finding a job had improved. Not all of them found jobs, which pushed up the unemployment rate. The government only counts people as unemployed if they are actively searching for work.
The number of people continuing to receive benefits fell about 100,000 to just under 5 million in the week ended Oct. 27, the latest data available. Some of those no longer receiving benefits may have gotten jobs. But many have used up all the benefits available.
The economy appears to have grown faster over the summer than first thought, based on a handful of positive September reports on inventory growth and trade released this month. Many economists now predict growth at an annual rate of roughly 3 percent in the July-September quarter, up from the initial estimate of 2 percent reported last month.
The government releases its second estimate for third-quarter growth on Nov. 29.
Still, many economists say the economy is growing in the current October-December quarter at a weak annual rate below 2 percent.
The storm combined with cautious consumers to lower retail sales in October. Consumers may also be holding back because of anxiety over big tax increases and spending cuts — known as the "fiscal cliff" — that will take effect in January unless Congress and the White House reach a budget deal by then. Many companies are likely to scale back hiring and investment, too, until the fiscal cliff debate is resolved.


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