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The underwater world needs heroes. You can be one of them by championing the causes of the world's most fragile and important aquatic ecosystems.
You can make a difference. Learn about some of the most pressing problems facing these vulnerable environments and everyday actions you can take to help conserve them. It's informative, interesting and most importantly, you learn how to make a difference.
Project AWARE Foundation is the scuba diving industry's leading nonprofit environmental organization dedicated to conserving the aquatic environment through education, advocacy and action. Besides completing the Project AWARE Specialty course, you can become a partner in the efforts to preserve the underwater environment.
You learn about:
Visit Project AWARE Foundation to download your copy today. Otherwise, your learning materials and equipment are available by contacting ABCD DIVING.
If you are interested in becoming an underwater conservationist, you'll also enjoy these specialty courses:
For more information about this or other PADI courses have a chat with one of the ABCD DIVING Team members.

subset: commoncrawl


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A saint (from Latin, sanctus) is one who is holy, that is, set apart for God's service. It is a person who has cooperated with God's grace to the extent that his or her holiness is beyond doubt.
Saints in the Bible
In the Holy Scripture, the word saint is used to refer to those who have been set apart for the service of God, consecrated for his purposes. As such, all members of the Church are called saints, regardless of their personal holiness or sinlessness. It is still appropriate to use the term in this way.
Saints in the Church
Aside from the more general use of the word saint to refer to all members of the Church, Holy Tradition also ascribes Saint as a title to particular persons whose lives have shown most clearly what it means to follow Jesus Christ. These saints are popularly glorified (canonized) by the Church, often in the modern era with a formal service to recognize and affirm the veneration of them by the faithful.
Saints are not thought of as either perfect or infallible, and it is only because of the work of Christ in them that the Church praises these people. It is because we see our Lord's countenance reflected most clearly in their faces that we publicly laud them, ask them to pray for us, and encourage one another to follow their examples.
Recognition of saints
The people of the church do not create saints, they recognize as saints those whom God himself has glorified, seeing in their lives true love for God and their neighbors.
From the beginning, the Church recognized the righteous ancestors of Christ, forefathers, as grace-filled men and women whose lives were pleasing to God. Also the prophets who predicted Christ's coming and the apostles and evangelists who proclaimed the Gospel were assumed to be saints.
Next the martyrs and confessors who risked their lives and shed their blood in witness to Christ were also recognized as saints.
In time, ascetics who followed Christ through self denial, were numbered among the saints.
Bishops and priests who fought against heresy and proclaimed the true faith are recognized by the Church as saints.
Today, holy people, in all walks of life, can be recognized as saints.


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Information related to Hyundai Elantra se (VIN: 5NPD84LF8HH023560) that was sold on salvage cars auction will give you some useful information for different purposes.
At first hand, knowing last bid amount and technical characteristics at the moment of the selling Hyundai Elantra se (VIN: 5NPD84LF8HH023560) on the auction will save you from getting cheated and manipulating information about this vehicle.
The second point is to get clear understanding via making comparisons of this car with other similar vehicles. Here you can get actual photos of the vehicle before selling and take a look at actual car damages that were caused by the accident.
Another useful case is that you can check if this car was sold or tried to be sold more than once and compare its condition looking at previous lot information like price and technical condition - was it changed or not.
Also if you are interested in Hyundai Elantra se on the secondary market you will see if there was any manipulation with the odometer, check how it was restored from the initial condition etc.
And finally, all other cars at mashcar.com related to this lot 61858133 can be checked and you can define your bidding strategy via looking at the scheduled salvage cars lots.
So, be sure you've checked all of these lot details before making decisions:


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Star Anise #2
Highly detailed, photorealistic, 3d scanned model of a star anise. Optimized topology and uv unwrapped.
159 $
(or 8 credits)
View in 3D
General Info
Nicely organised 3d model, clean mesh (99% quads)
Real world scale, units = cm
High resolution textures (8k)
3d model Ø diameter: ca. 3.1cm
Model Formats
C4D file with C4D standard materials ready to render
C4D file with Corona materials ready to render
OBJ/ FBX with properly named default materials assigned
Objects, Polycount, UVs
Object count 1
Polycount 17'542
Vertex count 17'544
UV unwrapped (no overlapping UVs)
Texture Maps
Diffuse (png)
Glossiness (png)
Roughness (png)
Normal (tiff)
Displacement (exr)
Royalty Free License


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25 Beautiful Color Pencil Drawings from around the World
Color pencil drawing: If you like pencil drawings then you will love to check out color pencil drawings. Check out our beautiful collection of color pencil drawings and improve your techniques. For color pencil drawings make sure your pencils are sharp and try to draw on layers, it gives more intense color. Use different pressures on the pencil to get different tones of color. If you your color pencils have become extremely small to sharpen, stick to another and use it or use pencil extensions. Use a lighter colore... Read Full Post > |


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We offer highly targeted Premium Banner Advertising options for Enhanced Brand Visibility to help you reach your Customers in Faridabad, Haryana or all over India, starting from as low as Rs.11 PER DAY.
*Additional 18% GST chargeable
www.faridabadonline.in is the No.1 local search engine and business directory portal of Faridabad. It is part of India's largest online inter-connected network of 475+ websites - IndiaOnline.in Network.
By listing your business on www.faridabadonline.in, you can create a strong online visibility for your business and connect with new customers from your city on a regular basis which will help you grow your business!
If you are an individual professional like agent, broker etc. or running a very small business from home in Faridabad who doesn't need new customer enquiries on a regular basis, our FREE Plan will work well for you, though we still encourage you to opt for our FEATURED LISTING Plan, which can give your business a boost.
If you are a small business owner with a physical office/work address like Shop, Dealer etc. or running a consultancy / self-employed business like Doctor, Architect, Home Baker etc. in Faridabad, we strongly recommend you to opt for our FEATURED LISTING Plan to help your business get the desired visibility among your customers in Faridabad and create a steady flow of customer enquiries for your business.
If you are a small/medium business owner like Dealership, Large Store, Wholesaler, Institute etc., we strongly recommend you to opt for our BANNER AD + LISTING Plan to get you maximum visibility in Faridabad and create a regular flow of customer enquiries for your business.
If you are a large business owner with state/national/international presence or have a multi-location business or need customer enquiries from multiple locations from all over India, please Contact Us for customized listing plans. Also, please check out our network of all India websites - IndiaOnline.in Network
NO. We do not provide any type of guarantee of business or assure any fixed number of customer leads/enquiries if you list your business on www.faridabadonline.in. www.faridabadonline.in is merely an advertising platform which connects general public with its vendors/advertisers to promote their products and services.
However, www.faridabadonline.in team works very hard to ensure that all businesses listed on our platform gets maximum visibility and our users can easily connect with all businesses listed on our platform in a fair and transparent manner.
If you select our FEATURED LISTING or BANNER AD + LISTING Plan, you will get new customer enquiries / leads through - SMS, Whatsapp and Email, as per your choice.
If you choose the FREE Listing Plan, you will get new customer enquiries only through SMS.
If you are a large business enterprise and want to connect your CRM system to receive customer enquiries through our platform, please contact us.
Ensure the following to get maximum benefits out of your business listing on www.faridabadonline.in -
The entire process of creating your business listing is extremely easy with just a few easy steps. It will take you less than 5 minutes to create a business listing on www.faridabadonline.in. If you still need help in creating your business listing, please feel free to contact us.


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Friant, CA's Premier Compounding Pharmacy
ApothiCare 360 Pharmacy proudly serves the residents of Friant, CA, and surrounding areas as the leading compounding pharmacy for the region. Renowned for our commitment to precision and personalized care, we specialize in tailoring medications to meet the unique needs of each individual. Our dedicated team of pharmacists is here to provide specialized assistance, ensuring that patients and healthcare providers alike receive the highest level of service. Enjoy prompt and reliable prescription deliveries throughout CA when you partner with us. Discover the wide array of compounding pharmacy solutions available by reaching out to ApothiCare 360 Pharmacy today.
Compounding Services
At Apothicare 360 Pharmacy, we offer a variety of services to meet the unique needs of our patients. Our experienced pharmacists and technicians work closely with healthcare providers to create customized medications that are tailored to your specific needs.
Our compounding services include specialized formulations for:
We take pride in our ability to create customized formulations and medications that can improve your health and quality of life.
(Ears Nose and Throat)
Common reasons for compounding include:
Customize strength or dosage.
Flavor a medication (to make it more palatable for a child or a pet).
Reformulate to exclude unwanted, non essential ingredients, such as lactose, gluten, or a dye to which a patient is allergic.
Change the form of the medication for patients who, for example, have difficulty swallowing or experience stomach upset when taking oral medication
Contact Us
Apothicare 360 Pharmacy is more than just your average pharmacy.


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Here's an idea that could make you a small fortune...
I'm not one to just go around and tell my friends random things� If you know me, then you know that I always like to make sure that I know what I'm talking about first.
This is why I waited so long before telling you what is in this email.
One of my closest friends works at a high tech medical firm. They discovered a very successful cure for a certain type of tumor.
For some odd reasons though, their share price crashed through the floor. It went from 2 bucks to like 10 cents over the last few weeks.
My buddy believes that this is due to people being misinformed regarding a new trump policy.
The reality is, the company I'm telling you about right now is about to get f d a approval in the next few weeks and their price is guaranteed to go up more than 15 times its current price.
This is why I think you should take a very close look at q's'm'g (without the apostrophes of course). This is the ticker of the company in question.
If you want something that's practically a sure bet, I recommend you get in this stock today. Even if it's for a modest amount.
You'll be in for a good ride.
Best Regards,
Sarah May


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If you are searching for proper ways to unleash the potential power of your Nokia C2 Tava device, which is only possible after rooting the device, then here you go. If you have a Nokia C2 Tava Android Smartphone and you are looking forward to rooting it without PC, Mac, or laptop safely without bricking the device, then you are in the right place.
We have compelled five different methods in this simple tutorial which will guide you to Root Nokia C2 Tava Without PC or With PC. As we have shown five different methods, then got the choice. If any process from the below-mentioned process failed due to any reason, then you have other methods that should work for your device.
Table of Contents
About Nokia C2 Tava
The Nokia C2 Tava gets the specifications:
Chipset: Mediatek MT6761 Helio A22 (16 nm)
CPU: Quad-core 2.0 GHz Cortex-A53
GPU: PowerVR GE8320
Internal: 16GB 2GB RAM, 32GB 2GB RAM
Camera: Dual 8 MP, AF 2 MP
Display: 5.45 inches, 76.7 cm2 (~70.3% screen-to-body ratio), IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors, 720 x 1440 pixels, 18:9 ratio (~295 ppi density).
Why Root? What is the meaning of Rooting?
If we have to describe rooting in simple terms then it is not a typical thing. Rooting doesn't mean 'Root' of a tree, in fact, we are talking about Android smartphone rooting. Rooting your Android smartphone means that providing or giving superpower/ Administrator privileges to the hardware of your device. Devices are limited in terms of power, at the software (OS) level. Once you root your device, you can do whatever you intended to or want to do with your Android System Settings.
But, before we move ahead to root the Nokia C2 Tava device, we must know the brief Advantages and Disadvantages of rooting your Nokia C2 Tava smartphone.
Pros/ Advantages of Rooting
After rooting your device, you can do customization of your device, i.e. Installation of Custom ROMs, remove factory preinstalled bloatware, update phone to a new Android version. Apart from that, you can block Ads in any apps, Install incompatible apps by tweaking the os settings, Change the look and feel of your device by changing the skin, Boost Battery Life, and Android System Speed, add external storage, and many more.
Cons/ Disadvantages of Rooting
Rooting your device comes with cons or disadvantages as well. The biggest disadvantage is that the Phone warranty will be void once you root your device because of manufacturers ships unrooted and locked devices. Apart from that, while rooting the device, if anything goes wrong, then your device might be bricked. Manufacturers only provide updates to the unrooted devices, hence your device will no longer remain secure because it would not receive official firmware updates by the manufacturer.
How To Root Nokia C2 Tava Without PC
Method 1: Root Nokia C2 Tava With KingRoot
- Download KingRoot APK latest version and install it. If 'Installation blocked' message appears of Chrome/ Android, then take it as a reminder that you have not yet unlocked 'Installing apps from unknown sources' other than Google Play.
- Once the installation is complete, click the 'Open' button to start the KingRoot app.
- Tap on the 'Try it' button to enter into the main interface, and click the 'Get Now' button to start the rooting process.
- Once the rooting process is completed, you will get a message notification that Your device is Rooted Successfully. Simply return to the main KingRoot interface screen.
That's it, you have successfully Rooted your Nokia C2 Tava without PC with KingRoot APK/ App.
Method 2: Root Nokia C2 Tava With KingoRoot
- Download KingoRoot APK latest version and install it.
- If Google Chrome warning or Operating system warning appears on the screen about 'KingoRoot.apk' or 'Installation Blocked', then simply unblock. Just got to Settings > Security > Installation Blocked (Uncheck/ turn off the button stating Installation of apps obtained from unknown sources). and click 'Ok' to proceed further to install KingoRoot.apk on your device.
- Then follow the instructions on the screen to install KingoRoot on your device. After installation gets completed, simply tap/ click to launch the KingoRoot app, and once you get into the KingoRoot interface, click on 'One Click Root' to start rooting your device, which would take few seconds to complete and display the result on the screen.
- That's all, you have rooted your Nokia C2 Tava.
Method 3: Root Nokia C2 Tava With Magisk
- Before proceeding further to the next step, just Download 'Magisk. zip' Latest version, which would accomplish the root access on your Nokia C2 Tava device.
- Then boot your device into the 'Recovery Mode', just press 'Volume Down + Power Button' simultaneously (same time) until the boot animation appears on the screen.
- After that, just Tap on 'Install', then Locate the 'Magisk. zip' file and then select the file downloaded (magisk.zip) and then simply tap on 'Swipe to Confirm Flash'.
- It would take a few moments to complete the installation process. Once the flash process gets completed, simply tap on 'Reboot'.
- That's it. You have successfully rooted your Nokia C2 Tava device with Magisk.
Method 4: Root Nokia C2 Tava With SuperSU
- Download 'SuperSU. zip' Latest version, which is required to gain the root access on your Nokia C2 Tava device.
- Now, just boot the device into the 'Recovery Mode', press 'Volume Down + Power Button' same time until the boot animation displays on the screen.
- Then, just Tap on 'Install', then navigate to the 'SuperSU. zip' file and then select the file supersu.zip and then simply tap on 'Swipe to Confirm Flash'.
- It would take a few moments to complete the installation process. Once the flash process gets completed, simply tap on 'Reboot'.
- That's it. You have successfully rooted your Nokia C2 Tava device with SuperSU.
How To Root Nokia C2 Tava With PC
- First of all, Enable Developer Options on Nokia C2 Tava smartphones. Navigate to Settings>About Phone> then tap on Build Number 5 to 7 Times, the go back to the previous screen, then tap on Developer options, now just enable USB debugging.
- After that, Connect your Nokia C2 Tava Smartphone with your computer/ PC via USB cable.
- Now, download KingoRoot software in your PC & then install the same on your computer.
- After installation of the KingoRoot software, click on the KingoRoot icon on your desktop. Once the software opens, Connect the phone quickly to the PC, a prompt would appear on the screen, just Tap On Okay.
- Once the device is Recognized by the System, just tap on 'Root'. After that, it would hardly take a few minutes to complete the rooting process.
That's all, you have successfully rooted Nokia C2 Tava.
If you have gained root access through any of the aforementioned five methods, then it's time to enjoy the full power of your device. If in case you want to confirm that whether your device is rooted or not, then simply go to Google Play App Store, and then search and download the Root Checker app to check if the root is successful.
Hopefully, the tutorial is useful, and you might expect to see more articles. If there are any suggestions, criticism, kindly comment on the below article. Do not forget to like our Facebook Fanpage and Follow our Twitter Handle to get in touch with our updates.


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Since the COVID-19 pandemic hit, millions of Americans lost jobs and many homeowners have had a hard time keeping up with their mortgage payments.
According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, around 3% of all residential mortgage borrowers are now behind in their payments by at least four months, more than at any time during even the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. "We have never before seen this many borrowers so far behind on their mortgages," said Dave Uejio, the bureau's acting director.
Four months is the point when foreclosure proceedings typically begin, but thanks to extended federal moratoriums, mortgage lenders have been held back on starting any new foreclosures for the past year.
However, for the health of the mortgage industry and the housing market and the general U.S. economy, that situation cannot last forever, and the current homeowner protections are set to expire on July 31, 2021. In order to stop a wave of foreclosures from starting on that date, the CFPB has issued a new rule that will take effect one month later, on August 31, and will be valid through the rest of the year.
Lenders will temporarily have to take extra steps before foreclosing on delinquent borrowers. Mortgage companies will be able to begin proceedings only if the home has been abandoned, or if the borrower has been unresponsive to contact for at least 90 days, or if they have thoroughly evaluated the borrower and no foreclosure prevention options are viable.
Banks will be allowed to immediately start processing foreclosures on any borrowers who were already 120 late before March 1, 2020, when the pandemic started causing financial problems.
The new rule also makes it easier for mortgage lenders to help borrowers into loan modifications. Delinquent homeowners will not be required to submit full paperwork for these streamlined loan changes, hopefully allowing lenders more flexibility to work with these borrowers. According to the new rule, no loan modification can increase borrower payments though, or extend their loan term by more than 40 years.
The CFPB's goal is to avoid "preventable" foreclosures, according to Diane Thompson, a senior advisor at the bureau, by giving those homeowners time to make important decisions about resuming payments, modifying their loans, or selling. To borrowers who haven't been making payments during the pandemic, she says its "important to understand that you're going to need to figure out a plan for how to address that in the not-too-distant future. People need to be assessing their options."
If you are behind on your mortgage payments, there are several options you can try right now to avoid a looming foreclosure. First contact your lender and explain your situation. The sooner you contact them, the better your chances of getting help, including mortgage forbearance, loan modifications, or altered mortgage terms. Second, you can ask for foreclosure avoidance counseling through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), for more ideas. Third, you could try to sell your home before foreclosure proceedings start. The housing market is still hot right now, with rising prices and limited inventory, so there is a good chance you good sell for enough money to pay off your back payments as well. If you do not have enough equity, you could ask your lender for a short sale. In any case, involve your lender right away to avoid the worst consequences.


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Black Sequins Georgette Saree
BUY 2 GET 1 Free Add 3 Products to your Cart and Get 1 for Free! * Automatically Applies in Cart on Select Merchandise
Product Details
- Black Saree in Georgette fabric
- The Saree is elevated with Sequins embroidery
- It comes with an Unstitched blouse
- Comes with the Koskii promise of premium quality
Size & Fit
Material & Care
Dry Wash Only
Product Code
Product Category: Saree
Fabric: Georgette
Work: Sequins
Color: Black
Secondary Work:
Pack Contains: 1N
Packed and Marketed By:
Akya Retail Private Limited,
19, Kamaraj Road,
Country of Origin: India
Customer Support
Call :+918046163052
Email : email@example.com
WhatsApp: +919035536481
Grievance officer: Mr. Rahul Gupta
1. Which Countries do you ship to?
We deliver across the globe.
However, at this point, we do not service deliveries to Russia, Bangladesh, Ghana, Pakistan, Iran, Cuba, Sudan, North Korea, Syria, Myanmar, and Ukraine because of logistical challenges and High Custom Duty Implications.
2. What Payment options do you offer?
You can make the payment from the following options:
1) Credit/Debit Card
2) PayPal
3. What Delivery Methods do you use?
All the orders will be shipped through FedEx, our official Logistics Partner.
4. How long will it take to receive the Ordered Products?
The average delivery time is 7-15 business days depending on the country of residence.
5. What are the charges for shipping?
Shipping cost refers to the cost of shipping an item from the origin to the destination country and the same needs to be paid to the courier partners.
We offer Free Shipping for all orders above 150 USD. All shipments below 150 USD will be charged 25 USD.
6. How do International Duties and Taxes work?
Every time an item crosses an international border from one country to another, it is subject to these charges by the importing country's rules and regulations.
Charges such as Custom or Import Duties, VAT, Local Sales Tax, and Clearance charges are not in our or any seller's control and are determined by the respective local government bodies.
Hence, for all international orders, customers will be solely responsible for bearing the Customs duty and other clearance formalities.
7. How do I Cancel my Order?
You can cancel your order within 24 hours of purchase by dropping us an email at email@example.com stating the Order no and reason for cancellation.
Your cancellation request will be processed within 24 hours.
8. What is your Return Policy?
If you wish to return an order, kindly email our team at firstname.lastname@example.com
You will have to ship the product(s) on your own.
The order needs to be shipped to the following address:
Achala warehouse
DTM Road, 153/3 Bidarahalli Village, Bidrahalli Hobli, Virgonagara Post, Bangalore East taluk, Bangalore – 560049
Contact number- 08046163052.
Once we receive the product(s), it will go through a quality check at our warehouse and we will then initiate the refund within 24-48 business hours.
Please note that the refund amount will be calculated post deducting the import charges and shipping and handling costs as applicable.
9. Can Customized Products be Returned?
Regrettably, we are unable to facilitate returns or exchanges for customized merchandise. However, rest assured that we implement thorough quality checks on our end to guarantee that you receive products of the utmost quality.
10. What if I Don't Want to Pay My International Duties and Taxes?
If you choose to not pay duties and taxes and refuse to accept the delivery of the product, the refund will be made after deducting the return shipment cost and import charges we incur to ship the product back to India.
If the return charges are higher than the order refund amount, no refund will be made.
11. Are the colours of the products shown on the website accurate?
If the return charges are higher than the order refund amount, no refund will be made. The colours of the products on our website have been portrayed as accurately as possible, however, monitors and screens of electronic devices differ in their display of colour, so it my slightly vary depending on the display screen.Blouse stitching, Pico Fall seaming and Alterations are available on request.
Safety First
We are committed to ensuring a 100% Purchase Protection to customers by offering them genuine products, robust & secure payment gateways and easy returns for items purchased on Koskii.com
Easy Returns
Looking at returning / exchanging your product? It's simple. You have to raise a return request within 7 days of delivery of the product.
Can Customized Products be Returned?
Regrettably, we are unable to facilitate returns or exchanges for customized merchandise. However, rest assured that we implement thorough quality checks on our end to guarantee that you receive products of the utmost quality.
How can I raise a return request?
Please reach out to firstname.lastname@example.com within 7 days of order delivery. Our customer support team will get back to you within 48 hours of receiving the request.
Who Pays the Shipping charges for returned products?
The customers need to courier the product back to us and the return courier charges are to be borne by the customers.
How much time does it take to get my refund?
The refund will be initiated within 48 hours of approval from the returns team. The refund takes between 3 to 5 working days to reflect in your account.
Can I get an exchange for the products purchased on Sale/Offer?
Yes, Products purchased during sale/offer will be eligible for an exchange.
Reach out to our customer support team for further assistance. Call us on +918046163052 or WhatsApp us.
Happiness Guaranteed
If you have a problem we will solve it. Just reach out to our customer support team. Call us on +918046163052 or WhatsApp us.


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Brow Lift
If You're Considering a Brow Lift...
A forehead lift or brow lift is a procedure that restores a more youthful, refreshed look to the area above the eyes. The procedure corrects drooping brows and improves the horizontal lines and furrows that can make a person appear angry, sad or tired.
In a brow lift, the muscles and tissues that cause the furrowing or drooping are removed or altered to smooth the forehead, raise the eyebrows and minimize frown lines. Your surgeon may use the conventional surgical method, in which the incision is hidden just behind the hairline; or it may be performed with the use of an endoscope, a viewing instrument that allows the procedure to be performed with minimal incisions. Both techniques yield similar results -- smoother forehead skin and a more animated appearance.
Using an endoscope, correction of a low-positioned or sagging brow may be made through incisions at the temples and in the scalp.
An endoscopic brow lift can smooth the forehead, raise the upper eyelids, and minimize the frown lines that come with aging.
The result of an endoscopic brow lift is a younger, more rested look.
If you're considering a brow lift, this web page will provide a basic understanding of the procedure -- when it can help, how it's performed and what results you can expect. It won't answer all of your questions, since a lot depends on your individual circumstances. Be sure to ask your doctor if there is anything you don't understand about the procedure.
The Best Candidates for a Brow Lift
A brow lift is most commonly performed in the 40-60 age range to minimize the visible effects of aging. However, it can also help people of any age who have developed furrows or frown lines due to stress or muscle activity. Individuals with inherited conditions, such as a low, heavy brow or furrowed lines above the nose can achieve a more alert and refreshed look with this procedure.
Brow lift surgery is often performed in conjunction with a facelift to provide a smoother overall look to the face. Eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) may also be performed at the same time as a forehead lift, especially if a patient has significant skin overhang in the upper eyelids. Sometimes, patients who believe they need upper-eyelid surgery find that a forehead lift better meets their surgical goals.
Patients who are bald, who have a receding hairline, or who have had previous upper-eyelid surgery may still be good candidates for forehead lift. The surgeon will simply alter the incision location or perform a more conservative operation.
Remember, a forehead lift can enhance your appearance and your self-confidence, but it won't necessarily change your looks to match your ideal or cause other people to treat you differently. Before you decide to have surgery, think carefully about your expectations and discuss them in detail with your doctor.
All Surgery Carries Some Uncertainty and Risk
Complications are rare and usually minor when a forehead lift is performed by a qualified plastic surgeon. Yet, the possibility of complications must be considered.
In rare cases, the nerves that control eyebrow movement may be injured on one or both sides, resulting in a loss of ability to raise the eyebrows or wrinkle the forehead. Additional surgery may be required to correct the problem.
Formation of a broad scar is also a rare complication. This may be treated surgically by removing the wide scar tissue so a new, thinner scar may result. Also, in some patients, hair loss may occur along the scar edges.
Loss of sensation along or just beyond the incision line is common, especially with the classic forehead lift procedure. It is usually temporary, but may be permanent in some patients.
Infection and bleeding are very rare, but are possibilities.
If a complication should occur during an endoscopic forehead lift, your surgeon may have to abandon the endoscopic approach and switch to the conventional, open procedure, which will result in a more extensive scar and a longer recovery period. To date, such complications are rare -- estimated at less than 1 percent of all endoscopy procedures.
You can reduce your risk of complications by closely following your surgeon's instructions both before and after surgery.
Planning Your Surgery
For a better understanding of how a forehead lift might change your appearance, look into a mirror and place the palms of your hands at the outer edges of your eyes, above your eyebrows. Gently draw the skin up to raise the brow and the forehead area. That is approximately what a forehead lift would do for you.
If you decide to consult a plastic surgeon, he or she will first evaluate your face, including the skin and underlying bone.
During your consultation, the surgeon will discuss your goals for the surgery and ask you about certain medical conditions that could cause problems during or after the procedure, such as uncontrolled high blood pressure, blood-clotting problems, or the tendency to develop large scars. Be sure to tell the surgeon if you have had previous facial surgery, if you smoke, or if you take any drugs or medications -- including aspirin or other drugs that affect clotting.
If you decide to proceed with a forehead lift, your surgeon will explain the surgical technique, the recommended type of anesthesia, the type of facility where the surgery will be performed, the risks and the costs involved. Don't hesitate to ask your doctor any questions you may have, especially those regarding your expectations and concerns about the results of surgery.
Preparing For Your Surgery
Your surgeon will give you specific instructions to prepare for the procedure, including guidelines on eating and drinking, smoking, and taking and avoiding certain vitamins and medications. Carefully following these instructions will help your surgery and your recovery proceed more smoothly.
If your hair is very short, you may wish to let it grow out before surgery, so that it's long enough to hide the scars while they heal.
Whether your forehead lift is done in an outpatient facility or in the hospital, you should arrange for someone to drive you home after your surgery, and to help you out for a day or two.
Where Your Surgery Will Be Performed
A forehead lift is usually done in a surgeon's office-based facility or an outpatient surgery center. However, it is occasionally done in the hospital.
Anesthesia Used for The Procedure
Most forehead lifts are performed under local anesthesia, combined with a sedative to make you drowsy. You'll be awake but relaxed, and although you may feel some tugging and mild discomfort, your forehead will be insensitive to pain.
Some surgeons prefer to use general anesthesia, in which case you'll sleep through the entire operation.
The Surgery
Your surgeon will help you decide which surgical approach will best achieve your cosmetic goals: the classic or open method, or the endoscopic forehead lift. Make sure you understand the technique that your surgeon recommends and why he or she feels it is best for you.
The classic forehead lift
Before the operation begins, your hair will be tied with rubber bands on either side of the incision line. Your head will not be shaved, but hair that is growing directly in front of the incision line may need to be trimmed.
For most patients, a coronal incision will be used. It follows a headphone-like pattern, starting at about ear level and running across the top of the forehead and down the other side of the head. The incision is usually made well behind the hairline so that the scar won't be visible.
If your hairline is high or receding, the incision may be placed just at the hairline, to avoid adding even more height to the forehead. In patients who are bald or losing hair, a mid-scalp incision that follows the natural pattern of the skull bones is sometimes recommended. By wearing your hair down on your forehead, most such scars become relatively inconspicuous. Special planning is sometimes necessary for concealing the scar in male patients, whose hairstyles often don't lend themselves as well to incision coverage.
If you are bald or have thinning hair, your surgeon may recommend a mid-scalp incision so the resulting scar follows the natural junction of two bones in your skull and is less conspicuous.
Working through the incision, the skin of the forehead is carefully lifted so that the underlying tissue can be removed and the muscles of the forehead can be altered or released. The eyebrows may also be elevated and excess skin at the incision point will be trimmed away to help create a smoother, more youthful appearance.
The incision is then closed with stitches or clips. Your face and hair will be washed to prevent irritation and the rubber bands will be removed from your hair. Although some plastic surgeons do not use any dressings, your doctor may choose to cover the incision with gauze padding and wrap the head in an elastic bandage.
The endoscopic forehead lift
Typically, an endoscopic forehead lift requires the same preparation steps as the traditional procedure: the hair is tied back and trimmed behind the hairline where the incisions will be made.
However, rather than making one long coronal incision, your surgeon will make three, four or five short scalp incisions, each less than an inch in length. An endoscope, which is a pencil-like camera device connected to a television monitor, is inserted through one of the incisions, allowing the surgeon to have a clear view of the muscles and tissues beneath the skin. Using another instrument inserted through a different incision, the forehead skin is lifted and the muscles and underlying tissues are removed or altered to produce a smoother appearance. The eyebrows may also be lifted and secured into their higher position by sutures beneath the skin's surface or by temporary fixation screws placed behind the hairline.
When the lift is complete, the scalp incisions will be closed with stitches or clips and the area will be washed. Gauze and an elastic bandage may also be used, depending on your surgeon's preference.
After Your Surgery
The immediate post-operative experience for a patient who has had a classic forehead lift may differ significantly from a patient who had the procedure performed endoscopically.
Classic forehead lift patients may experience some numbness and temporary discomfort around the incision, which can be controlled with prescription medication. Patients who are prone to headaches may be treated with an additional longer-acting local anesthesia during surgery as a preventive measure.
You may be told to keep your head elevated for two to three days following surgery to keep the swelling down. Swelling may also affect the cheeks and eyes-- however, this should begin to disappear in a week or so.
As the nerves heal, numbness on the top of your scalp may be replaced by itching. These sensations may take as long as six months to fully disappear. If bandages were used, they will be removed a day or two after surgery. Most stitches or clips will be removed within two weeks, sometimes in two stages.
Some of your hair around the incision may fall out and may temporarily be a bit thinner. Normal growth will usually resume within a few weeks or months. Permanent hair loss is rare.
Endoscopic forehead lift patients may experience some numbness, incision discomfort and mild swelling.
Incision site pain is usually minimal, but can be controlled with medication, if necessary. Endoscopic forehead lift patients usually experience less of the itching sensation felt by patients who have had the classic forehead lift.
The stitches or staples used to close the incisions are usually removed within a week and the temporary fixation screws within two weeks.
Getting Back to Normal
Although you should be up and about in a day or two, plan on taking it easy for at least the first week after surgery. You should be able to shower and shampoo your hair within two days, or as soon as the bandage is removed.
Most patients are back to work or school in a week to 10 days. Endoscopic patients may feel ready to return even sooner. Vigorous physical activity should limited for several weeks, including jogging, bending, heavy housework, sex, or any activity that increases your blood pressure. Prolonged exposure to heat or sun should be limited for several months.
Most of the visible signs of surgery should fade completely within about three weeks. Minor swelling and bruising can be concealed with special camouflage makeup. You may feel a bit tired and let down at first, but your energy level will increase as you begin to look and feel better.
Your New Look
Most patients are pleased with the results of a forehead lift, no matter which surgical method was used. Often, patients don't realize how much their sagging forehead contributed to the signs of aging until they see how much younger and more rested they appear after the lift.
Although a forehead lift does not stop the clock, it can minimize the appearance of aging for years. As time passes, you may want to repeat the procedure.


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So much tech news, so little time. Let's run down the highlights of our tech coverage this week.
Project Eavesdrop: In a series for Morning Edition, our Steve Henn got white hat hackers to tap his data and communications, in an experiment to see just how much of a digital trail — and pieces of heretofore private data — could be easily obtained. It turns out, it's a whole lot. Companies are doing more to better encrypt their systems, but there's a long way to go. Check out who's doing what to keep your data private. And in the final installment, Henn explains why you may not want to use open Wi-Fi networks.
The Big Conversation
Cellphone Tracking And The 4th Amendment: As Steve's experiment showed, our cellphones are constantly sending out data about us, whether we want them to or not. Cops can use it for investigative purposes, but a federal appeals court ruledon Wednesday that the government shouldn't access location data stored by cellphone companies without a probable cause warrant. It's a win for privacy advocates, for now. Because other courts have ruled in the opposite direction, this issue may go to the Supreme Court to decide.
Uber vs. The World: Cab drivers across Western Europe brought capital cities to a standstill midweek, protesting Uber and similar ride-sharing services that they say are skirting safety, licensing and pricing laws — and threaten traditional cab businesses. Uber's been fighting similar battles in the U.S. Economists tell us the new frontier created by these services means regulations will have to catch up quickly.
Vox: How The TweetDeck Flaw Worked
TweetDeck, the platform that helps you monitor streams of Twitter feeds all at once, was exposed to a data flaw that sent out unintended tweets of code. Vox explains what happened.
The Wire: 3-D Printing ... With Nutella
Um, delicious.
NPR: Starbucks Makes Itself Even More Addictive With Wireless Phone Charging
It's happening in 7,500 stores over the next three years. You'll be able to charge your wireless-charging compatible phone on tables, without cords or outlets or adapters.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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In Memoriam: Rick Woudenberg
I try to use the formal teachings as a doorway for people to see the truth in themselves. I feel I'm doing my job when people look into themselves to come to their own deep understandings of the truth, access their own inner wisdom and trust in their "Buddha-knowing," as Ajahn Chah called it, which is different from their intellectual knowing.
The Buddha-knowing is a deeper place, underneath the concepts, which is in touch with the truth, with our seed of awakening. I want practitioners to have more and more confidence in, and familiarity with, that deeper place of knowing. It is accessing this dimension of our being that becomes the guide to cutting through the confusion caused by greed and fear. We have everything we need inside ourselves. We do not need to look to a teacher when we remember who we really are.


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Friday, March 25, 2011
The Elusive 50s-Style Shoe
But the research I've been doing into 50s stilettos has turned up some real beauties, like the pink satin pair above. They were designed by Roger Vivier for Dior. According to the V&A and this excellent article, Vivier is credited with inventing both the stiletto and the comma heel, pictured below.
The comma heel is quite unusual even to the modern eye, but isn't it amazing that the stiletto heel didn't exist until the 50s? The silk pair below are from Herbert Levine, another classic and coveted brand of the 1950s.
The shape seems so timeless now. Interestingly, though, it's quite difficult to find shoes that emulate that curvy stiletto shape of the 50s (believe me, I've looked through pages and pages of shoes looking for something similar). Our heels are much more straight and columnar now. The closest I could find were these:
See the curvy shape of the heel?
I do love this look, though I can't say I see myself wearing something like this regularly. I love round-toe pumps with a bit of a platform for comfort. And if I'm doing a moderate amount of walking (which is pretty much everyday since I live in New York and don't have a car), I opt for flats to get me to and from the office.
What do you think of the 50s stiletto shape? Any recommendations for comfort and where to find a good modern equivalent? Please share!
41 comments:
- AnonymousMarch 25, 2011 at 7:32 AM
I personally love the 50s stiletto. I always think of them as "lady shoes" and feel as though they make any look more ladylike and lovely. Unfortunately I don't have another source for you to go to, though I do like the ones you linked to.
(Also, not sure if I've ever commented before, so hello!) - ParisGrrlMarch 25, 2011 at 7:32 AM
I hope I never encounter those comma heels in person...because I fear I might take a human life for them.
ReplyDelete For me, those types of heels would not be a flattering look. My ankles and calves are too substantial, almost like those of an R. Crumb girl. So the contrast of my legs atop those delicate little things would look ridiculous. That's why I go for the sturdier vintage look of forties' footwear. Also for the ease of walking.
ReplyDeleteStunning, that is my word for 50's stiletto heels. I remember the ladies in my family wearing these all the time with no moaning about comfort. Now I am not talking about June Cleaver, with the heels and pearls, cleaning the oven! But, church, charity events, shopping etc. were all times to dress up. They also wore girdles, seamed stockings and armor plated bras. In our time I feel that comfort has to over-ride the look but for short term wear (particularly if a lot of sitting is involved:) is great. What I find most appealing is the ability of the fashionable ladies of our time to blend styles to achieve a personal look, to make it their own.
ReplyDeleteI do wonder how much walking the ladies did in these shoes back in the fifties. Surely not all housewives were wearing them?
Even if not for the comfort but the maintenance of these items. I know I can't wear my spiky heels out on the hard concrete and cobblestone streets of my city without wearing down the heel to the metal very quickly.
Replacing those tips is a pain - even if they were better quality back then.
I wonder if they wore similar styles with a slightly thicker heel? Or just flats?I remember finding a pair of vintage stilettos while thrift-shopping with my grandmother, and her telling me that she wore shoes like that when she met my grandfather. I was only ten or so, and hugely impressed when she said she could run in them. I've wanted a pair ever since but they're always so teeny-tiny!
I've been looking for something similar to Re-mix, but with 50's and 60's styles, but to no avail. The earlier styles are cute, but I don't really want to wear them with my 50's dresses - i'd rather go for some girly flats (or boots if I'm feeling punky)I, too, love the comma heel. The closest I've ever seen is by Irregular Choice:
I lovelovelove this brand - so ridiculous and over the top. I have both of these shoes and I bought them specifically because I love the heel.
As for the 50s stiletto, I absolutely love the look but it's soooooo uncomfortable to wear. I found a pair in a vintage shop in the 80s (faux velvet with cutwork around the vamp) and only pull them out for special occasions because I almost die every time I wear them.I think they are a gorgeously classy style and I have always adored looking at how well they matched a woman's outfit in old photos, movies and the like. It's not a style I've ever enjoyed wearing, I must admit. Mostly because I just don't find stilettos comfortable (I do a ton of walking), but probably also in part because it is indeed very hard to find modern equivalents that don't feel, well, decidedly modern. But they are definitely one of the most iconic shoe styles in existence.
ReplyDeleteI have worn "heels" as we called them in the early sixties. I wouldn't have worn them in the fifties, because I was too young. Man, they hurt my feet. I couldn't wait until the styles changed! I adopted a chunkier "set back" heel as soon as I found it in the stores.
I did wear what we called 6" heels at some point, but preferred a shorter heel height. There were available 7" and 8" heels. This would have been in the early sixties, when I was still in h.s. The first shoe, the Dior, looks very familiar. It must have been copied and sold for 10 years after it was designed for haute couture. Older women held onto their high heels for longer than younger women. By the late sixties and early seventies I was so out of high heels, as were my peers by and large.
The thing is, those shoes hurt. They caused bunions, they squeezed your toes and stretched your arches. Yes, they are beautiful shoes, and yes they had a devoted following for over a decade. But I wouldn't go back to them.- AnonymousMarch 25, 2011 at 10:25 AM
I love the 50's stiletto! Reminds me of playing in my great grannies attic and trying on all the vintage clothes and shoes. I'm glad to say I own all the dresses now BUT unfortunatly I recked all the shoes when I was younger, Which is a huge bummer as I have the same size feet as she did :(
ReplyDelete I just shudder when I see those shoes. Because of the way they deformed my mother's feet. They also hurt her and she was not happy. I had a short stint in pointy toed flats and started to have feet like my mother and I was done. Thankfully, the styles changed to square and round toes just in time, and I never looked back.
ReplyDeleteI was a teenager in the 50's and yes I learned to walk in the "high heels" and could run in them as well. The biggest dangers were being taller than your "still growing" teenage date and getting the heel caught in a sidewalk grate or in a crack in the sidewalk. In the latter case you would pitch forward and fall in a heap with ruined hose and a bruised ego. Oh we thought we were great women wearing those shoes! Never again. Too many hurting feet and legs.
ReplyDeleteI graduated from high school in 1962 so I did wear girdle, seamed hose, (no need for the armor-plated bra or me) slips, crinolines, etc. I had heel of varying heights including stilettos when I needed to dress up, which was often in those days. Because nearly all shoes were made in the USA at the time, one could purchase a C/W width shoe so the toe squeezing wasn't too bad. My favorite pair of stilettos was made of woven 1/16" strips of leather in 5 pastel colors over a white lining. I fell in love with them when I saw them and had to have them even though I had nothing to wear with them at the time. Momma said OK.
ReplyDelete- AnonymousMarch 25, 2011 at 1:41 PM
http://remixvintageshoes.com/index.html carries vintage styles, but sadly not 50's. Still, worth taking a look.
ReplyDelete My Grandma has shoes like that (she still might in the back of a closet - next time I visit I may have to steal some!) and tells me stories about how she used to make matching outfits. Stilettos are one of my favorite styles to wear. My mom thinks I'm crazy but I'd kill for some of the vintage pairs of shoes!
ReplyDelete- zyzzyvaMarch 25, 2011 at 3:41 PM
While 50's era clothes are my favorite, I personally really dislike both pointed toes and stiletto heels.
I've found Talbots has been carrying some basic retro-esque shoes since their redesign:
Leather Pointy-Toe Pumps (also in Patent)
Slingback Kitten Heels w/ Bow Of course stilettos were designed in the 50s--the decade dedicated to making women suffer! The damage wearing heels does to your posture alone is criminal.
My grandmother has the crumply toes and bunions thanks to wearing heels. Subsequent generations wore more practical shoes. I only wear heels to dress up when I don't need to walk, 1.5" max.I love the 50's stiletto, but being kinda short and with thickish legs, the 40's styles with almond or round toe just balance my figure out a little more. I guess they're more flattering - and less extreme and a little softer when paired with 50's clothing. The whole look can become quite severe sometimes. That said, I have a couple pairs of stilettos that I pair with more basic cocktail dresses, and they seem to work well there.
ReplyDeleteWhen it comes to shoes, I'm completely hooked on Fluevogs. They are so comfortable. And I just realized that these ones look like they may be based on that comma heel.
ReplyDeleteHeh Gertie - my answer to wearable stilettos is to convert ballroom dancing shoes by getting a cobbler to Topy over the suede souls. Works like a dream! I buy plain black pairs and then wear them to work and gigs and anywhere I need to be on my feet... So comfortable! And they cope with the cobblestone laneways in my City. They don't look 50s, but the heel shapes are just as sexy!
ReplyDeleteThose comma heels reminded me of some shoes I saw years ago in an exebition at the "nordiska museet" in Stockholm sweden, they have the heel set back under the foot and are from the 1800s, a bit sturdier in consruction but they were said to be difficult to learn to walk in as the heel was so offset.
Hope someone finds these interesting, though they are in swedish!!- AnonymousMarch 26, 2011 at 11:43 AM
I have tried these on, and for what they are, are surprisingly comfortable. The curve of the heel is even a little more extreme than the 50's shoes you posted. I love the sexy, elegant curve.
http://www.vincecamuto.com/Shoes/High-Heels/VICKIY-BLUSH-PATENT.html I agree with what has been said about the comma heel; I love them!
I have a few pairs of heels from the 1950's, but only wear them for short periods. They are murder, and several of the women in my family that wore them have to wear orthopedic shoes now. Since I plan to still wear heels as an old lady, I pamper my feet with shoes that are made for walking, like Cole Haan.
As for finding them, there are several pairs on Etsy and Ebay. I just bought a great pair of Springolators that fit like a glove!
Good luck! xo, A.- Jen_nycMarch 26, 2011 at 8:18 PM
Well, I've owned a lot of vintage 1950s shoes. Wore them to death at one point in my life. Now though, no way. My earlier obsession was related to being 20 years old and with a lot of parties to go to. Kid yourself not, pointy high heels are painful even when they fit well. I had numb toes for a couple of years after wearing them one day in the (N. Calif.) winter. Shoes of that era also had very little padding in the sole, if any. They do look pretty, and I think that 50s styles really need them sometimes, but I just can't do it. Maybe only if someone makes *new* ones with that air sole technology or whatever it is...
ReplyDelete I'm with Jaime on this one - the heel on those Fluevogs is brilliant. I find it so much easier to walk with a heel that curves to place it right under the center of the heel. Modern heels seem to be placed more straight off of the back of the footbed, which throws the wearer's balance forward onto the ball of the foot, creating that familiar pain....
I had a wish to wear vintage '50s shoes back in middle and high school when I was heavy into vintage wear in the mid '80s. The problem is that I never could find them wide enough to fit my feet! I did find a beautiful pair that were red satin with black leather straps that almost fit. I find the styles with the rounded toes so much easier for my wide feet.I love that style...like everyone above, usually walk too much to wear them, but tend to favor kitten-heel kinds of things more simply because I am tall (and, more concretely, taller than the Boy even wearing flats!)
I found a really nice pair of 80s-does-50s black ones at my local Goodwill a while back and wear them for special occasions, though.My favourite ever shoes are my treasured 1950s stilettos. I picked them up in a charity shop, they are olive green velvet with cup-set glass rhinestones all round the front, the slightly curved in heel and the pointed toe.
They are ridiculously comfortable compared to modern heeled shoes, the construction was just so much better back then.
They had the same pair in cream, obviously donated by the family of a careful and stylish old lady... I really regret not buying them at the time. I feared getting them dirty, but now I wish they'd have come home with me and my green stilettos.Hi Gertie,
It is interesting in the vintage circle, '50s shoes are kind of ignored. I personally like '40s shoes better as well, just because I find the platform flattering, but I have always loved a "pointy toe" heel.
As far as a modern look alike for comma heels, check out these:http://www.tn29.com/collection_details.php?shoeID=346&next=347&prev=351
They are different that's for sure, but I really like them!
The designer Tracy Neuls has some other great designs as well...- invisiblezipper75March 28, 2011 at 5:33 PM
I've been a lurker for a while and love your blog Gertie! I just have to chime in on this conversation. Being a size 9, I have a tough time finding vintage shoes but wear lots of 50s/60s dresses. I have several pairs of Enzo Angiolini's "Maylie" heels. They are quite comfortable, affordable and have the lovely shape of a 50s heel. The company has been making them for years and they come out with new colors and textures (faux alligator) each year. The only drawback is that they're open toed. Check them on Zappos. http://www.zappos.com/maylie
ReplyDelete - FashionistaMarch 28, 2011 at 7:42 PM
I wear heels every day and can run for the train in them. I don't have any vintage shoes, my Euro 39 feet are just too wide for them. In Australia we have a shoe designer Alan Pinkus whose modern shoes are very much like the 50s stilletto. As for comfort, well, fashion knows no pain...
ReplyDelete - AnonymousJanuary 22, 2012 at 10:11 PM
Can I guy comment here? My mom is 91 and wore stilettos heels 1958/1967 and she never suffered...She has about 40 pairs in the closet still in near mint condition size 7 1/2 B...Chandlers, Saks 5th, Bonwit Teller etc. The workmanship, even on inexpensive pairs, is far superior to those of today...colors, details, all amazing...she never suffered but was splendid in white high heel sling backs, the tight waisted, full skirt summer cotton dress, supported by petticoats, shortie white gloves, clip on pretty earings, hosiery even in August! And the perfume was Estee Lauder Youth Dew...a gliding grace of femininity long gone...
ps/you are so right, the curve of the heel was much more elegant than today, and women did not look like their shoes were gaping at the sides, coming off the back, or worst of all, a vamp too small that revealed the lines in between toes..most unattractive indeed.


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What is a general contractor?
When starting a home remodel or new construction project, you will probably hire a general contractor. A general contractor is a professional who is qualified to take a set of building plans and construct them as outlined. The general contractor may help perform the day-to-day building, or they may just hire workers and oversee all the work activities. In either case, the job of the general contractor is to see that your project gets built.
When you have a building project, ask for bids from various contractors. The bids tell you how much each will charge and what their scope of work will be. Once you have selected a bid, you sign a contract with that general contractor outlining the specifics of the project and the milestones during the project when they will receive payment installments. Once the contract is official, the general contractor will bring in their crew to begin construction. The contractor will manage the workers and subcontractors (anyone who doesn't work directly for their company but that they need to outsource, like a marble installation pro), order all the materials, obtain work permits, and confirm that all the workers and subcontractors are completing their projects as planned. They typically handle all the payments to the workers and subcontractors, and send you invoice. For all these reasons, it's also especially important to follow a few smart hiring practices when it comes to finding a general contractor. If you are organized and competent to oversee construction projects, and are able to make sure everything is being built properly and meeting code, it's possible you can be your own general contractor.
How much do general contractors charge per hour?
On average, a general contractor will charge around $50 per hour for their services. However, the range of their fees varies between $30 and $85 per hour, depending on your geographical location and the type of project they're undertaking.
You can get a better idea of how much it will cost to hire a general contractor by requesting free estimates from contractors near you.
What do general contractors charge?
If you're doing a home remodel, building a new home or embarking on a commercial building project, you'll hire a general contractor. A general contractor is a professional who is qualified to oversee and execute construction projects. Each construction project is unique; even two duplicate homes built on lots next door to each other could have different construction costs due to factors like different excavation costs when building the foundation. Since each project is unique, many general contractors make bids on potential construction projects. These bids can then break down to a per square foot cost that encompasses the labor of all the workers needed for the job, materials, the scope of work, and any equipment needed. Materials and finishes make a major difference in your cost per square foot. For example, choosing standard kitchen tiles at $3 per square foot will result in a lower total project cost than imported marble tiles that cost $63 per square foot. Where you live will also affect how much general contractors charge, as labor and the cost to do business can cost less in many regions than in high-cost areas like New York or San Francisco. Here are some examples of average costs general contractors typically charge in various regions:
- Home addition in San Francisco: $250-$270 per square foot.
- New home construction in Knoxville, Tennessee: $100-$200 per square foot.
- Kitchen remodel in Tennessee: $40-$80 per square foot, depending on finishes.
- Bathroom remodel in Vancouver, Washington: $110-$170 per square foot.
Be sure to check out our smart hiring practices when it comes to finding a general contractor.
How do you hire a general contractor?
You can use Thumbtack to find local general contractors, read their customer ratings and get cost estimates. First, read the written reviews to learn about their professionalism, paying attention to photos for evidence of their workmanship. You should also verify their license, insurance and other credentials.
For more tips, read our guide on how to hire a contractor.
What kind of jobs can a general contractor do?
General contractors can complete all types of projects, from small home repairs and new construction, from building a new home to landscaping an entire yard. General contractors may specialize in plumbing, framing, electrical, foundations or roofing projects, and they can work on commercial or residential buildings.
Before hiring a general contractor, make sure the contractor holds the proper licenses, registration, insurance and certifications required by your city or state.
How do you choose a commercial general contractor?
A commercial contractor provides similar services as a residential general contractor but specializes in working with large-scale projects for businesses, schools, nonprofits, governments and development firms. When researching commercial general contractors, review their portfolio of work and confirm they have ample experience working in the area you need. For example, if you are building a small strip mall, ask if the contractors have experience successfully incorporating all the needed elements such as a parking lot, meeting ADA requirements, accessing the proper permits, and completing work on time.
Once you've identified several qualified candidates, request bids for your project and then compare the scope of work with your needs and budget. Your commercial general contractor should oversee design, permitting, construction, materials purchase, and adherence to building code and zoning regulations, as well as sticking to an agreed-upon budget and schedule. It's important to establish clear communication with your future commercial general contractor, as this will mean a smoother process for everyone. For all these reasons, it's also especially important to follow a few smart hiring practices when it comes to finding a general contractor.
What does general liability insurance cover for contractors?
For contractors, general liability insurance is an important part of protecting businesses and contractors. This type of insurance will vary in its details and scope, but it can generally be expected to cover damage to the property and injuries. Here's how you can verify a pro's insurance.
How much does it cost to remodel a bathroom?
Nationally, the average cost of bathroom remodeling varies greatly. Bathroom remodels can vary widely, from standard makeovers to luxurious master bathroom revamps.
The factors that affect your bathroom remodeling cost are the finishes you choose (marble tiles can cost 20 times as much as standard subway tiles), the square footage of the project, regional labor rates in your area and the scope of work. Changing the layout or size of the bathroom will also raise costs. Moving electrical wiring and plumbing lines will also dramatically increase costs, as you'll need to hire plumbers and electricians to handle the work. What's happening behind your walls and under your floor will also affect bathroom remodeling cost. Rot, damage or mold can lead to additional work and charges.
Here are some examples of average bathroom remodeling costs:
- 6-foot by 6-foot bathroom remodel: $3,500, including labor and materials.
- Standard renovation: $6,500-$10,000. Price includes labor and materials the customer has purchased. Labor may include taking out the shower and shower pan, installing new shower pan and shower, and installing new door, new vanity, new mirror, new bathroom fan, and all new fixtures. Price variation depends on the quality of the finishes.
- 10-foot by 6-foot bathroom remodel: $7,200, including labor and materials.
- Mid-range renovation: $12,000-$15,000. Price includes labor and materials the customer has purchased.
- Upscale renovation: $35,000 and up. Price includes labor and materials. Items might include digital displays for fixtures, multiple shower heads and custom showers.
Do I need a contractor for a kitchen remodel?
A kitchen remodel is one of the most important investments you can make in your home, and it's critical to get the details right; that's where a home renovation contractor comes in. A minor remodel usually includes new cabinet faces and hardware, replacement appliances, and paint, while an extensive job may enlarge the kitchen's square footage, install new cabinets or an island, change the layout, and lay new tile or hardwood floors. Any renovation that includes filing permits, construction, or electrical or plumbing work is best completed by an experienced contractor who knows local codes.
How long should a bathroom remodel take?
With proper planning and a good general contractor, your bathroom remodeling project doesn't have to take forever. The construction phase of the project will always vary based on your scope of work, the square footage and the condition of your bathroom under the surface layer. Inevitably an 80-square-foot master bathroom with major changes will take longer than a 25-square-foot guest bath undergoing a minor renovation. For a smaller bathroom, a facelift — the industry term for sprucing up the surface layer (such as paint, vanity, tiles or light fixtures) but keeping the existing footprint of the space — may take five to eight working days, as long as there are no surprises like mold waiting when the old vanity comes out. A more complex bathroom remodel that revamps the shower area (customizing the plumbing, installing tile and changing the shower door), updates the flooring and cabinetry, and adds new paint and new lighting could take anywhere from one week to three weeks. A full bathroom remodel that guts the room, changing the footprint and moving the electrical wiring and plumbing lines, could take four to eight weeks or more. To keep your bathroom remodel on schedule, have your materials ordered and waiting, and don't make any change orders once construction begins. Planning is key to keeping a bathroom remodel on schedule.
For more on how long a bathroom remodel should take check out The Complete Thumbtack Bathroom Remodel Guide.


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Explorer L/S Blouse
- In stock, ready to ship
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- Over 2000 Trustpilot reviews
We use Royal Mail and DPD Parcel services to dispatch goods to customers. We will use the most appropriate service available for the goods being dispatched these services normally require a signature on receipt of the package(s). We reserve the right to use alternative methods at our discretion.
Normal delivery days are Monday – Friday. Orders are delivered within 3-5days using our normal delivery service. Next day delivery is available at additional cost. Orders received before 12pm can be processed for next day delivery we will telephone you if this service is not achievable for your particular order. Our current website carriage charges are based on order value.
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For those who have forgotten about Dr. Nemeroff's recent trials and tribulations, here's a brief recap. He was the principal investigator of a $3.95 million NIH grant to study several drugs by GlaxoSmithKline. But he was at the same time making hundreds of thousands of dollars doing promotional talks for the same company, orders of magnitude higher than the NIH maximum allowed. In order to skirt these regulations, Nemeroff simply lied to Emory officials. According to the New York Times, he signed a letter dated July 15, 2004, promising Emory that he would keep his earning from GlaxoSmithKline to less than $10,000 per year. But that same day, Nemeroff was at the Four Seasons Resort in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where he was earning $3000 for a talk for GSK, part of $170,000 in income he earned from the company that year—17 times the figure that he had agreed to.
Emory removed him as department chair shortly thereafter, but inexplicably kept him on as full professor and allowed him to re-apply for more NIH grants within two years. Nemeroff's public statement revealed an alarming lack of remorse: "I regret the failure of full disclosure on my part that has led me to the current situation. I believe that I was acting in good faith to comply with the rules as I understood them to be in effect at the time." Translation: "I'm bummed out that this is happening to me. I didn't do anything wrong."
Meanwhile, Emory's "punishment" still allows Nemeroff to take drug company money for promotional talks in the guise of ACCME accredited activities. According to Emory's letter: "He will be limited to accepting payment for ACCME-accredited speaking engagements sponsored by academic institutions or professional societies."
But Dr. Nemeroff has already found a way to escape from this restriction. In February, Dr. Nemeroff will co-chair this CME series supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb called "Measurement Based Care Strategies for Depression."
It is "jointly sponsored" by the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) and an obscure outfit called "Letters & Sciences." Letters & Sciences (L & S) is presumably a MECC but a Google search shows that they have no website. They are listed as being an "approved provider" of CE credit for nurses by both the New Jersey State Nurses Association (NJSNA) and the California Board of Registered Nursing.
It is clear that L & S is on a Bristol-Myers Squibb gravy train, making their money by producing promotional CME encouraging doctors to prescribe plenty of Abilify for bipolar disorder and depression. They teamed up with UNTHSC to produce this recent CME series as well, which presumably pushes the use of Abilify for kids.
By teaming up with this shadowy MECC, Nemeroff is complying with the letter of his punishment but is playing fast and loose with its spirit. In specifying that Nemeroff is limited to CME events "sponsored by academic institutions and professional societies," Emory is asking that legitimate institutions create and control the content. But in this case, we see the usual CME shell game in which a private MECC is creating the content and is paying a nominal "co-sponsor" to provide CME credit.
If I were Senator Grassley, I'd be sending letters to L&S, UNTHSC, ACCME, Nemeroff, etc…, asking:
--How did L & S obtain the grant from BMS for this program?
--What is L & S? Where are they? Who is on their staff? Which medical writers are creating the content? How much money are they making from BMS? What percentage of their total income comes from events supported by BMS?
--What, exactly, is UNTHSC doing as "co-sponsor" of the event? Are they simply extracting a healthy fee from L & S, in return for a cursory review of their paperwork and disclosure forms? Or are they actually managing the event and producing content?
Leashes always chafe, especially when the wearer feels no guilt. Sometimes, however, loosening the leash is precisely the wrong thing to do.
Hat tip to Bernard Carroll.


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LASIK is the number one elective surgical procedure today, and more than a million Americans have had the procedure since its inception. The main reason for its popularity is the many benefits that it offers, including minimizing or in some cases even eliminating the need for the patient to use eyeglasses or contact lenses after the procedure.
Let's take a look at why LASIK is taking the ocular world by storm.
Clearly, the biggest reason for choosing LASIK is improved vision. While some patients have relatively mild problems with their eyesight, others experience major disturbances in their vision that makes functioning day to day almost impossible without the use of visual aids. LASIK can dramatically improve the quality of your vision, reducing the need to wear visual aids, or in some cases, completely eliminating it.
Eyesight is also notoriously inconsistent, with the majority of people finding that their vision marginally improves or deteriorates with each visit to their optician. When this happens, it is necessary for the optician to recommend a different prescription, and this means expense as the patient finds themselves purchasing new eyeglasses or contacts to reflect their new visual requirements.
Although there is no guarantee that you will be able to completely prescription-free after LASIK, most patients find that eyesight is so improved that any changes to their prescription are much less frequent.
Eyeglasses and contacts are known for being fiddly and fragile, and the need for maintenance and replacements are a common complaint. However, with less need for such devices, the cost of caring for them is also reduced.
LASIK surgery can be performed in one, very short procedure. You should expect to spend around 30 minutes in the surgery suite, but the actual time it takes can be as little as 10 minutes – for both eyes! The remainder of the time will be spent preparing you and ensuring you are comfortable afterward. The entire process is carried out after anesthetic drops have been placed into your eyes, so you can rest assured you will feel absolutely no pain throughout. However, if you are particularly anxious about the process, it may be possible to be given a sedative to help you relax.
LASIK eye surgery is renowned for its fast, simple recovery process. You will be able to return home the very same day as your procedure, and the flap that was created in the corneal tissue will start to heal itself without the need for sutures or bandages. Most patients can return to work within a day or two of their procedure. However, you will be expected to attend a follow-up appointment with our Doctors within 48 hours of your surgery so that he can ensure that your eyes are healing correctly.
LASIK is an extremely safe procedure when performed by a certified and experienced eye surgeon. Laser technology means that the incisions are made with total precision and accuracy, and the process is completely sterile. The risk of complications in laser vision correction is very low, occurring in only around 1 in every 10,000 cases.
Eyesight problems can be a huge inconvenience. Activities like swimming and snowboarding are much more difficult if you need to wear glasses or contact lenses. In regular day to day activities, there can be the worry that your eyeglasses may fall off, or that you have left them behind when you need them. If you suffer from pollen allergies, you may find putting contact lenses in nearly impossible. In short, there are lots of ways in which the need for visual aids can interrupt your life, and it can be extremely frustrating. LASIK reduces or removes the inconvenience of eyeglasses or contact lenses and makes it much easier to get on with living life to the fullest.


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Web Design In Oro Valley
A website is now the new address for businesses to market their products and/or services in digital formats. If you want a website that does wonders for you, it has to be designed beautifully and include all advanced features. As a web design company, we have a specialized team of designers who dedicate themselves to create exclusive web designs.
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Usually, our well-trained professionals pay close attention to the strong aspects of our clients, and, depending on them, they will build great websites for them. We try to add as much creativity as we can during the designing process so that the web designs can be outstanding. Due to the uniqueness of the job we do, we have become the ideal web design company in Texas.
With our advanced web designing services, you can have a solution to CMS, e-commerce, dynamic, static, and other types of websites. By giving us more information about what exactly you need out of your online presence, we can do an excellent job and make your dream come true.
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Since mobile users are increasing every day, it has become essential to design the layout of your website based on different screen sizes. Since we are a dependable web designing company, we consider each crucial aspect when designing your website. Our clients should know that we will come out with very mobile-friendly sites. There's also a reduction of loading time by the implementation of the right coding, along with smart designing work.
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E-commerce is an ideal solution when you decide to sell your product online. We can design a good looking e-commerce website that consists of all important features such as adding a payment gateway, adding their images, uploading products, and so on. When designing e-commerce websites, layouts, coloring, smooth navigation, and other designing factors are also taken very seriously.
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By designing an SEO-friendly website, you can gain even more revenue from various search engines like Bing, Yahoo, and Google. In general, it can increase your chances of ranking your main business keywords on top of Google's Search Engine Results Pages. As a reliable web design company, we'll design an SEO-friendly website for your company that will help you grow consistently.
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It's essential to integrate all vital features in your website so that your prospective customers can find some efficient use with them and boost your sales and revenue. Typically, we can provide you with a fully-functional website that comprises all essential features to enhance your brand visibility. In other words, our dependable web designing service can help you in building an attractive and easy-to-use website that can showcase your company with the best quality.
A majority of people incorrectly assume that designing a website is as easy as registering a domain name, choosing a web template, and making use of a program (like WordPress) to build the site. Although this will enable you to create a simple website, you will undoubtedly need a Web Design company in Oro Valley to build your site if you like it to have a professional appearance and function properly. All you need to do is to inform the designer what you're working with in terms of your customers, all your business entails, and what you expect to gain from owning a website, and the experts will take care of the rest for you.


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TELNETD(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual TELNETD(8)Powered by man-cgi (2024-03-20). Maintained for NetBSD by Kimmo Suominen. Based on man-cgi by Panagiotis Christias.
telnetd -- DARPA TELNET protocol server
/usr/libexec/telnetd [-Uhlkns46] [-D debugmode] [-S tos] [-X authtype] [-a authmode] [-edebug] [-g gettyent] [-u len] [-debug [port]]
The telnetd command is a server which supports the DARPA standard TELNET virtual terminal protocol. telnetd is normally invoked by the internet server (see inetd(8)) for requests to connect to the TELNET port as indi- cated by the /etc/services file (see services(5)). The -debug option may be used to start up telnetd manually, instead of through inetd(8). If started up this way, port may be specified to run telnetd on an alternate TCP port number. The telnetd command accepts the following options: -a authmode This option may be used for specifying what mode should be used for authentication. Note that this option is only use- ful if telnetd has been compiled with support for the AUTHENTICATION option. There are several valid values for authmode: debug Turns on authentication debugging code. user Only allow connections when the remote user can pro- vide valid authentication information to identify the remote user, and is allowed access to the specified account without providing a password. valid Only allow connections when the remote user can pro- vide valid authentication information to identify the remote user. The login(1) command will provide any additional user verification needed if the remote user is not allowed automatic access to the specified account. other Only allow connections that supply some authentica- tion information. This option is currently not sup- ported by any of the existing authentication mecha- nisms, and is thus the same as specifying -a valid. none This is the default state. Authentication informa- tion is not required. If no or insufficient authen- tication information is provided, then the login(1) program will provide the necessary user verification. off This disables the authentication code. All user ver- ification will happen through the login(1) program. -D debugmode This option may be used for debugging purposes. This allows telnetd to print out debugging information to the connec- tion, allowing the user to see what telnetd is doing. There are several possible values for debugmode: options Prints information about the negotiation of TELNET options. report Prints the options information, plus some addi- tional information about what processing is going on. netdata Displays the data stream received by telnetd. ptydata Displays data written to the pty. exercise Has not been implemented yet. -debug Enables debugging on each socket created by telnetd (see SO_DEBUG in socket(2)). -edebug If telnetd has been compiled with support for data encryp- tion, then the -edebug option may be used to enable encryp- tion debugging code. -g gettyent Specifies which entry from /etc/gettytab should be used to get banner strings, login program and other information. The default entry is default. -h Disables the printing of host-specific information before login has been completed. -k This option is only useful if telnetd has been compiled with both linemode and kludge linemode support. If the -k option is specified, then if the remote client does not support the LINEMODE option, then telnetd will operate in character at a time mode. It will still support kludge linemode, but will only go into kludge linemode if the remote client requests it. (This is done by by the client sending DONT SUPPRESS-GO-AHEAD and DONT ECHO.) The -k option is most useful when there are remote clients that do not support kludge linemode, but pass the heuristic (if they respond with WILL TIMING-MARK in response to a DO TIMING-MARK) for kludge linemode support. -l Specifies line mode. Tries to force clients to use line-at- a-time mode. If the LINEMODE option is not supported, it will go into kludge linemode. -n Disable TCP keep-alives. Normally telnetd enables the TCP keep-alive mechanism to probe connections that have been idle for some period of time to determine if the client is still there, so that idle connections from machines that have crashed or can no longer be reached may be cleaned up. -s This option is only enabled if telnetd is compiled with sup- port for secure logins. It causes the -s option to be passed on to login(1), and thus is only useful if login(1) supports the -s flag to indicate that only Kerberos or S/Key validated logins are allowed, and is usually useful for con- trolling remote logins from outside of a firewall. -S tos This option sets the IP Type-of Service (TOS) option on the connection to the value tos, which may be a numeric TOS value or a symbolic TOS name found in the /etc/iptos file. This option has no effect on NetBSD. -u len This option is used to specify the size of the field in the utmp structure that holds the remote host name. If the resolved host name is longer than len, the dotted decimal value will be used instead. This allows hosts with very long host names that overflow this field to still be uniquely identified. Specifying -u0 indicates that only dotted decimal addresses should be put into the utmp file. -U This option causes telnetd to refuse connections from addresses that cannot be mapped back into a symbolic name via the getnameinfo(3) routine. -X authtype This option is only valid if telnetd has been built with support for the authentication option. It disables the use of authtype authentication, and can be used to temporarily disable a specific authentication type without having to recompile telnetd. -4 -6 Specifies address family to be used on -debug mode. During normal operation (called from inetd(8)) telnetd will use the file descriptor passed from inetd(8). telnetd operates by allocating a pseudo-terminal device (see pty(4)) for a client, then creating a login process which has the slave side of the pseudo-terminal as stdin, stdout and stderr. telnetd manipulates the master side of the pseudo-terminal, implementing the TELNET protocol and passing characters between the remote client and the login process. When a TELNET session is started up, telnetd sends TELNET options to the client side indicating a willingness to do the following TELNET options, which are described in more detail below: DO AUTHENTICATION WILL ENCRYPT DO TERMINAL TYPE DO TSPEED DO XDISPLOC DO NEW-ENVIRON DO ENVIRON WILL SUPPRESS GO AHEAD DO ECHO DO LINEMODE DO NAWS WILL STATUS DO LFLOW DO TIMING-MARK The pseudo-terminal allocated to the client is configured to operate in cooked mode, and with XTABS and CRMOD enabled (see tty(4)). telnetd has support for enabling locally the following TELNET options: WILL ECHO When the LINEMODE option is enabled, a WILL ECHO or WONT ECHO will be sent to the client to indicate the current state of terminal echoing. When terminal echo is not desired, a WILL ECHO is sent to indicate that telnetd will take care of echoing any data that needs to be echoed to the terminal, and then nothing is echoed. When terminal echo is desired, a WONT ECHO is sent to indicate that telnetd will not be doing any terminal echoing, so the client should do any terminal echoing that is needed. WILL BINARY Indicates that the client is willing to send a 8 bits of data, rather than the normal 7 bits of the Network Virtual Terminal. WILL SGA Indicates that it will not be sending IAC GA, go ahead, commands. WILL STATUS Indicates a willingness to send the client, upon request, of the current status of all TELNET options. WILL TIMING-MARK Whenever a DO TIMING-MARK command is received, it is always responded to with a WILL TIMING-MARK WILL LOGOUT When a DO LOGOUT is received, a WILL LOGOUT is sent in response, and the TELNET session is shut down. WILL ENCRYPT Only sent if telnetd is compiled with support for data encryption, and indicates a willingness to decrypt the data stream. telnetd has support for enabling remotely the following TELNET options: DO BINARY Sent to indicate that telnetd is willing to receive an 8 bit data stream. DO LFLOW Requests that the client handle flow control charac- ters remotely. DO ECHO This is not really supported, but is sent to identify a 4.2BSD telnet(1) client, which will improperly respond with WILL ECHO. If a WILL ECHO is received, a DONT ECHO will be sent in response. DO TERMINAL-TYPE Indicates a desire to be able to request the name of the type of terminal that is attached to the client side of the connection. DO SGA Indicates that it does not need to receive IAC GA, the go ahead command. DO NAWS Requests that the client inform the server when the window (display) size changes. DO TERMINAL-SPEED Indicates a desire to be able to request information about the speed of the serial line to which the client is attached. DO XDISPLOC Indicates a desire to be able to request the name of the X windows display that is associated with the tel- net client. DO NEW-ENVIRON Indicates a desire to be able to request environment variable information, as described in RFC 1572. DO ENVIRON Indicates a desire to be able to request environment variable information, as described in RFC 1408. DO LINEMODE Only sent if telnetd is compiled with support for linemode, and requests that the client do line by line processing. DO TIMING-MARK Only sent if telnetd is compiled with support for both linemode and kludge linemode, and the client responded with WONT LINEMODE. If the client responds with WILL TM, the it is assumed that the client supports kludge linemode. Note that the [-k] option can be used to disable this. DO AUTHENTICATION Only sent if telnetd is compiled with support for authentication, and indicates a willingness to receive authentication information for automatic login. DO ENCRYPT Only sent if telnetd is compiled with support for data encryption, and indicates a willingness to decrypt the data stream. At the end of a login session, telnetd invokes the ttyaction(3) facility with an action of "telnetd" and user "root" to execute site-specific com- mands.
/etc/services /etc/iptos (if supported)
login(1), skey(1), telnet(1), ttyaction(3)
RFC 854 TELNET PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION RFC 855 TELNET OPTION SPECIFICATIONS RFC 856 TELNET BINARY TRANSMISSION RFC 857 TELNET ECHO OPTION RFC 858 TELNET SUPPRESS GO AHEAD OPTION RFC 859 TELNET STATUS OPTION RFC 860 TELNET TIMING MARK OPTION RFC 861 TELNET EXTENDED OPTIONS - LIST OPTION RFC 885 TELNET END OF RECORD OPTION RFC 1073 Telnet Window Size Option RFC 1079 Telnet Terminal Speed Option RFC 1091 Telnet Terminal-Type Option RFC 1096 Telnet X Display Location Option RFC 1123 Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support RFC 1184 Telnet Linemode Option RFC 1372 Telnet Remote Flow Control Option RFC 1416 Telnet Authentication Option RFC 1411 Telnet Authentication: Kerberos Version 4 RFC 1412 Telnet Authentication: SPX RFC 1571 Telnet Environment Option Interoperability Issues RFC 1572 Telnet Environment Option
Some TELNET commands are only partially implemented. Because of bugs in the original 4.2BSD telnet(1), telnetd performs some dubious protocol exchanges to try to discover if the remote client is, in fact, a 4.2BSD telnet(1). Binary mode has no common interpretation except between similar operating systems (UNIX in this case). The terminal type name received from the remote client is converted to lower case. telnetd never sends TELNET IAC GA (go ahead) commands. NetBSD 3.0.2 July 17, 2004 NetBSD 3.0.2