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Nullification Deniers! This Is What James Madison Really Said
This is The Age of Ignorance. Our "intellectuals" can't think. Our "scholars" parrot each other. The self-educated fixate on idiotic theories. Our People despise Truth and disseminate lies.
Nullification deniers such as Matthew Spalding of Heritage Foundation, Jarrett Stepman of Human Events, law professor Randy Barnett, David Barton of Wallbuilders, and history professor Allen C. Guelzo, say that nullification by States of unconstitutional acts of the federal government is unlawful and impossible. They make the demonstrably false assertions that:
- States don't have the right to nullify unconstitutional acts of the federal government because our Constitution doesn't say they can do it;
- Nullification is literally impossible;
- The supreme Court is the final authority on what is constitutional and what is not; and The States and The People must submit to whatever the supreme Court says; and
- James Madison, Father of Our Constitution, opposed nullification.
Their assertions contradict our Declaration of Independence, The Federalist Papers, our federal Constitution, and what James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton really said.
What are the Two Conditions Precedent for Nullification?
The deniers seem unaware of the two conditions our Framers saw must be present before nullification is proper and possible. These conditions are important – you will see why!:
- The act of the federal government must be unconstitutional – usually a usurpation of a power not delegated to the federal government in the Constitution; and
- The act must be something The States or The People can "nullify"- i.e., refuse to obey: the act must order them to do something or not do something.
What is "Interposition" and What is "Nullification"?
A State "interposes" when it stands between the federal government and The Citizens of the State in order to protect them from the federal government. Interposition takes various forms, depending on the circumstances. Hamilton refers to interposition in Federalist No. 33 (5th para):
"If the federal government should overpass the just bounds of its authority and make a tyrannical use of its powers, the people, whose creature it is, must appeal to the standard [the Constitution] they have formed, and take such measures to redress the injury done to the Constitution as the exigency may suggest and prudence justify." [emphasis mine]
"Nullification" is one form of interposition. Now! Here are three highly relevant illustrations:
When the act of the federal government is unconstitutional and orders The States or The People to do – or not do – something, nullification is the proper form of interposition.
When the act of the federal government is unconstitutional, but doesn't order The States or The People to do – or not do – something (the alien & sedition acts), nullification is not possible. The States may interpose by objecting, as in The Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.
When the act of the federal government is constitutional, but unjust (the Tariff Act of 1828), the States may not nullify it; but may interpose by objecting and trying to get the Tariff Act changed.
Our Founding Principles in a Nutshell
In order to understand The Right of Nullification, one must also learn the Founding Principles set forth in The Declaration of Independence (2nd para). Then one can see that "when powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act" 1 is "the natural right, which all admit to be a remedy against insupportable oppression." 2These Principles are:
- Rights come from God;
- People create governments;
- The purpose of government is to secure the rights God gave us; and
- When a government We created seeks to take away our God given rights, We have the Right – We have the Duty – to alter, abolish, or throw off such government.
Let us look briefly at these Principles:
1. Our Declaration of Independence (2nd para) recognizes that God is the grantor of Rights. So Rights don't come from the Constitution, the supreme Court or the federal government.
2. The Preamble to our Constitution shows that WE THE PEOPLE created the federal government. It is our "creature". Alexander Hamilton says this in Federalist Paper No. 33 (5th para); and Thomas Jefferson, in his draft of The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (8th Resolution). As our "creature", it may lawfully do only what WE authorized it to do in our Constitution.
We created a "federal" government: An alliance of Sovereign States 3 associated in a "federation" with a national government to which is delegated supremacy over the States in few and defined areas only. James Madison says in Federalist No. 45 (9th para):
"The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite. The former will be exercised principally on external objects, as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce; with which last the power of taxation will, for the most part, be connected. The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all the objects which … concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the people, and the internal order, improvement, and prosperity of the State." [boldface mine]
Do you see? We delegated only "few and defined" powers to the federal government. These are the "enumerated powers" listed in the Constitution. 4
These enumerated powers concern:
- Military defense, international commerce & relations;
- Control of immigration and naturalization of new citizens;
- Creation of a uniform commercial system: Weights & measures, patents & copyrights, money based on gold & silver, bankruptcy laws, mail delivery & some road building; and
- With some of the Amendments, protect certain civil rights and voting rights (for blacks, women, citizens who don't pay taxes, and citizens 18 years and older).
It is only with respect to the enumerated powers that the federal government has lawful authority over the Country at large. All other powers are "reserved to the several States" and The People.
3. Our Constitution authorizes the federal government to secure our God-given Rights in the following ways: 5
It is to secure our rights to life and liberty by:
- Military defense (Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 11-16);
- Laws against piracy and other felonies committed on the high seas (Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 10);
- Protecting us from invasion (Art IV, Sec. 4);
- Prosecuting traitors (Art III, Sec. 3); and
- Restrictive immigration policies (Art. I, Sec. 9, cl. 1).
It is to secure our property rights by:
- Regulating trade & commerce so we can produce, sell & prosper (Art. I, Sec. 8, cl.3). The original intent of the interstate commerce clause is to prohibit States from levying tolls & taxes on articles of commerce as they are transported thru the States for buying & selling.
- Establishing uniform weights & measures and a money system based on gold & silver (Art I, Sec. 8, cl. 5) – inflation via paper currency & fractional reserve lending is theft!
- Punishing counterfeiters (Art I, Sec. 8, cl. 6);
- Making bankruptcy laws to permit the orderly dissolution or reorganization of debtors' estates with fair treatment of creditors (Art I, Sec 8, cl. 4); and
- Issuing patents & copyrights to protect ownership of intellectual labors (Art I, Sec 8, cl 8)
It is to secure our right to liberty by:
- Laws against slavery (13th Amendment);
- Providing fair trials in federal courts (4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Amendments); and
- Obeying the Constitution!
This is how our federal Constitution implements The Founding Principle that the purpose of government is to secure the rights God gave us.
4. The fourth Founding Principle in our Declaration is this: When government takes away our God given rights, We have the Right & the Duty to alter, abolish, or throw off such government. Nullification is thus a natural right of self-defense:
Thomas Jefferson said:
"… but where powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, (casus non foederis,) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits: that without this right, they would be under the dominion, absolute and unlimited, of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for them…" 6 [boldface mine]
James Madison commented on the above:
"… the right of nullification meant by Mr. Jefferson is the natural right, which all admit to be a remedy against insupportable oppression…" 7
Alexander Hamilton says in Federalist No. 28 (5th para from end):
"If the representatives of the people betray their constituents, there is then no resource left but in the exertion of that original right of self-defense which is paramount to all positive forms of government, and which against the usurpations of the national rulers, may be exerted with infinitely better prospect of success …" [boldface mine]
Hamilton then shows how The States can reign in a usurping federal government:
"…the State governments will, in all possible contingencies, afford complete security against invasions of the public liberty by the national authority…"
Do you see?
But the nullification deniers do not see because, in addition to their apparent unfamiliarity with the original source writings on nullification (as well as The Federalist Papers), they reject, or do not understand, the Founding Principle that Rights pre-date & pre-exist the Constitution and come from God. Nullification is not a paltry "constitutional right"! It has a hallowed status – it is that natural right of self-defense which pre-dates & pre-exists the Constitution.
Now, let us look at the false assertions made by the nullification deniers.
False Assertion 1:
That States can't nullify unconstitutional acts of the federal government because the Constitution doesn't say they can do it.
1. As we have just seen, Jefferson, Madison, and Hamilton saw nullification of unconstitutional acts of the federal government as a "natural right" – not a "constitutional right". And since Rights come from God, there is no such thing as a "constitutional right"!
2. The Right of Nullification, transcending as it does, the Constitution; and being nowhere prohibited by the Constitution to the States, is a reserved power. The 10th Amendment says:
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
Nothing in the federal Constitution prohibits The States from nullifying unconstitutional acts of the federal government. Thus, nullification is a reserved power of the States & The People.
3. We saw where Madison says in Federalist No. 45 that the powers delegated to the federal government are "few and defined", and all other powers are "reserved to the several States".
Thus, it is the federal government which is supposed to look to the Constitution for the list of "enumerated powers" We The People delegated to it.
The States don't go to the Constitution to look for permission because they retain all powers they didn't exclusively 8 delegate to the federal government, or prohibit by Art. I, Sec. 10.
The nullification deniers have it backwards: They permit the federal government to ignore the "enumerated powers" limitations set forth in the Constitution; but insist The States can't do anything unless the Constitution specifically says they can!
Do you see how they pervert Our Constitution?
False Assertion 2:
That Nullification is literally impossible.
We saw above the two conditions which must exist before nullification is proper and possible:
- The act of the federal government must be unconstitutional, and
- The act must be something The People or The States can refuse to obey.
Here are examples of unconstitutional federal acts the States can and should nullify:
The Constitution does not delegate to the federal government power to ban Christianity from the public square. But in 1962, the supreme Court first ordered The States to stop prayers in the public schools. That Court next banned the Ten Commandments from the public schools. Since those orders were usurpations of powers not lawfully possessed by the Court,the States should have nullified them by directing their School Boards to ignore them.
If Congress by "law", or the President by "executive order", orders The People to turn in our guns, We must refuse to comply. The Constitution doesn't authorize the federal government to disarm us. So, The States and The People must nullify such law or order by refusing to obey.
Here are examples of unconstitutional & unjust State laws Martin Luther King nullified:
The Jim Crow laws required black people to sit at the back of the bus, and prohibited them from eating in public places and using public restrooms, water fountains, park benches, etc. Using non-violent civil disobedience, MLK led black people to refuse to obey these unjust and unconstitutional (Sec. 1, 14th Amdt.) laws. This was nullification by brave Citizens!
Now, I'll show you unconstitutional acts which couldn't be nullified because they weren't directed to anything The States or The People could refuse to obey:
In 1798, Thomas Jefferson wrote The Kentucky Resolutions, and James Madison wrote The Virginia Resolutions. These Resolutions objected to laws made by Congress which purported to grant to the President dictatorial powers over aliens and seditious words.
Kentucky and Virginia could object, but they couldn't prevent the President from enforcing the alien & sedition acts, because the President had the raw power to send out thugs to arrest aliens or people who had spoken or written "seditious" words; and then to persecute them.
So Jefferson and Madison showed why the alien & sedition acts were unconstitutional, protested them, and asked other States to join the protest.
Now! Note Well: Randy Barnett, law professor, and other deniers crow that the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions prove there is no "literal power" of nullification in the States.
But Barnett should know better because he is a lawyer. Every litigation attorney knows this: At a motion hearing before the judge, opposing counsel whips out a court opinion which he cites as authority for a legal point. He gives the judge a highlighted copy and gives you (opposing counsel) an un-highlighted copy. While he is making his argument to the judge, you must listen to what he is saying, and at the same time, read the opinion and develop an argument which "distinguishes" the opinion opposing counsel is using from the case at bar. When opposing counsel finishes, the judge looks at you and says, "And how do you respond?" You must be ready with your argument right then.
Are we to believe that Randy Barnett, law professor, sitting in his ivory tower and under no pressure, is unable to distinguish between situations where a State does have a "literal power" to nullify an unconstitutional act of the federal government [when it orders The State or The People to do -or not do – something]; and when The State does not have a "literal power" to nullify the act [because, as with the alien & sedition acts, it does not dictate something The States or The People can refuse to obey]?
False Assertion 3:
That the supreme Court is the final authority on what is constitutional and what is not; and The States and The People must submit to whatever the supreme Court says.
The federal government has become a tyranny which acts without constitutional authority.
This came about because we were lured away from The Founding Principle that the purpose of government is to secure the Rights God gave us; and were seduced into believing government should provide for our needs and protect us from the challenges of Life.
Progressives of the early 1900s 9 transformed the federal government into the Frankensteinian monster it is today. They imposed the regulatory welfare state where the federal government regulates business and commerce, natural resources, human resources, and benefits some people [e.g., welfare parasites, labor unions & obama donors] at the expense of others.
The Progressives claimed the power to determine what is in the "public interest" and have the federal government implement their notions of what advances the "public interest".
Under the Progressives, the federal government was no longer limited by the enumerated powers delegated in the Constitution; but would follow the "will of the people" as expressed by their representatives in the federal government. In other words, the Progressives gave the federal government a blank check to fill out anyway they want. People in the federal government now claim power to do whatever they want to us.
The federal government imposed by the Progressives is evil:
- In order to provide benefits to some; the federal government violates the God-given property rights of others. The federal government robs Peter to pay Paul.
- In order to protect us from the challenges of life (including made up problems such as "global warming" and "lack of medical insurance"), the federal government violates everyone's God-given rights to Liberty.
And thus today, the federal government:
- Usurps powers not delegated to it in the Constitution. Most of what it does is unconstitutional as outside the enumerated powers delegated in our Constitution.
- Has become an instrument of oppression, injustice, and immorality.
- Has taken away most of our God given rights, and is now conniving to take away our God given right to self-defense.
Now you know how the federal government was transformed from being the securer of our God given rights to a tyranny which oppresses some of the people for the benefit of others; and takes everyone's Liberty away – except for those in the ruling class.
So! What do We do? What can We do?
The nullification deniers insist We must obey whatever Congress and the President dictate unless five (5) judges on the supreme Court say We don't have to. They say the supreme Court is the final authority on what is constitutional and what is not.
But think: Who created the federal government?
We did! It is our "creature". Is the "creature" to dictate to the "creator"?
The nullification deniers say, "Yes!" They say that:
- Every law made by Congress [the Legislative Branch of the federal government] is "supreme"; and
- Every executive order issued by the President [the Executive Branch of the federal government] is binding; and
- The States and The People must obey, unless and until five (5) judges on the supreme Court [the Judicial Branch of the federal government] say the law or executive order is unconstitutional.
In other words, only the federal government may question the federal government.
Under their vision, the federal government WE created with the Constitution is the exclusive and final judge of the extent of the powers WE delegated to it; and the opinion of five (5) judges, not the Constitution, is the sole measure of its powers.
Jarrett Stepman regurgitates the statist lie that "the ultimate decision maker in terms of America's political system is the Supreme Court."
Randy Barnett, law professor, chants the statist refrain, "…What has the Supreme Court said and meant? and … Are there now five justices to sustain the claim?".
Barnett selects two paragraphs from Madison's Report on the Virginia Resolutions (1799-1800), (which address the alien & sedition acts), and claims they show Madison "expressly denies, or at minimum equivocates about whether, there is a literal power of nullification in states".
Well, We saw above that States couldn't nullify the alien & sedition acts because they purported to grant dictatorial powers to the President; and did not require The States or The People to do – or not do – something.
And the two paragraphs Barnett claims are so "telling" as to The States' lack of "literal power" to nullify anything, and as to the ultimate authority of the Judicial Branch, appear under Madison's discussion of the last two Resolutions where Virginia had asked other States to join the protest. Madison merely says the citizens and legislature of Virginia have the right to communicate with other States; and in so doing, they are not exercising a judicial function.
Now! Note Well: Madison actually says, in the same Report Barnett cites, that it is "a plain principle, founded in common sense" that The States are the final authority on whether the federal government has violated our Constitution! Under his discussion of the 3rd Resolution, Madison says:
"It appears to your committee to be a plain principle, founded in common sense, illustrated by common practice, and essential to the nature of compacts; that where resort can be had to no tribunal superior to the authority of the parties, the parties themselves must be the rightful judges in the last resort, whether the bargain made, has been pursued or violated. The Constitution of the United States was formed by the sanction of the States, given by each in its sovereign capacity. It adds to the stability and dignity, as well as to the authority of the Constitution, that it rests on this legitimate and solid foundation. The States then being the parties to the constitutional compact, and in their sovereign capacity, it follows of necessity, that there can be no tribunal above their authority, to decide in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated; and consequently that as the parties to it, they must themselves decide in the last resort, such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition." [emphasis mine]
A bit further down, Madison explains that if, when the federal government usurps power, the States cannot act so as to stop the usurpation, and thereby preserve the Constitution as well as the safety of The States; there would be no relief from usurped power. This would subvert the Rights of the People as well as betray the fundamental principle of our Founding:
"…If the deliberate exercise, of dangerous power, palpably withheld by the Constitution, could not justify the parties to it, in interposing even so far as to arrest the progress of the evil, and thereby to preserve the Constitution itself as well as to provide for the safety of the parties to it; there would be an end to all relief from usurped power, and a direct subversion of the rights specified or recognized under all the State constitutions, as well as a plain denial of the fundamental principle on which our independence itself was declared." [emphasis mine]
A bit further down, Madison answers the objection "that the judicial authority is to be regarded as the sole expositor of the Constitution, in the last resort".
Madison explains that when the federal government acts outside the Constitution by usurping powers, and when the Constitution affords no remedy to that usurpation; then the Sovereign States who are the Parties to the Constitution must likewise step outside the Constitution and appeal to that original natural right of self-defense.
Madison also says that the Judicial Branch is as likely to usurp as are the other two Branches. Thus, The Sovereign States, as The Parties to the Constitution, have as much right to judge the usurpations of the Judicial Branch as they do the Legislative and Executive Branches:
"…the judicial department, also, may exercise or sanction dangerous powers beyond the grant of the Constitution; and, consequently, that the ultimate right of the parties to the Constitution, to judge whether the compact has been dangerously violated, must extend to violations by one delegated authority as well as by another — by the judiciary as well as by the executive, or the legislature."
Madison goes on to say that all three Branches of the federal government obtain their delegated powers from the Constitution; and they may not annul the authority of their Creator. And if the Judicial Branch connives with other Branches in usurping powers, our Constitution will be destroyed. So the Judicial Branch does not have final say as
"…to the rights of the parties to the constitutional compact, from which the judicial as well as the other department hold their delegated trusts. On any other hypothesis, the delegation of judicial power, would annul the authority delegating it; 10 and the concurrence of this department with the others in usurped powers, might subvert forever, and beyond the possible reach of any rightful remedy, the very Constitution, which all were instituted to preserve."
Shame on you nullification deniers who misrepresent what Madison said, or ignorantly insist that Madison said the Judicial Branch is the Final Authority!
False Assertion 4:
That James Madison opposed Nullification by States of Unconstitutional Acts of the Federal Government.
Matthew Spalding (Heritage Foundation) and David Barton (Wallbuilders) cite South Carolina's Nullification Crisis of 1832 as "proof" that James Madison "vehemently opposed" nullification.
What Spalding and Barton say is not true. Did they read what Madison wrote on S. Carolina's doctrine of nullification? Are they so lacking in critical thinking skills that they can't make the distinction between the nullification doctrine Madison (and Jefferson & Hamilton) embraced, and the peculiar doctrine of nullification advanced by S. Carolina?
We saw in Madison's Report on the Virginia Resolutions (1799-1800) that in a proper case, "interposing even so far as to arrest the progress of the evil" is essential "to preserve the Constitution itself as well as to provide for the safety of the parties to it".
And we saw above that the condition which must be present before nullification is proper, is that the act of the federal government must be unconstitutional.
Now, let's look at The Tariff Act of 1828 and the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis:
South Carolina was an agricultural state. During the 1820's, they bought manufactured goods from England. England bought cotton produced by S. Carolina and other Southern States.
However, "infant industries" in the Northeast were producing some of the same manufactured goods as England; but they were more expensive than the English imports. So they couldn't compete with the cheaper imports.
So! In 1828, Congress imposed a high tariff on the English imports. The Southern States called this the "tariff of abominations", because the tariff made the English goods too expensive to buy; and since the Southern States stopped buying English goods, the English stopped buying Southern cotton. The Southern States had to pay more for manufactured goods, they lost the major buyer of their cotton; and their economy was weakened.
Now! Note Well: Our Constitution delegates specific authority to Congress to impose ../../../../2013/01/28/nullification-deniers-this-is-what-james-madison-really-said-16778/tariffs.css on imports, and the tariff must be the same in each State (Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 1).
Thus, the Tariff Act of 1828 was constitutional! 11
So! Can you, dear Reader, see something which Matthew Spalding, Ph.D., and David Barton are unable to see? South Carolina wanted to nullify a constitutional law! Of course, Madison opposed S. Carolina's peculiar doctrine of nullification! Madison (and Jefferson & Hamilton) always said the act nullified must be unconstitutional!
In his Notes on Nullification (1834), 12 Madisonaddressed S. Carolina's peculiar doctrine. He said that in the Report of a special committee of the House of Representatives of South Carolina in 1828, a doctrine of nullification was set forth which asserted that:
- A State has a "constitutional right" to nullify any federal law; and
- The nullification is presumed valid, and is to remain in force, unless ¾ of the States, in a Convention, say the nullification isn't valid.
What Madison opposed was the particular doctrine of nullification set forth by S. Carolina; and what Madison actually said about the S. Carolina doctrine is this:
- The federal government has delegated authority to impose import ../../../../2013/01/28/nullification-deniers-this-is-what-james-madison-really-said-16778/tariffs.css;
- The Constitution requires that all import ../../../../2013/01/28/nullification-deniers-this-is-what-james-madison-really-said-16778/tariffs.css be uniform throughout the United States;
- States can't nullify ../../../../2013/01/28/nullification-deniers-this-is-what-james-madison-really-said-16778/tariffs.css which are authorized by the Constitution;
- ¼ of the States don't have the right to dictate to ¾ of the States on matters within the powers delegated to the federal government;
- Nullification is not a "constitutional right";
And near the end of his Notes, Madison quoted with approval Thomas Jefferson's statement:
"…but, where powers are assumed which have not been delegated, a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy: that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact, (casus non foederis,) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits: that without this right, they would be under the dominion, absolute and unlimited, of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for them…"
Madison then says:
"Thus the right of nullification meant by Mr. Jefferson is the natural right, which all admit to be a remedy against insupportable oppression." [emphasis mine]
Do you see? Madison is saying that:
- S. Carolina couldn't nullify the Tariff Act of 1828 because the Act was constitutional.
- Nullification is a "natural right"- it is not a "constitutional" right. Rights don't come from the Constitution.
- All agree that when the federal government acts outside of the Constitution, nullification by the States is the proper remedy.
Application Today
When WE THE PEOPLE ratified our Constitution, and thereby created the federal government, WE did not delegate to our "creature" power to control our medical care, restrict guns and ammunition, dictate what is done in the public schools, dictate how we use our lands, and all the thousands of things they do WE never gave them authority in our Constitution to do.
Accordingly, each State has a natural right to nullify these unconstitutional dictates within its borders. These dictates are outside the compact The Sovereign States made with each other –WE never gave our "creature" power over these objects.
As Jefferson and Madison said, without Nullification, The States and The People would be under the absolute and unlimited control of the federal government.
And that, dear Reader, is where these nullification deniers, with their false assertions and shameful misrepresentations, would put you.
To sum this up:
- Nullification is a natural right of self-defense.
- Rights don't come from the Constitution. Like all Rights, the right of self-defense comes from God (The Declaration of Independence, 2nd para).
- Nullification is a reserved power within the meaning of the 10th Amendment. The Constitution doesn't prohibit States from nullifying, and We reserved the power to do it.
- God requires us to disobey civil authorities when they violate God's Law. That's why the 2nd para of the Declaration of Independence says we have the duty to overthrow tyrannical government. See: The Biblical Foundation of our Constitution.
- Nullification is required by Oath of Office: Article VI, cl. 3 requires all State officers and judges to "support" the federal Constitution. Therefore, when the federal government violates the Constitution, the States must smack them down.
Our Founders and Framers were a different People than we of today. They were manly men who knew statecraft & political philosophy and could think. But our "experts" of today have been indoctrinated with statism and can't think. They just repeat what they hear. We need them to man up, throw off the indoctrination, learn our Founding Documents including The Federalist Papers, get a Logic Book, and stop disseminating misinformation! We need them to repudiate cowardice as the proper response to the evil which is overtaking our Land. Man up, People! PH
1 Thomas Jefferson, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, 8th Resolution.
2 James Madison, Notes on Nullification (1835). The quote is near the end. Use "find" function.
3 The deniers seem unaware that The States retained sovereignty in all matters not exclusively delegated to the federal government. Alexander Hamilton says in Federalist No. 32 (2nd para):
"An entire consolidation of the States into one complete national sovereignty would imply an entire subordination of the parts; and whatever powers might remain in them, would be altogether dependent on the general will. But as the plan of the convention [the Constitution] aims only at a partial union or consolidation, the State governments would clearly retain all the rights of sovereignty which they before had, and which were not … EXCLUSIVELY delegated to the United States…" [caps are Hamilton's; boldface mine]
Federalist No. 62 (5th para):
"…the equal vote allowed to each State [each State gets two U.S. Senators] is …a constitutional recognition of the portion of sovereignty remaining in the individual States and an instrument for preserving that residuary sovereignty… [in order to guard] … against an improper consolidation of the States into one simple republic." (Madison or Hamilton) [boldface mine]
See also Federalist No. 39 (Madison) (6th para, et seq.)
In Madison's Report on The Virginia Resolutions (1799-1800), he several times refers, in his discussion of the 3rd Resolution, to the States acting "in their sovereign capacity" when, as "the parties to the constitutional compact" they decide "in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated":
"…The states, then, being the parties to the constitutional compact, and in their sovereign capacity, it follows of necessity that there can be no tribunal, above their authority, to decide, in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated; and consequently, that, as the parties to it, they must themselves decide, in the last resort, such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition…." [boldface mine]
4 Contrary to the misconstructions long and unlawfully applied by the federal government, the federal Constitution is one of enumerated powers only. E.g.:
"…the proposed government cannot be deemed a national one; since its jurisdiction extends to certain enumerated objects only, and leaves to the several States a residuary and inviolable sovereignity over all other objects…" (Federalist No. 39, 3rd para from end) (Madison) [boldface mine]
"…the general [federal] government is not to be charged with the whole power of making and administering laws. Its jurisdiction is limited to certain enumerated objects..." (Federalist No. 14, 8th para) (Madison) [boldface mine]
"…It merits particular attention … that the laws of the Confederacy [Congress], as to the ENUMERATED and LEGITIMATE objects of its jurisdiction, will become the SUPREME LAW of the land…Thus the legislatures, courts, and magistrates, of the respective members [the States], will be incorporated into the operations of the national government AS FAR AS ITS JUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY EXTENDS…" [caps are Hamilton's] (Federalist No. 27, last para)
5 Our Constitution authorizes the federal government to secure our God-given rights in the ways appropriate for the national government of a Federation. The States secure them in other ways.
6 The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798,8th Resolution.
7 Madison's Notes on Nullification (1834). The quote is near the end. Use "find" function.
8 This explains the limited "exclusive jurisdiction" of the federal government, and the areas where the federal government and The States have "concurrent jurisdiction".
9 Teddy Roosevelt ran on the Progressive Platform of 1912. Both major parties have been dominated by progressives ever since.
10 Hamilton says, respecting the Legislative Branch (Federalist No. 78, 10th para):
"…every act of a delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of the commission under which it is exercised, is void. No legislative act, therefore, contrary to the Constitution, can be valid. To deny this, would be to affirm, that the deputy is greater than his principal; that the servant is above his master; that the representatives of the people are superior to the people themselves; that men acting by virtue of powers, may do not only what their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid." [emphasis mine]
11 The Tariff Act of 1828 was constitutional; but benefited the Northeast at the expense of the South. It thus violated our Founding Principle that governments exist to secure the rights God gave us. God never gave us the right to be free of competition in business! Since the tariff was constitutional, but unjust, the remedy was to get Congress to fix it.
12 Madison's Notes on Nullification (1834) are long & rambling. Copy to Word, enlarge the type, & color-code to sort out the strands of arguments. Keep in mind that what Madison is addressing is S. Carolina's peculiar doctrine where they wanted to nullify a constitutional tariff! PH
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text:
This summary of the Gospel of Matthew provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Gospel of Matthew.
Although the first Gospel is anonymous, the early church fathers were unanimous in holding that Matthew, one of the 12 apostles, was its author. However, the results of modern critical studies -- in particular those that stress Matthew's alleged dependence on Mark for a substantial part of his Gospel -- have caused some Biblical scholars to abandon Matthean authorship. Why, they ask, would Matthew, an eyewitness to the events of our Lord's life, depend so heavily on Mark's account? The best answer seems to be that he agreed with it and wanted to show that the apostolic testimony to Christ was not divided.
Matthew, whose name means "gift of the Lord," was a tax collector who left his work to follow Jesus (9:9-13). In Mark and Luke he is called by his other name, Levi.
Some have argued on the basis of its Jewish characteristics that Matthew's Gospel was written in the early church period, possibly the early part of a.d. 50, when the church was largely Jewish and the gospel was preached to Jews only (Ac 11:19). However, those who have concluded that both Matthew and Luke drew extensively from Mark's Gospel date it later -- after the Gospel of Mark had been in circulation for a period of time. See essay and chart, p. 1943. Accordingly, some feel that Matthew would have been written in the late 50s or in the 60s. Others, who assume that Mark was written between 65 and 70, place Matthew in the 70s or even later. However, there is insufficient evidence to be dogmatic about either view.
The Jewish nature of Matthew's Gospel may suggest that it was written in the Holy Land, though many think it may have originated in Syrian Antioch.
Since his Gospel was written in Greek, Matthew's readers were obviously Greek-speaking. They also seem to have been Jews. Many elements point to Jewish readership: Matthew's concern with fulfillment of the OT (he has more quotations from and allusions to the OT than any other NT author); his tracing of Jesus' descent from Abraham (1:1-17); his lack of explanation of Jewish customs (especially in contrast to Mark); his use of Jewish terminology (e.g., "kingdom of heaven," where "heaven" reveals the Jewish reverential reluctance to use the name of God; see note on 3:2); his emphasis on Jesus' role as "Son of David" (1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:41-45). This does not mean, however, that Matthew restricts his Gospel to Jews. He records the coming of the Magi (non-Jews) to worship the infant Jesus (2:1-12), as well as Jesus' statement that the "field is the world" (13:38). He also gives a full statement of the Great Commission (28:18-20). These passages show that, although Matthew's Gospel is Jewish, it has a universal outlook.
Matthew's main purpose is to prove to his Jewish readers that Jesus is their Messiah. He does this primarily by showing how Jesus in his life and ministry fulfilled the OT Scriptures. Although all the Gospel writers quote the OT, Matthew includes nine proof texts unique to his Gospel (1:22-23; 2:15; 2:17-18; 2:23; 4:14-16; 8:17; 12:17-21; 13:35; 27:9-10) to drive home his basic theme: Jesus is the fulfillment of the OT predictions of the Messiah. Matthew even finds the history of God's people in the OT recapitulated in some aspects of Jesus' life (see, e.g., his quotation of Hos 11:1 in 2:15). To accomplish his purpose Matthew also emphasizes Jesus' Davidic lineage (see Recipients, p. 1945).
The way the material is arranged reveals an artistic touch. The whole Gospel is woven around five great discourses: (1) chs. 5-7; (2) ch. 10; (3) ch. 13; (4) ch. 18; (5) chs.24-25. That this is deliberate is clear from the refrain that concludes each discourse: "When Jesus had finished saying these things," or similar words (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1). The narrative sections, in each case, appropriately lead up to the discourses. The Gospel has a fitting prologue (chs. 1-2) and a challenging epilogue (28:16-20).
The fivefold division may suggest that Matthew has modeled his book on the structure of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the OT). He may also be presenting the gospel as a new Torah and Jesus as a new and greater Moses.
From the NIV Study Bible, Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Matthew
Copyright 2002 © Zondervan. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text: Skinny tie for men. Either you're having a formal, casual or special event coming up or it's just one of those spur of the moment things - a quality, versatile tie works in every case. Careful selection of quality fabrics combined with hours of precise work and patience, it's the only way we know to produce a tie. And this tie might be your next favourite piece.Color: Blue w/ tiny white dots.Fabric: 100% cotton | Lining: 100% cotton.Style: Skinny tie.Length: ~ 147 cm ( ~ 58").Width: ~ 5.5 cm ( ~ 2" ) at the tip of the tie.Shipping:Delivery options, shipping time and cost details can be found here. Packaging: Each tie will arrive in a beautiful lightweight packaging. Giving it as a gift? Let us know, we can hand write your personal note and place it inside the package.


text:
Glove material
While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Glove material crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on October 14 2023 Wall Street Journal Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for Glove material has a total of 5 letters.
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Other October 14 2023 Puzzle Clues
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If you have already solved this crossword clue and are looking for the main post then head over to Wall Street Journal Crossword October 14 2023 Answers


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Bolt of Courage (Blue) [MON044-RF] (Monarch) 1st Edition Rainbow Foil
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Hurry! Only0units left in stock!Set: Monarch Edition: 1st Edition Finish: Rainbow Foil Type: Action Subtype: Attack Rarity: Common Class: Light Warrior Cost: 0 Power: 1 As an additional cost to play Bolt of Courage, you may charge your hero's soul. (Put a card from your hand face up under your hero card.) If you've charged this turn, Bolt of Courage gains "If this hits, draw a card."We have a 14-day return policy, which means you have 14 days after receiving your item to request a return.
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text:
Note : This Journal information is taken from the Citation Reports™ (Clarivate).
Note : This Journal information is taken from the Citation Reports™ (Clarivate).
Journal Name | Between the Species |
Journal Abbreviation | Between the Species Abbreviation |
Journal Online | 1945-8487 (19458487) |
Impact Factor | Between the Species Impact Factor |
CiteScore | Between the Species CiteScore |
Acceptance Rate | Between the Species Acceptance Rate |
SCImago Journal Rank | Between the Species SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) |
Evaluating scientific quality is a notoriously difficult problem that has no standard solution. Ideally, published scientific results should be inspected by real experts in the field and should be given scores for quality and quantity according to the rules established.
But it is now thrust upon committees and institutes which are trying to find alternatives to evaluate research using metrics like IF. The quality of scientific knowledge a journal contains and prestige of a journal is calculated using certain metrics and one such metric is Impact Factor. Impact Factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a journal is cited, during a year. This number is released by Clarivate Analytics. They have complete control over this. Only the journals that are listed with Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) are eligible to get an Impact factor score.
The impact factor score is revealed by Clarivate analytics in their annually published Web of Science Journal Citation Report (JCR). The impact factor is a very important tool used by journals to show their value. It is usually used as a way to measure the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals that have higher impact factor values are considered to be more important or higher status. They are considered to be having more prestige in their respective fields, than those with lower values. It is used to ascertain the importance or rank of a journal by counting the times its articles were cited. In addition to the 2-year Impact Factor, the 3-year Impact Factor, 4-year Impact Factor, 5-year Impact Factor, Real-Time Impact Factor can also provide further insights into the impact of Between the Species.
The impact factor is pretty beneficial in explaining the importance of total citation frequencies. It also eliminates some of the bias of such counts which are in the favor of large journals over small ones, journals that are frequently issued over ones that are less frequently issued, and older journals over newer ones. Usually, in the latter case, older journals have a larger citable body of literature than smaller or younger journals due to the time they've spent in existence and thus have attained many texts of knowledge. All things being considered, the larger the number of previously published articles in a journal, the more frequently that particular journal will be cited.
The impact factor was coined by Eugene Garfield, who founded the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Impact factors have been calculated yearly starting from 1975 for journals that are listed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). ISI was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992 and was renamed Thomson ISI. In 2018, Thomson ISI was bought up by Onex Corporation and Baring Private Equity Asia. Both of them founded a new corporation, Clarivate Analytics, which publishes JCR.
The JCR provides quantitative tools for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals that are indexed on the two indexes mentioned above. The impact factor is one of these tools used to rank and evaluate journals. It is the frequency with which an "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The annually released JCR impact factor is a comprehensive numerical digit that represents the ratio among citations and recent citable items published during a particular period of time. Thus, the impact factor of a journal is evaluated by dividing the number of current year citations by the items published in that journal during the previous two years, thus connecting them. We know that the impact factor is a way to quantify the prestige of journals but in order to quantify it, we need to know how to calculate it.
The Between the Species IF measures the mean of citations obtained in a particular year 2022 by papers issued in the Between the Species during the two preceding years 2022
The calculation of the impact factor is seemingly easy. The entire calculation of the impact factor is based on a two-year period and consists of dividing the number of times that articles were cited by the number of articles that are citable. The method to calculate the impact factor of Between the Species is as follows.
A = citations in published articles in 2021 and 2022 by indexed journals during 2023.
B = the total number of citations published during 2021 and 2022.
A/B = 2022 impact factor
Some of the journals listed in the JCR aren't citing journals, but are journals that are specifically for citations only. This is noteworthy when comparing journals by impact factor only because the self-citations from a cited-only journal are not included in the calculation procedure of its impact factor. Self-citations usually represent about 13% of the citations received by a journal.
A = citations in 2023 to articles published in 2021 and 2022
B = self-citations in 2023 to articles published in 2022 and 2021
C = A-B = total citations subtracted by self-citations
D = number of articles published in 2021-2022
E = C/D (revised impact factor)
Informed and careful use of the data of impact factor is crucial. Uninformed users might be tempted to jump to ill-formed conclusions based on impact factor statistics unless they're properly made aware of several caveats involved. Impact factor has many uses some of them are prominent but they can be misused too. Since journal impact factors are easily available, it is enticing to use them to gauge the capabilities of individual scientists or research groups. If we assume that the journal is illustrative of its articles, the journal impact factors of an author's articles can be used as a representative to get an objective understanding and quantitative measure of the author's scientific achievements. This is much more effective for discerning a particular scientist's or research group's reputation than applying the traditional methods like peer-review.
Given how much the use of journal impact factors has been increasing as well as how explicitly journal prestige is being used in research evaluation, it warrants a critical examination of this indicator. The impact factor of Between the Species is a very big deal for it. We will discuss a few factors below.
Decisions based on journal impact factors are potentially misleading where the uncertainty associated with the measure is ignored. Caution should be employed while interpreting journal impact factors and their ranks, and a measure of uncertainty should always be presented along with the point estimate. Journals should follow their guidelines for presenting data by including a measure of uncertainty when quoting performance indicators such as the journal impact factor. The impact factor should be used while being vigilant to the many circumstances that affect citation rates, for example, the average number of citations in an average article. The impact factor must be used with primed peer review. In the case of an academic evaluation for tenure, it is sometimes not considered appropriate to use the impact of the journal to calculate the expected frequency of a recently published article. Citation frequencies for individual articles are quite diverse.
Journal impact factors are indicative only when the evaluated research is absolutely standard concerning the journals used, an assumption that really makes any evaluation a bit excessive. In actual practice, however, even samples that are as huge as a nation's scientific output are not at all random and indicative of the journals, that they have been published in. In many research fields such as mathematics, a major part of the intellectual output is usually published in the form of books, which are not considered a part of the database; therefore, they have no impact factor. This thus makes JCR redundant.
The IF of a journal such as Between the Species is not associated with factors like quality of the peer-review process and quality of the content of the journal but is rather a measure that reflects the average number of citations to articles published in journals, books, thesis, project reports, newspapers, conference/seminar proceedings, documents published in internet, notes, and any other approved documents. In an ideal world, evaluators would read each article and make personal judgments but it is not pragmatic. Clarivate itself receives 10+ million entries each year when calculating JIF so it's highly unlikely that it can be solved by conscientious peer review. Many of the limitations and issues listed above can be fixed with the right bit of tweaking, it however requires effort by both, Clarivate analytics and the general scientific community.
Acta Germanica Impact Factor
Acta Germanica is the yearbook of the Association for German Studies in Southern Africa (SAGV). It serves scholars in South more...Amphora Impact Factor
Amphora is a peer-reviewed publication of the Society for Classical Studies that aims to convey the excitement of classical studies more...Antennae The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture Impact Factor
Antennae The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture -This issue of Antennae and the next are part of a project more...Arts and the Market Impact Factor
Arts and the Market (AAM) is dedicated to publishing high-quality and original contemporary research addressing issues related to the intersection more...Archaeology International Impact Factor
Archaeology International, produced annually since 1997, combines news about UCL Institute of Archaeology activities with refereed articles and information about more...IAFOR Journal of Arts and Humanities Impact Factor
The IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities is an internationally reviewed and editorially independent interdisciplinary journal associated with IAFOR's international more...IIS University Journal of Arts Impact Factor
IIS University Journal of Arts - The Editors would like to extend an invitation to academicians, scholars and research scholars more...Journal of Language and Discrimination Impact Factor
Journal of Language and Discrimination - Discrimination is an important research topic in a large number of diverse but related more...


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It is so easy to build one page websites or landing pages using Oshine. Simply build a normal page with various sections using our Tatsu page builder and link them from the main menu to have them scroll smoothly to the respective sections. Why buy a specialised one page theme or landing page tool, when you have so many pre built pages and demos, any of which can be transformed in a single page website. FYI our landing page has been built using our theme.
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Stun users the moment they enter your site with a big , bold & beautiful showcase fullscreen sliders or images or background videos. Parallax and Overlays are supported
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The numerous options in the theme ensure that you usually don't have to code anything to customize the theme. However there are cases where you may want to extend the theme's functionality and it is quite easy to do so. The theme follows best coding practices, provides hooks and filters that allow you to customize the code using the child theme. We have a custom CSS, JS & PHP snippet glossary with code for many common requests that we have provided to customers. The easy of use combined with the flexibility to extend / modify functionalities using custom code makes Oshine the go to theme of many agencies and professionals who develop websites for clients.
Trusted Brand with over 20000+ customers
Purchase our theme with confidence knowing that you are buying a product that is being used by over 19000 customers and has been constantly updated and supported for nearly 3 years. We are among the top 100 authors among 1M+ creatives across the globe and have reached the monumental $1 Million in sales. Oshine is one of the top 25 bestselling themes of all time and has been a consistent weekly top seller ever since its launch. You get 10000+ hours of design and development, plus regular updates & new features for a one time cost of just $59. Great Investment isn't it ?


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Driving Drunk: States with the Most DUIs
Intoxicated drivers get behind the wheel every day in the United States. But which states see the highest rates of DUI?
DUI, or driving under the influence, can have consequences far more severe than a dented bumper or a demolished mailbox. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one American dies every 50 minutes in a drunk driving accident, with the total cost of these crashes exceeding $44 billion every year.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, drunk driving has fallen by a third in the past 30 years. However, while inebriated driving is declining, some states still see higher rates of these arrests than others. Curious about of this breakdown, data scientists at Insurify, an insurance comparison and shopping website, analyzed the insurance applications of over 1.6 million drivers to see which states have the highest percentage of DUI offenses.
- National averages. When analyzing the past seven years of driver history, Insurify's team of data scientists found that, nationwide, an average of 2.15 percent of applicants reported a prior DUI. However, when broken down state-by-state, some come away looking much better than this average (e.g. Florida – 0.7 percent), while others see far higher numbers. The CDC reports that, across the country, 18 percent of Americans drink excessively on a regular basis. Moreover, within the top 10 states for DUI, six contain cities that fall in the top 10 percent of the country for excessive drinking, with up to 26.5 percent of adult residents reporting regular binge- and over-drinking.
- Safer in the South. Northern states made a noticeable appearance at the top of this ranking, with no states south of Colorado breaking the top 10. In fact, all top 10 states are contiguous, marking the Mid-northern region of the United States as the country's unequivocal DUI territory.
- Fewer people, more DUI hazards on the road. The states that Insurify found to have the most DUIs were also some of the least populated. Altogether, fewer than 9 percent of the total U.S. population live in these states. These areas tend to have less public transportation as an alternative option for would-be drivers who have been drinking.
- More drinking, more DUIs, more driving deaths. After calculating average DUI per state, Insurify's team of data scientists investigated the relationship between rates of DUI, excessive drinking, and alcohol-related traffic deaths. A moderate correlation exists between these factors—as adults drink more, DUIs increase, and drinking and driving deaths rise along with them. Therefore, in states with more DUIs, one can reasonably predict that rates of drinking and alcohol-related driving deaths will be higher as well.
The team of data scientists at Insurify, an auto insurance quotes comparison website, gathered information from their database of over 1.6 million car insurance shoppers. Drivers are asked about vehicle and personal information, along with driving history going back seven years. Included within these questions was whether they or anyone on their policy had been arrested or ticketed for DUI. These responses were then used to calculate the national rate of DUI history, as well as breakdowns for every state. Alaska was the only state omitted from this analysis due to insufficient data. This report also includes data from the CDC on state-level excessive drinking and traffic-related fatalities, along with population data from the United States Census Bureau.
10. Colorado
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.13%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 34.7%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 19.1%
Many envision Colorado, home to a portion of the Rocky Mountain Range, as a peaceful paradise of natural beauty. While the scenery is undeniably idyllic, all is not always well on Colorado's roadways, as the drivers report a higher than average rate of DUI arrests. With 1 in 5 adults reporting regular binge- and/or over-drinking, it is not unthinkable that some of those respondents find themselves behind the wheel.
9. Iowa
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.23%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 25.4%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 21.0%
America's heartland also sees higher-than-average reports of DUI, with 50 percent more Iowa applicants driving under the influence than in the nation at large. This is a sharp contrast to its neighbors—Illinois, Michigan, and Missouri—which come in lower than the national average. Illinois, in particular, has the fourth fewest DUIs in the country, with 3.67 times as many drivers possessing a history of impaired driving in Iowa as in the Land of Lincoln.
8. Nebraska
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.34%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 35.6%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 20.4%
The Midwest is far from the middle of the pack in intoxicated driving, with half of its states falling in top 10 for DUIs. Nebraska, at the heart of this region, is no exception. With 3.34 percent of applicants reporting a recent history of DUI, Nebraska sits at 1.55 times the national average.
7. Minnesota
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.47%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 30.9%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 21.1%
Long winters with little daylight can contribute to alcohol abuse, so as the state with the northernmost latitude, it may be unsurprising that Minnesota reports 61 percent more drivers with a history of DUI than the national average. This isn't to say the state doesn't take these offenses seriously, however, as the penalty for a first offense is license suspension for three months to one year.
6. Idaho
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.49%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 32.4%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 15.4%
Despite containing stunning stretches of wilderness such as Craters of the Moon State Park, Idaho still has to contend with the manmade perils of impaired drivers. From 2003 to 2012, nearly 1,000 people lost their lives as a result of accidents involving an intoxicated driver. Surprisingly, of the 10 states listed here, Idaho reports the lowest rate of excessive drinking, with a share 15 percent lower than the national average. However, greater sobriety does not mitigate the dangers of those who still choose to drink and drive.
5. Montana
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 3.61%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 46.3%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 21.8%
Montana is home to one of the drunkest cities in America: nearly 1 in 4 adults in Missoula report regular excessive drinking. The rest of the state does not fare much better, with 1 in 5 adults reporting the same. This heavy rate of drinking most likely contributes to an incidence of DUIs that is 1.68 times the national average.
4. Wisconsin
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 4.07%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 36.9%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 24.5%
Wisconsin reports the highest number of alcohol-related driving deaths of our top 10 states. Over 2,500 people died as a result of alcohol-related traffic deaths during a 10 year period from 2003 to 2012. A quarter of residents report excessive drinking, and Green Bay, WI has the highest incidence of these issues of any city in our top 10 states.
3. South Dakota
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 4.12%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 35.2%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 17.7%
South Dakota, one of the lowest-population and highest-DUI states in the country, interestingly sits at the exact middle of the pack when it comes to rates of excessive drinking. Though fewer than 1 in 5 adults report over- or binge-drinking, South Dakota has 1.92 times as many reported DUIs as the national average.
2. Wyoming
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 5.56%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 35.3%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 17.5%
Home to Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming is known for its wilderness, personal liberties, and rugged individualism. This freedom and non-interventionism is reflected in their high rates of reported DUI history and their relatively low penalty for first-time DUI offenses. Wyoming residents can expect to lose their licenses for a total of only 3 months after a drunk driving conviction.
1. North Dakota
- Drivers reporting a history of DUI: 5.73%
- Traffic fatalities involving alcohol: 46.7%
- Adults reporting excessive drinking: 24.7%
North Dakota, the Roughrider State, comes in at the top of the ranking, with almost 6 percent of drivers reporting a history if DUI. Unsurprisingly, it is also the state with the highest percentage of alcohol-related driving deaths—nearly one in two traffic fatalities statewide can be attributed to drunk driving. To fully seal its place at #1, North Dakota is also the top state for excessive drinking across the country.


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The superior and widely popular Coyote™ Pop up collapsible display system combines strength, reliability and style. Featuring lightweight, purple collapsible aluminum frames, magnetic channel bars and magnet applied rollable UV graphic panels or fabric panels, Coyote displays are an easy way to make an impact at any event or tradeshow.
State-of-the-art rare earth neo magnets on individual channel bars make Coyote displays fast and easy to popup and breakdown, especially when compared to complicated "snap in" channel bars and fragile locking style systems. Display systems are offered in many sizes and configurations, from tabletop to 20ft long displays. Coyote pop up displays are portable, versatile, durable and easy.
For pricing on the Coyote™ Popup Displays, click here.
Coyote displays are offered in a variety of sizes and configurations, ranging from 4ft tabletop units to 10ft full height displays available in curved or straight systems, and larger serpentine curved, horseshoe and gullwing shaped systems. Frames are finished with your choice of either captivating graphic mural panels or versatile hook and loop-friendly fabric panels.
There are a variety of accents and accessories available to accent your Coyote display, including internal shelves, monitor mounts, and case-to-counter conversion kits and graphics.
With a wide range of sizes, shapes and configuration options to choose from, the Coyote Popup system is remarkably versatile. Browse the available sizes and configurations below to choose the display that is right for your needs.


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Women's Boxer Shorts - Blue
- Regular Price
- £11.25
- Sale Price
- £11.25
- Regular Price
- £15.00
- Unit Price
- per
Our new range of boxer shorts for women!
Bawbags boxer shorts for women are premium underwear with our very own Technical Wicking Active Technology. This special quick drying fabric keeps 'em tidy whatever you get up to!
A portion of proceeds from every pair of Bawbags sold goes to support cancer charities.
- Thermal Wicking Active Technology
- Made from Recycled Plastic Bottles
- Plastic Free Packaging
- Breathable, Quick Dry fabric
- Supporting Cancer Charities
We can ship your Bawbags anywhere in the world!
We're pleased to announce that orders now placed for shipment to European Union (EU) countries will be sent using Import One Stop Shop (IOSS). This means VAT rates can be applied to an order and paid during checkout, at the local tax rate of the EU country you want the order delivered to. No Additional tax charges will need to be paid by the customer on delivery.
To allow us to send EU orders using IOSS, the maximum value of goods cannot exceed €150 (excluding shipping and taxes). Any order(s) placed where the goods total exceeds the €150 threshold may be subject to additional taxes and customs charges when the goods enter an EU country.
Please note: For peace of mind, we would recommend checking with your local border/customs agencies before ordering so you're fully aware of any possible duties and/or customs charges that your goods may face when entering an EU country.
Please note: Customers outside the UK and EU will be responsible for any local taxes, duties and fees which may be payable before receipt of your goods. We recommend if purchasing for shipment outside of the UK to please check with your border/customs agencies before ordering so you're fully aware of any charges that your goods may face when entering the country for delivery.
We apologise for any frustration or inconvenience this may cause.
UK Orders
Orders below £20.00 - Royal Mail - No Tracking - Up to 5 Working Days - £2.75
Orders of £20.00 or more - Royal Mail - No Tracking - Up to 5 Working Days - Free!
DHL Express - Tracked and Signed - Delivered next working day if ordered before noon Monday - Friday - £5.95
Royal Mail - Special Delivery - Tracked and Signed - Delivered next working day if ordered before noon Monday - Friday - £6.95
Orders of £70 or more will be sent with DHL Express for FREE!
We offer free shipping with Royal Mail on all UK orders. If you choose this option then please remember it will not be tracked. Royal Mail are amazing and will try to deliver your order within 48 hours but there can be delays so please allow up to 5 working days for delivery.
If you need a guaranteed delivery date then place choose either Royal Mail's Special Delivery Service or DHL Express. These are both fully tracked services. If you choose one of these options then orders placed before noon Monday - Thursday will arrive the following day. Orders placed before noon on Friday will arrive the following Monday. A signature is normally required at delivery but this has been suspended due to COVID.
International Orders
We believe everyone needs a pair of Bawbags no matter where you live!
If you don't see your country in the drop down menu at the checkout, or if you have any questions at all, please get in touch.
We use DHL Express for our international deliveries. They can deliver to most parts of the world within 2 working days. Shipping rates for your country will be shown at the checkout.
We're pretty relaxed here at Bawbags HQ! If you received your order and the size isn't right or you've changed your mind about the design then chances are we can organise a refund or an exchange. It should go without saying that we cannot exchange or refund you for any used underwear!
We're happy to offer refunds on returns within 60 days of you receiving the order. We also know a lot of you place orders for gifts and so you might not be able to return them within that time period. If that's the case then please just contact us and we can sort this out for you. We want you to be happy and will go out of our way to make this happen! If you have any questions at all about the returns process just contact us here.
Want to return something?
Please return the item to the address below with a note of your name, order number and instructions on whether you would like a refund or a replacement. If you don't know your order number please contact us here and we'll help.
Bawbags C/O React Transport
11 Nettlehill Road
Houstoun Industrial Estate
United Kingdom
Who covers the cost of returning an item?
You're responsible for the cost of returning items to us, unless we've made a mistake with your order or an item is faulty. If you choose an exchange, we'll be happy to cover the cost of shipping things back to you.
Something not right with your order?
We are a bunch of Bawbags and occasionally we make mistakes when packing your order! If you think your item's faulty or we've sent the wrong item, please get in touch here and we'll do everything we can to help. If we've made a mistake then, of course, we will cover the cost of return postage.


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Hybrid: Glass + Metal
Event Type | Glass , Exhibitions |
Date | Saturday, April 13, 2019 |
Time | 10:00am - 5:00pm (7h) |
Location | Harris – Burger Gallery |
Details | Glass and metal are an unexpected pairing—one fragile, and the other formidable—but they're not as different as you may think. Both are formed with heat and cool into a fixed position. They are fundamental elements in our everyday life, from the gadgets we use to the buildings we inhabit. Both have been used in the creation of art for thousands of years. Contemporary artists like Howard Ben Tré, Albert Paley, Mary Shaffer, and Michael Glancy have explored the vast possibilities of combining the two materials, from cast to blown glass and forged to electroformed metal. Through the union of glass and metal, each object in this exhibition embodies a dynamic synergy unachievable if the materials were used independently. Many of the works in Hybrid: Glass + Metal are part of the Sherwin and Shirley Glass Glass Collection, on loan from the Isabel Foundation, and on view for the first time at the FIA. Image: Howard Ben Tré, American, born 1949. Two, 2002. Cast glass, lead, pigmented waxes. 60 × 29 1/2 × 15 1/2 inches. Courtesy of the Isabel Foundation, L2017.15 |
Event Link | Learn More |


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Charlotte County Independent Insurance Claims Adjuster
Dependable, Reliable, & Certified
As your experienced, dedicated Charlotte County Independent Claims Adjusting Company, our professionals expedite your property damage insurance claim so you can reclaim and restore your residence or business and resume operations as quickly as possible. We also protect you from the hassle and stress of filing a property damage claim with your insurance carrier, and help you get maximum compensation. Our claim adjustment specialists are experienced in helping Florida residents recover more money and more complete compensation from insurance companies to cover damages and expenses, and our success is easily seen in our glowing testimonials and reviews.
A Florida state agency recent study found that policyholders with a claim that used an independent insurance adjuster received an average of 574% higher claim settlements than those who relied solely upon their insurance company assigned adjuster.
Call us at (813) 370-1119 for a Free Consultation!
Don't Trust Insurance Companies To Give a Fair Evaluation
Once your insurance company is notified of loss or damage through your insurance claims process, an assigned insurance company adjuster will either contact or visit you, the policyholder, in order to research and determine how the loss occurred, the scope and magnitude of the damage, and whether a third party was responsible for the loss, creating the potential for subrogation. Incomplete, inadequate, or incorrect answers to the insurance company adjuster's questions related to your claim can cause a substantial reduction in the amount of total compensation you are eligible to receive for your claim.
Getting a Charlotte County Independent Claims Adjuster engaged in the claims process before the insurance company sends their agent for analysis will make it easier for the independent adjuster to make sure the policyholder is given a fair settlement for any legitimate losses claimed under the insurance policy. That doesn't mean that you can't still get the funds you need, even if you are in negotiations with your insurance company, or even after you have received a settlement. An independent adjuster may be able to renegotiate a higher payout, and since we don't get paid until you do, working with us is a risk-free solution.
Independent Claims Adjusters Get You the Compensation You Deserve
A recent study by a Florida state agency found that policyholders that utilized an independent adjuster for claim settlement with Citizens Property Insurance negotiated much higher settlements, an estimated average of $9,379 payout per claim versus only $1,391 – a 574% difference – than claimants working with only their insurance company's assigned adjuster.
Of Florida hurricane catastrophe insurance claims from 2005, settlements that were negotiated with the support of an independent adjuster earned an estimated average of $17,187 per claim versus an average estimate of $2,029 when working solely with the insurance company's adjuster – a difference of 747%.
No one is immune to disaster, and it isn't uncommon for homeowners to be taken advantage of. Since insurance companies are known for being difficult to work with, having a licensed independent adjuster handle your claim and the negotiation process is a smart choice.
Our dedicated independent claims adjusters are highly experienced and are highly motivated to get you the rightful compensation you need from your insurance company. From home structure repairs and personal item replacement, to displacement, lost wages, and other hardships, we make sure all expenses associated with your property insurance claims are considered for reimbursement.
Don't let your insurance company pay less than you deserve for your claim! Our independent adjusters support you from start to finish during the insurance claims process. We help get the claims payout required for you to get your home, business, or life back in action. Let our dedicated experts handle negotiating with your insurance company to not only get the compensation you deserve, but also to reduce the stress associated with claim management.
Free Consultation with a Certified & Experienced Independent Claims Adjuster
When you trust our claim adjustment specialists to handle your flood, water damage, plumbing, fire, vandalism, theft, sinkhole, blasting, hurricane, tropical storm, tornado, wind damage, hail damage, or any other property-related or insurance claim, we don't get paid until you do, working for you with no out of pocket cost to you until you are paid by your insurance carrier.
If we aren't able to recover compensation for you in relation to your insurance claim, then you don't pay anything to us!
For dedicated, qualified, and certified insurance claim settlement support, our experienced independent adjusters are here to get maximum compensation for you.
Contact our office today at (800) 580-5650 or complete the form below to speak with one of our qualified Charlotte County Independent Claims Adjusters about your claim.