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As some of you who monitor the KDE news sphere may have noticed, there has been a recent addition to the kdebase module. The Dolphin File Manager has been added to complement Konqueror's browsing capabilities. Read on for more information about this new File Manager and its relationship to Konqueror and the rest of KDE.
A brief history lesson so you can get an overview of how file management has evolved with KDE: In KDE 1.x, KFM (the KDE File Manager) was born. It was a very rudimentary, very basic file manager with limited web browsing capabilities. Below is a shot of KFM browsing files (from the kde.org screenshot archive) so you get an idea of how it operated.
While it's obvious that KDE has come a long way since KDE 1.x, it is still easy to see which parts of KFM have inspired Konqueror's contemporary design, which was introduced as part of KDE 2.0. KParts technology revolutionized the way we used our File Manager application, turning Konqueror into a full fledged web-browser, and more. Here's a shot of Konqueror from KDE 3.5.6, and you can see that while the user interface is much improved, the same basic concepts remain visible from the KFM days.
Konqueror really shines as a beacon of KDE technologies in the KDE 2.x and 3.x series, showcasing the best parts of KDE technologies. Konqueror showcased the power of KDE's IO slaves, allowing true network transparency when managing your files over FTP, fish (SSH), HTTP, and much more. Konqueror is so advanced that you can enter an FTP URL into a HTML upload form and it just works as you would logically expect it to (as far as I know, it is the only browser which allows this). It also featured KParts, which allowed it to embed just about any sort of viewer required, directly into the interface, embedding things like KPDF, KWord, image viewers, and most importantly, the ever-improving KHTML page renderer. This is important, since even Konqueror's icon views were implemented as pluggable parts, making just about any kind of icon view possible.
So, Konqueror is a really powerful tool that can do just about everything you and your system can possibly want, and with this power comes unlimited configurability and extensibility through control modules and plugins. However, what often happens in Konqueror when you are browsing the internet is that Konqueror still wants to behave as a file manager and not a web browser. This split behavior is easily noticed through elements such as toolbar buttons. For example: the "Up" arrow is still available on the toolbar even when browsing Google Maps, but it is totally irrelevant in this context; another is having a web bookmarks toolbar visible while sorting icons in your /home folder.
Introducing Dolphin: Dolphin is a new File Manager for KDE 4 which is dedicated 100% to file management, and is not intended to be a one-size-fits-all tool as Konqueror currently attempts. It is intended to optimize your file management related tasks, and present an easy to use file manager for casual KDE use. That doesn't mean it won't be powerful or configurable, only that Dolphin is being built for a single purpose.
Dolphin isn't a total rewrite however, and is not intended to compete with Konqueror, rather the two applications will be complimentary. Dolphin uses the already existing IO slave facilities of the KDE platform to perform remote or local file management, meaning that it will be capable of doing all of the 'remote management' type activities that Konqueror has already matured. Dolphin just won't show web pages or PDF files embedded as Konqueror does.
And Konqueror will benefit from Dolphin as well. Konqueror is not going to disappear for KDE 4, although its user interface may yet see some adjustments as its primary utility will not as the default file manager. Of course, Konqueror will still be available for file management tasks as it has been in the past - there will be no changes in this regard. Changes made to KDE's icon view parts through the development of Dolphin will also help to improve Konqueror's icon views, as they both share these libraries. As stated before, Konqueror loads all of these icon views as pluggable libraries called KParts - improvements to the underlying KParts automatically benefit all users.
So lets take a look at Dolphin and Konqueror as they currently exist in KDE's Subversion repository. Please keep in mind that these snapshots represent developer work-in-progress builds and, while publicly available, are not representative of the final appearance or intended functionality of either applications, nor are they recommended for everyday use.
Konqueror currently looks something like this, and the icon views only half work. The problem is that these file views are simply direct ports of the KDE 3 codebase. Konqueror will eventually receive the same fileviews that Dolphin is currently using.
You can tell from Konqueror's default configuration of using tabs, and various other related interface choices that Konqueror is now mostly a web browser that also happens to do file management. While Konqueror's roots are truly derive from file management, it is more frequently operated as a browser these days by many KDE users. Konqueror does a great job as a web browser, underpinned by the fact it now implements CSS 3, including the highly-anticipated 'opacity' tags.
So while Konqueror continues to improve as a browser, it will continue to maintain KDE 3.x file management standards, providing a baseline functionality, and will be improved as code is shared between itself and Dolphin.
Dolphin is a whole different animal. It is a 'real' file manager - it's interface has a lot of elements which are specific to a file manager and cannot really be justified in a browser. This is best demonstrated with a screenshot.
Notice the implemention of a 'breadcrumb'-style directory selector, which works well for file management in a lot of cases, but is totally useless if you need to enter a URL when using a browser, and so becomes the sort of widget which is only useful when dealing with file hierarchies. Breadcrumb widgets may be familiar to anyone who has used OS X's Finder or GNOME's Nautilus. Another comment about the above screenshot: clicking and holding a breadcrumb item displays a list of directories that are at the same level as the one clicked, allowing for more efficient navigation.
However, using the breadcrumb widget is not essential, and if you are more comfortable with a Konqueror-style location bar, this mode of operation is easily configurable, as seen above. In fact, much of Dolphin is configurable, illustrated below.
This screenshot evidences the amount of effort KDE is spending trying to make configuration layouts sane while still providing as many options as reason allows. Also note the improved appearance of the configuration dialogs in KDE 4. Of course, this is going to be revisited somewhat as the dialog is too tall for some screens at the moment. After the Oxygen visual components go live, this dialog will be even easier on the eyes.
So, Dolphin's functionality is not entirely new, other than it presents itself in a new way. It can be seen as a hybrid between the power of Konqueror and the structure of Nautilus. Dolphin still builds on a strong KDE base, reusing existing technologies like KIO slaves and so forth. Right-click actions that were available in Konqueror will still be mostly present (except that Dolphin will necessarily load files externally instead of using embedding viewers). And Konqueror can now improve its web browsing experience even more, doing so without losing the file browsing support that has been there since KDE 2.0.
When KDE 4 is released, Dolphin will be configured as the default application for the local file:/ protocol, as well as the default file manager listed in the applications menu. Konqueror will ship as the default web browser, and will still be usable as a file manager to those that prefer the historical lifestyle. Users of KDE will have the ability to set the default file browser, much like how KDE 3.x can use third-party applications such as Krusader as the default file manager. Stay tuned for more information as Dolphin and KDE evolve towards 4.0.
"That doesn't mean it won't be powerful or configurable, only that Dolphin is being built for a single purpose."
I think this bears repeating - something that is optimised for File Management and which can implement features without worrying how they will affect other functionality (e.g. as Troy mentioned, the "breadcrumbs" mode would not be a good fit for Konqueror as the mode is not useful for webbrowsing) could *easily* end up being a far more powerful and configurable tool than Konqueror, while avoiding the cascade of clutter when you open a config menu by virtue of its not being a Swiss-army knife. The factoring out of useful code from Konqueror into shared libraries means that if Dolphin doesn't have this as its this goal, then writing a File Manager that does will not be such a Herculean task
It would be interesting to see if anyone steps up and makes a dedicated Khtml-based, KDE-integrated web-browser.
> It would be interesting to see if anyone steps up and makes a dedicated Khtml-based, KDE-integrated web-browser.
There's already, called Konqueror.
I think Anon's emphasis was on "dedicated". Although in that sense it's still a weird thing...
This could be an interesting idea. What I feel may be more useful and this may already be the direction used is kind of like a shell that detects what type of activity you are performing. Yes, Konq. already attempts to do this but let's take this into the near-do-al ways of Microsoft for a minute. If you have Windows Explorer open and attempt to navigate to a website by manually entering this into the location bar, just about everything from Windows Explorer (Exception, File Tree on left) will disappear and be replaced by the layout of Internet Explorer. Surely, with the fact that Konquorer already attempts to determine what the user is doing, this cannot be to difficult to do - just switch seamlessly switch from Konqueror to Dolphin and mid-shift.
Please, no flaming on this as this does seem to be the idea asked here and may already be a direction we're headed.
Actually with IE7 installed, Explorer no longer switches layouts like that. It now just opens up the default web browser with that url. Note it uses the default web browser, not just IE7.
"as Troy mentioned, the "breadcrumbs" mode would not be a good fit for Konqueror as the mode is not useful for webbrowsing"
It would be very easy to implement it so that Konqueror switches to using a breadcrumb interface when in filebrowsing mode. I hope this switch to Dolphin development doesn't mean the filesystem side of Konqueror is left as is. I don't see why anything currently implemented in dolphin couldn't be included in Konqueror's fileview mode.
I'd say that breadcrumbs aren't a good fit for file browsing either. The only place where breadcrumbs (sort of) work are in blogs -- and even there it's only useful because there isn't anything better, really.
Any reason why you don't think they're a good fit for file browsing? The advantages are that you have one click access to to any ancestor directories AND (by holding down the button, moving your mouse a bit, and then releasing) access to direct descendents of directories in the ancestor directories.
I can't see any real disadvantages.
Well, maybe you're not looking for them really.
I see one clear disadvantage, and it is that with the "breadwhatever" you totally lose the sense of where you're standing inside the directory tree. There's no single way in this paradigm to eyeball what other places are there in the directory structure to find what you're looking for (an image, text, whatever).
Let me say that I really dislike that paradigm and from my experience is something that is not by any means more usable than the tree structure, let alone that you're trying to change what 95% people already feel comfortable with as Richard stated.
If I was to ask something to Dolphin's developers as not to make this breadchunks the default way of looking at the file structure. Make them an option for people wanting to 'think different'. ;)
> If I was to ask something to Dolphin's developers as not to make this breadchunks
> the default way of looking at the file structure. Make them an option for people
> wanting to 'think different'. ;)
Please, guys. Try dolphin before complaining about it. This is already an option.
And since yesterday dolphin in svn also has a treeview. It's not finished, but it is there. Added within 24h(!!) after all this complaining started.
Fist of all, I can't try Dolphin, because I use Mandriva 2006 and don't have the chance to do it.
But I would like you to read more carefully before replying.
I said what I said, not because I believed there won't be a tree view in Dolphin, but because, as I understand, currently the breadcrumbs seem to be the default option and I clearly don't like that fact.
I hope I have made it clear this time.
How are breadcrumbs in the location bar worse than text in the location bar? With a single click the breadcrumbs will switch to the standard location bar as well. Also there is a KDE3 version of Dolphin which should work in Mandriva 2006 no problem.
I don't mind having breadcrumbs in the location bar if I can have a tree view at the left side of the Dolphin window, but by all means I don't want to have it as a replacement for the tree view. This would be a step backwards.
I for one like and use the Up button on websites that are well structured, like the dot.
And allowing websites to provide a tree-structure would be good too. Better than learning navigation over and over.
So do I :)
..I sec.. third that! Moving up is one useful, the Google Toolbar has it also! But it got kinda broke by not being able anymore to move up from a subdomain. I filed a bug 2 1/2 years ago but it got ignored: http://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=95433
I wished I could code QT so I could fix stuff like this myself... after the exams I'll try...
Who else thinks that keyboard navigation is a very important topic where Konqueror (and Dolphin 0.x) have deficits?
Just navigating between directories, deleting files (focus jumps to the beginning of the directory), creating folders (new folder is *not* selected),... today has too many (usability) bugs.
This could be a great way for you to contribute to the KDE project! Not many people bother with keyboard navigation, so I guess is gets very little testing. Once eveything stabilizes a bit more why don't you download a snapshot and give dolphin some thorougher keyboard only testing and submit bugs? I'm sure it would be pretty easy to do and would make sure Dolphin is perfect for you in KDE 4.0!
I agree, there are way to many keyboard related bugs in kde, probably half of the 30some bugs i have reported to kde have been keyboard navigation related.
E.g. hit alt+b (bookmarks menu), hit down until you have selected a folder, hit right and then left and finally the menu key (between alt gr and ctrl), then choose anything there, e.g. properties, notice how the dialog you get isn't the correct one, you are getting the dialog for the topmost item in the folder, not the folder itself.
i think that all [not object oriented] actions should be available through keyboard.
for example i've hidden kmail toolbar after learning all keys i need. (and i rarely use menubar as well)
another example: i execute apps by pressng Alt+F2, typing first few chars of the name and pressing enter (autocompletion can be enabled in the rmb-menu of any lineedit)
and of course amarok global shortcuts rule
I use the up arrow when I'm browsing to get to the upper directory of the html file I'm viewing. For example this news addres is http://dot.kde.org/1172721427 , so when I press UP, Konqueror will open http://dot.kde.org/ . I like it !
The bookmark are store as KIO://address and I also like it!
Agree. The "UP" arrow is one of the nicer things about konqueror.
Yeah, +1 saving the up arrow in Konq.
I didn't say it's going away either :) I was just using it as an example of a button that is less than intuitive for many websites. What does it do when using gmail? it breaks the website (last I checked). Works great on dot.kde.org though... I use it after I post a comment to go back to the article quickly :)
The back button breaks a lot of sites too. But that is caused by (ab)using the browser as an application platform rather than a hypertext viewer, so the back button is not really to blame. (I like web apps, but they are definitely something web browsers were not designed for.)
I find the up arrow very useful: if you come in via a search you often find yourself somewhere deep down in the tree structure of a site and on many sites navigation controls are either missing or not obvious, making the up arrow a quicker alternative.
+1 for up button
Me too,
The up arrow is a great feature for web browsing, something I immediately miss when using firefox.
Yes it does have limitations, but it's very useful to getting to a site's toplevel page after landing deep inside it having followed a websearch result.
Firefox has a plugin called konqefox or similar, based on the knonqueror functionality. Some other plugins also provide this. And check out the buttons in FFox 2!
Konqueror definately lead the way with this button, and I consider browsers without it to be broken, especially when you consider the social bookmarking sites that link to deep structures, and you want to have a nosey round the site :)
Please check again, up-button works fine in gmail, it brings you to your overall view of your mailbox. In my personal experience there are very few websites that really break with the up-button.
Mark me down for the "up" arrow (and the "clear" / "enter" clickable buttons by the url, they save a boat-load of time for me...)
Ditto that. I like it too. I only wish it would skip cgi parts. But I can live with that.
Troy, thanks for the terrific articles. And especially to all the kde4 developers!
I recently had a chance to use MacOSX, after being 99.9% KDE and 0.1% Windows for several years. Given OSX's reputation I was excited to give it a spin, but I confess that I really did not like the Finder. One of the biggest usability problems for me: it took me 10 minutes to figure out how to go "up" one level of the directory hierarchy. For me, the problem was that it looked like all the functionality should be available from the buttons in the finder window (so much of it was), but in fact one had to navigate into a menu in order to find "up". Even now that I know what to do, it still seems like a really horrible usability design mistake.
Now, perhaps the breadcrumbs (which look nice!) basically eliminate the need for an up button? But will an up button be available as an option? (In particular, do recent versions of Windows still have an up button? One could imagine this being something set by an initial "configure KDE to look like: 1. KDE, 2. MacOSX, 3. Windows" wizard.)
Also, what will the breadcrumbs code do when the file hierarchy gets so deep that it can't all be displayed in the window? Presumably there has already been thought given to this, but I'll offer my 2 cents (for what it's worth):
1. Having all of the breadcrumbs get more and more abbreviated (sort of like the tabs in konsole) might not be great, because then they really won't convey any useful information---a single character probably won't help most users figure out which directory is which.
2. One might want to prefer showing the directories that are immediately above the current location, if necessary at the expense of ones even higher up. After all, one can always click "home" to get there.
3. Alternatively, the algorithmist in me likes a "fully display every nth directory" (or perhaps choose the ones to display on a log scale, oooo!) because it insures that any higher directory is not many clicks away. But I fear that could be rather confusing to most users, so I don't really suggest it seriously...
> But will an up button be available as an option?
In the KDE 3.5 Dolphin release, you can add an Up button by configuring the toolbar.
I would prefer your option 2 combined with Left/Right buttons similarly to the Left/Right buttons that appear when you have too much open tabs in Konqueror.
Speaking of tabs in Konqueror, I would like to have an option for setting the minimal width of the tab title (if you have many open tabs, the title currently reduces to "..." which is not very informative).
As a basic KDE user guy, I'm crazy about the 'Up' arrow when using the browser. It's one of the things I miss every time I am forced to use Firefox. Keep it handy, please.
Cool! I was missing the Up arrow while using Dolphin and I just realized that it can be easily added by right clicking on the toolbar and clicking "Configure Toolbars". KDE rocks. :)
Just another +1 for "keep the up-button as part of the default buttons". I think this button is really useful when browsing websites. It would be a shame that handy buttons are removed in the "quest for an empty toolbar". Who makes these decisions?
Forgot to mention that gmail works just fine with the up-button, it takes you to the beginning of your mailbox.
+1 for the Up button.
This thread just tells the writer of this article how ignorent he is.
How about to KPart Dolphin and Konqueror just to embed it when viewing files just as KPDF is embedded for viewing pdf? This part could also be used by the "Open" dialogs.
Well, the icon view from dolphin is being made into a KPart for just this purpose, although it's probably too heavy for a file dialog :)
But you're on the right track. Dolphin, Konqueror and kfile (the File|Open dialog) share code already.
Any and all usability improvements made to the listing of directories should appear in all three. But obviously, kfile will be a lot more limited in features than Dolphin: it is not a file manager.
> it now implements CSS 3, including the highly-anticipated 'opacity' tags.
Not everything remotely related to web development is a "tag" you know. You are referring to the opacity *property*.
Yeah, and they aren't called "tags" either; they're called "elements" according to XML and DOM.
Tags exist, and so do elements, but they are not the same. For example:
Hello there
This is one element, and two tags (a start tag, and an end tag).
Not even that was correct ;)
Hello there
Is actually two elements, and two tags. The tags are [, ] and the elements are [the b-tags, the text]. Text inside a start- and end-tag is an element by itself. A "text element".
My apologies :) thing semantics over syntax, I'm not a professional writer or anything :P
Also, it's not strictly correct to say Konq implements CSS3, as many modules of CSS3 aren't even complete yet. The linked article refers to the CSS3 Selectors module plus one other propere
Also, it's not strictly correct to say Konq implements CSS3, as many modules of CSS3 aren't even complete yet. The linked article refers to the CSS3 Selectors module plus one other property
Use whatever you want, but I don't think switching to "Dolphin" as the default file manager for KDE will be a good thing. One of the biggest complaints I see from Gnome (and even some OSX/WinXP) users is that their file managers are not as capable as Konqueror. If it really bothered people so much that Konqueror also did file management; then why not the wholesale conversion to Krusader? or Nautilus? or the other 8 dozen file managers? Because Konqueror is easily the best file manager available on any platform... The users haven't wanted a switch from Konqueror. In fact the only users I hear complain about Konqueror currently is users who have no intention of EVER user it, because it is a KDE app.
Remember when Gnome switch to the "new" filemanager design in v2.0? Most users assumed that the limited feature set meant that it was somehow broken. I really don't want users to come to KDE and think it's file manager is broken.
The other question I have is; if it is SO important to move away from Konqueror as the default file manager, then why not simply use Krusader? It is already there, it is fast, it is actively developed, and it has a signle focus.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Molecular Mechanisms of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasion
Infection with West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic flavivirus, activates neuroinflammatory responses resulting in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and increased infiltration of infected immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) induced during neuroinflammation have been implicated in the disruption of the BBB, the pathways involved in their induction and their role in monocyte transmigration across the BBB in WNV
infection are unclear. Our preliminary studies demonstrate significant induction of multiple MMPs in human monocytes and brain cortical astrocytes. Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is likely to yield novel approaches aimed at increasing survival and improved management of WNV neuroinvasive disease.
Central hypothesis
Increased production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by WNV-infected monocytes and astrocytes, via the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) signaling pathway, mediates the BBB breakdown by degrading specific tight junction proteins (TJP) and allows the unrestricted entry of WNV-infected monocytes into the CNS thereby contributing to WNV neuropathogenesis.
To characterize the role of uPA and MMPs in BBB opening and trafficking of WNV-infected monocytes into the CNS.
Specific Aim 1
Analyze the role of COX-2-induced urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) signaling pathway in regulating the expression and activity of MMP in WNV-infected human monocytes and astrocytes by using COX-2 siRNA.
Specific Aim 2
Use a well-established in vitro BBB model and MMP inhibitors to determine if MMP upregulation leads to the degradation of TJP resulting in increased permeability and transmigration of infected monocytes across the BBB model.
Specific Aim 3
Employ a mouse model to characterize and assess the potential of MMP inhibitors to prevent BBB disruption and eventual entry of WNV into the CNS.
Saguna Verma, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology
John A. Burns School of Medicine
Email: saguna [at] hawaii.edu
Katherine E. Conant, M.D.
Research Associate Professor
Department of Neuroscience
Georgetown University, Washington, DC
Email: kec84 [at] georgetown.edu
Kelsey Roe, M.S., Ph.D.
Research Assistant
Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology
John A. Burns School of Medicine
Email: kelsey20 [at] hawaii.edu


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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) & Environment, Social, Governance (ESG) Metrics
Who Uses CSRHub and How
Companies face a complex ESG landscape with many raters and little coherence.
CSRHub's data and tools solve these problems.
See more information for Nonprofit and Government, Academic Researchers and API Developers.
CSRHub includes data on Governance, workplace, Bcorp, World Economic Forum, Environment, and Non-governmental organizations.
See Your Roadmap for
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with the new CSRHub ESG Ratings Lever below
We Harmonize Global ESG Data
Summary of the data sources currently reporting on GIGAMEDIA LIMITED and some examples
Distributors and Integrators
Name Variants for GIGAMEDIA LIMITED
Alternate names


text:
Request an Appointment
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text:
Om 2007.2
From Openmoko
Languages: |
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Om 2007.2 |
Om 2007.2 is one of the many distributions that currently work on the Openmoko phones. You can compare a distribution with an Operating System on normal computers. It gives the phone all the software needed for operating. For more information about the different flavors, see distributions.
Om 2007.2 was the second version of the Openmoko distribution. Development began on 2007-07-26. This distribution is not developed anymore.
Goals of this version were an improved set of PIM applications, improved theming that fixes a lot of the usability problems of the first generation design, more formalized UI guidelines and a number of changes in the build system. The latter had the goal of introducing more recent software by staying closer in sync with upstream org.openembedded.dev.
An official announcement was made by Sean Moss-Pultz on August 20:
(Initially this was named OM-2008 in SVN but renamed shortly after that.)
Contents |
Known Issues
For the very latest status, see all tickets with 2007.2 in the bug tracker.
Missing Esc key
With the default image you can't escape edit mode in vi due to the missing Esc key. You need to install a new on-screen keyboard, and in order to do this you'll need to set up USB networking first. You can then SSH into the FreeRunner from your computer and use the keyboard on that computer to edit files in vi.
Alternative on-screen keyboards feature an escape key.
If you are stuck in vi you can type :q or :q! to exit without saving, or ZZ to save and exit.
Missing /, | and > keys
These keys are missing from the 0 button. This can be fixed by editing /etc/multitap-pad/im-multipress.conf, see this page, but unfortunately you need vi, or some other editor to do so. Therefore you need to SSH in and set up USB networking first.
Alternative on-screen keyboards should have these characters.
"Signature Check Failed" errors when running `opkg update`
The signatures are missing from the repository.
Workaround: If the Packages.gz files are downloading ok you can ignore this error. After your first opkg upgrade you should get these signatures.
The SSH / Dropbear connections over the USB link frequently freezes
This happens when the phone goes to sleep after a few minutes. To unfreeze, unplug and replug the USB cable. To stop this from happening, press the Power button to get the Power menu, then choose Power Management: Disabled.
My device is unresponsive. How do I perform a hard reset?
For different boot methods, see Booting the Neo FreeRunner.
No GUI for controlling sound volume
As of this writing, there is no way to adjust the volume from the screen.
Workaround: Run the terminal application or log in via usb, and run the Neo alsamixer application. To see all the options, including Mic2, run
- alsamixer -V all
The mixer is simpler than it looks. Use the left and right arrow keys to select "headphone" or "PCM" and use the up and down arrow keys to adjust the volume. You can also adjust your microphone volume with the "mic2" adjustment. Press ESC when finished. Then exit the terminal application or log out of the USB login.
You may need to update configuration files in
- /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/
to make the microphone setting permanent. type
- alsactl -f path-to-statefile store
to do this.
The default files are as follows (in /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/):
- gsmhandset.state
- gsmheadset.state
- gsmspeakerout.state
- headset.state
- stereoout.state
These correspond to the various Sound Profiles accessible in the Debug Tool under Applications.
To manually restore one of the state files,
- alsactl -f path-to-statefile restore
One way to increase the volume of the microphone is to do the following:
- ssh into your FreeRunner
- vi /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/gsmhandset.state
- search for "Mic2"
- change to "value 3"
If people report not being able to hear you when you call, then setting the Mic2 value to 2 or 3 should fix that.
Question: I am using headphones but only the right speaker work the left don't work how can I fix this ?
This should be set correctly by restoring gsmheadset.state. Pull and replug the headset jack to make sure the correct state-file is restored. To manually control the switch between Speaker and headset: Start alsamixer, scroll along to the right until you find "Amp Spk" and mute it (m), the sound will then come out from both channels of the headphones and not out of the speaker.
If you want install this software distribution to your device, you have to follow these steps:
- Download the recent image of Om2007.2 .
- Flash to your Neo FreeRunner
Building 2007.2
Why to build
Before getting your feet wet, step back a moment and ask yourself why you want to build the Openmoko distribution image. Chances are you are a kernel and application developer and just want to develop on your package -- in that case building Openmoko is completely unnecessary and a waste of time. You may rather want to use the Openmoko Toolchain and build only the stuff that is interesting to you.
How to build
The MokoMakefile is now able to build Om 2007.2 images. If you use this new version of the MokoMakefile, you can ignore everything below and just continue building Om 2007.2 in the same way that you previously built images (i.e. according to MokoMakefile). Make sure you set the generation correctly at the top of the file.
Follow the getting started steps of OpenEmbedded. It is suggested to use Bitbake 1.8.8 at least.
NOTE: Instead of using git.openembedded.net (as indicated in OE GettingStarted), please make sure to use git://git.openmoko.org/git/openmoko as monotone server. This ensures you have a working revision of the metadata and will render a successful build |
Put the following in your local.conf
BBFILES = "${HOME}/oe/org.openembedded.dev/packages/*/*.bb"
MACHINE = "om-gta01" DISTRO = "openmoko"
ENABLE_BINARY_LOCALE_GENERATION = "1" GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES = "en_GB.UTF-8"
For multi-core machines, the following additions can be used for a speed-up (numbers should be tweaked based on the actual number of cores):
PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j 4" BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"
To free disk space after builds, add:
INHERIT += "rm_work"
Replace "${HOME}/oe" with the path to where your "org.openembedded.dev" folder lives. For the other entries have a look at conf/local.conf.sample about their meaning.
Run bitbake <package name> (e.g. openmoko-devel-image).
How to enable autorev
First apply the following patch to bitbake.
Add the following line to your local.conf
require conf/distro/include/moko-autorev.inc
Then run bitbake as normal. Openmoko will now build with latest SVN checkouts.
Build issues
Wrong certificate
You may get something like this while the bitbake recipes are parsed:
Error validating server certificate for 'https://libw100.svn.sf.net:443': - The certificate hostname does not match. Certificate information: - Hostname: *.svn.sourceforge.net - Valid: from Fri, 27 Oct 2006 12:05:58 GMT until Sun, 28 Oct 2007 13:05:58 GMT - Issuer: Equifax Secure Certificate Authority, Equifax, US - Fingerprint: f2:6c:fe:bb:82:92:30:09:72:dd:1c:b3:e7:56:69:c7:7a:df:67:3e
That is an issue in a bitbake file. One should not use the short-name for sourceforge (sf.net) when certificates are only for exact host names. Accept the certificate and everything is fine for now.
openmoko-libs FTBFS
Some applications have not been fully modified to build with the new libraries of Openmoko and still need the old-style openmoko-libs package. libmokogsm which is needed for openmoko-libs then fails to build. As a workaround you can remove the not yet ported applications that need openmoko-libs making it unnecessary itself. To do this edit packages/tasks/openmoko-taks.bb and find the following lines:
. . . openmoko-terminal \ matchbox-panel-2 \ matchbox-panel-2-applets \ matchbox-applet-inputmanager \
- openmoko-appmanager \
matchbox-keyboard \ matchbox-stroke \ openmoko-keyboard \ . . .
Now put a hash (#) before openmoko-terminal and openmoko-keyboard. You can verify that openmoko-libs is not needed any more by issuing bitbake -g openmoko-devel-image (= creates a dependency graph). There should be no mentioning of openmoko-libs in the file task-depends.dot. Please note that the graphical terminal and the virtual keyboard will be missing now. You can still have terminal access by following the USB Networking guide. For keyboard input in Qemu add the -usbdevice keyboard switch.
gtk+ fails building w/ gtkcombobox.c
If you get these errors:
gtkcombobox.c: In function 'gtk_combo_box_size_request': gtkcombobox.c:1859: warning: unused variable 'font_desc' gtkcombobox.c:1858: warning: unused variable 'metrics' gtkcombobox.c:1857: warning: unused variable 'context' gtkcombobox.c:1855: warning: unused variable 'arrow_size' gtkcombobox.c:1854: warning: unused variable 'font_size' gtkcombobox.c: In function 'gtk_combo_box_size_allocate': gtkcombobox.c:1962: error: 'arrow_size' undeclared (first use in this function) gtkcombobox.c:1962: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once gtkcombobox.c:1962: error: for each function it appears in.) gtkcombobox.c:1965: error: 'font_desc' undeclared (first use in this function) gtkcombobox.c:1966: error: 'context' undeclared (first use in this function) gtkcombobox.c:1967: error: 'metrics' undeclared (first use in this function) gtkcombobox.c:1969: error: 'font_size' undeclared (first use in this function)
Go to your /build/tmp/work/fic-gta01-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/gtk+-2.10.14-r3/gtk+-2.10.14/gtk directory, and patch gtkcombobox.c with the following:
Thanks to rmoravcik in #openmoko (patch was taken from http://pastebin.ca/654717 )
--- gtkcombobox.c 2007-08-12 20:30:07.000000000 +0200 +++ gtkcombobox.c 2007-08-12 20:29:58.000000000 +0200 @@ -1948,6 +1948,12 @@ gtk_combo_box_size_allocate (GtkWidget *widget, GtkAllocation *allocation) { + gint font_size; + gint arrow_size; + PangoContext *context; + PangoFontMetrics *metrics; + PangoFontDescription *font_desc; + GtkComboBox *combo_box = GTK_COMBO_BOX (widget); gint focus_width, focus_pad; GtkAllocation child;
Building glibc fails with a segfault in QEMU
If your build aborts and you see something like this:
NOTE: package glibc-2.5: started NOTE: package glibc-2.5-r6: task do_package: started NOTE: preparing tree for binary locale generation NOTE: generating locale en_US (UTF-8) qemu: uncaught target signal 11 (Segmentation fault) - exiting
NOTE: Tasks Summary: Attempted 271 tasks of which 0 didn't need to be rerun and 1 failed. ERROR: '/home/moko/oe/org.openembedded.dev/packages/glibc/glibc_2.5.bb' failed
Try editing your local.conf file. Change:
and restart the build. This may have some effect on internationalization (you will see a warning indicating that), but at least the build will continue. Thanks to rwhitby for the tip.
Alternatively, as suggested by XorA in #openmoko, if you are running a 64-bit host distribution, try forcing a different QEMU rev, also in local.conf:
PREFERRED_VERSION_qemu-native = "0.9.0+cvs20070701" SRCDATE_qemu-native = 20070701
libxml2-native fails with xmlCatalogPtr errors
Go to your build/tmp/work/i686-linux/libxml2-native-2.6.29-r1/libxml2-2.6.29/include/libxml/ directory and patch xmlversion.h with the following:
--- xmlversion.h 2007-08-17 10:45:42.000000000 +0100 +++ xmlversion.h 2007-08-17 10:51:36.000000000 +0100 @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
- Whether the Catalog support is configured in
- /
-#if 0 +#if 1
- define LIBXML_CATALOG_ENABLED
- endif
On my system the libxml2-native-2.6.29-r1 directory is in a directory named i686-linux, yours may be different. I believe this patch to be a workaround to make libxml2-native build. I am not yet sure what the consequences of enabling XML catalogue support are.
Updating your image
REVIEW this section - buildhost is down, replaced.
Now that you have a functional 2007.2 image on your Neo, you will want to keep it updated. Fortunately, ipkg is already set up to pull updated packages from the Openmoko buildhost.
On the phone, in the terminal (or via ssh), if you have a live internet connection and DNS resolution set up in /etc/resolv.conf:
ipkg update && ipkg upgrade
will bring your installed packages up to the most recent versions. Also have a look at alternative/additional ipkg sources at download.
If you are also building your own images and packages, you can also run a simple httpd on your build host and serve your own ipkg files to the Neo.
On the build host, for example:
thttpd -d <path_to_moko/tmp/deploy/glibc/ipk> -p 8080
will serve your packages on port 8080.
Then, on the neo, make a new file at /etc/ipkg/local-feed.conf with these contents:
src/gz local-all http://192.168.0.200:8080/all src/gz local-armv4t http://192.168.0.200:8080/armv4t src/gz local-om-gta01 http://192.168.0.200:8080/om-gta01
and ipkg on the Neo (update-upgrade) will pick up files from your local build host's repository (assuming its IP address is 192.168.0.200, as is default in the USB Networking setup) in addition to the openmoko buildhost.
Or better yet, change the 192.168.0.200:8080 addresses above to the eth0 IP address of your build machine (instead of the usb0 IP address), and then you can access your local repository with your Neo plugged into any machine on your local net, or even via bluetooth.
Also if you are building your own packages or packages from the OE database that aren't part of Openmoko by default, you can install those packages as follows.
On the build host:
bitbake <name_of_package> bitbake -crebuild package-index
Then on the Neo:
ipkg update ipkg install <name_of_package>
The new package might not show up in the program menu until you reboot or restart X.
Q: What are differences between 2007.1 and 2007.2?
- UI redesigned for small and recessed screen
- Simplified visuals for performance
- Simplified UI
- More interactions including finger scrolling
- openmoko-today rewritten; works as application launcher and task manager as well
- neod takes care of basic powermanagement, supports AUX and POWER buttons for navigation / additional functionality
- Updated upstream packages
Q: Where to get snapshot images?
- See Download
Q: My mrxvt (terminal) fonts are huge.
Edit src/feature.h to set MIN_XFT_FONT_SIZE to lower value:
- define MIN_XFT_FONT_SIZE (2)
and rebuild mrxvt & openmoko-devel-image.
End edit /etc/mrxvt/mrxvt.conf Mrxvt.xftSize: 4 Mrxvt.xftHint: 1
Languages: |
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Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core
As the sole resource for flow cytometry, cell sorting and state-of-the-art immunological services in the western-most IDeA state, the Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core, through COBRE support, has accelerated research productivity, in terms of publications and extramural funding. Emphasis has also been applied to developing new or customized immunological methods for COBRE Investigators and other Core users. In addition, regularly scheduled training sessions are held to enrich the educational and mentoring experience for COBRE Investigators and other faculty and students across the university and broader research community. By centralizing immunological services and resources to this Core, COBRE Investigators and other researchers will be more efficiently served and the use of expensive equipment will be maximized.
Enhance the infrastructure for the Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core, in support of hypothesis-driven research projects that seek to gain new knowledge about emerging infectious diseases.
Specific Aim 1
- Enhance and streamline core operations.
Specific Aim 2
- Grow and diversify user base, capability, capacity and reach.
Specific Aim 3
- Strengthen core infrastructure.
George S.N. Hui, Ph.D.
Director, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core
Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology
John A. Burns School of Medicine
Email: ghui [at] hawaii.edu
Alexandra Gurary, Ph.D.
Associate Director, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core
Email: gurary [at] hawaii.edu
Core Services:
- Flow Cytometry: Analysis and Sorting
- Cell Counting, Size, and Viability
- Multiplex Bead Assays: Luminex and CBA Platforms for DNA, Protein, and Antibodies Assays
- Immunospot Plate Reading: ELISpot and FRNT
- Cell Irradiation
Flow Cytometry Assays:
- Cell Phenotyping
- Cell Cycle with Live or Fixed Cells
- Apoptosis
- Calcium Flux
- Phosphorylation
- Intracellular Cytokine and Protein Detection
- Fluorescent Protein Expression
- Cell Population Isolation
- Single Cell Sorting
- Dye Dilution Assays
- Proliferation
Training opportunities
Experienced staff will provide hands-on training to investigators in conducting IBC/IACUC/CHS approved MCI research protocols. Please refer to MCI training document to help you get started on the process for obtaining clearance to work in the JABSOM Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core Facility.
Please contact Alexandra Gurary with any questions regarding flow cytometry, new applications or our facility at gurary[at]hawaii.edu, or you can give us a call at 808-692-1794 to discuss how the MCI core can complement your research.
As required by the COBRE EAC, we require that users submit a Service Request Form once a year for each research project, and a Sample Description Form for every appointment made with flow core operator, Alex Gurary.
Please fill out the service request and sample description form and email it to the Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core Facility.
All forms must be opened and completed with Adobe Reader.
Citations in Publications
Use of this core facility should be acknowledged in publications, abstracts, posters and oral presentations. The suggested verbiage is:
"Some of the services for this research were provided by the Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core, which is supported in part by grant P30GM114737 from the Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) program of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, a component of the National Institutes of Health."
- Darrow AL, Shohet RV, Maresh JG. Transcriptional analysis of the endothelial response to diabetes reveals a role for galectin-3. Physiological Genomics 2011 Oct 20;43(20):1144-52. [PMCID: PMC3217326, PMID: 21791638]
- Kelley JF, Kaufusi PH and Nerurkar VR. Dengue hemorrhagic fever-associated immunomediators induced via maturation of dengue virus nonstructural 4B protein in monocytes modulate endothelial cell adhesion molecules and human microvascular endothelial cells permeability. Virology 2012 Jan 20;422(2):326-37. [PMCID: PMC3273497, PMID: 22129847]
- Kelley JF, Kaufusi PH, Volper EM and Nerurkar VR. Maturation of dengue virus nonstructural protein 4B in monocytes enhances production of dengue hemorrhagic fever-associated chemokines and cytokines. Virology 2011 Sep 15;418(1):27-39. [PMCID: PMC3184475, PMID: 21810535]
- Ndhlovu LC, Lopez-Verges S, Barbour JD, Jones RB, Jha AR, Long BR, Schoeffler EC, Fujita T, Nixon DF, Lanier LL. Tim-3 marks human natural killer cell maturation and suppresses cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Blood 2012 Mar 1. [PMID: 22383801]
Ohta K, Yamamoto M, Lin Y, Hogg N, Akiyama H, Behringer RR, Yamazaki Y. Male Differentiation of Germ Cells Induced by Embryonic-Age-Specific Sertoli Cells in Mice. Biology of Reproduction 2012 Jan 18. [PMID: 22262692]
Pusic K, Xu H, Stridiron A, Aguilar Z, Wang A and Hui G. Blood stage merozoite surface protein conjugated to nanoparticles induce potent parasite inhibitory antibodies. Vaccine 2011 Nov 8;29(48):8898-908. [PMCID: PMC3202662, PMID: 21963870]
- Pusic KM, Hashimoto CN, Lehrer A, Aniya C, Clements DE and Hui GS. T cell epitope regions of the P. falciparum MSP1-33 critically influence immune responses and in vitro efficacy of MSP1-42 vaccines. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e24782. [PMCID: PMC3172285, PMID: 21931852]
- Sumoza-Toledo A, Lange I, Cortado H, Bhagat H, Mori Y, Fleig A, Penner R, Partida-Sanchez S. Dendritic cell maturation and chemotaxis is regulated by TRPM2-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release. FASEB journal 2011 Oct;25(10):3529-42. [PMCID: PMC3177582, PMID: 21753080]
- de Alwis R, Beltramello M, Messer WB, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Wahala WM, Kraus A, Olivarez NP, Pham Q, Brian J, Tsai WY, Wang WK, Halstead S, Kliks S, Diamond MS, Baric R, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F and de Silva AM. In-depth analysis of the antibody response of individuals exposed to primary dengue virus infection. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2011 Jun;5(6):e1188. [PMCID: PMC3119640, PMID: 21713020]
- Chen I, Kaufusi P, and Erdem G. Emergence of Erythromycin and Clindamycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes emm 90 strains in Hawaii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011 Jan;49(1):439-41. [PMCID: PMC3020461, PMID: 21068284]
Garcia AF, Abe LM, Erdem G, Cortez CL, Kurahara D, and Yamaga K. An insert in the covS gene distinguishes a pharyngeal and a blood isolate of Streptococcus pyogenes found in the same individual. Microbiology. 2010 Oct;156(Pt 10):3085-95. [PMCID: PMC3068697, PMID: 20634239]
Kumar M, Verma S, Nerurkar VR. Pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from West Nile virus (WNV)-infected SK-N-SH cells mediate neuroinflammatory markers and neuronal death. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2010 Oct 31;7:73. [PMCID: PMC2984415, PMID: 21034511]
Lin SR, Zou G, Hsieh SC, Qing M, Tsai WY, Shi PY, Wang WK. The stem region of envelope protein of dengue virus is involved in virus assembly and entry. Journal of Virology. 2011 May;85(10):5159-71. [PMCID: PMC3126166, PMID: 21367896]
Verma S, Hoffmann FW, Kumar M, Huang Z, Roe K, Nguyen-Wu E, Hashimoto AS, Hoffmann PR. Selenoprotein K knockout mice exhibit deficient calcium flux in immune cells and impaired immune responses. Journal of Immunology. 2011 Feb 15;186(4):2127-37. [PMCID: PMC3088479, PMID: 21220695]
Verma S, Kumar M, Nerurkar VR. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor blocks the production of West Nile virus-induced neuroinflammatory markers in astrocytes. Journal of General Virology. 2011 Mar;92(Pt 3):507-15. [PMCID: PMC3081232, PMID: 21106803]
Zhang L, Strianese O, Gaudino G, Morris P, Pass HI, Nerurkar VR, Bocchetta M, Carbone M. Tissue tropism of SV40 transformation of human cells: role of the viral regulatory region and of cellular Notch-1. Genes and Cancer. 2010 Oct;1(10):1008-20. [PMCID: PMC3092263, PMID: 21779427]
Imrie A, Roche C, Zhao Z, Bennett S, Laille M, Effler P, Cao-Lormeau VM. Homology of complete genome sequences for dengue virus type-1, from dengue-fever- and dengue-haemorrhagic-fever-associated epidemics in Hawaii and French Polynesia. Annals Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2010 Apr;104(3):225-35. [PMCID: PMC3084289, PMID: 20507696]
Lieberman MM, Nerurkar VR, Luo H, Cropp B, Carrion R, Jr., de la Garza M, Coller BA, Clements D, Ogata S, Wong T, Martyak T, Weeks-Levy C. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant subunit West Nile virus vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology: CVI 2009 Sep;16(9):1332-7. [PMCID: PMC2745014, PMID: 19641099]
Rai MA, Nerurkar VR, Khoja S, Khan S, Yanagihara R, Rehman A, Kazmi, SU, Syed HA. Evidence for a founder effect among HIV-1-infected injection drug users (IDUs) in Pakistan. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010 Jan 12;10:7. [PMCID: PMC2820481, PMID: 20064274]
Verma S, Kumar M, Gurjav U, Lum S, Nerurkar VR. Reversal of West Nile virus-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and tight junction proteins degradation by matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor. Virology. 2010 Feb 5;397(1):130-8. [PMCID: PMC3102050, PMID: 19922973]
Flow Cytometry Basics
The acronym FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) and flow cytometry are used interchangeably. FACS is a powerful method used to study and purify cells. FACS has a wide application in immunology and cell biology and other fields of biology.
Individual cells held in a thin stream of fluid are passed through one or more laser beams cause light to scatter and fluorescent dyes to emit light at various frequencies. Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) convert light to electrical signals and cell data is collected. Cell sub-populations are identified and sorted at high purity (~100%). FACS instruments generate three types of data:
- Forward Scatter (FSc) - Approximate cell size
- Fluorescent Labeling - Used to investigate cell structure and function
- Side or Orthogonal Scatter (SSc) - Cell complexity or granularity
Forward and side scatter are used for preliminary identification of cells. In a peripheral blood sample, lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte populations can be defined on the basis of forward and side scatter. Forward and side scatter are used to exclude debris and dead cells.
Fluorescent labeling allows investigation of cell structure and function. Cell auto fluorescence is generated by labeling cell structures with fluorescent dyes. FACS collect fluorescence signals in one to several channels corresponding to different laser excitation and fluorescence emission wavelength.
Immunofluorescence, the most widely used application, involves the staining of cells with antibodies conjugated to fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and phycoerythrin. This method is often used to label molecules on the cell surface, but antibodies can be directed at targets in cytoplasm.
In direct immunofluorescence an antibody to a molecule is directly conjugated to a fluorescent dye (such as lymphocyte surface marker CD4). Cells are stained in one step.
In indirect immunofluorescence the primary antibody is not labeled. A second fluorescently conjugated antibody is added which is specific for the first antibody. For example, if the anti-CD4 antibody was a mouse IgG then the second antibody could beat rat antibody raised against mouse IgG. Immunofluorescence examples:
- Quantifying CD4 and CD8 subsets of T lymphocytes
- Intracellular cytokine staining
The use of Flow Cytometry can be divided into two broad categories, analysis and cell sorting.
The ability of flow cytometers to evaluate cells at an extremely rapid rate (e.g. up to 20,000 events per second) makes this technology ideally suited for the reliable and accurate quantitative analysis of selected physical properties of cells of interest. The sensitivity of these instruments for detecting the presence of molecules expressed at low levels is impressive; given high quality cell preparations and reagents, as few as 50 molecules per cell may be detected.
Cell Sorting
One of the properties of the larger flow cytometers is the ability to electronically deflect cells with preset, defined properties into a separate collection tube. For cell purification, flow cytometry is especially well suited for applications requiring high purity. Because multiple fluorochromes (e.g. up to eight distinct fluorescent probes reacting with different cell associated molecules) can be assessed simultaneously, cell sorting by flow cytometry can separate complex mixtures of cells on the basis of multiple marker expression.
DNA Staining
FACS is used to study DNA cell content. Propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst dyes bind to DNA and become fluorescent. PI cannot enter live cells and is included in immunofluorescent staining protocols to identify dead cells. Some Hoechst dyes can enter live cells. DNA staining can be used to study the cell division cycle. Relative DNA content shows the proportion of cells in G1, G2 and S phases. Apoptotic cells show characteristic smear on DNA staining. DNA staining examples:
- Studying changes in cell cycle in mutant cell
- Measuring apoptosis in cells after irradiation
Calcium Flux and Other Metabolic Studies
FACS can be used to investigate cell biology. Calcium flux can be measured using Indo-1 markers. This can be combined with immunofluorescent stain. For example, identify T cell subpopulations by immunofluorescence and measure calcium flux in response to an activating signal. Rhodamine-123 stains mitochondrial membranes is used to measure cellular activation. Rhodamine-123 is rapidly pumped out of some cells (for example hematopoietic stem cells).
CFSE binds to cell membranes and equally distributes when cells divide. Cell divisions in a period of time can then be counted. For example, labeling a population of cells with CFSE in vitro and reintroduce them in vivo. After a few days, the cells could be sampled and the amount of division measured. For example: Metabolic characteristics such as calcium flux, mitochondrial activity, pH, and free radical production can be measured in live cell populations in real time.
Gene Expression and Transfection
FACS is used to measure gene expression in cells transfected with recombinant DNA. This is achieved directly by labeling the protein product, or indirectly by using a reporter gene in the construct. Direct immunofluorescent labeling allows quantification of the product, and is suitable for relatively abundant proteins expressed on the cell surface. Indirect detection by reporter genes allows detection of transfectants at lower levels which cannot be detected easily by immunofluorescence. Examples of reporter genes are beta galactosidase and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Beta galactosidase activity can be detected by FACS using fluorogenic substrates such as fluorescein digalactoside (FDG). FDG is introduced into cells by hypotonic shock and is cleaved by the enzyme to generate a fluorescent product trapped within the cell. One enzyme can generate a large amount of fluorescent product.
Cells expressing GFP constructs will fluoresce without addition of a substrate. GPF mutants are available which have different excitation frequencies, but emit fluorescence in the same channel. In a two-laser FACS, it is possible to distinguish cells which are excited by different lasers and assay two transfections at the same time.
- Expression of proteins can be measured directly by FACS.
- Transfection efficiency can be accurately determined.
- Transfection assays can be combined with staining and sorting for other markers.
- Transfected cells can be purified for analysis or use.
Fluorescent dyes allow analyses of simultaneous parameters that can refine cell subpopulations. The fluorescent dyes that you can use will depend upon instrument used.
When different fluorescent dyes are used, signal spillover can occur between fluorescence channels. This needs to be corrected by setting compensation.
Setting correct compensation is important for obtaining accurate results when using multiple colors. In our facility we recommend use of compensation beads, when possible. Please contact Alexandra Gurary at gurary[at]hawaii.edu for further information.
Contact Us
Please contact George Hui or Alexandra Gurary with any questions regarding flow cytometry and new applications or questions about the Molecular and Cellular Immunology Core.
George Hui
Email: ghui[at]hawaii.edu
Core Supervisor:
Alexandra Gurary
Phone: 808-692-1794
Email: gurary[at]hawaii.edu


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Landscape Construction in Glen Ellyn
Novell Landscape Service is here to help you bring out the best in your home. By offering the best landscape construction in Glen Ellyn, we are able to create an environment for your property that is calming, relaxing, and enjoyable to be in. Learn more about how we can help bring your dream to life and make your vision a reality.
Call NowOur Landscape Services
At Novell Landscape Service, we specialize in all areas of landscape installation and construction. We can provide any service, or multiple to create an entire package.
- Residential landscaping
- Commercial landscaping
- Project design and planning
- Irrigation installation
- Ongoing maintenance
Meet Our Landscape Design Team
It all starts with a plan. Whether you already have a detailed concept in mind or are looking for us to help you develop your ideas, our design team will allow the creation process to begin on the right foot. We come out, survey your property, interview you to discover exactly what your desires are, and determine what landscaping installation will work for you and how we can get there. During this process, we create as many details as possible to ensure you are satisfied with the result. Every home is unique, so we try to bring something unique in our landscaping for every project. We will also figure out what the cost and time requirements will be to create your vision.
Installing Landscapes
Vibrant and beautiful landscapes are key to really making your property shine. We specialize in landscape for this very reason. It is possible to create any feeling through the creative use of plants, and our long history and extensive experience has given us the ability to craft landscapes to create any aesthetic you desire. Bring something completely new and unique to your property, increasing its value and appeal.
Landscape Maintenance to Keep Your Plants Green
After the project is complete, our services do not have to end. We were the ones to install your new landscape, so we are the most qualified to maintain it. It is only natural for that brand new look and feel of an installation to fade over time, but we can help preserve it and make your home continuously feel like it was just upgraded. Alternatively, you can take advantage of our advanced landscape maintenance techniques with your existing landscaping. Regardless of whether we have worked on your home or not, we would be proud to service the environment you live in.
Learn More
At Novell Landscape Service, we strive to be the best landscape construction company in Glen Ellyn. We always go the extra mile to satisfy your desires as we make your dream a reality. Learn more about our services by exploring our site or giving us a call to schedule a meeting.


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Amy Brady
Luxury Properties Specialist
It's why we've launched Raveis Refresh, a new, premium service designed to present your home in the best possible light. Fixing a few things here and there, from light carpentry to staging your furnishings, our expert team provides a facelift for your place with no upfront costs to you. All you have to do is sit back and let us do the hard work. How refreshing is that.
We're reinventing real estate for the better.
Raveis Refresh helps garner a strong return on investment.
Raveis Refresh helps present your home in its best light.
Raveis Refresh offers personalized solutions for any need that arises.
Staged homes sell for 3% more than listing price according to the National Association of Realtors (NAR).
Staged homes sell on average 87% faster than non staged homes according to the National Association of Realtors (NAR).
Homes prepared by Raveis Refresh sell in 33 days compared to median 55 days on market nationally.
Please fill out your information below. Amy Brady will be in touch with you.


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IC008 Muslin Teddy Bear White / Pink Softened - 100% Cotton Fabric - Very Light (2.8 oz/yd2) - 2.00 Yards, Width 59"
$19.54 per item (20% off)
Only 1 in stock
This particular fabric is a white background with pink decorative teddy bears. Different characters allow you to unify your child's theme and set your family's style.
Complimenting colors and motifs are interchangeable, which allows you to create entire collections: bedding and apparel alike.
Timeless designs that will remind you of cherished childhood memories and inspire you to create items for your family that they will pass on to the next generation.
Weighing a mere 2.8 ounces a square yard, this 59 inches wide MUSLIN fabric is as light and airy as a feather. Essentially, this cloth is two very fine cotton fabric layers that are joined together by interweaving. This process creates little pockets of space and air that are left in between the two layers making the overall cloth very light, soft, breathable, and voluminous without becoming heavy.
This MUSLIN cloth, which is both lightweight and durable, will be a welcome addition to your sewing room. A must-have for delicate items that need a bit more substance such as baby swaddles and slings, baby bedding, toddler garments, lounge apparel, and home textiles.
Our collection received rigorous Oeko-Tex certification and is a part of the BCI (Better Cotton Initiative) - ensuring that these items are biodegradable, recyclable, and free of harmful toxins or irritants (good for your family and good for the planet). F|S Exclusive designs.
The cloth is Softened so we have added a softener to give it a silkier hand. The fabric has not been laundered so shrinkage will still have to be taken into consideration (shrinkage depends on fabric weave and laundering method).
Fabric specifications:
Article | IC008 Muslin |
Content | 100% Cotton |
Type | DOBBY WEAVE |
Color | WHITE / PINK |
Width | 59 inch |
Weight | 2.8 oz/yd2 |
Thread size warp | 68 |
Thread size weft | 68 |
Thread count warp | 102 |
Thread count weft | 64 |
V Repeat | 7.1 inch |
H Repeat | 6.4 inch |
Customer Questions and Answers
This is a lovely fabric to work with. I made a 9mo. baby romper and little jacket, patterns from Etsy: tinydesignpattern .
IC008 Muslin Teddy Bear White / Pink Softened - 100% Cotton - Very Light (2.8 oz/yd2)
Sample Size: 5.5" x 7.0" (Including Swatch Card)
Free Standard Shipping
* Samples are pre-assembled and may not come from the same fabric bolt you order from. Color may vary. All fabric samples are shipped via USPS without tracking.
Call us Monday through Friday 10 am - 6 pm PST
Once you are happy with your order, please proceed to checkout where you are able to review your order and estimated shipping charges before you complete payment. Shipping charges are calculated by the weight and location your order is shipping to.
You will be able to choose from the following options:
Standard Shipping: 4 - 8 Business Days
Expedited Shipping: 3 - 4 Business Days
Priority Shipping: 2- 3 Business Days
International shipping charges are also calculated at the time of checkout. Please note there may be fewer shipping options available to you as the options are based on the destination of your package.
Delivery times begin one business day after the order is placed with a 24-48 hour time frame for processing.This processing period applies to all in stock items and allows for the time needed to manually cut and package your order to ensure it is checked for quality and accuracy before it leaves our facility.
Business days are Monday - Friday, 9AM - 4PM PST. Saturday, Sunday and Holdays are not considered business days.
Sample color chips are sent via regular mail and may take up to a week to arrive.
All goods are subject to prior sale and please feel free to Visit My Order to check the most up-to-date status of your order.
Making a return is quick and easy, you have 30 days from delivery to return the item or items in their original condition (unwashed, uncut and unaltered). Please include a copy of your packing list and once the return is received we will contact you to see if you would like an exchange, a credit to your Fabrics-store account or the monies returned to your original payment method.
Ship Returns to:
6802 Watcher Street
Commerce, CA 90040
Take advantage of our Free Shipping offer on orders shipping within the contiguous US.
Every day on orders of $150 or more - we will pay for your shipping.
Your order will be shipped Standard Shipping (4-8 Business Days) with the shipper of our choice. No
international orders.
Standard shipping takes 24-48 hours for processing. Delivery times begin one business day after the
order is placed. This is due to your order being manually cut and packaged to ensure quality.
Please note that some of our darker or more vibrant shades will have some residual dye run off or bleeding. It is important that you launder or treat like colors with like colors so that you do not compromise the integrity of any other colors, fabrics or garments during the launder process.
We also suggest that if you are combining one or more of these types of colors with lighter colors that you pre-wash the linens seperately and once the item is completed do not launder again, but Dry Clean.
Fabric Care
- Machine wash cold.
- Gentle cycle.
- Only non-chlorine. Bleach if needed.
- Tumble dry low.
- Medium steam iron.
- Do not use Perm Press cycle in wash or dry


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Murder of Crows, etc.
A flummox of questions?
Dear Word Detective: I've just heard a new one that I can't find in most of the usual authorities, while it appears plainly in others: a group of crows described as a "murder of crows." Any clues? — KT, Albuquerque, NM.
Thanks for a great question. I'm surprised that you haven't run into "murder of crows" before — the internet is full of compilations of such collective nouns, colorful terms for groups of animals, people or things. Some of the terms collected on websites, such as "an absence of waiters" or "an attitude of teenagers," are clearly of recent vintage, coined in tiny fits of wit by the kind of people who drive their friends and families mad with constant puns. For me, a little of this goes a long way, and eventually "a brace of orthodontists" or "a disputation of lawyers" makes me feel like I'm trapped in one of those creepy-cutesy public radio quiz shows.
But it would be mistake to tar all of these terms as simply casual inventions in pursuit of a chuckle. Of course, someone did make them up. The entire English language was "invented" in one way or another. But the truly interesting collective nouns, such as "murder of crows" or "a cete of badgers," were coined a very long time ago, mostly in the 15th century, and far from being merely fanciful inventions, these terms were once considered the proper way to describe a group of animals. Some, such as "a pride of lions" and "a gaggle of geese," remain in common use today after being rescued from obscurity and revived in the 19th century.
We owe our knowledge of these terms today to several lists compiled in the 15th century, the most complete being "The Book of St. Albans," attributed to Dame Juliana Barnes, prior of a nunnery in England. But for modern readers, the best introduction to the genre is "An Exaltation of Larks" (1968) by James Lipton (best known today as host of "Inside the Actors Studio" on the Bravo cable channel). Lipton divides his book into three parts: terms found in the 15th century collections that remain in use today (such as "a host of angels" and "a string of ponies"); old terms (such as "a cast of hawks" and "a knot of toads") that were once common but have fallen into obscurity, and, lastly, oddities from the old collections. These mostly describe people, rather than animals, from the logical "an illusion of painters" to the intriguing "a rage of maidens" (employing "rage" in the 14th century sense of "jesting, fun; riotous or wanton behavior").
As for why we call a group of crows a "murder," the inspiration for the term is a mystery, lost since the 15th century. As the Oxford English Dictionary suggests, "murder" may "perhaps [allude] to the crow's traditional association with violent death, or … to its harsh and raucous cry." Then again, since crows have recently been demonstrated to be capable of advanced reasoning and even tool-making, maybe they actually did plot a few murders back in the 15th century.
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Our files will always work, we update them daily.
Security is the key for all our visitors, you can be assured, it is nr.1 priority for us also.
All tools, hacks and craks are high quality products, we have best coders working to make sure our standars are always in high value for our visitors.
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
There are two Grand Apothecaries. Are you looking for:
- Doctor Sintar Malefious <Grand Apothecary>


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Farmer's Market
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Farmer's Market
Date(s) - 26/08/2023
10:00 am - 2:00 pm
Camberwell Green Market Space
SE5 Forum for Camberwell has a stand every Saturday from 10am to 2pm at the Farmer's Market on Camberwell Green. Come and find us – have a chat, get involved, sign up for e-newsletters or buy some amazing SE5 Forum merchandise to support our efforts to make Camberwell a better place to live and work.
See you there!


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Oak Lawn Commercial Construction Benefits
Every Oak Lawn business requires a facility where they can do their operations easily, and it must be customized to their needs. While there are facilities that can be rented out, they won't grow with the business, and it will cost you a lot of money to keep renting a facility. It may even cost you double if you are going to use specialized facilities for your products and equipment.
If you have space where you can build a facility for your company, getting a professional commercial construction company like Direct Steel and Construction is important. Our team can explain to you how we can construct your ideal building facility with your brand, budget, and needs all considered. It will also be environment-friendly and energy-efficient, further reducing your operating costs, which you may not have been able to control when you were renting.
Call Direct Steel and Construction at (815) 421-1334 for a Free Consultation!
Benefits of Commercial Construction
If you own a business, it is ideal that you have your building where you can do your business. While you can rent a building, it can cost you a lot of money, and the space may not be enough for your business. It is also a trial to find the space that will match your business needs exactly. It is also hard to customize industrial spaces, especially if you are renting.
When you go for commercial construction, you can customize the space exactly to your business's specifications. From its external looks to its interior facilities, getting it done will be easy to do. The space can also be extended if you need it.
Ask our Oak Lawn, IL team how we can assist and help you get the best commercial space for your needs.
Benefits of Hiring a Professional Commercial Construction Company
Construction is not an easy project to handle on your own, no matter how big or small the building project is. Some things require specialization, especially when it comes to construction terminologies. It will also take you a lot of time because there are a lot of tasks involving construction that may be confusing if you do not know what they are about.
If you hire a professional commercial construction company, you won't have to worry about these tasks. Here are the reasons why you should consider getting a commercial construction company:
1. Safe – In a construction project, it has to be safe for everyone who will be working or visiting the site. Professional construction companies make sure that everything will be safe and handle any challenge that may occur on the site.
2. Considers your brand – If you are just starting your business or you want to construct a building that will match your brand, you need your building to match it. A professional construction company will make it a point to understand the business so they can design a building that matches your company's vision and mission. They also use your business goals to design a building that will catch the attention of your clientele.
3. Time-efficient – Since they are already familiar with what every construction project needs, you don't have to worry about the project being delayed. Once they receive a project, the construction company will immediately source materials and get the team together. With them in charge of the project, you can focus on the other aspects of your company.
4. Attention to Detail – Professional commercial construction companies make it a point to pay attention to every detail needed for the project. No matter how large or small the property will be once it is built, the team will make sure everything is seamless and get the right attention from your intended clients and investors.
There are a lot of other benefits to hiring a professional commercial construction company for your construction needs that we didn't include in this list. However, if you find the one that you can trust, you will see that your project is way easier to understand than before. If you are looking for a team you can hire for your construction needs, we are always ready to accept any construction project no matter what industry you may be in.
Why Hire Us
Here at Direct Steel and Construction, we are dedicated to making the entire construction process hassle-free. Our team will be with you throughout the construction process from the design, scheduling, clarifications, permits, material sourcing, contract negotiations to the project management on the site. We also make sure that you are up-to-date and achieve the perfect building for the project.
We also make sure that everything runs smoothly to catch your requirements and your budget. Your deadlines will also be our number one priority and make sure every piece is installed efficiently and perfectly. Whatever building you ask us to build and the fixtures we can put in your facility; we'll make sure that everything will match your business and brand.
Free Consultation Today
When it comes to high-quality, cost-efficient, and environment-friendly construction projects, Direct Steel and Construction is a trustworthy commercial construction company. We will help you achieve a stress-free construction project experience as we will make sure that everything fits your requirements, budget, and timeline. The buildings we create will also be environment-friendly, versatile, and cost-efficient to boost your business operations further.
Let our Oak Lawn team show you how we create buildings for all types of industries.
Call Direct Steel and Construction at (815) 421-1334 today for a Free Consultation!


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- Apple Butter
- Organic
- Wheat Free
- Gluten Free
- Pareve
- Sodium Free
- Fat Free
- Non GMO
A blend of family orchard Great Lakes' organic Apple varieties, over four pounds to a jar. Hand sorted, washed, peeled, cored, chopped, and slowly kettle simmered with a bit of organic apple juice concentrate to 30 Brix. A tangy sweet spread that makes healthy eating an easy pleasure with its versatility. No refined sugar or anything else ever added.
The apples in EDEN Organic Apple Butter are organically grown on family owned orchards on the shores of the Great Lakes, one of the best tree fruit growing locations in the world due to the seasonal lake effect. After years of organic management, the healthy trees and soil in these beautiful orchards produce the most delicious apples we have ever tasted.
Over four pounds of apples go into every jar of EDEN Organic Apple Butter. A carefully selected blend of apples are hand sorted, washed, peeled, cored and chopped. A small amount of our organic apple juice concentrate is added to the apples that are patiently steam jacketed kettle simmered until perfect. When finished the apple butter is packed in glass jars.
EDEN Organic Apple Butter is a tangy, sweet spread. A jar in your refrigerator makes it easy and fun to eat healthy food. Dollop it on oatmeal and cereal; spread it on toast, pancakes and waffles; use in batter for moist, flavorful baked goods. Use it instead of butter, jam, jelly or frosting. It is fat free and sodium free with no refined sugars.
Scientific research has found that apples and apple juice contain a wealth of phytonutrients that have been found beneficial to health. A study conducted at Rochester, Minnesota's Mayo Clinic reported finding the "powerful antioxidant, quercetin, in apples and apple juice." Quercetin is one of the more potent antioxidants in apples. In the journal 'Nature', 2000, researchers at Cornell University reported that apple components had more antioxidant capability than a 1,500-milligram mega dose of vitamin C. "Scientists are interested in isolating single components, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene to see if they exhibit antioxidant benefits", says Dr. Rui Hai Liu at Cornell. "It turns out that none of those work alone. It's the combination of flavonoids and polyphenols [antioxidant phytonutrients found in apples] doing the work."
It's good to be choosy when picking apples. The USDA has identified 35 insecticides, fungicides, and weed killers sprayed on apples, even though the Environmental Protection Agency considers them hazardous. Tests by the Environmental Working Group show that these chemicals do show up in supermarkets, so it is especially important to choose an organic apple you can trust. EDEN is a wise choice.


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The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as defined by the American Heart Association, include coronary heart disease (coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease); stroke (brain attack); high blood pressure (hypertension); and rheumatic heart disease. Each year in the US, cardiovascular diseases top the list of most serious health problems. Learn about the tests and procedures that are used to diagnose heart problems.
Each year, millions of Americans are diagnosed with digestive disorders, ranging from the occasional upset stomach to the more life-threatening colorectal cancer. They encompass disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Reaching a diagnosis requires a thorough and accurate medical history and physical examination. You may need to undergo more diagnostic evaluations, including lab tests, endoscopic procedures, and imaging techniques.
Many of the conditions that affect gynecological, reproductive, and sexual health may be detected early, which, in most cases, provides for a more positive prognosis and successful treatment. In this section, you will find information to help you learn more about gynecological tests and procedures including an overview of the procedure, reasons for the procedure, risks of the procedure, and what to do before, during, and after the procedure.
When you have blood drawn or give a urine sample, it's usually for a laboratory test. These tests can help your doctor diagnose a condition or disease. Lab tests can also be used to help monitor how well a treatment is working or look at your overall health. In this section, you'll find a list of common lab tests, how and why they are done, and what your results might mean.
Before a treatment or rehabilitation plan can be established for neurologic conditions, your doctor must first determine the reason for, and source of, a condition. There are various types of tests and procedures used to diagnose and treat neurologic conditions. In this section, you will learn about these procedures, including an overview of the procedure, reasons for the procedure, risks of the procedure, and what to do before, during, and after the procedure.
Orthopaedics is the branch of medicine concerned with diseases, injuries, and conditions of the musculoskeletal system, or the body's muscles and skeleton, and including the joints, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Your doctor will complete a medical history and physical examination when evaluating a possible orthopaedic condition. Learn what happens during diagnostic and surgical orthopaedic procedures…ranging from x-rays to hip replacement surgery.
Respiratory disorders, or lung diseases, are disorders such as asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and others. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year more than 126,000 US adults die of lung disease. Learn about the various tests and procedures used to help detect lung problems.
Urology is the branch of medicine concerned with the urinary tract in both genders, and with the genital tract or reproductive system in the male. Nephrology is the medical specialty concerned with the kidneys. The most serious of kidney and urinary tract diseases includes end-stage renal disease (ESRD); kidney stone disease; urinary incontinence; benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); interstitial cystitis; urinary tract infection; and polycystic kidney disease. In this section, you'll find information about procedures used to diagnose kidney and urinary diseases.